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<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
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{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
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{{Infobox summit meeting|summit_name=2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|logo=File:Vibrant Gujarat 2024 Logo.png|logo_size=230px|country={{flagicon|India}} [[India]]|image=Mahatma Mandir-Gandhinagar.jpg|caption=[[Mahatma Mandir]]<br />(Summit Venue)|date=10–12 January 2024|venues=[[Mahatma Mandir]]|cities=[[Gandhinagar]]|participants=|follows=[[2022 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|2022]]|precedes=[[2026 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|2026]]|motto={{transliteration|en|ISO|Gateway to the Future}}|website={{URL|https://vibrantgujarat.com/}}|chairperson=[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], [[Government of Gujarat]]|heads_of_state_label=|founder=|keypoints=|logo_alt=2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Logo|other_titles=10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|compactnav=}}<br />
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The '''10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit (VGGS)''' is scheduled to be held from January 10 to 12, 2024, at [[Mahatma Mandir|Mahatma Mandir Convention and Exhibition Centre]] in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Ahmedabad |date=2022-01-01 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Vibrant Gujarat Summit at Gandhinagar on January 10 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-vibrant-gujarat-summit-at-gandhinagar-on-jan-10/article38085767.ece |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110171748/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-vibrant-gujarat-summit-at-gandhinagar-on-jan-10/article38085767.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit to be held from January 10 to 12 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-to-be-held-from-january-10-to-12-401033-2023-10-06 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110171758/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-to-be-held-from-january-10-to-12-401033-2023-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit, organized by the [[Government of Gujarat]] in partnership with the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII), will focus on the theme "Gateway to the Future," bringing together global leaders, policymakers, and industry experts to discuss and explore opportunities for sustainable development, economic growth, and international cooperation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=Vibrant Gujarat summit to open 'Gateway To The Future' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-to-open-gateway-to-the-future/articleshow/103824466.cms |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110184006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-to-open-gateway-to-the-future/articleshow/103824466.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate 10th Vibrant Gujarat Summit on Jan 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/narendra-modi-10th-vibrant-gujarat-summit-bhupendra-patel-7635436/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174137/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/narendra-modi-10th-vibrant-gujarat-summit-bhupendra-patel-7635436/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The event is held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat's capital, and attracts a diverse array of participants, ranging from corporate giants to [[small and medium-sized enterprises]]. The 2024 edition of the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit is expected to build on the successes of its predecessors, with a focus on sustainable and inclusive growth. It will showcase Gujarat's strategic geographical location, world-class infrastructure, and business-friendly policies, making it an attractive investment destination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashutosh Mishra |date=6 October 2023 |title=Semiconductors, Industry 4.0 to be discussed at Vibrant Gujarat 2024: CM |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/semiconductors-industry-4-0-to-be-discussed-at-vibrant-gujarat-2024-cm-123100601166_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008125002/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/semiconductors-industry-4-0-to-be-discussed-at-vibrant-gujarat-2024-cm-123100601166_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vibrant journey began in 2003 and is now held every two years. During the Vibrant Summit series, thousands of MOUs were signed and billions of dollars were spent in Gujarat (2003–76 MOUs worth USD 14 billions, 2005–226 MOUs worth USD 20 billions, 2007–675 MOUs worth USD 152 billions, 2009–8662 MOUs worth USD 243 billions). Billions, 2011 (a total of USD 462 billions in 7936 MOUs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-06 |title=How vibrant is the Gujarat growth story? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/vibrant-gujarat-summit-discordant-notes-38673-2013-02-06 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004012606/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/vibrant-gujarat-summit-discordant-notes-38673-2013-02-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sandip G. Prajapati |date=September 2016 |year=2016 |title=An in depth study on Youths Attitude, perception and satisfaction towards VGGIS organized by government of Gujarat |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63204976/Vibrant_Paper_Sep_201620200505-127607-wzny0g-libre.pdf?1588689125=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DAn_in_depth_study_on_Youths_Attitude_per.pdf&Expires=1700378525&Signature=gDi5fXOUHs2bSlmE7k7Sdav-J7mwEEW5Ry4TkK1cjlZHf8cYE~Xm6LS2w34GKItN0MSmgRiOx-JaJ3FolkiX0Zy~00VdlZFwEk8AhIwCG~q4YEPv~PYuZtEgkUJDgtMocgZtw0wZopwMN9JGo6y7c-yHLtSiwBiHRCnIVbh5p17CKKNRWVE69CnSc6w8zUqz-4~-8dusHBfqm29FsNA1WchKHCU6CX9iKFNlmJzbU2sZZf8UOMzPQZSk~5-uXO9ItU0dcjYzYpYrI9exKhEV8-gMfJHthuGMRu1B7aF1mginV~RWMqZq8eCAGNG9Jky3EJDlyq6hrICTNE0SAo1G4Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |department=Department of Commerce and Business Management |journal=RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal - [RHIMRJ] |publisher= |volume=3 |page=5 |issn=2349-7637 |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref><br />
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== Background ==<br />
The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit, often referred to as the Vibrant Gujarat Summit, is a biennial global [[business event]] that is held in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister inaugurates the 'Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant Ahmedabad' initiative |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/chief-minister-inaugurates-the-vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-ahmedabad-initiative/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=CMO Gujarat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MZfAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT42&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&hl=en |title=Centrestage: Inside the Narendra Modi model of governance |date=2014-05-02 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-612-4 |language=en}}</ref> This biennial summit is known for its significance in fostering [[economic growth]], [[trade]], and [[investment]] opportunities in the region. It provides a platform for key stakeholders, including government officials, business leaders, [[Investor|investors]], and experts, to come together and discuss various aspects of economic development and collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Vibrant Gujarat summit helped development reach all sections of society: CM Bhupendra Patel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-development-sections-of-society-cm-bhupendra-patel-8958579/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005223749/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-development-sections-of-society-cm-bhupendra-patel-8958579/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=From 100 participants in 2003, rise and rise of Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-100-participants-in-2003-rise-and-rise-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-101695884500482.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014100750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-100-participants-in-2003-rise-and-rise-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-101695884500482.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit was first launched in 2003, and over the years, it has evolved into one of Gujarat's most important economic forums.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=ASIT K BISWAS |date=12 March 2015 |title=Vibrant Gujarat shows the way for India. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273491034 |journal=[[The Business Times (Singapore)]] |pages=1 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> It is organized by the [[Government of Gujarat]] and supported by various industry associations, both at the national and international levels.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanavati |first=Arti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJaMAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA204&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&hl=en |title=India-Canada Trade and FDI Bilateral Flows: Performance, Prospects and Proactive Startegies |last2=Ahmed |first2=Sarah |date=2013-02-25 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-818-0 |pages=204 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125357/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJaMAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA204&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit's primary objective is to promote Gujarat as an attractive investment destination and to facilitate partnerships and collaborations across different sectors.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0XAGwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Gujarat: The Growth Engine of India, Success Stories from Industries |date=2005 |publisher=iNDEXTb |language=en |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125357/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0XAGwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The primary objective of the Vibrant Gujarat Summit is to create a platform where business leaders, policymakers, and investors from around the world can come together to explore opportunities for investment, collaboration, and partnership in various sectors of the economy. The event is structured to facilitate discussions, negotiations, and agreements in sectors such as energy, manufacturing, infrastructure, information technology, agriculture, healthcare, and more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit has evolved into an institution, says PM Modi |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-has-evolved-into-an-institution-says-pm-modi-11440311.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002042749/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-has-evolved-into-an-institution-says-pm-modi-11440311.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== VGVD ==<br />
Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District (VGVD) is a initiative undertaken by the [[Government of Gujarat]] to promote economic development and investment across all 33 districts of the state. The program was launched in 2023 as a precursor to the 10th edition of the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit (VGGS), scheduled for January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District programme begins |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-district-programme-begins/articleshow/104096938.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118162251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-district-programme-begins/articleshow/104096938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the key aspects of the VGVD program is the promotion of the [[One District One Product|"One District-One Product]]" (ODOP) initiative. This initiative aims to identify and nurture a flagship product or industry in each district, leveraging its unique strengths and competitive advantages to boost local economies. ODOP products range from traditional handicrafts to innovative technologies, reflecting the diverse economic landscape of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=economypost |date=2023-11-06 |title=Gujarat replicates ODOP scheme of UP |url=http://www.economypost.in/uttar-pradesh/gujarat-replicates-odop-scheme-of-up/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=(Xclusiv News) |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118162236/http://www.economypost.in/uttar-pradesh/gujarat-replicates-odop-scheme-of-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These exhibitions highlighted items from the 'One District-One Product' (ODOP) project, increasing their visibility. Startups, local MSMEs, self-help organizations, FPOs, women entrepreneurs, khadi and village industries, cottage industries, and PM Vishwakarma Yojana beneficiaries all took part. Under the Credit Linkage Program, loan fairs were held during the events, and recipients received checks for approved loans. As part of the 'Vocal for Local' campaign, 996 stalls were put up in the exhibitions to promote and spread local goods. The Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District initiative organized seminars and workshops on a range of subjects, as well as B2B, B2C, and B2G interactions with traders and businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BW Online |title=Vibrant Gujarat Vibrant District Programme Concludes In Gujarat With MoUs Worth Rs 45000 Cr |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Vibrant-Gujarat-Vibrant-District-Programme-Concludes-In-Gujarat-With-MoUs-Worth-Rs-45000-Cr-/11-11-2023-498464 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District (VGVD) program took place in all 32 districts of Gujarat from October 2 to October 31, 2023, falling between Gandhi Jayanti and Sardar Patel Jayanti. This was done in preparation for the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit in 2024. In all, 2,614 Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs) showing prospective investments above Rs 45,000 crores were inked, according to the official announcement from the state government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-11 |title=2,614 MoUs for ₹45k cr signed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2614-mous-for-45k-cr-signed/articleshow/105137909.cms |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118001317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2614-mous-for-45k-cr-signed/articleshow/105137909.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== VGGS Roadshows ==<br />
<br />
The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit (VGGS) Roadshow is a series of events that will be held in major cities around the world to promote the upcoming summit, which will be held in Gandhinagar, India, in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat Roadshows |url=https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/event-schedule |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117165654/https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/event-schedule |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{legend inline|#BCFFC5|Domestic}} <br />{{legend inline|#FFFFBB|International}}<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"<br />
|+ Vibrant Gujarat Roadshows<br />
!style="width:10em;"|City Name<br />
!style="width:10em;"|Date<br />
!style="width:10em;"|Head of Delegation<br />
!style="width:15em;"|Venue Place<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Delhi]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|October 06, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Chief Minister of Gujarat|CM]] [[Bhupendra Patel]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|Darbar Hall, Hotel Taj Palace<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|October 11, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Chief Minister of Gujarat|CM]] [[Bhupendrabhai Patel|Bhupendra Patel]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Chandigarh]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|October 12, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Taj Hotels|Taj Hotel]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 16, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Vijay Nehra<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Embassy of India, Tokyo]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 21, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Rahul Gupta<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|-<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Milan]], [[Italy]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 21, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Rahul Gupta<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"| Headquarters of Confindustria Firenze<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 21, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Rahul Gupta<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|-<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[New Jersey]], [[USA]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 26, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|JP Gupta<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"| Consulate General of India, New York<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Singapore]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 26, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"| [[Marina Bay Sands|Marina Bay Sands Expo and Convention Center]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Sydney|Sydeny]], [[Australia]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 26, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Anju Sharma<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Consulate General of India, Sydney<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|October 29, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Hareet Shukla<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"| -<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|November 2, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Ashwini Kumar<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Rex Hotel]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Dubai]], [[UAE]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|November 2, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Hareet Shukla<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"| -<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|November 7, 2023<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|Ashwani Kumar<br />
|style="background:#FFFFBB;"|[[Lotte Hotels & Resorts|Lotte Hotel]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Kolkata]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|November 1, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Harsh Sanghavi]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"| [[Taj Bengal]] <br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Chennai]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|November 2, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Kanubhai Desai]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Taj Coromandel]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Lucknow]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|November 6, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Rushikesh Patel|Rishikesh Patel]] <br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Taj Mahal Hotel]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Bengaluru]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|November 9, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Balvantsinh Rajput]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Taj West End]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Guwahati]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|November 24, 2023<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Mulu Ayar Bera]]<br />
|style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Vivanta|Hotel Vivanta]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Domestic Roadshows ===<br />
'''October 06, 2023'''<br />
<br />
* [[Delhi|Delhi Roadshow]]: The event, held on October 6, 2023, served as a [[curtain raiser]] for the main summit. The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 roadshow in Delhi attracted diplomats from 19 countries, over 1,500 investors and entrepreneurs from various industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Shri Bhupendra Patel meets Diplomats and Heads of Mission in New Delhi under VGGS 2024 |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/cm-shri-bhupendra-patel-meets-diplomats-and-heads-of-mission-in-new-delhi-under-vggs-2024/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=CMO Gujarat |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125357/https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/cm-shri-bhupendra-patel-meets-diplomats-and-heads-of-mission-in-new-delhi-under-vggs-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vibrant-gujarat-2024/81865173.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113174247/https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vibrant-gujarat-2024/81865173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhupendra Patel]], the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], attended the summit, attributing Gujarat's success to a proactive policy approach, a conducive business environment, investor-friendly policies, and robust industrial infrastructure, he highlighted the state's status as the preferred destination for investments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024: CM Bhupendra Patel rolls out red carpet for investors at Delhi curtain-raiser |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-cm-bhupendra-patel-rolls-out-red-carpet-for-investors-at-delhi-curtain-raiser/3265253/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165721/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-cm-bhupendra-patel-rolls-out-red-carpet-for-investors-at-delhi-curtain-raiser/3265253/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024: Roadshow Takes Place In New Delhi; CM Addresses Industrialists, Investors |url=https://www.news18.com/business/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-takes-place-in-new-delhi-cm-addresses-industrialists-investors-8605977.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165729/https://www.news18.com/business/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-takes-place-in-new-delhi-cm-addresses-industrialists-investors-8605977.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Patel specifically highlighted major projects such as the [[Dholera Special Investment Region]], [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|Dedicated Freight Corridor]], Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor, [[GIFT City]], and [[Dream City]] as catalysts for Gujarat's anticipated growth. Patel also noted that Gujarat has achieved a renewable energy capacity of 20 GW, constituting 15% of India's total renewable energy capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Curtain Raiser for 10th Vibrant Gujarat Summit held in Delhi - India Shipping News |url=https://indiashippingnews.com/curtain-raiser-for-10th-vibrant-gujarat-summit-held-in-delhi/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165740/https://indiashippingnews.com/curtain-raiser-for-10th-vibrant-gujarat-summit-held-in-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Gujarat has become 'Most Preferred Investment Destination' under PM Modi's visionary leadership: CM Bhupendra Patel |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-has-become-most-preferred-investment-destination-under-pm-modis-visionary-leadership-cm-bhupendra-patel20231006175533/ |website=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125427/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-has-become-most-preferred-investment-destination-under-pm-modis-visionary-leadership-cm-bhupendra-patel20231006175533/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the state is actively developing the world's largest [[Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park|hybrid renewable energy park]] in [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and has set a target to generate 100 GW of renewable energy as part of its Green Hydrogen Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title='ભારતની ગ્રોથ સ્ટોરીમાં ગુજરાત છે ગેટ વે ટુ ધ ફ્યુચર': Vibrant Gujarat ગ્લોબલ સમિટ કર્ટેન રેઇઝરમાં CM ભૂપેન્દ્ર પટેલ |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/business/curtain-raiser-of-10th-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-in-new-delhi-around-the-world-investors-joined-pm-1579149.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171231/https://gujarati.news18.com/news/business/curtain-raiser-of-10th-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-in-new-delhi-around-the-world-investors-joined-pm-1579149.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar]] addressed the summit during a curtain raiser event in New Delhi, emphasizing Gujarat's longstanding economic leadership and the entrepreneurial spirit of its people on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=In terms of economic contribution, Gujarat seen as a leader in India: EAM Jaishankar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-terms-of-economic-contribution-gujarat-seen-as-a-leader-in-india-eam-jaishankar/articleshow/104222629.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-terms-of-economic-contribution-gujarat-seen-as-a-leader-in-india-eam-jaishankar/articleshow/104222629.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> During the event, industry leaders such as [[ArcelorMittal|Arcelor Mittal]] CEO Dilip Oommen, [[Maruti Suzuki]] MD and CEO Hisashi Takeuchi, and [[UK India Business Council|UK India Business Council Group]] CEO Richard McCallum, K Paper Ltd’s Vice Chairman Harsh Pati Singhania, [[Paytm|PayTM]]’s founder CEO VL Sharma<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=Paytm CEO Vijay Shekhar Sharma meets with Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel, discusses collaborations on digital payments |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/paytm-ceo-vijay-shekhar-sharma-meets-with-gujarat-chief-minister-bhupendra-patel-discusses-collaborations-on-digital-payments/articleshow/104210908.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114140321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/paytm-ceo-vijay-shekhar-sharma-meets-with-gujarat-chief-minister-bhupendra-patel-discusses-collaborations-on-digital-payments/articleshow/104210908.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>, Railway Board Chairman Jaya Sinha, [[Seoul Semiconductor]]’s India head DJ Kim, [[Borosil|Borosil Ltd]]’s MD Shreevar Kheruka, and DCM Shriram’s Chairman and Senior MD Ajay Shriram.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-10-06 |title=Which captains of industries met with Gujarat CM in New Delhi today |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/10/06/which-captains-of-industries-met-with-gujarat-cm-in-new-delhi-today/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165730/https://deshgujarat.com/2023/10/06/which-captains-of-industries-met-with-gujarat-cm-in-new-delhi-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier in the day, Chief Minister Patel held one-on-one meetings with prominent industrialists in the national capital, including Maruti Suzuki India MD Kenichi Ayukawa, Avaada Energy Chairman Vineet Mittal, PI Industries MD Mayank Singhal, JCB CEO Deepak Shetty, and Urban Company CEO Abhiraj Singh Bhal and Okinawa Director Jitendra Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Okinawa keen in setting up e-vehicle plant in Gujarat, seeks state's support |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/okinawa-keen-in-setting-up-e-vehicle-plant-in-gujarat-seeks-states-support20231006121501/ |website=www.aninews.in |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125356/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/okinawa-keen-in-setting-up-e-vehicle-plant-in-gujarat-seeks-states-support20231006121501/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-10-06 |title=Okinawa keen in setting up e-vehicle plant in Gujarat, seeks state's support |url=https://theprint.in/economy/okinawa-keen-in-setting-up-e-vehicle-plant-in-gujarat-seeks-states-support/1792493/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165739/https://theprint.in/economy/okinawa-keen-in-setting-up-e-vehicle-plant-in-gujarat-seeks-states-support/1792493/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patel assured them of full cooperation and encouraged them to invest in Gujarat.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/> He extended invitations to participate in the summit, which is scheduled for January 10 to 12, 2024, under the theme 'Gateway to the Future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Gujarat's 'Dhando' Spirit Makes It Favourite Biz Destination; PM Modi to Inaugurate 2024 Global Summit |url=https://www.news18.com/business/gujarats-dhando-spirit-makes-it-favourite-biz-destination-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-2024-global-summit-8606281.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165730/https://www.news18.com/business/gujarats-dhando-spirit-makes-it-favourite-biz-destination-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-2024-global-summit-8606281.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Patel invites industrialists to participate in Vibrant Gujarat summit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/cm-invites-industrialists-to-participate-in-vibrant-gujarat-summit-next-jan-8971797/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165723/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/cm-invites-industrialists-to-participate-in-vibrant-gujarat-summit-next-jan-8971797/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''October 11, 2023'''<br />
<br />
* [[Mumbai|Mumbai Roadshow]]: The Mumbai Roadshow was held on October 11, 2023, at the Hotel [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace]] in [[Colaba]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-10 |title=CM to lead VGGS roadshow in Mumbai on Oct 11 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cm-to-lead-vggs-roadshow-in-mumbai-on-oct-11/articleshow/104299469.cms |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cm-to-lead-vggs-roadshow-in-mumbai-on-oct-11/articleshow/104299469.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 - Mumbai Curtain Raiser Domestic Roadshow |url=https://cam.mycii.in/OR/EventDetailOR.html?id=E000063533 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=cam.mycii.in |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170956/https://cam.mycii.in/OR/EventDetailOR.html?id=E000063533 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 35 diplomats and over 350 leaders from various sectors participated in the roadshow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024: CM Meets 35 Diplomats, 350 Leaders in Mumbai Road Show {{!}} DST News |url=https://dst.news/news/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-cm-meets-35-diplomats-350-leaders-in-mumbai-road-show/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=DST - Daily Shipping Times |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172505/https://dst.news/news/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-cm-meets-35-diplomats-350-leaders-in-mumbai-road-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2018-11-26 |title=Vibrant Gujarat roadshow held in Mumbai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-held-in-mumbai/article25600839.ece |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171003/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-held-in-mumbai/article25600839.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was attended by a delegation of Gujarat government officials and business leaders, who met with Mumbai industry and business leaders to explore potential opportunities for collaboration and investment. The Chief Minister [[Bhupendrabhai Patel|Bhupendra Patel]] stated that Gujarat's upcoming economic growth will be powered by forward-thinking industrial infrastructure projects like [[GIFT City]], [[DREAM City]], the [[Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park|Hybrid Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Park]], and [[Dholera SIR]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 Mumbai Roadshow - Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-mumbai-roadshow-50 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=ZEE5 |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170959/https://www.zee5.com/articles/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-mumbai-roadshow-50 |url-status=live }}</ref> GIFT City is home to [[GIFT Nifty|GIFT NIFTY]], [[Bank of America]], and the [[List of World Trade Centers|World Trade Center]], among other notable financial organizations and the country's first [[India International Bullion Exchange|International Bullion Exchange]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Following the success of the Delhi Curtain Raiser, Chief Minister marks his presence at the Mumbai Roadshow |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/following-the-success-of-the-delhi-curtain-raiser-chief-minister-marks-his-presence-at-the-mumbai-roadshow/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=CMO Gujarat |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125357/https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/following-the-success-of-the-delhi-curtain-raiser-chief-minister-marks-his-presence-at-the-mumbai-roadshow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At Vibrant Gujarat event in Mumbai, CM showcases industry roadmap |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/oct/12/at-vibrant-gujarat-event-in-mumbai-cm-showcases-industry-roadmap-2623198.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/oct/12/at-vibrant-gujarat-event-in-mumbai-cm-showcases-industry-roadmap-2623198.html |url-status=live }}</ref> S. J. Haider, Additional Chief Secretary of the Industries Department, gave a comprehensive presentation about Vibrant Summit's accomplishments over the past two decades. Gujarat's investor-friendly climate was praised by Mr. Dhanraj Nathwani, Group President of Reliance Industries and Country Head of Bank of America, Ms. Kaku Nakhate, and Kulin Lalbhai of Arvind Limited as they shared their experiences during the Vibrant Summit.<ref name="auto"/> Patel had meetings with a number of industry leaders, including Reliance Industries' chairman [[Mukesh Ambani]], Tata Sons Pvt Ltd's chairman [[N Chandrasekaran]], Larsen & Toubro's chairman [[S N Subrahmanyan]], Kotak Mahindra's MD and CEO Dipak Gupta, ITC Limited's chairman and MD Sanjiv Puri, UPL's chairman Jai Shroff, and Bank of America's president and country head Kaku Nakhate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Gujarat CM holds road show in city to woo industrialists and Bollywood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/gujarat-cm-holds-road-show-in-city-to-woo-industrialists-and-bollywood-101697051492056.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170955/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/gujarat-cm-holds-road-show-in-city-to-woo-industrialists-and-bollywood-101697051492056.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Bhupendra Patel Addresses Roadshow Of Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 In Mumbai |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cm-bhupendra-patel-addresses-roadshow-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-in-mumbai |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114214742/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cm-bhupendra-patel-addresses-roadshow-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-in-mumbai |url-status=live }}</ref> During his meeting with [[Bollywood]] producers, directors, and actors, the chief minister urged them to pick Gujarat as their shooting location. He declared, "We have implemented a shooting-friendly policy for the film industry." Next year, Gujarat will host the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], which will contribute to the growth of the travel and tourism industry as well as the transportation and cultural sectors and create a significant number of jobs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-20 |title=Gujarat to host 69th Filmfare Awards night |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-to-host-69th-filmfare-awards-night/articleshow/101970076.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-to-host-69th-filmfare-awards-night/articleshow/101970076.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=State signs MoU to host Filmfare awards next yr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/state-signs-mou-to-host-filmfare-awards-next-yr-8849387/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172505/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/state-signs-mou-to-host-filmfare-awards-next-yr-8849387/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''October 12, 2023'''<br />
<br />
* [[Chandigarh|Chandigarh Roadshow]]: On October 12, 2023, a high-level delegation from the Government of Gujarat, led by Kunvarji Bavaliya, Minister for Water Resources and Water Supply, Food & Civil Supply, visited Chandigarh to interact with industry and business leaders and invite them to the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cam.mycii.in/OR/EventDetailOR.html?id=E000063550 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=cam.mycii.in |title=Archived copy |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102753/https://cam.mycii.in/OR/EventDetailOR.html?id=E000063550 |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was held at the [[Hotel taj|Hotel Taj]] in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=buzzingchandigarh |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 Roadshow in Chandigarh on 12th October 2023 |url=https://www.buzzingchandigarh.com/2023/10/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=buzzingchandigarh |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102750/https://www.buzzingchandigarh.com/2023/10/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was attended by over 200 industry leaders from Chandigarh, representing a wide range of sectors including pharmaceuticals, IT, manufacturing, and agriculture. The delegation from Gujarat presented on the state's investment-friendly policies, infrastructure, and manufacturing capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=City Air |date=2023-10-10 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 Roadshow in Chandigarh on Oct 12 |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-in-chandigarh-on-oct-12 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Cityairnews |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102753/https://www.cityairnews.com/content/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-in-chandigarh-on-oct-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Kuldeep |date=2023-10-13 |title=Gujarat Woos Biz Captains from North |url=https://himbumail.com/business/trade-industry/gujarat-wooes-biz-captains |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=himbumail.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102754/https://himbumail.com/business/trade-industry/gujarat-wooes-biz-captains |url-status=live }}</ref> In his address, Kunvarji Bavaliya highlighted Gujarat's position as a leading investment destination in India. During the summit, he met with industry leaders from various sectors, including Vivek Verma, MD of Spray Engineering Devices Ltd; Vijay Kumar Gupta, MD of Valco Industries Ltd; Jaspreet Singh Arora, Partner, Ramada Plaza; Sandeep Jain, Executive Director, Monte Carlo Fashions Ltd; Hartek Singh, CMD of Hartek India Pvt Ltd; Anurag Gupta, MD of Usha Yarns Ltd; Deepak Mahajan, CFO, IDS Infotech; P. J. Singh, Chief MD of Tynor Orthotics Ltd; Rohit Grover, MD of JREW Engineering Ltd; Arun Grover, CMD of Amartex Industries Ltd; Amarbir Singh, MD from Indian Polymer Industries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 (Chandigarh Roadshow) |url=https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1697707940098-English_Post-Event-PR---Chandigarh-Roadshow.pdf |website=vibrantgujarat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=VIBRANT GUJARAT GLOBAL SUMMIT 2024 (CHANDIGARH ROADSHOW) |url=https://thevoiceofchandigarh.com/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-chandigarh-roadshow/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102758/https://thevoiceofchandigarh.com/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-chandigarh-roadshow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also invited the industry leaders from Chandigarh to participate in the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024, which will be held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, from January 10-12, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Codingest |date=2023-10-12 |title=VIBRANT GUJARAT GLOBAL SUMMIT 2024 CHANDIGARH ROADSHOW |url=https://chandigarh24x7.com/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-chandigarh-roadshow |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Chandigarh 24 x7 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102748/https://chandigarh24x7.com/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-chandigarh-roadshow |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''November 01, 2023'''<br />
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* [[Kolkata|Kolkata Roadshow]]: On November 1, 2023, the Vibrant Gujarat 2024 delegation concluded the roadshow in Kolkata, led by [[Harsh Sanghavi]], [[Minister of State|Minister of State for Industries, Home & Police Housing, and Cultural Activities]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Vibrant roadshow in Kolkata on Nov 1 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-roadshow-in-kolkata-on-nov-1/articleshow/104839796.cms |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115115954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-roadshow-in-kolkata-on-nov-1/articleshow/104839796.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BW Online |title=Minister Harsh Sanghvi To Participate In Vibrant Gujarat Kolkata Roadshow On 1 Nov |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Minister-Harsh-Sanghvi-To-Participate-In-Vibrant-Gujarat-Kolkata-Roadshow-On-1-Nov-/30-10-2023-496930 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> The roadshow was held at the [[Taj Bengal]] Hotel in Kolkata and brought various industry captains, consul generals, and officials from the Gujarat government. Ahead of the roadshow, Harsh Sanghavi held one-on-one meetings with various industries, including Vesuvius India Limited, Exide Industries Limited, Mallcom India Limited, Titagarh Group, Atmosphere Hotel & Resort, Vikram Solar Limited, Purple MicroPort Cardiovascular Private Limited, Berger Paints India Limited, IFB Industries Limited, Shyam Metalics & Energy Limited, and Senco Gold Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=Vibrant Gujarat roadshow held in Kolkata |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-kolkata-7675312/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115115953/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-kolkata-7675312/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his speech, Sanghvi stated that Gujarat is one of the major producers of commodities exported from the nation, accounting for more than 33% of total exports in 2022–2023. Additionally, he stated that Gujarat employs over 84 lakh people through the operation of over 14.6 lakh registered MSMEs and handles 40% of all freight in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Gujarat Delegation Holds Roadshow in Kolkata to Promote Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 {{!}} Loktej Gujarat News |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/7055/gujarat-delegation-holds-roadshow-in-kolkata-to-promote-vibrant-gujarat |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=english.loktej.com |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115115954/https://english.loktej.com/article/7055/gujarat-delegation-holds-roadshow-in-kolkata-to-promote-vibrant-gujarat |url-status=live }}</ref> He also highlighted the proactive policy-led approach, ease of doing business, investor-friendly attitude, and strong industrial infrastructure of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=West Bengal: Vibrant Gujarat 2024 delegation successfully concludes Kolkata roadshow |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=West-Bengal%3A-Vibrant-Gujarat-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-Kolkata-roadshow&id=470594 |website=www.newsonair.gov.in |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125410/https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=West-Bengal%3A-Vibrant-Gujarat-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-Kolkata-roadshow&id=470594 |url-status=live }}</ref> He further emphasized upon Gujarat's future-ready mega projects like GIFT City, Diamond Research and Mercantile City (DREAM City), Dholera SIR, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 roadshow in Kolkata: Minister Harsh Sanghavi extends invitation to investors to explore the state {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/92903/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-in-kolkata-minister-harsh-sanghavi-extends-invitation-to-investors-to-explore-the-state.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115115950/https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/92903/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-in-kolkata-minister-harsh-sanghavi-extends-invitation-to-investors-to-explore-the-state.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mr. Himanshu Priyadarshi, Chief Public Affairs, Communication & Sustainability Officer, Hindustan Coca-Cola, Mr. Sunil Duggal, Chairman, Policy and Strategy, Vedanta Displays, and Mr. Sunil Gupta, Co-Founder, Managing Director, and CEO of Yotta, all gave speeches at the roadshow. Mr. Ravi Aggarwal, President of Rupa & Company, Director of Neo Metallics Ltd., and Past President of ASSOCHAM Eastern Region, gave a vote of gratitude to end the roadshow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 roadshow concludes in Kolkata |url=https://financialsamachar.com/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-concludes-in-kolkata/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Financial Samachar |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115115954/https://financialsamachar.com/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow-concludes-in-kolkata/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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'''November 02, 2023'''<br />
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* [[Chennai|Chennai Roadshow]]: The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Chennai Roadshow, held on November 2, 2023, at the Hotel [[Taj Coromandel]] in Chennai, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 - Domestic Roadshow Chennai |url=https://cam.mycii.in/OR/EventDetailOR.html?id=E000063600 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=cam.mycii.in |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116120118/https://cam.mycii.in/OR/EventDetailOR.html?id=E000063600 |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow, led by [[Kanubhai Desai]], Minister of Finance, Energy, and Petrochemicals, Government of Gujarat, brought together a various business leaders, and government officials to explore the vast investment opportunities available in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-01 |title=Kanu Desai to lead Chennai VGGS roadshow |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/kanu-desai-to-lead-chennai-vggs-roadshow/articleshow/104873454.cms |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116120117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/kanu-desai-to-lead-chennai-vggs-roadshow/articleshow/104873454.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Gujarat finance minister to lead Vibrant summit roadshow in Chennai on November 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-finance-minister-vibrant-summit-roadshow-chennai-9007487/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116124042/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-finance-minister-vibrant-summit-roadshow-chennai-9007487/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his address, Desai stated that Gujarat is the first state in the nation to put the Semiconductor Policy into effect. The goal of the policy is to make Gujarat the preferred location for semiconductor and display fab manufacture in India. He also mentioned that a number of conferences and seminars on significant subjects including semiconductors, green hydrogen, electric mobility, renewable energy, and industry 4.0 will be held alongside with the next Vibrant Gujarat conference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Gujarat Organizes Roadshow in Chennai for Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 {{!}} Loktej Gujarat News |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/7059/gujarat-organizes-roadshow-in-chennai-for-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=english.loktej.com |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116120117/https://english.loktej.com/article/7059/gujarat-organizes-roadshow-in-chennai-for-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit |url-status=live }}</ref> Kanu Desai held one-on-one meetings with various industries, MP Vijay Kumar, including executive director and group CFO, Sify Technologies; Ramshankar C S, CEO, Maxbyte Technologies Private Ltd; Satyajit Tripathy, chairman and MD, [[United India Insurance Company]]; and Shanti Lal Jain, MD & CEO, Indian Bank. Anand Roy is the MD and CEO of [[Star Health and Allied Insurance|Star Health & Allied Insurance]]; K M Balaji is the deputy CFO of [[Ashok Leyland]]; Akhileshwaran is the CFO of [[Apollo Hospitals]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Big response to VGGS Vietnam roadshow |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/big-response-to-vggs-vietnam-roadshow/articleshow/104929928.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118110055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/big-response-to-vggs-vietnam-roadshow/articleshow/104929928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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* [[Lucknow|Lucknow Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Lucknow Roadshow was held on November 11, 2023, at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=Gujarat roadshow in Lucknow to seek investment from state |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gujarat-roadshow-in-lucknow-to-seek-investment-from-state/articleshow/104979359.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117061255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gujarat-roadshow-in-lucknow-to-seek-investment-from-state/articleshow/104979359.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Gujarat roadshow in Lucknow to seek investment from state |url=https://invest.up.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Gujarat-roadshow_051123.pdf |website=www.invest.up.gov.in |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117061255/https://invest.up.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Gujarat-roadshow_051123.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rushikesh Patel|Rishikeshbhai Patel]] led the roadshow, where he met RSPL Group CEO Tinku Chhabra; Kushagra Nandan, Director and CEO, Sunsource Energy; Upasna Arora, Commander, V Guard; Preeti Bajaj, Director and CEO, Luminous CEO; Dr. [[DP Gupta|DK Gupta]], Director, Felix Hospital; Parminder Singh Baweja, Managing Director, Erisha E Mobility Private; Apurv Jhawar, Director, Usha Breco; Monish Bhandari, Founder and Director, Forsta Medtech; Raj Prakash Vyas, President, Corporate Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 delegation successfully concludes roadshow in Lucknow - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-roadshow-in-lucknow/105028709 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117062802/https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-roadshow-in-lucknow/105028709 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 delegation successfully concludes roadshow in Lucknow |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-roadshow-in-lucknow20231106232830/ |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125430/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-roadshow-in-lucknow20231106232830/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to highlighting Gujarat's status as a "Gateway to the Future," the roadshow in Lucknow was expected to provide investors with an overview of investment opportunities in projects such as Dholera Special Investment Region (SIR), Mandal-Becharaji Special Investment Region (SIR), and Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 delegation successfully concludes roadshow in Lucknow |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20231107/4137031.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=news.webindia123.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117090407/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20231107/4137031.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-11-04 |title=Gujarat Government to hold a roadshow in Lucknow for VGGS on November 6 |url=https://theprint.in/economy/gujarat-government-to-hold-a-roadshow-in-lucknow-for-vggs-on-november-6/1832014/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117063907/https://theprint.in/economy/gujarat-government-to-hold-a-roadshow-in-lucknow-for-vggs-on-november-6/1832014/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "In the twenty-first century, Gujarat has established itself as an industrial and mining ecosystem, a financial center, and a business giant in the agricultural sector," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manjul |first=Tarannum |title=Gujarat Has Suitable Environment For Investors, Says Minister Rushikesh Patel |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Gujarat-Has-Suitable-Environment-For-Investors-Says-Minister-Rushikesh-Patel-/07-11-2023-497856 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> As per [[Times of india|TOI]], the Gujarat government representatives discussed the Prime Minister's GatiShatki Master Plan, the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, a transparent and predictable tax system, a reduction in the burden of compliance, the ease of doing business, the ease of living, and Made in India as ways to draw investments to the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=Guj rolls out 'green carpet' for UP firms |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/guj-rolls-out-green-carpet-for-up-firms/articleshow/105027053.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117064653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/guj-rolls-out-green-carpet-for-up-firms/articleshow/105027053.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Knn India-Knowledge & News |title=Gujarat govt hosts roadshow in Lucknow to promote Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2022 |url=https://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/state/gujarat-govt-hosts-roadshow-in-lucknow-to-promote-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2022 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=knnindia.co.in |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117061253/https://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/state/gujarat-govt-hosts-roadshow-in-lucknow-to-promote-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with this, a screening of the Vibrant Gujarat 2024 Promotional Film and a presentation on business possibilities in Gujarat by Mamta Verma, IAS, Principal Secretary, Energy and Petrochemicals Department, Government of Gujarat, were held.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BW Online |title=Vibrant Gujarat Roadshow Heads To Lucknow On 6 November |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Vibrant-Gujarat-Roadshow-Heads-To-Lucknow-On-6-November-/04-11-2023-497579 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=India News {{!}} Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 Delegation Successfully Concludes Roadshow in Lucknow |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-roadshow-in-lucknow-5543982.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117061256/https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-delegation-successfully-concludes-roadshow-in-lucknow-5543982.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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'''November 09, 2023'''<br />
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* [[Bangalore|Bengaluru Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Bengaluru Roadshow was held on November 9, 2023, at the [[Taj West End Bangalore|Taj West End]] Hotel in Bengaluru, Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=Bengaluru hosts roadshow for Vibrant Gujarat summit 2024 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bengaluru-hosts-roadshow-for-vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024/articleshow/105114298.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084916/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bengaluru-hosts-roadshow-for-vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024/articleshow/105114298.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was led by [[Balvantsinh Rajput]], Gujarat's Minister for Industries, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Cottage, Khadi and Rural Industries, Civil Aviation, Labour and Employment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Roadshow will be held in Bengaluru on 9th November 2023 |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-will-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-9th-november-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084914/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-will-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-9th-november-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "Gujarat's development includes projects such as GIFT City, DREAM City, greenfield ports, LNG terminals, and a high-speed rail network," stated Rajput in an official statement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat industries minister woos investors, holds roadshow in B'luru |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/newspaper/The-Morning-Standard/GUJARAT-INDUSTRIES-MINISTER-WOOS-INVESTORS-HOLDS-ROADSHOW-IN-BLURU |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.magzter.com |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084923/https://www.magzter.com/stories/newspaper/The-Morning-Standard/GUJARAT-INDUSTRIES-MINISTER-WOOS-INVESTORS-HOLDS-ROADSHOW-IN-BLURU |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=Rajput leads VGGS roadshow in Bengaluru |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/rajput-leads-vggs-roadshow-in-bengaluru/articleshow/105109194.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118001344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/rajput-leads-vggs-roadshow-in-bengaluru/articleshow/105109194.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that the Gujarat government was aiming to establish a biotech park on 100 acres of land in [[Vadodara]] as part of the biotech mission. Gujarat is now working on enhancing its infrastructure and putting in a bid to host the Olympics in 2036, which will take place in India. The Gujarat government was seeking to produce 100 GW of green energy, and Rajput attracted investors' interest by announcing that a gigantic 30 GW hybrid park was being developed in [[Kutch district|Kutch]] under the Hydrogen Mission. Gujarat has 22 GW of renewable energy capacity, or 15% of all of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Media |date=2023-11-10 |title="Bengaluru Hosts Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 Roadshow" |url=https://verito.today/index.php/2023/11/10/bengaluru-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Verito.Today |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117085658/https://verito.today/index.php/2023/11/10/bengaluru-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajput outlined some of the state's accomplishments during the roadshow presentation, citing Gujarat's 18% manufacturing share, 11% factory share, 33% export share, and 8.4% GDP contribution. Over the previous 20 years, Gujarat's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) increased by 15%, outpacing the national average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Silicon Valley of India Bengaluru hosts Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 roadshow - Business News Week |url=https://businessnewsweek.in/business/silicon-valley-of-india-bengaluru-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084914/https://businessnewsweek.in/business/silicon-valley-of-india-bengaluru-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat minister Balvantsinh Rajput woos investors for global summit in January |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/nov/10/gujarat-minister-balvantsinh-rajput-woos-investors-for-global-summit-in-january-2631670.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084913/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/nov/10/gujarat-minister-balvantsinh-rajput-woos-investors-for-global-summit-in-january-2631670.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He discussed the success of fintech-GIFT and India's first operational smart city, saying, "GIFT City is strategically positioned as a financial hub for global cities like Singapore, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, and the United States." As a fintech hub, he claimed that Google and Cap Gemini are moving forward.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಬ್ರೆಂಟ್ ಗುಜರಾತ್ ಗ್ಲೋಬಲ್ ಸಮಿಟ್ 2024 ರೋಡ್ ಶೋ Vistara News |url=https://vistaranews.com/karnataka/bengaluru/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-road-show-in-bangalore/502244.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |language=kn |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084914/https://vistaranews.com/karnataka/bengaluru/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-road-show-in-bangalore/502244.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, he underlined Gujarat's readiness to draw investments in IT and ITeS, Semiconductor, Electronics, Aerospace & Defense, and Biotechnology, as well as its future-ready megaprojects like Biotech Park and Dholera SIR.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdunia |title=ભારતની સિલિકોન વેલી' બેંગલુરૂમાં યોજાયો વાઈબ્રન્ટ ગુજરાત ગ્લોબલ સમિટ 2024 |url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/roadshow-for-the-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-held-in-bengaluru-india-s-silicon-valley-123111000003_1.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=gujarati.webdunia.com |language=gu |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117090410/https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/roadshow-for-the-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-held-in-bengaluru-india-s-silicon-valley-123111000003_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gujarat delegation also held one-on-one meetings with executives from the business and industry, such as Dr. K Sivan, the Chairman of ISRO, Ms. Daisy Chittilapilly, the President of CISCO's India and SAARC Operations, Mr. Alok Ohrie, the President and MD of Dell Technologies, India, Mr. Rakesh Mohan Agarwal, the Chairman and MD of ITI Ltd., Mr. Kamal Bali, the President and MD of the Volvo Group, and Mr. Ramesh BV, the MD of Bosch Rexroth, Bosch India Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Gujarat showcases business potential at Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2022 roadshow in Bengaluru |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/team-gujarat-showcases-business-potential-at-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2022-roadshow-in-bengaluru20211207202233/ |website=www.aninews.in |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207151632/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/team-gujarat-showcases-business-potential-at-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2022-roadshow-in-bengaluru20211207202233/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "Gujarat is the nation's first state to adopt the Semiconductor Policy, seeking to position itself as India's top destination for semiconductor and display fab manufacturing," the speaker stated. Additionally, talks and conferences on subjects like the semiconductor industry, green hydrogen, sustainable manufacturing, electric mobility, renewable energy, and Industry 4.0 will be arranged at the forthcoming Vibrant Summit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarati |first=TV9 |date=2023-11-09 |title='ભારતની સિલિકોન વેલી' બેંગલુરૂમાં યોજાયો વાઈબ્રન્ટ ગુજરાત ગ્લોબલ સમિટ 2024 માટેનો રોડ શૉ, પ્રતિષ્ઠિત ઉદ્યોગ અગ્રણીઓ રહ્યા હાજર |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/gandhinagar/roadshow-for-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-held-in-bengaluru-895574.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117084916/https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/gandhinagar/roadshow-for-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-held-in-bengaluru-895574.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Bengaluru hosts Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 roadshow - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/bengaluru-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow/105097501 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117090414/https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/bengaluru-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-2024-roadshow/105097501 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''November 24, 2023'''<br />
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* [[Guwahati|Guwahati Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Guwahati Roadshow is scheduled to be held on November 24, 2023, at the [[Vivant|Hotel Taj Vivanta]], Guwahati, Assam. The roadshow is being organized by the Government of Gujarat in collaboration with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). The roadshow will be inaugurated by [[Mulu Ayar Bera|Mulubhai Bera]], Minister of State for Tourism, Cultural Activities, Forest & Environment and Climate Change, Government of Gujarat. The event will be attended by a high-level delegation from Gujarat, including senior government officials, business leaders, and academics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024: CM Bhupendra Patel draws up elaborate plan, 6 roadshows planned across 12 countries |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-cm-bhupendra-patel-draws-up-elaborate-plan-6-roadshows-planned-across-12-countries/3251468/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117132023/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-cm-bhupendra-patel-draws-up-elaborate-plan-6-roadshows-planned-across-12-countries/3251468/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== International Roadshows ===<br />
'''October 16, 2023'''<br />
<br />
* [[Japan|Japan Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Japan Roadshow was held in [[Tokyo]] on October 16, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investment & Trade Opportunities in Gujarat - 10th edition of Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024（インド大使館） - 日本商工会議所 |url=https://www.jcci.or.jp/international/2023/1010140802.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.jcci.or.jp |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117151020/https://www.jcci.or.jp/international/2023/1010140802.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was organized by the [[Government of Gujarat]] in partnership with the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Govt hosts 'Vibrant Gujarat Roadshow' in Tokyo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/govt-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-in-tokyo-8989806/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117220451/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/govt-hosts-vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-in-tokyo-8989806/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ambassador of India to Japan, [[Sibi George|H.E. Sibi George]], gave the keynote presentation at the occasion, highlighting Gujarat's success narrative and the importance of strengthening bilateral relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=Opening Remarks by Ambassador Sibi George, Ambassador of India to Japan at the Vibrant Gujarat Event on Oct 16, 2023 |url=https://www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in/public_files/assets/pdf/REMARKS%20BY%20AMBASSADOR%20AT%20THE%20VIBRANT%20GUJARAT%20EVENT%20IN%20TOKYO%20OCT%2016,%202023.pdf |website=[[Embassy of India, Tokyo]] |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117151020/https://www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in/public_files/assets/pdf/REMARKS%20BY%20AMBASSADOR%20AT%20THE%20VIBRANT%20GUJARAT%20EVENT%20IN%20TOKYO%20OCT%2016,%202023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The speech by Vijay Nehra (IAS), Secretary, Science and Technology Department (DST), Government of Gujarat, to the assembly was a turning point in the proceedings. He prepared a comprehensive presentation that highlighted Gujarat's advancements in social and infrastructure development and established the state as a leader in the country's economic landscape. Nehra showcased Gujarat's business-friendly environment and the state's enormous potential for investment. The talk also covered the prospects in Gujarat and the two quickly developing economic centers, Dholera SIR and Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City).<ref>{{Cite web |last=EE News Desk |date=19 October 2023 |title=Gujarat Delegation Holds Roadshow In Japan |url=https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Gujarat-Delegation-Holds-Roadshow-In-Japan/19-10-2023-495565/ |website=www.businessworld.in}}</ref> Around 120 delegates from various industries, including semiconductors, electronics, and renewable energy, attended the event. One-on-one discussions with possible investors were made easier by the roadshow, and some of them indicated interest in growing their business in Gujarat.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Computer |first=Express |date=2023-10-17 |title=Vedanta invites Japanese Companies to Partner in India's Electronics Manufacturing Revolution |url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/vedanta-invites-japanese-companies-to-partner-in-indias-electronics-manufacturing-revolution/104651/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Express Computer |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117151039/https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/vedanta-invites-japanese-companies-to-partner-in-indias-electronics-manufacturing-revolution/104651/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the companies that participated in these talks were [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Nikon]], [[Marubeni]], [[Mitsui]], [[Dai-ichi Life|Dai Chi Life Holdings]], and [[Suzuki]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-19 |title=Pre-VGGS MoUs for 18,485cr signed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pre-vggs-mous-for-18485cr-signed/articleshow/104541126.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117151028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pre-vggs-mous-for-18485cr-signed/articleshow/104541126.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the two days of the roadshow, Akarsh K. Hebbar, Global Managing Director of [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta]]'s Semiconductor and Display business, spoke to a group of Japanese industry professionals at the Indian Embassy in Tokyo and Osaka. He emphasized India's enormous investment potential, especially in Gujarat, and the nation's dedication to advancing the electronics manufacturing sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Vedanta Invites Japanese Companies to Partner in India's Electronics Manufacturing Revolution |url=https://www.vedantalimited.com/img/media_mentions/press_release/2023/Press-Note-Vibrat-Gujarat-Global-Roadshow.pdf |website=www.vedantalimited.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117154051/https://www.vedantalimited.com/img/media_mentions/press_release/2023/Press-Note-Vibrat-Gujarat-Global-Roadshow.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He emphasized the importance of Indian government programs like Made in India and Digital India, pointing out the nation's enormous market potential and the rising need for electronics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=Vedanta invites Japanese companies to partner in India's electronics manufacturing revolution |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-vedanta-invites-japanese-companies-to-partner-in-indias-electronics-manufacturing-revolution-259927 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Zee Business |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130433/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-vedanta-invites-japanese-companies-to-partner-in-indias-electronics-manufacturing-revolution-259927 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hebbar gave an overview of Vedanta's intentions to build semiconductor and display factories in [[Dholera SIR]], Gujarat, highlighting the possibility of generating employment and including SMEs in the electronics cluster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Vedanta invites Japanese firms for India's electronics revolution |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/events/vedanta-invites-japanese-firms-for-indias-electronics-revolution |website=www.manufacturingtodayindia.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117155536/https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/events/vedanta-invites-japanese-firms-for-indias-electronics-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Vedanta invites Japanese companies to partner in India’s electronics manufacturing revolution |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/vedanta-invites-japanese-companies-to-partner-in-indias-electronics-manufacturing-revolution-1503232147.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)]] |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017080215/https://www.thestatesman.com/business/vedanta-invites-japanese-companies-to-partner-in-indias-electronics-manufacturing-revolution-1503232147.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He further added, "Companies willing to come and invest in this electronics manufacturing hub have an opportunity worth $80-billion, and Vedanta will be the anchor for Japanese companies interested in investing in India."<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Exploring tie up with Japanese companies for chip plant in Gujarat: Vedanta |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/exploring-tie-up-with-japanese-companies-for-chip-plant-in-gujarat-vedanta-123101701026_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117161642/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/exploring-tie-up-with-japanese-companies-for-chip-plant-in-gujarat-vedanta-123101701026_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nehra also had meetings with Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) to discuss possible collaborations with the Gujarat government on the Vibrant Gujarat 2024 organizing committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Roadshow receives overwhelming response in Japan - India Shipping News |url=https://indiashippingnews.com/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-receives-overwhelming-response-in-japan/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117151028/https://indiashippingnews.com/vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-receives-overwhelming-response-in-japan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''October 21, 2023'''<br />
<br />
* [[Germany|Germany Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Germany Roadshow was held on October 21, 2023, in [[Frankfurt]], Germany. The roadshow was organized by the Government of Gujarat and the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=વાઈબ્રન્ટ ગુજરાત ડેલિગેશને ઈટાલી, જર્મની અને ડેન્માર્કની મુલાકાત લીધી, ₹2024 કરોડથી વધુના MOU કર્યાં |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/vibrant-gujarat-delegation-visits-italy-germany-and-denmark-signs-mous-worth-over-2024-crore-307028 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Zee News |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163433/https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/vibrant-gujarat-delegation-visits-italy-germany-and-denmark-signs-mous-worth-over-2024-crore-307028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahul Gupta, IAS, Vice Chairman & Managing Director, [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation]] (GIDC), headed the roadshow to Germany.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit (VGGS) 2024 Germany, Italy, and Denmark |url=https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699530617942-Post-Event-Press-Release-_Germany%2C-Italy%2C-and-Denmark_07112023_v1.pdf |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163348/https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699530617942-Post-Event-Press-Release-_Germany,-Italy,-and-Denmark_07112023_v1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bilateral discussions were held with officials from Innoplexus, Altana Group, Elantas, BYK-Chemie GMBH, and [[Actega|ACTEGA]] during the visit. Meetings were also held with the CEOs of Aluplast, Covestro, Lechler GmbH, Starlinger, and Clean Technology Systems of Durr AG. During a roundtable discussion on green hydrogen, attendees included Kiran Bhojani, CEO of Lili Navitas; Gerd Lamers, co-founder and ED for Lili Navitas' Green Hydrogen value chain; Marc Schwarzlose, MD, Sundronix; and Sylvio Richter, MD, Richter Transport. Businesses in Gujarat came to agreements to sell green hydrogen to Europe. Furthermore, alliances were established between the Kiri Industris and Lili Navitas, the Welspun Group and Sundronix, and the Welspun Group and Lili Navitas. Delegations had also visited the Durr AG Robotics plant, the Dieffenbacher factory, and BASF Germany.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=Germany Roadshow |url=https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652faea8d47c5547351b0cdb |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163439/https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652faea8d47c5547351b0cdb |url-status=live }}</ref> During the VGGS2024 Delegation Visit in Stuttgart, Germany, Aluplast—which currently has a manufacturing site in Vadodara—explored a number of new options.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=VGGS 2024 Delegation Visit to Germany, Welspun MOU with Sundronix GMBH - Business Gujarat News |url=https://www.businessgujaratnews.com/vggs-2024-delegation-visit-to-germany-wellspun-mou-with-sundronix-gmbh/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163411/https://www.businessgujaratnews.com/vggs-2024-delegation-visit-to-germany-wellspun-mou-with-sundronix-gmbh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An MoU was signed with Starlinger, which would establish a production facility in Gujarat for the first time. The business plans to establish a plant to produce packing gear at a cost of more than seven million euros .Additionally, the state government and the German specialty chemicals manufacturer [[Covestro]] have inked a 5.7 million euro investment intention. The company plans to produce new goods in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Gujarat government inks MoUs with German firms for packaging machinery and chemicals |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/sectors/gujarat-government-inks-mous-with-german-firms-for-packaging-machinery-and-chemicals |website=www.manufacturingtodayindia.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163410/https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/sectors/gujarat-government-inks-mous-with-german-firms-for-packaging-machinery-and-chemicals |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Italy|Italy Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Italy Roadshow was held on October 21, 2023, in Milan, Italy. The roadshow was organized by the Government of Gujarat to promote the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 and to attract investment from Italy. The roadshow was led by a high-level delegation from Gujarat, including the Minister for Industries, Rahul Gupta, IAS, Vice Chairman & Managing Director, GIDC. It started with a business session in the Confindustria Firenze offices on Via Valfonda, and it ended with a visit to the SICER offices. During their stay in Milan, the team had conversations with high-ranking executives from a number of well-known businesses, including SAIPEM Italy, Radici Plastics and NGV Italy; Mexedia Net +; Mexedia SpA; Aquafil, Advisor, and the COIM Group.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
* [[Denmark|Denmark Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Denmark Roadshow was held on October 21, 2023 in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark. A meeting with the director of Denmark's Ministry of Foreign Affairs was held during the roadshow in Copenhagen to talk about Denmark's participation in VGGS 2024. Members of the Indian Danish Chamber of Commerce, the CEO of [[Confederation of Danish Industries|Confederation Danish Industries]] (DI), and representatives of the Danish Maritime Association convened a roundtable discussion on Vibrant Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /> A one-on-one business meeting was also held with Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners, Lego, and A.P. Mller Maersk. In order to explore the potential for green fuel in the shipping industry, particularly for European companies, a roundtable discussion was held in Gujarat with the Danish Chamber of Commerce and the Indo-Danish Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In attendance was Pooja Kapur, IFS, the Indian ambassador to Denmark, and an agreement was signed regarding the production of green methanol and green ethanol. This strategic initiative aims to establish Gujarat's ports as a major global center for green fuel and refilling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark Roadshow |url=https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652faf2ad47c5547351b0d4d |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117165651/https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652faf2ad47c5547351b0d4d |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''October 26, 2023'''<br />
<br />
* [[United States|USA Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit USA Roadshow was held on October 26, 2023, in [[New Jersey]]. The roadshow was led by a high-level delegation of the Government of Gujarat, led by JP Gupta IAS , India sent a delegation to New York to conduct a roadshow in advance of the Vibrant Gujarat 2024 summit, which is scheduled for January 10–12, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat to send six IAS officers to promote Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-to-send-six-ias-officers-to-promote-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082417/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-to-send-six-ias-officers-to-promote-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit |url-status=live }}</ref> The goal is to draw attention to the opportunities that exist for [[Indian Americans]] and other Americans to invest in and interact with the state. The roadshow for the Vibrant Gujarat delegation stopped in New York and was planned to go on to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulate General of India, San Francisco, California : Events/Photo Gallery |url=https://www.cgisf.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=512 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.cgisf.gov.in |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130435/https://www.cgisf.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=512 |url-status=live }}</ref> The group met at the Consulate in New York and New Jersey with leaders of the Indian American and other American business communities."Hosted a roadshow in Edison, New Jersey to present the 10th Vibrant Gujarat to our diaspora members," the Indian Consulate in [[New York City|New York]] tweeted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title="Hosted a roadshow in Edison New Jersey to present the 10th Vibrant Gujarat to our diaspora members. @JPGuptaIAS gave a detailed overview of the @VibrantGujarat program to be held from 10-12 Jan in Gandhinagar. Talked about the transformation happening in @GIFTCity and focus sectors at VGGS. Thank you @FIANYNJCTNE GANA and other community organizations for your continued support." |url=https://twitter.com/IndiainNewYork/status/1719031695611920655 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Vibrant Gujarat 2024 delegation holds meetings with business leaders at consulate in New York |url=https://theindianeye.com/2023/11/03/vibrant-gujarat-2024-delegation-holds-meetings-with-business-leaders-at-consulate-in-new-york/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Indian EYE |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082318/https://theindianeye.com/2023/11/03/vibrant-gujarat-2024-delegation-holds-meetings-with-business-leaders-at-consulate-in-new-york/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Australia|Australia Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Australia Roadshow was held on October 26, 2023, in Sydney, Australia. The roadshow was organized by the Gujarat government to promote the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024, which will be held from January 10 to 12, 2024, in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Gujarat Government to hold a roadshow in Lucknow for VGGS on November 6 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/gujarat-government-to-hold-a-roadshow-in-lucknow-for-vggs-on-november-620231104135848/ |website=www.aninews.in |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130519/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/gujarat-government-to-hold-a-roadshow-in-lucknow-for-vggs-on-november-620231104135848/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was led by Anju Sharma, chief additional secretary of the government of Gujarat. Sharma praised the Indian diaspora's members, referring to them as the state's greatest asset and brand advocates. Speaking about opportunities in the fields of education and renewable energy, the official stated that foreign colleges, including those ranked among the top 500 in the world by the QS World University rankings, are welcome to establish campuses in Gujarat's GIFT City. [[Deakin University]] in Australia will be the first foreign university to open a branch campus at GIFT City, it was announced earlier this year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subham |date=2023-11-03 |title=Top Gujarat official attends Vibrant Gujarat roadshow event in Sydney, invites Australian businesses - Indiaweekly |url=https://www.indiaweekly.biz/top-gujarat-official-attends-vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-event-in-sydney-invites-australian-businesses/,%20https://www.indiaweekly.biz/top-gujarat-official-attends-vibrant-gujarat-roadshow-event-in-sydney-invites-australian-businesses/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.indiaweekly.biz |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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'''October 29, 2023'''<br />
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* [[France|France Roadshow]]: The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 France Roadshow was held on October 31, 2023, at the Medef Headquarters in [[Paris]], France. The roadshow was organized by the Government of Gujarat and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in partnership with the Indo-French Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IFCCI). The roadshow was attended by a high-level delegation from Gujarat, led by Hareet Shukla, Principal Secretary, Tourism, Devsthanam Management, Civil Aviation and Pilgrimage, Government of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France Roadshow |url=https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652fb1a4d47c5547351b0e60 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118093610/https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652fb1a4d47c5547351b0e60 |url-status=live }}</ref> shukla emphasized Gujarat's enormous advancements in social and infrastructure development, establishing the state as a leader in the country's economic landscape. In addition, he emphasized Gujarat's abundant investment potential and its thriving corporate ecosystem. Opportunities in quickly developing economic hubs like GIFT City, Dholera SIR, DREAM City, Renewable Energy Park, and others were also covered in the presentation. One-on-One Meetings with around twelve potential investors who indicated a strong interest in growing their business in Gujarat took place after the roadshow. Senior management representatives from companies like [[Airbus]], [[Safran Group]], [[CNES]], [[GIFAS]], [[Dassault Aviation|Dassult Aviation]], and [[Thales Group]] had one on one conversations about possible partnerships and investments with the Gujarat government during these meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Roadshow in Paris, France |url=https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699530518620-Vibrant-Gujarat-International-Roadshow-in-Paris--Press-Release.pdf |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118093426/https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699530518620-Vibrant-Gujarat-International-Roadshow-in-Paris--Press-Release.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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'''November 2, 2023'''<br />
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* [[Vietnam|Vietnam Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Vietnam Roadshow was held on November 2, 2023, at the [[Rex Hotel]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City,]] Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Vietnam Roadshow |url=https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652fb148d47c5547351b0e49 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118110055/https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/schedule-detail/652fb148d47c5547351b0e49 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tong - |first=Linh |date=2023-11-04 |title=India's Gujarat State seeking Vietnamese investors |url=https://en.vneconomy.vn/indias-gujarat-state-seeking-vietnamese-investors.htm |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Vietnam Economic Times {{!}} VnEconomy |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118110058/https://en.vneconomy.vn/indias-gujarat-state-seeking-vietnamese-investors.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was attended by a delegation from Gujarat, led by, Ashwini Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Roadshow in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |url=https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699609401699-Vibrant_Gujarat-Roadshow-in-Ho-Chi-Minh-City%2C-Vietnam-%26-South-Korea-2-3.pdf |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118110053/https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699609401699-Vibrant_Gujarat-Roadshow-in-Ho-Chi-Minh-City%2C-Vietnam-%26-South-Korea-2-3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The state government held its first-ever roadshow in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, which attracted over 60 delegates. During his speech, India's Consul General in Ho Chi Minh City, Madan Mohan Sethi, highlighted that Gujarat and Vietnam could work together in a number of areas. In his presentation, Madan Mohan Sethi, Consul General of India in Ho Chi Minh City, stated that enterprises from Vietnam might engage with Gujarat in a variety of areas.<ref name=":2" /> <br />
* [[UAE|UAE Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit UAE Roadshow was held in [[Dubai]] on November 2, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-03 |title=Gujarat Government hosted VibrantGujarat International Roadshow in Dubai. |url=https://khalsaexpress.com/gujarat-government-hosted-vibrantgujarat-international-roadshow-in-dubai/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Khalsa Express |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118132937/https://khalsaexpress.com/gujarat-government-hosted-vibrantgujarat-international-roadshow-in-dubai/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat International Roadshow in Dubai Paves the Way for Business Opportunities |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=470626 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=newsonair.gov.in |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130422/https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=470626 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 130 delegates from a variety of industries, including education, financial services, sovereign funds, healthcare, and renewable energy, attended the event, which highlighted the enormous potential for cooperation between Gujarat and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vggs-uae-roadshow-evokes-overwhelming-response/81866694.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118144456/https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vggs-uae-roadshow-evokes-overwhelming-response/81866694.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gujarat government's secretary for tourism, devasthanam management, civil aviation, and pilgrimage, Hareet Shukla, IAS, led the ceremony. he outlined Gujarat's business-friendly ecosystem and its investable prospects. The talk also covered potential in fast developing economic hubs like Dholera SIR, DREAM City, Renewable Energy Park, GIFT City, and other tourist destinations. Experts in the field also shared their experiences at the event regarding Gujarat's business-friendly environment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat International Roadshow in Dubai paves the way for business opportunities {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/international/vibrant-gujarat-international-roadshow-dubai-paves-way-business-opportunities |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=ddnews.gov.in |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117171653/https://ddnews.gov.in/international/vibrant-gujarat-international-roadshow-dubai-paves-way-business-opportunities |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the roadshow, more than 15 potential investors who expressed interest in Gujarat participated in one-on-one meetings and roundtables. Senior management representatives from well-known companies, including [[DP World]], Shipping lines, Sharaf Group, Emaar, USky Transport, Alternate funds, RAK companies, and Dubai Chamber of Commerce, had the chance to discuss possible partnerships and investments with the Gujarat government during these meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Delegation Holds Roadshow In UAE |url=https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Gujarat-Delegation-Holds-Roadshow-In-UAE/08-11-2023-498064/ |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=www.businessworld.in}}</ref><br />
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'''November 7, 2023'''<br />
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* [[South Korea|South Korea Roadshow]]: The 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit South Korea Roadshow was held in [[Seoul]] on November 7, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=VGGS roadshows held in 4 countries |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vggs-roadshows-held-in-4-countries/articleshow/105054496.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118153506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vggs-roadshows-held-in-4-countries/articleshow/105054496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The roadshow was led by a delegation from the Gujarat government, headed by Ashwani Kumar, [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], Urban Development and Housing. Following the roadshow, prominent South Korean business organizations such as [[Hanwha Group|Hanwah]], Simmtech, [[Lotte Group|Lotte]], [[LG Energy Solution|LG Energy]], LX International, and SungEel HiTech had one-on-one discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VoI |first=Team |date=2023-11-08 |title=Gujarat Roadshow In Seoul To Woo South Korean Investors |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/gujarat-roadshow-in-seoul-to-woo-south-korean-investors/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Vibes Of India |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118153630/https://www.vibesofindia.com/gujarat-roadshow-in-seoul-to-woo-south-korean-investors/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Roadshow promoting Vibrant Gujarat held in South Korea |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/roadshow-vibrant-gujarat-south-korea-9018279/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118151738/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/roadshow-vibrant-gujarat-south-korea-9018279/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The event began with a welcome speech from Eun Young Yang, Director General of [[KOTRA]], and ended with a speech from Amit Kumar, the Indian ambassador to Korea. The announcement by Amit Kumar that South Korea has been confirmed as a Partner Country for Vibrant Gujarat 2024 was a turning point in the session and a major accomplishment for the South Korea roadshow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vibrant-partner/81866884.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130928/https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vibrant-partner/81866884.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Vibrant Gujarat 2024 delegation visits Seoul, South Korea |url=https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699609365493-pr-South-Korea-18-19.pdf |website=www.vibrantgujarat.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119130926/https://cdn.vibrantgujarat.com/event/document/1699609365493-pr-South-Korea-18-19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The KOTRA Asia Investment Development Team and Korean mid-sized firms represented the Korean side. Gujarat's development plans were given by the deputy mayor of the state as well as officials from industrial banks, urban development teams, and Indian defence industries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=기자 |first=조경희 |date=2023-11-13 |title=Gateway to a vibrant Gujarat future |url=http://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=40384 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Korea Post |language=ko |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118151738/http://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=40384 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Refererences ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Business<br />
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* [[Economy of Gujarat]]<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|Vibrant Gujarat}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/}}<br />
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{{AfC submission|||ts=20231120144009|u=103.39.128.65|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Economy of Gujarat]]<br />
[[:Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]<br />
[[:Category:Business conferences in India]]<br />
[[:Category:Investment in India]]<br />
[[:Category:Business conferences]]<br />
[[:Category:2024 conferences]]<br />
[[:Category:2024 in India]]<br />
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}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Tyagi_Brahmin&diff=441086Draft:Tyagi Brahmin2023-12-04T14:45:44Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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{{for|the 1992 film|Tyagi (film)}}<br />
{{infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Tyagi Brahmins <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| poptime = <br />
| popplace = [[India]] <br />
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Hindi]] • •[[Khariboli|Khadi Boli]]<br />
| rels = [[Hinduism]] • [[Islam]]<br />
| related = [[Gaur Brahmins]]|<br />
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}}<br />
'''Tyagi''' [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] originally called Taga Gaur, is a class of [[Gaur Brahmins]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Nagendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jc8HEAAAQBAJ&dq=tyagi+brahmin&pg=PT39|title=Penumbra Snippets|date=2020-11-10|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Jogendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ&dq=adi+gaur&pg=PA52|title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems|date=1896|publisher=Thacker, Spink|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=Swapan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gqXDwAAQBAJ&dq=tyagi+brahmin&pg=PT47|title=Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right|date=2019-05-25|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-530-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Shovan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zofAQAAIAAJ&q=tyagi+brahmin|title=Handbook of Agriculture in India|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-568673-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bingley|first1=A. H.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6008|title=Brahmans|last2=Nicholls|first2=A.|date=1897|publisher=Government Central Printing Office,Simla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Commission|first=Haryana (India) Backward Classes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH3aAAAAMAAJ&q=tyagi|title=Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1990, Government of Haryana|date=1990|publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery|language=en}}</ref>The landholding community is confined to [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] and [[Rajasthan]]. They are often considered the highest of the agricultural castes.<ref name="SociologicalStudyofFolklore">{{cite book|author=Satya Prakash Arya|title=Sociological Study of folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8bYAAAAMAAJ&q=a+Sociological+study+of+folklore|year=1975|publisher=Indian Publications|page=116}}</ref> As of a 1990 report by the Backward Classes Commission, Government of Haryana, they were mostly engaged in farming.<ref name="Commission1990">{{cite book|author=Haryana (India). Backward Classes Commission|title=Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1990, Government of Haryana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH3aAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery|page=105}}</ref><ref name="PeopleandCultureofBengal">{{cite book|author=Annapurna Chattopadhyaya|title=The People and Culture of Bengal, A study in Origins|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_People_and_Culture_of_Bengal_a_Study/MiRuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=the%20people%20and%20culture%20of%20bengal%20a%20study%20in%20origins|year=2002|publisher=Firma K.L.M.|page=489|isbn=9788171021444}}</ref><br />
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The name Tyagi is prevalent in both [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] communities.<ref name="ref62fibiy">{{Citation | title=Tribe, caste, and peasantry | author=Kripa Shankar Mathur, Binod C. Agrawal | year=1974 | publisher=Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, U. P., 1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnqwAAAAIAAJ |page=189 | quote=''... The present Hindu and Muslim Tyagis are the descendants of a common ancestor ...''}}</ref> Community members who converted to [[Islam]] are known as Muslim Tyagis,<ref name="ref06culiv">{{Citation | title=Rural-urban articulations | author=Brij Raj Chauhan, Unesco | year=1990 | publisher=A.C. Bros., 1990 | isbn=978-81-85489-01-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zenZAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... In Saharanpur district SC Dube described the Tyagi village where half of the population is of Muslim Tyagi and the other half of the Hindu Tyagi ...''}}</ref> Musalman Taga, and Moolay Taga.<ref>''History of origin of some clans in India, with special reference to Jats'' (1992), Mangal Sen Jindal, Sarup & Sons, p. 159</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
*{{Cite book |title=Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |publisher=University of California Press |year=1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000bras|url-access=registration }}<br />
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{{AfC submission|||ts=20231008202505|u=Lildon|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
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[[:Category:Indian surnames]]<br />
[[:Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[:Category:Social groups of Haryana]]<br />
[[:Category:Social groups of Delhi]]<br />
[[:Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[:Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[:Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]<br />
[[:Category:Brahmin communities of Haryana]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Template:Kerala_Film_Critics_Award_for_Best_Actor&diff=441085Draft:Template:Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Actor2023-12-04T14:45:34Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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{{Navbox<br />
| name = Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Actor<br />
| title = [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]] for [[Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}<br />
| basestyle = background: #EEDD82<br />
| listclass = hlist<br />
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| group1 = 1977 – 1990<br />
| list1 = <br />
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] (1977)<br />
* [[Sukumaran]] (1978)<br />
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] (1979)<br />
* [[Achankunju]] (1980)<br />
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] (1981)<br />
* [[Bharat Gopy]] (1982)<br />
* [[Bharat Gopy]] (1983)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (1984)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (1985)<br />
* [[Thilakan]] (1986)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (1987)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (1988)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (1989)<br />
* [[Thilakan]] (1990)<br />
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| group2 = 1991 - 2000<br />
| list2 = <br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (1991)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (1992)<br />
* [[Suresh Gopi]] (1993)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (1994)<br />
* [[Suresh Gopi]] (1995)<br />
* [[Jayaram]] (1996)<br />
* [[Suresh Gopi]] (1997)<br />
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] (1998)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (1999)<br />
* [[Biju Menon]] (2000)<br />
<br />
| group3 = 2001–present<br />
| list3 = <br />
* [[Jayaram]] (2001)<br />
* [[Jishnu Raghavan]] (2002)<br />
* [[Dileep]] (2002)<br />
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] (2003)<br />
* [[Dileep]] (2004)<br />
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] (2005)<br />
* [[Dileep]] (2005)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (2006)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (2007)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (2008)<br />
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] (2009)<br />
* [[Mammootty]] (2010)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (2011)<br />
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] (2012)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (2013)<br />
* [[Jishnu Raghavan]] (2014)<br />
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] (2015)<br />
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] (2015)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (2016)<br />
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] (2017)<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] (2018)<br />
* [[Nivin Pauly]] (2019)<br />
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] (2020)<br />
* [[Biju Menon]] (2020)<br />
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] (2021)<br />
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] (2022)<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
{{collapsible option}}<br />
<br />
</noinclude><br />
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{{AfC submission|||ts=20231123150038|u=Anu priya22|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Kerala Film Critics Association Award|Best Actor]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Sri_Bhoothnath_Mandir&diff=441084Draft:Sri Bhoothnath Mandir2023-12-04T14:45:24Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
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{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Bhagalpur , Bihar , India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
'''Sri Bhoothnath Mandir''' or Baba Bhoothnath Temple is a well-known temple located in [[Bhagalpur]], a city in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], one of the principal deities in [[Hinduism|Hinduism.]] It is a place of worship and pilgrimage for devotees of Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=महाशिवरात्रि 2022: सवा दो लाख रूद्राक्ष से सजेगा 'बाबा भूतनाथ' का सेहरा, अद्भुत है शिव मंदिर का इतिहास - Mahashivratri 2022: Sehra of 'Baba Bhootnath' will be adorned with 2 lakh Rudraksha, the history of Shiva temple is amazing |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-mahashivratri-2022-sehra-of-baba-bhootnath-will-be-adorned-with-2-lakh-rudraksha-history-of-shiva-temple-is-amazing-22507012.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Religious Significance ==<br />
The temple holds religious significance and attracts a significant number of devotees and tourists. It features an idol or a representation of Lord Shiva, and people visit the temple to offer prayers, seek blessings, and perform various rituals. Temples dedicated to Lord Shiva often have a distinctive architecture and are known for their tranquility and spiritual ambiance.<br />
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Bhagalpur, where Sri Bhoothnath Mandir is located, is a historic city in Bihar and is known for its cultural and religious heritage. The temple is likely an important religious and cultural landmark in the region, and it may host various festivals and events throughout the year, particularly during special occasions related to Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 2020 |title=Sri Bhoothnath Mandir |pages=1 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/news/devotees-queue-in-bhagalpurs-bhootnath-temple-bhootnath-temple-is-700-years-old-the-desired-fruit-and-the-wishes-of-the-devotees-are-fulfilled-130133007.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Location ==<br />
It is located in Tilakothi , Sahibganj locality of [[Bhagalpur district]] , [[Bihar]] , [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Bhoothnath Mandir, Bhagalpur City - Hindu temple in Bhagalpur |url=https://www.indiainfo.net/place/sri-bhoothnath-mandir-4960553 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.indiainfo.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Festivals ==<br />
Sri Bhoothnath Mandir, being a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, would typically celebrate various Hindu festivals, with a particular focus on those associated with Lord Shiva. Here are some of the important festivals that are likely celebrated in this temple:<br />
<br />
1. '''Maha Shivaratri''': Maha Shivaratri, which usually falls in February or March, is one of the most significant festivals dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is celebrated with great enthusiasm at Shiva temples, including Sri Bhoothnath Mandir. Devotees fast, perform night-long vigil, and offer prayers and abhishekam to Lord Shiva on this day.<br />
<br />
2. '''Shravan Month''': The entire month of Shravan (usually in July-August) is considered highly auspicious for Lord Shiva. Devotees visit Shiva temples regularly during this month, offer prayers, and perform abhishekam with holy water, milk, and other sacred substances.<br />
<br />
3. '''Pradosha Vrata''': Pradosha is a fortnightly occurrence that falls on the 13th day of each lunar fortnight. It is a time when special prayers and pujas are performed in honor of Lord Shiva. Devotees visit the temple during Pradosha to seek Lord Shiva's blessings.<br />
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4. '''Shiva Ratri''': This is another important Shiva-related festival that celebrates the day of Lord Shiva's marriage to Goddess Parvati. It is typically observed in the lunar month of Phalgun (February-March).<br />
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5. '''Karthik Purnima''': Karthik Purnima is celebrated on the full moon day in the Hindu month of Karthik (usually in November). Devotees visit Shiva temples and light lamps to honor Lord Shiva.<br />
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6. '''Sawan Somvar''': During the month of Shravan, Mondays (Somvar) are considered especially sacred for Lord Shiva. Devotees often observe fasting and visit Shiva temples on these days.<br />
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7. '''Other Hindu Festivals''': In addition to the specific Shiva festivals, the temple would also likely celebrate other Hindu festivals such as Diwali, Holi, and Navaratri, although the focus during these festivals might be more on general Hindu deities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बाबा भूतनाथ मंदिर भागलपुर : महादेव संग गुलाल खेल, रात भर जागरण में झूमे दर्शक - Baba Bhootnath Temple Bhagalpur: Gulal Holi with Mahadev, spectators danced in Jagran throughout the night |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-baba-bhootnath-temple-bhagalpur-gulal-holi-with-mahadev-spectators-danced-in-jagran-throughout-the-night-22559140.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=भागलपुर में बाबा भूतनाथ का किया गया भव्य श्रृंगार, भक्तों की लगी भीड़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/bihar/bhagalpur-baba-bhootnaths-grand-makeup-done-in-bhagalpur-crowd-of-devotees-6924047.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Establishment and Maintenance ==<br />
According to legends , the temple is believed to be established 700 years ago and is one of the oldest temples in the region. <ref>{{Cite web |title=बॉटम : बाबा भूतनाथ सभी की झोली भरते हैं - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-print-hindi-news-15574785.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
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<br />
{{AfC submission|||ts=20231028081609|u=Biharpro7252|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]<br />
[[:Category:Hindu temples in Bhagalpur District]]<br />
[[:Category:Hindu temples in India]]<br />
[[:Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]<br />
[[:Category:Shiva temples in Bhagalpur District]]<br />
[[:Category:Shiva temples in India]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Ranjeet_Kumar_Shukla&diff=441083Draft:Ranjeet Kumar Shukla2023-12-04T14:45:14Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
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{{Short description|This article is about political leader at Indian National Congress}}<br />
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{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ranjeet Kumar Shukla <br />
| image = [[File:Ranjeet Kumar Shukla at Bharat Jodo yatra.jpg|Ranjeet Kumar Shukla]]<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
|honorific_suffix=Politician/Entrepreneur <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|01|25}}<br />
| birth_place = Hajipur, [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|df=yes|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| nationality = INDIAN <br />
| parents = Bijendra Prasad Shukla (father), Prema Shukla (mother)<br />
| spouse = Manjoo Rani Shukla <br />
| children = 2 <br> Aditya Arnav, Aditi Shukla <br />
| education = University of Allahabad ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]<br />
| other_names =<br />
| known_for = Political Leader at Indian National Congress<br />
| occupation = Entrepreneur, Politician <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| signature = Ranjeetkrshuklaaa.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ranjeet Kumar Shukla is a prominent figure in Indian politics and entrepreneurship. He has made significant contributions to both fields and is widely respected for his leadership, business acumen, and philanthropy. This article will delve into his background, achievements, and his contributions to Indian society.<br />
<br />
== Early Life==<br />
Ranjeet Kumar Shukla was born on January 25th, 1976, in Hajipur, Bihar. He received his education from the University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. After completing his studies, he began his career as a businessman in Hajipur. He quickly rose through the ranks and became a successful entrepreneur. However, he felt the need to give back to society and decided to enter politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marketstory360.com/2023/04/03/ranjeet-kumar-shukla-biography/|title=Ranjeet Kumar Shukla Biography}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political Career ==<br />
Shukla joined the Indian National Congress and became a vital member of the party. He played an important role in many of the party's campaigns, including Bharat Jodo Yatra, which aimed at uniting the country. Shukla's contributions to the Congress are vast, and he is well-regarded as a spokesperson for the party. His eloquence and persuasiveness have made him a prominent figure in Indian politics.<br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/person/ranjeet-kumar-shukla|title=Ranjeet kumar Shukla political leader}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Entrepreneurship==<br />
<br />
A part from his political career, Shukla is also an accomplished entrepreneur. Shukla's leadership and business acumen have been critical to the success of these companies. He has shown that he can excel in both politics and business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vocal.media/journal/ranjeet-kumar-shukla-gkoz0avp?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign= |title= Ranjeet Kumar Shukla, Founder and CEO of Adityavernamiti and Vijay Babanagari}}</ref><br />
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<br />
==Philanthropy==<br />
<br />
Shukla is also a philanthropist and is actively involved in various social and charitable activities aimed at helping the underprivileged sections of society. He believes in giving back to society and has worked tirelessly to make a positive impact on the lives of people. Shukla's charitable work has earned him widespread respect and admiration.<br />
<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://twitter.com/ranjeetkrshukla Ranjeet Kumar Shukla on Twitter]<br />
* [https://facebook.com/ranjeetkrshukla Ranjeet Kumar Shukla on Facebook]<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Ranjeet Kumar}}<br />
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{{AfC submission|||ts=20230519200412|u=Ranjeetkrshukla|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Indian male]]<br />
[[:Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[:Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[:Category:Biography articles of living people]]<br />
[[:Category:People from Bihar]]<br />
[[:Category:Entrepreneur]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Smit_Shetye&diff=441082Draft:Smit Shetye2023-12-04T14:45:04Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AFC submission|d|bio|u=Techdonor|ns=118|decliner=WikiDwarf|declinets=20220219101358|ts=20211010054143}} <!-- Do not remove this line! --><br />
<br />
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --><br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{short description|Indian entrepreneur}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Smit Shetye<br />
| native_name = स्मित शेटये<br />
| native_name_lang = Marathi<br />
| image =<ref>{{Citation|last=Smit Shetye|title=Smit Shetye Photo|date=2020-12-21|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4889184|doi=10.5281/zenodo.4889184|access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><br />
| alt = Smit Shetye<br />
| caption = Smit Shetye<br />
| birth_name = Smit Shetye<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref name="bngd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.binged.com/person/smit-shetye/| title=Smit Shetye Top must watch movies| publisher=binged.com}}</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|2002|08|25}}<ref name="dg">{{Cite web|url=https://digsty.com/smitshetye|title=Smit Shetye|website=digsty.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bngd"/><br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place =<br />
| nationality = Indian<ref name="dg"/><br />
| other_names = Hasya Katta<br />
| occupation = Founder, CMD & CEO of Hasya Katta Official<ref name="dg"/>, [[Indian]] [[Entrepreneur]]<ref name="dg"/><br />
| years_active = 2002–present<br />
| citizenship = India (2002–present)<br />
| title = * Founder, CMD, CEO of Hasya Katta Official<ref name="dg"/><ref name="bngd"/><ref name="yourstory"/><br />
| known_for = Founder, CMD & CEO of Hasya Katta Official<ref name="dg"/><ref name="bngd"/><ref name="yourstory"/><br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| relatives =<br />
| education = [[Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering]], [[PACE IIT & Medical]], [[Sri Ma Vidyalaya]]<br />
| awards = National Computing Intelligence Olympiad 2014<ref name="awards">{{Cite web|url=https://smitshetye.github.io/smitcio.pdf|title=Computing Intelligence Olympiad|website=smitshetye.github.io}}</ref><br />
<ref name="orcid">{{Cite web|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2126-1547|title=Smit Shetye Orcid |website=orcid.org}}</ref><br />
| headercolor = lightsteelblue<br />
| module = {{Infobox musicial artist<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| label = [[Hasya Katta Official]]<br />
}}<br />
| style = [[Shotokan Karate]]<br />
| sport = [[martial artist]], karate<br />
| rank = 5th ''Kyu'' Shotokan Karate (IJKA India)<br />
| website = [https://smitshetye.github.io/ smitshetye.github.io]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Smit Shetye''' (born 25 August 2002)<ref name="dg"/><ref name="bngd"/><ref name="imdb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12475311/|title=Smit Shetye - IMDb|website=imdb.com}}</ref><ref name="tmdb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.themoviedb.org/person/3044895-smit-shetye|title=Smit Shetye - The Movie Database (TMDB) |website=themoviedb.org}}</ref><ref name="mubi">{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/cast/smit-shetye|title=Smit Shetye – Movies, Bio and Lists on MUBI|website=mubi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/smit-shetye|title=Smit Shetye on Moviebuff.com|website=moviebuff.com| access-date=30 March 2021 |date=30 May 2021}}</ref> is director, producer, composer, cinematographer, actor, writer who works primarily in Marathi films & TV shows. He is credited with directing the critically acclaimed TV show & web series Hasya Katta Official (2020).<ref name="binged">{{cite web | url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/hasya-katta-official-marathi-web-series-streaming-online-watch/| title=Hasya Katta Official Marathi Web Series| publisher=binged.com}}</ref><ref name="bing">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=Smit+Shetye&filters=ufn%3a%22Smit+Shetye%22+sid%3a%220abf7f0e-2980-9c90-393d-186bf361be9e%22&FORM=SNAPST|title=Smit Shetye - Bing|website=bing.com}}</ref><ref name="bing1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=hasya+katta+official+organisation&qs=HS&pq=hasya+katta+official+&sk=HS3&sc=8-21&cvid=294609BD58044B39BD4E44ED00E77B9C&FORM=QBRE&sp=4|title=Hasya Katta Official - Bing|website=bing.com}}</ref> He is also an [[Indian]] [[entrepreneur]], Founder, CMD and CEO at Hasya Katta Official.<ref name="dg"/><ref name="yourstory">{{Cite web|url=https://yourstory.com/people/smit-shetye|title=Smit Shetye|website=yourstory.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://startupill.com/101-best-social-media-startups-of-2020/|title=101 best social media startups of 2020|website=startupill.com}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://startupill.com/101-best-media-and-entertainment-startups-of-2020/|title=101 best media and entertainment startups of 2020|website=startupill.com}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://startupill.com/101-fastest-growing-indian-startups-founded-in-2020/|title=101 fastest growing indian startups founded in 2020|website=startupill.com}}</ref><ref name="bing2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=Smit+Shetye&filters=ufn%3a%22Smit+Shetye%22+sid%3a%2246073eeb-9971-2d08-8613-4a8a49b31163%22+gsexp%3a%22c7b5375b-3593-7619-ff45-74b016ea6d6b_bXNvL29yZ2FuaXphdGlvbi5vcmdhbml6YXRpb24uZm91bmRlcnxUcnVl%22&FORM=SNAPST|title=Smit Shetye - Bing|website=bing.com}}</ref><ref name="golden">{{Cite web|url=https://golden.com/wiki/Smit_Shetye-DB9WDXA|title=Smit Shetye - Golden|website=golden.com}}</ref><ref name="bing4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/public/ShetyeSmit|title=Smit Shetye - Bing|website=bing.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Smit was born to Maharashtrian parents in Mumbai. He was brought up in Thane. He was student of Sri Ma Vidyalaya School in Thane, Pace IIT & Medical Powai & Thane. He is currently pursuing his engineering in Information Technology from Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering, Dombivli, Thane.<ref name="yourstory"/><ref name="bngd"/><ref name="nt">{{Cite web|url=https://neurotree.org/neurotree/peopleinfo.php?pid=847230|title=Neurotree - Smit Bhaskar Shetye|website=neurotree.org| access-date=30 March 2021 |last=|first=|date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="golden"/><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ List of songs, showing year released and album name<br />
!Year<br />
!Release date<br />
!Title<br />
!Writer<br />
!Album<br />
!Song<br />
!Label<br />
!Music Director<br />
!Music Producer<br />
!Composer<br />
!Lyricist<br />
!Artists<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
| October 29, 2020<br />
| Saathiya Tune Kya Kiya<br />
| Smit Shetye<br />
| Saathiya Tune Kya Kiya<br />
| Saathiya Tune Kya Kiya<br />
| Hasya Katta Official<br />
| Smit Shetye<br />
| Smit Shetye<br />
| Smit Shetye<br />
| Smit Shetye<br />
| Smit Shetye, Parva Madhu, Prashik Gawai, Aman Iyer, Sahil Joshí<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reverbnation.com/smitshetye |title=Smit Shetye - Reverbnation |publisher=reverbnation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reverbnation.com/label/hasyakattaofficial |title=Hasya Katta Official - Mumbai, MH, IN - Artist Roster, Shows, Schedules, and Releases - ReverbNation|publisher=reverbnation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.soundcloud.com/smit-shetye |title=Stream Smit Shetye music - Listen to songs, albums, playlists for free on SoundCloud|publisher=soundcloud.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smitshetyehasyakattaofficial.bandcamp.com/ |title= Saathiya Tune Kya Kiya (Hasya Katta Official) - Smit Shetye, Hasya Katta Official, Parva Madhu, Prashik Gawai, Aman Iyer, Sahil Joshí - Smit Shetye (Hasya Katta Official)|publisher=bandcamp.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Artist charts===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ List of artist chart position<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Charts<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Peak chart positions<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:2.2em;font-size:90%;"| [[Mumbai|Mumbai]],[[Maharashtra|MH]],[[India|IN]]<br><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reverbnation.com/main/charts?artist_id=7391699&genre=bollywoodtollywood&geo=Local |title=ReverbNation Local Charts|publisher=reverbnation.com |accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Reverbnation|Reverbnation]]<br />
|rowspan="5"| 2021<br />
| #4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Films<br />
! Role<br />
! Language<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''Hasya Katta Official'' || As himself|| Marathi||<ref name="imdb"/><ref name="tmdb"/><ref name="mubi"/><ref name="binged"/><br />
<ref name="cineseries">{{cite web | url=https://www.cineserie.com/series/4197775/| title=Hasya Katta Official by Smit Shetye| publisher=cineserie}}</ref><ref name="bing3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=hasya+katta+official&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&ghc=2&pq=hasya+katta&sc=9-11&sk=&cvid=E729F6AB11334296AED6469F5F9A72AE|title=Hasya Katta Official - Bing|website=bing.com}}</ref><ref name="watchplaystream">{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchplaystream.com/en/shows/hasya-katta-official-2020/|title=Stream "Hasya Katta Official (Scripted Reality, 2020)" now or Rent/Buy this TV Show/Series :: WatchPlayStream India (IN).|website=watchplaystream.com}}</ref><ref name="thestreamable">{{Cite web|url=https://thestreamable.com/shows/hasya-katta-official-2020|title=The Best Way to Watch Hasya Katta Official - The Streamable|website=thestreamable.com}}</ref><ref name="whatisondisneyplus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatisondisneyplus.com/tv/122860/hasya-katta-official|title=Hasya Katta Official - What is on Disney Plus|website=whatisondisneyplus.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Film Credits===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Producer<br />
!Writer<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Hasya Katta Official''<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="imdb"/><ref name="tmdb"/><ref name="mubi"/><ref name="binged"/><ref name="bing3"/><ref name="watchplaystream"/><ref name="thestreamable"/><ref name="whatisondisneyplus"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Producer<br />
!Writer<br />
!Composer<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|Hasya Katta Official<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|Hasya Katta Official Originals<br />
|<ref name="imdb"/><ref name="tmdb"/><ref name="mubi"/><ref name="binged"/><ref name="cineseries"/><ref name="bing3"/><ref name="watchplaystream"/><ref name="thestreamable"/><ref name="whatisondisneyplus"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Show<br />
! Director<br />
! Producer<br />
! Writer<br />
! Channel<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''Hasya Katta Official''<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| Hasya Katta Official<br />
| <ref name="imdb"/><ref name="tmdb"/><ref name="mubi"/><ref name="binged"/><ref name="bing3"/><ref name="ntflxtvsrs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflixtvseries.com/tv/122860/hasya-katta-official|title=Hasya Katta Official - Is Hasya Katta Official on Netflix?|website=netflixtvseries.com}}</ref><ref name="moviefit">{{Cite web|title=Smit Shetye - Movies, Age & Biography|url=https://moviefit.me/persons/1857236-smit-shetye/|website=moviefit.me}}</ref><ref name="watchplaystream"/><ref name="thestreamable"/><ref name="whatisondisneyplus"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Smit Shetye was awarded 2nd Rank at National Computing Intelligence Olympiad, Feburary, 2014. in state level at Kolhapur, Maharashtra. He was honoured by Maharashtra State Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education Pune Chairman Shri. Gangadhar Mhamane with Gold & Silver medal, Plaque and Trophy.<ref name="awards"/><ref name="orcid"/><ref name="bngd"/><ref name="moviefit"/><ref name="cio">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213053612/http://computingolympiad.com/CIO/index.php/cio-archives/cio-2013-winners|title=CIO School 2013 Winners|website=computingolympiad.com|url-status=live|archive-url=http://www.computingolympiad.com|archive-date=13 February 2015|access-date=30 March 2021 |last=|first=|date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010031432/http://www.cioindia.in:80/|title=CIO India|website=cioindia.in|url-status=live |archive-url=http://www.cioindia.in|archive-date=10 October 2017|access-date=30 March 2021 |last=|first=|date=30 May 2021}}</ref>. Smit is also a [[karateka]] with rank of 5th kyu in [[Shotokan Karate]]. <ref name="twtr">{{Cite web|title=5th Kyu - Blue Obi (Belt) Jul 2014 - International Japan Karate - Do Association (India). - Smit Shetye (@ShetyeSmit)|url=https://twitter.com/ShetyeSmit/status/1416350264651522052?s=20 |website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="golden"/><br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
He was a student of Sri Ma Vidyalaya School in Thane, Pace IIT & Medical Powai & Thane. He is currently pursuing his engineering in Information Technology from Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering, Dombivli, Thane.<ref name="yourstory"/><ref name="nt"/> His love for computer programming, full stack developement, social media optimization, search engine optimization, this led him to rank second at National Computing Intelligence Olympiad, February, 2014. in state level at Kolhapur, Maharashtra.<ref name="bngd"/><ref name="awards"/><ref name="orcid"/> Smit practised [[martial arts]], [[shotokan karate]].<ref name="twtr"/><ref name="golden"/><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
===Hasya Katta Official App===<br />
{{Infobox software<br />
| name = Hasya Katta Official App<br />
| title = Hasya Katta Official App<br />
| logo =<br />
| logo_size =<br />
| author = [[Smit Shetye]], [[Smit Shetye|Hasya Katta]]<ref name="getjar">{{cite web |url=https://www.getjar.com/categories/entertainment-apps/more/Hasya-Katta-Official-980597 |title= Free Hasya Katta Official APK Download For Android - GetJar |publisher=getjar.com |accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="amazon-old">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Hasya-Katta-Official-App/dp/B08DN23M8N |title= Hasya Katta Official App|publisher=amazon.com |accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Hasya-Katta-Official-App/dp/B09997KLRM/ |title= Hasya Katta Official App|publisher=amazon.com |accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="doi">{{Citation|last=Smit Shetye|title=Hasya Katta Official App (1.4)|date=2020-07-13|url=https://zenodo.org/record/5106472|doi=10.5281/zenodo.5106472|access-date=2021-10-09}}</ref><br />
| developer = [[Smit Shetye]], [[Smit Shetye|Hasya Katta]]<ref name="getjar"/><ref name="amazon-old"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| released = {{Start date and age|2020|07|27|df=yes}}<ref name="getjar"/><ref name="amazon-old"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| discontinued = <br />
| latest release version = 1.4<ref name="amazon"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2021|07|14|df=yes}}<ref name="amazon"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| latest preview version = 1.4<ref name="amazon"/><ref name="doi"/><br/>1.3 (2020) <br/> 1.2 (2020) <br/> 1.1 <br/> 1.0 (2020)<br />
| latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2021|07|14|df=yes}}<ref name="amazon"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| ver layout = stacked<br />
| programming language =<br />
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<ref name="getjar"/><ref name="amazon-old"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| size = 9.3 [[Megabyte|MB]] (Android)<ref name="getjar"/><ref name="amazon-old"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| genre = [[Social Media]], [[Entertainment]]<ref name="getjar"/><ref name="amazon-old"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
| language count =<br />
| license = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://hasyakattaofficial.github.io|Hasyakattaofficial.github.io}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Hasya Katta Official App''' is an official of Hasya Katta Official by Smit Shetye social media and entertainment app based on Marathi language.<ref name="amazon-old"/><ref name="amazon"/><ref name="doi"/><br />
<br />
===Hasya Katta Official (Fire TV)===<br />
{{Infobox software<br />
| name = Hasya Katta Official<br />
| title = Hasya Katta Official<br />
| logo =<br />
| logo_size =<br />
| author = [[Smit Shetye]], [[Smit Shetye|Hasya Katta]]<ref name="amazon1">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Hasya-Katta-Official-App/dp/B09D8S98CQ |title= Hasya Katta Official Fire TV|publisher=amazon.com |accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref><br />
| developer = [[Smit Shetye]], [[Smit Shetye|Hasya Katta]]<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| released = {{Start date and age|2021|08|21|df=yes}}<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| discontinued = <br />
| latest release version = 1.0.1<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2021|08|21|df=yes}}<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| latest preview version = 1.0.1<ref name="amazon"/><br/>1.3 (2020) <br/> 1.2 (2020) <br/> 1.1 <br/> 1.0 (2020)<br />
| latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2021|08|21|df=yes}}<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| ver layout = stacked<br />
| programming language =<br />
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Amazon Fire TV |Amazon Fire TV]]<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| size = 2.8 [[Megabyte|MB]] Amazon Fire TV(Android)<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| genre = [[Television]], [[Entertainment]]<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
| language count =<br />
| license = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://hasyakattaofficial.github.io|Hasyakattaofficial.github.io}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Hasya Katta Official Fire TV''' is an official TV Channel App of Hasya Katta Official by Smit Shetye. Content is based on Marathi language.<ref name="amazon1"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{YouTube|c=UCuHxJcIjkZ-nvcG_Cx8leNQ}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|12475311}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control |VIAF =3806162669364155500009 |ISNI=0000 0004 9550 8412 |Loopid=1355929 |MBA=<br />
00f16fd2-d030-4c0c-9c86-4a4f5e0d8678 |ORCID=0000-0002-2126-1547 |Publons=4441711 |Doi=10.5281/zenodo.4889184}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetye, Smit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-film-actor-stub}}<br />
{{India-actor-stub}}<br />
{{India-film-director-stub}}<br />
{{musician-stub}}<br />
{{tv-director-stub}}<br />
{{cinematographer-stub}}<br />
{{film-producer-stub}}<br />
{{India-bio-stub}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Living people]]<br />
[[:Category:2002 births]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nadeemkhan/sandbox&diff=441081User:Nadeemkhan/sandbox2023-12-04T14:44:54Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AfC submission|d|bio|decliner=WikiDwarf|declinets=|ts=20210804234034|u=Nadeemkhan|ns=2}}<br />
<br />
== Nadeem Ahmad Khan ==<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Nadeem Ahmad Khan <br />
| birth_date = 14 January <br />
| birth_place = Ranchi, [[Jharkhand]] <br />
| education = B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| occupation = Actor and model<br />
}}<br />
'''Nadeem Ahmad Khan''' (born 14 January) is an Indian actor and model who worked in a couple of television shows like Jhansi ki Rani, Vighnaharta Ganesha, Namah laxmi Narayan etc. He gained popularity from his character of suryadev in Star plus show Namah laxmi Narayan and Teekshana in Vighnaharta Ganesha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan on Internet Movie Database|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11335595/|work=[[IMDb]]|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan Age,Networth, House, Affairs, Height, Weight,Girlfriend,Wife,wiki,news,family, Biography & More|url=https://wikiandbio.com/nadeem-ahmad-khan/|work=WikiAndBio|date=2 December 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/nadeem-ahmad-khan|work=nettv4u|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan says 'the pandemic had hit me so hard that I went through a major financial crisis’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-says-the-pandemic-had-hit-me-so-hard-that-i-went-through-a-major-financial-crisis/articleshow/84068332.cms|work=Times Of India|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan says 'the pandemic had hit me so hard that I went through a major financial crisis’|url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-says-the-pandemic-had-hit-me-so-hard-that-i-went-through-a-major-financial-crisis/articleshow/84068357.cms?fbclid=IwAR1tixO0Wcms1PdMtjqsjElXV7RryqEQYEOfbzlLkrVGHj8DDY2zm33XvzA|work=Bombay Times|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Must Read! Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan faced FINANCIAL CRISIS due to pandemic, shares how he OVERCAME the hard times|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/must-read-vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-faced-financial-crisis-due-pandemic|work=Telly Chakkar|date=|language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Nadeem got a lot of mythological shows on prime channels of India due to his good command over Hindi and sanskrit as he was also trained in diction which is very important for pronunciation of difficult words specially in hindi, sanskrit and urdu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan on Internet Movie Database|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11335595/|work=[[IMDb]]|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan Age,Networth, House, Affairs, Height, Weight,Girlfriend,Wife,wiki,news,family, Biography & More|url=https://wikiandbio.com/nadeem-ahmad-khan/|work=WikiAndBio|date=2 December 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/nadeem-ahmad-khan|work=nettv4u|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan says 'the pandemic had hit me so hard that I went through a major financial crisis’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-says-the-pandemic-had-hit-me-so-hard-that-i-went-through-a-major-financial-crisis/articleshow/84068332.cms|work=Times Of India|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan says 'the pandemic had hit me so hard that I went through a major financial crisis’|url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-says-the-pandemic-had-hit-me-so-hard-that-i-went-through-a-major-financial-crisis/articleshow/84068357.cms?fbclid=IwAR1tixO0Wcms1PdMtjqsjElXV7RryqEQYEOfbzlLkrVGHj8DDY2zm33XvzA|work=Bombay Times|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Must Read! Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan faced FINANCIAL CRISIS due to pandemic, shares how he OVERCAME the hard times|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/must-read-vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-faced-financial-crisis-due-pandemic|work=Telly Chakkar|date=|language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Nadeem has done diploma in acting from Anupam Kher's actor prepares from Mumbai. Initially he started his acting career in 'The Guilt' a short film based on college ragging in which he was the protagonist. Nadeem recently played lead in a television commercial for Global colours master water shields TVC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan on Internet Movie Database|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11335595/|work=[[IMDb]]|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan Age,Networth, House, Affairs, Height, Weight,Girlfriend,Wife,wiki,news,family, Biography & More|url=https://wikiandbio.com/nadeem-ahmad-khan/|work=WikiAndBio|date=2 December 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadeem Ahmad Khan|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/nadeem-ahmad-khan|work=nettv4u|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan says 'the pandemic had hit me so hard that I went through a major financial crisis’|url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-says-the-pandemic-had-hit-me-so-hard-that-i-went-through-a-major-financial-crisis/articleshow/84068357.cms?fbclid=IwAR1tixO0Wcms1PdMtjqsjElXV7RryqEQYEOfbzlLkrVGHj8DDY2zm33XvzA|work=Bombay Times|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Must Read! Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan faced FINANCIAL CRISIS due to pandemic, shares how he OVERCAME the hard times|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/must-read-vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-faced-financial-crisis-due-pandemic|work=Telly Chakkar|date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vighnaharta Ganesha fame Nadeem Ahmad Khan says 'the pandemic had hit me so hard that I went through a major financial crisis’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vighnaharta-ganesha-fame-nadeem-ahmad-khan-says-the-pandemic-had-hit-me-so-hard-that-i-went-through-a-major-financial-crisis/articleshow/84068332.cms|work=Times Of India|date=|language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11335595/ Nadeem Ahmad Khan] on ''[[IMDb]]''<br />
* [https://www.instagram.com/nadeemahmadkhan1/ Nadeem Ahmad Khan] On ''[[Instagram]]''<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/nadeem.a.khan.33 Nadeem Ahmad Khan] On ''[[Facebook]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Living people]]<br />
[[:Category:Actors]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Muhammad_in_World_Scriptures&diff=441080Draft:Muhammad in World Scriptures2023-12-04T14:44:44Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --><br />
'''Muhammad in World Scriptures''' is a book. It was first published in 1936. [[Abdul Haque Vidyarthi]] wrote the book.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Renard |first1=John |title=Islam and Christianity: Theological Themes in Comparative Perspective |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94833-4 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=o-YEtXXN0BkC&pg=PA241&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwrLvRt_mAAxXKxDgGHdbNB_44ChDoAXoECAQQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> When written it was called '''Mithaq-al-Nabiyeen''' (میثاق النبیین, Promise of the prophets).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fārūqī |first1=Mumtāz Aḥmad |last2=Aḥmad |first2=Muhammad |title=Mujāhid-i kabīr |date=1962 |publisher=Aḥmadiyyah-yi Anjuman-i Ishāʻat-i Islām |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=8oRWAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C++%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C++%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS9M--w_mAAxW42jgGHeLuBf8Q6AF6BAgIEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Masnūn duʻāen |date=2006 |publisher=Dārulkutub-i ʻIlmiyyah |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=zNxIAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilmeqDw_mAAxVeumMGHYvSAP4Q6AF6BAgGEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khwaja Nazir |title=حضرت مسىح کشمىر جنت نظىر ميں |date=2005 |publisher=ووکنگ مسلم مشن اينڈ لٹريرى ٹرسٹ، |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=lSLYAAAAMAAJ&q=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA&dq=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT5L_-w_mAAxUp8zgGHaPRBP4Q6AF6BAgNEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ur}}</ref> It was written in Urdu in 1936. The book was translated to English in 1942 and called Muhammad in World scriptures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Brian Arthur |title=Noah's Other Son: Bridging the Gap Between the Bible and the Qur'an |date=2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62564-087-1 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=_L1NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin7sOJuPmAAxWjyDgGHU9bBv44FBDoAXoECAoQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=T. |title=One God, One Creed: A Brief Analysis of the Undercurrents of Indian Thought |date=1980 |publisher=Islamic Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=6189AAAAIAAJ&q=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjb0pTpuPmAAxVqzDgGHVvNCP44MhDoAXoECAQQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After publication of the translation, the book became very popular across the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khwaja Nazir |title=Jesus in Heaven on Earth |date=1952 |publisher=Woking Muslim Mission & Literary Trust |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=TozNAAAAMAAJ&q=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiti7PQuPmAAxW7zDgGHQreAf44KBDoAXoECAoQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The book claims the mention of [[Muhammad]] in scriptures of the world's major religions including [[Abrahamic religion]]s<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmutćehajić |first1=Rusmir |title=The Praised and the Virgin |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27940-7 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=e4EcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA834&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlreGQuPmAAxVQ4zgGHWYRCP04HhDoAXoECAcQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Indian]] [[religion]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Unal |first1=Ali |last2=Gultekin |first2=Harun |title=The Prophet Promised in World Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Tughra Books |isbn=978-1-59784-823-7 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=ZB1RCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwrLvRt_mAAxXKxDgGHdbNB_44ChDoAXoECAgQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News-Journal 30 Dec 1950, page 3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/294650994/?terms=Muhammad%20scripture%20vidyarthi&match=1 |accessdate=26 August 2023 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News-Journal 19 Jun 1953, page 33 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/293606607/?terms=Muhammad%20scripture%20abdul%20haq&match=1 |accessdate=26 August 2023 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News-Journal 21 Jul 1951, page 6 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/294505106/?terms=Muhammad%20scripture%20abdul%20haq&match=1 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=البطيخي |first1=غيث |title=إن كنت تبحث عن الله |date=2018 |publisher=Alaan Publishing Co. |isbn=978-9957-625-78-8 |page=383 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=f39SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA383&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje3v2EzfmAAxUwT2wGHZXBBCIQ6AF6BAgGEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=عامري |first1=سامي |title=محمد رسول الله فى الكتب المقدسة : عند النصارى و اليهود و الهندوس و الصابئة و البوذيين و المجوس |date=2006 |publisher=منظمة الاسلاميةللعلوم الطبية |isbn=978-977-289-127-6 |pages=77, 252, 282, 475, 476 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&redir_esc=y&id=575gAAAAIAAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Abdul+Haq+Vidyarthi |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=العقاد |first1=عباس محمود |title=مطلع النور |date=2017 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500265339 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=16I8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A&source=bl&ots=QWk0TEI4f9&sig=ACfU3U1yoFbEo-saqaZ8EEK3MXqNSgLRfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin5uvH0vmAAxXdIMUKHe3CCM04HhDoAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%20%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A&f=false |language=ar}}</ref> The english translation has 3 editions with 3 volumes. The book has been translated in many languages including turkish, Indonesian, french etc. The book has been quoted extensively by many inter-faith scholars including [[Ahmed Deedat]], [[Zakir Naik]], [[Ved Prakash Upadhyay]] ([[Kalki Avatar and Muhammad]]), Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad, Muḥammad Jawād Mughnīyya etc.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.abdulhaq.info/books/english/miws-new-ed-v2.pdf Muhammad in World Scriptures - Maulana Abdul Haq Vidyarthi Edition 2 Official pdf]<br />
* [https://www.abdulhaq.info/books/index.htm all editions of the book]<br />
* [https://www.abdulhaq.info/books/urdu/meesaq.pdf Original Urdu version]<br />
<br />
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{{AfC submission|||ts=20230906211535|u=Sharif Ibn Farid|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Books]]<br />
[[:Category:Islam]]<br />
[[:Category:Muhammad]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Muhammad_in_the_World_Scriptures&diff=441079Draft:Muhammad in the World Scriptures2023-12-04T14:44:34Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --><br />
'''Muhammad in World Scriptures''' is a book. It was first published in 1936. [[Abdul Haque Vidyarthi]] wrote the book.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Renard |first1=John |title=Islam and Christianity: Theological Themes in Comparative Perspective |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94833-4 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=o-YEtXXN0BkC&pg=PA241&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwrLvRt_mAAxXKxDgGHdbNB_44ChDoAXoECAQQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> When written it was called '''Mithaq-al-Nabiyeen''' (میثاق النبیین, Promise of the prophets).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fārūqī |first1=Mumtāz Aḥmad |last2=Aḥmad |first2=Muhammad |title=Mujāhid-i kabīr |date=1962 |publisher=Aḥmadiyyah-yi Anjuman-i Ishāʻat-i Islām |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=8oRWAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C++%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C++%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS9M--w_mAAxW42jgGHeLuBf8Q6AF6BAgIEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Masnūn duʻāen |date=2006 |publisher=Dārulkutub-i ʻIlmiyyah |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=zNxIAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilmeqDw_mAAxVeumMGHYvSAP4Q6AF6BAgGEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khwaja Nazir |title=حضرت مسىح کشمىر جنت نظىر ميں |date=2005 |publisher=ووکنگ مسلم مشن اينڈ لٹريرى ٹرسٹ، |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=lSLYAAAAMAAJ&q=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA&dq=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT5L_-w_mAAxUp8zgGHaPRBP4Q6AF6BAgNEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ur}}</ref> It was written in Urdu in 1936. The book was translated to English in 1942 and called Muhammad in World scriptures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Brian Arthur |title=Noah's Other Son: Bridging the Gap Between the Bible and the Qur'an |date=2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62564-087-1 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=_L1NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin7sOJuPmAAxWjyDgGHU9bBv44FBDoAXoECAoQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=T. |title=One God, One Creed: A Brief Analysis of the Undercurrents of Indian Thought |date=1980 |publisher=Islamic Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=6189AAAAIAAJ&q=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjb0pTpuPmAAxVqzDgGHVvNCP44MhDoAXoECAQQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After publication of the translation, the book became very popular across the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khwaja Nazir |title=Jesus in Heaven on Earth |date=1952 |publisher=Woking Muslim Mission & Literary Trust |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=TozNAAAAMAAJ&q=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiti7PQuPmAAxW7zDgGHQreAf44KBDoAXoECAoQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The book claims the mention of [[Muhammad]] in scriptures of the world's major religions including [[Abrahamic religion]]s<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmutćehajić |first1=Rusmir |title=The Praised and the Virgin |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27940-7 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=e4EcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA834&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlreGQuPmAAxVQ4zgGHWYRCP04HhDoAXoECAcQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Indian]] [[religion]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Unal |first1=Ali |last2=Gultekin |first2=Harun |title=The Prophet Promised in World Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Tughra Books |isbn=978-1-59784-823-7 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=ZB1RCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=muhammad+in+world+scriptures+abdul+haq+vidyarthi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwrLvRt_mAAxXKxDgGHdbNB_44ChDoAXoECAgQAw |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News-Journal 30 Dec 1950, page 3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/294650994/?terms=Muhammad%20scripture%20vidyarthi&match=1 |accessdate=26 August 2023 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News-Journal 19 Jun 1953, page 33 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/293606607/?terms=Muhammad%20scripture%20abdul%20haq&match=1 |accessdate=26 August 2023 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News-Journal 21 Jul 1951, page 6 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/294505106/?terms=Muhammad%20scripture%20abdul%20haq&match=1 |work=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=البطيخي |first1=غيث |title=إن كنت تبحث عن الله |date=2018 |publisher=Alaan Publishing Co. |isbn=978-9957-625-78-8 |page=383 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=f39SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA383&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje3v2EzfmAAxUwT2wGHZXBBCIQ6AF6BAgGEAM |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=عامري |first1=سامي |title=محمد رسول الله فى الكتب المقدسة : عند النصارى و اليهود و الهندوس و الصابئة و البوذيين و المجوس |date=2006 |publisher=منظمة الاسلاميةللعلوم الطبية |isbn=978-977-289-127-6 |pages=77, 252, 282, 475, 476 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&redir_esc=y&id=575gAAAAIAAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Abdul+Haq+Vidyarthi |accessdate=26 August 2023 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=العقاد |first1=عباس محمود |title=مطلع النور |date=2017 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500265339 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=16I8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A&source=bl&ots=QWk0TEI4f9&sig=ACfU3U1yoFbEo-saqaZ8EEK3MXqNSgLRfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin5uvH0vmAAxXdIMUKHe3CCM04HhDoAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%20%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A&f=false |language=ar}}</ref> The english translation has 3 editions with 3 volumes. The book has been translated in many languages including turkish, Indonesian, french etc. The book has been quoted extensively by many inter-faith scholars including [[Ahmed Deedat]], [[Zakir Naik]], [[Ved Prakash Upadhyay]] ([[Kalki Avatar and Muhammad]]), Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad, Muḥammad Jawād Mughnīyya etc.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.abdulhaq.info/books/english/miws-new-ed-v2.pdf Muhammad in World Scriptures - Maulana Abdul Haq Vidyarthi Edition 2 Official pdf]<br />
* [https://www.abdulhaq.info/books/index.htm all editions of the book]<br />
* [https://www.abdulhaq.info/books/urdu/meesaq.pdf Original Urdu version]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{AfC submission|||ts=20230906211535|u=Sharif Ibn Farid|ns=118}}{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Books]]<br />
[[:Category:Islam]]<br />
[[:Category:Muhammad]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Gulraiz_Aslam&diff=441078Draft:Gulraiz Aslam2023-12-04T14:44:24Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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<div>{{AfC submission|d|bio|ts=20210813071327|u=Justinpaul|ns=118}}<br />
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --><br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Gulraiz Aslam <br />
| birth_date = 2 January 1990<br />
| birth_place = [[Pakistan]]<br />
| nationality = Pakistani<br />
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[Author]]<br />
| years_active = 2016-present<br />
| spouse = <br />
|Notable Work =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gulraiz Aslam'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulraiz Aslam believes hard work always leads to success |url=https://blog.storymirror.com/read/itumpby3/gulraiz-aslam-believes-hard-work-always-leads-to-success/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=storymirror|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a blogger, software engineer, author and entrepreneur has been in the digital marketing industry since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulraiz Aslam - Youngest Entrepreneur Of Pakistan|url=https://menafn.com/1101412441/Gulraiz-Aslam-Youngest-Entrepreneur-Of-Pakistan|language=en|date=17 September 2020|website=Menafn|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> Gulraiz Aslam Microsoft certified as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulraiz Aslam Microsoft Certified professional |url=https://wikibio.in/gulraiz-aslam/|language=en|date=21 September 2020|website=Wikibio|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><br />
==Career==<br />
Gulraiz Aslam was born and brought up in a middle-class family and he has Masters degree in software engineering he has worked with United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulraiz Aslam got top rated award from Upwork|url=https://www.parhlo.com/gulraiz-upwork-pak-freelance/|language=en|date=18 April 2021|website=Parhlo|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulraiz Says Passion Is the Key Success Your Business and he has worked with United Nations as well |url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/pakistani-blogger-youtuber-software-engineer-upwork-top-rated-star-gulraiz-aslam//|language=en|date=20 May 2021|website=Bucketbuff|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*{{Facebook|gulraizaslam786}}<br />
*{{instagram|gulraizaslam786}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Living people]]<br />
[[:Category:1990_births]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Sunil_Butolia&diff=441076Draft:Sunil Butolia2023-12-04T14:41:05Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
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{{AfC submission|t||ts=20220123211803|u=Merajul Islam|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. --><br />
<br />
<br />
{{short description|CEO of FAME Internet}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sunil Butolia <br />
| native_name = सुनील बुटोलिया<br />
| native_name_lang = Hindi<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = 200<br />
| alt = Sunil Butolia<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Sunil<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|03|01}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Special:MyLanguage/New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[Special:MyLanguage/India|India]]<br />
| nationality = [[Special:MyLanguage/India|India]]<br />
[[Special:MyLanguage/Aligarh|Aligarh]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Special:MyLanguage/India|India]]<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist|Technology entrepreneur|investor|digital marketer}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list| Graduation from [[Special:MyLanguage/School of Open Learning|School of Open Learning]], [[Special:MyLanguage/University of Delhi|University of Delhi]]|Hardware & networking from [[Special:MyLanguage/Oxford Software Institute|Oxford Software Institute]]| Web design and development from [[Special:MyLanguage/Intaglio Solutions|Intaglio Solutions]]| First aid from [[Special:MyLanguage/Indian Red Cross Society|Indian Red Cross Society]]}}<br />
| height = 172<br />
| title = Founder and CEO of [[FAME Internet Technologies]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalbuzznow.com/sunil-butolia-founder-of-fame-internet-creating-history-in-the-field-of-digital-marketing/|title=Sunil Butolia Founder Of Fame Internet Creating History in The Field Of Digital Marketing|date=3 July 2020 |website=Digital Buzz Now|language=en|access-date=22 January 2021 }}</ref><br />
| movement = [[Special:MyLanguage/Clean Politics Movement|Clean Politics Movement]]<br />
| spouse = [[Special:MyLanguage/Neetu Butolia|Neetu Butolia]] (married 2018)<br />
| children = [[Sakshi Butolia]] and Neha Butolia<br />
| parents = {{Unbulleted list|[[Special:MyLanguage/Pratap Singh|Pratap Singh]] (father) |[[Special:MyLanguage/Atarkali|Atarkali]] (mother)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.issuewire.com/meet-one-of-the-youngest-entrepreneur-turned-actor-sunil-butolia-1669648600505147|title=Meet one of the youngest entrepreneur turned Actor Sunil Butolia|date=16 Jun 2020 |website=Issue Wire|language=en|access-date=22 January 2021 }}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.sunilbutolia.com/|sunilbutolia.com}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| years_active = 2012 - present<br />
| relations = [[Special:MyLanguage/Kishan Butolia|Kishan Butolia]] (brother), [[Special:MyLanguage/Sakshi Butolia|Sakshi Butolia]] (daughter)<br />
| known_for = [[Special:MyLanguage/FAME Internet|FAME Internet]]<br />
| signature = Sunil Butolia Signature.jpg<br />
| signature_size = 100<br />
| signature_alt = Sunil Butolia<br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sunil Butolia''' (born: 01 March 1988) is an [[Indian]] serial entrepreneur and founder of [[FAME Internet Technologies]], an IT company and parent organization of FAME Publish Media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://menafn.com/1101260860/Sunil-Butolia-An-Inspired-Story-Of-Indian-Digital-Marketer|title=Sunil Butolia - An Inspired Story Of Indian Digital Marketer|date=9 December 2020 |website=MENAFN|language=en|access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.influencive.com/the-story-of-sunil-butolia-from-dc-to-brand-serp-strategist/|title=The Story of Sunil Butolia: From DC to Brand SERP Strategist|date=16 March 2021 |website=Influencive|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.openpr.com/news/2226839/fame-internet-is-all-set-to-organize-knowledge-panel-expo/ |title=FAME Internet is all set to organize 'Knowledge Panel Expo'|date=19 January 2021 |website=openPR|language=en|access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fabworldtoday.com/how-sunil-butolia-established-himself-as-a-reputed-digital-authority/|title=How Sunil Butolia Established Himself as a Reputed Digital Authority|date=9 March 2020 |website=FabWorldToday|language=en|access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref> Sunil Butolia is an independent journalist, author and blogger. His company FAME Publish Media offers various social and digital media related services to celebrities and business persons.<br />
<br />
= Early life & education =<br />
Sunil Butolia was born on March 01, 1988 in Delhi, India. His father's name is [[Pratap Singh]] mother's name is Atarkali. Sunil has four brothers and one sister. He completed his schooling from the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]], and graduated from [[Special:MyLanguage/School of Open Learning|School of Open Learning]], [[Special:MyLanguage/University of Delhi|University of Delhi]] and MBA in human resources from [[Madras University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.openpr.com/news/2098660/sunil-butolia-is-the-mastermind-behind-fame-internet|title=Sunil Butolia is The Mastermind behind FAME Internet, a Celebrity Management company|date=30 September 2020 |website=openPR|language=en|access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
= Personal life =<br />
Sunil married [[Special:MyLanguage/Neetu Butolia|Neetu Butolia]] on April 25, 2018 having Two girl child named [[Special:MyLanguage/Sakshi Butolia|Sakshi Butolia]] and [[Neha Butolia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://famepublish.com/business/entrepreneurship/sunil-butolia-digital-marketing-expert/|title=Sunil Butolia is the founder of FAME Internet, a leading digital marketing company|date=8 December 2019 |website=FAMEPublish|language=en|access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Sunil started his career as blogger in 2010, his first blog was hosted on BlogSpot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://disruptmagazine.in/sunil-butolia-an-entrepreneur-is-making-headlines-shortly-after-entering-the-bollywood/|title=Sunil Butolia, An Entrepreneur is making headlines shortly after entering the Bollywood|date=28 September 2020 |website=Disrupt Magazine|language=en|access-date=22 January 2021 }}</ref> Sunil Butolia is the CEO and founder of [[Special:MyLanguage/FAME Internet|FAME Internet Technologies]]. An information technology company that owns [[Special:MyLanguage/FAMEPublish|FAME Publish]], [[Special:MyLanguage/FAMEPedia|FAMEPedia]], [[Special:MyLanguage/FAMEData|FAMEData]], TheReveal, FAME Records, INFOOBOX and Khatik Mahasangh.<br />
<br />
== Movement ==<br />
<br />
Sunil Butolia dont like Indian politics where political parties are supreme and independent social worker can't serve as political leader. To solve this issue, Sunil started the [[Special:MyLanguage/Clean Politics Movement|Clean Politics Movement]] (स्वच्छ राजनीति अभियान) with the aim to make Indian politics brighter.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[FAME Internet]]<br />
*[[FAMEPublish|FAME Publish]]<br />
*[[FAMEPedia]]<br />
*[[FAMEData]]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.sunilbutolia.com}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm10979075}}<br />
*{{Instagram|id=sunilbutolia|name=Sunil Butolia}}<br />
*{{Facebook|id=sunilbutolia|name=Sunil Butolia}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Butolia, Sunil}}<br />
{{Authority control | ORCID=0000-0004-8377-3788}}<br />
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{{Draft categories|<br />
[[:Category:Living people]]<br />
[[:Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[:Category:Indian technology company founders]]<br />
[[:Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[:Category:Butolia family]]<br />
[[:Category:University of Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[:Category:Fame Internet employees]]<br />
[[:Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[:Category:Spokespersons]]<br />
[[:Category:Writers from Delhi]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Muhammad_in_the_World_Scriptures&diff=441066Draft:Muhammad in the World Scriptures2023-12-04T13:50:34Z<p>CleanupBot II: Bot: Adding draft categories</p>
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[[:Category:Books]]<br />
[[:Category:Islam]]<br />
[[:Category:Muhammad]]<br />
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[[:Category:Living people]]<br />
[[:Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[:Category:Indian technology company founders]]<br />
[[:Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[:Category:Butolia family]]<br />
[[:Category:University of Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[:Category:Fame Internet employees]]<br />
[[:Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[:Category:Spokespersons]]<br />
[[:Category:Writers from Delhi]]<br />
}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sobaran_Singh_Yadav&diff=413835Sobaran Singh Yadav2023-08-16T19:22:07Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Sobaran Singh Yadav<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| constituency = <br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start2 = March 2012<br />
| term_end2 = March 2017<br />
| term_start3 = May 2007<br />
| term_end3 = March 2012<br />
| term_start4 = February 2002<br />
| term_end4 = May 2007<br />
| predecessor4 = '''Babu Ram Yadav'''<br />
| constituency4 = [[Karhal (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
| office4 = <br />
| term_start = March 2017<br />
| term_end = March 2022<br />
| successor4 = <br />
| constituency5 = <br />
| office5 = <br />
| term_start5 = <br />
| term_end5 = <br />
| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| constituency6 = <br />
| office6 = <br />
| term_start6 = <br />
| term_end6 = <br />
| predecessor6 = <br />
| successor6 = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|8|7}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/110.pdf}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = Etawah district<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| parents = Kamta Prasad Yadav (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| citizenship = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| spouse = Maya Devi Yadav (wife)<br />
| partner = <br />
| relations = Girja devi( sister)<br><br />
[[Darshan Singh Yadav]] (brother)<br />
| children = 1 son & 2 daughters<br />
| sister = Girja Yadav (sister)<br />
| residence = Etawah district<br />
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1401}}</ref><br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = Farmer, businessperson & politician<br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sobaran Singh Yadav''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He represents the [[Karhal (Assembly constituency)|Karhal]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/karhal.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Sobaran Singh Yadav was born in Etawah district. He attended the [[Allahabad University]] and attained Bachelor of Arts degree.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Sobaran Singh Yadav has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for three terms. He represented the [[Karhal (Assembly constituency)|Karhal]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 02 ||March 2012 || March 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 03 ||May 2007 || March 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 04 ||February 2002 || May 2007 || Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Karhal (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sobaran Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Etawah district]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peetam_Ram&diff=413834Peetam Ram2023-08-16T19:20:24Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix =<br />
| name = Peetam Ram<br />
| honorific-suffix =<br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| constituency = [[Puranpur (Assembly constituency)|Puranpur]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2012<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = Arshad Khan<br />
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| successor4 = <br />
| constituency5 = <br />
| office5 = <br />
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| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| constituency6 = <br />
| office6 = <br />
| term_start6 = <br />
| term_end6 = <br />
| predecessor6 = <br />
| successor6 = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|1|26}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=15 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/129.pdf}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = Pilibhit district<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| restingplace =<br />
| restingplacecoordinates =<br />
| birthname =<br />
| parents = Jhajhan Lal (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| citizenship =<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Sahodra Devi (wife)<br />
| partner =<br />
| relations =<br />
| children = 01 son & 02 daughters<br />
| residence = Pilibhit district<br />
| alma_mater = Primary school<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=15 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2249}}</ref><br />
| occupation =<br />
| profession = Politician & farmer<br />
| cabinet =<br />
| committees =<br />
| portfolio =<br />
| signature =<br />
| signature_alt =<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
| blank1 =<br />
| data1 =<br />
}}<br />
'''Peetam Ram''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He represents the [[Puranpur (Assembly constituency)|Puranpur]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=15 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=15 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/puranpur.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Peetam Ram was born in Pilibhit district. He attended Primary school and is [[literate]]. Ram belongs to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled caste]] community ([[Dhobi]]).<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Peetam Ram has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for one term. He represented the [[Puranpur (Assembly constituency)|Puranpur]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
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==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2012 || Incumbent || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Puranpur (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
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{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Peetam}}<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pilibhit district]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukhdev_Rajbhar&diff=413833Sukhdev Rajbhar2023-08-16T19:20:14Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Sukhdev Rajbhar<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| constituency = <br />
| office = <small>[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of</small> <br/> [[Didarganj (Assembly constituency)|Didarganj]]<br />
| term_start = March 2017<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = Adil Sheikh<br />
| successor = <br />
| office2 = 16th [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = May 2007<br />
| term_end2 = March 2012<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Mayawati]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Mata Prasad Pandey]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Mata Prasad Pandey]]<br />
| constituency4 = <br />
| office3 = <small>[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of</small> <br/> [[Lalganj (Assembly constituency)|Lalganj]]<br />
| term_start4 = June 1991<br />
| term_end4 = October 1995 (two terms)<br />
| predecessor4 = Shree Prakash<br />
| successor4 = Narendra Singh<br />
| term_start3 = February 2002<br />
| term_end3 = March 2012 (two terms)<br />
| predecessor3 = Narendra Singh<br />
| successor3 = Bechai<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|09|05}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh district|Bargahan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="UPLA">{{cite web|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/english/former-speaker_shukhadeorajbhar.htm|title=Member Profile|work=official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=13 December 2018}}</ref><br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|10|18|1951|09|05|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| parents = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
| residence = Bargahan, [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh<br />
| alma_mater = BSc, LL.B.<br />
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| profession = Politician, Agriculture<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sukhdev Rajbhar''' (5 September 1951 – 18 October 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-up-assembly-speaker-sukhdev-rajbhar-death-passes-away-1866311-2021-10-18|title = Former UP Assembly Speaker Sukhdev Rajbhar passes away at 70}}</ref> was an Indian politician and a member of 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, and 17th Legislative Assembly, [[Uttar Pradesh]] of India. He represented the [[Didarganj (Assembly constituency)|Didarganj]] constituency in [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]] district of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS24350.htm?ac=350 | title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2017 | publisher=eciresults.nic.in | accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4527|title=Myneta, Election Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/azamgarh/senior-bsp-leader-sukhdev-rajbhar-win-on-didarganj-seat-1528779/|title=पूर्व विधान सभा अध्यक्ष सुखदेव राजभर की जीत}}</ref> He was former Speaker of [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] also Minister in [[Mayawati]], [[Kalyan Singh]] and [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] cabinet.<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Sukhdev Rajbhar contested Uttar Pradesh Assembly election as [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate and defeated his close contestant Adil Sheikh from [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 3,645 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/didarganj-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Didarganj Assembly Constituency Election Result|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
* 1991–1993 Member, [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] (first term)<br />
**Member, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Denitrified Tribes related joint committee<br />
*1993–1994 Member, [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] (second term)<br />
**State Minister, Co-operatives, Muslim Waqf Department (Mr. Mulayam Singh Yadav Cabinet)<br />
*1994–1995 State Minister, Department of Secondary and Basic Education (Mr. Mulayam Singh Yadav ministry)<br />
*1995–1997 Minister, Secondary, Basic and Adult Education (Ms. Mayawati Cabinet)<br />
*1997–2002 Member, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council<br />
**Minister for Rural Development, Ambedkar Village Development and the Provincial Department of Defense Party (Ms. Mayawati Cabinet)<br />
**Minister for Rural Development, Minor Irrigation Department (Mr. Kalyan Singh Cabinet)<br />
*2002–2007 Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] (third term)<br />
**Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, textiles and silk Industry Department (Ms. Mayawati Cabinet)<br />
**Member, Committee on Rules<br />
**Member, Working – Advisory Committee<br />
*2007–2012 Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] (fourth term)<br />
**Speaker, Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh<br />
*2017-Incumbent Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] (fifth term)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbhar, Sukhdev}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Azamgarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmal_Khatri&diff=413832Nirmal Khatri2023-08-16T19:18:18Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|honorific-prefix = [[Doctor (title)#India|Dr.]]<br />
|name = Nirmal Khatri<br />
|honorific-suffix = <br />
|image = <br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|constituency = [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]<br />
|office = [[Member of Parliament|Former Member of Parliament]], [[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 2009<br />
| term_end = 2014<br />
| predecessor = [[Mitrasen Yadav]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| constituency2 = [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]<br />
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[8th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term2 = Dec 1984 – Nov 1989<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Jai Ram Varma]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Mitrasen Yadav]]<br />
| constituency3 = <br />
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|8th Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
| term3 = Jun 1980 – Mar 1985<br />
| predecessor3 = <br />
| successor3 = <br />
| constituency4 =<br />
| office4 = <br />
| term4 = <br />
| predecessor4 = <br />
| successor4 =<br />
| constituency5 =<br />
| office5 = <br />
| term5 = <br />
| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| constituency6 =<br />
| office6 = <br />
| term6 = <br />
| predecessor6 = <br />
| successor6 = <br />
| constituency7 =<br />
| office7 = <br />
| term7 = <br />
| predecessor7 = <br />
| successor7 =<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|01|04}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
|death_date =<br />
|death_place =<br />
|restingplace =<br />
|restingplacecoordinates = <br />
|birthname = <br />
|parents = Mr. Narayan Das Khattry (Father) &<br /> Mrs. Bimla Khattry (mother)<br />
|nationality = Indian<br />
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--><br />
|spouse = Mrs. Veena Khattri<br />
|partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--><br />
|relations = <br />
|children = 2 sons.<br />
|residence = [[Faizabad district|Faizabad]] & New Delhi<br />
|alma_mater = [[K. S. Saket PG College]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[Faizabad]]<br />
|occupation =<br />
|profession = Advocate, farmer & politician<br />
|cabinet = <br />
|committees = Member of several committees<br />
|portfolio = <br />
|religion = <br />
|signature = <br />
|signature_alt = <br />
|website = <br />
|footnotes = <br />
|blank1 = <br />
|data1 = <br />
|blank2 = <br />
|data2 = <br />
|blank3 = <br />
|data3 = <br />
|blank4 = <br />
|data4 = <br />
|blank5 = <br />
|data5 = <br />
<!--Military service--><br />
|nickname = <br />
|allegiance = <br />
|branch = <br />
|serviceyears = <br />
|rank = <br />
|unit = <br />
|commands = <br />
|battles = <br />
|awards = <br />
|military_blank1 = <br />
|military_data1 = <br />
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|military_blank3 = <br />
|military_data3 = <br />
|military_blank4 = <br />
|military_data4 = <br />
|military_blank5 = <br />
|military_data5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Dr. Nirmal Khatri ''' is an Indian Politician and is Member of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] of India. He was a member of the [[15th Lok Sabha]] and also was a member of the [[8th Lok Sabha]]. In both terms, he represented the [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] political party.<ref name=" Member Profile ">{{cite news|title= Member Profile|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] website|accessdate=January 2014|url= http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=3059}}</ref><ref name=" Detailed Profile ">{{cite news|title= Detailed Profile|publisher=Indian Government official website|accessdate=January 2014|url= http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/nirmal-khatri}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Nirmal Khatri was born in [[Faizabad]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He attended the [[K. S. Saket PG College]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[Faizabad]] and received [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] and [[Master of Arts|MA]] (in [[political science]]). Subsequently, he was awarded PhD degree.<ref name=" Member Profile"/><ref name=" Detailed Profile"/> Khatri worked as an advocate and farmer before joining politics.<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Nirmal Khatri has been in active politics since early 1970s. During his early days, he joined Youth wing of [[Indian National Congress]] before gradually moving to [[Indian National Congress]]. During his political career, he held several key party positions. Khatri is also a former member and minister in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=" Member Profile"/><ref name=" Detailed Profile"/><ref name=" Earlier Lok Sabha ">{{cite news|title=Earlier Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha website|accessdate=January 2014|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprev.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116233330/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprev.aspx|archivedate=16 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 1980 || 1985 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || 1980 || 1981 || Deputy Minister, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
| 03 || 1981 || 1982 || [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
| 04 || 1984 || 1989 || Member, [[8th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|-<br />
| 05 || 1985 || 1987 || Member, House Committee, [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
|-<br />
| 06 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, [[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|-<br />
| 07 || 2009 || 2010 || Convenor, Second Sub-Committee of the Committee of Parliament on Official Language<br />
|-<br />
| 08 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Standing Committee on Railways<br />
|-<br />
| 09 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, [[Joint parliamentary committee|JPC]] to examine matters related to allocation and pricing of telecom licenses and spectrum<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Central Advisory Board of Archaeology<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || 2009 || 2014 || Deputy chairman, Rajbhash Committee of Parliament<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || 2013 || 2014 || Member, House Committee<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]] & [[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
*[[Lok Sabha]]<br />
*[[Politics of India]]<br />
*[[Parliament of India]]<br />
*[[Government of India]]<br />
*[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
*[[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Nirmal}}<br />
[[Category:8th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:15th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]<br />
[[Category:People from Faizabad district]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]<br />
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Irfan_(politician)&diff=413831Mohammad Irfan (politician)2023-08-16T19:17:43Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix =<br />
| name = Mohammad Irfan<br />
| honorific-suffix =<br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| constituency = [[Bilari (Assembly constituency)|Bilari]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2012<br />
| term_end = 10 March 2016<br />
| predecessor = Het Ram (1962–1967)<br />
| successor = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|8|22|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bilari]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|10|1951|8|22|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] <br />
| death_cause = Traffic collision<br />
| restingplace =<br />
| restingplacecoordinates =<br />
| birthname =<br />
| parents = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| nationality = <br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Nadra Parveen<br />
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--><br />
| relations =<br />
| children = 6<br />
| residence = [[Bilari]], [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], Uttar Pradesh<br />
| alma_mater = [[Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College Moradabad|Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College]]<br />[[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]<br />
| occupation =<br />
| profession = [[Agriculturist]] & politician<br />
| cabinet =<br />
| committees =<br />
| portfolio =<br />
| signature =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mohammad Irfan''' (22 August 1951 – 10 March 2016) was an Indian politician and a member of the [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] of India. He represented the [[Bilari (Assembly constituency)|Bilari]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and was a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name=" Member Profile ">{{cite news|title= Member Profile|publisher= [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|accessdate=1 September 2015|url= http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/30.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103631/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/30.pdf|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 September 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly Constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly Constituency|publisher=Elections.in|accessdate=1 September 2015|url= http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bilari.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Mohammad Irfan was born in [[Bilari]], [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], Uttar Pradesh. He held a Bachelor of Science and [[Bachelor of Laws]] degrees from [[Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College Moradabad|Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College]] and [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]. Before being elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], he worked as an [[agriculturist]] and advocate.<ref name=" Member Profile "/><ref name="Candidate profile">{{cite news|title=Candidate profile|publisher=My Neta|accessdate=1 September 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2213}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Irfan was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for one term. He represented the [[Bilari (Assembly constituency)]] constituency and was a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name=" Member Profile"/><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || March 2012 || 10 March 2016 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irfan, Mohammad}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Moradabad district]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetram&diff=413830Chetram2023-08-16T19:16:47Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chetram<br />
| image = <br />
| constituency = [[Powayan (Assembly constituency)|Powayan]]<br />
| office = [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|Member of Legislative Assembly, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = 2017<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor =[[Sakuntla Devi]] <br />
| preceded1 =Roop Ram<br />
| term_start1 = 1985<br />
| term_end1 = 1996<br />
| constituency1 = [[Powayan (Assembly constituency)|Powayan]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|7|10|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hasanpur]], Uttar Pradesh<br />
| father = Late Lalluram<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1814}}</ref><br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Asha Devi|1977}}<br />
| Son-in-Law = Adv Akhilesh Pandey(Gorakhpur)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| residence = [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| education = [[LL.B.]]<br />
| profession = Advocacy, Agriculture<br />
| footnotes = Source [http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12529/17]<br />
}}<br />
'''Chetram''' (born 10 July 1951) is an [[India]]n politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Powayan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] of [[India]]. He represents the [[Powayan (Assembly constituency)|Powayan]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/powayan-mla-results</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Chetram has been a member of the 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Since 2017, he has represented the [[Powayan (Assembly constituency)|Powayan]] constituency and is a member of the BJP.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chetram}}<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandhya_Bauri&diff=413829Sandhya Bauri2023-08-16T19:16:11Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician and social worker}}<br />
{{one source|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder <br />
| name = Sandhya Bauri<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1951|09|02|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = <br />
| constituency = [[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]] <br />
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term = 1996-2004<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| spouse = Nimai Charan Bauri<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Social Worker]], [[Agriculturist]]<br />
| religion = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sandhya Bauri''' (born. 2 September 1951) is a political and social worker and a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] elected from the [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]] constituency in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] being a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate.<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament 13th Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=48|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sandhya was born on 2 September 1951 in Khatra, district [[Bankura]] ([[West Bengal]]). She married Shri Nimai Charan Bauri on 28 February 1972. She has four daughters. One of her daughters, [[Susmita Bauri]] was also a Member of Parliament.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/><br />
<br />
==Education & career==<br />
Sandhya is an undergraduate and studied at Bankura Christian College, [[Bankura]] ([[West Bengal]]).<br />
<br />
She was first elected to the 11th Lok Sabha in 1996. From 1996 to 1997, she served as<br />
* Member, Committee on Food, Civil Supplies and Public Distribution<br />
* Member, Committee on the Empowerment of Women<br />
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Welfare<ref name="Lok Sabha"/><br />
<br />
She was elected to the 13th Lok Sabha for a 3rd term in 1999. During 1999–2004, she served as<br />
* Member, Committee on Labour and Welfare<br />
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Textiles<ref name="Lok Sabha"/><br />
<br />
==Special interests & social activities==<br />
She has worked for women and child development, upliftment of the downtrodden and the weaker sections. She has also organized and staged dramas for children. <br />
She enjoys reading, writing and playing games during her leisure time. She also plays indoor games like carom and table tennis.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Eleventh to Fourteenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauri, Sandhya}}<br />
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:13th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:11th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:12th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}<br />
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajendra_Agrawal&diff=413828Rajendra Agrawal2023-08-16T19:15:34Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Rajendra Agrawal.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 16 May 2009<br />
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Shahid (politician)|Mohammad Shahid]]<br />
| constituency = [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|10|02}}<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile">{{cite news|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4267|title=Biography|publisher =Lok Sabha Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320114046/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4267|archivedate=20 March 2011}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Pilkhuwa]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| residence = [[Meerut]] & [[New Delhi]]<br />
| education = [[M.Sc]] ([[Physics]])<br />
| alma_mater = [[M. M.(P.G) College]] & [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]]<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]] & [[Businessperson]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| spouse = Uma Agrawal<br />
| children = 2 (1 son & 1 daughter)<br />
| parents = Om Prakash (father) & Satyavati (mother)<br />
| footnotes = <ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " /><br />
}}<br />
'''Rajendra Agrawal''' (born 2 October 1951) is an Indian politician and a member of the 17th [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-bjp-candidate-rajendra-agarwal-has-created-hattrick-19248746.html|title=LokSabha Election Result 2019 : आखिरकार राजेंद्र अग्रवाल ने बनाई हैट्रिक, भगवा खेमे में जश्न|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> He represents the [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " /><br />
<br />
He has been elected as a Member of Parliament from the [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]]-Hapur constituency for three times since 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-rajendra-agarwal-said-high-court-bench-is-our-priority-19062680.html|title=51 फीसद वोट पाकर हाईकोर्ट बेंच बनवाना प्राथमिकता : राजेंद्र अग्रवाल|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> He is the Chairman of the Committee on Government Assurances and is also a member of Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha.<ref name=":0" /> He was the Chairman of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4267|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education ==<br />
Rajendra Agrawal was born in [[Pilkhuwa]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Shri Om Prakash Agrawal and Smt. Satyavati Agrawal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/rajendra-agrawal|title=Rajendra Agrawal {{!}} National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> He holds [[master's degree]] ([[M.Sc]]) in [[Physics]] from M.M.(P.G) College, Modi Nagar, [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> He is a [[businessperson]] by profession.<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile" /><br />
<br />
Agrawal joined [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in school days as an active worker.<ref name=":0" /> He has worked as a [[Pracharak]] from 1971 to 1984.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Agrawal started his political career as the [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Meerut]] Mahanagar in 1997.<ref name=":1" /> He became the Incharge of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Intellectual]] and [[Training]] Cell of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] in 2000. He further became the [[Secretary]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] in 2002 and continued in the post till 2007. In 2007, he became the [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Intellectual]] Cell, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Agrawal contested from the [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut-Hapur Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2009 General Elections and won from the seat.<ref name="electionsinindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-parliament-lok-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Elections in India - A Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) & State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election.|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> He was re-elected from the seat in 2014 by a record margin of over 2,30,000 votes.<ref name="electionsinindia.com"/> In 2019, he again won the Lok Sabha seat of the [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut-Hapur Constituency]] by defeating his rival [[Yaqub Qureishi|Yakub Qureishi]] and became the Member of [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2410.htm?ac=10|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref name="electionsinindia.com"/><br />
<br />
== Parliamentary activity ==<br />
Agrawal has been an active parliamentarian with a high attendance of 98% when the National Average is 80%. He has participated in 172 debates of the Parliament when the National Average is 67.1. He has also asked 298 questions and proposed 8 Private Member's Bills.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/rajendraagrawal|title=Rajendra Agrawal|date=2016-10-25|website=PRSIndia|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> Agrawal has raised some vital issues in Parliament including setting up of High Court Bench in Meerut,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-live-updates-budget-session-july-18-2019/article28572333.ece|title=Parliament proceedings, as it happened {{!}} Rajya Sabha passes resolution to set up Farmers' Commission|last=Desk|first=The Hindu Net|date=2019-07-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> issues concerning water pollution, education, healthcare etc.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Agrawal is currently the Chairman of the Committee on Government Assurances and the member of Panel of Chairpersons, Lok Sabha. He has also been the Chairperson of the Joint Committee on the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Private Member Bills ==<br />
Agrawal has introduced a number of Private Members' Bills in [[Parliament]] over some very important issues. Some of the bills that he has introduced are:<br />
<br />
* '''The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Bill, 2018 (Amendment of the First Schedule)''': The Bill seeks to make stalking a non-bailable offense in line with the Justice Verma Committee recommendations. The Committee recognized stalking as a crime and recommended it to be made a non-bailable offense. But in contrast to the Committee recommendations, in the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, enacted subsequently, the first offense of stalking was made bailable while any subsequent offense was made non-bailable. The bill aimed to amend the same.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/4439LS%20As%20Int....pdf|title=THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2018}}</ref><br />
* '''The Compulsory Teaching of Environmental Education in Educational Institutions Bill, 2018:''' The Bill seeks to make it mandatory for environmental education to be taught as a compulsory subject at all levels of education. The Honourable [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] of India in its directive of 1991 had made it compulsory for environment education to be included in the school and college curricula. But it was observed that the Supreme Court's directive has not been implemented effectively so far.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/4278LS%20As%20Int....pdf|title=THE COMPULSORY TEACHING OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BILL, 2018}}</ref><br />
* '''The Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2018 (Amendment of article 75, etc.):''' The Bill made it mandatory that at least one-third of the total number of Ministers in the Council of Ministers should be women. Women represent almost half of the country's population but have a marginal proportion in influential and decision making roles of Government, both at the Union and at the State level. Although Indian Constitution has guaranteed equal opportunities for women in all walks of life through the fundamental right to equality, yet women's visibility in the power structure is severely limited. The bill aimed towards fielding women in power wielding institutions so that inequality in power structure can be bridged.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/4242LS%20As%20Int....pdf|title=The Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2018}}</ref><br />
* '''The Designation of States as Sponsor of Terrorism Bill, 2017:''' The bill provides for designating certain states (Pakistan here) as Sponsors of Terrorism and withdraw trade and economic relations with the same, along with putting legal, travel and economic sanctions on the citizens of such state.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/2990.pdf|title=THE DESIGNATION OF STATES AS SPONSOR OF TERRORISM BILL, 2017}}</ref><br />
* '''The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill, 2016 (Amendment of sections 2 and 3):''' The bill aims to create a uniform education system having a common syllabus and school curriculum for all stages of elementary education across the country. It also promoted value-based uniform education system across all schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/1427.pdf|title=THE RIGHT OF CHILDREN TO FREE AND COMPULSORY EDUCATION (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
* '''The Special Financial Assistance to the National Capital Region Bill, 2016:''' The bill aimed to provide for special financial assistance to the [[National Capital Region]] for the purpose of harmonized and balanced development of growth-oriented infrastructure in all areas of [[National Capital Region]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/252LS.pdf|title=THE SPECIAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION BILL, 2016}}</ref><br />
* '''The High Court at Allahabad (Establishment of a Permanent Bench at Meerut) Bill, 2016:''' There has been a long pending demand to establish a permanent Bench of the [[High Court of India|High Court]] in western Uttar Pradesh since 1955. Jaswant Singh Commission also recommended the establishment of a permanent Bench of [[Allahabad High Court]] in western Uttar Pradesh. The bill, therefore, seeks to provide for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Allahabad at Meerut.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/5317LS.pdf|title=THE HIGH COURT AT ALLAHABAD (ESTABLISHMENT OF A PERMANENT BENCH AT MEERUT) BILL, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Imprisonment==<br />
From July 1975 to April 1977, Agrawal was imprisoned for about 21 months under [[D.I.R]] & [[M.I.S.A]]. He has also faced several short-term imprisonments for [[Ayodhya]] and other social causes.<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile" /><br />
<br />
==Posts held<ref name=":0" />==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2009 || - || Elected to 15th Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || 20-Jul-2009 || - || Member, Committee of Parliament on Official Language<br />
|-<br />
| 03 || 31-Aug-2009 || - || Member, Committee on [[Information Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
| 04 || 16-Sep-2009 || - || Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]<br />
|-<br />
| 05 || 23-Sep-2009 || - || Member, Committee on Petitions<br />
|-<br />
| 06 || May-2014 || - || Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (2nd term)<br />
|-<br />
| 07 || 1-Sep-2014 || - || Member, Committee on Government Assurances, <br />
Standing Committee on Urban Development,<br />
<br />
Consultative Committee in Ministry of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj and Drinking Water and Sanitation<br />
|-<br />
|08<br />
|1 Sep. 2016 <br />
|25 May 2019<br />
|Member, Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas<br />
|-<br />
|09<br />
|25 Dec. 2017<br />
|25 May 2019<br />
|Chairperson, Joint Committee on the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|May, 2019<br />
|<br />
|Re-elected to 17th Lok Sabha (3rd term)<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|21 June 2019<br />
|<br />
|Member, Panel of Chairpersons, Lok Sabha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha of India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Rajendra}}<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:15th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Meerut district]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:16th Lok Sabha members]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ghaziabad district, India]]<br />
[[Category:17th Lok Sabha members]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rameshwar_Singh_Yadav&diff=413827Rameshwar Singh Yadav2023-08-16T19:15:09Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Rameshwar Singh Yadav<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Rameshwar Singh Yadav<br />
| constituency = <br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = March 2012<br />
| term_end = March 2017<br />
| predecessor = '''Awadhpal Singh Yadav'''<br />
| successor = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start2 = February 2002<br />
| term_end2 = May 2007<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = '''Awadhpal Singh Yadav'''<br />
| constituency3 = [[Aliganj (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
| office3 = <br />
| term_start3 = October 1996<br />
| term_end3 = March 2002<br />
| predecessor3 = '''Awadhpal Singh Yadav'''<br />
| successor3 = <br />
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| office4 = <br />
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| term_end4 = <br />
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| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| constituency6 = <br />
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| term_end6 = <br />
| predecessor6 = <br />
| successor6 = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1953|3|19}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/103.pdf}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = Etah district<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| parents = Lalaram Singh Yadav (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/><br /><br />
Dhoopkali Devi (mother)<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Rammurti Yadav (wife)<br />
| partner = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = 02 sons & 02 daughters<br />
| residence = Etah district<br />
| alma_mater = Janta Inter College<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1366}}</ref><br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = Farmer, businessperson & politician<br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Rameshwar Singh Yadav''' is an [[India]]n politician and a member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He represents the [[Aliganj (Assembly constituency)|Aliganj]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref><ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title=1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/aliganj.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Rameshwar Singh Yadav was born in Etah district. He attended the Janta Inter College and is educated till [[tenth grade]].<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Rameshwar Singh Yadav has been an<br />
[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for three terms. He represented the [[Aliganj (Assembly constituency)|Aliganj]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
He lost his seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] to Satyapal Singh Rauthar of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/aliganj-mla-results|title=ALIGANJ Election Result 2017, Winner, ALIGANJ MLA, Uttar Pradesh|website=NDTV.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || 2002 || 2007 || Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 03 || 1996 || 2002 || Member, [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Aliganj (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rameshwar Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:People from Etah district]]<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raju_Yadav&diff=413826Raju Yadav2023-08-16T19:14:59Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix =<br />
| name = Raju Yadav<br />
| honorific-suffix =<br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| constituency2 = [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start2 = March 2012<br />
| term_end2 = March 2017 <br />
| predecessor2 = Ashok Singh Chauhan<br />
| successor2 = <br />
| constituency =<br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start = March 2017<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| constituency3 = <br />
| office3 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| predecessor3 = <br />
| successor3 = <br />
| constituency4 = <br />
| office4 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| predecessor4 = <br />
| successor4 = <br />
| constituency5 = <br />
| office5 = <br />
| term_start5 = <br />
| term_end5 = <br />
| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| constituency6 = <br />
| office6 = <br />
| term_start6 = <br />
| term_end6 = <br />
| predecessor6 = <br />
| successor6 = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|12|27}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=8 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/107.pdf}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| restingplace =<br />
| restingplacecoordinates =<br />
| birthname =<br />
| parents = Chandrapal Singh (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| citizenship =<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Vandana Yadav (wife)<br />
| partner =<br />
| relations =<br />
| children = 2 <br />
| residence = Mainpuri district<br />
| alma_mater = [[Agra University]]<ref>https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1848</ref><br />
| occupation =<br />
| profession = Farmer, businessperson & politician<br />
| cabinet =<br />
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| blank1 =<br />
| data1 =<br />
}}<br />
'''Raju Yadav''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th]] and [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=8 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1386}}</ref> He represents the [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)|Mainpuri]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=8 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mainpuri.html}}</ref><br />
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==Early life and education==<br />
Raju Yadav was born in Firozabad district. He attended Narayan College of [[Agra University]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
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==Political career==<br />
Raju Yadav has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for two term. He represented the [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)|Mainpuri]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || March 2012 ||March 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || March 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
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{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Raju}}<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mainpuri district]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whisky&diff=413825Whisky2023-08-16T19:14:38Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the alcoholic beverage}}<br />
{{Short description|Distilled alcoholic beverage}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox beverage<br />
| name = Whisky<br />
| image = Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg<br />
| caption = A glass of whisky<br />
| abv = at least 40%<ref name="ABVWhiskMag">{{Cite web |last=Wisniewski |first=Ian |title=Does the ABV Really Matter? |url=https://whiskymag.com/story?does-the-abv-really-matter |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Whisky Magazine}}</ref> (37% in Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauer |first=Bruce T. |date=15 September 2016 |title=Why One Spirit Can Have Many Different ABVs |url=https://punchdrink.com/articles/why-one-spirit-has-different-abv-alcohol-proof-percentages/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard 2.7.5 – Spirits – 2.7.5—3(3)(b)(ii) |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00028 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Federal Register of Legislation – Food Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> 43% in South Africa<ref name=ABVWhiskMag/>)<br />
|ingredients=[[Malt]], water<br />
| variants = [[Irish whiskey]], [[Scotch whisky]], [[Bourbon whiskey]], [[Japanese whisky]], [[Canadian whisky]]<br />
| colour = Pale gold to dark amber<br />
| type = [[Liquor|Distilled beverage]]<br />
| proof = 80 and higher<br />
| introduced = 13th–15th century<br />
}}<br />
'''Whisky''' or '''whiskey''' is a type of [[liquor]] made from [[Fermentation in food processing|fermented]] [[grain]] [[mashing|mash]]. Various grains (which may be [[Malting|malted]]) are used for different varieties, including [[barley]], [[Maize|corn]], [[rye]], and [[wheat]]. Whisky is typically [[Aging (food)|aged]] in wooden [[cask]]s, which are typically made of charred [[white oak]]. Uncharred white oak casks previously used for the aging of [[Port wine|port]], [[rum]] or [[sherry]] are also sometimes used.<br />
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Whisky is a strictly regulated [[Alcoholic spirit|spirit]] worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, [[distillation]], and aging in wooden barrels.<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The word ''whisky'' (or ''whiskey'') is an [[anglicisation]] of the [[Classical Gaelic]] word {{lang|ghc|uisce}} (or {{lang|ghc|uisge}}) meaning "water" (now written as {{lang|ga|uisce}} in Modern Irish, and {{lang|gd|uisge}} in [[Scottish Gaelic]]). This Gaelic word shares its ultimate [[Indo-European_vocabulary#Natural_features|origins]] with Germanic ''water'' and Slavic ''voda'' of the same meaning. Distilled alcohol was known in [[Latin]] as {{lang|la|[[aqua vitae]]}} ("water of life"). This was [[Calque|translated]] into [[Old Irish]] as {{lang|sga|uisce beatha}}, which became [[uisce beatha]] ({{IPA-ga|ˈɪʃcə ˈbʲahə}}) in [[Irish language|Irish]] and {{lang|gd|uisge beatha}} {{IPA-gd|ˈɯʃkʲə ˈbɛhə||}} in Scottish Gaelic. Early forms of the word in English included ''uskebeaghe'' (1581), ''usquebaugh'' (1610), ''usquebath'' (1621), and ''usquebae'' (1715).<ref>{{Cite book|last=James A. H. Murray|url=http://archive.org/details/oedxaarch|title=A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society|date=1926|publisher=Clarendon Press at Oxford|others=Kragen Javier Sitaker}}</ref><br />
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===Names and spellings===<br />
Much is made of the word's two spellings: ''whisky'' and ''whiskey''.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', Second Edition: "In modern trade usage, Scotch whisky and Irish whiskey are thus distinguished in spelling; 'whisky' is the usual spelling in Britain and 'whiskey' that in the U.S."</ref><ref name=CowderySpelling2/><ref name=CowderySpelling1/> There are two schools of thought on the issue. One is that the spelling difference is simply a matter of regional language convention for the spelling of a word, indicating that the spelling varies depending on the intended audience or the background or personal preferences of the writer (like the difference between ''color'' and ''colour''; or ''recognize'' and ''recognise''),<ref name="CowderySpelling2">{{Cite web |last=Cowdery, Charles K. |date=24 February 2009 |title=Why Spelling Matters |url=http://chuckcowdery.blogspot.com/2009/02/why-spelling-matters.html |website=The Chuck Cowdery Blog}}</ref><ref name="CowderySpelling1">{{Cite web |last=Cowdery, Charles K. |date=11 February 2009 |title=New York Times Buckles To Pressure From Scotch Snobs |url=http://chuckcowdery.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-york-times-buckles-to-pressure-from.html |website=The Chuck Cowdery Blog}}</ref> and the other is that the spelling should depend on the style or origin of the spirit being described. There is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, one should not alter its spelling.<ref name=CowderySpelling2/><ref name=CowderySpelling1/><br />
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The spelling ''whiskey'' is common in [[Ireland]] and the [[United States]], while ''whisky'' is used in all other whisky-producing countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zandona |first=Eric |title=A World Guide to Whisk(e)y Distilleries |date=March 2013 |publisher=White Mule Press |isbn=978-0983638940 |location=Hayward |display-authors=etal}}</ref> In the US, the usage has not always been consistent. From the late eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zandona |first=Eric |title=Whiskey vs Whisky Series |url=http://www.ezdrinking.com/ezdrinking?tag=Whiskey+vs+Whisky |access-date=3 January 2015 |website=EZdrinking}}</ref> Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly used ''whiskey'' as the accepted spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US and ''whisky'' for aged grain spirits made outside the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zandona |first=Eric |title=Whiskey vs Whisky: Newspapers & Style Guides |url=http://www.ezdrinking.com/ezdrinking/2013/11/11/whiskey-vs-whisky-style-guides |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103225349/http://www.ezdrinking.com/ezdrinking/2013/11/11/whiskey-vs-whisky-style-guides |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |website=EZdrinking}}</ref> However, some prominent American brands, such as [[George Dickel]], [[Maker's Mark]], and [[Old Forester]] (all made by different companies), use the ''whisky'' spelling on their labels, and the ''Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits'', the legal regulations for spirit in the US, also use the ''whisky'' spelling throughout.<ref name="cfr5.22" /><br />
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===Scotch===<br />
Whisky made in Scotland is simply called ''whisky'' within Scotland, while elsewhere [and in the [[Scotch Whisky Association]] (SWA) regulations that govern its production] it is commonly called [[Scotch whisky]], or simply "Scotch" (especially in North America).<br />
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==History==<br />
<br />
=== Early distilling ===<br />
It is possible that [[distillation]] was practised by the [[Babylonia]]ns in [[Mesopotamia]] in the [[2nd millennium BC]], with perfumes and aromatics being distilled,<ref>Martin Levey (1956). "Babylonian Chemistry: A Study of Arabic and Second Millennium B.C. Perfumery", ''Osiris'' '''12''', p. 376-389.</ref> but this is subject to uncertain and disputed interpretations of evidence.<ref name="Forbes1970" /><br />
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The earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in [[Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD,<ref name="Forbes1970">{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=Robert James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C |title=A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal |publisher=BRILL |year=1970 |isbn=978-90-04-00617-1 |access-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the distillation technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century, but again these were not distillations of alcohol.<ref name="Forbes1970" /> Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, with the earliest records in Latin in the early 12th century.<ref name="Forbes1970" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Inge |url=https://archive.org/details/whiskytechnology00russ_601 |title=Whisky: technology, production and marketing |publisher=Academic Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-669202-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whiskytechnology00russ_601/page/n20 14] |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
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The earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine.<ref name="Forbes1970" /> An early description of the technique was given by [[Ramon Llull]] (1232–1315).<ref name="Forbes1970" /> Its use spread through medieval [[monasteries]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-27|title=The History of Whisky - The Whisky Guide|url=https://thewhiskyguide.com/the-history-of-whisky/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=thewhiskyguide.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of [[colic]] and [[smallpox]].<ref name="dotcom">{{Cite web |title=History of Scotch Whisky |url=http://whisky.com/history.html |access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ireland and Scotland ===<br />
The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, as did the common European practice of distilling "aqua vitae", spirit alcohol, primarily for medicinal purposes.<ref name="whisky tech">Whiskey: Technology, Production and Marketing: Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages Series p2 Academic Press 2003</ref> The practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh#History|Guild of Barber Surgeons]].<ref name="whisky tech" /> The earliest mention of whiskey in Ireland comes from the ''[[Annals of Clonmacnoise]]'', which attributes the death of a chieftain in 1405 to "taking a surfeit of aqua vitae" at Christmas.<ref name="Annals">{{Cite book|last1=O'Clery|first1=Michael|url=http://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo04ocleuoft|title=Annals of the kingdom of Ireland|last2=O'Clery|first2=Cucogry|last3=O'Mulconry|first3=Ferfeasa|last4=O'Duigenan|first4=Cucogry|last5=O'Clery|first5=Conary|last6=O'Donovan|first6=John|date=1856|publisher=Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co.|others=PIMS - University of Toronto}}</ref> In Scotland, the first evidence of whisky production comes from an entry in the ''Exchequer Rolls'' for 1495 where malt is sent "To Friar [[John Cor]], by order of the king, to make aquavitae", enough to make about 500 bottles.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Great Britain. Public Record Office|url=http://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir10grea|title=Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland|last2=Stuart|first2=John|last3=Burnett|first3=George|last4=Scotland. Court of Exchequer|date=1878|publisher=Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House|others=PIMS - University of Toronto}}</ref><br />
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[[James IV of Scotland]] (r. 1488–1513) reportedly had a great liking for Scotch whisky, and in 1506 the town of [[Dundee]] purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Barber-Surgeons, which held the monopoly on production at the time. <br />
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[[File:Distillerie OldBushmills.jpg|thumb|[[Old Bushmills Distillery]], [[County Antrim]]]]<br />
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The distillation process was still in its infancy; whisky itself was not allowed to age, and as a result tasted very raw and brutal compared to today's versions. Renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted. Over time whisky evolved into a much smoother drink.<br />
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With a royal licence to distil [[Irish whiskey]] from 1608, the [[Old Bushmills Distillery]] in [[Northern Ireland]] is the oldest licensed whiskey distillery in the world.<ref>Ciaran Brady (2000). Encyclopedia of Ireland: an A-Z guide to its people, places, history, and culture. Oxford University Press, p.11</ref><br />
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=== 18th century ===<br />
In 1707, the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] merged England and Scotland, and thereafter taxes on it rose dramatically.<ref name="guide">{{Cite web |title=The History of Whisky |url=http://www.thewhiskyguide.com/Facts/History.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125105734/http://www.thewhiskyguide.com/Facts/History.html |archive-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Following parliament's divisive [[malt tax]] of 1725, most of Scotland's distillation was either shut down or forced underground. Scotch whisky was hidden under altars, in coffins, and in any available space to avoid the governmental [[tax collector|excisemen]] or revenuers.<ref name="dotcom" /> Scottish distillers, operating out of homemade stills, took to distilling whisky at night when the darkness hid the smoke from the stills. For this reason, the drink became known as [[moonshine]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=What Is Whiskey?|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/history-of-whisky-1807685|access-date=2022-12-29|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en}}</ref> At one point, it was estimated that over half of Scotland's whisky output was illegal.<ref name="guide" /><br />
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In America, whisky was used as currency during the [[American Revolution]]; [[George Washington]] operated [[George Washington's Gristmill#Distillery|a large distillery]] at [[Mount Vernon]]. Given the distances and primitive transportation network of colonial America, farmers often found it easier and more profitable to convert corn to whisky and transport it to market in that form. It also was a highly coveted sundry and when an additional excise tax was levied against it in 1791, the [[Whiskey Rebellion]] erupted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2010 |title=Kevin R. Kosar, "What the Tea Party Could Learn from the Whiskey Rebellion", adapted from Kevin R. Kosar, Whiskey: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2010) |url=http://alcoholreviews.com/wp/?p=1237 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Alcoholreviews.com}}</ref><br />
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=== 19th century ===<br />
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[[File:Erskine Nicol, A Nip against the Cold (1869).jpg|thumb|right|upright|A man pours some whisky into a flask in this 1869 oil painting by Scottish artist [[Erskine Nicol]].]]<br />
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The drinking of Scotch whisky was introduced to India in the nineteenth century. The first distillery in India was built by Edward Dyer at [[Kasauli]] in the late 1820s. The operation was soon shifted to nearby [[Solan]] (close to the British [[summer capital]] [[Shimla]]), as there was an abundant supply of fresh spring water there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harrison|first=Joel|date=2011-12-29|title=Whisky in India|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ny0g0a6Vo9Xz7DlB2TGcYI/Whisky-in-India.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 1823, the UK passed the Excise Act, legalizing the distillation (for a fee), and this put a practical end to the large-scale production of Scottish moonshine.<ref name="dotcom" /><br />
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In 1831, [[Aeneas Coffey]] patented the [[column still|Coffey still]], allowing for a cheaper and more efficient distillation of whisky. In 1850, Andrew Usher began producing a [[blended whisky]] that mixed traditional [[pot still]] whisky with that from the new Coffey still. The new distillation method was scoffed at by some Irish distillers, who clung to their traditional [[pot still]]s. Many Irish contended that the new product was, in fact, not whisky at all.<ref name="Irish 1000">{{Cite book |last=Magee |first=Malachy |title=Irish Whiskey – A 1000 year tradition |publisher=[[O'Brien press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-86278-228-3 |page=144}}</ref><br />
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By the 1880s, the French [[brandy]] industry was devastated by the [[phylloxera]] pest that ruined much of the grape crop; as a result, whisky became the primary liquor in many markets.<ref name="dotcom" /><br />
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=== 20th century ===<br />
<br />
During the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] era in the United States lasting from 1920 to 1933, all alcohol sales were banned in the country. The federal government made an exemption for whisky prescribed by a doctor and sold through licensed pharmacies. During this time, the [[Walgreens]] pharmacy chain grew from 20 retail stores to almost 400.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Segal |first=David |date=26 June 2010 |title=When Capitalism Meets Cannabis |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/business/27pot.html}}</ref><br />
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==Production==<br />
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{{Multiple image<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 250<br />
| image1 = Making malt whisky- from barley to bottle.webm<br />
| image2 = Glenfiddich Distillery stills.jpg<br />
| footer = The production of whisky from barley to bottle ''(top)'', swan necked copper stills in the [[Glenfiddich]] distillery ''(bottom)''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Distillation===<br />
A [[still]] for making whisky is usually made of [[copper]], since it removes [[sulfur]]-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink. Modern stills are made of stainless steel with copper innards (piping, for example, will be lined with copper along with copper plate inlays along still walls). The simplest standard [[distillation]] apparatus is commonly known as a [[pot still]], consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol.<br />
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[[Column still]]s are frequently used in the production of [[grain whisky]] and are the most commonly used type of still in the production of [[Bourbon whiskey|bourbon]] and other American whiskeys. Column stills behave like a series of single pot stills, formed in a long vertical tube. Whereas a single pot still charged with wine might yield a vapour enriched to 40–60% alcohol, a column still can achieve a vapour alcohol content of 95.6%; an [[azeotrope|azeotropic]] mixture of alcohol and water.<br />
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===Aging===<br />
Whiskies do not mature in the bottle, only in the [[barrel|cask]], so the "age" of a whisky is only the time between distillation and bottling. This reflects how much the cask has interacted with the whisky, changing its chemical makeup and taste. Whiskies that have been bottled for many years may have a rarity value, but are not "older" and not necessarily "better" than a more recent whisky that matured in wood for a similar time. After a decade or two, additional aging in a barrel does not necessarily improve a whisky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Jason |date=18 July 2012 |title=Whiskey 101 |url=https://www.whiskeystill.net/blogs/whiskey-still-co-blog/6356446-whiskey-101 |access-date=14 July 2017 |publisher=The Whiskey Still Company}}</ref><br />
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While aging in wooden casks, especially [[American oak]] and [[Quercus robur|French oak]] casks, whisky undergoes six processes that contribute to its final flavour: [[extraction (chemistry)|extraction]], [[evaporation]], [[oxidation]], [[concentration]], [[filtration]], and [[colour]]ation.<ref>Nickles, Jane, 2015 Certified Specialist of Spirits Study Guide, Society of Wine Educators, p. 23 (2015).</ref> Extraction in particular results in whisky acquiring a number of compounds, including aldehydes and acids such as [[vanillin]], [[vanillic acid]], and [[syringaldehyde]].<ref>Jeffery, John D.E., Aging of Whiskey Spirits in Barrels of Non-Traditional Volume, Master's Thesis, Michigan State University, p. 30 (2012).</ref> The casks used for aging [[bourbon whiskey]] are required to be new (and charred); after being used for this purpose, these casks are typically exported for use in the aging of other whiskies elsewhere. Distillers will sometimes age their whiskey in barrels previously used to age other spirits, such as [[Port wine|port]], [[rum]] or [[sherry]], to impart particular flavours.<br />
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===Packaging===<br />
Most whiskies are sold at or near an alcoholic strength of 40% [[Alcohol by volume|abv]], which is the statutory minimum in some countries<ref name=cfr5.22/> – although the strength can vary, and cask-strength whisky may have as much as twice that alcohol percentage. Enthusiasts often prefer cask strength whisky for its concentrated flavors and customizable dilution experience.<br />
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===Exports===<br />
Whisky is probably the best known of Scotland's manufactured products. Exports have increased by 87% in the decade to 2012 and it contributes over £4.25 billion to the UK economy, making up a quarter of all its food and drink revenues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scotch Whisky Association |title=Scotch Whisky Exports Hit Record Level |url=http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/documents/scotch-whisky-exports-hit-record-level/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523183816/http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/documents/scotch-whisky-exports-hit-record-level/ |archive-date=23 May 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> In 2012, the US was the largest market for Scotch whisky (£655 million), followed by France (£535 million).<ref name="Scottgov">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2012 |title=Record high for food and drink |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/03/foodanddrinkexports270312 |access-date=17 January 2014 |publisher=Government of Scotland}}</ref> It is also one of the UK's overall top five manufacturing export earners and it supports around 35,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scotch Whisky Association |title=Scotch Whisky Briefing 2013 |url=http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-media/media-press/publications/publication/2039/scotch-whisky-briefing-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507123559/http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-media/media-press/publications/publication/2039/scotch-whisky-briefing-2013/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> Principal whisky producing areas include [[Strathspey, Scotland|Speyside]] and the [[Islay|Isle of Islay]], where there are nine distilleries providing a major source of employment. In many places, the industry is closely linked to [[tourism]], with many distilleries also functioning as attractions worth £30 million [[Gross value added|GVA]] each year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Whisky Barrel |date=12 September 2011 |title=Scotch Whisky Exports & Visitor Numbers Soar |url=http://www.thewhiskybarrel.com/blog/post/scotch-whisky-exports-soar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019085548/http://www.thewhiskybarrel.com/blog/post/scotch-whisky-exports-soar |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref><br />
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In 2011, 70% of Canadian whisky was exported, with about 60% going to the US, and the rest mostly to Europe and Asia.<ref name="CBC business">{{Cite news |last=Stastna, Kazi |date=25 May 2013 |title=Growing appetite for American whisky straining supply |publisher=CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/growing-appetite-for-american-whisky-straining-supply-1.1382836 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> 15 million cases of Canadian whisky were sold in the US in 2011.<ref name="CBC business" /><br />
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==Types==<br />
[[File:Auchentoshan03.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Copper [[pot still]]s at [[Auchentoshan Distillery]] in [[Scotch Whisky|Scotland]]]]<br />
[[File:WhiskyMaking Kilned BarleyMalt.jpg|thumb|right|Malted barley is an ingredient of some whiskies.]]<br />
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Whisky or whisky-like products are produced in most grain-growing areas. They differ in base product, alcoholic content, and quality.<br />
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* [[Malt whisky]] – made from [[malt|malted barley]]<br />
* [[Grain whisky]] – made from any type of grain<br />
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Malts and grains are combined in various ways:<br />
<br />
* ''[[Single malt whisky]]'' is whisky from a single distillery made from a mash that uses only one particular malted grain. Unless the whisky is described as ''single-cask'', it contains whisky from many casks, and different years, so the blender can achieve a taste recognisable as typical of the distillery. In most cases, single malts bear the name of the distillery, with an age statement and perhaps some indication of some special treatments, such as maturation in a [[port wine]] cask.<br />
* ''[[Blended malt whisky]]'' is a mixture of single malt whiskies from different distilleries. If whisky is labelled "pure malt" or just "malt" it is almost certainly a blended malt whisky. This was formerly called a "vatted malt" whisky.<br />
* ''[[Blended whisky]]'' is made from a mixture of different types of whisky. A blend may contain whisky from many distilleries so that the blender can produce a flavour consistent with the brand. The brand name may, therefore, omit the name of a distillery. Most Scotch, Irish and Canadian whisky is sold as part of a blend, even when the spirits are the product of one distillery, as is common in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Kergommeaux |first=Davin |title=Canadian Whisky: The Portable Expert |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7710-2743-7 |page=58}}</ref> American blended whisky may contain [[neutral spirits]].<br />
* ''[[Cask strength]]'' (also known as ''barrel proof'') whiskies are rare, and usually, only the very best whiskies are bottled in this way. They are bottled from the cask undiluted or only lightly diluted.<br />
* ''[[Single cask]]'' (also known as ''single barrel'') whiskies are bottled from an individual cask, and often the bottles are labelled with specific barrel and bottle numbers. The taste of these whiskies may vary substantially from cask to cask within a brand.<br />
<br />
== National varieties ==<br />
<br />
===American===<br />
{{Main|American whiskey}}<br />
[[File:DecaturBourbons.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Various American whiskeys on store shelves]]<br />
<br />
American whiskey is distilled from a fermented mash of [[cereal grain]]. It must have the taste, aroma, and other characteristics commonly attributed to whiskey.<br />
<br />
Some types of whiskey listed in the United States federal regulations<ref name="cfr5.22">{{Cite web |title=Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits, Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations, Pt. 5.22 |url=http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/aprqtr/pdf/27cfr5.22.pdf |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> are:<br />
* [[Bourbon whiskey]]: made from [[Mashing|mash]] that consists of at least 51% corn ([[maize]]) and aged in new charred American white oak barrels.<br />
* [[Corn whiskey]]: made from mash that consists of at least 80% corn and is not aged, or, if aged, is aged in uncharred or used barrels. <br />
* [[Malt whisky|Malt whiskey]]: made from mash that consists of at least 51% malted [[barley]]<br />
* [[Rye whiskey]]: made from mash that consists of at least 51% [[rye]]<br />
* [[Rye malt whiskey]]: made from mash that consists of at least 51% malted rye<br />
* [[Wheat whiskey]]: made from mash that consists of at least 51% [[wheat]]<br />
<br />
These types of American whiskey must be distilled to no more than 80% [[alcohol by volume]], and barrelled at no more than 125 [[alcoholic proof|proof]]. Only water may be added to the final product; the addition of colouring or flavouring is prohibited. These whiskeys must be aged in new charred-oak containers, except for corn whiskey, which does not have to be aged. If it is aged, it must be in uncharred oak barrels or in used barrels. Corn whiskey is usually unaged and sold as a legal version of [[moonshine]].<br />
<br />
There is no minimum aging period required for a spirit to legally be called whiskey. If one of these whiskey types reaches two years aging or beyond, it is additionally designated as ''[[straight whiskey|straight]]'', e.g., ''straight rye whiskey''. A whiskey that fulfils all above requirements but derives from less than 51% of any one specific grain can be called simply a ''straight whiskey'' without naming a grain.<br />
<br />
US regulations recognize other whiskey categories,<ref name=cfr5.22/> including:<br />
<br />
* [[Blended whiskey]]: a mixture that contains a blend of straight whiskeys and [[neutral grain spirits]] (NGS), and may also contain flavourings and colourings. The percentage of NGS must be disclosed on the label and may be as much at 80% on a proof gallon basis.<br />
* [[Grain whisky|Light whiskey]]: produced in the US at more than 80% [[alcohol by volume]] and stored in used or uncharred new oak containers<br />
* [[Spirit whiskey]]: a mixture of neutral spirits and at least 5% of certain stricter categories of whiskey<br />
<br />
Another important labelling in the marketplace is [[Tennessee whiskey]], which includes brands such as [[Jack Daniel's]], [[George Dickel]], [[Collier and McKeel]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Collier and McKeel |url=http://collierandmckeel.com/ |website=collierandmckeel.com |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813203918/http://collierandmckeel.com/ |archive-date=August 13, 2011 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Prichard's Tennessee Whiskey|Benjamin Prichard's]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Prichard's Tennessee Whiskey |url=http://www.prichardsdistillery.com/whiskey/tennessee-whiskey.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112723/http://www.prichardsdistillery.com/whiskey/tennessee-whiskey.cfm |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2017}}</ref> The main difference defining a Tennessee whiskey is that it must be [[Carbon filtering|filtered]] through [[sugar maple]] [[charcoal]] before aging, known as the [[Lincoln County Process]]. (Benjamin Prichard's, which is not so filtered, was grandfathered in when the requirement was introduced in 2017.)<ref name="WhiskyFightInTennessee">{{Cite web |last=Stambor |first=Zak |date=16 February 2015 |title=A whiskey fight in Tennessee |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-food-0220-drink-tennessee-whiskey-20150216-story.html |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> The rest of the distillation process of Tennessee Whiskey is identical to [[bourbon whiskey]].<ref name="CowderyMyths">{{Cite web |last=Cowdery |first=Charles K. |date=16 December 2009 |title=Favorite whiskey myths debunked |url=http://chuckcowdery.blogspot.com/2009/12/favorite-whiskey-myths-debunked.html |access-date=9 July 2017 |website=The Chuck Cowdery Blog}}</ref><ref name="CowderyTennessee">{{Cite web |last=Cowdery |first=Charles K. |date=21 February 2009 |title=Tennessee Whiskey Versus Bourbon Whiskey |url=http://chuckcowdery.blogspot.com/2009/02/tennessee-whiskey-versus-bourbon.html |access-date=9 July 2017 |website=The Chuck Cowdery Blog}}</ref> Whiskey sold as "Tennessee whiskey" is defined as bourbon under [[NAFTA]]<ref name="nafta313">{{Cite web |title=North American Free Trade Agreement Annex 313: Distinctive products |url=http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/nafta/chap-034.asp |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Sice.oas.org}}</ref> and at least one other international trade agreement,<ref name="SICE">{{Cite web|title=SICE- Free Trade Agreement between Chile and the United States of America|url=http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/chiusa_e/Text_e.asp|access-date=2022-12-29|website=www.sice.oas.org}}</ref> and is similarly required to meet the legal definition of bourbon under Canadian law.<ref name="CanadaRequirementTennWhisky">{{Cite web |title=Canada Food and Drug regulations, C.R.C. C.870, provision B.02.022.1 |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-58.html?texthighlight=tennessee#s-B.02.022.1 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Laws.justice.gc.ca}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Australian===<br />
{{main|Australian whisky}}<br />
Australian whiskies have won global whisky awards and medals, including the [[World Whiskies Awards]] and Jim Murray's Whisky Bible "Liquid Gold Awards".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2012 |title=Move over Fosters, Whisky Bible toasts Australian drams |work=Scotsman.com |url=http://www.scotsman.com/scotland-on-sunday/scotland/move_over_fosters_whisky_bible_toasts_australian_drams_1_2043257 |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Canadian===<br />
[[File:CanadianWhisky.JPG|right|thumb|Various Canadian whiskies]]<br />
{{Main|Canadian whisky}}<br />
By Canadian law, Canadian whiskies must be produced and aged in Canada, be distilled from a fermented mash of cereal grain, be aged in wood barrels with a capacity limit of {{convert|700|L|USgal impgal|0}} for not less than three years, and "possess the aroma, taste and character generally attributed to Canadian whisky".<ref name="B.02.020">{{Cite web|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2022-09-27|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Food and Drug Regulations|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-57.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> The terms "Canadian Whisky", "Rye Whisky", and "Canadian Rye Whisky" are legally indistinguishable in Canada and do not require any specific grain in their production and are often blends of two or more grains. Canadian whiskies may contain [[caramel]] and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits, and there is no maximum limit on the alcohol level of the distillation.<ref name=B.02.020/> The minimum bottling proof is 40% ABV.<ref name=B.02.020/> To be exported under one of the "Canadian Whisky" designations, a whisky cannot contain more than 9.09% imported spirits.<ref name="Terms">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2009 |title=Terms and Conditions for the Issuance of Certificates of Age and Origin for Distilled Spirits Produced or Packaged in Canada |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SI-2009-61/page-2.html#sched1 |access-date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Canada – Justice Laws Website}}</ref><br />
<br />
Canadian whiskies are available throughout the world and are a culturally significant export. Well known brands include [[Crown Royal]], [[Canadian Club]], [[Seagram's]], and [[Wiser's]] among others. The historic popularity of Canadian whisky in the United States is partly a result of [[rum runners]] illegally importing it into the country during the period of [[American Prohibition]].<br />
<br />
===Danish===<br />
[[Denmark]] began producing whisky early in 1974. The first Danish single malt to go on sale was Lille Gadegård from Bornholm, in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2009 |title=Første danske whisky i 35 år |trans-title=First Danish whiskey for 35 years |url=http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Bornholm/Nyheder/Bornholm/2009/05/05/05110016.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023192225/http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Bornholm/Nyheder/Bornholm/2009/05/05/05110016.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=15 April 2013 |website=Dr.dk |language=da}}</ref> Lille Gadegård is a winery as well, and uses its own wine casks to mature whisky.<br />
<br />
The second Danish distilled single malt whisky for sale was Edition No.1 from the Braunstein microbrewery and distillery. It was distilled in 2007, using water from the Greenlandic ice sheet, and entered the market in March 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2010 |title=''B.T.'', "Dansk whisky destilleres på indlandsis", (in Danish) |url=http://www.bt.dk/danmark/dansk-whisky-destilleres-paa-indlandsis |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Bt.dk}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another distillery is [[Stauning Whisky]], based in Jutland.<br />
<br />
[https://nyborgdestilleri.com/ Nyborg Destilleri], from the island Funen ([[Funen|Fyn]]) in the center of Denmark, produces [[Organic food|organic]] whisky and other organic spirits. The distillery was established in 2009, and in 2020 they launched their first 10 year old whisky.<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
{{main|English whisky}}<br />
There are currently{{when|date=October 2021}} at least eight distilleries producing English whisky. Distillers operated in London, Liverpool, and Bristol until the late 19th century, after which production of English [[single malt whisky]] ceased until 2003.<ref name="FirstBBC">{{Cite news|date=2003-05-01|title=Cornish take on Scotch|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/2992925.stm|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Finnish===<br />
{{Main|Finnish whisky}}<br />
In 2005, there were two working distilleries in Finland and a third one under construction. Whisky retail sales in Finland are controlled solely by the state [[alcohol monopoly]] [[Alko]] and advertising of strong alcoholic beverages is banned.<ref>{{Cite web |title='With a Dash of Water' Finnish Whisky Culture and its Future |url=http://batman.jamk.fi/~voyager/opin/index.php?show=3995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184840/http://batman.jamk.fi/~voyager/opin/index.php?show=3995 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
===French===<br />
{{main|French whisky}}<br />
French whisky is whisky produced in France. The distilleries producing French whisky include [[Glann ar Mor distillery|Glann ar Mor]] and Warenghem in Brittany, Guillon in the Champagne region, and Grallet-Dupic in Lorraine. [[Buckwheat whisky]] is produced by Distillerie des Menhirs in [[Plomelin]], Brittany.<ref name="menhirs">{{Cite web |title=Distillerie des Menhirs |url=http://www.distillerie.bzh/en/distillery/the-buckwheat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034439/http://www.distillerie.bzh/en/distillery/the-buckwheat/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> In 2022, there were around 100 whisky producers in France. <br />
<br />
The first French whisky was produced at Warenghem distillery in 1987, who then introduced the first single malt French whisky in 1998.{{cn|date=December 2021}}<br />
<br />
According to a study in 2016, the French are the largest consumers of whisky in the world, especially Scotch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=10 of the biggest scotch whisky-consuming countries around the world |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/food-drink/drinks/biggest-scotch-whisky-consuming-countries-france-india-to-russia/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Georgian===<br />
The first [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] whisky has been made by Georgian wine-maker, co-founder of "Askaneli Brothers", Jimsher Chkhaidze. JIMSHER whisky is made by traditional Scottish method and is presented from 2016. On the bottle and tag design worked Georgian product designer Zviad Tsikolia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=Georgian whisky wins silver awards at World Whisky Masters 2017 |url=http://news.hvino.com/2017/08/georgian-whisky-wins-silver-awards-at.html |publisher=hvino.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
New Georgian blended whisky is presented with three varieties, such are:<br />
*Aged in Georgian ex-wine "[[Saperavi]]" oak cask;<br />
*Aged in Georgian ex-wine "[[Tsinandali wine|Tsinandali]]" oak cask;<br />
*Aged in ex-Georgian Brandy oak cask;<br />
Georgian whisky is available on markets such as [[China]], [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Kazakhstan]].<br />
In 2017 on "World Whiskey Masters" degustation contest which happened in London, Georgian whisky got silver medal in different categories. On the same year Georgian whisky was rewarded with its first gold medal and silver medals on the contest "Global Travel Retail Spirits Masters".<br />
In March 2018 JIMSHER got rewarded by silver medal in "Best World Whisky" category by "International Whisky Competition".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=International Whisky competition, 2018 Official Results |url=https://www.whiskycompetition.com/2018-results |publisher=whiskycompetition.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===German===<br />
{{Main|German whisky}}<br />
German whisky production is a relatively recent phenomenon having only started in the early 1990s. The styles produced resemble those made in Ireland, Scotland and the United States: single malts, blends, wheat, and bourbon-like styles. There is no standard spelling of German whiskies with distilleries using both "whisky" and "whiskey". In 2008 there were 23 distilleries in Germany producing whisky.<ref name="autogenerated254">{{Cite book |last=MaClean |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/whiskey00macl |title=Whiskey |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7566-3349-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whiskey00macl/page/n254 254]–265 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indian===<br />
{{Main|Indian whisky}}<br />
Distilled alcoholic beverages that are labelled as "whisky" in [[India]] were commonly blends based on [[neutral spirits]] that are distilled from fermented [[molasses]]/grain with only a small portion consisting of traditional malt whisky, usually about 10 to 12 percent. Outside India, such a drink would more likely be labelled a [[rum]].<ref name="WSJRum">{{Cite web|last=Felten|first=Eric|title=Where 'Whisky' Can Be Rum|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115653128082145738|access-date=2022-12-29|website=WSJ|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Battle">{{Cite web |last=Peachey |first=Paul |date=3 March 2006 |title=Battle for the world's largest whisky market – India |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=265802&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601194459/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=265802&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=1 June 2008 |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=[[South Africa]] [[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> According to the [[Scotch Whisky Association]]'s 2013 annual report, "there is no compulsory definition of whisky in India, and the Indian voluntary standard does not require whisky to be distilled from cereals or to be matured."<ref name="business-standard2">{{Cite news |date=12 May 2014 |title=Scotch whisky makers threaten action against Indian blends |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=PTI |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/scotch-whisky-makers-threaten-action-against-indian-blends-114051200796_1.html |access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> Molasses-based blends made up 90 percent of the spirits consumed as "whisky" in India,<ref name="Stretch">{{Cite web|last=beveragedaily.com|title=Obesity lawsuits loom for soft drinks industry|url=https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2006/01/25/Obesity-lawsuits-loom-for-soft-drinks-industry|access-date=2022-12-29|website=beveragedaily.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> although whisky wholly distilled from malt and other grains is also produced.<ref name="Amrut">{{Cite web|title=Amrut Distilleries: The Pioneers Of Indian Single Malt|url=https://www.amrutdistilleries.com/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=www.amrutdistilleries.com}}</ref> By 2004 shortages of wheat had been overcome and India was one of the largest producers. [[Amrut (whisky)|Amrut]], the first single malt whisky produced in India, was launched in Glasgow, Scotland in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |date=29 April 2012 |title=How India's first single malt brand Amrut Distilleries cracked luxury market in West |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/how-indias-first-single-malt-brand-amrut-distilleries-cracked-luxury-market-in-west/articleshow/12912782.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> After expanding in Europe it was launched in India in 2010.<br />
<br />
By 2022 India produced many whiskies both for the local market—the most lucrative market for whisky in the world—and export. Indian single malts comprised 15% of the local market in 2017, increasing to 33% in 2022. In the three years to 2022 sales of Indian malts increased by an annual average of 42%, compared with 7% for imported rivals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Charu Sudan Kasturi |date=4 June 2022 |title=How India's new taste for local whisky is shaking up the global drinks market |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jun/04/how-indias-new-taste-for-local-whisky-is-shaking-up-the-global-drinks-market}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Irish===<br />
[[File:IrishWhiskey.jpg|right|thumb|Various Irish whiskeys]]<br />
{{Main|Irish whiskey}}<br />
Irish whiskeys are normally distilled three times, [[Cooley Distillery]] being the exception as they also double distil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Differences between Scotch and Irish whiskey |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-12549581.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505062751/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-12549581.html |archive-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Though traditionally distilled using pot stills, the [[column still]] is now used to produce grain whiskey for blends. By law, Irish whiskey must be produced in Ireland and aged in wooden casks for a period of no less than three years, although in practice it is usually three or four times that period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Ireland |title=Irish Whiskey Act, 1980 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1980/act/33/enacted/en/print |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref> [[peat|Unpeated]] malt is almost always used, the main exception being [[Cooley Distillery#Current product range|Connemara]] Peated Malt whiskey. There are several types of whiskey common to Ireland: [[Single malt whisky|single malt]], single grain, [[blended whiskey]] and [[single pot still whiskey]].<br />
<br />
Irish whiskey was once the most popular spirit in the world, though a long period of decline from the late 19th century to the late 20th century greatly damaged the industry,<ref name="highspirits">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2013 |title=Distillers in high spirits as the whiskey sector enters golden era |work=www.irishtimes.com |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/agribusiness-and-food/distillers-in-high-spirits-as-the-whiskey-sector-enters-golden-era-1.1587330/ |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> so much so that, although Ireland boasted over 30 distilleries in the 1890s, a century later this number had fallen to just three. However, Irish whiskey has seen a great resurgence in popularity since the late twentieth century, and has been the fastest growing spirit in the world every year since 1990.<ref name="highspirits" /> With exports growing by over 15% per annum in recent years, existing distilleries have been expanded and a number of new distilleries constructed. As of mid 2019, Ireland now has twenty-five distilleries in operation, with twenty-four more in either planned or under development.<ref name="IWA1">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Irish Whiskey |date=11 June 2019 |title=Congratulations to IWA member @DiageoIreland and Head Distiller Lorna Hemy on the commencement of distilling at Roe & Co Distillery. This marks the 25th Irish whiskey distillery to enter operations, with a further 24 in planning or development! #growth #Irishwhiskeypic.twitter.com/fznOkeTUoi |url=https://twitter.com/IrishWhiskeyAsc/status/1138445908562104320 |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=@IrishWhiskeyAsc |language=en}}</ref> However, many of these have not been operating long enough to have products sufficiently aged for sale, and only one of which was operating prior to 1975.<br />
<br />
===Japanese===<br />
{{Main|Japanese whisky}}<br />
<br />
Japan produces both single malt and blended whiskies. The base is a mash of malted barley, dried in kilns fired with a little peat (although less than what is used for some peated Scotch whiskies), and is distilled using the pot still method.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=5 Things You Need To Know About Japanese Whisky |url=https://time.com/3556449/japanese-whisky-best-in-world/ |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=words: VinePair |title=Japanese Whisky Guide {{!}} Learn About Japanese Whisky |url=https://vinepair.com/spirits-101/intro-japanese-whisky-guide/ |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=VinePair |language=en-US}}</ref> Production began in the 1920s. Before 2000, Japanese whisky was primarily for the domestic market and exports were limited. In recent years, though, Japanese whisky has grown in popularity on the global market. Japanese whiskies such as [[Suntory]] and [[Nikka Whisky Distilling|Nikka]] won many prestigious international awards between 2007 and 2014. Japanese whisky has earned a reputation for quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards Won by Nikka Whisky |url=http://www.nikka.com/eng/award/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217035526/http://www.nikka.com/eng/award/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Nikka.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coldicott |first=Nicholas |date=23 May 2008 |title=Japanese malt scotches rivals |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fg20080523lc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528045734/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fg20080523lc.html |archive-date=28 May 2008 |website=The Japan Times Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Mexican===<br />
{{Main|Mexican whisky}}<br />
<br />
Mexican whisky is relatively young as it has not been as popular in the country as other distilled drinks but recently many distillers in the country have started to make a push to create homegrown whisky and make it as popular as whisky from other countries.<br />
<br />
=== Scotch ===<br />
[[File:Scotch whiskies.jpg|right|thumb|Various Scotch whiskies]]<br />
{{Main|Scotch whisky}}<br />
Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America).<br />
[[File:Scotch regions.svg|right|thumb|The regions of Scotch whisky]]<br />
Scotch whiskies are generally distilled twice, although some are distilled a third time and others even up to twenty times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Michael |title=Michael Jackson's Malt Whisky Companion |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7513-0146-5 |page=12}}</ref> Scotch Whisky Regulations require anything bearing the label "Scotch" to be distilled in Scotland and matured for a minimum of three years in oak casks, among other, more specific criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASIL Insight: WTO Protections for Food Geographic Indications |url=http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh43.htm |access-date=25 August 2007}}</ref> Any age statement on the bottle, in the form of a number, must reflect the age of the youngest Scotch whisky used to produce that product. A whisky with an age statement is known as guaranteed age whisky.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does a whisky's age really mean? |url=http://www.whatdoesjohnknow.com/2010/06/28/what-does-a-whiskys-age-really-mean/ |access-date=14 July 2010 |archive-date=3 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703110252/http://www.whatdoesjohnknow.com/2010/06/28/what-does-a-whiskys-age-really-mean/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scotch whisky without an age statement may, by law, be as young as three years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=So, Does Age Matter? |url=http://www.maltmaniacs.org/whisky-articles/Malt-Maniacs-2010-04-Does-the-age-of-Scotch-whisky-matter.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414061307/http://www.maltmaniacs.org/whisky-articles/Malt-Maniacs-2010-04-Does-the-age-of-Scotch-whisky-matter.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2011 |access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref><br />
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The basic types of Scotch are malt and grain, which are combined to create blends. Scotch malt whiskies were divided into five main regions: [[Highland single malts|Highland]], [[Lowland single malts|Lowland]], [[Islay single malts|Islay]], [[Speyside single malt|Speyside]] and [[Campbeltown single malts|Campbeltown]].<ref name="SWAMAP">{{Cite web |title=Whisky Regions |url=https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/discover/enjoying-scotch/scotch-whisky-regions/ |access-date=28 April 2019 |publisher=Scotch Whisky Association}}</ref> Each of the whisky producing regions has a distinct flavour profile and characteristics to the whisky they produce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Whisky Regions Scotland |url=https://theplateunknown.com/whisky-regions-scotland/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=The Plate Unknown |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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There is also a sixth region recognized by some sources, though not by the Scotch Whisky Association,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotch Whisky Regions |url=https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/discover/enjoying-scotch/scotch-whisky-regions/}}</ref> The Islands, excluding Islay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=The beginner's guide to scotch whisky |url=https://foodism.co.uk/guides/scotch-whisky-regions-guide/}}</ref> This unofficial region, (part of the Highlands according to the Association), includes the following whisky-producing islands making [[Island single malt]]: [[Arran distillery|Arran]], [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]], [[Isle of Mull|Mull]], [[Orkney]], and [[Skye]].<br />
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===Swedish===<br />
Whisky started being produced in Sweden in 1955 by the now defunct ''Skeppets whisky'' brand. Their last bottle was sold in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skeppets whisky – English version |url=http://www.swedishwhisky.se/english/skeppets.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402100139/http://www.swedishwhisky.se/english/skeppets.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=11 September 2011}}</ref> In 1999 [[Mackmyra Whisky]] was founded and is today the largest producer and has won several awards including European Whisky of the Year in Jim Murray's 2011 Whisky Bible<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Whisky Bible Award Winners |url=http://www.whiskybible.com/2011whiskybibleawards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730133532/http://www.whiskybible.com/2011whiskybibleawards.htm |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> and the International Wine & Spirits Competition (IWSC) 2012 Award for Best European Spirits Producer of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Producer Trophies - IWSC.NET |url=http://www.iwsc.net/2012producer-trophies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014224905/http://www.iwsc.net/2012producer-trophies |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><br />
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===Taiwanese===<br />
{{main|Taiwanese whisky}}<br />
[[Kavalan Distillery|Kavalan]] was the first private whisky distillery in [[Taiwan]]. In January 2010, one of the distillery's products caused a stir by beating three Scotch whiskies and one English whisky in a blind tasting organised in [[Leith]], Scotland, to celebrate [[Burns Night]].<sup>[[Kavalan Distillery#cite note-FOOTNOTEWade2010-4|[4]]] [[Kavalan Distillery#cite note-FOOTNOTERosenblatt2010-5|[5]]]</sup> The distillery was named by ''Whisky Magazine'' as the World Icons of Whisky "Whisky Visitor Attraction of the Year" for 2011, and its products have won several other awards.<sup>[[Kavalan Distillery#cite note-FOOTNOTENiinimaa2012-3|[3]]]</sup> In 2012, Kavalan's {{not a typo|Solist}} Fino Sherry Cask malt whisky was named "new whisky of the year" by [[Jim Murray (whisky writer)|Jim Murray]] in his guide, ''[[Jim Murray's Whisky Bible]]''.<sup>[[Kavalan Distillery#cite note-6|[6]]]</sup> In 2015, Kavalan's {{not a typo|Solist}} Vinho Barrique Single Cask was named the world's best single malt whisky by World Whiskies Awards.<sup>[[Kavalan Distillery#cite note-7|[7]]] [[Kavalan Distillery#cite note-8|[8]]]</sup> In 2016, Kavalan {{not a typo|Solist}} Amontillado Sherry Single Cask was named the world's best single malt whisky by World Whisky Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paragraph.co.uk |title=Kavalan Solist Amontillado Sherry Single Cask Strength – World's Best Single Cask Single Malt Whisky |url=http://www.worldwhiskiesawards.com/kavalan-solist-amontillado-sherry-single-cask-strength.25585.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123121503/http://www.worldwhiskiesawards.com/kavalan-solist-amontillado-sherry-single-cask-strength.25585.html |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=World Whiskies Awards}}</ref><br />
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===Welsh===<br />
{{Main|Welsh whisky}}<br />
Although distillation of whisky in Wales began in Middle Ages there were no commercially operated distilleries during the 20th century. The rise of the temperance movement saw the decline of the commercial production of liquor during the 19th century and in 1894 Welsh whisky production ceased. The revival of Welsh whisky began in the 1990s. Initially a "Prince of Wales" malt whisky was sold as Welsh whisky but was simply blended scotch bottled in Wales. A lawsuit by Scotch distillers ended this enterprise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Amanda |date=8 May 2000 |title=Welsh will make a rare bit of whiskey |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/welsh-will-make-a-rare-bit-of-whiskey-718646.html |url-status=dead |access-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125094155/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/welsh-will-make-a-rare-bit-of-whiskey-718646.html |archive-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> In 2000, Penderyn Distillery started production of [[Penderyn (whisky)|Penderyn single malt whisky]]. The first bottles went on sale on 1 March 2004, [[Saint David's Day]], and it is now sold worldwide. Penderyn Distillery is located in the [[Brecon Beacons|Brecon Beacons National Park]] and is considered to be the smallest distillery in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet Whiskies Welsh Distillery Section |url=http://www.planetwhiskies.com/distilleries/welsh.html |access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref><br />
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===Other===<br />
[[ManX Spirit]] from the [[Isle of Man]] is distilled elsewhere and re-distilled in the country of its nominal "origin". The ManX distillery takes a previously matured Scotch malt whisky and re-distils it.<ref>Alan J. Buglass<br />
(2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNc34oNpg0AC&dq=manx+spirit+-+redistilled&pg=PT103 Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages] p.532. John Wiley and Sons</ref><br />
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[[Frysk Hynder]] is a [[Friesland|Frisian]] single malt, distilled and bottled in the ''Us Heit Distillery''. It is the first single malt produced in Friesland, Netherlands.<ref name="autogenerated254" /><br />
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In 2008 at least two distilleries in the traditionally [[brandy]]-producing [[Caucasus]] region announced their plans to enter the Russian domestic market with whiskies. The [[Stavropol]]-based Praskoveysky distillery bases its product on Irish whiskey, while in [[Kizlyar]], [[Dagestan]]'s "Russian Whisky" announced a Scotch-inspired drink in single malt, blended and wheat varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=<!-- English translation of title --> "Kizlyar" will produce whiskey in Russia |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2008/04/17/whiskey/ |website=Lenta.ru report |language=ru}}</ref><br />
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In 2010 a Czech whisky was released, the 21-year-old "Hammer Head".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hammer Head Story |url=http://www.whisky-pages.com/stories/hammerhead.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318123213/http://www.whisky-pages.com/stories/hammerhead.htm |archive-date=18 March 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Whisky-pages.com}}</ref><br />
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Puni is an Italian distillery in [[Glurns]] that makes single malt whisky, including Alba, which is matured in [[Marsala wine|Marsala]] casks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Italy's whisky pioneers {{!}} Scotch Whisky |url=https://scotchwhisky.com/magazine/around-the-world/from-our-correspondent/16113/meet-italy-s-whisky-pioneers/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=scotchwhisky.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puni |url=https://www.whiskybase.com/whiskies/distillery/542/puni |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=Whiskybase.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Italian Single Malt Whisky – PUNI / NOVA – World Whisky awards 2016 |url=http://www.worldwhiskiesawards.com/winner/best-italian-single-malt-whisky-world-whiskies-awards-2016 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=www.worldwhiskiesawards.com |language=en-UK}}</ref><br />
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[[Destilerías y Crianza del Whisky S.A.]] is a whisky distillery in Spain. Its eight-year-old Whisky DYC is a combination of malts and spirits distilled from barley aged separately a minimum of eight years in [[American oak]] barrels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DYC Reserva 8 Años |url=http://www.licorea.com/dyc-reserva-8-a%C3%B1os-p-572.html |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Licorea.com |location=SPAIN}}</ref><br />
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==Chemistry==<br />
<br />
===Overview===<br />
Whiskies and other [[distilled beverage]]s, such as [[cognac (drink)|cognac]] and [[rum]], are complex beverages that contain a vast range of [[flavouring]] compounds, of which some 200 to 300 are easily detected by chemical analysis. The flavouring chemicals include "[[carbonyl]] compounds, alcohols, [[carboxylic acid]]s and their [[ester]]s, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, [[tannin]]s, and other [[natural phenol|polyphenolic]] compounds, [[terpene]]s, and oxygen-containing, [[heterocyclic compound]]s" and esters of [[fatty acids]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maarse |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC |title=Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages |publisher=CRC Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7 |page=548}}</ref> The nitrogen compounds include [[pyridine]]s, [[picoline]]s and [[pyrazine]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Belitz |first1=Hans-Dieter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QWbLTSL6HoC |title=Food Chemistry |last2=Schieberle |first2=Peter |last3=Grosch |first3=Werner |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-540-40818-5 |page=936}}</ref> The sulfur compounds include thiophenes and polysulfides which seem to contribute to whiskey's roasted character.<ref name="Cole 361–385">{{Cite book |last1=Cole |first1=V. C. |title=Fermented Beverage Production |last2=Noble |first2=A. C. |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=9781475752168 |editor-last=Lea |editor-first=A. G. H. |pages=361–385 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-5214-4_14 |editor-last2=Piggott |editor-first2=J. R.}}</ref><br />
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===Flavours from treating the malt===<br />
The distinctive smoky flavour found in various types of whisky, especially Scotch<!--single Islay malts particularly -->, is due to the use of [[peat]] smoke to treat the [[malt]].<br />
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===Flavours from distillation===<br />
The flavouring of whisky is partially determined by the presence of [[Congener (alcohol)|congeners]] and [[fusel oil]]s. Fusel oils are higher alcohols than [[ethanol]], are mildly [[toxic]], and have a strong, disagreeable smell and taste. An excess of fusel oils in whisky is considered a defect. A variety of methods are employed in the distillation process to remove unwanted fusel oils. Traditionally, American distillers focused on secondary filtration using [[charcoal]], [[gravel]], [[sand]], or [[linen]] to remove undesired distillates.<br />
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[[Acetal]]s are rapidly formed in distillates and a great many are found in distilled beverages, the most prominent being [[acetaldehyde]] diethyl acetal ([[1,1-diethoxyethane]]). Among whiskies the highest levels are associated with malt whisky.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maarse |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC |title=Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages |publisher=CRC Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7 |page=553}}</ref> This acetal is a principal flavour compound in [[sherry]], and contributes fruitiness to the aroma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=June 2007 |url=http://www.beerbrewer.co.uk/2007/06/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219120702/https://www.beerbrewer.co.uk/2007/06/ |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007 |publisher=The Beer Brewer}}</ref><br />
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The diketone [[diacetyl]] (2,3-butanedione) has a buttery aroma and is present in almost all distilled beverages. Whiskies and cognacs typically contain more of this than [[vodka]]s, but significantly less than rums or [[brandy|brandies]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maarse |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC |title=Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages |publisher=CRC Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7 |page=554}}</ref><br />
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Polysulfides and thiophenes enter whiskey through the distillation process and contribute to its roasted flavour.<ref name="Cole 361–385" /><br />
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===Flavours from oak===<br />
[[File:Oak Barrel.png|thumb|A charred oak barrel used to age whiskey]]<br />
Whisky that has been aged in [[Barrel#Whiskey|oak barrels]] absorbs substances from the wood. One of these is [[cis-3-methyl-4-octanolide]], known as the "whisky [[lactone]]" or "quercus lactone", a compound with a strong [[coconut]] aroma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aromas and Flavours |url=http://www.wine-pages.com/guests/tom/taste5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018025957/http://www.wine-pages.com/guests/tom/taste5.htm |archive-date=18 October 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007 |publisher=Wine-Pages.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Belitz |first1=Hans-Dieter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QWbLTSL6HoC |title=Food Chemistry |last2=Schieberle |first2=Peter |last3=Grosch |first3=Werner |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-540-40818-5 |page=383}}</ref><br />
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Commercially charred oaks are rich in [[natural phenol|phenolic compounds]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is The Chemistry Of Whisky? |url=https://topwhiskies.com/blogs/whisky-blog/what-is-the-chemistry-of-whisky |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=TopWhiskies |language=en}}</ref> One study identified 40 different phenolic compounds. The [[coumarin]] [[scopoletin]] is present in whisky, with the highest level reported in [[Bourbon whiskey]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maarse |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC |title=Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages |publisher=CRC Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7 |page=574}}</ref><br />
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In an experiment, whiskey aged 3 years in [[orbit]] on the [[International Space Station]] tasted and [[High-performance liquid chromatography|measured]] significantly different from similar test subjects in [[gravity]] on Earth. Particularly, wood extractives were more present in the space samples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=10 September 2015 |title=Whiskey aged in space tastes like throat lozenges and rubbery smoke |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300435/whiskey-space-taste-test-ardbeg-distillery-nanoracks |access-date=24 May 2016 |website=The Verge}}</ref><br />
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===Flavours and colouring from additives===<br />
Depending on the local regulations, additional flavourings and colouring compounds may be added to the whisky. [[Canadian whisky]] may contain caramel and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits. Scotch whisky may contain added [[caramel color|(E150A) caramel colouring]], but no other additives. The addition of flavourings is not allowed in [[American whiskey|American]] "straight" whiskey, but is allowed in American blends.<br />
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===Chill filtration===<br />
Whisky is often "[[chill filtering|chill filtered]]": chilled to precipitate out fatty acid esters and then filtered to remove them. Most whiskies are bottled this way, unless specified as ''unchillfiltered'' or ''non-chill filtered''. This is done primarily for cosmetic reasons. Unchillfiltered whiskies often turn cloudy when stored at cool temperatures or when cool water is added to them, and this is perfectly normal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chill Filtration |url=http://www.whiskyforeveryone.com/whisky_basics/chill_filtration.html |access-date=21 March 2013 |website=Whiskey Basics |publisher=Whisky for Everyone}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Outline of whisky]]<br />
* [[List of cocktails#Whisky]]<br />
* [[List of whisky brands]]<br />
* [[Poitín]]<br />
* [[On the rocks]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Allen |title=The Whisky Barons |date=2002 |publisher=Angels' Share (Neil Wilson Publishing) |isbn=978-1-897784-84-6 |location=Glasgow}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Buxton |first1=Ian |title=The Science and Commerce of Whisky |last2=Hughes |first2=Paul S. |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84973-150-8 |location=Cambridge}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Gavin D. |title=The A–Z of Whisky |date=2009 |publisher=Angels' Share (Neil Wilson Publishing) |isbn=978-1-906476-03-8 |edition=3rd |location=Glasgow}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
*{{wikivoyage-inline}}<br />
*{{Wiktionary-inline|whisky}}<br />
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{{Whisky |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Alcoholic beverages}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Whisky| ]]<br />
[[Category:Distilled drinks]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramveer_Upadhyay&diff=413824Ramveer Upadhyay2023-08-16T19:13:46Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ramveer Upadhyay <br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| constituency = [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start. = Mar 2017<br />
| term_start = Mar 2012<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = Devendra Agrawal<br />
| successor = <br />
| constituency2 = [[Hathras (Assembly constituency)|Hathras]]<br />
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = May 2007<br />
| term_end2 = Mar 2012<br />
| predecessor2 = ''Himself''<br />
| successor2 = Genda Lal Chaudhary<br />
| constituency3 = [[Hathras (Assembly constituency)|Hathras]]<br />
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start3 = Feb 2002<br />
| term_end3 = May 2007<br />
| predecessor3 = ''Himself''<br />
| successor3 = ''Himself''<br />
| constituency4 = [[Hathras (Assembly constituency)|Hathras]]<br />
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start4 = Oct 1996<br />
| term_end4 = Mar 2002<br />
| predecessor4 = Rajveer Singh<br />
| successor4 = ''Himself''<br />
| constituency5 = <br />
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1957|8|1}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=25 March 2019|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/80.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090831/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/80.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = Bamauli, [[Hathras district]]<br />
| death_date =<br />
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| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/><br />
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| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Seema Upadhyay]]|1985}}<br />
| partner =<br />
| relations =<br />
| children = 3<br />
| residence = Hathras district <br />
| alma_mater = [[Meerut University]]<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1939}}</ref><br />
| occupation =<br />
| profession = Agriculturalist, lawyer<br />
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'''Ramveer Upadhyay''' (born 1 August 1957) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/> He represents the [[Sadabad (Assembly constituency)|Sadabad]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh as a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] political party.<ref name="Sadabad">{{cite news |title=2017 Sadabad - Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/sadabad/ |accessdate=31 August 2020 |work=India.com |language=en}}</ref> Previously he represented the [[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao]] and [[Hathras (Assembly constituency)|Hathras]] constituencies, being member of the assembly for four times in the process.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref><ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title=1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sikandra-rao.html}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
Upadhyay was born in the village of Bamauli in [[Hathras district]] to Ram Charan Upadhyay. He attained [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from [[Meerut University]]. Upadhyay married Seema Upadhyay on 14 February 1985, with whom he has two daughters and a son. He is a lawyer and agriculturalist by profession.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Upadhyay has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for four terms. He represented the [[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao]] constituency as a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> Since 2017, he represents the [[Sadabad (Assembly constituency)|Sadabad]] constituency.<ref name="Sadabad"/><br />
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==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2012 || 2017|| Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly |Energy minister]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 03 || 2002 || 2007 || Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 04 || 1996 || 2002 || Member, [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao]]<br />
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Ramveer}}<br />
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuberculosis&diff=413823Tuberculosis2023-08-16T19:13:22Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Infectious disease}}<br />
{{Pp-semi-indef}}<br />
{{Pp-move-indef}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox medical condition (new)<br />
| name = Tuberculosis<br />
| image = Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.<br />
| field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[pulmonology]]<br />
| synonyms = Phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption, great white plague<br />
| symptoms = [[Chronic cough]], [[fever]], [[hemoptysis|cough with bloody mucus]], weight loss<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />
| onset =<br />
| duration =<br />
| causes = ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />
| risks = Smoking, [[HIV/AIDS]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />
| diagnosis = [[Chest X-ray|CXR]], [[microbial culture|culture]], [[tuberculin skin test]], [[QuantiFERON]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />
| differential = [[Pneumonia]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ferri FF |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter T|edition=2nd}}</ref><br />
| prevention = Screening those at high risk, treatment of those infected, [[vaccination]] with [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref name=Haw2014/><ref name=TBCon2008/><ref name=Harr2013/><br />
| treatment = [[Antibiotic]]s<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />
| medication =<br />
| frequency = 25% of people (latent TB)<ref name=WHO2018Fact/><br />
| deaths = 1.5&nbsp;million (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis deaths rise for the first time in more than a decade due to the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2021-tuberculosis-deaths-rise-for-the-first-time-in-more-than-a-decade-due-to-the-covid-19-pandemic |website=www.who.int |access-date=16 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016003119/https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2021-tuberculosis-deaths-rise-for-the-first-time-in-more-than-a-decade-due-to-the-covid-19-pandemic |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
[[File:Depiction of a tuberculosis patient.png|thumb|Depiction of a man with tuberculosis|305x305px]]<br />
<br />
'''Tuberculosis''' ('''TB''') is an [[infectious disease]] usually caused by ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) [[bacteria]].<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> Tuberculosis generally affects the [[lung]]s, but it can also affect other parts of the body.<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as [[latent tuberculosis]].<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected.<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic [[cough]] with [[hemoptysis|blood-containing]] [[sputum|mucus]], [[fever]], [[night sweats]], and [[weight loss]].<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> It was historically referred to as '''consumption''' due to the weight loss associated with the disease.<ref name=Cha1998>{{cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> [[Infection]] of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.<ref name=ID10>{{cite book | vauthors = Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tuberculosis is [[Human-to-human transmission|spread from one person to the next]] [[Airborne disease|through the air]] when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or [[sneeze]].<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><ref name=CDC2012B>{{cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=11 February 2016|date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> People with latent TB do not spread the disease.<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> Active infection occurs more often in people with [[HIV/AIDS]] and in those who [[Tobacco smoking|smoke]].<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> [[Diagnosis]] of active TB is based on [[chest X-ray]]s, as well as [[microscopic]] examination and [[microbiological culture|culture]] of body fluids.<ref name=AP/> Diagnosis of Latent TB relies on the [[Mantoux test|tuberculin skin test]] (TST) or blood tests.<ref name=AP>{{cite journal | vauthors = Konstantinos A |year=2010 |title=Testing for tuberculosis |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=12–18 |doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and [[vaccination]] with the [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG) vaccine.<ref name=Haw2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG | display-authors = 6 | title = Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 650–71 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25428938 | pmc = 4248657 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.00021-14 }}</ref><ref name=TBCon2008>{{cite book |title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232631/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Harr2013>{{cite book| vauthors = Harris RE | chapter = Epidemiology of Tuberculosis |title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=682| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682 }}</ref> Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB.<ref name=TBCon2008/> Treatment requires the use of multiple [[antibiotic]]s over a long period of time.<ref name=WHO2015Fact/> [[Antibiotic resistance]] is a growing problem, with increasing rates of [[multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis]] (MDR-TB).<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />
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In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was thought to have a latent infection of TB.<ref name=WHO2018Fact>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis (TB) |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=15 September 2018 |date=16 February 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232509/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Quote = About one-quarter of the world's population has latent TB --> New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year.<ref name=WHO2002>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|year=2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617193438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> In 2020, an estimated 10&nbsp;million people developed active TB, resulting in 1.5&nbsp;million deaths, making it the second leading [[List of causes of death by rate|cause of death from an infectious disease]] after [[COVID-19]].<ref name="WHO2020">{{cite web | title=Tuberculosis (TB) | website=WHO | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis | access-date=16 October 2021 | archive-date=30 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730165218/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis | url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in the regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%), with more than 50% of cases being diagnosed in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%).<ref name=WHO2017Report>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/|title=Global tuberculosis report|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230020808/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2021, the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2% annually.<ref name="WHO2020"/><ref name=WHO2015Fact>{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|website=who.int|language=en|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730165218/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|url-status=live}}</ref> About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive, while 5–10% of people in the United States test positive via the tuberculin test.<ref name=Robbins>{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier| vauthors = Kumar V, Robbins SL |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref> Tuberculosis has been present in humans since [[Ancient history|ancient times]].<ref name=Lancet11>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawn SD, Zumla AI | s2cid = 208791546 | title = Tuberculosis | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9785 | pages = 57–72 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21420161 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a18da0d39f1a2c68d3eee0529e35f7d2bd715803 | access-date = 31 January 2020 | archive-date = 27 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165456/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tuberculosis-Lawn-Zumla/e5221448d0c46a5e455b3c835ea6f8348fd084dd | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
[[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumb|thumbtime=1:00|Video summary ([[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Tuberculosis|script]])|303x303px]]<br />
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<br />
== Signs and symptoms ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Tuberculosis symptoms.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health| vauthors = Schiffman G |date=15 January 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archive-date=16 May 2009}}</ref> with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not entirely) specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present simultaneously.]]<br />
Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis).<ref name=ID10/> Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB.<ref name=ID10/><br />
<br />
General signs and symptoms include fever, [[chills]], night sweats, [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], weight loss, and [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]].<ref name=ID10/> Significant [[nail clubbing]] may also occur.<ref name="Pet2005">{{cite book|url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-072791605X.html|title=Evidence-Based Respiratory Medicine|date=2005|publisher=BMJ Books|isbn=978-0-7279-1605-1|veditors=Gibson PG, Abramson M, Wood-Baker R, Volmink J, Hensley M, Costabel U|edition=1st|page=321|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072842/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-072791605X.html|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pulmonary ===<br />
<br />
If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases).<ref name=Lancet11/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Behera D |title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|page=457|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185549/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Symptoms may include [[chest pain]] and a prolonged cough producing sputum.<!-- <ref name=Lancet11/> --> About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e., they remain asymptomatic).<ref name=Lancet11/> Occasionally, people may [[hemoptysis|cough up blood]] in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the [[pulmonary artery]] or a [[Rasmussen's aneurysm]], resulting in massive bleeding.<ref name=ID10/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halezeroğlu S, Okur E | title = Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach? | journal = Journal of Thoracic Disease | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 182–85 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24624281 | pmc = 3949181 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25 }}</ref> Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs.<!-- <ref name=ID10/> --> The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones.<ref name=ID10/> The reason for this difference is not clear.<ref name="Robbins" /> It may be due to either better air flow,<ref name="Robbins" /> or poor [[lymph]] drainage within the upper lungs.<ref name=ID10/><br />
<br />
=== Extrapulmonary ===<br />
{{Main|Extrapulmonary tuberculosis}}<br />
In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB.<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Jindal SK |title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|page=549|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185434/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> These are collectively denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.<ref name=Extra2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Golden MP, Vikram HR | title = Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 72 | issue = 9 | pages = 1761–68 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16300038 }}</ref> Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a [[Immunosuppression|weakened immune system]] and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases.<ref name=Extra2005/> Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the [[Pleural cavity|pleura]] (in tuberculous pleurisy), the [[central nervous system]] (in [[tuberculous meningitis]]), the [[lymphatic system]] (in [[Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis|scrofula]] of the neck), the [[genitourinary system]] (in [[urogenital tuberculosis]]), and the [[bone]]s and joints (in [[Pott disease]] of the spine), among others. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", it is also known as [[miliary tuberculosis]].<ref name=ID10/> Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.<ref name=Gho2008/><br />
<br />
== Causes ==<br />
<br />
=== Mycobacteria ===<br />
{{Main| Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}<br />
[[File:Mycobacterium tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron micrograph]] of ''M. tuberculosis'']]<br />
The main cause of TB is ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB), a small, [[aerobic organism|aerobic]], nonmotile [[bacillus]].<ref name=ID10/> The high [[lipid]] content of this [[pathogen]] accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Southwick F |title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |year=2007 |pages=104, 313–14 |chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections |isbn=978-0-07-147722-2}}</ref> It [[cell division|divides]] every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Jindal SK |title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|page=525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906211342/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Mycobacteria have an [[Bacterial cell structure|outer membrane]] lipid bilayer.<ref name=Niederweis2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niederweis M, Danilchanka O, Huff J, Hoffmann C, Engelhardt H | title = Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 109–16 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20060722 | pmc = 2931330 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005 }}</ref> If a [[Gram stain]] is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and [[mycolic acid]] content of its cell wall.<ref name=Madison_2001>{{cite journal | vauthors = Madison BM | title = Application of stains in clinical microbiology | journal = Biotechnic & Histochemistry | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 119–25 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11475314 | doi = 10.1080/714028138 }}</ref> MTB can withstand weak [[disinfectant]]s and survive in a [[Endospore|dry state]] for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a [[host (biology)|host]] organism, but ''M. tuberculosis'' can be cultured [[in vitro|in the laboratory]].<ref name=Parish_1999>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parish T, Stoker NG | s2cid = 28960959 | title = Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back) | journal = Molecular Biotechnology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 191–200 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10934532 | doi = 10.1385/MB:13:3:191 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Using [[histology|histological]] stains on [[expectorate]]d samples from [[phlegm]] (also called sputum), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an [[acid-fast bacillus]].<ref name=Robbins/><ref name="Madison_2001"/> The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the [[Ziehl–Neelsen stain]]<ref name=Stain2000>{{cite book |title=Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practice |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |page=473 |isbn=978-0-07-463223-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lciNs3VQPLoC&pg=PA473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906213737/https://books.google.com/books?id=lciNs3VQPLoC&pg=PA473 |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref> and the [[Kinyoun stain]], which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acid-Fast Stain Protocols |url=http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/2870-acid-fast-stain-protocols |access-date=26 March 2016 |date=21 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001132818/http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/2870-acid-fast-stain-protocols |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Auramine-rhodamine stain]]ing<ref name=Kommareddi_1984>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kommareddi S, Abramowsky CR, Swinehart GL, Hrabak L | title = Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: comparison of the fluorescent auramine-O and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques in tissue diagnosis | journal = Human Pathology | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 1085–9 | date = November 1984 | pmid = 6208117 | doi = 10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80253-1 }}</ref> and [[Fluorescence microscope|fluorescence microscopy]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = van Lettow M, Whalen C |title=Nutrition and health in developing countries|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, N.J. | veditors = Semba RD, Bloem MW |isbn=978-1-934115-24-4 |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA291 |edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215906/https://books.google.com/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA291|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> are also used.<br />
<br />
The [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|''M. tuberculosis'' complex]] (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing [[mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]: ''[[Mycobacterium bovis|M. bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium africanum|M. africanum]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium canetti|M. canetti]]'', and ''[[Mycobacterium microti|M. microti]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Soolingen D, Hoogenboezem T, de Haas PE, Hermans PW, Koedam MA, Teppema KS, Brennan PJ, Besra GS, Portaels F, Top J, Schouls LM, van Embden JD | display-authors = 6 | title = A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa | journal = International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 1236–45 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9336935 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-47-4-1236 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ''M. africanum'' is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niemann S, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Joloba ML, Whalen CC, Guwatudde D, Ellner JJ, Eisenach K, Fumokong N, Johnson JL, Aisu T, Mugerwa RD, Okwera A, Schwander SK | display-authors = 6 | title = Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 3398–405 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12202584 | pmc = 130701 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niobe-Eyangoh SN, Kuaban C, Sorlin P, Cunin P, Thonnon J, Sola C, Rastogi N, Vincent V, Gutierrez MC | display-authors = 6 | title = Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 2547–53 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12791879 | pmc = 156567 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003 }}</ref> ''M. bovis'' was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of [[pasteurisation|pasteurized milk]] has almost eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries.<ref name=Robbins/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I | title = The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis | journal = Veterinary Microbiology | volume = 112 | issue = 2–4 | pages = 339–45 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16387455 | doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047 }}</ref> ''M. canetti'' is rare and seems to be limited to the [[Horn of Africa]], although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Acton QA |title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|page=1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201531/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pfyffer GE, Auckenthaler R, van Embden JD, van Soolingen D | title = Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–4 | date = 1998 | pmid = 9866740 | pmc = 2640258 | doi = 10.3201/eid0404.980414 }}</ref> ''M. microti'' is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its [[prevalence]] may be significantly underestimated.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Panteix G, Gutierrez MC, Boschiroli ML, Rouviere M, Plaidy A, Pressac D, Porcheret H, Chyderiotis G, Ponsada M, Van Oortegem K, Salloum S, Cabuzel S, Bañuls AL, Van de Perre P, Godreuil S | display-authors = 6 | title = Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France | journal = Journal of Medical Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 984–989 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20488936 | doi = 10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include ''[[Mycobacterium leprae|M. leprae]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]'', and ''[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]''. The latter two species are classified as "[[nontuberculous mycobacteria]]" (NTM) or atypical mycobacteria. NTM cause neither TB nor [[leprosy]], but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB.<ref name=ALA_1997>{{cite journal | author = American Thoracic Society | title = Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was approved by the Board of Directors, March 1997. Medical Section of the American Lung Association | journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 156 | issue = 2 Pt 2 | pages = S1–25 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9279284 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement }}</ref>[[File:TB poster.jpg|thumb|Public health campaigns in the 1920s tried to halt the spread of TB.]]<br />
<br />
=== Transmission ===<br />
<br />
When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious [[aerosol]] droplets 0.5 to 5.0 [[µm]] in diameter. A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets.<ref name=Cole_1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cole EC, Cook CE | title = Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies | journal = American Journal of Infection Control | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 453–64 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9721404 | doi = 10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X | pmc = 7132666 }}</ref> Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A | title = Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens | journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 143–54 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15764538 | doi = 10.1080/15459620590918466 | pmc = 7196697 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Risk of transmission ====<br />
<br />
People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate.<ref name="Ahmed_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmed N, Hasnain SE | title = Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in India: moving forward with a systems biology approach | journal = Tuberculosis | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 407–13 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21514230 | doi = 10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.006 }}</ref> A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year.<ref name="WHO2012data" /> Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious.<ref name="Robbins" /> The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the [[virulence]] of the ''M. tuberculosis'' [[strain (biology)|strain]], the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others.<ref name="CDCcourse">{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), Division of Tuberculosis Elimination|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/corecurr_all.pdf|title=Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What the Clinician Should Know|page=24|edition=5th|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519141115/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/corecurr_all.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with [[Antibiotic resistance|nonresistant]] active infections generally do not remain contagious to others.<ref name="Ahmed_2011" /> If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=3|title=Causes of Tuberculosis|access-date=19 October 2007|date=21 December 2006|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018051807/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION%3D3|archive-date=18 October 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Risk factors ===<br />
{{Main|Risk factors for tuberculosis}}<br />
A number of factors make individuals more susceptible to TB infection and/or disease.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Narasimhan P, Wood J, Macintyre CR, Mathai D | title = Risk factors for tuberculosis | journal = Pulmonary Medicine | volume = 2013 | pages = 828939 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23476764 | pmc = 3583136 | doi = 10.1155/2013/828939 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Active disease risk ====<br />
<br />
The most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent HIV infection; 13% of those with TB are also infected with HIV.<ref name="WHO2011">{{cite web|year=2011|title=The sixteenth global report on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906223650/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2012|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> This is a particular problem in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], where HIV infection rates are high.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global tuberculosis control–surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2006|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212123736/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|archive-date=12 December 2006|access-date=13 October 2006|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chaisson RE, Martinson NA|date=March 2008|title=Tuberculosis in Africa – combating an HIV-driven crisis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=11|pages=1089–92|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0800809|pmid=18337598}}</ref> Of those without HIV infection who are infected with tuberculosis, about 5–10% develop active disease during their lifetimes;<ref name="Pet2005" /> in contrast, 30% of those co-infected with HIV develop the active disease.<ref name="Pet2005" /><br />
<br />
Use of certain medications, such as [[corticosteroids]] and [[infliximab]] (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), is another important risk factor, especially in the [[developed world]].<ref name="Lancet11" /><br />
<br />
Other risk factors include: [[alcoholism]],<ref name="Lancet11" /> [[diabetes mellitus]] (3-fold increased risk),<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Restrepo BI|date=August 2007|title=Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=45|issue=4|pages=436–38|doi=10.1086/519939|pmc=2900315|pmid=17638190}}</ref> [[silicosis]] (30-fold increased risk),<ref name="table3">{{cite journal|date=June 2000|title=Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm#tab3|url-status=live|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports|volume=49|issue=RR-6|pages=1–51|pmid=10881762|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217172736/http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm#tab3|archive-date=17 December 2004}}</ref> [[cigarette|tobacco smoking]] (2-fold increased risk),<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, Dheda K|date=January 2010|title=Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=35|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1183/09031936.00072909|pmc=5454527|pmid=20044459|quote=These analyses indicate that smokers are almost twice as likely to be infected with TB and to progress to active disease (RR of about 1.5 for latent TB infection (LTBI) and RR of ~2.0 for TB disease). Smokers are also twice as likely to die from TB (RR of about 2.0 for TB mortality), but data are difficult to interpret because of heterogeneity in the results across studies.}}</ref> [[indoor air quality|indoor air pollution]], malnutrition, young age,<ref name=":0" /> recently acquired TB infection, recreational drug use, severe kidney disease, low body weight, organ transplant, head and neck cancer,<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2020|title=TB Risk Factors {{!}} Basic TB Facts {{!}} TB {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm|access-date=25 August 2020|website=cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830234002/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[genetic susceptibility]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Möller M, Hoal EG|date=March 2010|title=Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=90|issue=2|pages=71–83|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002|pmid=20206579}}</ref> (the overall importance of genetic risk factors remains undefined<ref name="Lancet11" />).<br />
<br />
==== Infection susceptibility ====<br />
<br />
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of infections (in addition to increasing the risk of active disease and death). Additional factors increasing infection susceptibility include young age.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Pathogenesis ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Carswell-Tubercle.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Carswell (pathologist)|Robert Carswell]]'s illustration of tubercle<ref name="GoodCooper1835">{{cite book| vauthors = Good JM, Cooper S, Doane AS |title=The Study of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K906AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA32|year=1835|publisher=Harper|page=32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810194616/https://books.google.com/books?id=K906AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA32|archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
About 90% of those infected with ''M. tuberculosis'' have [[asymptomatic]], latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI),<ref name=Book90>{{cite book| vauthors = Skolnik R |title=Global health 101|year=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-9751-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalhealth1010000skol/page/253 253]|url=https://archive.org/details/globalhealth1010000skol|url-access=registration|edition=2nd}}</ref> with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease.<ref name=Arch2009>{{cite book | vauthors = Mainous III AR, Pomeroy C |title=Management of antimicrobials in infectious diseases: impact of antibiotic resistance|year=2009|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-60327-238-4|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwVFAPLYznsC&pg=PA74|edition=2nd rev.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906224212/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwVFAPLYznsC&pg=PA74|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year.<ref name=Arch2009/> If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%.<ref name=WHO2012data>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|date=November 2010|access-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004013508/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html|archive-date=4 October 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Tuberculous epididymitis Low Power.jpg|thumb|Microscopy of tuberculous epididymitis. [[H&E]] stain]]<br />
<br />
TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveolar air sacs]] of the lungs, where they invade and replicate within [[endosomes]] of alveolar [[macrophages]].<ref name=Robbins/><ref name=Houben>{{cite journal | vauthors = Houben EN, Nguyen L, Pieters J | title = Interaction of pathogenic mycobacteria with the host immune system | journal = Current Opinion in Microbiology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–85 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16406837 | doi = 10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Queval CJ, Brosch R, Simeone R | title = Mycobacterium tuberculosis | journal = Frontiers in Microbiology | volume = 8 | page= 2284 | year = 2017 | pmid = 29218036 | pmc = 5703847 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by [[phagocytosis]]. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use [[reactive oxygen species]] and acid to kill the bacterium. However, ''M. tuberculosis'' has a thick, waxy [[mycolic acid]] capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. ''M. tuberculosis'' is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.<br />
<br />
The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the [[Ghon focus]], is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the [[lung|upper lobe]].<ref name=Robbins/> Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a [[Simon focus]] and is typically found in the top of the lung.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Khan MR |title=Essence of Paediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978-81-312-2804-3|page=401|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gERCc6KTxwoC&pg=PA401|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906193259/https://books.google.com/books?id=gERCc6KTxwoC&pg=PA401|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones.<ref name=Robbins/><ref name=Herrmann_2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herrmann JL, Lagrange PH | title = Dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: which is the Trojan horse? | journal = Pathologie-Biologie | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–40 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15620608 | doi = 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.01.004 }}</ref> All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the [[heart]], [[skeletal muscle]]s, [[pancreas]], or [[thyroid]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Agarwal R, Malhotra P, Awasthi A, Kakkar N, Gupta D | title = Tuberculous dilated cardiomyopathy: an under-recognized entity? | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 29 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15857515 | pmc = 1090580 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-5-29 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Tuberculosis is classified as one of the [[granuloma]]tous inflammatory diseases. [[Macrophage]]s, [[epithelioid cell]]s, [[T cell|T lymphocytes]], [[B cell|B lymphocytes]], and [[fibroblast]]s <!-- are among the cells that --> aggregate to form granulomas, with [[lymphocytes]] surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system.<ref name=Grosset /> However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and [[dendritic cell]]s in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bozzano F, Marras F, De Maria A | title = Immunology of tuberculosis | journal = Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | page= e2014027 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24804000 | pmc = 4010607 | doi = 10.4084/MJHID.2014.027 }}</ref> Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death ([[necrosis]]) in the center of [[Tubercle (anatomy)|tubercles]]. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed [[caseous necrosis]].<ref name=Grosset>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grosset J | title = Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the extracellular compartment: an underestimated adversary | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 833–36 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12604509 | pmc = 149338 | doi = 10.1128/AAC.47.3.833-836.2003 }}</ref><br />
<br />
If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Crowley LV |title=An introduction to human disease: pathology and pathophysiology correlations|year=2010|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-6591-0|page=374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEiuWP4z_QIC&pg=PA374|edition=8th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906193726/https://books.google.com/books?id=TEiuWP4z_QIC&pg=PA374|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anthony|first=Harries | name-list-style = vanc |title=TB/HIV a Clinical Manual|year=2005|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154634-8|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dfhwKaCSxkC&pg=PA75|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906195514/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dfhwKaCSxkC&pg=PA75|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%).<ref name=Gho2008>{{cite book| vauthors = Habermann TM, Ghosh A |title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|page=789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190055/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacob JT, Mehta AK, Leonard MK | title = Acute forms of tuberculosis in adults | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–17 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19114163 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and [[fibrosis]].<ref name=Grosset/> Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages ([[bronchi]]) and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria and thus can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate [[antibiotic]]s kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.<ref name=Grosset/><br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== Diagnosis ==<br />
{{Main|Tuberculosis diagnosis}}<br />
[[File:TB in sputum.png|thumb|''M. tuberculosis'' ([[Ziehl-Neelsen stain|stained red]]) in [[sputum]]]]<br />
<br />
=== Active tuberculosis ===<br />
<br />
Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult,<ref name=DiagP2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bento J, Silva AS, Rodrigues F, Duarte R | title = [Diagnostic tools in tuberculosis] | journal = Acta Médica Portuguesa | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 145–54 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.20344/amp.333 | pmid = 21672452 | s2cid = 76156550 | doi-access = free }}</ref> as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system.<ref name=Clinic2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Escalante P | s2cid = 639982 | title = In the clinic. Tuberculosis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 150 | issue = 11 | pages = ITC61-614; quiz ITV616 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19487708 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-150-11-200906020-01006 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/922c2f4f7e38e3cefdd052fc021f4e1cd9411e6a | access-date = 31 January 2020 | archive-date = 27 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165457/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tuberculosis-Escalante/922c2f4f7e38e3cefdd052fc021f4e1cd9411e6a | url-status = live }}</ref> A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or [[constitutional symptoms]] lasting longer than two weeks.<ref name=Clinic2009/> A [[chest X-ray]] and multiple [[sputum culture]]s for [[acid-fast bacilli]] are typically part of the initial evaluation.<ref name=Clinic2009/> [[Interferon gamma release assay|Interferon-γ release assays]] (IGRA) and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in most of the developing world.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, Cattamanchi A, Huang L, Hopewell PC, Pai M | title = Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 204 Suppl 4 | issue = suppl_4 | pages = S1120-9 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21996694 | pmc = 3192542 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jir410 }}</ref><ref name="Sester 100–11">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Giehl C, Girardi E, Migliori GB, Bossink A, Dheda K, Diel R, Dominguez J, Lipman M, Nemeth J, Ravn P, Winkler S, Huitric E, Sandgren A, Manissero D | display-authors = 6 | title = Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The European Respiratory Journal | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 100–11 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20847080 | doi = 10.1183/09031936.00114810 | doi-access = free }}</ref> IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV.<ref name="Sester 100–11"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen J, Zhang R, Wang J, Liu L, Zheng Y, Shen Y, Qi T, Lu H | display-authors = 6 | title = Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = e26827 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22069472 | pmc = 3206065 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026827 | veditors = Vermund SH |editor1-link=Sten H. Vermund | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...626827C | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying ''M. tuberculosis'' in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, [[pus]], or a [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] [[biopsy]]). However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture.<ref>{{cite book | author = Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases |title=Diagnostics for tuberculosis: global demand and market potential|year=2006|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156330-7|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFPpcCef4yQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906202315/https://books.google.com/books?id=CFPpcCef4yQC&pg=PA36|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed.<ref name=NICE2011/><br />
<br />
[[Nucleic acid amplification test]]s and [[adenosine deaminase]] testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB.<ref name=DiagP2011/> Blood tests to detect antibodies are not [[sensitivity and specificity|specific or sensitive]], so they are not recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N, Schiller I, Laal S, Ramsay A, Hopewell PC, Pai M | display-authors = 6 | title = Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | page= e1001062 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21857806 | pmc = 3153457 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001062 | doi-access = free | veditors = Evans C }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Latent tuberculosis ===<br />
{{Main|Latent tuberculosis}}<br />
[[File:Mantoux tuberculin skin test.jpg|thumb|left|Mantoux tuberculin skin test]]<br />
The [[Mantoux test|Mantoux tuberculin skin test]] is often used to screen people at high risk for TB.<ref name=Clinic2009/> Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result.<ref name=Rothel_2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothel JS, Andersen P | s2cid = 25423684 | title = Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent? | journal = Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 981–93 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16307510 | doi = 10.1586/14787210.3.6.981 }}</ref> The test may be falsely negative in those with [[sarcoidosis]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[malnutrition]], and most notably, active tuberculosis.<ref name=Robbins/> [[Interferon gamma release assay]]s, on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test.<ref name=NICE2011>{{NICE|117|Tuberculosis|2011}}</ref> These are not affected by immunization or most [[environmental mycobacteria]], so they generate fewer [[false-positive]] results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D | title = Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 149 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–84 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18593687 | pmc = 2951987 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241 }}</ref> However, they are affected by ''M. szulgai'', ''M. marinum'', and ''M. kansasii''.<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Jindal SK |title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|page=544|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA544|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185238/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA544|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amicosante M, Ciccozzi M, Markova R | title = Rational use of immunodiagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection: guidelines and cost effectiveness studies | journal = The New Microbiologica | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 93–107 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20518271 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[US Preventive Services Task Force]] (USPSTF) has recommended screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or [[interferon-gamma release assay]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Bauman L, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 316 | issue = 9 | pages = 962–9 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27599331 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.11046 | doi-access = free }}</ref> While some have recommend testing health care workers, evidence of benefit for this is poor {{as of|2019|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill J, Prasad V | title = Testing Healthcare Workers for Latent Tuberculosis: Is It Evidence Based, Bio-Plausible, Both, Or Neither? | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 132 | issue = 11 | pages = 1260–1261 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 30946831 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.017 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) stopped recommending yearly testing of health care workers without known exposure in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sosa LE, Njie GJ, Lobato MN, Bamrah Morris S, Buchta W, Casey ML, Goswami ND, Gruden M, Hurst BJ, Khan AR, Kuhar DT, Lewinsohn DM, Mathew TA, Mazurek GH, Reves R, Paulos L, Thanassi W, Will L, Belknap R | display-authors = 6 | title = Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 68 | issue = 19 | pages = 439–443 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31099768 | pmc = 6522077 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prevention ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Notice Do not spit - National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis Dublin Branch.jpg|thumb|Tuberculosis public health campaign in Ireland, c. 1905]]<br />
Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases.<ref name=Lancet11/> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers.<ref name=Lancet11/> Some countries have legislation to involuntarily detain or examine those suspected to have tuberculosis, or [[Involuntary treatment|involuntarily treat]] them if infected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coker |first1=Richard |last2=Thomas |first2=Marianna |last3=Lock |first3=Karen |last4=Martin |first4=Robyn |date=2007 |title=Detention and the Evolving Threat of Tuberculosis: Evidence, Ethics, and Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-medicine-and-ethics/article/abs/detention-and-the-evolving-threat-of-tuberculosis-evidence-ethics-and-law/254E9359A6FF7BBBCCFEAA7EF3253FE7 |journal=Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=609–615 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00184.x |pmid=18076512 |s2cid=19924571 |issn=1073-1105}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vaccines ===<br />
{{Main|Tuberculosis vaccines|BCG vaccine}}<br />
The only available [[vaccine]] {{as of|2021|lc=yes}} is [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG).<ref name=McS2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = McShane H | title = Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette-Guerin | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 366 | issue = 1579 | pages = 2782–89 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21893541 | pmc = 3146779 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0097 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vaccines {{!}} Basic TB Facts {{!}} TB {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/vaccines.htm |website=cdc.gov |date = 16 June 2021|publisher=CDC |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roy A, Eisenhut M, Harris RJ, Rodrigues LC, Sridhar S, Habermann S, Snell L, Mangtani P, Adetifa I, Lalvani A, Abubakar I | display-authors = 6 | title = Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 349 | page= g4643 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25097193 | pmc = 4122754 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g4643 }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated.<ref name=Lancet11/> The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years.<ref name=Lancet11/> As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, Western Europe, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/vaccines/|title=Vaccine and Immunizations: TB Vaccine (BCG)|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|year=2011|access-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117140855/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/vaccines/|archive-date=17 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BCG Vaccine Usage in Canada – Current and Historical|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tbpc-latb/bcgvac_1206-eng.php|work=Public Health Agency of Canada|access-date=30 December 2011|date=September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330042719/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tbpc-latb/bcgvac_1206-eng.php|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=UK06>{{cite journal | vauthors = Teo SS, Shingadia DV | title = Does BCG have a role in tuberculosis control and prevention in the United Kingdom? | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 529–31 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16714729 | pmc = 2082765 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2005.085043 }}</ref> Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool.<ref name=UK06/> Several vaccines are being developed.<ref name=Lancet11/><br />
<br />
Intradermal MVA85A vaccine in addition to BCG injection is not effective in preventing tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kashangura R, Jullien S, Garner P, Johnson S | title = MVA85A vaccine to enhance BCG for preventing tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | pages = CD012915 | date = April 2019 | issue = 4 | pmid = 31038197 | pmc = 6488980 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012915.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Public health ===<br />
<br />
Public health campaigns which have focused on overcrowding, public spitting and regular sanitation (including hand washing) during the 1800s helped to either interrupt or slow spread which when combined with contact tracing, isolation and treatment helped to dramatically curb the transmission of both tuberculosis and other airborne diseases which led to the [[Tuberculosis elimination|elimination of tuberculosis]] as a major public health issue in most developed economies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clark M, Riben P, Nowgesic E | title = The association of housing density, isolation and tuberculosis in Canadian First Nations communities | journal = International Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 940–945 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12435764 | doi = 10.1093/ije/31.5.940 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barberis I, Bragazzi NL, Galluzzo L, Martini M | title = The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus | journal = Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = E9–E12 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28515626 | pmc = 5432783 }}</ref> Other risk factors which worsened TB spread such as malnutrition were also ameliorated, but since the emergence of HIV a new population of immunocompromised individuals was available for TB to infect.<br />
<br />
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993,<ref name="Lancet11" /> and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a [[Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis]] that aimed to save 14&nbsp;million lives between its launch and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoptb.org/global/plan/|title=The Global Plan to Stop TB|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2011|access-date=13 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612030924/http://www.stoptb.org/global/plan/|archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref> A number of targets they set were not achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis.<ref name="Lancet11" /> A [[tuberculosis classification]] system developed by the [[American Thoracic Society]] is used primarily in public health programs.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Warrell DA, Cox TM, Firth JD, Benz EJ |title=Sections 1–10|year=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-19-857014-1|page=560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhjX517cGVsC&pg=PA560|edition=4. ed., paperback|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906210011/https://books.google.com/books?id=EhjX517cGVsC&pg=PA560|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In 2015, it launched the [[End TB Strategy]] to reduce deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% before 2035. The goal of tuberculosis elimination is hampered by the lack of rapid testing, of short and effective treatment courses, and of [[tuberculosis vaccine|completely effective vaccines]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, Jaramillo E, Lienhardt C, Dias HM, Falzon D, Floyd K, Gargioni G, Getahun H, Gilpin C, Glaziou P, Grzemska M, Mirzayev F, Nakatani H, Raviglione M | display-authors = 6 | title = WHO's new end TB strategy | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9979 | pages = 1799–1801 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25814376 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60570-0 | s2cid = 39379915 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The benefits and risks of giving anti-tubercular drugs in those exposed to MDR-TB is unclear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fraser A, Paul M, Attamna A, Leibovici L | title = Drugs for preventing tuberculosis in people at risk of multiple-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD005435 | date = April 2006 | volume = 2006 | pmid = 16625639 | pmc = 6532726 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005435.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> Making HAART therapy available to HIV-positive individuals significantly reduces the risk of progression to an active TB infection by up to 90% and can mitigate the spread through this population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Piggott DA, Karakousis PC | title = Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV in the setting of TB treatment | journal = Clinical & Developmental Immunology | volume = 2011 | pages = 103917 | date = 27 December 2010 | pmid = 21234380 | pmc = 3017895 | doi = 10.1155/2011/103917 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
{{Main|Tuberculosis management}}<br />
[[File:Tubi - 1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Tuberculosis phototherapy treatment on 3 March 1934, in [[Kuopio]], [[Finland]]]]<br />
Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial [[Cord factor|cell wall]], which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brennan PJ, Nikaido H | title = The envelope of mycobacteria | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 64 | pages = 29–63 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7574484 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.000333 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing [[antibiotic resistance]].<ref name=Lancet11/> The routine use of [[rifabutin]] instead of [[rifampicin]] in HIV-positive people with tuberculosis is of unclear benefit {{as of|2007|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davies G, Cerri S, Richeldi L | title = Rifabutin for treating pulmonary tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD005159 | date = October 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17943842 | pmc = 6532710 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005159.pub2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Latent TB ===<br />
<br />
Latent TB is treated with either [[isoniazid]] or [[rifampin]] alone, or a combination of isoniazid with either rifampicin or rifapentine.<ref name="WHOlatent2018">{{cite book | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | title=Latent tuberculosis infection | year=2018 | page=23 | isbn=978-92-4-155023-9 | url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260233/9789241550239-eng.pdf;jsessionid=E08401544A59BE3F84C645C9A9A7B0E5?sequence=1 | access-date=25 July 2018 | archive-date=2 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215123/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260233/9789241550239-eng.pdf;jsessionid=E08401544A59BE3F84C645C9A9A7B0E5?sequence=1 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Borisov AS, Bamrah Morris S, Njie GJ, Winston CA, Burton D, Goldberg S, Yelk Woodruff R, Allen L, LoBue P, Vernon A | display-authors = 6 | title = Update of Recommendations for Use of Once-Weekly Isoniazid-Rifapentine Regimen to Treat Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 67 | issue = 25 | pages = 723–726 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29953429 | pmc = 6023184 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6725a5 }}</ref><ref name=Ste2020>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, Cohn DL, Reves R, Ahmed A, Menzies D, Horsburgh CR, Crane CM, Burgos M, LoBue P, Winston CA, Belknap R | display-authors = 6 | title = Guidelines for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 69 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32053584 | pmc = 7041302 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.rr6901a1 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The treatment takes three to nine months depending on the medications used.<ref name=CDCcourse/><ref name="WHOlatent2018"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Njie GJ, Morris SB, Woodruff RY, Moro RN, Vernon AA, Borisov AS | title = Isoniazid-Rifapentine for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 244–252 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29910114 | pmc = 6097523 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.030 }}</ref><ref name=Ste2020/> People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life.<ref name=Latent2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Menzies D, Al Jahdali H, Al Otaibi B | title = Recent developments in treatment of latent tuberculosis infection | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–66 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21441678 | pmc = 3103149 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Education or counselling may improve the latent tuberculosis treatment completion rates.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = M'imunya JM, Kredo T, Volmink J | title = Patient education and counselling for promoting adherence to treatment for tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | pages = CD006591 | date = May 2012 | volume = 2012 | pmid = 22592714 | pmc = 6532681 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006591.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== New onset ===<br />
<br />
The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, {{as of|2010|lc=yes}}, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, [[pyrazinamide]], and [[ethambutol]] for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.<ref name=Lancet11/> Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative.<ref name="Lancet11" /> Treatment with anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months results in higher success rates when compared with treatment less than 6 months, even though the difference is small. Shorter treatment regimen may be recommended for those with compliance issues.<ref name="Gelband_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gelband H | title = Regimens of less than six months for treating tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD001362 | date = 25 October 1999 | volume = 1999 | pmid = 10796641 | pmc = 6532732 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001362 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> There is also no evidence to support shorter anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens when compared to a 6-month treatment regimen.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grace AG, Mittal A, Jain S, Tripathy JP, Satyanarayana S, Tharyan P, Kirubakaran R | title = Shortened treatment regimens versus the standard regimen for drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 | pages = CD012918 | date = December 2019 | issue = 12 | pmid = 31828771 | pmc = 6953336 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012918.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> However recently, results from an international, randomized, controlled clinical trial indicate that a four-month daily treatment regimen containing high-dose, or "optimized", rifapentine with moxifloxacin (2PHZM/2PHM) is as safe and effective as the existing standard six-month daily regimen at curing drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landmark TB Trial Identifies Shorter-Course Treatment Regimen |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2020/landmark-tb-trial-media-statement.html |website=CDC |date=20 October 2020 |publisher=NCHHSTP Media Team Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Recurrent disease ===<br />
<br />
If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment.<ref name="Lancet11" /> If [[Multidrug-resistant TB|multiple drug-resistant TB]] (MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24&nbsp;months is recommended.<ref name="Lancet11" /><br />
<br />
=== Medication administration ===<br />
<br />
[[Directly observed therapy]], i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors = Mainous III AB |title=Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance |publisher=Humana Press |location=Totowa, NJ |year=2010 |page=69 |isbn=978-1-60327-238-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwVFAPLYznsC&pg=PA69 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215558/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwVFAPLYznsC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref> The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is of poor quality.<ref name=Karumbi2015 /> There is no strong evidence indicating that directly observed therapy improves the number of people who were cured or the number of people who complete their medicine.<ref name=Karumbi2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karumbi J, Garner P | title = Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | page= CD003343 | date = May 2015 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 26022367 | pmc = 4460720 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003343.pub4 }}</ref> Moderate quality evidence suggests that there is also no difference if people are observed at home versus at a clinic, or by a family member versus a health care worker.<ref name=Karumbi2015 /> Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment and appointments may result in a small but important improvement.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Q, Abba K, Alejandria MM, Sinclair D, Balanag VM, Lansang MA | title = Reminder systems to improve patient adherence to tuberculosis clinic appointments for diagnosis and treatment | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 11 | pages = CD006594 | date = November 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 25403701 | pmc = 4448217 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006594.pub3 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> There is also not enough evidence to support intermittent rifampicin-containing therapy given two to three times a week has equal effectiveness as daily dose regimen on improving cure rates and reducing relapsing rates.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mwandumba HC, Squire SB | title = Fully intermittent dosing with drugs for treating tuberculosis in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD000970 | date = 23 October 2001 | pmid = 11687088 | pmc = 6532565 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000970 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> There is also not enough evidence on effectiveness of giving intermittent twice or thrice weekly short course regimen compared to daily dosing regimen in treating children with tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bose A, Kalita S, Rose W, Tharyan P | title = Intermittent versus daily therapy for treating tuberculosis in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD007953 | date = January 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 24470141 | pmc = 6532685 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007953.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Medication resistance ===<br />
<br />
Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|MTB]] may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication.<ref name=OBrien>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Brien RJ | title = Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention | journal = Seminars in Respiratory Infections | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 104–12 | date = June 1994 | pmid = 7973169 }}</ref> Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs.<ref name="MMWR2006">{{cite journal | author = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | title = Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs--worldwide, 2000-2004 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 301–5 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16557213 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5511a2.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170522030229/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5511a2.htm | archive-date = 22 May 2017 }}</ref> Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs.<ref name="TR2012">{{Cite magazine|title=Totally Resistant TB: Earliest Cases in Italy|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/01/tdr-first-Italy/| vauthors = McKenna M |date=12 January 2012|access-date=12 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114214156/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/01/tdr-first-Italy/|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> It was first observed in 2003 in Italy,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Migliori GB, De Iaco G, Besozzi G, Centis R, Cirillo DM | title = First tuberculosis cases in Italy resistant to all tested drugs | journal = Euro Surveillance | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = E070517.1 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17868596 | doi = 10.2807/esw.12.20.03194-en | doi-access = free }}</ref> but not widely reported until 2012,<ref name="TR2012" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Totally Drug-Resistant TB: a WHO consultation on the diagnostic definition and treatment options|url=https://www.who.int/tb/challenges/xdr/Report_Meeting_totallydrugresistantTB_032012.pdf?ua=1|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151601/http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/xdr/Report_Meeting_totallydrugresistantTB_032012.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> and has also been found in Iran and India.<ref name="EIU 2014">{{cite news | title = Ancient enemy, modern imperative – A time for greater action against tuberculosis | newspaper = The Economist |url=http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/Ancient%20enemy%20modern%20imperative.pdf |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]|access-date=22 January 2022|date=30 June 2014| vauthors = Kielstra P | veditors = Tabary Z |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810101716/http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/Ancient%20enemy%20modern%20imperative.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> There is some efficacy for [[linezolid]] to treat those with XDR-TB but side effects and discontinuation of medications were common.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh B, Cocker D, Ryan H, Sloan DJ | title = Linezolid for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 3 | pages = CD012836 | date = March 2019 | issue = 3 | pmid = 30893466 | pmc = 6426281 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012836.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, ZiaZarifi AH, Hoffner SE | title = Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran | journal = Chest | volume = 136 | issue = 2 | pages = 420–425 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19349380 | doi = 10.1378/chest.08-2427 }}</ref> [[Bedaquiline]] is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional CDC Guidelines for the Use and Safety Monitoring of Bedaquiline Fumarate (Sirturo) for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6209a1.htm?s_cid=rr6209a1_x|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204359/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6209a1.htm?s_cid=rr6209a1_x|archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
XDR-TB is a term sometimes used to define ''extensively resistant'' TB, and constitutes one in ten cases of MDR-TB. Cases of XDR TB have been identified in more than 90% of countries.<ref name="EIU 2014"/><br />
<br />
For those with known rifampicin or MDR-TB, molecular tests such as the Genotype MTBDRsl Assay (performed on culture isolates or smear positive specimens) may be useful to detect second-line anti-tubercular drug resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Theron G, Peter J, Richardson M, Warren R, Dheda K, Steingart KR | title = ® MTBDRsl assay for resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD010705 | date = September 2016 | issue = 9 | pmid = 27605387 | pmc = 5034505 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010705.pub3 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/tb/WHOPolicyStatementSLLPA.pdf |title=The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922003541/https://www.who.int/tb/WHOPolicyStatementSLLPA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prognosis ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Tuberculosis world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized]] [[disability-adjusted life year]]s caused by tuberculosis per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2004 |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date=11 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111101009/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2009 }}</ref><br />
{{Col-begin}}<br />
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Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply. In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection.<ref name=Robbins/> However, in the majority of cases, a [[Latent tuberculosis|latent infection]] occurs with no obvious symptoms.<ref name=Robbins/> These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.<ref name=Pet2005/><br />
<br />
The risk of reactivation increases with [[immunosuppression]], such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with ''M. tuberculosis'' and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year.<ref name=Robbins/> Studies using [[DNA fingerprinting]] of ''M. tuberculosis'' strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lambert ML, Hasker E, Van Deun A, Roberfroid D, Boelaert M, Van der Stuyft P | title = Recurrence in tuberculosis: relapse or reinfection? | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 282–7 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12726976 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00607-8 }}</ref> with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang JY, Lee LN, Lai HC, Hsu HL, Liaw YS, Hsueh PR, Yang PC | title = Prediction of the tuberculosis reinfection proportion from the local incidence | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 196 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–8 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17570116 | doi = 10.1086/518898 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% {{as of|2008|lc=yes}}, down from 8% in 1995.<ref name=Lancet11/><br />
<br />
In people with smear-positive pulmonary TB (without HIV co-infection), after 5 years without treatment, 50-60% die while 20-25% achieve spontaneous resolution (cure). TB is almost always fatal in those with untreated HIV co-infection and death rates are increased even with antiretroviral treatment of HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.4 Prognosis - Tuberculosis|url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/TUB/latest/1-4-prognosis-20320185.html|access-date=25 August 2020|website=medicalguidelines.msf.org|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215007/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/TUB/latest/1-4-prognosis-20320185.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Epidemiology ==<br />
<br />
Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with ''M. tuberculosis'',<ref name=WHO2018Fact/> with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year.<ref name=WHO2002/> However, most infections with ''M. tuberculosis'' do not cause disease,<ref name=CDC>{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/LTBIandActiveTB.htm|title=Fact Sheets: The Difference Between Latent TB Infection and Active TB Disease|date=20 June 2011|access-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804005502/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/LTBIandActiveTB.htm|archive-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic.<ref name=Book90/> In 2012, an estimated 8.6&nbsp;million chronic cases were active.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global tuberculosis report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|year=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212123736/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|archive-date=12 December 2006}}</ref> In 2010, 8.8&nbsp;million new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45&nbsp;million deaths occurred (most of these occurring in [[Developing nation|developing countries]]).<ref name=WHO2011/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, etal | s2cid = 1541253 | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 18 March 2020 | archive-date = 19 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 | url-status = live }}</ref> Of these, about 0.35&nbsp;million occur in those also infected with HIV.<ref name=WHO2011Control>{{cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Control 2011 |url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_full.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617064025/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_full.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 }}</ref> In 2018, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis |website=WHO |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730165218/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis |url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002.<ref name="WHO2011" /><br />
<br />
Tuberculosis{{Clarify|reason=Which one? Pulmonary?|date=December 2022}} incidence is seasonal, with peaks occurring every spring and summer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Douglas AS, Strachan DP, Maxwell JD | title = Seasonality of tuberculosis: the reverse of other respiratory diseases in the UK | journal = Thorax | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 944–946 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8984709 | pmc = 472621 | doi = 10.1136/thx.51.9.944 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martineau AR, Nhamoyebonde S, Oni T, Rangaka MX, Marais S, Bangani N, Tsekela R, Bashe L, de Azevedo V, Caldwell J, Venton TR, Timms PM, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 47 | pages = 19013–19017 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22025704 | pmc = 3223428 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1111825108 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parrinello CM, Crossa A, Harris TG | title = Seasonality of tuberculosis in New York City, 1990-2007 | journal = The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–37 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236842 | doi = 10.5588/ijtld.11.0145 }}</ref><ref name="Korthals2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Korthals Altes H, Kremer K, Erkens C, van Soolingen D, Wallinga J | title = Tuberculosis seasonality in the Netherlands differs between natives and non-natives: a role for vitamin D deficiency? | journal = The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 639–644 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22410705 | doi = 10.5588/ijtld.11.0680 }}</ref> The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter.<ref name="Korthals2012"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koh GC, Hawthorne G, Turner AM, Kunst H, Dedicoat M | title = Tuberculosis incidence correlates with sunshine: an ecological 28-year time series study | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = e57752 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23483924 | pmc = 3590299 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0057752 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...857752K }}</ref> There are also studies linking tuberculosis to different weather conditions like low temperature, low humidity and low rainfall. It has been suggested that tuberculosis incidence rates may be connected to climate change.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuddus MA, McBryde ES, Adegboye OA | title = Delay effect and burden of weather-related tuberculosis cases in Rajshahi province, Bangladesh, 2007-2012 | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 12720 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31481739 | pmc = 6722246 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-49135-8 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...912720K }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== At-risk groups ===<br />
<br />
Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and [[malnutrition]], making it one of the principal [[diseases of poverty]].<ref name="Lancet11" /> Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g., prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients.<ref name="Griffith_1996">{{cite journal|vauthors=Griffith DE, Kerr CM|date=August 1996|title=Tuberculosis: disease of the past, disease of the present|journal=Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing|volume=11|issue=4|pages=240–45|doi=10.1016/S1089-9472(96)80023-2|pmid=8964016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Control Report, 2006 – Annex 1 Profiles of high-burden countries|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2006/pdf/full_report_correctedversion.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726124358/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2006/pdf/full_report_correctedversion.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2009|access-date=13 October 2006|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and [[immunocompromise]]d (risk factors are listed above).<ref name="Robbins" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 September 2006|title=2005 Surveillance Slide Set|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/slidesets/surv/surv2005/default.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123122326/http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/slidesets/surv/surv2005/default.htm|archive-date=23 November 2006|access-date=13 October 2006|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Worldwide, 22 "high-burden" states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths.<ref name="EIU 2014" /><br />
<br />
In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the [[Indigenous peoples]], especially in remote areas.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=FitzGerald JM, Wang L, Elwood RK|date=February 2000|title=Tuberculosis: 13. Control of the disease among aboriginal people in Canada|journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal]]|volume=162|issue=3|pages=351–55|pmc=1231016|pmid=10693593}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Quah SR, Carrin G, Buse K, Heggenhougen K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEXUrc0tr1wC&pg=PA424|title=Health Systems Policy, Finance, and Organization|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-12-375087-7|location=Boston|page=424|name-list-style=vanc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906220918/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEXUrc0tr1wC&pg=PA424|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Factors contributing to this include higher prevalence of predisposing health conditions and behaviours, and overcrowding and poverty. In some Canadian Indigenous groups, genetic susceptibility may play a role.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly affects TB risk. People of low SES are both more likely to contract TB and to be more severely affected by the disease. Those with low SES are more likely to be affected by risk factors for developing TB (e.g., malnutrition, indoor air pollution, HIV co-infection, etc.), and are additionally more likely to be exposed to crowded and poorly ventilated spaces. Inadequate healthcare also means that people with active disease who facilitate spread are not diagnosed and treated promptly; sick people thus remain in the infectious state and (continue to) spread the infection.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Geographical epidemiology ===<br />
<br />
The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many African, Caribbean, South Asian, and eastern European countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the U.S. population test positive.<ref name="Robbins" /> Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of many factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.<ref name="Lancet11" /><br />
<br />
In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health, such that when the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] was formed in Britain in 1913 its initial focus was tuberculosis research.<ref>[[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]].[http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/about/about-history/about-history-2.htm Origins of the MRC.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411164838/http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/about/about-history/about-history-2.htm |date=11 April 2008 }} Accessed 7 October 2006.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139.<ref name="WHO2011Control" /><br />
<br />
==== Russia ====<br />
<br />
Russia has achieved particularly dramatic progress with a decline in its TB mortality rate—from 61.9 per 100,000 in 1965 to 2.7 per 100,000 in 1993;<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=DaVanzo |editor-first1=Julie |editor-last2=Farnsworth |editor-first2=Gwen|first1=Vladimir M. |last1=Shkolnikov |first2=France |last2=Meslé |chapter=The Russian Epidemiological Crisis as Mirrored by Mortality Trends |page=142 |year=1996 |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF124.html|language=en |title=Russia's Demographic "Crisis" |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=0-8330-2446-9 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2011a>[https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html Global Tuberculosis Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212123736/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html |date=12 December 2006 }}, World Health Organization, 2011.</ref> however, mortality rate increased to 24 per 100,000 in 2005 and then recoiled to 11 per 100,000 by 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=RU&LAN=EN&outtype=html|title=WHO global tuberculosis report 2016. Annex 2. Country profiles: Russian Federation|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714043942/https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=RU&LAN=EN&outtype=html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== China ====<br />
<br />
China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010.<ref name=WHO2011Control/> The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004 and 2014.<ref name="EIU 2014"/><br />
<br />
==== Africa ====<br />
<br />
In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was [[Eswatini]], with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. In 2017, the country with the highest estimated [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence rate]] as a % of the population was [[Lesotho]], with 665 cases per 100,000 people.<ref name="Global tuberculosis report 2018">{{cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2018|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274453/9789241565646-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807121356/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274453/9789241565646-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== India ====<br />
<br />
As of 2017, India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2,740,000 cases.<ref name="Global tuberculosis report 2018"/> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), in 2000–2015, India's estimated mortality rate dropped from 55 to 36 per 100,000 population per year with estimated 480 thousand people died of TB in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=IN&LAN=EN&outtype=html|title=WHO Global tuberculosis report 2016: India|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206193815/https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=IN&LAN=EN&outtype=html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-govt-revisits-strategy-to-combat-tuberculosis-nadda-2388967|title=Govt revisits strategy to combat tuberculosis|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=8 April 2017|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603072417/https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-govt-revisits-strategy-to-combat-tuberculosis-nadda-2388967|url-status=live}}</ref> In India a major proportion of tuberculosis patients are being treated by private partners and private hospitals. Evidence indicates that the tuberculosis national survey does not represent the number of cases that are diagnosed and recorded by private clinics and hospitals in India.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahla RS | title = Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 836 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30064674 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30401-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== North America ====<br />
<br />
In the United States, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] have a fivefold greater mortality from TB,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Birn AE |title= Textbook of International Health: Global Health in a Dynamic World |year= 2009 |page= 261 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-988521-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2XBB4-eYGZIC&pg=PT261 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906213750/https://books.google.com/books?id=2XBB4-eYGZIC&pg=PT261 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref> and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/surv/surv2012/slides/surv12.htm|title=CDC Surveillance Slides 2012 – TB|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109150519/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/surv/surv2012/slides/surv12.htm|archive-date=9 November 2013|date=24 October 2018|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the United States, the overall tuberculosis case rate was 3 per 100,000 persons in 2017.<ref name="Global tuberculosis report 2018"/> In Canada, tuberculosis is still endemic in some rural areas.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102188560.html|title=Rural outbreaks of ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' in a Canadian province|journal=Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother|year=1998|volume=38|page=555 |id=abstract no. L-27|vauthors=Al-Azem A, Kaushal Sharma M, Turenne C, Hoban D, Hershfield E, MacMorran J, Kabani A|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118161808/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102188560.html |archive-date=18 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Western Europe ====<br />
<br />
In 2017, in the United Kingdom, the national average was 9 per 100,000 and the highest incidence rates in [[Western Europe]] were 20 per 100,000 in Portugal.<br />
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<gallery widths="300" heights="210"><br />
File:Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 people), OWID.svg|alt=Number of new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 people in 2016.|Number of new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 people in 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 people) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/incidence-of-tuberculosis-sdgs |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926041419/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/incidence-of-tuberculosis-sdgs |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
File:Tuberculosis world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|Tuberculosis deaths per million persons in 2012<br />
File:Tuberculosis deaths by region, OWID.svg|alt=Tuberculosis deaths by region, 1990 to 2017.|Tuberculosis deaths by region, 1990 to 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis deaths by region |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-deaths-region |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508204644/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-deaths-region |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of tuberculosis}}<br />
[[File:Mummy at British Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Egyptian mummy]] in the [[British Museum]] – tubercular decay has been found in the spine.]]<br />
<!-- Ancient history --><br />
Tuberculosis has existed since [[Ancient history|antiquity]].<ref name=Lancet11/> The oldest unambiguously detected ''M. tuberculosis'' gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothschild BM, Martin LD, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal GK, Greenblatt C, Donoghue H, Spigelman M, Brittain D | display-authors = 6 | title = Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–11 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11438894 | doi = 10.1086/321886 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from a common ancestor, remains unclear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pearce-Duvet JM | title = The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease | journal = Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 369–82 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16672105 | doi = 10.1017/S1464793106007020 | s2cid = 6577678 }}</ref> A comparison of the [[gene]]s of ''M. tuberculosis'' complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as researchers previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the [[Neolithic Revolution]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Comas I, Gagneux S | title = The past and future of tuberculosis research | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | page = e1000600 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19855821 | pmc = 2745564 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000600 | veditors = Manchester M }}</ref> Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 [[Common Era|BC]]) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of [[Egypt]]ian [[mummy|mummies]] dating from 3000 to 2400 BC.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zink AR, Sola C, Reischl U, Grabner W, Rastogi N, Wolf H, Nerlich AG | display-authors = 6 | title = Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 359–67 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12517873 | pmc = 149558 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003 }}</ref> Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB in [[the Americas]] from about AD 100.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Konomi N, Lebwohl E, Mowbray K, Tattersall I, Zhang D | title = Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 40 | issue = 12 | pages = 4738–40 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12454182 | pmc = 154635 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Before the [[Industrial Revolution]], folklore often associated tuberculosis with [[vampire]]s. When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members.<ref name=sledzik>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sledzik PS, Bellantoni N | title = Brief communication: bioarcheological and biocultural evidence for the New England vampire folk belief | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 94 | issue = 2 | pages = 269–74 | date = June 1994 | pmid = 8085617 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330940210 | url = http://www.yorku.ca/kdenning/+++2150%202007-8/sledzik%20vampire.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170218082115/http://www.yorku.ca/kdenning/+++2150%202007-8/sledzik%20vampire.pdf | url-status=live | archive-date = 18 February 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Although [[Dr Richard Morton|Richard Morton]] established the pulmonary form associated with [[tubercle (anatomy)|tubercles]] as a pathology in 1689,<ref name="WhoNamedIt-Calmette">{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2413|Léon Charles Albert Calmette}}</ref><ref name="MedHist1970-Trail">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trail RR | title = Richard Morton (1637-1698) | journal = Medical History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 166–74 | date = April 1970 | pmid = 4914685 | pmc = 1034037 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300015350 }}</ref> due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s. [[Benjamin Marten]] conjectured in 1720 that consumptions were caused by microbes which were spread by people living close to each other.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marten B |title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs |date=1720 |publisher=T. Knaplock |location=London, England |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> In 1819, [[René Laennec]] claimed that tubercles were the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Laennec RT |title=De l'auscultation médiate ... |date=1819 |publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé |location=Paris, France |volume=1 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20 |language=fr |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212549/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20 |url-status=live }} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> [[Johann Lukas Schönlein|J. L. Schönlein]] first published the name "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') in 1832.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Schönlein JL |title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie |trans-title=General and Special Pathology and Therapy |date=1832 |publisher=C. Etlinger |location=Würzburg, (Germany) |volume=3 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103 |language=de |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602233224/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{cite journal | vauthors = Jay SJ, Kırbıyık U, Woods JR, Steele GA, Hoyt GR, Schwengber RB, Gupta P | title = Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America | journal = The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 1249–1257 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30355403 | doi = 10.5588/ijtld.18.0239 | s2cid = 53027676 }} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> Between 1838 and 1845, John Croghan, the owner of [[Mammoth Cave]] in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html |date= 13 August 2006 }} ''[[CNN]]''. 27 February 2004. Accessed 8 October 2006.</ref> Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB [[sanatorium]] in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now [[Sokołowsko]]) in [[Silesia]].<ref name =sanatoria>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCarthy OR | title = The key to the sanatoria | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume = 94 | issue = 8 | pages = 413–17 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11461990 | pmc = 1281640 | url = http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990 | doi = 10.1177/014107680109400813 | access-date = 28 September 2011 | archive-date = 3 August 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120803180504/http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990 | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1865, [[Jean Antoine Villemin]] demonstrated that tuberculosis could be transmitted, via inoculation, from humans to animals and among animals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Villemin JA |title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose |journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine |date=1865 |volume=31 |pages=211–216 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215 |trans-title=Cause and nature of tuberculosis |language=fr}}<br />
<br />
* See also: {{cite book | vauthors = Villemin JA |title=Etudes sur la tuberculose: preuves rationnelles et expérimentales de sa spécificité et de son inoculabilité |trans-title=Studies of tuberculosis: rational and experimental evidence of its specificity and inoculability |date=1868 |publisher=J.-B. Baillière et fils |location=Paris, France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFg7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 |language=fr}}</ref> (Villemin's findings were confirmed in 1867 and 1868 by [[John Burdon-Sanderson]].<ref>Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott. (1870) "Introductory Report on the Intimate Pathology of Contagion." Appendix to: Twelfth Report to the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council [for the year 1869], Parliamentary Papers (1870), vol. 38, 229–256.</ref>)<br />
<br />
[[File:RobertKoch.jpg|upright|thumb|Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus.]]<br />
<br />
[[Robert Koch]] identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, ''M. tuberculosis'', on 24 March 1882.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Koch R |date=24 March 1882|title=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose|trans-title=The Etiology of Tuberculosis|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020075001;view=1up;seq=235|journal=Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=19|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181106191545/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020075001;view=1up;seq=235|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="discoverydate">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/worldtbday/history.htm|title=History: World TB Day|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2019|date=12 December 2016|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207112253/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/worldtbday/history.htm}}</ref> In 1905, he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for this discovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|access-date=7 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archive-date=10 December 2006|url-status=live|website=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Koch did not believe the cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. During the first half of the 1900s, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the [[pasteurization]] process. Koch announced a [[glycerine]] extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Waddington K | title = To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939 | journal = Medical History | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–48 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14968644 | pmc = 546294 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300007043 }}</ref> [[World Tuberculosis Day]] is marked on 24 March each year, the anniversary of Koch's original scientific announcement.<br />
<br />
[[Albert Calmette]] and [[Camille Guérin]] achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called [[BCG vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France,<ref name=Bonah>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonah C | title = The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933 | journal = Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 696–721 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16337557 | doi = 10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003 }}</ref> but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II.<ref name=Comstock>{{cite journal | vauthors = Comstock GW | title = The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 528–40 | date = September 1994 | pmid = 7811874 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/19.3.528 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the disease became common among the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a [[List of notifiable diseases|notifiable-disease]] list in Britain; campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter [[sanatorium|sanatoria]] that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention).<ref name =sanatoria/> Whatever the benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years ({{circa}} 1916).<ref name =sanatoria/> When the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] formed in Britain in 1913, it initially focused on tuberculosis research.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hannaway C |title= Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year= 2008|publisher= IOS Press|location= Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|page= 233|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185226/https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233|archive-date= 7 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- Effective management --><br />
In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bloom BR |title= Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year= 1994|publisher= ASM Press|location= Washington, DC|isbn= 978-1-55581-072-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> In the 18th and 19th century, [[History of tuberculosis#Epidemic tuberculosis|tuberculosis had become epidemic in Europe]], showing a seasonal pattern.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web| vauthors = Frith J |title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2021|website=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archive-date=8 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zürcher K, Zwahlen M, Ballif M, Rieder HL, Egger M, Fenner L | title = Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = e0162575 | date = 5 October 2016 | pmid = 27706149 | pmc = 5051959 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0162575 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1162575Z }}</ref> By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%.<ref name=Per2010>{{cite book| vauthors = Persson S |title= Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|year= 2010|publisher= ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn= 978-1-4587-6712-7|page= 141|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906192102/https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|archive-date= 6 September 2015}}</ref> Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of [[streptomycin]] and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat.<ref name=Per2010/> In 1946, the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the "[[pneumothorax]] technique", which involved collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Shields T |title= General thoracic surgery|year= 2009|publisher= Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location= Philadelphia|isbn= 978-0-7817-7982-1|page= 792|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|edition= 7th|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906212146/https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|archive-date= 6 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- Current reemergence --><br />
Because of the emergence of [[multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]] (MDR-TB), surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections. It involves the removal of infected chest cavities ("bullae") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lalloo UG, Naidoo R, Ambaram A | s2cid = 24221563 | title = Recent advances in the medical and surgical treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis | journal = Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 179–85 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16582672 | doi = 10.1097/01.mcp.0000219266.27439.52 }}</ref> Hopes of eliminating TB ended with the rise of [[Antibiotic resistant|drug-resistant]] strains in the 1980s. The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title= Frequently asked questions about TB and HIV |url=https://www.who.int/tb/hiv/faq/en/index.html |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date= 15 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110808115404/http://www.who.int/tb/hiv/faq/en/ |archive-date= 8 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Society and culture ==<br />
<br />
=== Names ===<br />
<br />
Tuberculosis has been known by many names from the technical to the familiar.<ref name=Lawlor/> {{Lang|grc-latn|Phthisis}} ({{Lang|grc|Φθισις}}) is a Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis;<ref name=Cha1998/> around 460 BCE, [[Hippocrates]] described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hippocrates 3.16 Classics, MIT |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.mb.txt |access-date=15 December 2015 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211173218/http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.mb.txt |archive-date=11 February 2005}}</ref> The abbreviation ''TB'' is short for ''tubercle [[Bacillus (shape)|bacillus]]''. ''Consumption'' was the most common nineteenth century English word for the disease, and was also in use well into the twentieth century. The Latin root {{Lang|la|con}} meaning 'completely' is linked to {{Lang|la|sumere}} meaning 'to take up from under'.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Caldwell M |title=The Last Crusade|date=1988|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-689-11810-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689118104/page/21 21]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689118104/page/21}}</ref> In ''[[The Life and Death of Mr Badman]]'' by [[John Bunyan]], the author calls consumption "the captain of all these men of death."<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bunyan J |date=1808 |title=The Life and Death of Mr. Badman|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeanddeathmrb01bunygoog |quote=captain. |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeanddeathmrb01bunygoog/page/n238 244] |location=London |publisher=W. Nicholson |via=Internet Archive |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> "Great white plague" has also been used.<ref name=Lawlor/><br />
<br />
=== Art and literature ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Munch Det Syke Barn 1885-86.jpg|thumb|Painting ''[[The Sick Child (Munch)|The Sick Child]]'' by [[Edvard Munch]], 1885–1886, depicts the illness of his sister Sophie, who died of tuberculosis when Edvard was 14; his mother also died of the disease.]]<br />
{{main|Cultural depictions of tuberculosis}}<br />
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Tuberculosis was for centuries associated with [[poet]]ic and [[art]]istic qualities among those infected, and was also known as "the romantic disease".<ref name=Lawlor>{{cite web| vauthors = Lawlor C |title=Katherine Byrne, Tuberculosis and the Victorian Literary Imagination|url=http://www.bsls.ac.uk/reviews/romantic-and-victorian/katherine-byrne-tuberculosis-and-the-victorian-literary-imagination/|publisher=British Society for Literature and Science|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106070752/http://www.bsls.ac.uk/reviews/romantic-and-victorian/katherine-byrne-tuberculosis-and-the-victorian-literary-imagination/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Byrne K | title=Tuberculosis and the Victorian Literary Imagination |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-107-67280-2}}</ref> Major artistic figures such as the poets [[John Keats]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], and [[Edgar Allan Poe]], the composer [[Frédéric Chopin]],<ref name=IOE>{{cite web|title=About Chopin's illness|url=http://www.iconsofeurope.com/chopin.tuberculosis.htm|publisher=Icons of Europe|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150213/http://www.iconsofeurope.com/chopin.tuberculosis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the playwright [[Anton Chekhov]], the novelists [[Franz Kafka]], [[Katherine Mansfield]],<ref name="Vilaplana2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vilaplana C | title = A literary approach to tuberculosis: lessons learned from Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, and Katherine Mansfield | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 56 | pages = 283–85 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27993687 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[W. Somerset Maugham]],<ref name=Rogal1997>{{cite book |vauthors=Rogal SJ |title=A William Somerset Maugham Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0MqigagKTkC&pg=PA245 |year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-29916-2 |page=245 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212607/https://books.google.com/books?id=H0MqigagKTkC&pg=PA245 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[George Orwell]],<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Eschner K |title=George Orwell Wrote '1984' While Dying of Tuberculosis |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-orwell-wrote-1984-while-dying-tuberculosis-180962608/ |website=Smithsonian |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324161820/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-orwell-wrote-1984-while-dying-tuberculosis-180962608/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], and the artists [[Alice Neel]],<ref name=JAMA2005>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/issue/293/22 |page=cover |date=8 June 2005 |volume=293 |issue=22 |title=Tuberculosis (whole issue) |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824105736/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/issue/293/22 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jean-Antoine Watteau]], [[Elizabeth Siddal]], [[Marie Bashkirtseff]], [[Edvard Munch]], [[Aubrey Beardsley]] and [[Amedeo Modigliani]] either had the disease or were surrounded by people who did. A widespread belief was that tuberculosis assisted artistic talent. Physical mechanisms proposed for this effect included the slight fever and toxaemia that it caused, allegedly helping them to see life more clearly and to act decisively.<ref name=Lemlein1981>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lemlein RF |s2cid=191371443 |title=Influence of Tuberculosis on the Work of Visual Artists: Several Prominent Examples |journal=Leonardo |date=1981 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=114–11 |jstor=1574402 |doi=10.2307/1574402 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dc4f18fe28de9d14689c2cfd58c11ae9bd880dfd |access-date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165457/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Influence-of-Tuberculosis-on-the-Work-of-Visual-Lemlein/dc4f18fe28de9d14689c2cfd58c11ae9bd880dfd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Wilsey>{{cite thesis | vauthors = Wilsey AM | title = 'Half in Love with Easeful Death:' Tuberculosis in Literature | date = May 2012 | work = Humanities Capstone Projects | degree = PhD Thesis | publisher = Pacific University | ref = Paper 11 | url = http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cashu | access-date = 28 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011220904/http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cashu | archive-date = 11 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Morens2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morens DM | title = At the deathbed of consumptive art | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = 1353–8 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12463180 | pmc = 2738548 | doi = 10.3201/eid0811.020549 }}</ref><br />
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Tuberculosis formed an often-reused theme in [[literature]], as in [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[The Magic Mountain]]'', set in a [[sanatorium]];<ref name=McMasterUni>{{cite web |url=http://hsl.mcmaster.libguides.com/c.php?g=306775&p=2045587 |title=Pulmonary Tuberculosis/In Literature and Art| publisher=McMaster University History of Diseases |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> in [[music]], as in [[Van Morrison]]'s song "[[T.B. Sheets]]";<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Thomson G |title=Van Morrison – 10 of the best|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jun/01/van-morrison-10-of-the-best|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 June 2016|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814152313/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jun/01/van-morrison-10-of-the-best|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[opera]], as in [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]'s ''[[La bohème]]'' and [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s ''[[La Traviata]]'';<ref name="Morens2002"/> in [[art]], as in [[Claude Monet|Monet]]'s painting of his first wife Camille on her deathbed;<ref name=USAID>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis Throughout History: The Arts|url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/art_poster.pdf|publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID)|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630123411/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/art_poster.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[film]], such as the 1945 ''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]'' starring [[Ingrid Bergman]] as a nun with tuberculosis.<ref name=Corliss2008>{{Cite magazine | vauthors = Corliss R |title=Top 10 Worst Christmas Movies |magazine=Time |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/12/20/top-10-worst-christmas-movies/ |date=22 December 2008 |quote='If you don't cry when Bing Crosby tells Ingrid Bergman she has tuberculosis', Joseph McBride wrote in 1973, 'I never want to meet you, and that's that.' |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922042323/https://entertainment.time.com/2011/12/20/top-10-worst-christmas-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Public health efforts ===<br />
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In 2014, the WHO adopted the "End TB" strategy which aims to reduce TB incidence by 80% and TB deaths by 90% by 2030.<ref name="who_end_tb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/the-end-tb-strategy|title=The End TB Strategy|website=who.int|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722170507/https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/the-end-tb-strategy|url-status=live}}</ref> The strategy contains a milestone to reduce TB incidence by 20% and TB deaths by 35% by 2020.<ref name="2020_TB_report">{{Cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1312164/retrieve |title=Global tuberculosis report 2020 |year=2020 | publisher = World Health Organization | isbn = 978-92-4-001313-1 |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210722172009/https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1312164/retrieve |url-status=live }}</ref> However, by 2020 only a 9% reduction in incidence per population was achieved globally, with the European region achieving 19% and the African region achieving 16% reductions.<ref name="2020_TB_report"/> Similarly, the number of deaths only fell by 14%, missing the 2020 milestone of a 35% reduction, with some regions making better progress (31% reduction in Europe and 19% in Africa).<ref name="2020_TB_report"/> Correspondingly, also treatment, prevention and funding milestones were missed in 2020, for example only 6.3 million people were started on TB prevention short of the target of 30 million.<ref name="2020_TB_report"/><br />
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The World Health Organization (WHO), the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012.<ref name=PressRelease2012/><ref name=Xpert2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawn SD, Nicol MP | title = Xpert® MTB/RIF assay: development, evaluation and implementation of a new rapid molecular diagnostic for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance | journal = Future Microbiology | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 1067–82 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21958145 | pmc = 3252681 | doi = 10.2217/fmb.11.84 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208 |title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211140847/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208 |archive-date=11 December 2010 }}</ref> In addition to being fast-acting, the test can determine if there is resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin which may indicate multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and is accurate in those who are also infected with HIV.<ref name=PressRelease2012>{{cite web|title=Public–Private Partnership Announces Immediate 40 Percent Cost Reduction for Rapid TB Test|url=https://www.who.int/tb/features_archive/GeneXpert_press_release_final.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=6 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029234310/http://www.who.int/tb/features_archive/GeneXpert_press_release_final.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Stop TB Partnership, which operates through a secretariat hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland|url=http://www.stoptb.org/wg/gli/assets/documents/map/XpertPublications.pdf|author=STOPTB|date=5 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124041952/http://www.stoptb.org/wg/gli/assets/documents/map/XpertPublications.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2014}}</ref> Many resource-poor places {{as of|2011|lc=yes}} have access to only sputum microscopy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lienhardt C, Espinal M, Pai M, Maher D, Raviglione MC | title = What research is needed to stop TB? Introducing the TB Research Movement | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e1001135 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22140369 | pmc = 3226454 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001135 }}</ref><br />
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India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sandhu GK |date=2011|title=Tuberculosis: Current Situation, Challenges and Overview of its Control Programs in India|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=2|pages=143–150|doi=10.4103/0974-777X.81691|issn=0974-777X|pmc=3125027|pmid=21731301}}</ref> Programs such as the [[Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program]] are working to reduce TB levels among people receiving public health care.<ref name="Bhargava">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhargava A, Pinto L, Pai M |title=Mismanagement of tuberculosis in India: Causes, consequences, and the way forward |journal=Hypothesis |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=e7 |year=2011 |url=http://www.hypothesisjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/vol9no1-hj009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314104924/http://www.hypothesisjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/vol9no1-hj009.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amdekar Y | s2cid = 41788291 | title = Changes in the management of tuberculosis | journal = Indian Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 76 | issue = 7 | pages = 739–42 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19693453 | doi = 10.1007/s12098-009-0164-4 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a98af8fc4022736792352fa7fa4718e433eacf7d | access-date = 31 January 2020 | archive-date = 27 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165725/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Changes-in-the-management-of-tuberculosis-Amdekar/a98af8fc4022736792352fa7fa4718e433eacf7d | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
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A 2014 [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]-healthcare report finds there is a need to address apathy and urges for increased funding. The report cites among others Lucica Ditui "[TB] is like an orphan. It has been neglected even in countries with a high burden and often forgotten by donors and those investing in health interventions."<ref name="EIU 2014"/><br />
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Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by the executive director of the [[Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]] – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it."<ref name="EIU 2014"/> Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government as of 2014, although adherence is often variable. Commercial treatment providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> The government of Brazil provides universal TB care, which reduces this problem.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> Conversely, falling rates of TB infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates but may be tied to an increased level of education, income, and health of the population.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> Costs of the disease, as calculated by the [[World Bank]] in 2009 may exceed US$150&nbsp;billion per year in "high burden" countries.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250 million [[migration in China|rural migrants in China]].<ref name="EIU 2014"/><br />
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There is insufficient data to show that active contact tracing helps to improve case detection rates for tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox GJ, Dobler CC, Marks GB | title = Active case finding in contacts of people with tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | pages = CD008477 | date = September 2011 | volume = 2011 | pmid = 21901723 | pmc = 6532613 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008477.pub2 }}</ref> Interventions such as house-to-house visits, educational leaflets, mass media strategies, educational sessions may increase tuberculosis detection rates in short-term.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mhimbira FA, Cuevas LE, Dacombe R, Mkopi A, Sinclair D | title = Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | pages = CD011432 | date = November 2017 | issue = 11 | pmid = 29182800 | pmc = 5721626 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011432.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> There is no study that compares new methods of contact tracing such as social network analysis with existing contact tracing methods.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Braganza Menezes D, Menezes B, Dedicoat M | title = Contact tracing strategies in household and congregate environments to identify cases of tuberculosis in low- and moderate-incidence populations | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | pages = CD013077 | date = August 2019 | issue = 8 | pmid = 31461540 | pmc = 6713498 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013077.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><br />
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=== Stigma ===<br />
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Slow progress in preventing the disease may in part be due to [[social stigma|stigma]] associated with TB.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> Stigma may be due to the fear of transmission from affected individuals. This stigma may additionally arise due to links between TB and poverty, and in [[AIDS in Africa|Africa, AIDS]].<ref name="EIU 2014"/> Such stigmatization may be both real and perceived; for example, in Ghana, individuals with TB are banned from attending public gatherings.<ref name="Courtwright 2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Courtwright A, Turner AN | title = Tuberculosis and stigmatization: pathways and interventions | journal = Public Health Reports | volume = 125 Suppl 4 | issue = 4_suppl | pages = 34–42 | date = Jul–Aug 2010 | pmid = 20626191 | pmc = 2882973 | doi = 10.1177/00333549101250S407 }}</ref><br />
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Stigma towards TB may result in delays in seeking treatment,<ref name="EIU 2014"/> lower treatment compliance, and family members keeping cause of death secret<ref name="Courtwright 2010"/> – allowing the disease to spread further.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> In contrast, in Russia stigma was associated with increased treatment compliance.<ref name="Courtwright 2010"/> TB stigma also affects socially marginalized individuals to a greater degree and varies between regions.<ref name="Courtwright 2010"/><br />
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One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling.<ref name="Courtwright 2010"/> Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence.<ref name="Courtwright 2010"/> Despite this, studies on the relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking {{as of|2010|lc=yes}}, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective.<ref name="Courtwright 2010"/> Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable.<ref name="EIU 2014"/> A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason PH, Roy A, Spillane J, Singh P | title = Social, Historical and Cultural Dimensions of Tuberculosis | journal = Journal of Biosocial Science | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 206–32 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 25997539 | doi = 10.1017/S0021932015000115 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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== Research ==<br />
{{see also|International Congress on Tuberculosis}}<br />
The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing.<ref name=VacRes2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martín Montañés C, Gicquel B | title = New tuberculosis vaccines | journal = Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica | volume = 29 | pages = 57–62 | date = March 2011 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 21420568 | doi = 10.1016/S0213-005X(11)70019-2 }}</ref> A number of potential candidates are currently in [[clinical trial|phase I and II clinical trials]].<ref name=VacRes2011/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu B, Dockrell HM, Ottenhoff TH, Evans TG, Zhang Y | title = Tuberculosis vaccines: Opportunities and challenges | journal = Respirology | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 359–368 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29341430 | doi = 10.1111/resp.13245 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines.<ref name=VacRes2011/> [[MVA85A]], an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified [[vaccinia]] virus.<ref name=Ibanga_2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ibanga HB, Brookes RH, Hill PC, Owiafe PK, Fletcher HA, Lienhardt C, Hill AV, Adegbola RA, McShane H | display-authors = 6 | title = Early clinical trials with a new tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, in tuberculosis-endemic countries: issues in study design | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = 522–8 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16870530 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70552-7 }}</ref> Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaufmann SH | title = Future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: thinking outside the box | journal = Immunity | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 567–77 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 21029966 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.015 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and [[advance market commitments]].<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Webber D, Kremer M |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/79(8)735.pdf |title=Stimulating Industrial R&D for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Economic Perspectives|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=79|issue=8|year=2001|pages=693–801|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926012031/http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/79(8)735.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Barder O, Kremer M, Williams H |s2cid=154454583|url=http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol3/iss3/art1|title=Advance Market Commitments: A Policy to Stimulate Investment in Vaccines for Neglected Diseases|journal=The Economists' Voice|volume=3|year=2006|issue=3|doi=10.2202/1553-3832.1144|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105083659/http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol3/iss3/art1|archive-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> A number of groups, including the [[Stop TB Partnership]],<ref>{{cite book | author = Department of Economic and Social Affairs |title=Achieving the global public health agenda: dialogues at the Economic and Social Council|year=2009|publisher=[[United Nations]]|location=New York|isbn=978-92-1-104596-3|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeF9dv74C4MC&pg=PA103 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906212013/https://books.google.com/books?id=VeF9dv74C4MC&pg=PA103|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Jong EC, Zuckerman JN |title=Travelers' vaccines|year=2010|publisher=People's Medical Publishing House|location=Shelton, CT|isbn=978-1-60795-045-5|page=319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKRpWFEy66wC&pg=PA319|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906203627/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKRpWFEy66wC&pg=PA319|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280&nbsp;million (US) from the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Announcement |title=Gates Foundation Commits $82.9 Million to Develop New Tuberculosis Vaccines |date=12 February 2004 |url=http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/4134 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010163118/http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/4134 |archive-date=10 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Nightingale K |title=Gates foundation gives US$280&nbsp;million to fight TB|date=19 September 2007|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/news/gates-foundation-gives-us280-million-to-fight-tb.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175618/http://www.scidev.net/en/news/gates-foundation-gives-us280-million-to-fight-tb.html|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref><br />
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A number of medications are being studied as of 2012 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including [[bedaquiline]] and [[delamanid]].<ref name=Zumla2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zumla A, Hafner R, Lienhardt C, Hoelscher M, Nunn A | s2cid = 7232434 | title = Advancing the development of tuberculosis therapy | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 171–2 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22378254 | doi = 10.1038/nrd3694 | url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3694 | access-date = 8 May 2020 | archive-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200112192759/https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3694 | url-status = live }}</ref> Bedaquiline received U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approval in late 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=J&J Sirturo Wins FDA Approval to Treat Drug-Resistant TB|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-31/j-j-sirturo-wins-fda-approval-to-treat-drug-resistant-tb.html|access-date=1 January 2013|newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=31 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104110903/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-31/j-j-sirturo-wins-fda-approval-to-treat-drug-resistant-tb.html|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are uncertain as of 2012, because they are based on the results of relatively small studies.<ref name=Zumla2012/><ref name="Avorn 2013 1349–1350">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avorn J | title = Approval of a tuberculosis drug based on a paradoxical surrogate measure | journal = JAMA | volume = 309 | issue = 13 | pages = 1349–50 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23430122 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2013.623 }}</ref> However, existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug,<ref name="US Food and Drug Administration website">{{cite web|last=US Food and Drug Administration|title=Briefing Package: NDA 204–384: Sirturo|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Anti-%20InfectiveDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM329258.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212835/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Anti-%20InfectiveDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM329258.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians' support for its use.<ref name="Avorn 2013 1349–1350"/><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Zuckerman D, Yttri J |title=Antibiotics: When science and wishful thinking collide|journal=Health Affairs|date=January 2013|doi=10.1377/forefront.20130125.027503|url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20130125.027503}}</ref><br />
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Steroids add-on therapy has not shown any benefits for active pulmonary tuberculosis infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Critchley JA, Orton LC, Pearson F | title = Adjunctive steroid therapy for managing pulmonary tuberculosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 11 | pages = CD011370 | date = November 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 25387839 | pmc = 6532561 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011370 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other animals ==<br />
<br />
Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shivaprasad HL, Palmieri C | title = Pathology of mycobacteriosis in birds | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–55, v–vi | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22244112 | doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.11.004 }}</ref> fish, rodents,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reavill DR, Schmidt RE | title = Mycobacterial lesions in fish, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, lagomorphs, and ferrets with reference to animal models | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–40, v | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22244111 | doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.001 }}</ref> and reptiles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell MA | title = Mycobacterial infections in reptiles | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–11, vii | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22244116 | doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.002 }}</ref> The subspecies ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', though, is rarely present in wild animals.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wobeser GA |title=Essentials of disease in wild animals|year=2006|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Ames, IO [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-8138-0589-4|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgyS6fxVasYC&pg=PA170|edition=1st|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906172856/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgyS6fxVasYC&pg=PA170|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'' from the cattle and deer herds of [[New Zealand]] has been relatively successful.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ryan TJ, Livingstone PG, Ramsey DS, de Lisle GW, Nugent G, Collins DM, Buddle BM | display-authors = 6 | title = Advances in understanding disease epidemiology and implications for control and eradication of tuberculosis in livestock: the experience from New Zealand | journal = Veterinary Microbiology | volume = 112 | issue = 2–4 | pages = 211–19 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16330161 | doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.025 }}</ref> Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White PC, Böhm M, Marion G, Hutchings MR | title = Control of bovine tuberculosis in British livestock: there is no 'silver bullet' | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | pages = 420–7 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18706814 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2008.06.005 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.566.5547 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ward AI, Judge J, Delahay RJ | title = Farm husbandry and badger behaviour: opportunities to manage badger to cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis? | journal = Preventive Veterinary Medicine | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–10 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19846226 | doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2015}}, tuberculosis appears to be widespread among captive [[elephant]]s in the US. It is believed that the animals originally acquired the disease from humans, a process called [[reverse zoonosis]]. Because the disease can spread through the air to infect both humans and other animals, it is a public health concern affecting [[circus]]es and [[zoo]]s.<ref name="Holt">{{cite web | vauthors = Holt N |title=The Infected Elephant in the Room |url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/wild_things/2015/03/24/elephant_tuberculosis_epidemic_zoo_and_circus_animals_passing_tb_to_humans.html|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=5 April 2016|date=24 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414151050/http://www.slate.com/blogs/wild_things/2015/03/24/elephant_tuberculosis_epidemic_zoo_and_circus_animals_passing_tb_to_humans.html|archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mikota">{{cite web| vauthors = Mikota SK |title=A Brief History of TB in Elephants |url= https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/elephant/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20TB%20in%20Elephants.pdf|publisher=[[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]] (APHIS)|access-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125349/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/elephant/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20TB%20in%20Elephants.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
<!-- Please DO ''not'' add new external links! Instead please submit them on the Talk page for discussion about their proposed inclusion. Thank you. --><br />
{{Sisterlinks|d=Q12204|wikt=tuberculosis|q=Tuberculosis|c=Category:Tuberculosis|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|species=Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}<br />
{{Offline|med}}<br />
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* {{curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Infectious_Diseases/Mycobacterial/Tuberculosis/}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018 }}<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm |publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]] |location=London |title=Tuberculosis (TB) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 }}<br />
* [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO global 2016 TB report (infographic)]<br />
* [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ WHO tuberculosis country profiles]<br />
* [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Tuberculosis Among African Americans"], 1990-11-01, ''[[In Black America]]''; [[KUT|KUT Radio]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] ([[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]] and the Library of Congress)<br />
* [https://www.newtbdrugs.org/ Working Group on New TB drugs], tracking clinical trials and drug candidates<br />
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{{Medical condition classification and resources<br />
| DiseasesDB = 8515<br />
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A15-A19}}<br />
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}<br />
| OMIM = 607948<br />
| MedlinePlus = 000077<br />
| MedlinePlus_mult = {{MedlinePlus2|000624}}<br />
| eMedicineSubj = med<br />
| eMedicineTopic = 2324<br />
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}<br />
| MeshID = D014376<br />
| Orphanet=3389<br />
| Scholia=Q12204<br />
}}<br />
{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}}<br />
{{Tuberculosis}}<br />
{{Diseases of Poverty}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Tuberculosis| ]]<br />
[[Category:Airborne diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Health in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Healthcare-associated infections]]<br />
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions]]<br />
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia infectious disease articles ready to translate]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Swamy&diff=413822Stan Swamy2023-08-16T19:12:40Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic priest and tribal rights activist (1937-2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = The Rev.<br />
| name = Stan Swamy<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Society of Jesus|SJ]]<br />
| image = Stan Swamy (2010).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Swamy in 2010<br />
| birth_name = Stanislaus Lourduswamy<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|04|26}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]],<br/>[[Madras Presidency]],<br/>[[British India]]<br />(now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|07|05|1937|04|26}}<br />
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| occupation = Catholic priest, activist<br />
| years_active = 1978–2021<br />
| known_for = Tribal rights activism<br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Stanislaus Lourduswamy''', [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] (26 April 1937 – 5 July 2021),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-06 |title=Father Stan Swamy (1937-2021) |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/specials/father-stan-swamy-1937-2021/article56832307.ece |access-date=2022-07-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> popularly known as '''Stan Swamy''', was an [[Catholic Church in India|Indian Catholic]] priest, a member of the [[Jesuit]] order,<ref name="britain">{{cite web |title=Petition for Fr Stanislaus Lourdusamy |url=https://www.jesuit.org.uk/es/node/7525 |website=Jesuits in Britain |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> and a tribal rights activist for several decades.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-court-to-pass-order-on-stan-swamy-bail-on-march-22/article34084504.ece|title=NIA court to pass order on Stan Swamy bail on March 22|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 March 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Regi |first1=Anjali |title=Fr. Stan Swamy arrested: Widespread protest |url=https://www.catholicfocus.in/fr-stan-swamy-arrested-widespread-protest/ |website=Catholic Focus |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> Swamy was the oldest person to be accused of terrorism in India.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Stan Swamy: The oldest person to be accused of terrorism in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54490554 |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=BBC |date=13 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 October 2020, Swamy was arrested and charged by the [[National Investigation Agency]] under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], for his alleged role in the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]] and links to the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaur |first1=Kamaljit |title=This is what NIA's Bhima Koregaon chargesheet says about Stan Swamy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/this-is-what-nia-s-bhima-koregaon-chargesheet-says-about-stan-swamy-1731272-2020-10-13 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Swamy was suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]] and had requested bail on medical grounds, which was rejected multiple times. While incarcerated, his health deteriorated and died on 5 July 2021.<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
=== Early life ===<br />
Swamy was born on 26 April 1937 in [[Trichy]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="scroll01">{{cite web |last1=PM |first1=Tony |last2=Martin |first2=Peter |title=Adivasi rights activist Stan Swamy's life and work demonstrate why the powerful want him silenced |url=https://scroll.in/article/976136/arrested-adivasi-rights-activist-stan-swamys-life-demonstrates-why-the-powerful-want-him-silenced |website=Scroll |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="wire">{{cite web |last1=Thekaekara |first1=Mari Marcel |title=The Indomitable Spirit of Father Stan Swamy |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-indomitable-spirit-of-father-stan-swamy |website=The Wire |access-date=11 October 2020 |ref=wire}}</ref> In the 1970s, he studied theology and received a master's degree in sociology in the Philippines,<ref name="scroll01" /> where he encountered a series of protests and demonstrations against the administration. During his further studies, he made friends with Brazilian Catholic Archbishop [[Hélder Câmara]], whose work with poor people influenced him.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Activism ===<br />
Swamy was the director of the Jesuit-run [[Indian Social Institute, Bangalore]], from 1975 to 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directors, Indian Social Institute |url=https://isibangalore.com/directors |website=Indian Social Institute |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> He worked among the tribals of central India for over three decades<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/death-sponsored-by-the-state-how-the-uapa-toys-with-personal-liberty|title=Death sponsored by the State: How the UAPA toys with personal liberty|first=Pragya Barsaiyan,Kumar|last=Kartikeya|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news}}</ref> and had questioned the non-implementation of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, which stipulates setting up of a Tribes Advisory Council with members solely of the [[Adivasi]] community for their protection, well-being and development in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Explained: Who is Stan Swamy, the latest to be arrested in the Elgar Parishad-Bhima Koregaon case?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-is-stan-swamy-6717126/|access-date=12 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a video circulated two days ahead of his arrest, Swamy suggested his arrest was linked to his work, as it involved dissent against government policies. He said<br />
<br />
<blockquote>What is happening to me is not something unique happening to me alone. It is a broader process that is taking place all over the country. We are all aware how prominent intellectuals, lawyers writers, poets, activists, students, leaders, they are all put into jail because they have expressed their dissent or raised questions about the ruling powers of India. We are part of the process. In a way I am happy to be part of this process. I am not a silent spectator, but part of the game, and ready to pay the price whatever be it.<ref name="global" /></blockquote><br />
<br />
While incarcerated in [[Taloja Central Jail]], in a letter to his Jesuit colleague, Swamy highlighted the plight of the prisoners stating, "Many of such poor undertrials don't know what charges have been put on them, have not seen their chargesheet and just remain in prison for years without any legal or other assistance."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jesuit.ie/news/fr-stan-swamy-sj-a-caged-bird-can-still-sing/|title=Fr Stan Swamy SJ – 'A caged bird can still sing'|first=Gavin T.|last=Murphy|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> He ended the letter saying, "But we will still sing in chorus. A caged bird can still sing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/father-stan-swamy-pens-letter-on-plight-of-other-undertrials/cid/1804613|title=Father Stan Swamy pens letter on plight of other undertrials|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Arrest ===<br />
Swamy was implicated in the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]], while he claimed that he was not in Pune<ref name="MM15112020">{{cite news |title=Elgar Parishad case: 'Humanity is bubbling in Taloja prison' |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/elgar-parishad-case-humanity-is-bubbling-in-taloja-prison/articleshow/79227704.cms |access-date=15 November 2020 |agency=Mumbai Mirror |date=15 November 2020}}</ref> during the said period, and he was accused of being a Maoist "sympathiser". It was alleged that the Persecuted Prisoners Solidarity Committee (PPSC) founded by him and [[Sudha Bharadwaj]], "to fight for the release of around 3,000 men and women who have been labelled as Maoists and imprisoned",<ref name="BBC" /> was a front for Maoist fundraising. The Jesuits denied the allegation of Swamy being a Maoist, by stating that it was against the ethos of the Jesuit order.<ref name="midday"/> He was arrested<ref name="wire2">{{cite web |last1=Shantha |first1=Sukanya |title=NIA Arrests 83-Year-Old Tribal Rights Activist Stan Swamy in Elgar Parishad Case |url=https://thewire.in/rights/stan-swamy-arrested-elgar-parishad-case |website=The Wire |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> by the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] on 8 October 2020, from Bagaicha, a Jesuit social action centre,<ref name="va">{{cite web |title=Christians seek Indian leaders' help for bail for jailed priest |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-11/india-jesuit-stan-swamy-prison-letter.html |website=[[Vatican News]] |date=18 November 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> and charged under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], 1967, under which bail can be denied. The case was initially investigated by the [[Pune Police]] but later handed over to the NIA.<ref>{{cite news |title= Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray set to withdraw Bhima-Koregaon cases against activists |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray-set-to-withdraw-bhima-koregaon-cases-against-activists |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= NIA took over the case from State government |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-11/india-jesuit-stan-swamy-prison-letter.html |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref> He had earlier been arrested in June 2018 in [[Ranchi]] on similar accusations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fr Stan Swamy, priest arrested in Ranchi: 'False and fabricated' charges against me |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Fr-Stan-Swamy,-priest-arrested-in-Ranchi:-%E2%80%98False-and-fabricated%E2%80%99-charges-against-me-44861.html |access-date=11 October 2020 |agency=Asia News |date=9 June 2018}}</ref> Activists [[Vernon Gonsalves]] and [[Arun Ferreira]] were also lodged at Taloja prison along with Swamy.<ref name="MM15112020" /><br />
<br />
Swamy's arrest triggered widespread protests across India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barik |first1=Satyasundar |title='Stan Swamy's arrest a violation of human rights', say civil rights activists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stan-swamys-arrest-a-violation-of-human-rights-say-civil-rights-activists/article32817710.ece |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=10 October 2020}}</ref> The People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), [[All India Catholic Union]], the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of India]], Kerala Catholic Bishops' Conference (KCBC), Kerala Latin Catholic Association (KLCA), Kerala Jesuit Provincial,<ref>{{cite news |last1=ENS |title=Various Kerala church sects demand Father Stan Swamy's release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/11/various-kerala-church-sects-demand-father-stan-swamys-release-2208948.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=New Indian Express |date=11 October 2020}}</ref> Federation of Asian Bishops Conferences (FABC),<ref name="va2">{{cite web |title=Asian bishops' solidarity with jailed Indian Jesuit |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-10/asia-bishops-fabc-bo-appeal-release-jesuit-stan-swamy.html |website=Vatican News |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> and the international Jesuit community,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesuits Demand Immediate Release of Fr. Stan Swamy, SJ |url=https://www.jesuits.org/stories/jesuits-demand-immediate-release-of-fr-stan-swamy-sj/ |website=jesuits.org |publisher=The Jesuits |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite web |title=In Solidarity with Fr. Stan Swamy, a 83 year old Jesuit arrested in India |url=https://www.jesuits.global/2020/10/09/in-solidarity-with-fr-stan-swamy-a-83-year-old-jesuit-arrested-in-india/ |website=Jesuits Global |publisher=Jesuits |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="britain" /> all protested, calling for his release.<ref>{{cite news |title=Catholic union calls for Father Stan Swamy's release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/catholic-union-calls-for-father-stan-swamys-release-900209.html |access-date=11 October 2020 |agency=Deccan Herald |date=10 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PUCL Condemns the Detention and Arrest of Fr. Stan Swamy in Bhima Koregaon Case |url=https://countercurrents.org/2020/10/pucl-condemns-the-detention-and-arrest-of-fr-stan-swamy-in-bhima-koregaon-case/ |website=Counter Currents |date=8 October 2020 |publisher=People's Union For Civil Liberties}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2020|title=CBCI seeks release of Stan Swamy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/cbci-seeks-release-of-stan-swamy-6720248/|access-date=12 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The Ranchi Catholic Church released a statement saying it was "distressed and troubled" at the way he was arrested.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=11 October 2020|title=Held by NIA over 'Maoist links', 83-yr-old priest worked for tribals, took on govt policies, and 'even the Church'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/father-stan-swamy-nia-maoist-elgaar-parishad-6720185/|access-date=12 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The arrests were termed as politically motivated due to his work among the [[adivasi]] community, the release of undertrials, Persecuted Prisoners Solidarity Committee,<ref name="wire3">{{cite news|last1=and Debmalya|first1=Rajendran Narayanan|date=3 September 2018|title=Father Stan Swamy, Children and the Unholy State|agency=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/rights/stan-swamy-jharkhand-adivasis-undertrials-pesa-uapa|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> among others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj S.J. |first1=Fr. J. Felix |title=Stan Swamy's arrest 'politically motivated' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/elgaar-parishad-case-stan-swamys-arrest-politically-motivated/cid/1794478 |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=Telegraph India |date=12 October 2020}}</ref> Leaders of other minority religions also protested his arrest.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Jhinuk|date=18 October 2020|title=Other brothers behind Stan Swamy|work=Telegraph India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/other-brothers-behind-fr-stan-swamy/cid/1795039}}</ref> In a protest on 21 October 2020, leaders of opposition political parties such as [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Sitaram Yechury]], [[D. Raja]], [[Supriya Sule]] and [[Kanimozhi]] along with economist [[Jean Dreze]], Dr Joseph Marianus Kujur, the director of the Ranchi-based Xavier Institute of Social Sciences, activists [[Dayamani Barla]] and Rupali Jadhav, and lawyer [[Mihir Desai]] called for Stan's release.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Sravasti |title=MPs Tharoor, Sule, Kanizmozhi join 8 others to seek UAPA repeal, release of Stan Swamy |url=https://theprint.in/india/mps-tharoor-sule-kanizmozhi-join-8-others-to-seek-uapa-repeal-release-of-stan-swamy/528112/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |agency=The Print |date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Time To Break The Silence": Opposition Leaders Condemn Stan Swamy's Arrest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/time-to-break-the-silence-opposition-leaders-condemn-activist-stan-swamys-arrest-2313613 |access-date=21 October 2020 |agency=Press Trust of India |date=21 October 2020}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]] Chief minister [[Hemant Soren]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=ENS |title=Jharkhand CM, Congress back Stan Swamy, question his arrest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/10/jharkhandcm-congress-backstan-swamy-question-his-arrest-2208586.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=New Indian Express |date=10 October 2020}}</ref> and [[Kerala]] [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<ref name="tnm">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title='Father Stan Swamy should get justice': Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan on activist's arrest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/father-stan-swamy-should-get-justice-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-activist-s-arrest-135188 |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=The News Minute |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=Tribal Rights Activist Fr Stan Swamy's Arrest Unfortunate:CM |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tribal-rights-activist-fr-stan-swamys-arrest-unfortunatecm-2956553.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |agency=News18 |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tribal Rights Activist Stan Swamy's Arrest Unfortunate: Pinarayi Vijayan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tribal-rights-activist-stan-swamys-arrest-unfortunate-pinarayi-vijayan-2309183 |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=NDTV |date=12 October 2020}}</ref> both objected to Swamy's arrest.<br />
<br />
In October 2020, Swamy filed for bail on the grounds of him being a victim of [[Parkinson's disease]]. His bail pleas were rejected multiple times.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Court rejects bail plea of Stan Swamy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-rejects-bail-plea-of-stan-swamy/article32932596.ece |access-date=24 October 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="bb27112020">{{cite news |last1=Joshi|first1=Neha|title=[Bhima Koregaon] Not likely to jump bail, arrest malafide: Father Stan Swamy moves Special NIA Court for bail |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/father-stan-swamy-bail-application-special-nia-court |access-date=27 November 2020 |agency=Bar And Bench|date=27 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="BailMarch2021">{{cite news |last1=Hakim |first1=Sharmeen |title=BREAKING : NIA Court Refuses Bail To Stan Swamy In Bhima Koregaon Case |url=http://livelaw.in/top-stories/stan-swamy-bombay-high-court-bail-bhima-koregaon-uapa-nia-171518 |access-date=22 March 2021 |agency=Livelaw}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 November 2020, Swamy submitted an application to the special court requesting a straw and sipper, stating that he was unable to hold a glass due to Parkinson's.<ref name="TH06112020">{{cite news |last1=Saigal |first1=Sonam |title=Stan Swamy files plea to allow use of straw, sipper in Taloja jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/stan-swamy-files-plea-to-allow-use-of-straw-sipper-in-taloja-jail/article33042730.ece |access-date=16 November 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=6 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="ndtv2611">{{cite news |last1=Roy|first1=Divyanshu Dutta|title=Not Till December. Stan Swamy's Wait For A Straw And Sipper Extended |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stan-swamys-wait-for-a-straw-and-sipper-extended-not-till-december-2330570 |access-date=26 November 2020 |agency=NDTV |date=26 November 2020}}</ref> In response to the delay in arranging a straw and a sipper for Swamy,<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 November 2020|title=NIA says it didn't seize Stan Swamy's straw and sipper|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/nia-says-it-didnt-seize-stan-swamys-straw-and-sipper/article33206122.ece|access-date=5 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> social media users protested by ordering straws and sippers online, getting them delivered to the NIA's Mumbai office and at the Taloja jail.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2020|title=Why people are posting orders of straws and sippers for arrested tribal activist Stan Swamy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/netizens-send-straws-and-sipper-for-stan-swamy-after-nia-denies-confiscating-them-7070510/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganapatye|first1=Shruti|title=Stan Swamy gets a sipper, finally |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/stan-swamy-gets-a-sipper-finally/articleshow/79470395.cms |access-date=29 November 2020 |agency=Mumbai Mirror |date=29 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Illness and death ===<br />
Swamy suffered from [[Parkinson's disease]] and other age-related illnesses.<ref name="wire" /> He fell multiple times while in prison.<ref name="ndtv2611" /> He suffered from hearing loss in both ears and had undergone surgeries.<ref name="midday">{{cite web |last1=Borges |first1=Jane |title='He's a torchbearer of the Constitution' say father Stan Swamy's peers |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/father-stan-swamy-associates-remember-his-struggles-to-uplift-marginalised-communities/23069274 |website=Mid-Day |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Due to his Parkinson's, he had trouble holding a glass, and requested to be provided with a sipper and a straw while imprisoned.<ref name="TH06112020" /><br />
<br />
On 18 May 2021, in a note submitted to the Bombay High Court,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/stan-swamy-bombay-high-court-ayurvedic-doctor-bhima-koregaon-case-medical-bail-174341|title='Ayurvedic Doctor At Prison Prescribed Allopathic Antipsychotic Drug' :Stan Swamy Tells Bombay High Court|first=Sharmeen|last=Hakim|date=19 May 2021|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref> it was reported that Swamy was gravely ill in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/17/shift-jailed-stan-swamy-to-hospital-jharkhand-rights-group-to-maharashtra-govt-2303724.html|title='Shift jailed Stan Swamy to hospital': Jharkhand rights group to Maharashtra govt|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The Court ordered the formation of an expert committee to examine Swamy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/elgaar-parishad-case-hc-directs-stan-swamys-health-checkup-at-j-j-hospital-7321561/|title=Elgaar Parishad case: Bombay HC directs Stan Swamy's health check-up at J J Hospital|date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-asks-jj-hospital-to-form-expert-panel-to-examine-stan-swamy/article34595309.ece|title=Send Stan Swamy to hospital for check-up on Thursday: Bombay High Court|first=Sonam|last=Saigal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> While appearing before the Court over video conferencing on 21 May 2021, Swamy refused to be admitted to either [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|JJ hospital]] or any other hospital and requested only interim bail so that he could go to his home in [[Ranchi]], citing his rapidly deteriorating health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/stan-swamy-interacts-with-bombay-hc-for-interim-bail-bhima-koregaon-case-174477|title='I Would Rather Suffer, Possibly Die Very Shortly If This Were To Go On' : Stan Swamy Pleads For Interim Bail In Bombay HC|first=Sharmeen|last=Hakim|date=21 May 2021|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref> On 28 May 2021, the Bombay High Court directed the Maharashtra government to admit Swamy to a private hospital for 15 days, considering his rapidly deteriorating health. He was admitted to the [[Holy Family Hospital, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bombay-high-court-allows-transfer-of-father-stan-swamy-to-holy-family-hospital-from-prison-for-15-days-7334074/|title=Bombay HC directs prison authorities to shift SwamySwamy to Holy Family Hospital|date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Swamy then tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/fr-stan-swamy-tests-positive-for-covid-19/article34681377.ece|title=Fr. Stan Swamy tests positive for COVID-19|first=Sonam|last=Saigal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 July 2021, Swamy was put on ventilator support, as his health deteriorated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/elgaar-parishad-case-stan-swamy-health-ventilator-7388859/|title=Elgaar Parishad case: Stan Swamy put on ventilator support as health deteriorates|date=4 July 2021}}</ref> He died on 5 July 2021, ahead of his bail hearing in Bombay High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 July 2021|title=Fr. Stan Swamy passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fr-stan-swamy-passes-away/article35143941.ece|access-date=5 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/father-stan-swamy-accused-in-elgar-parishad-case-passes-away-3927641.html | title=Elgar Parishad Case: Activist Stan Swamy, 84, Passes Away Ahead of Hearing on Bail Plea | publisher=News18 | date=5 July 2021 | accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/999349/tribal-activist-stan-swamy-dies-at-84|title=Tribal activist Stan Swamy dies at 84|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=5 July 2021|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, Jamshedpur Jesuit Province (JJP), petitioned the Bombay High Court, as his next-of-kin, to clear Swamy's name from the case. His counsel while appealing the Bombay High Court, to set aside NIA observation against him, had submitted, "It is strongly believed by those closest to him that his death was caused (in view of his age and past health conditions) due to his arrest and prison conditions including inadequate health facilities and health care". HC asked the petition to be resubmitted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay HC Asks Jesuit Group to File New Plea if They Want Stan Swamy's Name Cleared |url=https://thewire.in/rights/bombay-hc-asks-jesuit-group-to-file-new-plea-if-they-want-stan-swamys-name-cleared |work=The Wire |date=25 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Washington Post]] reported in December 2022 that hackers had planted evidence on Swamy's computer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/13/stan-swamy-hacked-bhima-koregaon/|title=Hackers planted evidence of on computer of jailed Indian activist, report says|first=Niha|last=Masih|date=13 December 2022|access-date=13 December 2022|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
In January 2021, Swamy was awarded the [[Mukundan C. Menon]] award 2020 for human rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/award-for-fr-stan-swamy/article33652620.ece|title=Award for Fr. Stan Swamy|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 January 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2022,The [[Martin Ennals]] Foundation, Geneva posthumously conferred the Human Rights Defenders award 2022 to Stan Swamy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/03/geneva-based-rights-organisation-confers-posthumous-award-to-father-stan-swamy-2461330.amp|title=Geneva-based rights organisation confers posthumous award to Father Stan Swamy|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=3 June 2022|via=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cs1WWx5y-k Why an 84-year-old Indian Jesuit—Fr. Stan Swamy—is in prison] <br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkNQWjX5OvU Bhima Koregaon Violence: NIA Arrests Stan Swamy | Breaking News 09-Oct-2020]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNVibqUVZDU Testimony of Stan Swamy two days before his arrest on 8 October 2020 (in English) 08-Oct-2020]<br />
* [http://sanhati.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Undertrials.in_.Jharkhand.pdf Deprived of rights over natural resources, impoverished Adivasis get prison: A study of Undertrials in Jharkhand]<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamy, Stan}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jesuits]]<br />
[[Category:People with Parkinson's disease]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on charges of terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Indian detention]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Model&diff=413821Standard Model2023-08-16T19:11:50Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Theory of forces and subatomic particles}}<br />
{{About|a non-mathematical general overview of the Standard Model of particle physics|a mathematical description|Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model|other uses|Standard model (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Standard model of particle physics}}<br />
<br />
The '''Standard Model''' of [[particle physics]] is the [[theory]] describing three of the four known [[fundamental force]]s ([[electromagnetism|electromagnetic]], [[weak interaction|weak]] and [[strong interaction]]s – excluding [[gravity]]) in the [[universe]] and classifying all known [[elementary particle]]s. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide,<ref><br />
{{cite book |author=R. Oerter |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-13-236678-6 |edition=Kindle |page=[https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert/page/2 2] |access-date=28 March 2022 |url-access=registration}} {{Dead link |date=March 2022}}</ref> with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon [[experimental confirmation]] of the existence of [[quark]]s. Since then, proof of the [[top quark]] (1995), the [[tau neutrino]] (2000), and the [[Higgs boson]] (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of [[weak neutral current]]s and the [[W and Z bosons]] with great accuracy.<br />
<br />
Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent{{notetag|There are mathematical issues regarding quantum field theories still under debate (see e.g. [[Landau pole]]), but the predictions extracted from the Standard Model by current methods applicable to current experiments are all self-consistent.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=25 |author=R. Mann |title=An Introduction to Particle Physics and the Standard Model |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4200-8298-2}}</ref>}} and has demonstrated some success in providing [[experimental prediction]]s, it leaves some [[physics beyond the standard model|physical phenomena unexplained]] and so falls short of being a [[theory of everything|complete theory of fundamental interactions]]. For example, it does not fully explain [[baryon asymmetry]], incorporate the full [[theory of gravitation]]<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-1-59803-350-2 |oclc=288435552 |last1=Carroll |first1=Sean M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/288435552 |title=Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe |last2=Rhoades |first2=Zachary H. |last3=Leven |first3=Jon |publisher=[[The Teaching Company]] |year=2007 |series=Guidebook Part 2 |location=Chantilly, VA |pages=59 |quote=...Standard Model of Particle Physics: The modern theory of elementary particles and their interactions ... It does not, strictly speaking, include gravity, although it's often convenient to include gravitons among the known particles of nature... |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> as described by [[general relativity]], or account for the [[accelerating expansion of the universe|universe's accelerating expansion]] as possibly described by [[dark energy]]. The model does not contain any viable [[dark matter]] particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational [[physical cosmology|cosmology]]. It also does not incorporate [[neutrino oscillation]]s and their non-zero masses.<br />
<br />
The development of the Standard Model was driven by [[theoretical physics|theoretical]] and [[experimental physics|experimental]] particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a [[quantum field theory]] for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including [[spontaneous symmetry breaking]], [[anomaly (physics)|anomalies]], and non-perturbative behavior. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate [[hypothetical particle]]s, [[extra dimensions]], and elaborate symmetries (such as [[supersymmetry]]) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.<br />
<br />
== Historical background ==<br />
{{See also|History of quantum field theory|History of subatomic physics|Julian Schwinger|John Clive Ward}}<br />
In 1954, [[Yang Chen-Ning]] and [[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]] extended the concept of [[gauge theory]] for [[abelian group]]s, e.g. [[quantum electrodynamics]], to [[nonabelian group]]s to provide an explanation for [[strong interaction]]s.<ref name=YM>{{cite journal |author-link1=Chen-Ning Yang |first1=C. N. |last1=Yang |author-link2=Robert Mills (physicist) |first2=R. |last2=Mills |title=Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |year=1954 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.96.191|bibcode = 1954PhRv...96..191Y |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1957, [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] demonstrated [[parity (physics)|parity]] was not conserved in the [[weak interaction]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cho|first=Adrian|title=Postage stamp to honor female physicist who many say should have won the Nobel Prize|date=5 February 2021|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/postage-stamp-honor-female-physicist-who-many-say-should-have-won-nobel-prize}}</ref><br />
In 1961, [[Sheldon Glashow]] combined the [[electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] and [[weak interaction]]s.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=S.L. Glashow<br />
|year=1961<br />
|title=Partial-symmetries of weak interactions<br />
|journal=[[Nuclear Physics (journal)|Nuclear Physics]]<br />
|volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=579–588<br />
|bibcode=1961NucPh..22..579G<br />
|doi=10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2<br />
}}</ref> In 1967 [[Steven Weinberg]]<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=S. Weinberg<br />
|year=1967<br />
|title=A Model of Leptons<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=19 |issue=21 |pages=1264–1266<br />
|bibcode=1967PhRvL..19.1264W<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref> and [[Abdus Salam]]<ref><br />
{{cite conference<br />
|author=A. Salam<br />
|editor=N. Svartholm<br />
|year=1968<br />
|book-title=Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity<br />
|pages=367<br />
|conference=Eighth Nobel Symposium<br />
|publisher=Almquvist and Wiksell<br />
|location=Stockholm<br />
}}</ref> incorporated the [[Higgs mechanism]]<ref name="Englert1964"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author1=F. Englert |author2=R. Brout |year=1964<br />
|title=Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=321–323<br />
|bibcode=1964PhRvL..13..321E<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321<br />
|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Peter W. Higgs 1964 508–509"><br />
{{cite journal |author=P.W. Higgs |year=1964 |title=Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=13 |issue=16 |pages=508–509 |bibcode=1964PhRvL..13..508H |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="G.S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen, T.W.B. Kibble 1964 585–587"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author1=G.S. Guralnik |author2=C.R. Hagen |author3=T.W.B. Kibble |year=1964<br />
|title=Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=13 |issue=20 |pages=585–587<br />
|bibcode=1964PhRvL..13..585G<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585<br />
|doi-access=free}}</ref> into Glashow's [[electroweak interaction]], giving it its modern form.<br />
<br />
The Higgs mechanism is believed to give rise to the [[mass]]es of all the [[elementary particle]]s in the Standard Model. This includes the masses of the [[W and Z bosons]], and the masses of the [[fermion]]s, i.e. the [[quark]]s and [[lepton]]s.<br />
<br />
After the [[Neutral current|neutral weak currents]] caused by [[Subatomic particle|Z boson]] exchange [[Gargamelle|were discovered]] at [[CERN]] in 1973,<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=F.J. Hasert |display-authors=etal <br />
|year=1973<br />
|title=Search for elastic muon-neutrino electron scattering<br />
|journal=[[Physics Letters B]]<br />
|volume=46 |issue=1 |page=121<br />
|bibcode=1973PhLB...46..121H<br />
|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90494-2<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=F.J. Hasert |display-authors=etal <br />
|year=1973<br />
|title=Observation of neutrino-like interactions without muon or electron in the Gargamelle neutrino experiment<br />
|journal=[[Physics Letters B]]<br />
|volume=46 |issue=1 |page=138<br />
|bibcode=1973PhLB...46..138H<br />
|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90499-1<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=F.J. Hasert<br />
|year=1974<br />
|title=Observation of neutrino-like interactions without muon or electron in the Gargamelle neutrino experiment<br />
|journal=[[Nuclear Physics B]]<br />
|volume=73 |issue=1 |page=1<br />
|bibcode=1974NuPhB..73....1H<br />
|doi=10.1016/0550-3213(74)90038-8<br />
|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|author=D. Haidt<br />
|date=4 October 2004<br />
|title=The discovery of the weak neutral currents<br />
|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29168<br />
|work=[[CERN Courier]]<br />
|access-date=8 May 2008<br />
}}</ref> the electroweak theory became widely accepted and Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg shared the 1979 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for discovering it. The W<sup>±</sup> and Z<sup>0</sup> [[boson]]s were discovered experimentally in 1983; and the ratio of their masses was found to be as the Standard Model predicted.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gaillard|first1=Mary K.|author-link1=Mary K. Gaillard|last2=Grannis|first2= Paul D. |last3=Sciulli|first3=Frank J.|title=The Standard Model of Particle Physics|date=January 1999|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S96|volume=71|issue=2 |pages=S96–S111|arxiv=hep-ph/9812285|bibcode=1999RvMPS..71...96G|s2cid=119012610}}</ref><br />
<br />
The theory of the [[strong interaction]] (i.e. [[quantum chromodynamics]], QCD), to which many contributed, acquired its modern form in 1973–74 when [[asymptotic freedom]] was proposed<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author1=D.J. Gross |author2=F. Wilczek |year=1973<br />
|title=Ultraviolet behavior of non-abelian gauge theories<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=30 |issue= 26|pages= 1343–1346<br />
|bibcode=1973PhRvL..30.1343G<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343<br />
|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=H.D. Politzer<br />
|year=1973<br />
|title=Reliable perturbative results for strong interactions<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=30 |issue=26 |pages=1346–1349<br />
|bibcode=1973PhRvL..30.1346P<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1346<br />
|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/6668/1/POLprl73.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719010018/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/6668/1/POLprl73.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-19 |url-status=live<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref> (a development which made QCD the main focus of theoretical research)<ref>[[Dean Rickles]] (2014). ''A Brief History of String Theory: From Dual Models to M-Theory''. Springer, p. 11 n. 22.</ref> and experiments confirmed that the [[hadron]]s were composed of fractionally charged quarks.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Aubert |first1=J.<br />
|year=1974<br />
|title=Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=33 |issue=23 |pages=1404–1406<br />
|bibcode = 1974PhRvL..33.1404A<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404<br />
|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Augustin |first1=J.<br />
|year=1974<br />
|title=Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> Annihilation<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=33 |issue=23 |pages=1406–1408<br />
|bibcode = 1974PhRvL..33.1406A<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406<br />
|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The term "Standard Model" was first coined by [[Abraham Pais]] and [[Sam Treiman]] in 1975,<ref><br />
{{cite journal |author1=Pais |first=A. |last2=Treiman |first2=S. B. |year=1975 |title=How Many Charm Quantum Numbers are There? |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=35 |issue=23 |pages=1556–1559 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1556 |bibcode=1975PhRvL..35.1556P |doi-access=free}}</ref> with reference to the electroweak theory with four quarks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cao |first=Tian Yu |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108566926 |title=Conceptual Developments of 20th Century Field Theories |date=1 October 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-56692-6 |publication-date=1998 |page=320|doi=10.1017/9781108566926 |s2cid=243686857 }}</ref> According to [[Steven Weinberg]], he came up with the term<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinberg |first=Steven |title=This World and the Universe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnk0rnBQrR0&t=1080s |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Talks at Google}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=World Science Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-y3DPJRVhE&t=435s |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2022}} and used it in 1973 during a talk in Aix-en-Provence in France.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201902/weinberg.cfm| title = Q&A with Standard Bearer Steven Weinberg}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Particle content ==<br />
The Standard Model includes members of several classes of elementary particles, which in turn can be distinguished by other characteristics, such as [[color charge]].<br />
<br />
All particles can be summarized as follows:<br />
{{Elementary particles|SM=yes}}<br />
<br />
=== Fermions ===<br />
<!--<br />
[[File:Standard Model.svg|upright=1.5|right|thumb|The pattern of [[weak isospin]], T<sub>3</sub>, [[weak hypercharge]], Y<sub>W</sub>, and [[color charge]] of all known elementary particles, rotated by the [[Weinberg angle|weak mixing angle]] to show electric charge, Q, roughly along the vertical. The neutral [[Higgs field]] (gray square) breaks the [[electroweak symmetry]] and interacts with other particles to give them mass.]]<br />
--><br />
<br />
The Standard Model includes 12 [[elementary particle]]s of [[Spin (physics)|spin]] {{1/2}}, known as [[fermion]]s. According to the [[spin–statistics theorem]], fermions respect the [[Pauli exclusion principle]]. Each fermion has a corresponding [[antiparticle]].<br />
<br />
Fermions are classified according to how they interact (or equivalently, by what [[charge (physics)|charges]] they carry). There are six [[quark]]s ([[up quark|up]], [[down quark|down]], [[charm quark|charm]], [[strange quark|strange]], [[top quark|top]], [[bottom quark|bottom]]), and six [[lepton]]s ([[electron]], [[electron neutrino]], [[muon]], [[muon neutrino]], [[tau (particle)|tau]], [[tau neutrino]]). Each class is divided into pairs of particles that exhibit a similar physical behavior called a [[Generation (particle physics)|generation]] (see the table).<br />
<br />
The defining property of quarks is that they carry [[color charge]], and hence interact via the [[strong interaction]]. The phenomenon of [[color confinement]] results in quarks being very strongly bound to one another, forming color-neutral composite particles called [[hadron]]s that contain either a quark and an antiquark ([[meson]]s) or three quarks ([[baryon]]s). The lightest baryons are the [[proton]] and the [[neutron]]. Quarks also carry [[electric charge]] and [[weak isospin]]. Hence they interact with other fermions via [[electromagnetism]] and the [[weak interaction]]. The remaining six fermions do not carry color charge and are called leptons. The three [[neutrino]]s do not carry electric charge either, so their motion is directly influenced only by the [[weak interaction|weak nuclear force]] and gravity, which makes them notoriously difficult to detect. By contrast, by virtue of carrying an electric charge, the electron, muon, and tau all interact electromagnetically.<br />
<br />
Each member of a generation has greater mass than the corresponding particle of any generation before it. The first-generation charged particles do not decay, hence all ordinary ([[baryon]]ic) matter is made of such particles. Specifically, all atoms consist of electrons orbiting around [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]], ultimately constituted of up and down quarks. On the other hand, second- and third-generation charged particles decay with very short half-lives and are observed only in very high-energy environments. Neutrinos of all generations also do not decay, and pervade the universe, but rarely interact with baryonic matter.<br />
<br />
=== Gauge bosons ===<br />
[[File:Standard Model – All Feynman diagram vertices.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|right|Interactions in the Standard Model. All Feynman diagrams in the model are built from combinations of these vertices. ''q'' is any quark, ''g'' is a gluon, ''X'' is any charged particle, γ is a photon, ''f'' is any fermion, ''m'' is any particle with mass (with the possible exception of the neutrinos), ''m''<sub>B</sub><nowiki> is any boson with mass. In diagrams with multiple particle labels separated by / one particle label is chosen. In diagrams with particle labels separated by | the labels must be chosen in the same order. For example, in the four boson electroweak case the valid diagrams are WWWW, WWZZ, WWγγ, WWZγ. </nowiki>The conjugate of each listed vertex (reversing the direction of arrows) is also allowed.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=PhD|last=Lindon|first=Jack|date=2020|title=Particle Collider Probes of Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Generic Beyond Standard Model Signatures in Events With an Energetic Jet and Large Missing Transverse Momentum Using the ATLAS Detector at the LHC|publisher=CERN|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2746537/}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
In the Standard Model, [[gauge boson]]s are defined as [[force carrier]]s that mediate the strong, weak, and electromagnetic [[fundamental interaction]]s.<br />
<br />
Interactions in physics are the ways that particles influence other particles. At a [[Macroscopic scale|macroscopic level]], electromagnetism allows particles to interact with one another via [[electric]] and [[magnetic field|magnetic]] fields, and gravitation allows particles with mass to attract one another in accordance with Einstein's theory of [[general relativity]]. The Standard Model explains such forces as resulting from matter particles [[Static forces and virtual-particle exchange|exchanging other particles]], generally referred to as ''force mediating particles''. When a force-mediating particle is exchanged, the effect at a macroscopic level is equivalent to a force influencing both of them, and the particle is therefore said to have ''mediated'' (i.e., been the agent of) that force.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jaeger | first1 = Gregg | year = 2021 | title = Exchange Forces in Particle Physics | journal = Foundations of Physics | volume = 51 | issue =1 | page = 13 |doi=10.1007/s10701-021-00425-0| bibcode = 2021FoPh...51...13J | s2cid = 231811425 }}</ref> The [[Feynman diagram]] calculations, which are a graphical representation of the [[perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)|perturbation theory]] approximation, invoke "force mediating particles", and when applied to analyze [[particle accelerator|high-energy scattering experiments]] are in reasonable agreement with the data. However, perturbation theory (and with it the concept of a "force-mediating particle") fails in other situations. These include low-energy [[quantum chromodynamics]], [[bound state]]s, and [[soliton]]s.<br />
<br />
The gauge bosons of the Standard Model all have [[Spin (physics)|spin]] (as do matter particles). The value of the spin is 1, making them [[boson]]s. As a result, they do not follow the [[Pauli exclusion principle]] that constrains [[fermion]]s: thus bosons (e.g. photons) do not have a theoretical limit on their [[volume number density|spatial density (number per volume)]]. The types of gauge bosons are described below.<br />
* [[Photon]]s mediate the electromagnetic force between electrically charged particles. The photon is massless and is well-described by the theory of [[quantum electrodynamics]].<br />
* The [[W and Z bosons|{{SubatomicParticle|W boson+}}, {{SubatomicParticle|W boson-}}, and {{SubatomicParticle|Z boson}}]] gauge bosons mediate the [[weak interaction]]s between particles of different [[Flavour (particle physics)|flavours]] (all [[quark]]s and leptons). They are massive, with the {{SubatomicParticle|Z boson}} being more massive than the {{SubatomicParticle|W boson+-}}. The weak interactions involving the {{SubatomicParticle|W boson+-}} act only on [[Chirality (physics)|''left-handed'' particles and ''right-handed'' antiparticles]]. The {{SubatomicParticle|W boson+-}} carries an electric charge of +1 and −1 and couples to the electromagnetic interaction. The electrically neutral {{SubatomicParticle|Z boson}} boson interacts with both left-handed particles and right-handed antiparticles. These three gauge bosons along with the photons are grouped together, as collectively mediating the [[electroweak]] interaction.<br />
* The eight [[gluon]]s mediate the [[strong interaction]]s between [[color charge]]d particles (the quarks). Gluons are massless. The eightfold multiplicity of gluons is labeled by a combination of color and anticolor charge (e.g. red–antigreen).{{NoteTag|Technically, there are nine such color–anticolor combinations. However, one of these is a color-symmetric combination that can be constructed out of a linear superposition, reducing the count to eight.}} Because gluons have an effective color charge, they can also interact among themselves. Gluons and their interactions are described by the theory of [[quantum chromodynamics]].<br />
<br />
The interactions between all the particles described by the Standard Model are summarized by the diagrams on the right of this section.<br />
<br />
=== Higgs boson ===<br />
{{Main|Higgs boson}}<br />
<br />
The Higgs particle is a massive [[Scalar field theory|scalar]] elementary particle theorized by [[Peter Higgs]] in 1964, when he showed that Goldstone's 1962 theorem (generic continuous symmetry, which is spontaneously broken) provides a third polarisation of a massive vector field. Hence, Goldstone's original scalar doublet, the massive spin-zero particle, was [[1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers|proposed as the Higgs boson]], and is a key building block in the Standard Model.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=G.S. Guralnik<br />
|year=2009<br />
|title=The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Modern Physics A]]<br />
|volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=2601–2627<br />
|arxiv=0907.3466<br />
|bibcode=2009IJMPA..24.2601G<br />
|doi=10.1142/S0217751X09045431<br />
|s2cid=16298371<br />
}}</ref> It has no intrinsic [[Spin (physics)|spin]], and for that reason is classified as a [[boson]] (like the gauge bosons, which have [[integer]] spin).<br />
<br />
The Higgs boson plays a unique role in the Standard Model, by explaining why the other elementary particles, except the [[photon]] and [[gluon]], are massive. In particular, the Higgs boson explains why the photon has no mass, while the [[W and Z bosons]] are very heavy. Elementary-particle masses and the differences between [[electromagnetism]] (mediated by the photon) and the [[weak force]] (mediated by the W and Z bosons) are critical to many aspects of the structure of microscopic (and hence macroscopic) matter. In [[electroweak interaction|electroweak theory]], the Higgs boson generates the masses of the leptons (electron, muon, and tau) and quarks. As the Higgs boson is massive, it must interact with itself.<br />
<br />
Because the Higgs boson is a very massive particle and also decays almost immediately when created, only a very high-energy [[particle accelerator]] can observe and record it. Experiments to confirm and determine the nature of the Higgs boson using the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) at [[CERN]] began in early 2010 and were performed at [[Fermilab]]'s [[Tevatron]] until its closure in late 2011. Mathematical consistency of the Standard Model requires that any mechanism capable of generating the masses of elementary particles must become visible{{clarify|reason=Isn't "apparent" or "manifest" needed here instead of "visible"?|date=July 2013}} at energies above {{val|1.4|ul=TeV}};<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author1=B.W. Lee |author2=C. Quigg |author3=H.B. Thacker |year=1977<br />
|title=Weak interactions at very high energies: The role of the Higgs-boson mass<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review D]]<br />
|volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1519–1531<br />
|bibcode=1977PhRvD..16.1519L<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1519<br />
}}</ref> therefore, the LHC (designed to collide two {{val|7|u=TeV}} proton beams) was built to answer the question of whether the Higgs boson actually exists.<ref><br />
{{cite news<br />
|date=11 November 2009<br />
|title=Huge $10 billion collider resumes hunt for 'God particle'<br />
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/11/11/lhc.large.hadron.collider.beam/index.html<br />
|publisher=CNN<br />
|access-date=2010-05-04<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 July 2012, two of the experiments at the LHC ([[ATLAS experiment|ATLAS]] and [[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]]) both reported independently that they had found a new particle with a mass of about {{val|125|ul=GeV/c2}} (about 133 proton masses, on the order of {{val|10|e=-25|u=kg}}), which is "consistent with the Higgs boson".<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|date=4 July 2012<br />
|title=Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV<br />
|url=http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/observation-new-particle-mass-125-gev<br />
|publisher=CERN<br />
|access-date=2012-07-05<br />
}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20120704"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|author=D. Overbye<br />
|date=4 July 2012<br />
|title=A New Particle Could Be Physics' Holy Grail<br />
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/science/cern-physicists-may-have-discovered-higgs-boson-particle.html<br />
|newspaper=The New York Times<br />
|access-date=2012-07-04<br />
}}</ref><br />
On 13 March 2013, it was confirmed to be the searched-for Higgs boson.<ref name="CERN_20130314"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/new-results-indicate-particle-discovered-cern-higgs-boson<br />
|title=New results indicate that particle discovered at CERN is a Higgs boson<br />
|date=14 March 2013<br />
|publisher=CERN<br />
|access-date=2020-06-14}}<br />
</ref><ref name="CERN_EPS2017">{{cite web<br />
|url=https://press.cern/update/2017/07/lhc-experiments-delve-deeper-precision<br />
|title=LHC experiments delve deeper into precision<br />
|date=11 July 2017<br />
|publisher=CERN<br />
|access-date=2017-07-23<br />
|archive-date=14 July 2017<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714090456/http://press.cern/update/2017/07/lhc-experiments-delve-deeper-precision<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Theoretical aspects ==<br />
{{Main|Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model}}<br />
<br />
=== Construction of the Standard Model Lagrangian ===<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"<br />
!colspan="6"|Parameters of the Standard Model<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Symbol<br />
! Description<br />
! Renormalization<br /> scheme (point)<br />
! Value<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|''m''<sub>e</sub><br />
|Electron mass<br />
|<br />
|0.511 MeV<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|''m''<sub>μ</sub><br />
|Muon mass<br />
|<br />
|105.7 MeV<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|''m''<sub>τ</sub><br />
|Tau mass<br />
|<br />
|1.78 GeV<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|''m''<sub>u</sub><br />
|Up quark mass<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = 2 GeV<br />
|1.9 MeV<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|''m''<sub>d</sub><br />
|Down quark mass<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = 2 GeV<br />
|4.4 MeV<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|''m''<sub>s</sub><br />
|Strange quark mass<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = 2 GeV<br />
|87 MeV<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|''m''<sub>c</sub><br />
|Charm quark mass<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = ''m''<sub>c</sub><br />
|1.32 GeV<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|''m''<sub>b</sub><br />
|Bottom quark mass<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = ''m''<sub>b</sub><br />
|4.24 GeV<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|''m''<sub>t</sub><br />
|Top quark mass<br />
| On shell scheme<br />
|173.5 GeV<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|''θ''<sub>12</sub><br />
|CKM 12-mixing angle<br />
|<br />
|13.1°<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|''θ''<sub>23</sub><br />
|CKM 23-mixing angle<br />
|<br />
|2.4°<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|''θ''<sub>13</sub><br />
|CKM 13-mixing angle<br />
|<br />
|0.2°<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|''δ''<br />
|CKM CP violation Phase<br />
|<br />
|0.995<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|''g''<sub>1</sub> or ''g''{{'}}<br />
|U(1) gauge coupling<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = ''m''<sub>Z</sub><br />
|0.357<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|''g''<sub>2</sub> or ''g''<br />
|SU(2) gauge coupling<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = ''m''<sub>Z</sub><br />
|0.652<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|''g''<sub>3</sub> or ''g''<sub>s</sub><br />
|SU(3) gauge coupling<br />
|''μ''<sub>{{overline|MS}}</sub> = ''m''<sub>Z</sub><br />
|1.221<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|''θ''<sub>QCD</sub><br />
|QCD vacuum angle<br />
|<br />
|~0<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|''v''<br />
|Higgs vacuum expectation value<br />
|<br />
|246 GeV<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|''m''<sub>H</sub><br />
|Higgs mass<br />
|<br />
|{{val|125.09|0.24|u=GeV}}<br />
|}<br />
Technically, [[quantum field theory]] provides the mathematical framework for the Standard Model, in which a [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]] controls the dynamics and kinematics of the theory. Each kind of particle is described in terms of a dynamical [[field (physics)|field]] that pervades [[space-time]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gregg Jaeger | year=2021 | title=The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields | journal=[[Entropy]] | volume=23 | issue=11 | pages=1416 | doi=10.3390/e23111416 | pmid=34828114 | pmc=8623095 | bibcode=2021Entrp..23.1416J | doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
The construction of the Standard Model proceeds following the modern method of constructing most field theories: by first postulating a set of symmetries of the system, and then by writing down the most general [[renormalization|renormalizable]] Lagrangian from its particle (field) content that observes these symmetries.<br />
<br />
The [[Global symmetry|global]] [[Poincaré group|Poincaré symmetry]] is postulated for all relativistic quantum field theories. It consists of the familiar [[translational symmetry]], [[rotational symmetry]] and the inertial reference frame invariance central to the theory of [[special relativity]]. The [[Local symmetry|local]] SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) [[gauge symmetry]] is an [[Internal symmetries|internal symmetry]] that essentially defines the Standard Model. Roughly, the three factors of the gauge symmetry give rise to the three fundamental interactions. The fields fall into different [[Representation of a Lie group|representations]] of the various symmetry groups of the Standard Model (see table). Upon writing the most general Lagrangian, one finds that the dynamics depends on 19 parameters, whose numerical values are established by experiment. The parameters are summarized in the table (made visible by clicking "show") above.<br />
<br />
==== Quantum chromodynamics sector ====<br />
{{Main|Quantum chromodynamics}}<br />
The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sector defines the interactions between quarks and gluons, which is a [[Yang–Mills theory|Yang–Mills gauge theory]] with SU(3) symmetry, generated by <math>T^a = \lambda^a/2</math>. Since leptons do not interact with gluons, they are not affected by this sector. The Dirac Lagrangian of the quarks coupled to the gluon fields is given by<br />
<br />
<math display="block">\mathcal{L}_\text{QCD} = \overline{\psi} i\gamma^\mu D_{\mu} \psi - \frac{1}{4} G^a_{\mu\nu} G^{\mu\nu}_a,</math><br />
<br />
where <math>\psi</math> is a three component column vector of [[Dirac Spinor|Dirac Spinors]], each element of which refers to a quark field with a specific [[Color_charge|color charge]] (i.e. red, blue, and green) and summation over [[Flavour (particle physics)|flavor]] (i.e. up, down, strange, etc.) is implied. <br />
<br />
The gauge covariant derivative of QCD is defined by <math>D_{\mu} \equiv \partial_\mu - i g_s\frac{1}{2}\lambda^a G_\mu^a</math>, where<br />
* {{mvar|γ{{isup|μ}}}} are the [[Dirac matrices]],<br />
* {{mvar|G{{su|b=μ|p=a}}}} is the 8-component (<math>a = 1, 2, \dots, 8</math>) SU(3) gauge field,<br />
* {{mvar|λ{{su|p=a}}}} are the 3 × 3 [[Gell-Mann matrices]], generators of the SU(3) color group,<br />
* {{mvar|G{{su|b=μν|p=a}}}} represents the [[gluon field strength tensor]], and<br />
* {{mvar|g<sub>s</sub>}} is the strong coupling constant.<br />
<br />
The QCD Lagrangian is invariant under local SU(3) gauge transformations; i.e., transformations of the form <math>\psi \rightarrow \psi' = U\psi</math>, where <math>U = e^{-i g_s\lambda^a \phi^{a(x)}}</math> is <math>3\times 3</math> unitary matrix with determinant 1, making it a member of the group SU(3), and <math>\phi^{a(x)}</math> is an arbitrary function of spacetime.<br />
<br />
==== Electroweak sector ====<br />
{{Main|Electroweak interaction}}<br />
The electroweak sector is a [[Yang–Mills theory|Yang–Mills gauge theory]] with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2)<sub>L</sub>,<br />
<br />
<math display="block">\mathcal{L}_\text{EW} = \overline{Q}_{Lj} i\gamma^\mu D_{\mu} Q_{Lj} + \overline{u}_{Rj} i\gamma^\mu D_{\mu} u_{Rj} + \overline{d}_{Rj} i\gamma^\mu D_{\mu} d_{Rj} + \overline{\ell}_{Lj} i\gamma^\mu D_{\mu} \ell_{Lj} + \overline{e}_{Rj} i\gamma^\mu D_{\mu} e_{Rj} - \tfrac{1}{4} W_a^{\mu\nu} W_{\mu\nu}^a - \tfrac{1}{4} B^{\mu\nu} B_{\mu\nu}, </math><br />
<br />
where the subscript <math>j</math> sums over the three generations of fermions; <math>Q_L, u_R</math>, and <math>d_R</math> are the left-handed doublet, right-handed singlet up type, and right handed singlet down type quark fields; and <math>\ell_L</math> and <math>e_R</math> are the left-handed doublet and right-handed singlet lepton fields. <br />
<br />
The electroweak [[gauge covariant derivative]] is defined as <math>D_\mu \equiv \partial_\mu - ig' \tfrac12 Y_\text{W} B_\mu - ig \tfrac{1}{2} \vec\tau_\text{L} \vec W_\mu</math>, where <br />
* {{mvar|B<sub>μ</sub>}} is the U(1) gauge field,<br />
* {{math|''Y''<sub>W</sub>}} is the [[weak hypercharge]] – the generator of the U(1) group,<br />
* {{math|{{vec|''W''}}<sub>''μ''</sub>}} is the 3-component SU(2) gauge field,<br />
* {{math|{{vec|''τ''<sub>L</sub>}}}} are the [[Pauli matrices]] – infinitesimal generators of the SU(2) group – with subscript L to indicate that they only act on ''left''-chiral fermions,<br />
* {{mvar|g'}} and {{mvar|g}} are the U(1) and SU(2) coupling constants respectively,<br />
* <math>W^{a\mu\nu}</math> (<math>a = 1, 2, 3</math>) and <math>B^{\mu\nu}</math> are the [[field strength tensor]]s for the weak isospin and weak hypercharge fields.<br />
<br />
Notice that the addition of fermion mass terms into the electroweak Lagrangian is forbidden, since terms of the form <math>m\overline\psi\psi</math> do not respect U(1) × SU(2)<sub>L</sub> gauge invariance. Neither is it possible to add explicit mass terms for the U(1) and SU(2) gauge fields. The Higgs mechanism is responsible for the generation of the gauge boson masses, and the fermion masses result from Yukawa-type interactions with the Higgs field.<br />
<br />
==== Higgs sector ====<br />
{{Main|Higgs mechanism}}<br />
In the Standard Model, the [[Higgs field]] is an <math>SU(2)_L</math> doublet of complex [[Scalar (physics)|scalar]] fields with four degrees of freedom:<br />
<br />
<math display="block"> <br />
\varphi = \begin{pmatrix} \varphi^+ \\ \varphi^0 \end{pmatrix}<br />
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} \varphi_1 + i\varphi_2 \\ \varphi_3 + i\varphi_4 \end{pmatrix},<br />
</math><br />
<br />
where the superscripts + and 0 indicate the electric charge <math>Q</math> of the components. The weak hypercharge <math>Y_W</math> of both components is 1. Before symmetry breaking, the Higgs Lagrangian is<br />
<br />
<math display="block"> \mathcal{L}_\text{H} = \frac{1}{2} \left(D_{\mu}\varphi\right)^{\dagger} \left(D^{\mu}\varphi \right) - V(\varphi),</math><br />
<br />
where <math>D_{\mu}</math> is the electroweak gauge covariant derivative defined above and <math>V(\varphi)</math> is the potential of the Higgs field. The square of the covariant derivative leads to three and four point interactions between the Electroweak gauge fields <math>W^{a}_{\mu}</math> and <math>B_{\mu}</math> and the scalar field <math>\varphi</math>. The scalar potential is given by<br />
<br />
<math display="block"> V(\varphi) = -\mu^2\varphi^{\dagger}\varphi + \lambda \left( \varphi^{\dagger}\varphi \right)^2, </math><br />
<br />
where <math>\mu^2>0</math>, so that <math>\varphi</math> acquires a non-zero [[Vacuum expectation value]], which generates masses for the Electroweak gauge fields (the Higgs' Mechanism), and <math>\lambda>0</math>, so that the potential is bounded from below. The quartic term describes self-interactions of the scalar field <math>\varphi</math>.<br />
<br />
The minimum of the potential is degenerate with an infinite number of equivalent [[ground state]] solutions, which occurs when <math>\varphi^{\dagger}\varphi = \tfrac{\mu^2}{2\lambda}</math>. It is possible to perform a [[Unitary gauge|gauge transformation]] on <math>\varphi</math> such that the ground state is transformed to a basis where <math>\varphi_1 = \varphi_2 = \varphi_4 = 0</math> and <math>\varphi_3 = \tfrac{\mu}{\sqrt{\lambda}} \equiv v </math>. This breaks the symmetry of the ground state. The expectation value of <math>\varphi</math> now becomes <br />
<br />
<math display="block"> \langle \varphi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ v \end{pmatrix},</math><br />
<br />
where <math>v</math> has units of mass and sets the scale of electroweak physics. This is the only dimensional parameter of the Standard Model and has a measured value of ~{{val|246|u=GeV/c2}}. <br />
<br />
After symmetry breaking, the masses of the <math>W</math> and <math>Z</math> are given by <math>m_W=\frac{1}{2}gv</math> and <math> m_Z=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{g^2+g'^2}v</math>, which can be viewed as predictions of the theory. The photon remains massless. The mass of the [[Higgs Boson]] is <math>m_H=\sqrt{2\mu^2}=\sqrt{2\lambda}v</math>. Since <math>\mu</math> and <math>\lambda</math> are free parameters, the Higgs' mass could not be predicted beforehand and had to be determined experimentally.<br />
<br />
==== Yukawa sector ====<br />
The [[Yukawa interaction]] terms are:<br />
<br />
<math display="block">\mathcal{L}_\text{Yukawa} = (Y_u)_{mn}(\bar{Q}_L)_m \tilde{\varphi}(u_R)_n + (Y_d)_{mn}(\bar{Q}_L)_m \varphi(d_R)_n + (Y_e)_{mn}(\bar{\ell}_L)_m {\varphi}(e_R)_n + \mathrm{h.c.} </math><br />
<br />
where <math>Y_u</math>, <math>Y_d</math>, and <math>Y_e</math> are {{math|3 × 3}} matrices of Yukawa couplings, with the {{mvar|mn}} term giving the coupling of the generations {{mvar|m}} and {{mvar|n}}, and h.c. means Hermitian conjugate of preceding terms. The fields <math>Q_L</math> and <math>\ell_L</math> are left-handed quark and lepton doublets. Likewise, <math>u_R, d_R</math> and <math>e_R</math> are right-handed up-type quark, down-type quark, and lepton singlets. Finally <math>\varphi</math> is the Higgs doublet and <math>\tilde{\varphi} = i\tau_2\varphi^{*}</math> is its charge conjugate state.<br />
<br />
The Yukawa terms are invariant under the <math>SU(2)_L \times U(1)_Y</math> gauge symmetry of the Standard Model<br />
and generate masses for all fermions after spontaneous symmetry breaking.<br />
<br />
== Fundamental interactions ==<br />
{{Main|Fundamental interaction}}<br />
The Standard Model describes three of the four fundamental interactions in nature; only gravity remains unexplained. In the Standard Model, such an interaction is described as an exchange of [[boson]]s between the objects affected, such as a [[photon]] for the electromagnetic force and a [[gluon]] for the strong interaction. Those particles are called [[force carrier]]s or messenger [[particles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.cern/science/physics/standard-model|title=The Standard Model|website=CERN}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" class="wikitable floatcenter"<br />
|+ '''The four fundamental interactions of nature'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~dfehling/particle.gif |title=Standard Model of Particles and Interactions |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=jhu.edu |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |access-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133522/https://www.pha.jhu.edu/~dfehling/particle.gif |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
! style="" rowspan="2" | Property/Interaction<br />
! style="background-color:#8080BF" rowspan="2" |Gravitation<br />
! style="background-color:#BFA080" colspan="2" |Electroweak<br />
! style="background-color:#80BF80" colspan="2" |Strong<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#BFBF80" |Weak<br />
! style="background-color:#BF8080" |Electromagnetic<br />
! style="background-color:#AAD4AA" |<small>Fundamental</small><br />
! style="background-color:#D5EAD5" |<small>Residual</small><br />
|-<br />
|Mediating particles<br />
| align="center" {{Not yet}} observed<br /><small>([[Graviton]] hypothesised)</small><br />
| align="center" |[[W and Z bosons|W<sup>+</sup>, W<sup>−</sup> and Z<sup>0</sup>]]<br />
| align="center" |[[Photon|γ]] (photon)<br />
| align="center" |Gluons<br />
| align="center" |[[Pion|π]], [[Rho meson|ρ]] and [[Omega meson|ω]] [[meson]]s<br />
|-<br />
|Affected particles<br />
| align="center" |All particles<br />
| align="center" |Left-handed [[fermions]]<br />
| align="center" |Electrically charged<br />
| align="center" |Quarks, [[gluon]]s<br />
| align="center" |[[Hadron]]s<br />
|-<br />
|Acts on<br />
| align="center" | Stress energy tensor<br />
| align="center" |[[Flavour (particle physics)|Flavour]]<br />
| align="center" |Electric charge<br />
| align="center" |[[Color charge]]<br />
| align="center" |<br />
|-<br />
|Bound states formed<br />
| align="center" |Planets, stars, galaxies, galaxy groups<br />
| align="center" {{n/a}}<br />
| align="center" |Atoms, molecules<br />
| align="center" |Hadrons<br />
| align="center" |Atomic nuclei<br />
|-<br />
|Strength at the scale of quarks<br /> (relative to electromagnetism)<br />
| align="center" |{{val||e=-41}} <small>(predicted)</small><br />
| align="center" |{{val||e=-4}}<br />
| align="center" |1<br />
| align="center" |60<br />
| align="center" {{No|Not applicable <br />to quarks}}<br />
|-<br />
|Strength at the scale of <br />protons/neutrons <br /> (relative to electromagnetism)<br />
| align="center" |{{val||e=-36}} <small>(predicted)</small><br />
| align="center" |{{val||e=-7}}<br />
| align="center" |1<br />
| align="center" {{No|Not applicable <br />to hadrons}}<br />
| align="center" |20<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}<br />
<br />
=== Gravity ===<br />
{{See also|Quantum gravity|Gravity}}<br />
Despite being perhaps the most familiar fundamental interaction, gravity is not described by the Standard Model, due to contradictions that arise when combining general relativity, the modern theory of gravity, and quantum mechanics. However, gravity is so weak at microscopic scales, that it is essentially unmeasurable. The graviton is postulated as the mediating particle.<br />
<br />
=== Electromagnetism ===<br />
{{See also|Electromagnetism|Quantum electrodynamics}}<br />
Electromagnetism is the only long-range force in the Standard Model. It is mediated by photons and couples to electric charge. Electromagnetism is responsible for a wide range of phenomena including [[Electron shell|atomic electron shell structure]], [[chemical bonds]], [[electric circuit]]s and [[electronics]]. Electromagnetic interactions in the Standard Model are described by quantum electrodynamics.<br />
<br />
=== Weak nuclear force ===<br />
{{See also|Weak interaction|Electroweak interaction}}<br />
The weak interaction is responsible for various forms of [[particle decay]], such as [[beta decay]]. It is weak and short-range, due to the fact that the weak mediating particles, W and Z bosons, have mass. W bosons have electric charge and mediate interactions that change the particle type (referred to as flavour) and charge. Interactions mediated by W bosons are [[charged current interaction]]s. Z bosons are neutral and mediate neutral current interactions, which do not change particle flavour. Thus Z bosons are similar to the photon, aside from them being massive and interacting with the neutrino. The weak interaction is also the only interaction to violate [[Parity violation|parity]] and [[CP violation|CP]]. Parity violation is maximal for charged current interactions, since the W boson interacts exclusively with left-handed fermions and right-handed antifermions.<br />
<br />
In the Standard Model, the weak force is understood in terms of the electroweak theory, which states that the weak and electromagnetic interactions become united into a single ''electroweak'' interaction at high energies.<br />
<br />
=== Strong nuclear force ===<br />
{{See also|Strong interaction|Nuclear force|Quantum chromodynamics}}<br />
The strong nuclear force is responsible for hadronic and [[Nuclear binding energy|nuclear binding]]. It is mediated by gluons, which couple to color charge. Since gluons themselves have color charge, the strong force exhibits [[Color confinement|confinement]] and [[asymptotic freedom]]. Confinement means that only color-neutral particles can exist in isolation, therefore quarks can only exist in hadrons and never in isolation, at low energies. Asymptotic freedom means that the strong force becomes weaker, as the energy scale increases. The strong force overpowers the [[electrostatic]] repulsion of protons and quarks in nuclei and hadrons respectively, at their respective scales.<br />
<br />
While quarks are bound in hadrons by the fundamental strong interaction, which is mediated by gluons, nucleons are bound by an emergent phenomenon termed the ''residual strong force'' or ''[[nuclear force]]''. This interaction is mediated by mesons, such as the [[pion]]. The color charges inside the nucleon cancel out, meaning most of the gluon and quark fields cancel out outside of the nucleon. However, some residue is "leaked", which appears as the exchange of virtual mesons, that causes the attractive force between nucleons. The (fundamental) strong interaction is described by quantum chromodynamics, which is a component of the Standard Model.<br />
<br />
== Tests and predictions ==<br />
The Standard Model predicted the existence of the [[W and Z bosons]], [[gluon]], [[top quark]] and [[charm quark]], and predicted many of their properties before these particles were observed. The predictions were experimentally confirmed with good precision.<ref><br />
{{cite journal |last1=Woithe |first1=Julia |last2=Wiener |first2=Gerfried |last3=Van der Veken |first3=Frederik |title=Let's have a coffee with the Standard Model of particle physics! |journal=Phys. Educ. |volume=52 |issue= 3|pages=034001 |doi=10.1088/1361-6552/aa5b25 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017PhyEd..52c4001W |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Standard Model also predicted the existence of the [[Higgs boson]], which was found in 2012 at the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the final fundamental particle predicted by the Standard Model to be experimentally confirmed.<ref><br />
{{cite arXiv|eprint=1407.2122|last1=Altarelli|first1=Guido|title=The Higgs and the Excessive Success of the Standard Model|class=hep-ph|year=2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Challenges ==<br />
{{See also|Physics beyond the Standard Model}}<br />
{{unsolved|physics|<br />
* What gives rise to the Standard Model of particle physics?<br />
* Why do particle masses and [[coupling constant]]s have the values that we measure?<br />
* Why are there three [[Generation (particle physics)|generations]] of particles?<br />
* Why is there more matter than [[antimatter]] in the universe?<br />
* Where does [[dark matter]] fit into the model? Does it even consist of one or more new particles?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Self-consistency of the Standard Model (currently formulated as a non-[[abelian group|abelian]] gauge theory quantized through path-integrals) has not been mathematically proven. While regularized versions useful for approximate computations (for example [[lattice gauge theory]]) exist, it is not known whether they converge (in the sense of S-matrix elements) in the limit that the regulator is removed. A key question related to the consistency is the [[Yang–Mills existence and mass gap]] problem.<br />
<br />
Experiments indicate that [[neutrinos]] have [[mass]], which the classic Standard Model did not allow.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|date=31 May 2010<br />
|title=Particle chameleon caught in the act of changing<br />
|url = http://press.cern/press-releases/2010/05/particle-chameleon-caught-act-changing<br />
|publisher=[[CERN]]<br />
|access-date=2016-11-12<br />
}}</ref> To accommodate this finding, the classic Standard Model can be modified to include neutrino mass, although it is not obvious exactly how this should be done.<br />
<br />
If one insists on using only Standard Model particles, this can be achieved by adding a non-renormalizable interaction of leptons with the Higgs boson.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=S. Weinberg<br />
|year=1979<br />
|title=Baryon and Lepton Nonconserving Processes<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=43 |issue=21 |pages=1566–1570<br />
|bibcode=1979PhRvL..43.1566W<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.1566<br />
}}</ref> On a fundamental level, such an interaction emerges in the [[seesaw mechanism]] where heavy right-handed neutrinos are added to the theory.<br />
This is natural in the [[left-right symmetry|left-right symmetric]] extension of the Standard Model<ref name="Minkowski1977"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author=P. Minkowski<br />
|year=1977<br />
|title=μ → e γ at a Rate of One Out of 10<sup>9</sup> Muon Decays?<br />
|journal=[[Physics Letters B]]<br />
|volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=421–428<br />
|bibcode=1977PhLB...67..421M<br />
|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(77)90435-X<br />
}}</ref><ref name="MohapatraSenjanovic1980"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author1=R.N. Mohapatra |author2=G. Senjanovic |year=1980<br />
|title=Neutrino Mass and Spontaneous Parity Nonconservation<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=44|issue=14|pages=912–915<br />
|bibcode = 1980PhRvL..44..912M<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.912<br />
}}</ref> and in certain [[grand unified theory|grand unified theories]].<ref name="Gell-Mann1979"><br />
{{cite book<br />
|author1=M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond |author2=R. Slansky<br />
|name-list-style=amp |year=1979<br />
|pages=315–321<br />
|title=Supergravity<br />
|editor1=F. van Nieuwenhuizen |editor2=D.Z. Freedman |publisher=[[North Holland]]<br />
|isbn=978-0-444-85438-4<br />
}}</ref> As long as new physics appears below or around 10<sup>14</sup> [[electronvolt|GeV]], the neutrino masses can be of the right order of magnitude.<br />
<br />
Theoretical and experimental research has attempted to extend the Standard Model into a [[unified field theory]] or a [[theory of everything]], a complete theory explaining all physical phenomena including constants. Inadequacies of the Standard Model that motivate such research include:<br />
* The model does not explain [[gravitation]], although physical confirmation of a theoretical particle known as a [[graviton]] would account for it to a degree. Though it addresses strong and electroweak interactions, the Standard Model does not consistently explain the canonical theory of gravitation, [[general relativity]], in terms of [[quantum field theory]]. The reason for this is, among other things, that quantum field theories of gravity generally break down before reaching the [[Planck scale]]. As a consequence, we have no reliable theory for the very early universe.<br />
* Some physicists consider it to be ''ad hoc'' and inelegant, requiring 19 numerical constants whose values are unrelated and arbitrary.<ref name="BlumhoferHutter1997"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|author1=A. Blumhofer |author2=M. Hutter |year = 1997<br />
|title = Family Structure from Periodic Solutions of an Improved Gap Equation<br />
|journal = Nuclear Physics<br />
|volume = B484<br />
|issue=1 |pages = 80–96<br />
|doi = 10.1016/S0550-3213(96)00644-X<br />
|bibcode = 1997NuPhB.484...80B |arxiv = hep-ph/9605393 }}</ref> Although the Standard Model, as it now stands, can explain why neutrinos have masses, the specifics of neutrino mass are still unclear. It is believed that explaining neutrino mass will require an additional 7 or 8 constants, which are also arbitrary parameters.<ref><br />
{{cite arXiv|eprint=hep-ph/0606054|last1=Strumia|first1=Alessandro|title=Neutrino masses and mixings and...|year=2006}}</ref><br />
* The Higgs mechanism gives rise to the [[hierarchy problem]] if some new physics (coupled to the Higgs) is present at high energy scales. In these cases, in order for the weak scale to be much smaller than the [[Planck scale]], severe fine tuning of the parameters is required; there are, however, other scenarios that include [[Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity|quantum gravity]] in which such fine tuning can be avoided.<ref><br />
{{cite journal |title=Agravity |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|volume=2014 |issue=6 |page = 080 |url = http://inspirehep.net/record/1286134 |arxiv = 1403.4226 |bibcode = 2014JHEP...06..080S |doi=10.1007/JHEP06(2014)080|pmid = 31258400|pmc = 6560704|last1 = Salvio|first1 = Alberto|last2 = Strumia|first2 = Alessandro|year = 2018}}</ref> There are also issues of [[quantum triviality]], which suggests that it may not be possible to create a consistent quantum field theory involving elementary scalar particles.<ref name="TrivPurs">{{cite journal |author=D.J.E. Callaway |year=1988<br />
|title=Triviality Pursuit: Can Elementary Scalar Particles Exist? |journal=[[Physics Reports]]<br />
|volume=167|issue=5 |pages=241–320 |doi=10.1016/0370-1573(88)90008-7<br />
|bibcode = 1988PhR...167..241C |author-link=David J E Callaway<br />
}}</ref><br />
* The model is inconsistent with the emerging [[Lambda-CDM model]] of cosmology. Contentions include the absence of an explanation in the Standard Model of particle physics for the observed amount of [[cold dark matter]] (CDM) and its contributions to [[dark energy]], which are many orders of magnitude too large. It is also difficult to accommodate the observed predominance of matter over antimatter ([[matter]]/[[antimatter]] [[Baryon asymmetry|asymmetry]]). The [[isotropic|isotropy]] and [[Homogeneity (physics)|homogeneity]] of the visible universe over large distances seems to require a mechanism like cosmic [[Inflation (cosmology)|inflation]], which would also constitute an extension of the Standard Model.<br />
<br />
Currently, no proposed [[theory of everything]] has been widely accepted or verified.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{cols|colwidth=27em}}<br />
* [[Yang–Mills theory]]<br />
* [[Fundamental interaction]]:<br />
** [[Quantum electrodynamics]]<br />
** [[Strong interaction]]: [[Color charge]], [[Quantum chromodynamics]], [[Quark model]]<br />
** [[Weak interaction]]: [[Electroweak interaction]], [[Fermi's interaction]], [[Weak hypercharge]], [[Weak isospin]]<br />
* [[Gauge theory]]: [[Introduction to gauge theory]]<br />
* [[Generation (particle physics)|Generation]]<br />
* [[Higgs mechanism]]: [[Higgs boson]], [[Alternatives to the Standard Higgs Model]]<br />
* [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]]<br />
* Open questions: [[CP violation]], [[Neutrino mass]]es, [[QCD matter]], [[Quantum triviality]]<br />
* [[Quantum field theory]]<br />
* Standard Model: [[Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model|Mathematical formulation of]], [[Physics beyond the Standard Model]]<br />
* [[Electron electric dipole moment]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author=R. Oerter<br />
| year=2006<br />
| title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics<br />
| url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert<br />
| url-access=registration<br />
| publisher=Plume<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author=B.A. Schumm<br />
| year=2004<br />
| title=Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics<br />
| publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press<br />
| isbn=978-0-8018-7971-5<br />
| url-access=registration<br />
| url=https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/standard-model/<br />
|title = The Standard Model of Particle Physics Interactive Graphic<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Introductory textbooks ===<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author1=I. Aitchison<br />
| author2=A. Hey<br />
| year=2003<br />
| title=Gauge Theories in Particle Physics: A Practical Introduction.<br />
| publisher=Institute of Physics<br />
| isbn=978-0-585-44550-2<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author1=W. Greiner<br />
| author2=B. Müller<br />
| year=2000<br />
| title=Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions<br />
| publisher=Springer<br />
| isbn=978-3-540-67672-0<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author1=G.D. Coughlan<br />
| author2=J.E. Dodd<br />
| author3=B.M. Gripaios<br />
| year=2006<br />
| title=The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists<br />
| publisher=Cambridge University Press<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author=D.J. Griffiths<br />
| year=1987<br />
| title=Introduction to Elementary Particles<br />
| publisher=John Wiley & Sons<br />
| isbn=978-0-471-60386-3<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author=G.L. Kane<br />
| year=1987<br />
| title=Modern Elementary Particle Physics<br />
| publisher=Perseus Books<br />
| isbn=978-0-201-11749-3<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Advanced textbooks ===<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author1=T.P. Cheng<br />
| author2=L.F. Li<br />
| year=2006<br />
| title=Gauge theory of elementary particle physics<br />
| publisher=Oxford University Press<br />
| isbn=978-0-19-851961-4<br />
}} Highlights the [[gauge theory]] aspects of the Standard Model.<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author1=J.F. Donoghue<br />
| author2=E. Golowich<br />
| author3=B.R. Holstein<br />
| year=1994<br />
| title=Dynamics of the Standard Model<br />
| publisher=Cambridge University Press<br />
| isbn=978-0-521-47652-2<br />
}} Highlights dynamical and [[phenomenology (particle physics)|phenomenological]] aspects of the Standard Model.<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| author=L. O'Raifeartaigh<br />
| year=1988<br />
| title=Group structure of gauge theories<br />
| publisher=Cambridge University Press<br />
| isbn=978-0-521-34785-3<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QYlX6AL4CtwC |title=Elementary Particle Physics: Foundations of the Standard Model, Volume 2 |isbn=978-3-527-64890-0 |last1=Nagashima|first1=Yorikiyo|year=2013|publisher=Wiley}} 920 pages.<br />
* {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HbdEAgAAQBAJ |title=Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model |isbn=978-1-107-03473-0|last=Schwartz|first=Matthew D.|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University}} 952 pages.<br />
* {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dpANo3e_pS8C |title=The Standard Model and Beyond |isbn=978-1-4200-7907-4|last=Langacker|first=Paul|year=2009|publisher=CRC Press}} 670 pages. Highlights [[finite group|group-theoretical]] aspects of the Standard Model.<br />
<br />
=== Journal articles ===<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
|author1=E.S. Abers<br />
|author2=B.W. Lee<br />
|year=1973<br />
|title=Gauge theories<br />
|journal=[[Physics Reports]]<br />
|volume=9 |issue=1<br />
|pages=1–141<br />
|doi=10.1016/0370-1573(73)90027-6<br />
|bibcode = 1973PhR.....9....1A<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
|author=M. Baak |display-authors=etal<br />
|year=2012<br />
|title=The Electroweak Fit of the Standard Model after the Discovery of a New Boson at the LHC<br />
|journal=[[The European Physical Journal C]]<br />
|volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=2205<br />
|arxiv=1209.2716<br />
|doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2205-9<br />
|bibcode = 2012EPJC...72.2205B<br />
|s2cid=15052448<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
|author=Y. Hayato |display-authors=etal<br />
|year=1999<br />
|title=Search for Proton Decay through ''p'' → ''νK''<sup>+</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector<br />
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]<br />
|volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=1529–1533<br />
|arxiv = hep-ex/9904020<br />
|bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.1529H<br />
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1529<br />
|s2cid = 118326409}}<br />
* {{cite arXiv<br />
|author=S.F. Novaes<br />
|year=2000<br />
|title=Standard Model: An Introduction<br />
|eprint=hep-ph/0001283<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite arXiv<br />
|author=D.P. Roy<br />
|year=1999<br />
|title=Basic Constituents of Matter and their Interactions – A Progress Report<br />
|eprint=hep-ph/9912523<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
|author=F. Wilczek<br />
|year=2004<br />
|title=The Universe Is A Strange Place<br />
|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.08.001<br />
|journal=Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements<br />
|volume=134<br />
|page=3<br />
|arxiv=astro-ph/0401347<br />
|bibcode = 2004NuPhS.134....3W<br />
|s2cid=28234516<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* "[http://omegataupodcast.net/93-the-standard-model-of-particle-physics The Standard Model explained in Detail by CERN's John Ellis]" omega tau podcast.<br />
* [http://home.web.cern.ch/about/physics/standard-model The Standard Model] on the CERN website explains how the basic building blocks of matter interact, governed by four fundamental forces.<br />
* [https://av.tib.eu/series/56 Particle Physics: Standard Model], [[Leonard Susskind]] lectures (2010).<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Standard model of physics}}<br />
{{particles}}<br />
{{Quantum field theories}}<br />
{{Physics-footer}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Standard Model| ]]<br />
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
[[Category:Particle physics]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepti_Sharma_Pant&diff=413820Deepti Sharma Pant2023-08-16T19:10:03Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian Musical Artist}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{No footnotes|date=August 2023}}<br />
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}}<br />
{{Dmy|date=August 2023}}{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Deepti Sharma Pant<br />
| image = NW-featured-image.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <!-- Birthdate --><br />
| occupation = {{ubl|Voice-over artist|[[Singer]]|Director|[[Composer]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Deepti Sharma Pant'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Sangri |date=2023-05-15 |title=Deepti Sharma pant stands out as a remarkable lyricist and a passionate artist |url=https://sangritimes.com/en/deepti-sharma-pant-stands-out-as-a-remarkable-lyricist-and-a-passionate-artist |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Sangri Times |language=en}}</ref> is an [[India]]n [[lyricist]], [[writer]], [[singer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aman Pant - Song listing as Singer {{!}} MySwar |url=http://myswar.co/singer/aman-pant?l=h |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=myswar.co}}</ref>, director in Mumbai, India.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/music-director-amp-composer-aman-pant-releases-ek-tu-hi-toh-hai20220214125334</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dastak |first=Mission |date=2023-05-12 |title=Deepti Sharma Pant is a good Lyricist And a mumbai based artist |url=https://www.missiondastak.com/deepti-sharma-pant-is-a-good-lyristand-a-mumbai-based-artist/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Mission Dastak |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepti Sharma Songs - Play & Download Hits & All MP3 Songs! |url=https://wynk.in/music/artist/deepti-sharma/wa_4JbPTvG1gg |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Wynk Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=Entrepenuer |date=2022-02-14 |title=Music Director & Composer Aman Pant releases ‘Ek Tu Hi Toh Hai’ |url=https://www.entrepenuerstories.com/latest/music-director-composer-aman-pant-releases-ek-tu-hi-toh-hai/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Early Life and Education ==<br />
She received her education from [[Delhi University]].<br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
<br />
* "Shiv Tandav: The Final Exit"<br />
* "Ishq Dariya"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raag.Fm |title=Deepti Sharma,Aman Pant New Mp3 Song Ishq Dariya Download - Raag.fm |url=https://raag.fm/alif-mp3-song-dc7ix.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=https://raag.fm |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishq Dariya Lyrics - Alif {{!}} Neelima Azim {{!}} Pawan Tiwari {{!}} Bhavna Pani {{!}} Aman Pant {{!}} Deepti Sharma - LyricsTashan |url=https://lyricstashan.com/post/ishq-dariya-lyrics-neelima-azim-pawan-tiwari-bhavna-pani-aman-pant-deepti-sharma-alif-song |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=lyricstashan.com}}</ref><br />
* "Haramkhor Official Song"<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
'''Composer'''<br />
<br />
* "Haramkhor Official Video" (2020)<br />
* "Alif" (2017)<br />
* "The Final Exit" (2017)<br />
<br />
'''Actor'''<br />
<br />
* "The Final Exit" (2017)<ref name=":0" /><br />
* "Alif" (2017)<br />
<br />
'''Director'''<br />
* "Haramkhor Official Video" (2020)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
== External Links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=nm13348179}}<br />
<br />
{{India-singer-stub}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma Pant, Deepti}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian artists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian directors]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_sector&diff=413819Private sector2023-08-16T19:07:08Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Economic sector not under state control}}{{Economic sectors}}<br />
The '''private sector''' is the part of the [[economy]], sometimes referred to as the '''citizen sector''', which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for [[profit (economics)|profit]] or [[Non Profit|non profit]], rather than being owned by the [[government]].<br />
<br />
==Employment==<br />
The private sector employs most of the workforce in some countries. In private sector, activities are guided by the motive to earn money.<br />
<br />
A 2013 study by the [[International Finance Corporation]] (part of the [[World Bank Group]]) identified that 90 percent of jobs in developing countries are in the private sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16979|title=IFC Jobs Study : Assessing Private Sector Contributions to Job Creation and Poverty Reduction|date=January 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Diversification==<br />
In free enterprise countries, such as the [[United States]], the private sector is wider, and the state places fewer constraints on firms. In countries with more government authority, such as [[China]], the public sector makes up most of the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/private-sector |title=What is private sector? - Definition from WhatIs.com |last=Rouse |first=Margaret |date=August 2013 |website=[[Tech Target]] |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Regulation ==<br />
States legally regulate the private sector. [[Business]]es operating within a country must comply with the laws in that country. In some cases, usually involving [[multinational corporation]]s that can pick and choose their suppliers and locations based on their perception of the regulatory environment, local state regulations have resulted in uneven practices within one company. For example, workers in one country may benefit from strong [[labour unions]], while workers in another country have very weak laws supporting labour unions, even though they work for the same employer. In some cases, industries and individual businesses choose to self-regulate by applying higher standards for dealing with their workers, customers, or the environment than the minimum that is legally required of them.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last= Haufler|first= Virginia<br />
|title= A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy<br />
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TxKNYxTRA-cC |date= 2013-01-25<br />
|publisher= Carnegie Endowment|isbn= 9780870033377<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
There can be negative effects from the private sector. In the early 1980s, the Corrections Corporation of America pioneered the idea of running [[prison]]s for a profit. Today, corporate-run prisons hold eight percent of America's inmates. Since it is from the private sector, their main priority is not rehabilitation, but profit. This has resulted in many human rights violations across the United States.<ref>Bauer, Shane. "Private prisons are shrouded in secrecy. I took a job as a guard to get inside-then things got crazy."Mother Jones. N.p., 06 June 2017. Web. 10 June 2017.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Company law]]<br />
* [[Free enterprise]]<br />
* [[Private enterprise]]<br />
* [[Private law]]<br />
* [[Public economics]]<br />
* [[Public sector]]<br />
* [[Three-sector model]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Private sector| ]]<br />
[[Category:Economic sectors]]<br />
[[Category:Capitalism]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poet&diff=413818Poet2023-08-16T19:06:39Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{short description|Person who writes and publishes poetry}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{redirect|Poetess|the American rapper|The Poetess}}<br />
{{Infobox occupation<br />
| name = Poet<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Poem, I Love you<br />
| official_names = Poet, [[Troubador]], [[Bard]]<br />
<!------------Details-------------------><br />
| type = [[Vocation]]<br />
| activity_sector = [[Literature|Literary]]<br />
| competencies = [[Writing]]<br />
| formation = <br />
| employment_field =<br />
| related_occupation = [[Novelist]], [[writer]], [[lyricist]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Literature}}<br />
A '''poet''' is a person who studies and creates [[poetry]]. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ([[thought|thinker]], [[songwriter]], [[writer]], or [[author]]) who creates (composes) poems ([[oral tradition|oral]] or [[literature|written]]), or they may also [[performance|perform]] their art to an [[audience]].<br />
<br />
The work of a poet is essentially one of communication, expressing ideas either in a literal sense (such as communicating about a specific event or place) or [[metaphor]]ically. Poets have existed since [[prehistory]], in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary greatly in different cultures and periods.<ref name="Orban">{{cite book |last=Orban |first=Clara Elizabeth |title=The Culture of Fragments: Word and Images in Futurism and Surrealism |publisher=Rodopi |year=1997 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbCVyt6MWg0C |isbn=90-420-0111-9}}</ref> Throughout each [[civilization]] and language, poets have used various styles that have changed over time, resulting in countless poets as diverse as the [[literature]] that (since the advent of [[writing]] systems) they have produced.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{hatnote|This is about the history of the poet profession. For a history of poetry, see [[History of poetry]]}}<br />
<br />
In [[Ancient Rome]], professional poets were generally sponsored by [[patronage|patrons]], wealthy supporters including nobility and military officials.<ref>Barbara K. Gold (2014), ''Literary and Artistic Patronage in Ancient Rome", [[University of Texas Press]].</ref> For instance, [[Gaius Cilnius Maecenas]], friend to [[Caesar Augustus]], was an important patron for the Augustan poets, including both [[Horace]] and [[Virgil]]. While [[Ovid]], a well established poet, was banished from Rome by the first [[Augustus]].<br />
<br />
Poets held an important position in pre-Islamic Arabic society with the poet or ''[[sha'ir]]'' filling the role of historian, [[Fortune-telling|soothsayer]] and propagandist. Words in praise of the tribe (''qit'ah'') and lampoons denigrating other tribes (''hija''') seem to have been some of the most popular forms of early poetry. The ''sha'ir'' represented an individual tribe's prestige and importance in the [[Arabian peninsula]], and mock battles in poetry or ''[[zajal]]'' would stand in lieu of real wars. 'Ukaz, a market town not far from [[Mecca]], would play host to a regular poetry festival where the craft of the ''sha'irs'' would be exhibited.<br />
<br />
In the [[High Middle Ages]], [[troubadors]] were an important class of poets and came from a variety of backgrounds. They lived and travelled in many different places and were looked upon as actors or musicians as much as poets. They were often under patronage, but many travelled extensively.<br />
<br />
The [[Renaissance]] period saw a continuation of patronage of poets by royalty. Many poets, however, had other sources of income, including <br />
Italians like [[Dante Aligheri]], [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]]'s works in a pharmacist's guild and [[William Shakespeare]]'s work in the theater.<br />
<br />
In the [[Romantic period]] and onwards, many poets were independent writers who made their living through their work, often supplemented by income from other occupations or from family.<ref>Peter T. Murphy (2005), "Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain", [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> This included poets such as [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Robert Burns]].<br />
<br />
Poets such as [[Virgil]] in the [[Aeneid]] and [[John Milton]] in [[Paradise Lost]] invoked the aid of a [[Muse]].<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Poets of earlier times were often well read and highly educated people while others were to a large extent self-educated. A few poets such as [[John Gower]] and [[John Milton]] were able to write poetry in more than one language. Some Portuguese poets, as [[Francisco de Sá de Miranda]], wrote not only in Portuguese but also in Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-de-Sa-de-Miranda|title=Francisco de Sá de Miranda &#124; Portuguese author &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|accessdate=24 December 2021|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906200741/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-de-Sa-de-Miranda|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jan Kochanowski]] wrote in Polish and in Latin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08685b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jan Kochanowski|website=www.newadvent.org|accessdate=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224174021/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08685b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[France Prešeren]] and [[Karel Hynek Mácha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.private-prague-guide.com/article/karel-hynek-macha-a-leading-poet-of-czech-romanticism/|title=Karel Hynek Mácha: A leading poet of Czech Romanticism – Prague Blog|accessdate=24 December 2021|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123051200/https://www.private-prague-guide.com/article/karel-hynek-macha-a-leading-poet-of-czech-romanticism/|url-status=live}}</ref> wrote some poems in German, although they were poets of Slovenian and Czech respectively. [[Adam Mickiewicz]], the greatest poet of Polish language, wrote a Latin ode for emperor [[Napoleon III]]. Another example is [[Jerzy Pietrkiewicz]], a Polish poet. When he moved to Great Britain, he ceased to write poetry in Polish, but started writing novel in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jerzy-peterkiewicz-polish-poet-turned-english-novelist-774317.html|title=Jerzy Peterkiewicz: Polish poet turned English novelist|date=26 January 2008|website=The Independent|accessdate=24 December 2021|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112110030/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jerzy-peterkiewicz-polish-poet-turned-english-novelist-774317.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also translated poetry from English and into English.<br />
<br />
Many universities offer degrees in creative writing though these only came into existence in the 20th century. While these courses are not necessary for a career as a poet, they can be helpful as training, and for giving the student several years of time focused on their writing.<ref>Nikki Moustaki (2001), ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Poetry'', Penguin.</ref><br />
<br />
==Poets of sacred verse==<br />
{{Main|Lyricist}}<br />
<br />
[[Lyricist|Lyrical poets]] who write sacred poetry ("[[hymnographer|hymnographers]]") differ from the usual image of poets in a number of ways. A hymnographer such as [[Isaac Watts]] who wrote 700 poems in his lifetime, may have their lyrics sung by millions of people every Sunday morning, but are not always included in [[List of poetry anthologies|anthologies of poetry]]. Because hymns are perceived of as "[[worship]]" rather than "poetry", the term "artistic kenosis" is sometimes used to describe the hymnographer's success in "emptying out" the instinct to succeed as a poet. A singer in the pew might have several of Watts's stanzas memorized, without ever knowing his name or thinking of him as a poet.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of poets]]<br />
* [[Bard]]<br />
* [[Lyricist]]<br />
* [[List of poetry groups and movements]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Reginald Gibbons (ed), ''The Poet's Work: 29 poets on the origins and practice of their art''. University of Chicago Press (1979). {{ISBN|978-0-226-29054-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=aKSPN3JWMFAC&q=what+is+the+poet at Google Books]<br />
{{wiktionary|poet|poetess}}<br />
{{wikiquote|Poets}}<br />
{{commons category|Poets|lcfirst=yes}}<br />
<br />
{{Lists of poets}}<br />
{{Poetry of different cultures and languages}}<br />
{{Schools of poetry}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Poets| ]]<br />
[[Category:Occupations in literature]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vimlesh_Paswan&diff=413817Vimlesh Paswan2023-08-16T19:05:56Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix =<br />
| name = Vimlesh Paswan<br />
| honorific-suffix =<br />
| image = <br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| constituency = [[Bansgaon (Assembly constituency)|Bansgaon]], [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2017<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = Dr. Vijay Kumar<br />
| successor = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|06|27}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="UPVS">{{cite web|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=19732|title=Member Profile|work=official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref><br />
| restingplace =<br />
| restingplacecoordinates =<br />
| birthname =<br />
| parents = Om Prakash Paswan<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4750}}</ref><br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| spouse ={{marriage|Mohita Paswan|2013}} <br />
| partner =<br />
| relations =<br />
| children = 01 daughter<br />
| residence = Paswan Niwas, [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]] Uttar Pradesh<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| profession = Politician<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vimlesh Paswan''' is an [[Indian]] [[politician]] and a [[member of 17th Legislative Assembly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] of [[India]]. He represents the Bansgaon constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/bansgaon-mla-results|title = BANSGAON Election Result 2017, Winner, BANSGAON MLA, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Paswan has been a member of the 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Since 2017, he has represented the Bansgaon constituency and is a member of the BJP.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> he defeated [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Dharmendra Kumar by a margin of 22,873 votes.<br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || March 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paswan, Vimlesh}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Particle_physics&diff=413816Particle physics2023-08-16T19:05:47Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Study of subatomic particles and forces}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Nuclear physics}}<br />
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Standard model of particle physics}}<br />
<br />
'''Particle physics''' or '''high energy physics''' is the study of [[Elementary particle|fundamental particles]] and [[fundamental interaction|forces]] that constitute [[matter]] and [[radiation]]. The fundamental particles in the [[universe]] are classified in the [[Standard Model]] as [[fermion]]s (matter particles) and [[boson]]s (force-carrying particles). There are three [[Generation (particle physics)|generations]] of fermions, although ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of [[Up quark|up]] and [[down quark]]s which form [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s, and [[electron]]s and [[electron neutrino]]s. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are [[electromagnetism]], the [[weak interaction]], and the [[strong interaction]].<br />
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Quarks cannot exist on their own but form [[hadron]]s. Hadrons that contain an odd number of quarks are called [[baryon]]s and those that contain an even number are called [[meson]]s. Two baryons, the [[proton]] and the [[neutron]], make up most of the mass of ordinary matter. Mesons are unstable and the longest-lived last for only a few hundredths of a [[microsecond]]. They occur after collisions between particles made of quarks, such as fast-moving protons and neutrons in [[cosmic ray]]s. Mesons are also produced in [[cyclotron]]s or other [[particle accelerator]]s.<br />
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Particles have corresponding [[antiparticle]]s with the same [[mass]] but with opposite [[electric charge]]s. For example, the antiparticle of the [[electron]] is the [[positron]]. The electron has a negative electric charge, the positron has a positive charge. These antiparticles can theoretically form a corresponding form of matter called [[antimatter]]. Some particles, such as the [[photon]], are their own antiparticle.<br />
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These [[elementary particle]]s are excitations of the [[Field (physics)#Quantum fields|quantum fields]] that also govern their interactions. The dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the [[Standard Model]]. The [[Quantum gravity|reconciliation of gravity]] to the current particle physics theory is not solved; many theories have addressed this problem, such as [[loop quantum gravity]], [[string theory]] and [[Supersymmetry|supersymmetry theory]].<br />
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Practical particle physics is the study of these particles in [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] processes and in particle accelerators such as the [[Large Hadron Collider]]. Theoretical particle physics is the study of these particles in the context of [[cosmology]] and [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]. The two are closely interrelated: the [[Higgs boson]] was postulated by theoretical particle physicists and its presence confirmed by practical experiments.<br />
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==History==<br />
{{main|History of subatomic physics}}<br />
[[File:Rutherford_Scattering.svg|alt=see caption|thumb|The [[Geiger–Marsden experiments]] observed that a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced strong deflection when being struck by the gold foil.]]<br />
The idea that all [[matter]] is fundamentally composed of [[elementary particle]]s dates from at least the 6th century BC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fundamentals of Physics and Nuclear Physics |url=http://novelresearchinstitute.org/library/PhysNuclphys196p.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214053/http://novelresearchinstitute.org/library/PhysNuclphys196p.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[John Dalton]], through his work on [[stoichiometry]], concluded that each element of nature was composed of a single, unique type of particle.<ref name="MARK I. GROSSMAN">{{cite journal |title=John Dalton and the London Atomists |year=2014 |pmc=4213434 |last1=Grossman |first1=M. I. |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025 }}</ref> The word ''[[atom]]'', after the Greek word ''[[wikt:ἄτομος|atomos]]'' meaning "indivisible", has since then denoted the smallest particle of a [[chemical element]], but physicists soon discovered that atoms are not, in fact, the fundamental particles of nature, but are conglomerates of even smaller particles, such as the [[electron]]. The early 20th century explorations of [[nuclear physics]] and [[quantum physics]] led to proofs of [[nuclear fission]] in 1939 by [[Lise Meitner]] (based on experiments by [[Otto Hahn]]), and [[nuclear fusion]] by [[Hans Bethe]] in that same year; both discoveries also led to the development of [[nuclear weapon]]s.<br />
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Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a bewildering variety of particles were found in collisions of particles from beams of increasingly high energy. It was referred to informally as the "[[particle zoo]]". Important discoveries such as the [[CP violation]] by [[James Cronin]] and [[Val Fitch]] brought new questions to [[Baryon asymmetry|matter-antimatter imbalance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Antimatter |url=https://home.cern/science/physics/antimatter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911042958/https://home.cern/topics/antimatter |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> After the formulation of the Standard Model during the 1970s, physicists clarified the origin of the particle zoo. The large number of particles was explained as combinations of a (relatively) small number of more fundamental particles and framed in the context of [[Quantum field theory|quantum field theories]]. This reclassification marked the beginning of modern particle physics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Steven |title=The quantum theory of fields |date=1995–2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521670531 |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaeger |first=Gregg |date=2021 |title=The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields |journal=Entropy |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1416 |bibcode=2021Entrp..23.1416J |doi=10.3390/e23111416 |pmc=8623095 |pmid=34828114 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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==Standard Model==<br />
{{Main|Standard Model}}<br />
<br />
The current state of the classification of all elementary particles is explained by the [[Standard Model]], which gained widespread acceptance in the mid-1970s after [[experimental confirmation]] of the existence of [[quark]]s. It describes the [[strong interaction|strong]], [[weak interaction|weak]], and [[electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] [[fundamental interaction]]s, using mediating [[gauge boson]]s. The species of gauge bosons are eight [[gluon]]s, [[W and Z bosons|{{SubatomicParticle|W boson-}}, {{SubatomicParticle|W boson+}} and {{SubatomicParticle|Z boson}} bosons]], and the [[photon]].<ref name="Baker p 120">{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Joanne |title=50 quantum physics ideas you really need to know |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-78087-911-6 |publication-place=London |pages=120–123 |oclc=857653602}}</ref> The Standard Model also contains 24 [[fundamental particle|fundamental]] [[fermion]]s (12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all [[matter]].<ref name="pdg">{{cite journal |last=Nakamura |first=K |date=1 July 2010 |title=Review of Particle Physics |journal=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics |volume=37 |issue=7A |pages=1–708 |bibcode=2010JPhG...37g5021N |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021 |pmid=10020536 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of [[boson]] known as the [[Higgs boson]]. On 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they had found a new particle that behaves similarly to what is expected from the Higgs boson.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=Adam |date=28 March 2013 |title=Newly Discovered Particle Appears to Be Long-Awaited Higgs Boson |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/07/higgs-boson-discovery/ |url-status=live |journal=Wired Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211212906/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/07/higgs-boson-discovery/ |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref><br />
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The Standard Model, as currently formulated, has 61 elementary particles.<ref name="braibant">{{cite book |last1=Braibant |first1=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pp-f0G9_9sC&q=61+fundamental+particles&pg=PA314 |title=Particles and Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics |last2=Giacomelli |first2=G. |last3=Spurio |first3=M. |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-94-007-2463-1 |pages=313–314 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025723/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pp-f0G9_9sC&q=61+fundamental+particles&pg=PA314 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Those elementary particles can combine to form composite particles, accounting for the hundreds of other species of particles that have been discovered since the 1960s. The Standard Model has been found to agree with almost all the [[experiment]]al tests conducted to date. However, most particle physicists believe that it is an incomplete description of nature and that a more fundamental theory awaits discovery (See [[Theory of Everything]]). In recent years, measurements of [[neutrino]] [[rest mass|mass]] have provided the first experimental deviations from the Standard Model, since neutrinos do not have mass in the Standard Model.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neutrinos in the Standard Model |url=https://t2k-experiment.org/neutrinos/in-the-standard-model |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016010901/https://t2k-experiment.org/neutrinos/in-the-standard-model/ |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019 |publisher=The T2K Collaboration}}</ref><br />
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==Subatomic particles==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; background:#FFF;"<br />
|+ Elementary Particles<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! scope="col" | [[Generation (particle physics)|Types]]<br />
! scope="col" | [[Generation (particle physics)|Generations]]<br />
! scope="col" | [[Antiparticle]]<br />
! scope="col" | [[Color charge|Colours]]<br />
! scope="col" | Total<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#DAF;" | [[Quark]]s<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center"| 2<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center"| 3<br />
| align="center"|Pair<br />
| align="center"|3<br />
| align="center"|36<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#AF7;" | [[Lepton]]s<br />
| align="center"|Pair<br />
| align="center"|None<br />
| align="center"|12<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#F97;" | [[Gluon]]s<br />
|rowspan="5" align="center"|1<br />
|rowspan="5" align="center"|None<br />
| align="center"|Own<br />
| align="center"|[[Gluon#Eight colors|8]]<br />
| align="center"|8<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#F97;" | [[Photon]]<br />
| align="center"|Own<br />
| align="center" rowspan="4"|None<br />
| align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#F97;" | [[W and Z bosons|Z Boson]]<br />
| align="center"|Own<br />
| align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#F97;" | [[W and Z bosons|W Boson]]<br />
| align="center"|Pair<br />
| align="center"|2<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="background:#FE7;" | [[Higgs boson|Higgs]]<br />
| align="center"|Own<br />
| align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align="right" ! scope="col" | Total number of (known) elementary particles:<br />
| align="center"|'''61'''<br />
|}<br />
Modern particle physics research is focused on [[subatomic particle]]s, including atomic constituents, such as [[electron]]s, [[proton]]s, and [[neutron]]s (protons and neutrons are composite particles called [[baryon]]s, made of [[quark]]s), that are produced by [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] and [[scattering]] processes; such particles are [[photon]]s, [[neutrino]]s, and [[muon]]s, as well as a wide range of [[exotic particle]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terranova |first1=Francesco |title=A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics. |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-284524-5}}</ref> All particles and their interactions observed to date can be described almost entirely by the Standard Model.<ref name="Baker p 120" /><br />
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Dynamics of particles are also governed by [[quantum mechanics]]; they exhibit [[wave–particle duality]], displaying particle-like behaviour under certain experimental conditions and [[wave]]-like behaviour in others. In more technical terms, they are described by [[quantum state]] vectors in a [[Hilbert space]], which is also treated in [[quantum field theory]]. Following the convention of particle physicists, the term ''[[elementary particle]]s'' is applied to those particles that are, according to current understanding, presumed to be indivisible and not composed of other particles.<ref name="braibant"/><br />
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=== Quarks and leptons ===<br />
{{Main|Quark|Lepton}}<br />
[[File:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg|thumb|A [[Feynman diagram]] of the [[Beta decay|{{SubatomicParticle|Beta-}}&nbsp;decay]], showing a neutron (n, udd) converted into a proton (p, udu). "u" and "d" are the [[Up quark|up]] and [[down quark]]s, "{{Subatomic particle|electron}}" is the [[electron]], and "{{Subatomic particle|Electron antineutrino}}" is the [[Electron Antineutrino|electron antineutrino]].]]<br />
Ordinary [[matter]] is made from first-[[Generation (particle physics)|generation]] quarks ([[Up quark|up]], [[Down quark|down]]) and leptons ([[electron]], [[electron neutrino]]).<ref name="Povh02">{{cite book |author=B. Povh |title=Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts |author2=K. Rith |author3=C. Scholz |author4=F. Zetsche |author5=M. Lavelle |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-20168-7 |edition=4th |chapter=Part I: Analysis: The building blocks of matter |quote=Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the u and d quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino. |access-date=28 July 2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJe4k8tkq7sC&q=povh+%22building+blocks+of+matter%22&pg=PA9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422024501/https://books.google.com/books?id=rJe4k8tkq7sC&q=povh+%22building+blocks+of+matter%22&pg=PA9 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Collectively, quarks and leptons are called [[fermion]]s, because they have a [[quantum spin]] of [[half-integer]]s (-1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). This cause the fermions to obey the [[Pauli exclusion principle]], where no two particles may occupy the same [[quantum state]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Peacock |url=https://archive.org/details/quantumrevolutio00peac |title=The Quantum Revolution |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-313-33448-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/quantumrevolutio00peac/page/n143 125] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Quarks have fractional [[Elementary charge|elementary electric charge]] (-1/3 or 2/3)<ref>{{cite book |author=C. Quigg |title=The New Physics for the Twenty-First Century |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-81600-7 |editor=G. Fraser |page=91 |chapter=Particles and the Standard Model}}</ref> and leptons have whole-numbered electric charge (0 or 1).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Serway |first1=Raymond A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecYWAAAAQBAJ |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 2 |last2=Jewett |first2=John W. |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-62958-2 |language=en}}</ref> Quarks also have [[color charge]], which is labeled arbitrarily with no correlation to actual light [[color]] as red, green and blue.<ref name="R. Nave">{{cite web |author=R. Nave |title=The Color Force |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/color.html#c2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007142048/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/color.html#c2 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=2009-04-26 |work=[[HyperPhysics]] |publisher=[[Georgia State University]], Department of Physics and Astronomy}}</ref> Because the interactions between the quarks stores energy which can convert to other particles when the quarks are far apart enough, quarks cannot be observed independently. This is called [[color confinement]].<ref name="R. Nave"/><br />
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There are three known generations of quarks (up and down, [[Strange quark|strange]] and [[Charm quark|charm]], [[Top quark|top]] and [[Bottom quark|bottom]]) and leptons (electron and its neutrino, [[muon]] and [[Muon neutrino|its neutrino]], [[Tau (particle)|tau]] and [[Tau neutrino|its neutrino]]), with strong indirect evidence that the fourth generation of fermions does not exist.<ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Decamp |year=1989 |title=Determination of the number of light neutrino species |journal=[[Physics Letters B]] |volume=231 |issue=4 |pages=519–529 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(89)90704-1|bibcode=1989PhLB..231..519D |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/201511 }}</ref><br />
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=== Bosons ===<br />
{{Main|Boson}}<br />
<br />
Bosons are the [[Force carrier|mediators or carriers]] of fundamental interactions, such as [[electromagnetism]], the [[weak interaction]], and the [[strong interaction]].<ref name="DarkMatter">{{cite book |author=Carroll, Sean |authorlink = Sean M. Carroll | title=Guidebook |publisher=The Teaching Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-1598033502 |series=Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The dark side of the universe |at=Part&nbsp;2, p.&nbsp;43 |quote=...&nbsp;boson: A force-carrying particle, as opposed to a matter particle (fermion). Bosons can be piled on top of each other without limit. Examples are photons, gluons, gravitons, weak bosons, and the Higgs boson. The spin of a boson is always an integer: 0, 1, 2, and so on&nbsp;...}}</ref> Electromagnetism is mediated by the [[photon]], the [[Quantum|quanta]] of [[light]].<ref>"Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5.1 in {{cite book |last1=Aitchison |first1=I.J.R. |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZJ-ZY8NW9TIC}} |title=Gauge Theories in Particle Physics |last2=Hey |first2=A.J.G. |publisher=[[IOP Publishing]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-85274-328-7}}</ref>{{rp|29–30}} The weak interaction is mediated by the [[W and Z bosons]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Watkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J808AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA70 |title=Story of the W and Z |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=9780521318754 |location=Cambridge |page=70 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114055111/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J808AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA70 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The strong interaction is mediated by the [[gluon]], which can link quarks together to form composite particles.<ref name="HyperPhysics">{{cite web |author=C.R. Nave |title=The Color Force |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/color.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007142048/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/color.html |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=2012-04-02 |work=[[HyperPhysics]] |publisher=[[Georgia State University]], Department of Physics}}</ref> Due to the aforementioned color confinement, gluons are never observed independently.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Debrescu |first=B. A. |year=2005 |title=Massless Gauge Bosons Other Than The Photon |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=94 |issue=15 |page=151802 |arxiv=hep-ph/0411004 |bibcode=2005PhRvL..94o1802D |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.151802 |pmid=15904133 |s2cid=7123874}}</ref> The [[Higgs boson]] gives mass to the W and Z bosons via the [[Higgs mechanism]]<ref name="PDG">{{cite web |author1=Bernardi, G. |author2=Carena, M. |author3=Junk, T. |year=2007 |title=Higgs bosons: Theory and searches |url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/reviews/higgs_s055.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003190309/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/reviews/higgs_s055.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=28 July 2022 |series=Review: Hypothetical particles and Concepts |publisher=Particle Data Group}}</ref> – the gluon and photon are expected to be [[Massless particle|massless]].<ref name=":0" /> All bosons have an integer quantum spin (0 and 1) and can have the same [[quantum state]].<ref name="DarkMatter" /><br />
<br />
=== Antiparticles and color charge ===<br />
{{Main|Antiparticle|Color charge}}<br />
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Most aforementioned particles have corresponding [[antiparticle]]s, which compose [[antimatter]]. Normal particles have positive [[Lepton number|lepton]] or [[baryon number]], and antiparticles have these numbers negative.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsan |first=Ung Chan |date=2013 |title=Mass, Matter, Materialization, Mattergenesis and Conservation of Charge |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E |volume=22 |issue=5 |page=1350027 |bibcode=2013IJMPE..2250027T |doi=10.1142/S0218301313500274 |quote=Matter conservation means conservation of baryonic number ''A'' and leptonic number ''L'', ''A'' and ''L'' being algebraic numbers. Positive ''A'' and ''L'' are associated to matter particles, negative ''A'' and ''L'' are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter.}}</ref> Most properties of corresponding antiparticles and particles are the same, with a few gets reversed; the electron's antiparticle, positron, has an opposite charge. To differentiate between antiparticles and particles, a plus or negative sign is added in [[superscript]]. For example, the electron and the positron are denoted {{Subatomic particle|Electron}} and {{Subatomic particle|positron}}.<ref name="raith">{{cite book |last1=Raith |first1=W. |title=Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and Particles |last2=Mulvey |first2=T. |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8493-1202-1 |pages=777–781}}</ref> When a particle and an antiparticle interact with each other, they are [[Annihilation|annihilated]] and convert to other particles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimatter |url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Antimatter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823180515/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Antimatter.html |archive-date=23 August 2008 |access-date=3 September 2008 |publisher=[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]}}</ref> Some particles have no antiparticles, such as the photon or gluon.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
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Quarks and gluons additionally have color charges, which influences the strong interaction. Quark's color charges are called red, green and blue (though the particle itself have no physical color), and in antiquarks are called antired, antigreen and antiblue.<ref name="R. Nave"/> The gluon can have [[Gluon|eight color charges]], which are the result of quarks' interactions to form composite particles (gauge symmetry [[SU(3)]]).<ref name="PeskinSchroeder">Part III of {{cite book |author1=M. E. Peskin |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk |title=An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory |author2=D. V. Schroeder |publisher=[[Addison–Wesley]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-201-50397-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
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=== Composite ===<br />
{{Main|Composite particle}}<br />
[[File:Quark_structure_proton.svg|thumb|A [[proton]] consists of two up quarks and one down quark, linked together by [[gluon]]s. The quarks' color charge are also visible.]]<br />
The [[neutron]]s and [[proton]]s in the [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] are [[baryon]]s – the neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark, and the proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quark.<ref name="Knowing2">{{cite book |author=M. Munowitz |title=Knowing |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0195167376 |page=35}}</ref> A baryon is composed of three quarks, and a [[meson]] is composed of two quarks (one normal, one anti). Baryons and mesons are collectively called [[hadron]]s. Quarks inside hadrons are governed by the strong interaction, thus are subjected to [[quantum chromodynamics]] (color charges). The [[Bound state|bounded]] quarks must have their color charge to be neutral, or "white" for analogy with [[Additive color|mixing the primary colors]].<ref>{{cite book |author=B. A. Schumm |url=https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu/page/131 |title=Deep Down Things |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8018-7971-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu/page/131 131–132]}}</ref> More [[exotic hadron]]s can have other types, arrangement or number of quarks ([[tetraquark]], [[pentaquark]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Close |first=F. E. |year=1988 |title=Gluonic Hadrons |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |volume=51 |pages=833–882 |bibcode=1988RPPh...51..833C |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/51/6/002 |number=6|s2cid=250819208 }}</ref><br />
<br />
A normal atom is made from protons, neutrons and electrons.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} By modifying the particles inside a normal atom, [[exotic atom]]s can be formed.<ref>§1.8, ''Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and Particles'', Ludwig Bergmann, Clemens Schaefer, and Wilhelm Raith, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1997, {{ISBN|3-11-013990-1}}.</ref> A simple example would be the [[hydrogen-4.1]], which has one of its electrons replaced with a muon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fleming |first1=D. G. |last2=Arseneau |first2=D. J. |last3=Sukhorukov |first3=O. |last4=Brewer |first4=J. H. |last5=Mielke |first5=S. L. |last6=Schatz |first6=G. C. |last7=Garrett |first7=B. C. |last8=Peterson |first8=K. A. |last9=Truhlar |first9=D. G. |date=28 Jan 2011 |title=Kinetic Isotope Effects for the Reactions of Muonic Helium and Muonium with H<sub>2</sub> |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1199421 |journal=Science |volume=331 |issue=6016 |pages=448–450 |doi=10.1126/science.1199421 |pmid=21273484 |bibcode=2011Sci...331..448F |s2cid=206530683}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hypothetical ===<br />
The [[graviton]] is a hypothetical particle that can mediate the gravitational interaction, but it has not been detected nor completely reconciled with current theories.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sokal |first=A. |author-link=Alan Sokal |date=July 22, 1996 |title=Don't Pull the String Yet on Superstring Theory |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE7DB1639F931A15754C0A960958260 |url-status=live |access-date=March 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207212917/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE7DB1639F931A15754C0A960958260 |archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Experimental laboratories==<br />
[[File:02 Fermilab - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory - American particle accelerator Fermilab near Chicago Illinois.jpg|thumb|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA]]<br />
The world's major particle physics laboratories are:<br />
* [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] ([[Long Island]], [[United States]]). Its main facility is the [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] (RHIC), which collides [[Relativistic nuclear collisions|heavy ions]] such as gold ions and polarized protons. It is the world's first heavy ion collider, and the world's only polarized proton collider.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=M.|last2=Ludlam|first2=T.|last3=Ozaki|first3=S.|date=March 2003|title=RHIC project overview|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259915|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume=499|issue=2–3|pages=235–244|doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01937-X|bibcode=2003NIMPA.499..235H|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022754/https://zenodo.org/record/1259915|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Courant|first=Ernest D.|title=Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes|date=December 2003|journal=[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–37|doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450|bibcode=2003ARNPS..53....1C|issn=0163-8998|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
* [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]] ([[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]]). Its main projects are now the electron-positron [[collider]]s [[VEPP-2000]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vepp2k.inp.nsk.su/ |title=index |publisher=Vepp2k.inp.nsk.su |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029223656/http://vepp2k.inp.nsk.su/ |archive-date=29 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> operated since 2006, and VEPP-4,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://v4.inp.nsk.su/index.en.html |title=The VEPP-4 accelerating-storage complex |publisher=V4.inp.nsk.su |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074832/http://v4.inp.nsk.su/index.en.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> started experiments in 1994. Earlier facilities include the first electron–electron beam–beam [[collider]] VEP-1, which conducted experiments from 1964 to 1968; the electron-positron [[collider]]s VEPP-2, operated from 1965 to 1974; and, its successor VEPP-2M,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml |title=VEPP-2M collider complex |language=ru |publisher=Inp.nsk.su |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005149/http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> performed experiments from 1974 to 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishrussia.com/2012/01/21/the-budker-institute-of-nuclear-physics/ |title=The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics |publisher=English Russia |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628191134/http://englishrussia.com/2012/01/21/the-budker-institute-of-nuclear-physics |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[File:View inside detector at the CMS cavern LHC CERN.jpg|thumb|[[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] detector for LHC]][[CERN]] (European Organization for Nuclear Research) ([[France|Franco]]-[[Switzerland|Swiss]] border, near [[Geneva]]). Its main project is now the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC), which had its first beam circulation on 10 September 2008, and is now the world's most energetic collider of protons. It also became the most energetic collider of heavy ions after it began colliding lead ions. Earlier facilities include the [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP), which was stopped on 2 November 2000 and then dismantled to give way for LHC; and the [[Super Proton Synchrotron]], which is being reused as a pre-accelerator for the LHC and for fixed-target experiments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome to |publisher=Info.cern.ch |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105103513/http://info.cern.ch/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[DESY]] (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) ([[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]). Its main facility was the [[Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage]] (HERA), which collided electrons and positrons with protons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desy.de/index_eng.html |title=Germany's largest accelerator centre |publisher=Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626075024/http://www.desy.de/index_eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The accelerator complex is now focused on the production of synchrotron radiation with PETRA III, FLASH and the [[European XFEL]].<br />
* [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)]] ([[Batavia, Illinois|Batavia]], [[United States]]). Its main facility until 2011 was the [[Tevatron]], which collided protons and antiprotons and was the highest-energy particle collider on earth until the Large Hadron Collider surpassed it on 29 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fnal.gov/ |title=Fermilab &#124; Home |publisher=Fnal.gov |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105014508/http://www.fnal.gov/pub/publications/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Institute of High Energy Physics]] (IHEP) ([[Beijing]], [[China]]). IHEP manages a number of China's major particle physics facilities, including the [[Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II]](BEPC II), the Beijing Spectrometer (BES), the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), the International Cosmic-Ray Observatory at Yangbajing in Tibet, the [[Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment]], the [[China Spallation Neutron Source]], the [[Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope]] (HXMT), and the Accelerator-driven Sub-critical System (ADS) as well as the [[Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory]] (JUNO).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ihep.cas.cn/au/ |title=IHEP &#124; Home |publisher=ihep.ac.cn |access-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201061558/http://english.ihep.cas.cn/au/ |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><br />
* [[KEK]] ([[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba]], [[Japan]]). It is the home of a number of experiments such as the [[K2K experiment]], a [[neutrino oscillation]] experiment and [[Belle II experiment|Belle II]], an experiment measuring the [[CP violation]] of [[B meson]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html |title=Kek &#124; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization |publisher=Legacy.kek.jp |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621201554/http://legacy.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
* [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] ([[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[United States]]). Its 2-mile-long linear particle accelerator began operating in 1962 and was the basis for numerous [[electron]] and [[positron]] collision experiments until 2008. Since then the linear accelerator is being used for the [[Linac Coherent Light Source]] [[X-ray laser]] as well as advanced accelerator design research. SLAC staff continue to participate in developing and building many [[particle detector]]s around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Home Page|url=http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205100556/https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Theory==<br />
{{Quantum field theory|cTopic=Standard model}}<br />
Theoretical particle physics attempts to develop the models, theoretical framework, and mathematical tools to understand current experiments and make predictions for future experiments (see also [[theoretical physics]]). There are several major interrelated efforts being made in theoretical particle physics today.<br />
<br />
One important branch attempts to better understand the [[Standard Model]] and its tests. Theorists make quantitative predictions of observables at [[collider]] and [[Astroparticle physics|astronomical]] experiments, which along with experimental measurements is used to extract the parameters of the Standard Model with less uncertainty. This work probes the limits of the Standard Model and therefore expands scientific understanding of nature's building blocks. Those efforts are made challenging by the difficulty of calculating high precision quantities in [[quantum chromodynamics]]. Some theorists working in this area use the tools of perturbative [[quantum field theory]] and [[effective field theory]], referring to themselves as [[Particle physics phenomenology|phenomenologists]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} Others make use of [[lattice field theory]] and call themselves ''lattice theorists''.<br />
<br />
Another major effort is in model building where model builders develop ideas for what physics may lie [[beyond the Standard Model]] (at higher energies or smaller distances). This work is often motivated by the [[hierarchy problem]] and is constrained by existing experimental data.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} It may involve work on [[supersymmetry]], alternatives to the [[Higgs mechanism]], extra spatial dimensions (such as the [[Randall–Sundrum model]]s), [[Preon]] theory, combinations of these, or other ideas.<br />
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A third major effort in theoretical particle physics is [[string theory]]. ''String theorists'' attempt to construct a unified description of [[quantum mechanics]] and [[general relativity]] by building a theory based on small strings, and [[brane]]s rather than particles. If the theory is successful, it may be considered a "[[Theory of Everything]]", or "TOE".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=2017-12-22 |title=The Best Explanation for Everything in the Universe |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/string-theory-everything/548774/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115210213/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/string-theory-everything/548774/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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There are also other areas of work in theoretical particle physics ranging from [[Particle physics in cosmology|particle cosmology]] to [[loop quantum gravity]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}<br />
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==Practical applications==<br />
In principle, all physics (and practical applications developed therefrom) can be derived from the study of fundamental particles. In practice, even if "particle physics" is taken to mean only "high-energy atom smashers", many technologies have been developed during these pioneering investigations that later find wide uses in society. Particle accelerators are used to produce [[Isotopes in medicine|medical isotopes]] for research and treatment (for example, isotopes used in [[PET imaging]]), or used directly in [[external beam radiotherapy]]. The development of [[superconductor]]s has been pushed forward by their use in particle physics. The [[World Wide Web]] and [[touchscreen]] technology were initially developed at [[CERN]]. Additional applications are found in medicine, national security, industry, computing, science, and workforce development, illustrating a long and growing list of beneficial practical applications with contributions from particle physics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/benefits/ |title=Fermilab &#124; Science at Fermilab &#124; Benefits to Society |publisher=Fnal.gov |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609161544/http://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/benefits/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Future==<br />
The primary goal, which is pursued in several distinct ways, is to find and understand what physics may lie [[beyond the standard model]]. There are several powerful experimental reasons to expect new physics, including [[dark matter]] and [[neutrino mass]]. There are also theoretical hints that this new physics should be found at accessible energy scales.<br />
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Much of the effort to find beyond Standard Model physics has been focused on new collider experiments. As of March, 2023, no beyond-Standard-Model signatures are observed at the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC). This implies that new physics signals must be too rare or else manifest at too high energy to be observed at LHC. To address rare signals, one builds a very high rate source with low backgrounds. This is the concept behind the multiple [[Higgs factory]] proposals. These consist of lepton-lepton (either electron-positron or muon-antimuon) colliders with center of mass energy chosen to produce Higgs particles. Because the leptons annihilate, the events in the detector have few extraneous particles, unlike hadron colliders. This allows for accurate event reconstruction. New physics is probed by high precision reconstruction of the large sample of Higgs bosons. Alternatively, to reach higher energies, it is necessary to construct a collider even larger than the LHC. The [[Future Circular Collider]] proposed for CERN is an example of a 100 TeV center of mass proton collider proposal, representing an order of magnitude increase over the LHC.<br />
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There are important non-collider experiments that attempt to find and understand [[physics beyond the Standard Model]]. One is the determination of the [[neutrino]] masses, since these masses may arise from neutrinos mixing with very heavy particles. Another is [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] observations that provide constraints on the dark matter, although it may be impossible to determine the exact nature of the dark matter without the colliders. Finally, lower bounds on the very long [[proton decay|lifetime of the proton]] put constraints on [[Grand Unified Theory|Grand Unified Theories]] at energy scales much higher than collider experiments will be able to probe any time soon.<br />
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In 2023, the [[Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel]] (P5) began a new decadal study on the future of particle physics in the US that will update the 2014 P5 study that recommended the [[Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment]], among other experiments.<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br />
* [[Particle physics and representation theory]]<br />
* [[Atomic physics]]<br />
* [[Astronomy]]<br />
* [[High pressure]]<br />
* [[International Conference on High Energy Physics]]<br />
* [[Introduction to quantum mechanics]]<br />
* [[List of accelerators in particle physics]]<br />
* [[List of particles]]<br />
* [[Magnetic monopole]]<br />
* [[Micro black hole]]<br />
* [[Number theory]]<br />
* [[Resonance (particle physics)]]<br />
* [[Self-consistency principle in high energy physics]]<br />
* [[Non-extensive self-consistent thermodynamical theory]]<br />
* [[Standard Model (mathematical formulation)]]<br />
* [[Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System]]<br />
* [[Timeline of particle physics]]<br />
* [[Unparticle physics]]<br />
* [[Tetraquark]]<br />
* [[Track significance]]<br />
* [[International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
<br />
{{Physics-footer}}<br />
{{Particles}}<br />
{{Fundamental interactions}}<br />
{{Standard model of physics}}<br />
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[[Category:Particle physics]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oath&diff=413815Oath2023-08-16T19:05:01Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{short description|Personal affirmation of a statement}}{{other uses}}<br />
{{redirect|Sworn In|the band|Sworn In (band)}}<br />
[[File:Sec of State Kissinger.png|thumb|[[Henry Kissinger]] places his hand on a [[Hebrew Bible]] as he takes the [[oath of office]] as [[Secretary of State (United States)|Secretary of State]], 1973.]]<br />
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Traditionally an '''oath''' (from [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''{{lang|ang|[[:wikt:að|āð]]}}'', also called '''plight''') is either a [[utterance|statement]] of [[fact]] or a [[promise]] taken by a [[Sacred|sacrality]] as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to give an [[Affirmation (law)|affirmation]] instead. Nowadays, even when there is no notion of sanctity involved, certain promises said out loud in ceremonial or juridical purpose are referred to as oaths. "To [[:wikt:swear|swear]]" is a [[verb]] used to describe the taking of an oath, to making a solemn [[vow]].<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The word come from [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''{{lang|ang|[[:wikt:að|āð]]}}'' judicial swearing, solemn appeal to deity in witness of truth or a promise," from Proto-Germanic ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aiþaz|*aiþaz]]'' (source also of Old Norse eiðr, Swedish ed, Old Saxon, Old Frisian eth, Middle Dutch eet, Dutch eed, German Eid, Gothic aiþs "oath"), from PIE *oi-to- "an oath" (source also of Old Irish oeth "oath"). Common to Celtic and Germanic, possibly a loan-word from one to the other, but the history is obscure and it may ultimately be non-Indo-European, in reference to careless invocations of divinity, from the late 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/oath#etymonline_v_2402|title=oath (n.) |date=17 March 2019|website= Etym. online}}</ref><br />
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==Divine oath==<br />
[[File:Johann Heinrich Füssli 018.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the legendary Swiss [[Rütli Oath]] taken by the representatives of the three founding [[Swiss cantons|cantons]], declaring unity and freedom in eternal alliance]]<br />
Oaths usually have referred to a [[deity]] significant in the cultural sphere in question. The reciter's personal views upon the divinity of the aspects considered sacred in a predictated text of an oath may or may not be taken in to account. There might not be alternative personal proclamations with no mention of the sacred [[dogma]] in question, such as affirmations, to be made. This might mean an [[impasse]] to those with unwillingness to edify the dogma they see as untrue and those who decline to refer to sacred matters on the subject at hand.{{Citation needed |date=June 2019}}<br />
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The essence of a divine oath is an invocation of divine agency to be a guarantor of the oath taker's own honesty and integrity in the matter under question. By implication, this invokes divine displeasure if the oath taker fails in his or her sworn duties. It therefore implies greater care than usual in the act of the performance of one's duty, such as in testimony to the facts of the matter in a court of law.{{Citation needed |date=June 2019}}<br />
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A person taking an oath indicates this in a number of ways. The most usual is the explicit "I swear", but any statement or promise that includes "with * as my witness" or "so help me *", with '*' being something or someone the oath-taker holds sacred, is an oath. Many people take an oath by holding in their hand or placing over their head a book of [[scripture]] or a sacred object, thus indicating the sacred witness through their action: such an oath is called ''corporal''. However, the chief purpose of such an act is for ceremony or solemnity, and the act does not of itself make an oath.{{Citation needed|date= March 2007}}<br />
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==Historical development as a legal concept==<br />
[[File:Le Serment du Jeu de paume.jpg|thumb|"[[Tennis Court Oath]]" by [[Jacques-Louis David]].]]<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
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| image1 = Juramento da Regência Trina.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The oath of the provisional triumviral regents of the [[Empire of Brazil]] in the [[Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro|Imperial Chapel]] in 1831, during a period known as the ''[[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|Período regencial]]''.<br />
| image2 = Juramento Isabel.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel, Princess Imperial]] takes oath as regent of the Empire of Brazil before the [[Federal Senate (Brazil)#History|Imperial Senate]], {{Circa|1870}}.<br />
}}<br />
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Making vows and taking oaths became a symbolic concept in law practice that developed over time in different cultures.<br />
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=== Jewish tradition ===<br />
The concept of oaths is deeply rooted within [[Judaism]]. It is found in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 8:21, when God swears that he will "never again curse the ground because of man and never again smite every living thing". This repetition of the term ''never again'' is explained by [[Rashi]], the pre-eminent biblical commentator, as serving as an oath, citing the [[Talmud]] Shavous 36a for this ruling.<ref>Metsudah Chumash and Rashi, KTAV Publishing House, 1991. page 88</ref><br />
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The first personage in the biblical tradition to take an oath is held to be [[Eliezer]], the chief servant of [[Abraham]], when the latter requested of the former that he not take a wife for his son [[Isaac]] from the daughters of Canaan, but rather from among Abraham's own family.<br />
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The foundational text for oath making is in [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 30:2: "When a man voweth a vow unto the Lord, or sweareth an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word; he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth." According to the Rabbis, a [[neder]] (usually translated as "vow") refers to the object, a ''shâmar'' (usually translated as "oath") to the person. The passage distinguishes between a ''neder'' and a ''shvua'', an important distinction between the two in [[Halakha]]: a ''neder'' changes the status of some external thing, while a ''shvua'' initiates an internal change in the one who swears the oath.<br />
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=== Roman tradition ===<br />
In the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] tradition, oaths were sworn upon ''[[Iuppiter Lapis]]'' or the Jupiter Stone located in the [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus|Temple of Jupiter]], [[Capitoline Hill]]. ''Iuppiter Lapis'' was held in the Roman tradition to be an [[Oath Stone]], an aspect of Jupiter in his role as divine law-maker responsible for order and used principally for the investiture of the oathtaking of office.<br />
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According to Cyril Bailey, in "The Religion of Ancient Rome" (1907):<br />
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{{Quote| text=We have, for instance, the sacred stone (''[[Silex#Archaic and foreign uses|silex]]'') which was preserved in the temple of Iuppiter on the Capitol, and was brought out to play a prominent part in the ceremony of treaty-making. The [[fetial]], who on that occasion represented the Roman people, at the solemn moment of the oath-taking, struck the sacrificial pig with the ''silex'', saying as he did so, "Do thou, [[Jupiter (mythology)|Diespiter]], strike the Roman people as I strike this pig here to-day, and strike them the more, as thou art greater and stronger." Here no doubt the underlying notion is not merely symbolical, but in origin the stone is itself the god, an idea which later religion expressed in the cult-title specially used in this connection, ''Iuppiter Lapis''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Cyril |date=1907 |title=The Religion of Ancient Rome |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-h/18564-h.htm#CHAPTER_II |location=London |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. |page=7 |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>}}<br />
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The punisher of broken oaths was the [[Hell|infernal]] deity [[Orcus]].<br />
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=== Hindu tradition ===<br />
[[File:Bheeshma oath by RRV.jpg|thumb|right|Devarata taking his ''bhishama pratigya'']]<br />
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In [[Hindu epics]], like the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], oaths, called ''pratigya'', are taken seriously. It is mentioned that people would give up their lives, but not break a vow. Due to this, King [[Dasharatha]] took an oath for his Queen [[Kaikeyi]] (on her maid, [[Manthara]]'s insistence) and thus had to exile his favorite son, Lord [[Rama]] along with his wife Devi [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]] for fourteen years in the forest.<br />
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In the Mahabharata, [[Bhishma|Devrata]] took an oath of [[celibacy]] so that [[Satyavati]]'s father would marry her to Devrata's father, King [[Shantanu]]. He also took an oath to not rule the [[Kuru Kingdom|kingdom]] and remain loyal to the king, who would be a descendant of Satyavati. Thus, Devavrata got the name ''Bhishma'', which means someone who has taken a terrible oath. Many others also took oaths that they fulfilled.<br />
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=== Greek tradition ===<br />
[[Walter Burkert]] has shown that since [[Lycurgus of Athens]] (d. 324 BCE), who held that "it is the oath which holds democracy together", religion, morality and political organization had been linked by the oath, and the oath and its prerequisite altar had become the basis of both civil and criminal, as well as international law.<ref>Burkert, ''Greek Religion'', trans. Raffan, Harvard University Press (1985), 250ff.</ref><br />
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In traditional Greek folk songs, such as The Dead Brother's Song, the significance of the oath is highlighted. The power of an oath is such that it transcends death, as the deceased brother arises from the grave to fulfill his oath to his mother.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Πολίτης|first=Λίνος|title=Ιστορία της Νεοελληνικής Λογοτεχνίας|publisher=Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης|year=2002|location=Αθήνα}}</ref><br />
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===Christian tradition===<br />
Various religious groups have objected to the taking of oaths, most notably the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] groups, like [[Mennonite]]s, [[Amish]], [[Hutterite]]s and [[Schwarzenau Brethren]]. This is principally based on Matthew 5:34–37,<ref> {{Bibleverse||Matthew|5:34–37}}</ref> the [[Antithesis of the Law]]. Here, Christ is reported as having said: "I say to you: '[[Swear not at all]]{{'"}}. [[James the Just]] stated in 5:12<ref>{{Bibleverse|James|5:12}}</ref> "Above all, my brothers, do not swear—not by heaven or by earth or by anything else. Let your 'Yes' be yes, and your 'No', no, or you will be condemned." Beyond this scriptural authority, Quakers place importance on being truthful at all times, so the testimony opposing oaths springs from a view that "taking legal oaths implies a double standard of truthfulness"<ref>''Faith and Practice'', Baltimore Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (1988) p. 19.</ref> suggesting that truthfulness in legal contexts is somehow more important than truthfulness in non-legal contexts and that truthfulness in those other contexts is therefore somehow less important.<br />
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Not all [[Christianity|Christians]] interpret this reading as forbidding all types of oaths, however. Opposition to oath-taking among some groups of Christian caused many problems for these groups throughout their history. [[Quaker]]s were frequently imprisoned because of their refusal to swear [[loyalty oath]]s. Testifying in court was also difficult; [[George Fox]], Quakers' founder, famously challenged a judge who had asked him to swear, saying that he would do so once the judge could point to any [[Bible]] passage where Jesus or his apostles took oaths — the judge could not, but this did not allow Fox to escape punishment. Legal reforms from the 18th century onwards mean that everyone in the [[United Kingdom]] now has the right to make a solemn [[Affirmation (law)|affirmation]] instead of an oath. The [[United States]] has permitted affirmations since it was founded; it is explicitly mentioned in the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. Only President [[Franklin Pierce]] has chosen to affirm rather than swear at his inauguration.<br />
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As late as 1880, [[Charles Bradlaugh]] was denied a seat as an MP in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] because of his professed [[atheism]] as he was judged unable to swear the [[Oath of Allegiance (UK)|Oath of Allegiance]] in spite of his proposal to swear the oath as a "matter of form".{{cn|date=March 2023}}<br />
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=== Islamic tradition ===<br />
Islam takes the fulfillment of oaths extremely seriously, as directed by the Qur'an:<br />
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{{quote|God does not hold you responsible for the mere utterance of oaths; He holds you responsible for your actual intentions. If you violate an oath, you shall atone by feeding ten poor people from the same food you offer to your own family, or clothing them, or by freeing a slave. If you cannot afford this, then you shall fast three days. This is the atonement for violating the oaths that you swore to keep. You shall fulfill your oaths. God thus explains His revelations to you, that you may be appreciative.|Quran [[Al-Ma'ida|Chapter 5]]: [[Āyah|Verse]] 89}}<br />
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=== Germanic tradition ===<br />
{{Further|Symbel|Feudalism}}<br />
<br />
[[Germanic tribes|Germanic]] [[warrior culture]] was significantly based on oaths of fealty.<br />
<br />
A prose passage inserted in the eddic poem ''[[Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar]]'' relates: Hedin was coming home alone from the forest one [[Yule]]-eve, and found a [[troll]]-woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle. She asked Hedin for his company. "Nay," said he. She said, "Thou shalt pay for this at the ''bragarfull''." That evening the great vows were taken; the [[Sonargöltr|sacred boar]] was brought in, the men laid their hands thereon, and took their vows at the ''bragarfull''. Hedin vowed that he would have Sváva, Eylimi's daughter, the beloved of his brother Helgi; then such great grief seized him that he went forth on wild paths southward over the land, and found Helgi, his brother.<br />
<br />
Such Norse traditions are directly parallel to the "bird oaths" of late medieval France, such as the [[voeux du faisan]] (oath on the pheasant) or the (fictional) [[voeux du paon]] (oath on the peacock). Huizinga, ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages]]'' (ch. 3); Michel Margue, "Vogelgelübde" am Hof des Fürsten. Ritterliches Integrationsritual zwischen Traditions- und Gegenwartsbezug (14. – 15. Jahrhundert)<br />
<br />
=== Modern law ===<br />
{{redirect|Under oath|the American rock band|Underoath}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Officer Natalie Corona swearing-in.jpg|thumb|upright|A new police officer in the US being sworn in, 2018.]]<br />
<br />
In the modern law, oaths are made by a witness to a court of law before giving testimony and usually by a newly appointed government officer to the people of a state before taking office. However, in both of those cases, an [[Affirmation (law)|affirmation]] can usually be replaced with a written statement, only if the author swears the statement is true. This statement is called an ''[[affidavit]]''. This is in contrast to a [[statutory declaration]], where no sworn oath or affirmation is involved. The oath given to support an affidavit is frequently administered by a [[notary]], who will certify the giving of the oath by affixing her or his seal to the document. Willfully delivering a false oath (or affirmation) is the crime of [[perjury]].<br />
<br />
There are some places where there is a confusion between the "oath" and other statements or promises. For example, the current [[Olympic Oath]] is really a [[Promise|pledge]], not properly an oath, since there is only a promise but there is no appeal to a sacred witness. Oaths may also be confused with [[vow]]s, but vows are really just a particular kind of an oath.<br />
<br />
== Hand gestures ==<br />
[[File:Anjala.vaakuna.svg|thumb|"Hand on oath" used as a [[Charge (heraldry)|charge]] on the [[coat of arms]] of [[Anjala]], [[Finland]].]]<br />
<br />
Instead of, or in addition to, holding one's hand upon an object of ceremonial importance, it can be customary for a person swearing an oath to hold a raised hand in a specific gesture. Most often the right hand is raised. This custom has been explained with reference to medieval practices of branding palms.<br />
<br />
===Schwurhand===<br />
{{main|Schwurhand}}<br />
<br />
===Serbian custom===<br />
{{main|Three-finger salute (Serbian)}}<br />
<br />
===International customs===<br />
The [[Scout Sign]] can be made while giving the [[Scout Promise]]. In ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' the movement's founder, [[Robert Baden-Powell]], instructed: "While taking this oath the scout will stand, holding his right hand raised level with his shoulder, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the digitus minimus (little finger) and the other three fingers upright, pointing upwards."<ref name="SfB">{{cite book|last=Robert Baden-Powell|title=Scouting for Boys|publisher=Horace Cox|year=1908|edition=Part I|location=Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, London E.C.|page=40|author-link=Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|title-link=Scouting for Boys}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of oaths ==<br />
[[File:Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|thumb|right|Shortly after Former US president John F. Kennedy was shot dead, Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as the new president on board Air Force One]]<br />
* [[Hippocratic Oath]], an oath historically taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine honestly.<br />
** [[Veterinarian's Oath]], an oath taken by [[veterinarian]]s as practitioners of [[veterinary medicine]] in a manner similar to the Hippocratic Oath.<br />
* [[Oath of allegiance]], an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to monarch or country.<br />
* [[Oath of citizenship]], an oath taken by immigrants that officially naturalizes immigrants into citizens.<br />
* [[Oath of office]], an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office.<br />
**[[Juror's oath]], an oath taken by jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial<br />
* [[Pauper's oath]], a sworn statement or oath by a person that he or she is completely without any money or property.<br />
* [[Military oath]], delivered on enlistment into the military service of the state military.<br />
<br />
==Notable oaths in history and fiction==<br />
* The oath of [[Bhishma]] in Hindu culture.<br />
* [[Hittite military oath]], a Hittite text on two cuneiform tablets.<br />
* [[Ironclad Oath]], promoted by Radical Republicans and opposed by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.<br />
* [[Lwów Oath]], by Polish king John II Casimir.<br />
* [[Oath Against Modernism]], required of clergy and others in the Catholic Church from 1910 until 1967.<br />
* [[Oaths in Freemasonry]].<br />
* [[Oath More Judaico]] or Jewish Oath, rooted in antisemitism and accompanied by certain ceremonies.<br />
* [[Oaths of Strasbourg]], a military pact made in 842.<br />
* [[Hitler Oath]], sworn by German soldiers of the [[Wehrmacht]] and the German civil service, pledging allegiance to [[Adolf Hitler]] personally.<br />
* [[Omertà]], a Southern Italian code of silence and code of honor and conduct.<br />
* [[Scout Oath]] or Scout Promise.<br />
* [[Tennis Court Oath]], taken on 20 June 1789 by members of the French Third Estate.<br />
* [[Oath of Fëanor]], in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien.<br />
* [[Oath of the Peach Garden]], a fictional event in the 14th century Chinese historical novel ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' by Luo Guanzhong. <br />
* The [[Baljuna Covenant]], an oath sworn by [[Genghis Khan]] and a small group of companions<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* ''[[ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. State of North Carolina]]'' a court case in a state of the United States about taking oaths by different scriptures. The results have reversed several times.<br />
* [[Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau]] has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and ''[[A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services]]'' covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006 but the [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619070219/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf 2nd Edition] is available.)<br />
* [[Confirmation]]<br />
* [[Ephebic Oath]]<br />
* [[Performativity]]<br />
* [[So help me God]]<br />
* [[Statutory declaration]]<br />
* [[Sworn declaration]]<br />
* [[Vow]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Bailey, Cyril (1907). [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-h/18564-h.htm ''The Religion of Ancient Rome'']. London, UK: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. (Source: [[Project Gutenberg]]. Accessed: March 16, 2011)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wikiquote|Oaths}}<br />
{{Wiktionary|oath}}<br />
{{Commons category|Oaths}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613085537/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/browse_art_ques_eng.php?cid=353 Oaths in the Qur'an]<br />
* [http://www.ndcourts.com/court/rules/ndroc/rule6.10.htm Courtroom oaths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911075208/http://www.ndcourts.com/court/rules/ndroc/rule6.10.htm |date=2007-09-11 }} from the [[North Dakota]] Supreme Court website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)<br />
* [http://www.archives2005.ghazali.net/html/faith_leaders_support.html North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304015638/http://www.archives2005.ghazali.net/html/faith_leaders_support.html |date=2007-03-04 }}<br />
* [http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2006_11_26-2006_12_02.shtml#1164997373 Comments about ''John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office'']<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003wtk7 The Oath], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Alan Sommerstein, Paul Cartledge & Mary Beard (''In Our Time'', Jan. 5, 2006)<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oaths| ]]<br />
[[Category:Legal history]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legion_of_Honour&diff=413813Legion of Honour2023-08-16T19:01:02Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Highest French order of merit}}<br />
{{Redirect|Legion of Honor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox order<br />
| name = National Order of the Legion of Honour<br />
| native_name = Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur<br />
| native_name_lang = fr<br />
| image = Franse ridderorde (Legion d'Honneur), ontvangen door Willem Drees, NG-2003-50.jpg<br />
|image_size=250px| caption = Current version of the Grand Cross of the order given by President [[René Coty]] to Dutch Prime Minister [[Willem Drees]]<br />
| awarded_by = [[President of France]]<br />
| type = [[Order of merit]]<br />
| eligibility = Military and civilians<br />
| for = {{longitem|style=line-height:1.3em;white-space:nowrap|Excellent civil or military conduct<br/>delivered, upon official investigation}}<br />
| status = <br />
| description = <br />
| clasps = <br />
| motto = {{lang|fr|Honneur et patrie}} ("Honour and Fatherland")<br />
| established = 19 May 1802<br />
| country = [[France]]<br />
| first_induction = 15 July 1804<br />
| last_award =<br />
| founder = [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]<br />
| head_title = [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]]<br />
| head = [[President of France]]<br />
| head2_title = [[Grand chancelier]]<br />
| head2 = [[Benoît Puga]]<br />
| head3_title = [[Secretary-General]]<br />
| head3 = <br />
| posthumous = <br />
| classes = {{Plainlist}}<br />
* {{0|00,0}} &nbsp;1&nbsp; [[Grand Master (order)|''{{lang|fr|Grand-maître|nocat=y}}'']]<br />
* {{0|00,0}}67 &nbsp;''{{lang|fr|Grand(s)-croix}}''<br />
* {{0|00,}}314 &nbsp;''{{lang|fr|Grand(s) officier(s)}}''<br />
* {{0|0}}3,009 &nbsp;''{{lang|fr|Commandeur(s)}}''<br />
* 17,032 &nbsp;''{{lang|fr|Officier(s)}}''<br />
* 74,384 &nbsp;''{{lang|fr|Chevalier(s}}'')<br />
{{Endplainlist}}<br />
| individual = <br />
| higher = ''None''<br />
| same = <br />
| lower = {{Plainlist}}<br />
* [[Order of Liberation]]<br/>(ceased 24 January 1946)<ref>''le petit Larousse'' 2013 p1567</ref><br />
{{Endplainlist}}<br />
| image2 = {{Plainlist|class="center"}}<br />
* [[File:NOLH Streamer.JPG|250px]]<br/>Order's [[campaign streamer|streamer]]<br />
* [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|100px]]<br/>''{{lang|fr|Grand-croix}}''<br />
* [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|100px]]<br/>''{{lang|fr|Grand-officier}}''<br />
* [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|100px]]<br/>''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}''<br />
* [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|100px]]<br/>''{{lang|fr|Officier}}''<br />
* [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|100px]]<br/>''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}''<br />
{{Endplainlist}}<br />
| caption2 = [[Ribbon bar]]s of the order<br />
}}<br />
<!-- Note: Please apply British "honour", as used on its website --><br />
<br />
The '''National Order of the Legion of Honour''' ({{lang-fr|Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur}} {{IPA-fr|ɔʁdʁ nɑsjɔnal də la leʒjɔ̃ dɔnœʁ|}}), formerly the '''Royal Order of the Legion of Honour''' ({{lang|fr|Ordre royal de la Légion d'honneur}}), is the highest French [[order of merit]], both [[military]] and civil. Established in 1802 by [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], it has been retained (with occasional slight alterations) by all later French governments and regimes.<br />
<br />
The order's [[motto]] is ''{{lang|fr|Honneur et Patrie}}'' ("Honour and Fatherland"); its [[Seat (legal entity)|seat]] is the [[Palais de la Légion d'Honneur]] next to the [[Musée d'Orsay]], on the left bank of the [[Seine]] in [[Paris]].{{efn|The award for the French Legion of Honour is known by many titles, also depending on the five levels of degree: Knight of the Legion of Honour; ''{{lang|fr|Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur}}''; Officer of the Legion of Honour; ''{{lang|fr|Officier de la Légion d'honneur}}''; Commander of the Legion of Honour; ''{{lang|fr|Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur}}''; Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour; ''{{lang|fr|Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur}}''; Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour; ''{{lang|fr|Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur}}''. The word ''{{lang|fr|honneur}}'' is often capitalised, as in the name of the palace ''{{lang|fr|[[Palais de la Légion d'Honneur]]}}''.}}<br />
<br />
The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: ''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}'' ([[Knight]]), ''{{lang|fr|Officier}}'' (Officer), ''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}'' ([[Commander (order)|Commander]]), ''{{lang|fr|Grand officier}}'' (Grand Officer) and ''{{lang|fr|Grand-croix}}'' ([[Grand Cross]]).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
===Consulate===<br />
During the [[French Revolution]], all of the French [[Order of chivalry|orders of chivalry]] were abolished and replaced with [[Weapons of Honour]]. It was the wish of [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], the [[French Consulate|First Consul]], to create a reward to commend civilians and soldiers. From this wish was instituted a {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}},<ref>Pierre-Louis Roederer, "Speech Proposing the Creation of a Legion of Honour", ''Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents'', ed. Rafe Blaufarb (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008), 101–102.</ref> a body of men that was not an order of [[chivalry]], for Napoleon believed that France wanted a [[order of merit|recognition of merit]] rather than a new system of nobility. However, the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} did use the organization of the old French orders of chivalry, for example, the {{lang|fr|[[Order of Saint Louis|Ordre de Saint-Louis]]}}. The insignia of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} bear a resemblance to those of the {{lang|fr|Ordre de Saint-Louis}}, which also used a red ribbon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baetjer |first=Katharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CqQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur%22+%22ribbon%22&pg=PA326 |title=French Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art from the Early Eighteenth Century through the Revolution |date=2019-04-15 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-661-7 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Napoleon originally created this award to ensure political loyalty. The organization would be used as a façade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Colin|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of France|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-43294-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone_0/page/196 196]|edition=1st|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone_0|date=20 October 1994}}</ref> The {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} was loosely patterned after a [[Roman legion]], with [[legionary|legionaries]], [[officer (armed forces)|officers]], commanders, regional "[[cohort (military unit)|cohort]]s" and a grand council. The highest rank was not a Grand Cross but a {{lang|fr|Grand aigle}} (Grand Eagle), a rank that wore the insignia common to a Grand Cross. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously:<br />
<br />
* 5,000 [[franc]]s to a {{lang|fr|grand officier}},<br />
* 2,000 francs to a {{lang|fr|commandeur}},<br />
* 1,000 francs to an {{lang|fr|officier}},<br />
* 250 francs to a {{lang|fr|légionnaire}}.<br />
<br />
Napoleon famously declared, "You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led... Do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning? Never. That is good only for the scholar in his study. The soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards."<ref>{{cite book |author=Antoine Claire Thibaudeau |title=Mémoires sur le Consulat. 1799 à 1804 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Rfl9mwoQBzkC |trans-title=Memories of the Consulate, 1799–1804 |year=1827 |publisher=Chez Ponthieu et Cie |location=Paris |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Rfl9mwoQBzkC/page/n94 83]–84 |language=fr |author-link=Antoine Claire Thibaudeau }}</ref> This has been often quoted as "It is with such baubles that men are led." Napoleon was also occasionally noted after a battle to ask who the bravest man in a regiment was, and upon the regiment declaring the individual, the Emperor would take the Legion d'Honneur of his own coat and pin it on the chest of the man.<ref>{{Citation |title=Napoleon PBS Documentary 3 Of 4 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy1B8rwMyqM |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
The order was the first modern [[order of merit]]. Under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, all [[knights]] had to be noblemen, and military decorations were restricted to [[commissioned officer|officers]].{{cn|date=December 2021}} The {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions; only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn into the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}.<br />
All previous orders were Christian, or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} is a secular institution. The badge of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} has five arms.<br />
{| class="wikitable left" style="width:60%;"<br />
! colspan="5" |Legion of Honour Ribbons<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align:top; width:20%; text-align:center;" |[[File:Legion of Honour - Knight (France).png|center|145x145px]]<small>''Knight (Chevalier)''</small><br />
| style="vertical-align:top; width:20%; text-align:center;" |[[File:Legion of Honour - Officer (France).png|center|145x145px]]<small>''Officer''</small><br />
| style="vertical-align:top; width:20%; text-align:center;" |[[File:Legion of Honour - Commander (France).png|center|145x145px]]<small>''Commander''</small><br />
| style="vertical-align:top; width:20%; text-align:center;" |[[File:Legion of Honour - Grand Officer (France).png|center|145x145px]]<small>''Grand Officer''</small><br />
| style="vertical-align:top; width:20%; text-align:center;" |[[File:Legion of Honour - Grand Cross (France).png|center|145x145px]]<small>''Grand Cross (Grand-Croix)''</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===First Empire===<br />
<!--this section linked from image caption above--><br />
<br />
In a decree issued on the {{lang|fr|10 [[Pluviôse]] [[French Republican Calendar|XIII]]}} (30 January 1805), a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a large [[sash]] and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the {{lang|fr|Grand aigle}} (Grand Eagle), and later in 1814 as the {{lang|fr|Grand cordon}} (big sash, literally "big ribbon"). After Napoleon crowned himself [[Emperor of the French]] in 1804 and established the [[Nobility of the First French Empire|Napoleonic nobility]] in 1808, award of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} gave right to the title of "Knight of the Empire" ({{lang|fr|Chevalier de l'Empire}}). The title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees.<br />
<br />
Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} among his family and his senior ministers. This collar was abolished in 1815.<br />
<br />
Although research is made difficult by the loss of the archives, it is rumoured that three women who fought with the army were decorated with the order: [[Virginie Ghesquière]], [[Marie Schellinck|Marie-Jeanne Schelling]] and a [[nun]], Sister [[Anne Biget]].{{efn|The first recorded women's award is 1851, under [[Napoleon III of France|Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte]].}}<br />
<br />
The {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} was prominent and visible in the French Empire. The Emperor always wore it, and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time. The king of [[Sweden]] therefore declined the order; it was too common in his eyes. Napoleon's own decorations were captured by the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussians]] and were displayed in the {{lang|de|Zeughaus}} (armoury) in Berlin until 1945. Today, they are in Moscow.<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=The Legion of Honour under the Empire<br />
|align=center<br />
|File:Debret - Premiere distribution des decorations de la Legion d'honneur.jpg|''First {{lang|fr|Légion d'Honneur}} investiture, 15 July 1804, at {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides|Saint-Louis des Invalides]]}}'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]] (1812)<br />
|File:Hennequin - Napoléon Ier distribue les croix de la légion d'honneur au camp de Boulogne le 16 août 1804 (grand).jpg|A depiction of Napoleon making some of the first awards of the Legion of Honour, at a camp near [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] on 16 August 1804<br />
|File:Napoleon Paul Delaroche.jpg|As [[Emperor of the French|Emperor]], [[Napoleon]] always wore the [[Grand Cross|Cross]] and Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour.{{cn|date=April 2022}}<br />
|File:Napoleon coat-IMG 1412.jpg|Embroidered insignia of the Legion of Honour, detail of Napoleon's uniform of colonel of the Chasseurs à cheval of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Restoration of the Bourbon King of France in 1814===<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}<br />
[[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] changed the appearance of the order, but it was not abolished. To have done so would have angered the 35,000 to 38,000 members. The images of Napoleon and his eagle were removed and replaced by the image of King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], the popular first king of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] line. Three Bourbon {{lang|fr|[[fleur-de-lys|fleurs-de-lys]]}} replaced the eagle on the reverse of the order. A king's crown replaced the imperial crown. In 1816, the grand cordons were renamed grand crosses and the legionnaires became knights. The king decreed that the commandants were now commanders. The {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} became the second-ranking order of knighthood of the French monarchy, after the [[Order of the Holy Spirit]].<br />
<br />
===July Monarchy===<br />
[[File:Louis philippe 1835 par desnos.jpeg|thumb|[[Louis Philippe I]], King of the French, wearing the sash and star of the Grand Cross, as well as the Officers Cross of the order]]<br />
<br />
Following the overthrow of the Bourbons in favour of King [[Louis Philippe I]] of the [[House of Orléans]], the Bourbon monarchy's orders were once again abolished and the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} was restored in 1830 as the paramount decoration of the French nation. The insignia were drastically altered; the cross now displayed [[flag of France|tricolour flags]]. In 1847, there were 47,000 members.<br />
<br />
===Second Republic===<br />
Yet another revolution in Paris (in 1848) brought a new republic (the second) and a new design to the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}. A nephew of the founder, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], was elected president and he restored the image of his uncle on the crosses of the order. In 1852, the first recorded woman, [[Angélique Brûlon|Angélique Duchemin]], an old revolutionary of the 1789 uprising against the absolute monarchy, was admitted into the order. On 2 December 1851, President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte staged a [[coup d'état]] with the help of the armed forces. He made himself [[Emperor of the French]] exactly one year later on 2 December 1852, after a successful [[plebiscite]].<br />
<br />
===Second Empire===<br />
An Imperial crown was added. During [[Napoleon III]]'s reign, the first American was admitted: [[Thomas Wiltberger Evans]], dentist of Napoleon III.<br />
<br />
===Third Republic===<br />
[[File:111-SC-38214 - NARA - 55235582-cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Philippe Pétain]] and [[John J. Pershing]] were decorated with the ''Grand-croix'' of the Legion of Honor, as were several US generals with the ''Commandeur'' and ''Chevalier'' medal shortly after World War I, in 1919.]]<br />
<br />
In 1870, the defeat of the French Imperial Army in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] brought the end of the Empire and the creation of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] (1871–1940). As France changed, the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} changed as well. The crown was replaced by a [[laurel wreath|laurel]] and oak wreath. In 1871, during the [[Paris Commune]] uprising, the {{lang|fr|[[Palais de la Légion d'Honneur|Hôtel de Salm]]}}, headquarters of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}, was burned to the ground in fierce street combats; the archives of the order were lost.<br />
<br />
In the second term of President [[Jules Grévy]], which started in 1885, newspaper journalists brought to light the trafficking of Grévy's son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, in the awarding of decorations of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}. Grévy was not accused of personal participation in this scandal, but he was slow to accept his indirect political responsibility, which caused his eventual resignation on 2 December 1887.<br />
<br />
During [[World War I]], some 55,000 decorations were conferred, 20,000 of which went to foreigners. The large number of decorations resulted from the new posthumous awards authorised in 1918. Traditionally, membership in the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} could not be awarded posthumously.<br />
<br />
===Fourth and Fifth Republics===<br />
The establishment of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] in 1946 brought about the latest change in the design of the Legion of Honour. The date "1870" on the obverse was replaced by a single star. No changes were made after the establishment of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] in 1958.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Legion d’Honneur Evolution.png|center|thumb|1200x1200px|Evolution of the insignia of the Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur through Frances various governments and regimes, from the First Empire to the current Fifth Republic]]<br />
<br />
==Organization==<br />
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
===Legal status and leadership===<br />
The Legion of Honour is a national order of France, meaning a public incorporated body. The Legion is regulated by a [[code (law)|civil law code]], the "Code of the Legion of Honour and of the Military Medal". While the [[President of France|President of the French Republic]] is the Grand Master of the order, day-to-day running is entrusted to the Grand Chancery (''{{lang|fr|Grande Chancellerie de la Légion d'honneur}}'').<br />
<br />
====Grand Master====<br />
[[File:GrandCollier.jpg|thumb|Current [[Collar (order)|collar]] of the Fifth Republic, which is the insignia of the [[President of France|Grand Master]] at the [[Élysée Palace]] during a presidential inauguration. The collar is usually kept in the [[Musée de la Légion d'honneur|Musée de la Legion d'Honneur]].]]<br />
<br />
Since the establishment of the Legion, the Grand Master of the order has always been the Emperor, King or President of France. [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] therefore became the Grand Master of the Legion on 14 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Passation de pouvoir entre François Hollande et Emmanuel Macron |work=Public Senat |date=14 May 2017 |access-date=9 May 2021 |url= https://www.publicsenat.fr/article/politique/elysee-passation-de-pouvoir-entre-francois-hollande-et-emmanuel-macron-60574 |language=fr }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Grand Master appoints all other members of the order, on the advice of the French government. The Grand Master's insignia is the [[Grand Collar]] of the Legion. The President of the Republic, as Grand Master of the order, receives the Collar as part of his investiture, but the Grand Masters have not worn the Collar since [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]].<ref name=France24>{{Cite web |title=France's legion of honour: Who makes the cut and how? |publisher=FRANCE 24 English |work=France in Focus |via=YouTube |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=9 May 2021 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW3d58Ckbi0 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/mW3d58Ckbi0| archive-date=28 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
====The Grand Chancery====<br />
The Grand Chancery is headed by the Grand Chancellor, usually a retired general, and the Secretary General, a civilian administrator.<br />
* Grand Chancellor: [[Army General (France)|General]] [[Benoît Puga]] (since 23 August 2016)<br />
* Secretary-General: [[Luc Fons]] (since 2007)<br />
<br />
The Grand Chancery also regulates the [[National Order of Merit (France)|National Order of Merit]] and the ''{{lang|fr|[[médaille militaire]]}}'' (Military Medal). There are several structures funded by and operated under the authority of the Grand Chancery, like the [[Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honour Schools]] (''{{lang|fr|Maisons d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur}}'') and the [[Musée de la Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honour Museum]] (''{{lang|fr|Musée de la Légion d'honneur}}''). The Legion of Honour Schools are élite boarding schools in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]] and Camp des Loges in the forest of [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. Study there is restricted to daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters of members of the order, the ''{{lang|fr|[[médaille militaire]]}}'' or the ''{{lang|fr|[[ordre national du Mérite]]}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melh.info/spip.php?rubrique4|title=Modalités d'admission|website=Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225155804/http://www.melh.info/spip.php?rubrique4|archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Membership===<br />
{{See also|Lists of Légion d'honneur recipients}}<br />
<br />
There are five classes in the Legion of Honour:<br />
<br />
* '''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}''' (Knight): minimum 20 years of public service or 25 years of professional activity with "eminent merits"<br />
* '''{{lang|fr|Officier}}''' (Officer): minimum 8 years in the rank of {{lang|fr|Chevalier}}<br />
* '''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}''' (Commander): minimum 5 years in the rank of {{lang|fr|Officier}}<br />
* '''{{lang|fr|Grand officier}}''' (Grand Officer): minimum 3 years in the rank of {{lang|fr|Commandeur}}<br />
* '''{{lang|fr|Grand-croix}}''' (Grand Cross): minimum 3 years in the rank of {{lang|fr|Grand-officier}}<br />
<br />
The "eminent merits" required to be awarded the order require the flawless performance of one's trade as well as doing more than ordinarily expected, such as being creative, zealous and contributing to the growth and well-being of others.<br />
<br />
The order has a maximum quota of 75 Grand Cross, 250 Grand Officers, 1,250 Commanders, 10,000 Officers, and 113,425 (ordinary) Knights. {{As of|2010|post=,}} the actual membership was 67 Grand Cross, 314 Grand Officers, 3,009 Commanders, 17,032 Officers and 74,384 Knights. Appointments of veterans of [[World War II]], French military personnel involved in the [[North African Campaign]] and other foreign French military operations, as well as wounded soldiers, are made independently of the quota.<br />
<br />
Members convicted of a felony ({{lang|fr|crime}} in French) are automatically dismissed from the order. Members convicted of a misdemeanour ({{lang|fr|délit}} in French) can be dismissed as well, although this is not automatic.<br />
<br />
Wearing the decoration of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} without having the right to do so is a serious offence. Wearing the ribbon or [[rosette (decoration)|rosette]] of a foreign order is prohibited if that ribbon is mainly red, like the ribbon of the Legion of Honour. French military personnel in uniform must salute other military members in uniform wearing the medal, whatever the {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}} rank and the military rank of the bearer. This is not mandatory with the ribbon. In practice, however, this is rarely done.<br />
<br />
There is not a single, complete list of all the members of the Legion in chronological order. The number is estimated at one million, including about 2,900 Knights Grand Cross.<ref>{{cite book| author = M. Wattel, B. Wattel. | title = Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |location= Paris |date = 2009 |publisher= Archives & Culture | isbn = 978-2-35077-135-9| ref = M. et B. Wattel}}</ref><br />
<br />
====French nationals====<br />
French nationals, men and women, can be received into the {{lang|fr|Légion}}, for "eminent merit" ({{lang|fr|mérites éminents}}) in military or civil life. In practice, in current usage, the order is conferred on entrepreneurs, high-level [[French Civil Service|civil servants]], scientists, artists, including famous actors and actresses, sport [[champion]]s,{{efn|All Olympic Gold Medal winners are awarded the {{lang|fr|Légion}}.}} and others with connections in the [[executive branch|executive]]. Members of the [[French Parliament]] cannot receive the order, except for valour in war,<ref>{{lang|fr|Légion}} Code, article R22</ref> and ministers are not allowed to nominate their accountants.<br />
<br />
Until 2008, French nationals could only enter the Legion of Honour at the class of {{lang|fr|Chevalier}} (Knight). To be promoted to a higher class, one had to perform new eminent services in the interest of France and a set number of years had to pass between appointment and promotion. This was however amended in 2008 when entry became possible at Officer, Commander and Grand Officer levels, as a recognition of "extraordinary careers" ({{lang|fr|carrières hors du commun}}). In 2009, [[Simone Veil]] became the first person to enter the Order at Grand Officer level.<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Simone Veil grand officier de la légion d'honneur |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/culture/20081231.OBS7893/simone-veil-grand-officier-de-la-legion-d-honneur.html |newspaper=[[Le Nouvel Observateur]] |location=Paris |date=31 December 2008 |access-date=25 August 2015 }}</ref> Veil was a member of the {{lang|fr|[[Académie française]]}}, a former [[Minister of Health (France)|Health Minister]] and [[President of the European Parliament]], as well as an [[Auschwitz]] survivor. She was promoted to Grand Cross in 2012.<br />
<br />
Every year at least five recipients decline the award. Even if they refuse to accept it, they are still included in the order's official membership.<ref name=France24/> The composers [[Maurice Ravel]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Proof through the night music and the great war |last=Watkins |first=Glenn |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-92789-6 |oclc=937278246 }}</ref> and [[Charles Koechlin]], for example, declined the award when it was offered to them.{{citation needed |date=January 2016}}<br />
<br />
====Non-French recipients====<br />
{{Main|List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by country|List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by decade}}<br />
<br />
While membership in the {{lang|fr|Légion}} is technically restricted to French nationals,<ref>{{lang|fr|Légion}} Code, article 16</ref> foreign nationals who have served France or the ideals it upholds<ref>"{{lang|fr|Les étrangers qui se seront signalés par les services qu'ils ont rendus à la France ou aux causes qu'elle soutient}}", {{lang|fr|Légion}} Code, article 128</ref> may receive the honour.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Things to Know about the Legion of Honor |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/08/24/a-look-at-the-legion-of-honor-frances-most-storied-medal |website=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=24 August 2015 }}</ref> Foreign nationals who live in France are subject to the same requirements as the French. Foreign nationals who live abroad may be awarded a distinction of any rank or dignity in the {{lang|fr|Légion}}. Foreign heads of state and their spouses or consorts of monarchs are made Grand Cross as a courtesy. American and British veterans who served in either [[World War]] on French soil,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-55282-24SI|title=Honours and Awards &#124; The Gazette 15 October 1998. Issue: 55282. Notice ID:L-55282-24SI|website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> or during the 1944 campaigns to liberate France,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/d-day-veterans-award-of-the-legion-dhonneur|title=D-Day veterans to be awarded the Legion d'Honneur|website=GOV.UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boston.consulfrance.org/The-Legion-d-Honneur-for-US-veterans|title=The Legion d'Honneur for US veterans|website=Consulat Général de France à Boston}}</ref> may be eligible for appointment as Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, provided they were still living when the honour was approved.<br />
<br />
====Collective awards====<br />
Collective appointments can be made to cities, institutions or companies. A total of 64 settlements in France have been decorated, as well as six foreign cities: [[Liège]] in 1914,<ref>{{cite web |title=Liège. From the siege of 1914 to the honours of 1919 – The image of Belgium – RTBF World War 1 |url=https://www.rtbf.be/ww1/topics/detail_liege-from-the-siege-of-1914-to-the-honours-of-1919?id=8355948 |website=RTBF |access-date=18 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Belgrade]] in 1920,<ref>{{cite web |title=Received Decorations |url=http://www.beograd.rs/en/discover-belgrade/201227-received-decorations/ |website=www.beograd.rs |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg City]] in 1957, [[Volgograd]] (the World War II 'Stalingrad') in 1984,<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the Legion d'Honneur? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3742905.stm |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=BBC News |date=24 May 2004}}</ref> [[Algiers]] in 2004, and [[London]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/actualites/londres-recoit-la-legion-dhonneur/1668/1|title=Londres reçoit la Légion d'honneur &#124; La grande chancellerie|website=www.legiondhonneur.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=French President Macron presents London with the Legion d'Honneur |url=https://news.sky.com/video/french-president-macron-presents-london-with-the-legion-dhonneur-12009757 |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=Sky News |date=18 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> French towns display the decoration in their [[civic heraldry|municipal coat of arms]].<br />
<br />
Organisations to receive the honour include the [[French Red Cross]] ({{lang|fr|Croix-Rouge Française}}), the {{lang|fr|Abbaye de Nôtre-Dame des Dombes}} ([[Abbey of Notre-Dame des Dombes|Abbey of {{lang|fr|Notre-Dame des Dombes|nocat=y}}]]), the French National Railway Company ({{lang|fr|[[SNCF]], Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français}}), the {{lang|fr|Préfecture de Police de la Ville de Paris}} ([[Prefecture of Police of Paris]]), and various {{lang|fr|[[Grandes Écoles]]}} (National (Elite) Colleges) and other educational establishments.<br />
<br />
====Military awards====<br />
[[File:Ordre national de la Légion d’Honneur, Croix de Chevalier attribuée au lieutenant Tessier.jpg|thumb|Notice of posthumous award of the {{lang|fr|Croix de Chevalier}} to Lieutenant Tessier—{{lang|fr|[[Mort pour la France]]}} ("Died for France") in [[World War I]]]]<br />
<br />
The military distinctions ({{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur à titre militaire}}) are awarded for bravery ({{lang|fr|actions de guerre}}) or for service.<br />
<br />
* award for extreme bravery: the {{lang|fr|Légion d'Honneur}} is awarded jointly with a [[mention in dispatches]]. This is the top valour award in France. It is rarely awarded, mainly to soldiers who have died in battle.<br />
* award for service: the {{lang|fr|Légion}} is awarded without any citation.<br />
<br />
=====French service-members=====<br />
For active-duty commissioned officers, the Legion of Honour award for service is achieved after 20 years of meritorious service, having been awarded the rank of {{lang|fr|Chevalier}} of the {{lang|fr|[[Ordre National du Mérite]]}}. Bravery awards lessen the time needed for the award—in fact decorated servicemen become directly chevaliers of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'Honneur}}, skipping the {{lang|fr|Ordre du Mérite}}. NCOs almost never achieve that award, except for the most heavily decorated service members.<br />
<br />
=====Collective military awards=====<br />
Collective appointments can be made to military units. In the case of a military unit, its flag is decorated with the insignia of a knight, which is a different award from the {{lang|fr|[[fourragère]]}}. Twenty-one schools, mainly schools providing reserve officers during the World Wars, were awarded the Légion d'Honneur. Foreign military units can be decorated with the order, such as the [[U.S. Military Academy]].<br />
<br />
The Flag or Standard of the following units was decorated with the Cross of a Knight of the Legion of Honour:{{efn|Officially, military units are not members of the Legion of Honour, which include only individuals. As for foreign Legionnaires, they are "decorated with the Legion of Honour insignia", not "member of the Legion of Honour". Do not confuse military units that received the {{lang|fr|[[fourragère]]}} to the colour of the ribbon of the Legion of Honour (units quoted at six, seven or eight times in the order of the army with military units whose flag is decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honour.}}<br />
<br />
* [[1st Foreign Regiment]]<br />
* [[1st Marine Artillery Regiment]]<br />
* [[1st Marine Infantry Regiment]]<br />
* [[1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment]]<br />
* [[324th Intelligence Squadron|1st Photographic Technical Unit]] ([[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] Forward-deployed Reconnaissance Unit)<br />
* [[1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment|1st Parachute {{lang|fr|Chasseur|nocat=y}} Regiment]]<br />
* 1st Regiment of African {{lang|fr|[[Chasseur]]s}}<br />
* 1st Regiment of Algerian {{lang|fr|[[Tirailleur]]s}}<br />
* 1st Regiment of Riflemen<br />
* 1st Regiment of Senegalese {{lang|fr|Tirailleurs}}<br />
* 1st Train Regiment<br />
* [[2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment]]<br />
* [[2nd Marine Infantry Regiment]]<br />
* 2nd Regiment of Algerian {{lang|fr|Tirailleurs}}<br />
* 2nd Regiment of {{lang|fr|[[Zouave]]s}}<br />
* 3rd Algerian Infantry Regiment<br />
* [[3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment]]<br />
* 3rd Regiment of {{lang|fr|Zouaves}}<br />
* [[4th Tunisian Tirailleurs Regiment]]<br />
* 4th Regiment of {{lang|fr|Zouaves}}<br />
* Joint 4th Regiment of {{lang|fr|Zouaves}} and {{lang|fr|Tirailleurs}}<br />
* 7th Algerian Infantry Regiment<br />
* 8th Infantry Regiment<br />
* [[8th Zouaves Regiment]]<br />
* 9th Regiment of {{lang|fr|Zouaves}}<br />
* [[11th Marine Artillery Regiment]]<br />
* 23rd Infantry Regiment<br />
* 23rd Marine Infantry Regiment<br />
* 24th Marine Infantry Regiment<br />
* 26th Infantry Regiment<br />
* 30th Battalion of {{lang|fr|Chasseurs}}<br />
* 43rd Marine Infantry Regiment<br />
* 51st Infantry Regiment<br />
* 57th Infantry Regiment<br />
* 112th Line Infantry Regiment (French infantry regiment consisting of mostly Belgians, known as "The Victors of [[Battle of Raab|Raab]]")<br />
* 137th Infantry Regiment<br />
* 152nd Infantry Regiment<br />
* 153rd Infantry Regiment<br />
* 298th Infantry Regiment<br />
* Fighter Squadron 1/30 [[Normandie-Niemen]]<br />
* {{lang|fr|[[Fusiliers Marins]]}} (Naval Infantry)<br />
* [[Moroccan Goumier|Moroccan {{lang|fr|Goumier|nocat=y}}]]<br />
* [[Paris Fire Brigade]]<br />
* {{lang|fr|[[Régiment d'infanterie-chars de marine]]}} (Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco). Book of the regiment will be fighting its most decorated emblem of the French army.<br />
<br />
==Classes and insignia==<br />
[[File:Wearing of the insignia of the Légion d'honneur (gentlemens).svg|thumb|upright=3.2|center|The five classes wearing their respective insignia (gentlemen): 1: ''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}''; 2: ''{{lang|fr|Officier}}''; 3: ''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}''; 4: ''{{lang|fr|Grand-officier}}''; 5: ''{{lang|fr|Grand-croix}}'']]<br />
<br />
The order has had five levels since the reign of King Louis XVIII, who restored the order in 1815. Since the reform, the following distinctions have existed:<br />
<br />
* Three ranks:<br />
** ''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}'' (Knight): badge worn on left breast suspended from ribbon<br />
** ''{{lang|fr|Officier}}'' (Officer): badge worn on left breast suspended from a ribbon with a [[rosette (decoration)|rosette]]<br />
** ''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}'' (Commander): badge around neck suspended from ribbon necklet<br />
* Two dignities:<br />
** ''{{lang|fr|Grand officier}}'' (Grand Officer): badge worn on left breast suspended from a ribbon (Officer), with star displayed on right breast<br />
** ''{{lang|fr|Grand-croix}}'' (Grand Cross), formerly ''{{lang|fr|Grande décoration}}'', ''{{lang|fr|Grand aigle}}'', or ''{{lang|fr|Grand cordon}}'': the highest level; badge affixed to sash worn over the right shoulder, with star displayed on left breast<br />
<br />
<br />
Due to the order's long history, and the remarkable fact that it has been retained by all subsequent governments and regimes since the First Empire, the order's design has undergone many changes. Although the basic shape and structure of the insignia has remained generally the same, the hanging device changed back and forth and France itself swung back and forth between [[republic]] and [[monarchy]]. The central disc in the centre has also changed to reflect the political system and leadership of France at the time. As each new regime came along the design was altered to become politically correct for the time, sometimes even changed multiple times during one historical era.<br />
<br />
[[File:Design of the Legion d’Honneur through the years.png|center|thumb|1048x1048px|How the design of the Legion d'Honneur changed through each various era and regime, shown through the example of the obverse and reverse of the Officers cross. See below for a detailed explanation of each era.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The ''badge'' of the {{lang|fr|Légion}} is shaped as a five-armed "Maltese [[Asterisk]]", using five distinctive "arrowhead" shaped arms inspired by the [[Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese Cross]]. The badge is rendered in [[gilding|gilt]] (in silver for chevalier) enameled white, with an enameled [[laurel wreath|laurel]] and [[oak]] wreath between the arms. The obverse central disc is in gilt, featuring the head of [[Marianne]], surrounded by the legend ''{{lang|fr|République Française}}'' on a blue enamel ring. The reverse central disc is also in gilt, with a set of crossed ''{{lang|fr|[[flag of France|tricolores]]}}'', surrounded by the Légion's motto ''{{lang|fr|Honneur et Patrie}}'' (Honour and Country) and its foundation date on a blue enamel ring. The badge is suspended by an enameled laurel and oak wreath.<br />
<br />
The ''star'' (or ''{{lang|fr|plaque}}'') is worn by the Grand Cross (in gilt on the left chest) and the Grand Officer (in silver on the right chest) respectively; it is similar to the badge, but without enamel, and with the wreath replaced by a cluster of rays in between each arm. The central disc features the head of [[Marianne]], surrounded by the legend ''{{lang|fr|République Française}}'' (French Republic) and the motto ''{{lang|fr|Honneur et Patrie}}''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Legion of Honor in 10 questions|url=http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/en/page/legion-honor-10-questions/406|publisher=The Grand Chancery of the Legion of Honor|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''[[ribbon]]'' for the medal is plain red.<br />
<br />
The badge or star is not usually worn, except at the time of the decoration ceremony or on a [[dress uniform]] or [[formal wear]]. Instead, one normally wears the ribbon or rosette on their suit.<br />
<br />
For less formal occasions, recipients wear a simple stripe of thread sewn onto the lapel (red for {{Lang|fr|chevaliers}} and {{Lang|fr|officiers}}, silver for {{Lang|fr|commandeurs}}). Except when wearing a dark suit with a lapel, women instead typically wear a small lapel pin called a barrette. Recipients purchase the special thread and barrettes at a store in Paris near the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=11 May 2008 |title=That Isn't Lint on My Lapel, I'm an Officier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/fashion/11chevalier.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Historical Era/Period<br />
!Notes<br />
!Obverse<br />
!Reverse<br />
!Hanging Device<br />
|-<br />
|[[French First Republic|1804]]<br />
|The very first model of the Legion d'Honneur did not hang from a crown or wreath. It lasted for just 9 months from May 1804 until February 1805 and encompassed the founding of the [[First French Empire]] on the 18th May 1804. Despite being officially established on 19th May 1802, no awards were made until this version. This version shows the [[Emperor of the French|Emperor]] on the obverse and the imperial eagle on the reverse. The text on the ring on both the obverse and reverse would remain the same during the entirety of [[Napoleon|Napoleon's]] reign. <br />
|[[File:1st Empire 1st Type Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 1st Type Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[First French Empire|1805]]<br />
|The second model of differed only from the first by the addition of the [[Crown of Napoleon|imperial crown]] atop the cross, and was attached to one of the arms of the cross. The image of the Emperor is also slightly smaller than the previous version, while the reverse ring also has a stylised wreath at the bottom instead of three stars.<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 2nd Type Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 2nd Type Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 2nd Type Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[First French Empire|1806-1808]]<br />
|The third model is very similar to the previous second version however the depiction of Napoleon is more similar to the first version and the obverse ring has a wreath at the bottom. The crown, while almost identical to that of the second version this time is free-hanging and separately fixed above the cross.<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 3rd Type Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 3rd Type Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 3rd Type Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[First French Empire|1808-1809]]<br />
|The fourth model has as slightly different depiction of the Emperor while the obverse ring has a star and dots in place of the previous versions wreath. The reverse of the fourth model is notable as its the only First Empire model with the eagle facing to the right, while the bottom of the ring has three stars reminiscent of the first model. The crown the cross hangs from is also very different compared to the previous two versions.<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 4th Type Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 4th Type Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 4th Type Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[First French Empire|1809-1814]]<br />
|The fifth and final version of the First Empire is different from the other versions by the execution of larger text on the rings, with the reverse showing a distinct wreath like object at the bottom. The obverse on some models shows and enamelled [[laurel wreath]] adorning the Emperors head, while on the reverse the eagle is back facing left. The crown is also radically different from the previous models. <br />
|[[File:1st Empire 5th Type Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 5th Type Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:1st Empire 5th Type Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bourbon Restoration in France|1814-1830]]<br />
|The sixth model from the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] period marks the first major alteration from the original design, due to the fact that the [[Kingdom of France|regime]] and leader of France had changed. The crown the cross hangs from has been altered and also features the main symbol of the [[House of Bourbon]]; the [[Fleur-de-lis]]. The obverse features the profile of "The Good King" [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV]] with the text of the ring bearing the words; Henry IV, King of France and the [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]. The reverse keeps the text of the previous versions; "Honour and Fatherland" and depicts the three Fleur-de-lis, the symbol of the Bourbons.<br />
|[[File:Bourbon Restoration Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Bourbon Restoration Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Bourbon Restoration Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[July Monarchy|1830-1848]]<br />
|The seventh model from the [[July Monarchy]] period is similar to the previous Bourbon Restoration period. The crown is very similar, with just the Fleur-de-lis omitted, the obverse keeps the profile of Henri IV but the obverse ring bears just his name, with the rest of the ring filled with stars and a wreath. The reverse bears the first depiction of what would continue for many future iterations; the two crossed [[Tricolour|tricolours]] with the usual reverse ring motto "Honneur et Patrie". <br />
|[[File:July Monarchy Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:July Monarchy Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:July Monrchy Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[French Second Republic|1848-1851]]<br />
|The eighth model, used for only three years during the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]] is the only other example apart from the very first model to not have any hanging device (no crown/wreath). The obverse once again shows a portrait of Napoleon, with the text saying "Bonaparte [[French Consulate|First Consul]]" and the date of the order's founding; 19th May 1802. The reverse shows the crossed tricolours as before, however this time the "Honneur et Patrie is written underneath and not on the ring, the first and only time this was the case. The reverse ring instead reads "République Française" which would later feature on the obverse ring. <br />
|[[File:2nd Republic Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Second Republic Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[French Second Republic|1851-1852]]<br />
|The ninth or [[Napoleon III|"La Presidence"]] model was only used between 1851-52 and is considered by some to be a hybrid model. It is at the very least a transitional model from the design used during the Second Republic to the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]]. The execution of the cross is very similar to Second Republic models, just with the addition of a crown (different to that of the Second Empire models) while the obverse continues to show Napoleon, with the ring text of "Napoleon Emp. des Français". The reverse shows the imperial eagle and the usual ring text. The central discs bear a striking resemblance to the fifth model. <br />
|[[File:La Presidence Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:La Presidence Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:La Presidence Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Second French Empire|1852-1870]]<br />
|The tenth model used in the Second Empire would be the last to date to use either Napoleon's image or a crown of any sort. The crown used is quite unique and resembles the [[Crown of Napoleon III]], while the obverse shows the Napoleon I with the ring text of "Napoleon Empereur des Français" (the only model to fully spell out Emperor). The reverse shows the usual imperial eagle, though this time facing right like the fourth model. The usual reverse ring text is present with a large wreath at the bottom. <br />
|[[File:Second Empire Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Second Empire Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:2nd Empire Crown.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[French Third Republic|1870-1940]]<br />
|The eleventh model created for the [[French Third Republic|Third French Republic]] would be another radical change, and the first to show much of the symbolism of todays model. It was the first model to hang from a wreath of laurel and oak leaves, and the first to feature the profile of [[Marianne]] on the obverse. The ring on the obverse reads; "République Française", the first since the early Second Republic and the first time on the obverse, with the date [[1870 in France|1870]]. The back features the tricolours and the usual text of Honour and Fatherland, in a design almost identical to the seventh model used during the July Monarchy. <br />
|[[File:Third Republic Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Third Republic Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Third Republic Wreath.png|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[France|1946-]]<br />
|The twelfth, final and current version is almost identical to the eleventh. The only differences are found on the ring of the obverse, where the date of 1870, the Third Republic's founding, is replaced with a star. The reverse is also almost identical, with just the wreath at the bottom of the ring being replaced with "29 Floréal an X" (29th Floréal Year 10), the date of the order's founding (19th May 1802) in the [[French Republican calendar|French Revolutionary Calendar]]. Except for these changes the Legion d'Honneur has remained unchanged from 1870, with this exact form being kept during both the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth]] and current [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]. <br />
|[[File:Fourth and Fifth Republic Obverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Fourth & Fifth Republic Reverse.png|100x100px]]<br />
|[[File:Fourth & Fifth Republic Wreath.png|100x100px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-empire-1804.jpg|Original ''{{lang|fr|Légionnaire}}'' insignia, the first ever model (1804)<br />
File:Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-empire.jpg|Late Empire ''{{lang|fr|Légionnaire}}'' insignia: the front features Napoleon's profile and the rear, the imperial Eagle. An imperial crown joins the cross and the ribbon.<br />
File:Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-LouisXVIII-1814.jpg|[[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] era (1814) Knight insignia: the front features [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]'s profile and the rear, the arms of the French Kingdom (three ''{{lang|fr|[[fleur-de-lis|fleurs-de-lis]]}}''). A royal crown joins the cross and the ribbon.<br />
File:Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-2e-republique.jpg|Reverse of a Second Republic cross, with two crossed French flags<br />
File:Officier--de--la--légion--d'honneur.jpg|The insignia of an officer class of the Legion d'Honneur from the current Fifth Republic<br />
File:Offizierskreuz.jpg|Fifth Republic officer class, decorated with a [[rosette (decoration)|rosette]]<br />
File:Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-republique.jpg|Fifth Republic Knight insignia: the centre features Marianne's head. A crown of laurels joins the cross and the ribbon.<br />
File:Legion Honneur CKS plaque p1090335.jpg|[[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s ''{{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}'' plaque. In his day, the plaque was not gilded in gold.<br />
File:Legion Honneur CKS p1090334.jpg|Chiang Kai-shek's ''{{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur}}''. This is the reverse of his Grand Cross.<br />
File:Legion d honneur 1.jpg|The insignia of a Grand Cross. Nowadays the star of a Grand Cross is gilt. The silver star is the Grand Officer's badge.<br />
File:Legion of Honor - Knight.JPG|[[Charles Lindbergh]]'s Legion of Honour<br />
File:Legion dHonneur mg 3440.jpg|Insignia with figure of Henry IV<br />
File:Legion dHonneur mg 3456.jpg|Certificate of the Order of the Legion of Honour<br />
File:Certificate - ORDRE NATIONAL DE LA LEGION D'HONNEUR.jpg|Certificate for Major G M Reeves, a British recipient in 1958<br />
File:Grand croix de la légion d'honneur.jpg|The Grand Cross of the current version of the Legion of Honour<br />
File:Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur avers.jpg|Commander of the Order of the Legion of Honour<br />
File:Legion d’Honneur Grand Cross - Third Republic c.1871.png|Set of the Grand Cross from the Third Republic, {{Circa|1871}}, consisting of sash, badge, star and original case of issue by Ouizille Lemoine et Fils of Paris<br />
File:Legion d’Honneur Grand Cross - Third Republic set.png|Set of the Grand Cross from the Third Republic, {{Circa|1871}}, consisting of sash, badge, star, two rosettes and original case of issue by Ouizille Lemoine et Fils of Paris<br />
File:Badge of the French Legion d’Honneur - Third Republic (Obverse).png|Grand Cross badge of the Legion d'Honneur, in gold, by Ouizille Lemoine et Fils, from the Third Republic (Obverse)<br />
File:Badge of the French Legion d’Honneur - Third Republic (Reverse).png|Grand Cross badge of the Legion d'Honneur, in gold, by Ouizille Lemoine et Fils, from the Third Republic (Reverse)<br />
File:Grand Cross Breast Star of the Legion d’Honneur - Third Republic.png|Grand Cross Breast Star of the Legion d'Honneur – Third Republic, {{Circa|1871}}, by Ouizille Lemoine et Fils Paris<br />
File:Fourragère--légion--d'honneur.jpg|The Fourragère of the Legion of Honor<br />
File:Grand--croix--légion--d'honneur--vareuse d'uniforme.jpg|Ribbon Bar of the Grand Cross of the order<br />
File:Grand--officier--légion d'honneur.jpg|Ribbon Bar of the Grand Officer of the order<br />
File:Grand--croix--légion--d'honneur.jpg|Rosette flanked both sides in gold, denoting the wearer has been awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour<br />
File:Commandeur--légion d'honneur--boutonnières.jpg|Rosette flanked both sides in silver, denoting the wearer has been awarded the Commander of the Legion of Honour<br />
File:C--légion d'honneur.jpg|Miniature of the order<br />
File:Legion honneur diamants.jpg|Second Empire Grand Cross star in diamonds<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name|List of {{lang|fr|Légion d'honneur|nocat=y}} recipients by name]]<br />
* [[List of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War|List of British recipients of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'Honneur|nocat=y}} for the Crimean War]]<br />
* [[List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur|List of foreign recipients of the {{lang|fr|Légion d'Honneur|nocat=y}}]]<br />
* ''{{lang|fr|[[Musée de la Légion d'honneur|Musée national de la Légion d'honneur et des ordres de chevalerie]]}}''<br />
* [[Ribbons of the French military and civil awards]]<br />
<br />
==References and notes==<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
'''Citations'''<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|National Order of the Legion of Honour|Legion of Honour}}<br />
* [http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/en Official website]<br />
* [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071007 ''Code de la légion d'honneur et de la médaille militaire''], legifrance.gouv.fr {{in lang|fr}}<br />
* [http://www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/leonore/pres.htm ''Base Léonore, recensement des récipiendaires de la Légion d'honneur (décédés avant 1977)''], on the website of the French Ministry of Culture {{in lang|fr}}<br />
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Legion of Honor|short=x}}<br />
<br />
{{French medals}}<br />
{{Highest gallantry awards}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Legion of Honour}}<br />
[[Category:Legion of Honour| ]]<br />
[[Category:1802 establishments in France]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 1802]]<br />
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of France]]<br />
[[Category:French awards]]<br />
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of France]]<br />
[[Category:Orders of chivalry of France]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamid_Karzai&diff=413812Hamid Karzai2023-08-16T18:59:30Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|President of Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014}}<br />
{{redirect|Karzai|the surname|Karzai (surname)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Hamid Karzai<br />
| native_name = {{pb}}{{nobold|{{nq|حامد کرزی}}}}<br />
| native_name_lang = ps<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| order = 4th<br />
| office = President of Afghanistan<br />
| term_start = 13 July 2002<br />
| term_end = 29 September 2014<br />
| image = Hamid Karzai listens to Barack Obama in Kabul 2012 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Karzai in May 2012<br />
| predecessor = [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]<br />
| successor = [[Ashraf Ghani]]<br />
| vicepresident = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Hedayat Amin Arsala]]<br />
*[[Mohammed Fahim]]<br />
*[[Nematullah Shahrani]]<br />
*[[Karim Khalili]]<br />
*[[Abdul Qadir (Afghan leader)|Abdul Qadir]]<br />
*[[Ahmad Zia Massoud]]<br />
*[[Yunus Qanuni]]<br />
}}<br />
| office1 = Chairman of the [[Afghan Interim Administration]]<br />
| term_start1 = 22 December 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonn Agreement |url=https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/AF_011205_AgreementProvisionalArrangementsinAfghanistan%28en%29.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs]] |access-date=30 June 2022 |date=5 December 2001}}</ref><br />
| term_end1 = 13 July 2002<br />
| 1blankname1 = Vice{{nbsp}}Chairman<br />
| 1namedata1 = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Sima Samar]]<br />
*[[Mohammed Fahim]]<br />
*[[Muhammad Mohaqiq]]<br />
*[[Mohammad Shakir Kargar]]<br />
*[[Hedayat Amin Arsala]]<br />
}}<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|12|24|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Karz, Kandahar|Karz]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| father = [[Abdul Ahad Karzai]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Zeenat Karzai]]|1999}}<br />
| children = 4<br />
| alma_mater = [[Himachal Pradesh University]]<br />
| nationality = Afghan<br />
| website = <br />
| battles = [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]<br />
[[United States invasion of Afghanistan]]<br />
*[[Battle of Tarinkot]]<br />
*[[Fall of Kandahar]]<br />
[[Taliban insurgency]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hamid Karzai''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|m|ᵻ|d|_|ˈ|k|ɑːr|z|aɪ}}; [[Pashto]]/{{lang-fa|حامد کرزی}}, {{IPA-ps|ˈhɑmɪd karˈzai}}, {{IPA-prs|ˈhɒːmɪd kaɾzeˈiː}}; born 24 December 1957) is an [[Afghans|Afghan]] [[Politician|statesman]] who served as the fourth [[President of Afghanistan]] from July 2002 to September 2014, including as the first elected president of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] from December 2004 to September 2014. He previously served as Chairman of the [[Afghan Interim Administration]] from December 2001 to July 2002. He is the [[Khan (title)|chief]] (''khān'') of the [[Popalzai]] [[Durrani]] tribe of [[Pashtun tribes|Pashtuns]] in [[Kandahar Province]].<br />
<br />
Born in [[Kandahar]], Karzai graduated from [[Habibia High School]] in [[Kabul]] and later received a [[master's degree]] in [[India]] in the 1980s. He moved to [[Pakistan]] where he was active as a fundraiser for the [[mujahideen|Afghan rebels]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (1979–1989) and its aftermath. He briefly served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] government. In July 1999, Karzai's father was assassinated and Karzai succeeded him as head of the Popalzai tribe. In October 2001 the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]] began and Karzai led the Pashtun tribes in and around Kandahar in an uprising against the [[Taliban]]; he became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/karzai.html |title=Profile:Hamid Karzai |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) |date=December 2001|access-date=3 October 2010 |location=United States |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116114230/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/karzai.html |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> During the December 2001 [[International Conference on Afghanistan (2001)|International Conference on Afghanistan]] in Germany, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six-month term as chairman of the [[Afghan Interim Administration|Interim Administration]].<ref name="AA">{{cite web|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/kar0bio-1|title=Hamid Karzai|publisher=[[Academy of Achievement]]|access-date=3 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213002201/http://achievement.org/autodoc/page/kar0bio-1|archive-date=13 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was then chosen for a two-year term as [[Acting president|interim president]] during the [[2002 loya jirga]] (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, [[Afghanistan]]. After the [[2004 Afghan presidential election|2004 presidential election]], Karzai was declared the winner and became President of Afghanistan. He won a second five-year term in the [[2009 Afghan presidential election|2009 presidential election]]; this term ended in September 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8337832.stm|title=Karzai declared elected president|work=BBC News|date=2 November 2009|access-date=31 January 2010|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724141100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8337832.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and he was succeeded by [[Ashraf Ghani]].<br />
<br />
During his presidency, Karzai was known in the international community for his charisma, his tribal robe and lambskin hat, and for being an alliance builder between Afghanistan's communities. In later years, his relationship with [[NATO]] and the United States became increasingly strained, and he has been accused several times of [[corruption]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan election: profile of Afghan President Hamid Karzai|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6056559/Afghanistan-election-profile-of-Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzai.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616133048/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6056559/Afghanistan-election-profile-of-Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzai.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-07-10|title=Profile: Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22612226|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616170325/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22612226|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-30|title=Hamid Karzai's tangled legacy: inept failure or anti-Taliban hero?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/30/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-tangled-legacy-taliban|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/30/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-tangled-legacy-taliban|url-status=live}}</ref> He called the Taliban his brothers and warned that the heavy-handed [[counterinsurgency]] in Afghanistan would only revive the [[Taliban insurgency]] against the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|former Afghan government]], urging the US to instead focus on bringing Pakistan's support for the Taliban leadership to heel, but the US largely ignored his requests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210820-with-taliban-talks-former-afghan-leader-karzai-makes-a-comeback|title=With Taliban talks, former Afghan leader Karzai makes a comeback|date=20 August 2021|website=France 24}}</ref> After the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover of Kabul]] in 2021, Karzai stated the Taliban did not capture the city by force, but rather were invited by him in order to prevent chaos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/the-ap-interview-karzai-invited-taliban-to-stop-chaos-/6355544.html|title=The AP Interview: Karzai 'Invited' Taliban to Stop Chaos|website=Voice of America}}</ref> He said that in order to gain [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|international recognition]], the new Taliban government needed internal legitimacy, which could be achieved through a [[general election]] or ''[[loya jirga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/exclusive-interview-karzai-says-taliban-s-international-recognition-requires-internal-legitimacy/6274709.html|title=Exclusive Interview: Karzai Says Taliban's International Recognition Requires Internal Legitimacy|website=Voice of America}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and beginning of political career==<br />
Karzai was born on 24 December 1957 in the [[Karz, Kandahar|Karz]] area of [[Kandahar|Kandahar City]] in southern Afghanistan.<ref name=theguardian>{{Cite news|first=Jason|last=Burke|title=Hard man in a hard country|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=7 March 2008|access-date=14 March 2009|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173328/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|url-status=live}}</ref> He is an ethnic [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] descended from the [[Khan (title)|khans]], or traditional chiefs, of the [[Popalzai]] [[Pashtun tribes|Pashtun tribe]]. His father, [[Abdul Ahad Karzai]], served as the [[House of the People (Afghanistan)|Deputy Speaker of the Afghan Parliament]] during the 1960s. His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had fought in the 1919 [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] and was the [[House of Elders (Afghanistan)|Deputy Speaker of the Senate]]. The [[Karzai (surname)|Karzai]] family were [[monarchism|monarchists]] and remained strong supporters of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], the last [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|king of Afghanistan]]. His uncle, [[Habibullah Karzai]], served as the Afghan representative at the UN<ref name="DyckAfghanistan">{{cite news|last1=Van Dyck|first1=Jere |title=The Afghan Rulers: Fiercely Traditional Tribes|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=2|date=21 December 1981|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/21/world/the-afghan-rulers-fiercely-traditional-tribes.html|access-date=3 October 2010|location=United States|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018120815/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/21/world/the-afghan-rulers-fiercely-traditional-tribes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is said to have accompanied King Zahir to the United States in the early 1960s for a special meeting with U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]].<br />
<br />
Hamid Karzai attended [[Mir Mahmud Hotaki|Mahmood Hotaki]] Primary School in Kandahar and [[Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī|Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani]] School in [[Kabul]]. He graduated from [[Habibia High School]] in Kabul in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of the President|url=http://www.president.gov.af/sroot_eng.aspx?id=166|publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|access-date=3 October 2010|location=Afghanistan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127092423/http://president.gov.af/sroot_eng.aspx?id=166|archive-date=27 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After graduating, he went to [[India]] as an exchange student in 1976, and studied for a master's degree in international relations and political science at [[Himachal Pradesh University]], obtaining his degree in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.af/en/page/1043 |title=Biography – Office of the President |publisher=President.gov.af |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907085823/http://president.gov.af/en/page/1043 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Karzai then moved to Pakistan and worked as a fundraiser for the [[anti-communist]] [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan rebels]] during their [[Soviet–Afghan War|1980s uprising]] against the rule of Soviet-backed Afghan [[Mohammad Najibullah]].<ref name="bostonglobe">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/05/22/afghan_presidents_brother_looks_back/|title=Afghan president's brother looks back|last=Stockman|first=Farah|date=22 May 2005|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=14 April 2009|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512030151/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/05/22/afghan_presidents_brother_looks_back/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hamid Karzai returned to Afghanistan in early October 1988, late in the war, to assist in the rebel victory in [[Tarinkot]]. He assisted in mobilizing the Popalzai and the other Durrani tribes and helped to drive Najibullah's regime from the city. Karzai also helped negotiate the defection of five hundred of Najibullah's soldiers.<ref>Tomsen, Peter. ''The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failure of Great Powers''.</ref> When Najibullah's [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|pro-Soviet government]] collapsed in 1992, the [[Peshawar Accord]]s agreed upon by the Afghan political parties established the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] and appointed an interim government to be followed by general elections. Karzai accompanied the first mujahideen leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.<ref name="observer">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|title=Hard man in a hard country|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=20 July 2008|work=The Observer|access-date=14 April 2009|location=London|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173328/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|url-status=live}}</ref> He served as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Deputy Foreign Minister]] in the government of [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]. Karzai was arrested, however, by [[Mohammad Fahim]] (who would later become Karzai's Vice President) on charges of spying for [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] in what Karzai claimed was an effort to negotiate between Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government. Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided by Hekmatyar and driven by [[Gul Rahman]].<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43518438/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/karzai-surrounds-himself-anti-american-advisers/ Karzai surrounding himself with anti-US advisers] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}, by Kathy Gannon,</ref><br />
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When the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban]] emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as the legitimate government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in the country.<ref name="WashingtonPost-2008-02-10">{{Cite news|first=Ann|last=Marlowe|title=Two Myths About Afghanistan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/10/AR2008021001972.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|location=United States|page=A13|date=11 February 2008|access-date=11 February 2008|archive-date=15 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201842/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/10/AR2008021001972.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was requested by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador, but refused, telling friends that he felt Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) was wrongly using them.<ref name="PBS" /> Karzai then wanted to represent the Taliban government for the [[UN]], but the Taliban leader did not trust Karzai due to him having many links with westerners. Karzai lived in the Pakistani city of [[Quetta]] among many other [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]], where he worked to reinstate former Afghan king Zahir Shah, meeting the king in Italy several times. He also visited the western embassies including the [[U.S. embassy in Islamabad]] several times, talking with UN diplomat [[Norbert Holl]], and attempted to gain American support for "modern, educated Afghans" to weaken the Taliban's views. Karzai's father was reportedly annoyed with him for not making clear-cut choices and wanting to be friends with everyone.<ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org">{{Cite web|date=2014-09-01|title=Book Excerpt: Scenes of Afghan History – Hamed Karzai before 2001|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/scenes-of-afghan-history-hamed-karzai-before-2001/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English|language=ps-GB|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616161156/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/scenes-of-afghan-history-hamed-karzai-before-2001/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In July 1999, Karzai's father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, was shot dead early in the morning while returning home from a [[mosque]] in Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination.<ref name="PBS"/> Following this incident, Karzai took over as [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the tribe and decided to work closely with the anti-Taliban [[Northern Alliance]], which was led by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].<ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org"/><br />
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In 2000 and 2001, he travelled to Europe and the United States to help gather support for the anti-Taliban movement. "Massoud and Karzai warned the United States that the Taliban were connected with [[al Qaeda]] and that there was a plot for an imminent attack on the United States, but their warnings went unheeded. On September 9, 2001, two days before the [[September 11 attacks]] in the US, Massoud was assassinated by al Qaeda agents in a suicide bombing."<ref name="bio">{{cite web |publisher=[[The Biography Channel]] |url=http://www.biography.com/people/hamid-karzai-537356?page=2 |title=Biography of Hamid Karzai: 9/11 and US Invasion |page=2 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527203208/http://www.biography.com/people/hamid-karzai-537356?page=2 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Forces]] were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, Karzai began urging [[NATO]] states to purge his country of al-Qaeda. He said in a BBC interview, "These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and miles of homes and orchards and vineyards&nbsp;... They have killed Afghans. They have trained their guns on Afghan lives&nbsp;... We want them out."<ref name="PBS"/><br />
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==President and chairman of a transitional administration==<br />
{{Further|List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel}}<br />
[[File:Hamid Karzai became winner at the 2002 Loya Jirga.jpg|thumb|Karzai appointed as President of the [[List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel|Afghan Transitional Administration]] at the June 2002 [[loya jirga]] (grand assembly) in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan.]]Karzai had been a US [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contact, and was well regarded by the CIA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Malkasian|first=Carter|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240264784|title=The American war in Afghanistan : a history|date=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-755077-9|location=New York|pages=76–78|oclc=1240264784}}</ref> After the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|7 October 2001 launch of Operation Enduring Freedom]], the [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|United Front]] (Northern Alliance) worked with teams of [[Special Forces (United States Army)|U.S. special forces]] and together they overthrew the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]] and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. Karzai and his group were in Quetta, where they began a covert operation.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/journey/afghanistan.html |title=Home Free |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=August 18, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408191839/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/journey/afghanistan.html |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> Later, many would claim that at this moment the US decided that Karzai should be the next leader of Afghanistan.<ref name=":5" /> Before entering Afghanistan, he warned his fighters:<br />
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{{blockquote|We might be captured the moment we enter Afghanistan and be killed. We have 60 percent chance of death and 40 percent chance to live and survive. Winning was no consideration. We could not even think of that. We got on two motorbikes. We drove into Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/kar0pro-1|title=Profile: Hamid Karzai|publisher=Academy of Achievement|date=2 February 2005|access-date=31 January 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423173109/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/kar0pro-1|archive-date=23 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|Hamid Karzai|October 2001}}<br />
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Karzai gathered several hundred fighters from his tribe, but were attacked by the Taliban. Karzai barely survived, and used his contacts with the CIA to call for an airlift.<ref name=":5" /> On 4 November 2001, [[United States special operations forces|American special operation forces]] flew Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection.<ref name="lose">"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism1 Taliban lose grip on Mazar-i-Sharif]". ''[[The Guardian]]''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917214935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism1 |date=17 September 2018 }}, 7 November 2001.</ref> On 5 December 2001, Hamid Karzai and his group of fighters survived a [[friendly fire]] missile attack by [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] pilots in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was treated in the United States; Karzai received injuries to his facial nerves, as can sometimes be noticed during his speeches.<br />
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[[File:Hamid Karzai at the US Congress on Capitol Hill.jpg|thumb|upright|Karzai speaking before the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in June 2004]]<br />
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In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures. Under 5 December [[Bonn Agreement (Afghanistan)|Bonn Agreement]], they formed an [[Afghan Interim Administration|Interim Administration]] and named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as the leader on 22 December. The [[loya jirga]] of 13 June 2002 appointed Karzai as Interim President of the new position as President of the [[Afghan Transitional Administration]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html|title=A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader|work=The New York Times|date=20 June 2002|access-date=31 January 2010|archive-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President [[Mohammed Fahim]], who also served as the [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Defense Minister]].<br />
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Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] at the shrine of Sher-i-Surkh outside Kandahar, where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a descendant of the religious leader (Sabir Shah) who originally selected Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, as key players in this event.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Waldman|first=Amy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/08/world/a-nation-challenged-politics-in-rite-of-past-afghans-see-way-to-forge-future.html|title=Karzai's coronation at Sher-i-Surkh|work=The New York Times|date=8 January 2002|access-date=31 January 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511213012/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/08/world/a-nation-challenged-politics-in-rite-of-past-afghans-see-way-to-forge-future.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Further evidence that Karzai views himself fulfilling a [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] monarch's role arises from statements furnished by close allies within his government.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/magazine/09Karzai-t.html "Karzai's Labyrinth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110524/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/magazine/09Karzai-t.html |date=23 July 2016 }}. ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]''. Quote: "As such he's the last resort for those seeking to rectify injustice. 'In his dream he is a king,' one friend says."</ref> His late brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai, made statements to a similar effect.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091118/ap_on_re_as/as_afghanistan_karzai_s_brother Yahoo article about Ahmed Wali Karzai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121043748/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091118/ap_on_re_as/as_afghanistan_karzai_s_brother |date=21 November 2009 }} {{"'}}Yes, I am powerful because I am the president's brother,' he [Ahmed Wali Karzai] said. 'This is a country ruled by kings. The king's brothers, cousins, sons are all powerful. This is Afghanistan. It will change but it will not change overnight.{{'"}}</ref><br />
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As part of his efforts to unite Afghanistan's ethnicities, Karzai favored an [[Afghan clothing|Afghan dress]] that combines traditional design features from the various ethnics<ref>{{cite news |author1=Rod Nordland |title=The Afghan Leader's Hat, Always More Than Just Headgear, Is Losing Its Cachet |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |language=English |date=26 Jan 2010 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610073134/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html }}</ref> – [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-style long shirt and loose trousers, an outer robe popular among the [[Tajiks]] and [[Uzbeks]], and most distinctively a ''[[karakul (hat)|karakul]]'' hat worn by highlanders from the valley of [[Panjshir Valley|Panjshir]]. In 2002 designer [[Tom Ford]], who worked at the time for [[Gucci]], was quoted calling Karzai "the most chic man in the world".<ref>{{cite web |title=Karzai heads for hat trouble |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm |website=BBC News |access-date=8 July 2021 |language=English |date=28 April 2002 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm }}</ref><br />
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After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of [[Kabul]] was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration have not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, have historically been under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}<br />
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In 2004, he rejected an international proposal to end [[poppy production in Afghanistan]] through aerial spraying of chemical [[herbicide]]s, fearing that it would harm the economic situation of his countrymen. Moreover, Karzai's younger brother, [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]]&nbsp;– who partially helped finance Karzai's presidential campaign&nbsp;– was rumored to be involved in [[narcotic]] deals. [[James Risen]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' and others<ref name="Mirage of the Good War">[[Tariq Ali]], New Left Review 50, March–April 2008. "[http://www.newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=2713|Afghanistan: Mirage of the Good War]"</ref> stated that Ahmed Wali Karzai may have been involved in the [[opium production in Afghanistan|Afghan opium and heroin trade]]. This was denied by Karzai, who called the charges political [[propaganda]] and stated he was a "victim of vicious politics".<ref name="risen">{{cite news|first=James|last=Risen|author-link=James Risen|title=Reports Link Karzai's Brother to Afghan Heroin Trade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/world/asia/05afghan.html?ref=asia|work=The New York Times |date=4 October 2008|access-date=5 October 2008}}</ref><br />
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==2004 Afghan presidential election==<br />
{{Main|2004 Afghan presidential election}}<br />
[[File:Inauguration of President Hamid Karzai in December 2004.jpg|thumb|Karzai's inauguration on 7 December 2004, after winning the [[2004 Afghan presidential election|presidential election]].]]<br />
When Karzai was a candidate in the October 2004 [[2004 Afghan presidential election|presidential election]], he won 21 of the 34 [[provinces of Afghanistan|provinces]], defeating his 22 opponents and becoming the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan.<br />
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Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without significant incident. Following an investigation by the United Nations of alleged voting irregularities, the national election commission in early November declared Karzai winner, without a runoff, with 55.4% of the vote. This represented 4.3&nbsp;million of the total 8.1&nbsp;million votes cast. The election took place safely in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.<ref name="Democracy Is Born">{{Cite book |last=Matthew J. Morgan |title=A Democracy Is Born: An Insider's Account of the Battle Against Terrorism in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyisborni0000morg |year= 2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99999-5 |access-date=16 September 2008 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref><br />
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Karzai was sworn in as President of the [[Islamic republic|Islamic Republic]] of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004, at a formal ceremony in Kabul. Many interpreted the ceremony as a symbolically important "new start" for the war-torn nation. Notable guests at the inauguration included the country's former King, [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]], three former U.S. presidents, and U.S. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]].<br />
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==Presidency==<br />
{{Main|Presidency of Hamid Karzai}}<br />
<br />
===First term (2004–2009)===<br />
After winning a democratic mandate in the 2004 election, it was thought that Karzai would pursue a more aggressively reformist path in 2005. However, Karzai has proved to be more cautious than was expected. After his new administration took over in 2004, the [[economy of Afghanistan]] began growing rapidly for the first time in many years. Government revenue began increasing every year, although it is still heavily dependent on foreign aid.<br />
[[File:Hamid Karzai with George and Laura Bush at Camp David.jpg|thumb|Karzai with former US President [[George W. Bush]] and wife [[Laura Bush]] at [[Camp David]] in 2007.]]<br />
During the first term in [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai's presidency]], public discontent grew about corruption and the civilian casualties in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001–14]]. In May 2006, an anti-American and anti-Karzai riot took place in Kabul which left at least seven people dead and 40 injured.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2006/may/29/afghanistan |title=Afghanistan: violence surges |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=29 May 2006 |access-date=31 January 2010 |first=Mark |last=Tran |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830031740/http://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2006/may/29/afghanistan |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2007, after as many as 51 Afghan civilians were killed in a bombing, Karzai asserted that his government "can no longer accept" casualties caused by U.S. and [[NATO]] operations.<ref name="washingtonpost_May_3_2007">{{Cite news|date = 3 May 2007|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/02/AR2007050202757.html|title = Karzai Says Civilian Toll Is No Longer Acceptable|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|access-date = 1 May 2008|author = Pamela Constable|archive-date = 21 August 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080821065514/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/02/AR2007050202757.html|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Hamid Karzai in February 2009.jpg|thumbnail|Karzai in February 2009]]<br />
In September 2006, Karzai told the [[United Nations General Assembly]] that Afghanistan has become the "worst victim" of terrorism.<ref>RFE/RL, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/9d5c90e1-de6e-4def-a053-9ba2f0aa4747.html/ Karzai Says Afghanistan 'Worst Victim' Of Terrorism ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612085114/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/9d5c90e1-de6e-4def-a053-9ba2f0aa4747.html |date=12 June 2008 }}</ref> Karzai said terrorism is rebounding in his country, with militants infiltrating the borders to wage attacks on civilians. He stated, "This does not have its seeds alone in Afghanistan. Military action in the country will, therefore, not deliver the shared goal of eliminating terrorism." He demanded assistance from the international community to destroy terrorist sanctuaries inside and outside Afghanistan. "You have to look beyond Afghanistan to the sources of terrorism", he told the UN General Assembly, and "destroy terrorist sanctuaries beyond" the country, dismantle the elaborate networks in the region that recruit, indoctrinate, train, finance, arm, and deploy terrorists. These activities are also robbing thousands of Afghan children of their right to education, and prevent health workers from doing their jobs in Afghanistan. In addition, he promised to eliminate opium-poppy cultivation in his country, which is possibly helping fuel the ongoing [[Taliban insurgency]]. He has repeatedly demanded that NATO forces take more care to avoid civilian casualties when conducting military operations in residential areas.<ref name="southcoast">{{cite web |date=18 October 2006 |url=http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/10-06/10-19-06/16world-nation.htm |title=Civilians reported killed by airstrikes as NATO hunts Taliban |newspaper=[[The Standard-Times (New Bedford)|The Standard Times]] |access-date=1 May 2008 |last=Kathy Gannon |archive-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630212724/http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/10-06/10-19-06/16world-nation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In a September 2006 video broadcast, Karzai stated that if the money wasted on the [[Iraq War]] had been actually spent on rebuilding Afghanistan, his country would "be in heaven in less than one year".<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|date=<!--7:31&nbsp;pm ET--> 24 September 2006|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14986859|title=Karzai says U.S. underfunding Afghanistan|publisher=pub|access-date=11 December 2007|last=msnbc|quote=Iraq war money could have stabilized the nation against Taliban surge, he says|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730092242/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14986859|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===2009 re-election and second term===<br />
{{Further|2009 Afghan presidential election}}<br />
On the eve of 20 August presidential election, Karzai seemed at once deeply unpopular but also likely to win the majority of the votes. He was blamed by many for the failures that plagued the reconstruction of Afghanistan after the toppling of the Taliban government in 2001, from the widespread corruption and the resurgence of the (neo-)Taliban to the explosion of the poppy trade. His unpopularity and the likelihood of his victory formed an atmosphere with a kind of national demoralization, which could discourage many Afghans from voting and dash hopes for substantial progress after the election.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/26/world/asia/26afghan.html "Afghan Leader Criticizes U.S. on Conduct of War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211222833/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/26/world/asia/26afghan.html |date=11 December 2008 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/world/asia/08karzai.html "Leader of Afghanistan Finds Himself Hero No More"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110536/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/world/asia/08karzai.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/world/asia/25karzai.html "Afghan Leader Outmaneuvers Election Rivals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110549/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/world/asia/25karzai.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><br />
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In this second presidential election, Karzai was announced to have received over 50% of the votes. The election was tainted by lack of security, low [[voter turnout]] and widespread [[ballot stuffing]], intimidation, and other [[electoral fraud]].<ref name="Afghan commission orders first ballots invalidated">{{cite web|last=McDonald |first=Charlotte |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i3xqZSi2U_mgENDm3TK0-yqI7I_g |title=Afghan commission orders first ballots invalidated |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413122433/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i3xqZSi2U_mgENDm3TK0-yqI7I_g |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}</ref><br />
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Two months later Karzai accepted calls for a [[2009 Afghan presidential election#November 7 run-off election|second round run-off vote]], which was scheduled for 7 November 2009.<ref name="Karzai Agrees to 7 Nov Runoff in Afghanistan">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/21/world/asia/21afghan.html "Karzai Agrees to Nov.–7 Runoff in Afghanistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814193933/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/21/world/asia/21afghan.html |date=14 August 2018 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref name="Hamid Karzai agrees to run-off amid fears of more violence and fraud">{{Cite news |last=Farmer |first=Ben |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6389109/Hamid-Karzai-agrees-to-run-off-amid-fears-of-more-violence-and-fraud.html |title=Hamid Karzai agrees to run-off amid fears of more violence and fraud |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003013841/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6389109/Hamid-Karzai-agrees-to-run-off-amid-fears-of-more-violence-and-fraud.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 November 2009, Karzai's run-off opponent, [[Abdullah Abdullah]], withdrew from the race and election officials announced the cancellation of the [[Two-round system|run-off race]]. Karzai, the only remaining contender, was declared the winner a short time later.<ref name="Karzai Gets New Term as Afghan Runoff Is Scrapped">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/world/asia/03afghan.html|work=The New York Times|title=Obama Warns Karzai to Focus on Tackling Corruption|first1=Helene|last1=Cooper|first2=Jeff|last2=Zeleny|date=3 November 2009|access-date=4 May 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225923/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/world/asia/03afghan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Karzai presented his first list of 24 cabinet nominees to the Afghan parliament on 19 December 2009; however, on 2 January 2010, the parliament rejected 17 of these. According to the parliament, most of the nominees were rejected due to having been picked for reasons other than their competency. A member of parliament said that they had been picked largely based on "ethnicity or bribery or money".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8437677.stm |title=Afghan MPs reject most Karzai cabinet nominees |publisher=BBC |date=2 January 2010 |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103052030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8437677.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:2011 Afghan Independence Day-2.jpg|thumb|280px|Karzai at the 2011 [[Afghan Independence Day]] in Kabul, which is held every year on 19 August to commemorate Afghanistan's independence from [[British Raj|British]] control over its foreign affairs.]]<br />
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On 16 January 2010, the Afghan parliament rejected 10 of the Karzai's 17 replacement picks for the cabinet. MPs complained that Karzai's new choices were either not qualified for their posts or had close connections to Afghan warlords. Despite the second setback, by mid-January Karzai had 14 out of the 24 ministers confirmed, including the most powerful posts at foreign, defense and interior ministries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8462916.stm|title=Afghan MPs reject many new Karzai cabinet nominees|publisher=BBC|date=16 January 2010|access-date=16 January 2010|archive-date=17 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117110410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8462916.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the parliament began its winter recess, lasting until 20 February, without waiting for Karzai to select additional names for his cabinet. The move not only extended the political uncertainty in the government but also dealt Karzai the embarrassment of appearing at the [[International Conference on Afghanistan London 2010|London Conference on Afghanistan]] with nearly half of his cabinet devoid of leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8464283.stm|title=Afghan cabinet vote delayed|publisher=BBC|date=17 January 2010|access-date=17 January 2010|archive-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120033829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8464283.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Since late 2001 Karzai has been trying for peace in his country, going as far as pardoning militants that lay down weapons and join the rebuilding process. However, his offers were not accepted by the militant groups. In April 2007, Karzai acknowledged that he spoke to some militants about trying to bring peace in Afghanistan.<ref name="foxnews_Peace_Talks">{{Cite news|date=24 September 2007|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297819,00.html?sPage=fnc/world/afghanistan|title=Afghan President Karzai Admits Seeking Peace Talks With Taliban|agency=Associated Press|access-date=11 May 2008|quote=United Nations &nbsp;— Afghan President Hamid Karzai said Sunday his government is working very hard on peace talks with the Taliban that would draw the insurgents and their supporters 'back to the fold.'|publisher=Fox News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423121222/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297819,00.html?sPage=fnc%2Fworld%2Fafghanistan|archive-date=23 April 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He noted that the Afghan militants are always welcome in the country, although foreign insurgents are not.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17980166 |title=Karzai admits meetings with Taliban&nbsp;— Afghanistan |publisher=NBC News |date=6 April 2007 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901083549/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17980166 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2007, Karzai again offered talks with militant fighters after a security scare forced him to end a commemoration speech.<ref name="reuters-Sep-9-2007">{{Cite news|date=9 September 2007|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-29427920070909|title=Afghanistan's Karzai urges Taliban talks after scare|publisher=reuters|access-date=11 December 2007|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218014810/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-29427920070909|url-status=live}}</ref> Karzai left the event and was taken back to his palace, where he was due to meet visiting Latvian President [[Valdis Zatlers]]. After the meeting, the pair held a joint news conference, at which Karzai called for talks with his Taliban foes. "We don't have any formal negotiations with the Taliban. They don't have an address. Who do we talk to?" Karzai told reporters. He further stated: "If I can have a place where to send somebody to talk to, an authority that publicly says it is the Taliban authority, I will do it."<ref name="reuters-Sep-9-2007"/><br />
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In December 2009 Karzai announced to move ahead with a [[Loya Jirga]] (large assembly) to discuss the [[Taliban insurgency]] in which the Taliban representatives would be invited to take part in this Jirga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Karzai_To_Unveil_Afghan_Cabinet_In_Days/1896326.html |title=Karzai To Unveil Afghan Cabinet In Days |publisher=Rferl.org |date=6 December 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214451/http://www.rferl.org/content/Karzai_To_Unveil_Afghan_Cabinet_In_Days/1896326.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2010, Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in the [[jirga]] to initiate peace talks. A Taliban spokesman declined to talk in detail about Karzai's offer and only said the militants would make a decision soon.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Hamid Shalizi |author2=Abdul Malek |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60Q3IW20100129 |title=Taliban say no decision yet on Karzai offer of talks |work=Reuters |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522093538/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60Q3IW20100129 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2010, Karzai urged Taliban insurgents to lay down their arms and air their grievances while visiting a violent northern province, adding that foreign forces would not leave the country as long as fighting continued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/10/karzai-casts-doubt-major-kandahar-offensive/|publisher=Fox News|title=Karzai Issues Open Invitation to Meet With Insurgents|date=11 April 2010|access-date=11 April 2010|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414232636/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/10/karzai-casts-doubt-major-kandahar-offensive/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2010, Karzai approved a plan intended to win over Taliban foot soldiers and low-level commanders.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppel |first=Richard A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/world/asia/02afghan.html |title=Karzai Approves Plan for Taliban Reintegration |location=Afghanistan |work=The New York Times |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813054952/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/world/asia/02afghan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-August 2013, Attorney General [[Mohammad Ishaq Aloko]] was said to have been fired after meeting with Taliban officials in the U.A.E. after being told not to meet with them. However, unnamed senior cabinet officials tried to persuade Karzai to not fire him, while an official in Aloko's office denied the dismissal saying instead that he was at the Presidential Palace "celebrating Independence Day".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/08/2013819125050729968.html |title=Afghan official 'fired' over Taliban talks – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822035357/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/08/2013819125050729968.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Foreign relations===<br />
{{Main|Presidency of Hamid Karzai#Foreign relations}}<br />
{{See also|Foreign relations of Afghanistan|Politics of Afghanistan}}<br />
[[File:Secretary Rice With Afghan President Hamid Karzai.jpg|thumb|Karzai with former U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] in June 2006.]]<br />
[[File:Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Hamid Karzai in 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]] with Karzai in 2009]]<br />
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Uzbekistan 11 June 2010-13.jpeg|thumb|Karzai with [[President of Russia|Russia's President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2010.]]<br />
[[File:Msc2011 dett westerwelle karsai ischinger 0238.jpg|thumb|Karzai speaking at the [[Munich Security Conference|47th Munich Security Conference]] in 2011.]]<br />
[[File:Hamid Karzai being welcomed by George W. Bush in 2006.jpg|thumb|Karzai greeting [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] at the [[White House]] in 2006.]]<br />
Karzai's relations with NATO countries was strong, especially [[Afghanistan – United States relations|with the United States]], due to the fact that it was the leading nation helping to rebuild war-torn Afghanistan. Karzai enjoyed a very friendly and strong strategic partnership with the United States, despite various disagreements. The U.S. had supported him since late 2001 to lead his nation. He has made many important diplomatic trips to the United States and other NATO countries. In August 2007, Karzai was invited to [[Camp David]] in [[Maryland]], USA, for a special meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush. The United States has set up a special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, which is headed by [[Marc Grossman]]. His task is to serve as a [[Mediation|mediator]] and solve issues between the three nations.<br />
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However, in later years the relations between U.S. and Karzai had become strained, particularly Karzai had been very critical of U.S. military because of their high-level of civilian casualties.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interview-karzai-says-12-year-afghanistan-war-has-left-him-angry-at-us-government/2014/03/02/b831671c-a21a-11e3-b865-38b254d92063_story.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Kevin | last=Sieff | title=Interview: Karzai says 12-year Afghanistan war has left him angry at U.S. government | date=3 March 2014 | access-date=29 August 2017 | archive-date=24 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724021614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interview-karzai-says-12-year-afghanistan-war-has-left-him-angry-at-us-government/2014/03/02/b831671c-a21a-11e3-b865-38b254d92063_story.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/16/22324740-civilian-deaths-spark-dispute-between-us-led-forces-afghan-president-karzai Civilian deaths spark dispute between US-led forces, Afghan President Karzai – World News<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323155716/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/16/22324740-civilian-deaths-spark-dispute-between-us-led-forces-afghan-president-karzai |date=23 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/afghanistan-civilian-casualties/ | work=Huffington Post | title=Afghanistan Civilian Casualties | access-date=6 April 2014 | archive-date=7 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100651/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/afghanistan-civilian-casualties/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 he described a "major fight" he had with American military officials back in 2007, when Karzai repeatedly told them: "If you want to fight terrorism and bad people, I won't stop you, but please leave the Afghan people alone". In a retrospective interview, Karzai claimed he felt that he was being used as a tool by the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Constable|first=Pamela|title=Former Afghan leader Hamid Karzai grew estranged from his American allies during 10 years in power. Here's what he says about The Afghanistan Papers.|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-afghan-leader-hamid-karzai-grew-estranged-from-his-american-allies-during-10-years-in-power-heres-what-he-says-about-the-afghanistan-papers/2019/12/18/ef4ccb32-20dc-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|access-date=2020-11-15|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528165140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-afghan-leader-hamid-karzai-grew-estranged-from-his-american-allies-during-10-years-in-power-heres-what-he-says-about-the-afghanistan-papers/2019/12/18/ef4ccb32-20dc-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Further strain in relations with the United States resulted in 2014, when Afghanistan, joined Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela as the only countries to recognize the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]]. The United States, European countries, and most other nations wholeheartedly condemned the Russian takeover, as well as the validity of the subsequent Crimean Referendum on its annexation to Russia. Citing "the free will of the Crimean people", the office of President Hamid Karzai said, "We respect the decision the people of Crimea took through a recent referendum that considers Crimea as part of the Russian Federation."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/asia/breaking-with-the-west-afghan-leader-supports-russias-annexation-of-crimea.html.story "Breaking With the West, Afghan Leader Supports Russia's Annexation of Crimea"]. ''The New York Times'', 23 March 2014.</ref><br />
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Karzai's relations with neighboring Pakistan were good, especially with the [[Awami National Party]] (ANP) and [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). He often describes his nation and Pakistan as "inseparable twin brothers", a reference to the [[controversy|disputed]] [[Durand Line]] border between the two states, despite the many border skirmishes that occurred during his presidency. In December 2007, Karzai and his delegates traveled to [[Islamabad]], Pakistan, for a usual meeting with [[Pervez Musharraf]] on trade ties and intelligence sharing between the two Islamic states.<ref>[[Pajhwok Afghan News]] (PAN), [https://archive.today/20070522044409/http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=47628 "Islamabad, Kabul agree on intelligence cooperation"] . 27 December 2007.</ref> Karzai also met and had a 45-minute talk with [[Benazir Bhutto]] on the morning of 27 December, hours before her trip to [[Liaquat National Bagh]], where she was assassinated after her speech.<ref>PAN, [http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=47687 "Bhutto, Karzai meeting proved the first & last one"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190431/http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=47687 |date=27 May 2008 }}. 28 December 2007.</ref> After Bhutto's death, Karzai called her his sister and a brave woman who had a clear vision "for her own country, for Afghanistan, and for the region&nbsp;– a vision of democracy, prosperity, and peace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caycompass.com/cgi-bin/CFPnews.cgi?ID=1027483 |title=Bhutto assassinated |publisher=Caycompass |date=27 December 2007 |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512002151/http://www.caycompass.com/cgi-bin/CFPnews.cgi?ID=1027483 |archive-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref> In September 2008, Karzai was invited on a special visit to witness the swearing-in ceremony of [[Asif Ali Zardari]], who became the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref>''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', [https://archive.today/20120912154827/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/09/09/international/i004147D73.DTL Pakistan's Zardari sworn in as new president]</ref> [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan]] have improved after the PPP party took over in 2008. The two nations often make contacts with one another concerning the war on terrorism and trade. Pakistan even allowed NATO forces stationed in Afghanistan to launch attacks on militant groups in Pakistan. This was something strongly opposed by the previous government of Pakistan. The two states finally signed into law long-awaited [[Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement]] in 2011, intended to improve trade.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/11/29/afghan-pakistan-chamber-commerce-set |title=Afghan-Pakistan chamber of commerce set up |first=Abdul Qadir |last=Siddiqui |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051041/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/11/29/afghan-pakistan-chamber-commerce-set |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/12/05/pakistan-resolve-afghan-traders-problems |title=Pakistan to resolve Afghan traders' problems |first=Abdul Qadir |last=Siddiqui |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=5 December 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051053/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/12/05/pakistan-resolve-afghan-traders-problems |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> Karzai acknowledges Pakistan's meddling in Afghanistan's wars, but said in a 2015 interview that Afghanistan wants a "friendly relationship but not to be under Pakistan's thumb".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-09|title=Hamid Karzai: Afghanistan should not give up control of its foreign policy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/hamid-karzai-if-we-give-up-control-of-our-foreign-policy-pakistan-taliban-ashraf-ghani-india|access-date=2020-11-15|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095800/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/hamid-karzai-if-we-give-up-control-of-our-foreign-policy-pakistan-taliban-ashraf-ghani-india|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Karzai believed that [[Afghanistan–Iran relations|Iran is a friend]] although the U.S. often claims that neighboring Iran is meddling in Afghanistan's affairs.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-spies22-2009sep22,0,3144734.story "U.S. says Pakistan, Iran helping Taliban"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925043654/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-spies22-2009sep22,0,3144734.story |date=25 September 2009 }}, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref><br />
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In 2007, Karzai said that Iran, so far, had been a helper in the reconstruction process.<ref name="news.com-at odds">{{Cite news |author=correspondents in Washington |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22195371-23109,00.html |title=Karzai at odds with US over Iran |publisher=News |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007221510/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22195371-23109,00.html |archive-date=7 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He acknowledged in 2010 that the [[Politics of Iran|Government of Iran]] had been providing millions of dollars directly to his office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_iran_11|title=Karzai says his office gets cash from Iran, US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26karzai.html "Karzai Rails Against America in Diatribe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502225321/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26karzai.html |date=2 May 2017 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> In October 2007, Karzai again rejected Western accusations against Iran, stating, "We have resisted the negative propaganda launched by foreign states against the Islamic Republic, and we stress that aliens' propaganda should not leave a negative impact on the consolidated ties between the two great nations of Iran and Afghanistan."<ref name="farsnews">{{cite web|date=20 October 2007 |url=http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8607280722 |title=Karzai Underlines Strong Bonds between Iran and Afghanistan |publisher=Fars News |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110222952/http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8607280722 |archive-date=10 November 2007 }}</ref> Karzai added, "The two Iranian and Afghan nations are close to each other due to their bonds and commonalities, they belong to the same house, and they will live alongside each other for good."<ref name="IRNA">{{cite web|date=20 October 2007 |url=http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0710207137174726.htm |title=Karzai: Anti-Iran propaganda cannot have impact on Tehran-Kabul friendly ties Tehran |publisher=IRNA |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203022328/http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0710207137174726.htm |archive-date=3 February 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
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[[File:P032810PS-0305 (5307167575).jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] meets with Karzai at the [[Presidential Palace]] in Kabul, Afghanistan.]]<br />
Some international criticism has centered around the government of Karzai in early 2009 for failing to secure the country from Taliban attacks, systemic governmental corruption, and widespread claims of electoral fraud in the [[2009 Afghan presidential election]].<ref name="news.yahoo.com">[[Associated Press]], [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090907/ap_on_re_as/eu_afghanistan_karzai_1 Karzai says U.S. 'attacking' him over election] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="in.reuters.com">{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43144720091014|title=Future Karzai cabinet to balance 'warlords' and West|date=14 October 2009|work=Salahuddin, Sayed|access-date=14 October 2009|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210053/https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43144720091014?edition-redirect=in|url-status=live}}</ref> Karzai staunchly defended the election balloting, stating that some statements criticizing the balloting and vote count were "totally fabricated". He told the media that, "There were instances of fraud, no doubt&nbsp;... There were irregularities&nbsp;... But the election as a whole was good and free and democratic." He further went on to say that, "Afghanistan has its separate problems and we have to handle them as Afghanistan finds it feasible&nbsp;... This country was completely destroyed&nbsp;... Today, we are talking about fighting corruption in Afghanistan, improved legal standards&nbsp;... You see the glass half empty or half full. I see it as half full. Others see it as half empty."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091013/ap_on_re_as/us_us_afghanistan_karzai|title=Karzai staunchly defends Afghan election balloting}}</ref> A 2019 ''[[Washington Post]]'' report described Karzai as ruling a "corrupt" government that was tolerated by the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitlock |first1=Craig |title=The Afghanistan Papers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/investigations/afghanistan-papers/afghanistan-war-confidential-documents/?tid=top_nav&itid=lk_inline_manual_2 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 9, 2019}}</ref><br />
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In June 2010, Karzai travelled to [[Japan]] for a five-day visit where the two nations discussed a new aid provided by the hosting nation and the untapped mineral resources recently announced. Karzai invited Japanese companies such as [[Mitsubishi]] and others to invest in Afghan mining projects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Le|first=Adam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid=a6WXwK9a_1SM&pid=20601087 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720225925/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid=a6WXwK9a_1SM&pid=20601087 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |title=Karzai Invites Mitsubishi to Invest in Afghan Mining Projects|publisher=Bloomberg|date=19 June 2010|access-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> He told Japanese officials that Japan would be given priority in the bid to explore its resources. He stated, "morally, Afghanistan should give access as a priority to those countries that have helped Afghanistan massively in the past few years."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37803781|title=Karzai: Japan gets priority in Afghan mining|publisher=NBC News|date=20 June 2010|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210153/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37803781|url-status=live}}</ref> While in Japan, Karzai also made his first visit to [[Hiroshima]] to pray for the atomic bomb victims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100619/wl_sthasia_afp/japanafghanistandiplomacynuclearwwii_20100619063609|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623151718/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100619/wl_sthasia_afp/japanafghanistandiplomacynuclearwwii_20100619063609 |url-status=dead |title=Karzai visits Hiroshima to pray for atomic bomb victims|archive-date=23 June 2010}}</ref> Japan has provided billions of dollars in aid to Afghanistan since the beginning of 2002.<br />
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On 16 July 2014, President Karzai held a special cabinet meeting where he condemned the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Israeli attacks on Gaza]] and the killings of civilians while pledging $500,000 USD in aid to [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://president.gov.af/en/news/34839 | title=Afghanistan to assist $500,000 in show of sympathy to the people of Gaza | work=Office of the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | date=16 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729015036/http://president.gov.af/en/news/34839 | archive-date=29 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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Relations between Karzai and India have always been friendly; he attended university there. [[Afghanistan–India relations]] began getting stronger in 2011, especially after the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in Pakistan. In October 2011, Karzai signed a strategic partnership agreement with [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]. During his speech at the ''RK Mishra Memorial'' in New Delhi, Karzai told the audience that "The signing of the strategic partnership with India is not directed against any country. It is not directed against any other entity. This is for Afghanistan to benefit from the strength of India."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/karzai-reassures-pakistan-over-india-alliance-152948013.html |title=Karzai reassures Pakistan over India alliance |agency=AFP |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=6 October 2011 }} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
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===Assassination attempts===<br />
{{Main|Assassination attempts on Hamid Karzai}}<br />
[[File:DEVGRU soldiers protecting Hamid Karzai.jpg|thumb|Bodyguards from ''[[United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group]]'' provide close protection for Karzai.]]<br />
Many people have plotted to assassinate Karzai in the last decade, especially the Taliban's [[Quetta Shura]] and the Taliban-allied [[Haqqani network]] which allegedly receives support and guidance from Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) spy network.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |title=Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency |agency=Associated Press |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053454/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html%3B_ylt%3DA2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="US-blames-Pakistan">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |title=U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack |agency=Reuters |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925075845/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}</ref> As recent as October 2011, while Karzai was visiting India to sign an important strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Afghan agents of the [[National Directorate of Security]] (NDS) arrested 6 people in Kabul for planning to assassinate Karzai. Among those involved in the assassination plot were four [[Kabul University]] students and one of its professors, Dr. Aimal Habib, as well as Mohibullah Ahmadi who was one of the guards outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Healy |first1=Jack |last2=Rahimi |first2=Sangar |title=Plot to Kill Afghan President Karzai Is Foiled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/asia/plot-to-kill-afghan-president-karzai-is-foiled.html |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=5 October 2011}}</ref> The alleged group of assassins were associates of [[al Qaida]] and the Haqqani network, and were paid $150,000 by Pakistani-based Islamic terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan official: Karzai assassination plot foiled |agency=AP |first=Amir |last=Shah |date=6 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oukwd-uk-afghanistan-karzai-idAFTRE79424Q20111005 |title=Plot to kill Afghan president foiled – agency |work=Reuters |first=Hamid |last=Shalizi |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khetab |first1=Muhammad Hassan |title=Plot to kill president foiled; 6 detained |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/05/plot-kill-president-foiled-6-detained |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420170430/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/05/plot-kill-president-foiled-6-detained |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> A U.S. official said that "Our understanding is that the threat against President Karzai was real, was credible, but it was only in the early stages of planning."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/07/plot-kill-karzai-was-real-credible-us |title=Plot to kill Karzai was real, credible: US |publisher=Pajhwok.com |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322045746/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/07/plot-kill-karzai-was-real-credible-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The following is a list of other failed assassination attempts:<br />
* 5 September 2002: An assassination attempt was made on Karzai in the city of Kandahar. A gunman wearing the uniform of the new [[Afghan National Army]] opened fire, wounding [[Gul Agha Sherzai]] (former governor of Kandahar) and an American Special Operations officer. The gunman, one of the President's bodyguards, and a bystander who knocked down the gunman were killed when Karzai's American bodyguards returned fire. Some pictures of the [[United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] (DEVGRU) responding to the attempt have surfaced.<br />
* 16 September 2004: An attempted assassination on Karzai took place when a rocket missed the [[helicopter]] he was flying in while en route to the city of [[Gardez]] in eastern Afghanistan.<br />
* 10 June 2007: Taliban insurgents attempted to assassinate Karzai in [[Ghazni]] where he was giving a speech to elders. Insurgents fired approximately 12 rockets, some of which landed {{convert|200|m|yd}} away from the crowd. Karzai was not hurt in the incident and was transported away from the location after finishing his speech.<ref name="iht-2007-06-11">{{cite news|date=10 June 2007 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/11/asia/AS-GEN-Afghan-Violence.php |title=UN 'outraged' after assassination attempt on Karzai |agency=Associated Press |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208190934/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/11/asia/AS-GEN-Afghan-Violence.php |archive-date=8 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|date=11 June 2007|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1913019.ece|title=Taleban fail in rocket attempt on Karzai's life|work=[[The Times]]|location=UK|access-date=11 December 2007|last=Tim Albone in Kabul|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210119/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc_Karzai_unhurt">{{cite news|date=10 June 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6738201.stm|title=Karzai unhurt in Taleban attack|work=BBC News|access-date=1 May 2008|archive-date=19 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6738201.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 27 April 2008: Insurgents, reportedly from the [[Haqqani network]], used [[automatic weapons]] and [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s to attack a military parade that Karzai was attending in [[Kabul]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/world/asia/28afghan.html "Karzai Escapes Attack in Kabul by Gunmen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516140636/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/world/asia/28afghan.html |date=16 May 2017 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> Karzai was safe, but at least three people were killed, including a parliamentarian, a ten-year-old girl and a minority leader, and ten injured.<ref>Gopal, Amand, "[http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0601/p10s01-wosc.html The most deadly US foe in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611150034/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0601/p10s01-wosc.html |date=11 June 2009 }}", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 31 May 2009</ref><ref name="smh-attempt-on-karzais">{{cite news|date=28 April 2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leaders-attack-attempt-on-karzais-life/2008/04/28/1209234703430.html |title=Leaders attack attempt on Karzai's life |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501165958/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leaders-attack-attempt-on-karzais-life/2008/04/28/1209234703430.html |archive-date=1 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name="guardian_Karzai_survives">{{cite news|date=28 April 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/28/afghanistan|title=Karzai survives Taliban assassination attempt during military parade|work=The Guardian|location=UK|access-date=1 May 2008|last=Walsh|first=Declan|archive-date=30 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430235554/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/28/afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Others attending the event included government ministers, former warlords, diplomats and the military top brass, all of whom had gathered to mark the 16th anniversary of the fall of the Afghan communist government to the mujahideen.<ref name="MSNBC_Afghan_president_survives">{{cite web|date=<!--2:04&nbsp;pm ET--> 27 April 2008|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24332573|title=Afghan president survives assassination bid|publisher=[[NBC News]]|access-date=1 May 2008|quote=ceremony to mark the 16th anniversary of Afghanistan's victory over the Soviet invasion|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011024432/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24332573/|url-status=live}}</ref> Responding to the attack during the ceremony, the UN said the attackers "have shown their utter disrespect for the history and people of Afghanistan".<ref name="google_Afghan_president_escapes">{{cite web|year=2008 |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hmW-4fUkegeSQ3uAx2VRfXwxQ-YA |title=Afghan president escapes deadly parade attack |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073227/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hmW-4fUkegeSQ3uAx2VRfXwxQ-YA |archive-date=2 October 2009 }}</ref> Taliban spokesman [[Zabiullah Mujahid]] claimed responsibility for the attack, stating, "We fired rockets at the scene of the celebration." He went on to say there were six Taliban at the scene and that three were killed. "Our aim was not to directly hit someone", Mujahed said when asked if the intention was to kill Karzai. "We just wanted to show to the world that we can attack anywhere we want to".<ref name="google_Afghan_president_escapes"/> The ability of the attackers to get so close to Karzai suggested they had inside help. Defense minister Wardak confirmed that a police captain was connected with the group behind the assassination attempt and that an army officer supplied the weapons and ammunition used in the attack.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/world/asia/05afghan.html "Police and Army Officers Tied to Attempt on Karzai's Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110645/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/world/asia/05afghan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''</ref> Warlord insurgent [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] also reportedly claimed responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chu|first=M. Karim Faiez and Henry|date=2008-04-28|title=Fears grow after attack on Karzai|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fears-grow-after-attack-on-Karzai-3286343.php|access-date=2020-11-15|website=SFGATE|language=en-US|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002100/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fears-grow-after-attack-on-Karzai-3286343.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Views on Taliban==<br />
In a 2013 interview with [[Al Jazeera]], Karzai called the Taliban his 'brothers'. He claimed that the Afghan government and Afghan people did not want to eliminate the Taliban, but rather reintegrate the Taliban into society.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/karzai-on-taliban-im-still-calling-them-brothers/|title=Karzai on Taliban: "I'm still calling them brothers"|access-date=3 April 2013|publisher=CBS News|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090732/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/karzai-on-taliban-im-still-calling-them-brothers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/pressoffice/2013/04/20134413140692692.html|title=Afghan President talks to Al Jazeera|access-date=3 April 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421074717/http://www.aljazeera.com/pressoffice/2013/04/20134413140692692.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was not the first time he called the Taliban his brothers. Previously he called them brothers during his victory speech in 2009, a day after he was declared president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6495487/Hamid-Karzai-reaches-out-to-Taliban-brothers-in-Afghanistan.html|title=Hamid Karzai reaches out to 'Taliban brothers' in Afghanistan|access-date=3 November 2009|publisher=Telegraph UK}}</ref><br />
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===Attack on Taliban training camp===<br />
On 14 September 2015, provincial police chief Gen. Daud Ahmadi claimed that Hamid Karzai had stopped an attack on a Taliban training camp in [[Logar Province|Logar]] province of Afghanistan. The camp was used as a launching pad and a military operation was being planned to deal with the camp. However, Karzai stopped them from attacking the camp. Ahmadi further claimed there were around 200 militants who were being trained at the camp at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/karzai-had-ordered-not-to-attack-the-taliban-training-center-in-logar-1514/|title=Karzai had ordered not to attack the Taliban training center in Logar|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=Khaama Press|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916030549/http://www.khaama.com/karzai-had-ordered-not-to-attack-the-taliban-training-center-in-logar-1514|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Post-presidency==<br />
After the [[2017 Nangarhar airstrike]], Karzai condemned his successor, President [[Ashraf Ghani]], labeling him a traitor.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mujib Mashal |date=15 April 2017 |title=Calling Successor a 'Traitor', Afghan Ex-Leader Denounces U.S. Bombing |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/asia/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-us-bombing.html |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416061846/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/asia/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-us-bombing.html |archive-date=16 April 2017}}</ref><br />
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Following the fall of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] to the Taliban on 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Hezb-e-Islami]] party [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] met with Karzai and [[Abdullah Abdullah]], chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former [[Chief Executive (Afghanistan)|chief executive]], in [[Doha]], seeking to form an interim government with the Taliban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Afghanistan's Hekmatyar says heading for Doha with Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah to meet Taliban |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/ |access-date= |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban met ex-Afghan leader Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270 |agency=AFP|date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2021-08-18|website=Brecorder|language=en}}</ref><br />
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In February 2022, Karzai condemned the [[Biden administration]]'s decision to unfreeze $7 billion of [[Da Afghanistan Bank]]'s [[Afghan frozen assets|assets]] and to divide the money between humanitarian aid to Afghanistan and the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Karzai labelled the decision as an "atrocity" and, while saying that Afghans sympathized with the victims of 9/11, the money belonged to the Afghan people, who had also suffered from the attacks' consequences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gul |first1=Ayaz |date=13 February 2022 |title=Karzai: US Money Seizure 'Atrocity' Against Afghans |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/karzai-us-money-seizure-atrocity-against-afghans-/6439855.html |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perelman |first1=Marc |date=15 February 2022 |title=Hamid Karzai criticises US move to divide Afghan assets between aid and 9/11 victims |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/the-interview/20220215-ex-afghan-president-karzai-believes-taliban-will-allow-girls-back-to-school |access-date=}}</ref><br />
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Karzai has been critical of the Taliban government's failure to fulfill promises regarding women's rights, and has asked the Taliban to reopen schools for girls. In an interview with [[CNN]], he has also decried the demand for women to wear a burqa and cover their faces.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title=Ex-Afghan Prez Karzai decries Taliban's all-covering burqa decree |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/ex-afghan-prez-karzai-decries-talibans-all-covering-burqa-decree20220522113959/ |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Former Afghan president Karzai urges Taliban to reopen schools for girls |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/former-afghan-president-karzai-urges-taliban-to-reopen-schools-for-girls-122042600403_1.html |access-date=}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life and tribal lineage==<br />
[[File:Hamid Karzai at Kandahar in June 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Karzai speaking at a [[shura]] to tribal and religious leaders in his native [[Kandahar]], in southern Afghanistan.]]<br />
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{{Further|Sadozai (Pastun tribe)|Durrani|Popalzai}}<br />
In 1999, Hamid Karzai married [[Zeenat Karzai|Zeenat Quraishi]], a gynaecologist by profession who was working as a doctor with [[Afghan refugees]] living in Pakistan. They have a son, Mirwais, who was born in January 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/afghanistan/Karzai-weeps-publicly-in-emotional.6555597.jp|title=Karzai weeps publicly in emotional call for peace in Afghanistan|publisher=Scotsman.com|date=29 September 2010|access-date=3 October 2010|location=Edinburgh|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110137/http://news.scotsman.com/afghanistan/Karzai-weeps-publicly-in-emotional.6555597.jp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6302287.stm|title=Hamid Karzai becomes father at 49|date=26 January 2007|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 October 2010|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512100439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6302287.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> a daughter, Malalai, born in 2012 and another daughter, Howsi, born in March 2014 in [[Gurgaon]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Rao Jaswant Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzais-baby-girl-born-in-Gurgaon-hospital/articleshow/31561550.cms |title=Afghan President Hamid Karzai's baby girl born in Gurgaon hospital |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317033401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzais-baby-girl-born-in-Gurgaon-hospital/articleshow/31561550.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He became a father once again at the age of 58 when another daughter was born in September 2016 in Apollo Hospital, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saharasamay.com/world-news/676598380/hamid-karzai-became-father-for-his-fourth-child-.html |title=Hamid Karzai became father for his fourth child |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905132552/http://www.saharasamay.com/world-news/676598380/hamid-karzai-became-father-for-his-fourth-child-.html |archive-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to a declaration of his assets by an anti-graft body, Karzai earns $525 monthly and has less than $20,000 in bank accounts.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20100620/india_nm/india494713 ''Asset list reveals Afghan president earns $525 a month''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624133952/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20100620/india_nm/india494713 |date=24 June 2010 }}, Sayed Salahuddin for [[Reuters]]. June 2010.</ref> Karzai does not own any land or property.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_543224.html "Karzai earns $727 a month (US$525)"]. ''[[The Straits Times]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623114943/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_543224.html |date=23 June 2010 }} by Reuters. June 2010.</ref><br />
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Karzai has six brothers, including [[Mahmood Karzai]] and [[Qayum Karzai]], as well as [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]], deceased, who was the representative for the southern Afghanistan region. Qayum is also the founder of the ''Afghans for a Civil Society''. Karzai has one sister, [[Fauzia Karzai]].<ref name="brothers">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/19/news/mn-16330|title=From Statesmanship to Capitalism, Afghan Family Leads|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=22 June 2010|last=Neuman|first=Johanna|date=19 December 2001|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195313/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/19/news/mn-16330|url-status=live}}</ref> The family owns and operates several Afghan restaurants on the [[East Coast of the United States]] and in Chicago.<br />
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In initial biographical news reporting, there was confusion regarding his clan lineage; it was written that his paternal lineage derived from the [[Sadduzai]] clan.<ref>[http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3528 Globalist Story] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510173236/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3528 |date=10 May 2013 }}. 3 June 2004.</ref> This confusion might have arisen from sources stating he was chosen as the [[tribal chief]] of the Popalzai.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/06/ret.attacks.karzai/ Taliban run-in highlights dangers for Afghan opposition leader] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825163310/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/06/ret.attacks.karzai/ |date=25 August 2013 }}. 6 November 2001.</ref> Traditionally, the Popalzai tribe has been led by members of the Sadozais.<ref name="TAC">[http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/freePDF/Pashtun%20Cultural%20Factors%20Limiting%20Warlord%20Development.pdf Tribal Analysis Center Pashtun Tribal Analysis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510205037/http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/freePDF/Pashtun%20Cultural%20Factors%20Limiting%20Warlord%20Development.pdf |date=10 May 2013 }}"The Durrani Popalzai tribe's Khan Khel, the Saddozai, failed to advance a competent family for leadership during the anti-Soviet period. Instead, they placed tribal leadership in the hands of Abdul Ahad Karzai, a member of a key family in the Shamizai subtribe. Following Abdul Ahad's assassination in 1999, his son, Hamid Karzai, inherited his father's mantle and can be expected to retain this tribal leadership position for the remainder of Afghanistan's conflict. Normally, the eldest son would have been selected to bear this tribal responsibility, but this son was living in the United States and was generally unavailable to serve as tribal leader."</ref> The first King of Afghanistan, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], was the leader of the Sadozais, and the Sadozai lineage continued to rule Afghanistan until 1826 when the [[Barakzai]]s ascended to the throne.<br />
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Karzai is believed to be from the Shamizai subtribe of the Popalzais.<ref name="TAC"/> His grandfather, Khair Muhammad Karzai, was a head of the Popalzai tribe from Kandahar who relocated to Kabul and ran the business of a guest house. This allowed Karzai's father Abdul Ahad, to gain a foothold in the royal family, and subsequently, the parliament. These actions and upwards movement within the Popalzai tribal system, led to the Karzai family furnishing a viable Shamizai clan alternative to Sadozai leadership in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion when the Sadozai clan failed to provide a tribal leader.<ref name="TAC"/><ref>[http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lohdi.php?articleid=12074 Bahlol Lodhi's bio of the Karzai family ascension] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209143901/http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lohdi.php?articleid=12074 |date=9 February 2010 }}. 19 December 2007.</ref> He is often seen wearing a [[Karakul (hat)|Karakul hat]], something that has been worn by many Afghan kings in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 2002|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,51034,00.html|title=Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses|publisher=Fox News|access-date=1 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501230853/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,51034,00.html|archive-date=1 May 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 May 2007|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/bizfocus/archives/2007/05/27/2003362700/print|title=Karakuls burst upon the fashion world|work=[[Taipei Times]] |access-date=1 May 2008|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106182750/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/bizfocus/archives/2007/05/27/2003362700/print|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 December 2000 |url=http://www.infurmation.com/press_detail.php?id=99 |title=HSUS Investigation Reveals Slaughter of Unborn and Newborn Lambs for Fur |publisher=[[Humane Society]] |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060531022711/http://infurmation.com/press_detail.php?id=99 |archive-date=31 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=December 2000 |url=http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF02d.htm |title=Transcript of NBC "Dateline" Feature on Karakul Production |publisher=Fur Commission |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510115715/http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF02d.htm |archive-date=10 May 2008 }}</ref><br />
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Following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]] in 2021, Karzai decided to remain in Kabul with his daughters and he appealed to the Taliban to respect his life and that of his family as well as the civilians in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai, With Daughters, Appeals To Taliban To Protect People |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/former-afghanistan-president-hamid-karzai-with-daughters-appeals-to-taliban-to-protect-people-547334.html |access-date=16 August 2021 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=16 August 2021}}</ref> While he met with Hekmatyar to discuss the formation of a future Afghan government, it is unclear whether Karzai will serve any role in such.<br />
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On 27 August 2021, prominent activist [[Fatima Gailani]] criticized him whereas the United States urged the Taliban to include him in the new government along with [[Abdullah Abdullah]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan activist says Ashraf Ghani and Joe Biden caused misery and chaos |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghan-activist-says-ashraf-ghani-and-joe-biden-caused-misery-and-chaos/a-58998732 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban planning 'inclusive caretaker gov't' in Afghanistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/27/exclusive-taliban-plans-inclusive-caretaker-govt-in-afghanistan |access-date=27 August 2021 |agency=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=27 August 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 1 September 2021, sources close to the Taliban said that it was "unlikely" for Karzai to be part of the new government, with a spokesperson for the group saying that the group was "ready to recruit them", referring also to [[Abdullah Abdullah]] but added that the Taliban did not want "old horses" in apparent reference to Karzai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Findlay |first1=Stephanie |last2=England |first2=Andrew |title=Former Afghan leader Hamid Karzai unlikely to be part of Taliban-led government |url=https://www.ft.com/content/874ff094-3baf-4e48-9aa7-245f3e5d5bf2 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/874ff094-3baf-4e48-9aa7-245f3e5d5bf2 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=1 September 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
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==Honorary degrees and awards==<br />
[[File:Hamid Karzai with Jack Kingston.jpg|thumb|Karzai receiving a [[:wikt:commemorative|commemorative]] [[medal]]lion of 11 September 2001 attacks from [[Jack Kingston]]. The medallion was forged from steel salvaged from the [[World Trade Center site]].]]<br />
Over the years Hamid Karzai has become a well recognized figure. He has received a number of awards and honorary degrees from famous government and educational institutions around the world. The following are some of his awards and honoraria.<br />
* A [[:wikt:commemorative|commemorative]] [[medal]]lion of 11 September 2001 attacks from the [[United States House of Representatives]], presented to him by member of the House [[Jack Kingston]] on 29 January 2002.<br />
* In June 2002, received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[James Earl Jones]] at the Achievement Summit at [[Dublin Castle]] in Dublin, Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= The day I met Bill Clinton for a chat about the world |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |url= https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Irish-Times-June-3-2002.pdf}}</ref><br />
* An honorary doctorate in literature from [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in India, his alma mater, on 7 March 2003.<br />
* On 6 June 2003, Karzai was created an [[List of honorary British knights|Honorary Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] by [[Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref name="bbc_6_June_2003">{{Cite news|date = 3 June 2003|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2968994.stm|title = Queen gives Karzai knighthood|work = BBC News|access-date = 1 August 2008|archive-date = 19 August 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2968994.stm|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
* On 4 July 2004, Karzai was awarded the [[Liberty Medal|Philadelphia Liberty Medal]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, Karzai stated: "Where Liberty dies, evil grows. We Afghans have learned from our historical experiences that liberty does not come easily. We profoundly appreciate the value of liberty&nbsp;... for we have paid for it with our lives. And we will defend liberty with our lives."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_2004.html |title=2004 Recipient Hamid Karzai&nbsp;— Liberty Medal&nbsp;— National Constitution Center |publisher=Constitutioncenter.org |date=4 July 2004 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103072327/http://constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* On 22 May 2005, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from [[Boston University]].<ref name="bu.edu">{{cite web|date=22 May 2005 |url=http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=937 |title=Afghan president Hamid Karzai challenges Boston University graduates to be guided by humanity |publisher=[[Boston University]] |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911150947/http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=937 |archive-date=11 September 2006 }}</ref><br />
* On 25 May 2005, received an honorary degree from the Center for Afghan Studies at the [[University of Nebraska at Omaha|University of Nebraska&nbsp;— Omaha]].<br />
* On 25 September 2006, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from [[Georgetown University]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}.<br />
* In June 2012, received an honorary Doctorate from [[Nippon Sport Science University]].<br />
* [[Lovely Professional University]] conferred an honorary Doctorate on Karzai on 20 May 2013.<br />
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==Controversies==<br />
In August 2011, Karzai pardoned dozens of child would-be suicide bombers, and in February 2012 some of the pardoned children were re-arrested attempting to commit suicide bombings in [[Kandahar Province]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/afghanistan-would-be-child-bombers-arrested-again.html |title=Months after pardon, would-be Afghan child bombers arrested again |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=13 February 2012 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506081454/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/afghanistan-would-be-child-bombers-arrested-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Karzai has been accused of nepotism, corruption, electoral fraud, and being involved with his late half brother [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]] in the drug trade.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
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In 2009, Karzai antagonized the women's movement and NATO leaders by signing a draconian [[Shia Personal Status Law]] seen as legalizing [[marital rape]] within Afghanistan's minority [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] community.<ref>Armstrong, Sally. (2014). Uprising: A New Age is Dawning for Every Mother's Daughter. (pp. 176-177). NY, NY: St. Martin's Press.</ref><br />
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===Electoral fraud===<br />
Under Karzai's administration, electoral fraud was so apparent that Afghanistan's status as a democratic state came into question.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c9ef53e-97ee-11de-8d3d-00144feabdc0.html |title=/ Comment / Opinion – Fraud endangers Afghan democracy |work=Financial Times |date=2 September 2009 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210053/https://www.ft.com/content/6c9ef53e-97ee-11de-8d3d-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11353711 |title=BBC News – Fraud and corruption fears in Afghanistan elections |publisher=BBC |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11353711 |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, a special court set up personally by Karzai in defiance of constitutional norms sought to reinstate dozens of candidates who were removed for fraud in the 2010 parliamentary elections by the Independent Electoral Commission.<ref>Rod Norland (23 June 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24kabul.html Afghan Court Ruling Seeks to Alter Election Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110657/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24kabul.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''.</ref><br />
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===Financial ties with CIA and the government of Iran===<br />
On 28 April 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' revealed that from December 2002 up to the publication date, Karzai's presidential office was funded with "tens of millions of dollars" of black cash from the [[CIA]] in order to buy influence within the [[Politics of Afghanistan|Afghan government]]. The article stated that "the cash that does not appear to be subject to the oversight and restrictions." An unnamed American official was quoted by ''The New York Times'' as stating that "The biggest source of corruption in Afghanistan was the United States."<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/world/asia/cia-delivers-cash-to-afghan-leaders-office.html|title=With Bags of Cash, C.I.A. Seeks Influence in Afghanistan|author=Matthew Rosenberg|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|archive-date=28 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428232309/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/world/asia/cia-delivers-cash-to-afghan-leaders-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 17 June 2013, Senator [[Bob Corker]] put a hold on $75 million intended for electoral programs in Afghanistan after his inquiries of 2 May, 14 May and 13 June to the [[Obama Administration]] regarding the CIA "ghost money" remained unanswered.<ref name="Corker">''Senator puts hold on some Afghan aid over Karzai "ghost money"'', [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-afghanistan-congress-idUSBRE95G11F20130617] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016132054/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/17/us-usa-afghanistan-congress-idUSBRE95G11F20130617|date=16 October 2015}}, Reuters, 17 June 2013</ref><br />
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Karzai also admitted that his office received millions of dollars in cash from the Iranian government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shalizi |first=Hamid |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-karzai-idUSTRE69O27Z20101025 |title=Karzai says his office gets bags of money from Iran |work=Reuters |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322061429/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/25/us-afghanistan-karzai-idUSTRE69O27Z20101025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Karzai stated that the money was given as gifts and intended for renovating his Presidential Palace in Kabul. "This is transparent. This is something that I've even discussed while I was at Camp David with President Bush."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/karzai-confirms-iran-provides-his-office-with-cash-1.566949 |title=Karzai confirms Iran provides his office with cash |publisher=Ctvnews.ca |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322051155/http://www.ctvnews.ca/karzai-confirms-iran-provides-his-office-with-cash-1.566949 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Corruption===<br />
{{main|Corruption in Afghanistan}}<br />
According to ''The New York Times'', many members of the Karzai family have mixed their personal interests with that of the state, and become hugely influential and wealthy by murky means.<ref>{{cite news |last=Risen |first=James |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/world/asia/06karzai.html |title=Karzai's Kin Use Ties to Gain Power in Afghanistan |location=Afghanistan |work=The New York Times |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027022925/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/world/asia/06karzai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012 Afghanistan was tied with Somalia and North Korea at the bottom of [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perception Index]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012 |title=Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index 2012 |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320044835/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it ranked 172/175 in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/country#AFG |title=2014 Corruption Perception Index |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182350/https://www.transparency.org/country#AFG |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Mahmoud Karzai]], the brother of President Karzai, was implicated in the 2010 [[Kabul Bank]] crisis. Mahmud Karzai was the 3rd largest shareholder in the bank with a 7% stake. Kabul Bank incurred huge losses on its investments in villas in [[Palm Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]]. The real estate investments were registered in the name of Kabul Bank chairman, Sherkhan Farnood. Mahmud Karzai bought one such villa from Farnood for 7 million [[dirham]]s using money borrowed from Kabul Bank and in a matter of months sold it for 10.4 million dirhams.<ref name="wp-kabul-bank">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090706645.html|title=Karzai's brother financed Dubai property purchases through embattled Kabul Bank|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 September 2010|access-date=22 June 2012|first=Andrew|last=Higgins|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730225239/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090706645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahmud Karzai's purchase of the 7% stake in Kabul Bank was also financed entirely through money lent by Kabul Bank with the shares as collateral.<ref name="wp-kabul-bank"/><br />
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Karzai has admitted that there is widespread corruption in Afghanistan, but has blamed the problem largely on the way contracts are awarded by the international community, and said that the "perception of corruption" is a deliberate attempt to weaken the Afghan government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abawi |first=Atia |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/06/15717342-exclusive-us-nato-behind-insecurity-in-afghanistan-karzai-says |title=EXCLUSIVE: US, NATO behind 'insecurity' in Afghanistan, Karzai says – World News |publisher=Worldnews.nbcnews.com |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322044217/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/06/15717342-exclusive-us-nato-behind-insecurity-in-afghanistan-karzai-says |archive-date=22 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Partlow|2016|page=203}}<br />
<br />
===Unocal connection===<br />
There has been much debate over Karzai's alleged consultant work with [[Unocal]] (Union Oil Company of California since acquired by [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] in 2005). In 2002, when Karzai became the subject of heavy media coverage as one of the front runners to lead Afghanistan, it was reported that he was a former consultant for them.<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite web|date=10 June 2002|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0610/p01s03e-wosc.html|title = Afghan power brokers |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]| access-date =11 December 2007|author1=Ilene R. Prusher |author2=Scott Baldauf |author3=Edward Girardet |quote=Karzai is a former employee of US oil company Unocal&nbsp;... bidding for the lucrative contract to build an oil pipeline from Uzbekistan through Afghanistan |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070629145511/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0610/p01s03e-wosc.html |archive-date = 29 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="atimes">{{cite web|year = 2009|url = http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DA29Ag02.html|title = Mr Karzai goes to Washington|website= [[Asia Times Online]]|access-date = 12 September 2009|last = Marc Erikson|quote = And one further thing both men have in common is that in 1996/97 they advised American oil company Unocal on the US$2&nbsp;billion project of a Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline.|archive-date = 8 November 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091108124230/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DA29Ag02.html|url-status = unfit}}</ref> Spokesmen for both Unocal and Karzai have denied any such relationship, although Unocal could not speak for all companies involved in the consortium.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> The original claim that Karzai worked for Unocal originates from a 6 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]'',<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web|year = 2007|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/karzai.htm|title = Hamid Karzai|publisher = globalsecurity|access-date = 11 December 2007|quote = The claim appears to have originated in the 9 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper Le Monde. Some have suggested that Karzai was confused with U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad.|archive-date = 11 December 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211203925/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/karzai.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> Barry Lane UNOCAL's manager for public relations states in an interview on the website Emperor's Clothes that, "He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records."<ref name="emperors-clothes">{{cite web|date=9 July 2002|url=http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/lane.htm|title=Emperor's clothes interviews Unocal Oil|publisher=Emperor's Clothes|access-date=12 September 2009|last=[[Jared Israel]] interviewing Barry Lane|quote=Jared Israel: The other thing that is being asserted everywhere is that Hamid Karzai, the current head of the Afghan 'government' once worked for you.<br />Barry Lane: Yeah. Yeah, well that's probably one of the great urban legends. He never worked for us.<br />Jared Israel: He didn't work for somebody else who worked for you?<br />Barry Lane: No. No, not him. He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records to try and find out where the hell that came from.|archive-date=10 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213712/http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/lane.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usembassy.gov">{{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/definition.html |title=Misinformation |work=[[USA.gov]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=12 September 2009 |quote=all the company's records made it clear that Mr. Karzai was "never a consultant, never an employee" of Unocal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211062904/http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/definition.html |archive-date=11 February 2007 }}</ref> Lane however did say that [[Zalmay Khalilzad]], the former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], was a Unocal consultant in the mid-1990s.<ref name="seattletimes">{{Cite news|date=5 July 2004 |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001972076_fahrenheit05.html |title=Analyzing 'Fahrenheit 9/11': It's accurate&nbsp;— to a degree |newspaper=The Seattle Times |first1=Sumana |last1=Chatterjee |first2=David |last2=Goldstein |name-list-style=amp |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719034130/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001972076_fahrenheit05.html |archive-date=19 July 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Communication with Taliban===<br />
In October 2013, Karzai's administration and the Afghan Intelligence agency were found to be communicating with the Pakistani Taliban about the shifting of power that was expected to occur if the U.S. forces withdrew in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Web Desk |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/624306/us-catches-afghan-govt-red-handed-in-plotting-with-pakistani-taliban-report/ |title=US catches Afghan govt 'red handed' in plotting with Pakistani Taliban: Report |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040323/http://tribune.com.pk/story/624306/us-catches-afghan-govt-red-handed-in-plotting-with-pakistani-taliban-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Karzai himself was in London at the time of the discovery, to participate in talks with Pakistan and the U.S. on the possible location of Taliban leader Mullah Baradar. At the time, it was unknown if Karzai was directly involved or even knew of such communications.<br />
<br />
In May 2021, Karzai spoke with German newspaper ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', where he expressed his sympathy with the Taliban, criticized the role of the United States in Afghanistan and praised the role of the [[European Union]], at the same time, saying that the future of Afghanistan relies heavily on neighbor Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koelbl |first1=Susanne |title="We Afghans Are Just Being Used Against Each Other" |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-afghanistan-president-hamid-karzai-we-afghans-are-just-being-used-against-each-other-a-81412b96-c7e5-4287-b423-fbc2b600f317 |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602122101/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-afghanistan-president-hamid-karzai-we-afghans-are-just-being-used-against-each-other-a-81412b96-c7e5-4287-b423-fbc2b600f317 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also considered the Taliban "victims of foreign forces" and said that Afghans were being used to be "each against the other".<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Hamid Karzai considers Taliban as his 'brothers' |url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/why-hamid-karzai-considers-taliban-as-his-brothers/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |agency=Global Village Space |date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605122038/https://www.globalvillagespace.com/why-hamid-karzai-considers-taliban-as-his-brothers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2021, he told [[Yalda Hakim]] of ''[[BBC News]]'' that he considered the Taliban as "brothers".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ex-Afghan president: The Taliban are my brothers|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-59505688|access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
===View on ISIS in Afghanistan===<br />
Karzai, during an interview with Voice of America, claimed that [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province|ISIS]] in Afghanistan is a tool for the United States. He further claimed that he does not differentiate at all between ISIS and the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hamid-karzai-us-afghanistan-isis-taliban-russia-587031|title=War in Afghanistan: Former President Hamid Karzai Claim There Is No Difference Between ISIS And America|access-date=20 April 2017|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|author=Mirren Gidda|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421105418/http://www.newsweek.com/hamid-karzai-us-afghanistan-isis-taliban-russia-587031|url-status=live}}</ref> During an interview with Fox News, Karzai claimed that ISIS in Afghanistan is a product of the United States. He claimed that he routinely received reports regarding unmarked helicopters dropping supplies to support the terror faction. He asked for an explanation from the United States regarding the unmarked helicopter flights. He also claimed that the United States had made Afghanistan a testing ground for its weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-aids-isis-says-afghanistans-former-president|title=US aids ISIS, says Afghanistan's former president|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=Fox News|author=Hollie Mckay|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072828/https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-aids-isis-says-afghanistans-former-president|url-status=live}}</ref> Later on during an interview with Al Jazeera, Karzai again criticized the United States. He accused the United States of working with ISIS in Afghanistan. Moreover, he said that the United States government had allowed ISIS to flourish in Afghanistan and that it had used ISIS as an excuse to drop the [[GBU-43]] (Mother of all Bombs) in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/hamid-karzai-colluded-isil-afghanistan-171110191715544.html|title=Hamid Karzai: US colluded with ISIL in Afghanistan|access-date=11 November 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035713/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/hamid-karzai-colluded-isil-afghanistan-171110191715544.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/nov/11/us-colluded-with-is-in-afghanistan-former-president-hamid-karzai-1698707.html|title=US colluded with IS in Afghanistan: Former president Hamid Karzai|access-date=11 November 2017|newspaper=New Indian Express|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021550/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/nov/11/us-colluded-with-is-in-afghanistan-former-president-hamid-karzai-1698707.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Karzai also accused Pakistan of supporting ISIS during an interview with [[Asian News International|ANI]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=No doubt on Pakistan's role in supporting ISIS: Hamid Karzai - ANI News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVM1FHzamSg&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-08-28|website=YouTube|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201074742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVM1FHzamSg&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
* In the movie ''[[War Machine (film)|War Machine]]'', Karzai was portrayed by [[Ben Kingsley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://torontosun.com/2015/08/26/ben-kingsley-teaches-patricia-clarkson-how-to-drive-in-new-dramedy|title=Ben Kingsley teaches Patricia Clarkson how to drive in new dramedy|website=torontosun}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|List of presidents of Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[Politics of Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[Mahmoud Karzai]]<br />
* [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]]<br />
* [[Kabul Bank]] crisis<br />
* [[Afghan Peace Jirga 2010]]<br />
* [[Kabul International Airport|Hamid Karzai International Airport]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Books/Articles==<br />
* Dam, Bette. ''A Man and a Motorcycle'', Ipso Facto Publ., Sept. 2014.<br />
* Dam, Bette. "The Misunderstanding of Hamid Karzai", ''Foreign Policy'', Oc.t 3, 2014.<br />
* {{cite book |first=Joshua |last=Partlow |title=A Kingdom of Their Own: The Family Karzai and the Afghan Disaster |publisher=Knopf |year=2016 |isbn=978-0307962645 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links |b=no |s=Author:Hamid Karzai |v=no |wikt=no}}<br />
* {{Twitter|id=karzaih}}<br />
* {{facebook}}<br />
* {{Instagram|hamid.karzai}}<br />
* {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/Afghanistan/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Politicians/Karzai%2C_Hamid}}<br />
* {{C-SPAN}}<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Afghanistan]]|years=2002–2014|order=4th}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Ashraf Ghani]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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{{Hamid Karzai}}<br />
{{Presidents of Afghanistan}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Karzai, Hamid}}<br />
[[Category:Hamid Karzai| ]]<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century heads of state of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Karzai family|Hamid]]<br />
[[Category:Afghan exiles]]<br />
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Afghan anti-communists]]<br />
[[Category:Habibia High School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />
[[Category:Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War]]<br />
[[Category:Pashtun people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kandahar Province]]<br />
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-communism in Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Pashtun nationalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Afghan writers]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_You_(2023_film)&diff=413811I Love You (2023 film)2023-08-16T18:57:45Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 film directed by Nikhil Mahajan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = I Love You<br />
| image = I Love You film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| director = Nikhil Mahajan<br />
| writer = Nikhil Mahajan<br />
| based_on = <br />
| producer = Gaurav Bose<br />[[Jyoti Deshpande]]<br />Sunir Khetarpal<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]]<br />
* [[Pavail Gulati]]<br />
* [[Akshay Oberoi]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Cameron Bryson<br />
| editing = Abhijit Deshpande<br />
| music = Shor Police<br />[[Gaurav Chatterji]]<br />
| studio = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Jio Studios]]<br />
* Athena Production<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|06|16}}<br />
| runtime = 95 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
'''''I Love You''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic thriller|romantic thriller film]] written and directed by Nikhil Mahajan. Produced under the banner of [[Jio Studios]], it features [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Akshay Oberoi]] and [[Pavail Gulati]]. It was released for streaming on 16 June 2023 in [[JioCinema]].<ref name="release" >{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/ott-releases-this-week-i-love-you-rafuchakkar-extraction-2-other-web-series-and-movies-on-netflix-prime-video-hotstar-2023-06-12-875538 | title=OTT Releases This Week: Jee Karda, Rafuchakkar, Extraction 2, I Love You and other web series and movies | date=12 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Satya, a highly accomplished corporate executive, eagerly envisions a bright future with her fiancé, Vishal. However, her life takes a sudden twist when, on the verge of boarding a flight to Delhi, she finds herself inexplicably trapped within the office premises. As the night unfolds, Satya encounters a series of alarming challenges and mysteries.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Satya Prabhakar<br />
** Elisha Jeetu Jawrani as Young Satya <br />
* [[Pavail Gulati]] as Rakesh Oberoi<br />
* [[Akshay Oberoi]] as Vishal Kapoor<br />
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Anthony<br />
* Prateek Pachori as Watchman<br />
* Sharad Jadhav as Driver Mishra Ji<br />
* Shivani Singh as Neha; Satya's friend<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was announced by [[Jio Studios]] featuring [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Akshay Oberoi]] and [[Pavail Gulati]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/bombay-high-court-refuses-stay-release-film-i-love-you-copyright-infringement-suit-lions-gate | title=Bombay High Court refuses to stay release of film 'I Love You' in copyright infringement suit by Lions Gate | date=14 June 2023 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film started in 2022 and was wrapped in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rakul-preet-singh-on-shooting-for-i-love-you-for-a-week-i-was-a-complete-zombie/03cee26cb4517 | title=Rakul Preet Singh on shooting for I Love You: 'I was a complete zombie' }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/web-series/news/hindi/last-scene-of-i-love-you-was-shot-outside-shah-rukh-khans-mannat-nikhil-mahajan/articleshow/100998275.cms | title=Last scene of 'I Love You' was shot outside Shah Rukh Khan's Mannat: Nikhil Mahajan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film's teaser was released on 2 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/first-look-of-i-love-you-is-out-rakul-preet-singh-and-pavail-gulatis-thriller-will-give-you-chills-2388277-2023-06-03 | title=First look of I Love You is out. Rakul Preet Singh and Pavail Gulati's thriller will give you chills }}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 8 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-pavail-gulatis-i-love-you-is-not-the-romantic-story-you-think-it-is-watch-trailer-8652116/ | title=Rakul Preet Singh and Pavail Gulati's I Love You is not the romantic story you think it is. Watch trailer | date=8 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film digitally premiered on 16 June 2023 on [[JioCinema]].<ref name="release" /> [[Rakul Preet Singh]] promoted the film on [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/bigg-boss-ott-2-rakul-preet-singh-to-join-salman-khan-for-weekend-ka-vaar-23294252 | title='Bigg Boss OTT 2': Rakul Preet Singh to join Salman Khan for 'Weekend Ka Vaar' | date=25 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = I Love You<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Shor Police and [[Gaurav Chatterji]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 16 June 2023<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 14:06<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| misc = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's music is composed by Shor Police and [[Gaurav Chatterji]].<br />
<br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| total_length = 14:06<br />
| title_width = 35%<br />
| lyrics_width = <br />
| music_width = <br />
| extra_width = 35%<br />
| title1 = Hai Tu<br />
| lyrics1 = Ginny Diwan<br />
| music1 = [[Gaurav Chatterji]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]]<br />
| length1 = 3:08<br />
| title2 = Yeh Nazar<br />
| lyrics2 = Hussain Haidry<br />
| music2 = Shor Police<br />
| extra2 = [[Adnan Sami]]<br />
| length2 = 3:50<br />
| title3 = Salamat Rahe<br />
| lyrics3 = Hussain Haidry<br />
| music3 = Shor Police<br />
| extra3 = [[Bhoomi Trivedi]]<br />
| length3 = 3:23<br />
| title4 = Rihaa Rihaa<br />
| lyrics4 = Hussain Haidry<br />
| music4 = Shor Police<br />
| extra4 = [[Shalmali Kholgade]]<br />
| length4 = 3:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right; width:20%; font-size:80%; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0;" cellpadding="0"<br />
!colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;"|Professional reviews<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="background:#d1dbdf; font-size:120%;"|Review scores<br />
|-<br />
!Source<br />
!Rating<br />
|-<br />
|[[Firstpost]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/i-love-you-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-and-pavail-gulatis-film-wont-be-loved-back-12749932.html | title=Rakul Preet Singh and Pavail Gulati's 'I Love You' movie review | date=17 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|1.5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindustan Times]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-love-you-movie-telugu-review-rakul-preet-singh-psycho-thriller-movie-streaming-on-jio-cinema-ott-review-121687132783390.html | title=I Love You Movie Review: ఐ లవ్ యూ మూవీ రివ్యూ - రకుల్ ప్రీత్ సింగ్ సైకో థ్రిల్లర్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? }}</ref><br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|Leisure Byte<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/i-love-you-review-pavail-gulati-rakul-preet-singh/ | title=I Love You Review: Pavail Gulati and Rakul Preet Singh Own This Predictable Romantic Thriller | date=16 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|3|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-i-love-you-on-jiocinema-movie-review-pavail-gulati-shines-bright-in-rakul-preet-singh-s-terribly-outdated-and-predictable-hostage-drama-movie_reviews-297686|title='I Love You' On JioCinema Movie Review: Pavail Gulati Shines Bright In Rakul Preet Singh's Terribly Outdated And Predictable Hostage Drama}}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|1|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[OTT Play]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/i-love-you-review-rakul-preet-singh-and-pavail-gulatis-stalking-drama-fails-in-paying-ode-to-90s-shah-rukh-khan/6adc4f4a95937 | title=I Love You review: 'Stalking drama' fails in paying ode to the 90s SRK }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|1.5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rediff.com]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/i-love-you-review/20230616.htm | title=I Love You Review: Forgettable! }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|1|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Hindu]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-love-you-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-is-trapped-in-an-inane-thriller/article66976273.ece | title='I Love You' movie review: Rakul Preet Singh is trapped in an inane thriller | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Times of India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/i-love-you/ottmoviereview/101043993.cms | title=I Love You Review : Rakul Preet Singh and Pavail Gulati stand out in this violent love story | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|3|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Hindi films of 2023]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/i-love-you/3762797 ''I Love You''] on [[JioCinema]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:I Love You (2023 film)}}<br />
[[Category:2020s Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inder_Kumar_Gujral&diff=413810Inder Kumar Gujral2023-08-16T18:56:39Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Prime Minister of India from 1997 to 1998}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Inder Kumar Gujral<br />
| image = Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Gujral in 1997<br />
| office = 12th [[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
| president = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br />[[K. R. Narayanan]]<br />
| vicepresident = [[K. R. Narayanan]] <br /> [[Krishan Kant]]<br />
| term_start = 21 April 1997<br />
| term_end = 19 March 1998<br />
| predecessor = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
| successor = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| office2 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]<br />
| term_start2 = 21 April 1997<br />
| term_end2 = 1 May 1997<br />
| primeminister2 = Himself<br />
| predecessor2 = [[P. Chidambaram]]<br />
| successor2 = [[P. Chidambaram]]<br />
| office3 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]<br />
| primeminister3 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />Himself<br />
| term_start3 = 1 June 1996<br />
| term_end3 = 19 March 1998<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Sikander Bakht]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| primeminister4 = [[V. P. Singh]]<br />
| term_start4 = 5 December 1989<br />
| term_end4 = 10 November 1990<br />
| predecessor4 = [[V. P. Singh]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]<br />
| office5 = 22th [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start5 = June 1996<br />
| term_end5 = November 1996<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Sikander Bakht]]<br />
| successor5 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
| term_start6 = April 1997<br />
| term_end6 = March 1998<br />
| predecessor6 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Sikander Bakht]]<br />
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency7 = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]<br />
| termstart7 = {{Start date|1998||}}<br />
| termend7 = {{End date|1999||}}<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Darbara Singh (speaker)|Darbara Singh]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Balbir Singh (Jalandhar politician)|Balbir Singh]]<br />
| constituency8 = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]<br />
| termstart8 = {{Start date|1989||}}<br />
| termend8 = {{End date|1991||}}<br />
| predecessor8 = [[Rajinder Singh Sparrow]]<br />
| successor8 = Yash<br />
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| constituency9 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br />
| termstart9 = {{Start date|8 July 1992||}}<br />
| termend9 = {{End date|2 March 1998||}}<br />
| constituency10 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]<br />
| termstart10 = {{Start date|3 April 1964||}}<br />
| termend10 = {{End date|2 April 1976||}}<br />
| office11 = [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]<br />
| termstart11 = 1976<br />
| termend11 = 1980<br />
| predecessor11 = [[Durga Prasad Dhar]]<br />
| successor11 = V. K. Ahuja<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1919|12|04}}<ref>''Matters of Discretion'' – An autobiography by I. K. Gujral</ref><br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2012|11|30|1919|12|04}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sohawa Tehsil|Pari Darveza]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)}}<br />
| death_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
{{Infobox person|embed=yes|monuments=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Samata Sthal]]}}<br />
| party = {{bulleted list|[[Indian National Congress]] (1964–1988)|[[Janata Dal]] (1988–1998)|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1998–2012)}}<br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sheila Gujral]]|1945| 2011|end=d}}<br />
| children = 2, including [[Naresh Gujral]]<br />
| father = [[Avtar Narain Gujral]]<br />
| relatives = [[Satish Gujral]] (brother)<br />
| alma_mater = [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|D.A.V. College]],<br />[[Hailey College of Commerce]]<br />[[Forman Christian College University]]<br />[[Panjab University]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Inder Kumar Gujral''' (4 December 1919 – 30 November 2012) was an Indian diplomat, politician and freedom activist who served as the [[List of prime ministers of India|12th prime minister of India]] from April 1997 to March 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/ |title=Shri Inder Kumar Gujral}}</ref><br />
<br />
Born in [[Punjab]], he was influenced by nationalistic ideas as a student, and joined the [[All India Students Federation]] and the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was imprisoned for taking part in the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]]. After independence, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] party in 1964, and became a [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<br />
<br />
He was the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]]. In 1976, he was appointed the [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]. In 1996, he became the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] in the [[Deve Gowda ministry]], and developed the [[Gujral doctrine]] during this period. He was appointed the 12th [[Prime Minister of India]] in 1997. His tenure lasted for less than a year.<br />
<br />
He retired from all political positions in 1998. He died in 2012 at the age of 92, following hospitalization due to a [[Lower respiratory tract infection|lung infection]].<br />
<br />
==Early and personal life==<br />
<br />
=== Family ===<br />
Inder Kumar Gujral was born on 4 December 1919 in a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us - IndiaInfoline|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/contactus|access-date=2020-08-06|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=2014-05-07|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref> to [[Avtar Narain Gujral|Avtar Narain]] and Pushpa Gujral in the village of Pari Darveza in the [[Sohawa Tehsil]] of the [[Jhelum District]] in [[Punjab Province (British India)|undivided Punjab]] in [[British Raj|British India]], which is in present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. He studied at [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|D.A.V. College]], [[Hailey College of Commerce]] and [[Forman Christian College University|Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]], all affiliated with the [[University of the Punjab]]. He was a member of [[All India Students Federation]]. He also participated in the [[Indian independence movement]],<ref name="pioneer">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121201/main1.htm |title=Ex-Prime Minister IK Gujral dies at 92 |publisher=Tribune India |date=1 December 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> and was jailed in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="indep">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/indian-intrigue-on-hold-as-pm-is-sworn-in-1268624.html|title= Indian intrigue on hold as PM is sworn in|last=McGirk|first=Jan|date=22 April 1997|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=25 January 2010|location=India}}</ref> As a student, he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="dna"/> He also has two sisters, Uma Nanda and Sunita Judge. On 26 May 1945, Inder Kumar Gujral married [[Sheila Gujral]] (24 January 1924 – 11 July 2011)<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/| title = Shri Inder Kumar Gujral {{!}} Prime Minister of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhXmEYWHDHYC&q=Shiela+Gujral+1924&pg=PA133 |title = International Who's Who in Poetry 2004|isbn = 9781857431780|last1 = Publications|first1 = Europa|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2011-07-12|title=Sheila Gujral passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sheila-gujral-passes-away/article2219383.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and had two sons, [[Naresh Gujral]] (born 19 May 1948), who is a Rajya Sabha MP, and Vishal Gujral. IK Gujral's younger brother [[Satish Gujral]] was a world-renowned painter and sculptor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satish Gujral, renowned artist and architect, dies at 94|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/27/satish-gujral-renowned-artist-and-architect-dies-at-94.html|access-date=2020-06-13|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
Gujral's hobbies included poetry;<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/former-prime-minister-ik-gujral-passes-away/article4150486.ece |title=Business Line: News: Architect of 'Gujral Doctrine' is no more |work=Business Line |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> he spoke [[Urdu]] and was, after his death, eulogised as a lover of the language by [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], an institution where he held the position of chancellor.<ref name="UrduUni">{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/urdu-university-pays-tributes-its-first-chancellor-gujral |title=Urdu university pays tributes to its first chancellor Gujral |work=The Siasat Daily |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> His wife [[Sheila Gujral]], an acclaimed poet, died on 11 July 2011 after an illness. The couple had two sons, Naresh, who is a [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] MP in the [[Rajya Sabha]],<ref name=ie-nomore>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sheila-gujral-no-more/816038/ |title=Sheila Gujral no more |work=The Indian Express |date=11 July 2011|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref> and Vishal. The couple also have two granddaughters and a grandson.<br />
<br />
==Early politics==<br />
Gujral became vice-president of the [[New Delhi Municipal Committee]] in 1958,<ref>{{cite web |title=NMDC History |url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNdmc/History.aspx |publisher=NMDC |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215025220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNdmc/History.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref> and joined the Congress party ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) in 1964.<ref name="et"/> He was close to [[Indira Gandhi]], and became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] in April 1964. During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] of June 1975, Gujral was [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]], where he was in charge of the media during a time of [[censorship in India]] and was in charge of [[Doordarshan]]. He again was selected to the Rajya Sabha to serve until 1976. He also served as Water Resources Minister. Later, Gujral was appointed [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]<ref name="pioneer"/> by Indira Gandhi and stayed on during the tenures of [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]].<ref name="dna"/> He was rumoured to have been shunted out of the ministry due to conflicts with the prime minister's son, [[Sanjay Gandhi]],<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=zeenews>{{cite news|title=Former PM IK Gujral cremated with full state honours|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/former-pm-ik-gujral-to-be-given-state-funeral-today_813934.html|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=Zee News|date=2 December 2012}}</ref> over media censorship,<ref name="et"/> and was replaced by [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], who had no qualms following party lines on the matter; he was then moved to the Planning Ministry.<ref name="dna"/><br />
<br />
==Janata Dal==<br />
Gujral resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]] party in the 1980s. Then he joined the [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=punjabnews>{{cite news|title=Remembering IK Gujral|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/12319-Remembering-IK-Gujral--.aspx|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=Punjab News Express|date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203062843/http://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/12319-Remembering-IK-Gujral--.aspx|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> In the [[1989 Indian general election]], Gujral was elected from [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. He served as Minister of External Affairs in Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]]'s [[11th cabinet of India 1989|eleventh cabinet of India]]. In 1989, Singh sent him to [[Srinagar]] to negotiate with the perpetrators of the [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]].<ref name="pioneer"/> He also brought about controversy during the [[Gulf War]] when he hugged [[Saddam Hussein]] as a show-of-good-faith to ensure Indian [[expatriate]]s would be safe.<ref name="et"/> In the [[1991 Indian general election]], Gujral contested from [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]] in [[Bihar]]. However, the election was countermanded<ref name="pioneer"/> following complaints of 'irregularities'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/lalu-introduced-gujral-as-gujjar-to-the-people-of-patna |title=Lalu introduced Gujral as 'Gujjar' to the people of Patna |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203062813/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/lalu-introduced-gujral-as-gujjar-to-the-people-of-patna |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1992, Gujral was selected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] with the help of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref name="pioneer"/><br />
<br />
Subsequent to the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 election]], when the [[United Front (India)|United Front]] government was formed under the premiership of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], Gujral was again named Minister of External Affairs.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=punjabnews/> During this tenure, he developed the '[[Gujral Doctrine]]' which emphasised better relations with India's neighbours and was refined when he became prime minister.<ref name="dna"/> He also served as Union Minister or Minister of State of several other portfolios—Communications and Parliamentary Affairs, Information and Broadcasting, Works and Housing and Planning.<ref name=dailybhaskar>{{cite news|title=RIP IK Gujral: A look at the man who gave India 'Gujral doctrine'|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-rip-ik-gujral-a-look-at-the-man-who-gave-india-gujral-doctrine-4094844-NOR.html|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=Daily Bhaskar|date=30 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Indian National Congress]] party had been supporting the United Front government from outside, but citing its wish to have the incumbent prime minister replaced, decided to withdraw support;<ref name="et">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inder-kumar-gujral-dead-but-his-doctrine-still-relevant/articleshow/17433487.cms |title=Inder Kumar Gujral dead, but his doctrine still relevant – The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> this led to the government's collapse in April 1997. To avoid mid-term elections, a compromise was reached: the INC agreed to support another United Front government under a new leader, provided its concerns—such as not being consulted before taking important decisions and being marginalised—were addressed. The United Front elected Gujral as its new leader, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister on 21 April 1997.<br />
<br />
==Prime Minister (1997–1998)==<br />
Gujral became prime minister as the consensus candidate between others that included [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]];<ref name="dp">{{cite web |author=Former PM IK Gujral passes away |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/112347-former-pm-ik-gujral-passes-away.html |title=Former PM IK Gujral passes away|work=Daily Pioneer|date=28 August 2011|access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> his government was supported by the INC from outside. In the early weeks of his tenure, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] asked for permission from the [[Governor of Bihar]], [[A. R. Kidwai]], to prosecute the state Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav in a corruption case related to the [[Fodder Scam]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/the-legacy-of-inder-kumar-gujral-299303|title=The legacy of Inder Kumar Gujral|publisher= NDTV| access-date= 2 December 2012}}</ref> a move that Kidwai sanctioned. Even legal scholars said that Yadav could not escape prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.in/news/may/01fodder.htm|title=Laloo's fate sealed, legal experts assure Gujral|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217223614/http://www.rediff.in/news/may/01fodder.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, the demand for the resignation of Yadav was raised both from within and outside the United Front. United Front and [[Telugu Desam Party]] leader [[Chandrababu Naidu]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] General Secretary [[Harkishen Singh Surjeet]] called for action against Yadav and for the resignation of other RJD members;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/news/jun/18bihar.htm |title=Get tough on Laloo Yadav, Gujral told |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218001032/http://www.rediff.in/news/jun/18bihar.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> while the same was said by JD members [[Sharad Yadav]], H. D. Deve Gowda and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] who called for the dismissal of accused RJD members [[Kanti Singh]], [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]] and Captain Jai Narain Nishad. Though INC chairperson [[Sitaram Kesri]] offered minor calls for Yadav's resignation, Yadav then offered Gujral support to run from any Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar to get his support. Gujral, however, was silent on the matter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/19guj.htm |title=Gujral caught in JD-RJD crossfire |publisher=Rediff |date=19 December 1997 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> but later controversially transferred the CBI director Joginder Singh, who was investigating the case against Yadav, and replaced him with R. C. Sharma, who said Gujral would directly control the CBI and that the pace of investigating many sensational cases "will definitely slacken now."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/01cbi2.htm |title=Go easy on politicians, sensitive investigations, govt tells new CBI chief |publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> However, Yadav was still expelled from the party by JD leader Sharad Yadav, before forming his own [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rashtriya-janata-dal-(rjd)/1/116997.html|title=Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) : Parties, News – India Today|work=India Today|date=19 October 2010|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><br />
[[File:President of India Shankar Dayal Sharma administering the oath of office of Prime Minister of India to Shri I. K. Gujral at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|left|thumb|President of India [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] administering the oath of office of Prime Minister of India to Shri I. K. Gujral at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]]]<br />
Another controversial decision of his government was its recommendation of [[President's rule]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1997. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) Uttar Pradesh government, headed by [[Kalyan Singh]], sought a vote of confidence after violence and unruly scenes took place in the assembly. However, President [[K.R. Narayanan]] refused to sign the recommendation and sent it back to the government for reconsideration.<ref name="pioneer"/> The [[Allahabad High Court]] also gave a decision against President's rule in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/news/1996/1912up.htm |title=Allahabad high court declares President's rule in UP 'unconstitutional' |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218004307/http://www.rediff.in/news/1996/1912up.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> He also resisted signing the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]].<ref name="et"/><br />
<br />
On 28 August 1997, the [[Jain Commission]] report was submitted to the government<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/08jain.htm |title=Panel to study Jain commission report on Rajiv killing |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> and was leaked on 16 November.<ref name="Jai1999">{{cite book |author=Rajiv Jai |title=Political Trends: Revival of Two Party System in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNVfuDxIO0EC&pg=PA21 |access-date=2 December 2012 |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Regency Publ |isbn=978-81-86030-16-5 |pages=21}}</ref> The commission had inquired into the conspiracy aspects of the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] assassination and reportedly criticised the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/(docid)/CAB2A53CCB05F9A065256942002E3D21 |title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning The Dmk The Inquiry Into Rajiv Gandhi's Killing Indicts The Dmk For Colluding With The Ltte |publisher=CSCS Archive |access-date=2 December 2012}}{{dead link |date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> amongst others such as the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] government, for tacitly supporting Tamil militants accused in Gandhi's assassination. The DMK was part of the ruling coalition at the center and had ministers in the Union Cabinet. The Congress first demanded the tabling of the report on the floor of the parliament, which was refused by Gujral, who feared a battle between the DMK and the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] would lead to the DMK's withdrawal from the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/30jain.htm |title=Jain Commission report may upset UF applecart |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Gujral later formed a Joint Parliamentary Committee to study the report after informing Sitaram Keshri of the decision, to which Keshri acceded. INC parliamentary party leader [[Sharad Pawar]] said they would call for the resignation of anyone implicated in the report. Gujral convened the government to inform them of the updates and said it supported the DMK. The DMK's Industry Minister [[Murasoli Maran]] said: "We are part of the United Front. We will stand and fall together. I am hundred per cent confident of that. If it were so easy to break the United Front, then it will be called the disunited front. No one is going to ditch their colleagues for a few loaves of power. We have no reason to quit at all. The report is full of recycled news. There is nothing startling about it, everybody already knows what the report is saying. A Madras court is expected to give its verdict on a criminal case on the assassination on January 28. Let us wait till then to know who was involved in the dastardly act. Until then, all this is disinformation." However, the Tamil Maanila Congress called for the DMK, which was in a coalition government in [[Tamil Nadu]], to share all actions it would undertake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/18cong.htm|title=Joint Parliamentary Committee on Jain panel report to bail out Gujral|publisher=Rediff|date=17 November 1997|access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218061715/http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/18cong.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> The report was tabled on 20 November 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1424/14240140.htm |title=Karunanidhi hits back |publisher=Front Line |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> On the same day there were angry scenes in parliament, as the INC then called for the DMK's removal from the cabinet and refused to partake in any parliamentary debate until that happened. Speaker [[P.A. Sangma]] then adjourned the house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/20cong.htm|title=Only a miracle will save Gujral |publisher=Rediff |date=20 November 1997 |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218072551/http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/20cong.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> The INC finally withdrew support from his government on 28 November<ref name="nytquit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/29/world/premier-of-india-quits-deepening-political-bedlam.html |title=Premier of India quits, deepening political bedlam |last=Burns |first=John F |date=29 November 1997 |work=The New York Times |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> after Gujral sent Kesri a letter saying he would not dismiss any DMK leaders. Gujral resigned following the withdrawal, and sent a letter to President [[K. R. Narayanan]] that read: "My government has lost its majority and does not want to continue in office on moral grounds", but did not call for the dissolution of parliament. The president accepted the resignation, but asked for Gujral to stay on in an interim capacity. INC General Secretary [[Oscar Fernandes]] then said: "All the secular parties are welcome to support a government which will be attempted by the Congress." The United Front's leader Chandrababu Naidu got the support of all the constituents saying they would neither support the INC nor the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], as did the TMC, saying they would not allow a "U.P.-like situation to happen in the centre." In similar measure, BJP leader [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] said the party would "throttle" INC attempts to form a new government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/28uf.htm |title=Congress withdraws support to UF govt; PM resigns |publisher=Rediff |date=29 November 1997 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The president then dissolved parliament on 4 December,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNVfuDxIO0EC&q=jain+commission+congress+resign&pg=PA21|title=Political Trends: Revival of Two Party System in India – Rajiv Jai|access-date=2 December 2012|isbn=9788186030165|last1=Jai|first1=Rajiv|year=1999}}</ref> triggering a [[snap election]].<br />
<br />
Gujral was the third PM to be from the [[Rajya Sabha]], following [[Indira Gandhi]] (January 1966 - March 1969)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/inder-kumar-gujral-pm-who-governed-from-rajya-sabha/1/235422.html|title=Inder Kumar Gujral: PM who governed from the Rajya Sabha|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> and [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] (June 1996 - April 1997). They were followed by [[Manmohan Singh]] (May 2004 - May 2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/dr-manmohan-singh-2/|title=Dr. Manmohan Singh {{!}} Prime Minister of India|website=www.pmindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a Prime minister, Gujral had a practice of reserving Friday mornings for meeting the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Gujral shakes a weary head: Distressing, most distressing... |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/18gujral.htm |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><br />
[[File:The Minister of Information & Broadcasting and Culture, Shri S. Jaipal Reddy releasing Volume VI of the Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai in New Delhi on April 20, 2005.jpg|thumb|Gujral as [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].]]<br />
<br />
==Gujral Doctrine==<br />
The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India's [[SAARC|immediate neighbours]], notably [[Pakistan]], as spelt out by Gujral.<ref name="pioneer"/> The doctrine was later termed as such by journalist Bhabani Sen Gupta in his article, ''India in the Twenty First Century'' in [[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]. These principles are, as he set out at [[Chatham House]] in September 1996 (which he later reiterated at the [[Bandaranaike Centre for International Studies]]):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idsa.in/askanexpert/GujralDoctrine%3F |title=Anil Kumar Reddy asked: What is Gujral Doctrine |publisher=IDSA |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = The United Front Government's neighbourhood policy now stands on five basic principles: First, with the neighbours like Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity but gives all that it can in good faith and trust. Secondly, no South Asian country will allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region. Thirdly, none will interfere in the internal affairs of another. Fourthly, all South Asian countries must respect each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. And finally, they will settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. These five principles, scrupulously observed, will, I am sure, recast South Asia's regional relationship, including the tormented relationship between India and Pakistan, in a friendly, cooperative mould.<br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 400px<br />
}}<br />
<br />
He wrote in his autobiography of the doctrine: "The logic behind the Gujral Doctrine was that since we had to face two hostile neighbours in the north and the west, we had to be at 'total peace' with all other immediate neighbours in order to contain Pakistan's and China's influence in the region."<ref name="dna">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujral-the-man-behind-the-raw-doctrine-that-set-india-behind_1771985 |title=Gujral, the man behind the raw doctrine that set India behind – India – DNA |date=December 2012 |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following a series of attacks throughout the 2000s, said by the Indian media and government to have originated from and been planned in Pakistan, culminating with the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Gujral Doctrine was criticised by the Indian media. Following the attack, ''[[India Today]]'' said that targeted, covert strikes against Pakistani organisations such as [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] were a "capability that I.K. Gujral dismantled as prime minister over a decade ago will take over a year to rebuild."<ref name=indiatoday08>{{cite news |title=India"s Al Qaeda |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/India%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s%20Al%20Qaeda/3/22426.html |access-date=1 December 2012 |newspaper=India Today |date=22 December 2008 |author=Sandeep Unnithan |author2=Ramesh Vinayak}}</ref> The major setback of the Gujral Doctrine is said to be the debilitating impact it had on the R&AW's ([[Research and Analysis Wing]]) ability to conduct operations in [[Pakistan]]. On his orders Pakistan's special operations desk of R&AW was shut down leading to major gaps in India's intelligence capabilities. Analysts have time and again blamed this as the foremost factor for India's "intelligence failure" before the [[Kargil War]] commenced. It is said that this was because of Gujral's negligence towards such repercussions and his urge to leave an imprint on Indo-Pak relations that he did this.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujral, the man behind the raw doctrine that set India behind |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujral-the-man-behind-the-raw-doctrine-that-set-india-behind-1771985 |agency=DNA India |date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> However, it was also praised in the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/oct/30diplo1.htm |title=B G Verghese says the Gujral doctrine is the only thing that will work in India's relations with its neighbours |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=Vidya Subrahmaniam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ik-gujral-author-of-key-foreign-policy-doctrine-dies-at-92/article4152559.ece |title=Today's Paper News : I.K. Gujral, author of key foreign policy doctrine, dies at 92 |work=The Hindu |date=December 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24online.com/gujral-doctrine-a-milestone-in-indias-foreign-policy_LatestNews24_6518.aspx |title=Gujral Doctrine a milestone in India's foreign policy |publisher=News24online.com |date=4 December 1919 |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410073539/http://news24online.com/gujral-doctrine-a-milestone-in-indias-foreign-policy_latestnews24_6518.aspx/ |archive-date=10 April 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The snap [[1998 Indian general election|election was held in February–March 1998]]. Gujral contested again from Jalandhar as Janata Dal candidate with the support of the Shiromani Akali Dal. The Akali Dal, though a part of BJP-led coalition, opted to support Gujral because during his Prime Ministerial tenure, Gujral declared that the central government will share the expenses against the [[insurgency in Punjab]] during the 1980s and early 1990s, along with the state government of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="pioneer"/><br />
<br />
Gujral was a member of the [[Club de Madrid]] after his tenure as the Prime Minister ended.<br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying floral tributes at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, in New Delhi on December 01, 2012.jpg|thumb|Former [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Manmohan Singh]] paying floral tribute to Gujral.]]<br />
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari paying floral tributes at the Samadhi of former Prime Minister, Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, on his death anniversary, in Delhi on November 30, 2013.jpg|thumb|Former [[Vice President of India]] [[Hamid Ansari]] giving tribute to Gujral on his first death Anniversary (2013).]]<br />
Gujral was admitted at [[Medanta]] Hospital in Gurgaon, Haryana (part of the [[National Capital Region]]), on 19 November 2012, after being diagnosed with a [[lung infection]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/former-pm-ik-gujral-admitted-to-gurgaon-hospital-for-lung-infection-534644.html|title=Former PM, IK Gujral admitted to Gurgaon hospital for lung infection|date=25 November 2012|access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> He had had a serious chest infection a few days before being admitted to the hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/294296/i-k-gujral-stable-critical.html|title=I. K. Gujral stable but critical|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> following more than a year of [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]].<ref name="dp" /> His health deteriorated in the hospital and was reported to be "very critical". On 27 November, he fell unconscious and his urine output system stopped working. Gujral died on 30 November 2012, four days before his 93rd birthday.<ref name="deathfirstpost">{{cite news|title=Firstpost Politics India's diplomatic politician and former PM IK Gujral passes away|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/indias-diplomatic-politician-and-former-pm-ik-gujral-passes-away-540767.html|newspaper=[[First Post (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/india/former-pm-i-k-gujral-passes-away-48871.html|title=Former Prime Minister I.K.Gujral Passes Away|work=The Times of India|date=30 November 2012|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/former-pm-ik-gujral-passes-away/20121130.htm|title=Former PM I K Gujral passes away|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> His body [[Lying in state|lay in state]] at his official residence, 5 Janpath, until noon the next day. The [[Government of India]] declared a seven-day period of state mourning and cancelled official functions until 6 December. He was given a state funeral at 15:00 on 1 December<ref name="pioneer" /> near [[Samta sthal|Samata Sthal]]. His death was announced to parliament by Home Minister [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]], following which both houses adjourned. On 3 December, condolence references were held for him.<ref name="dp" /><br />
<br />
Reactions came from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]],<ref name="pioneer" /> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/former-prime-minister-i-k-gujral-was-a-scholar-statesman-pm-299573|title=Former Prime Minister I K Gujral was a "scholar-statesman": PM|newspaper=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and RJD chairman [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bihar-government-declares-three-day-mourning-on-i-k-gujral-s-death-299597|title= Bihar government declares three-day mourning on I K Gujral's death|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> Other immediate reactions came from MPs: Law Minister [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]], [[Veerappa Moily]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]. Minister for New and Renewable Energy [[Farooq Abdullah]] offered his condolences and said Gujral was "a politician, a diplomat and a humanist who would be remembered for his many accomplishments in the diplomatic and political arena;" while Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilisers [[Srikant Kumar Jena]] said Gujral had an "exceptional personality, courage and intellect" and that: "Today we feel extremely saddened on the demise of former Prime Minister Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, who was a man of exceptional courage and intellect."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/farooq-abdullah-srikant-jena-give-tributes-to-gujral-recall-gujral-doctrine |title=Farooq Abdullah, Srikant Jena give tributes to Gujral, recall ''Gujral doctrine'' |publisher=MSN |date=31 December 1999 |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203200113/http://news.in.msn.com/national/farooq-abdullah-srikant-jena-give-tributes-to-gujral-recall-gujral-doctrine |archive-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Union Cabinet issued a statement that read: "In his death, India has lost a great patriot, a visionary leader and a freedom fighter." INC chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] wrote to Gujral's son, MP [[Naresh Gujral]]: "...the late leader had the ability to win goodwill and friendship across the political spectrum. It is these qualities and the genuine warmth of his personality that made him such a widely admired and respected Prime Minister of India, MP and ambassador."<ref name="thehindu1" /> Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] sent a message to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in which he wrote: "Shri Gujral was ahead of his times in a rapidly globalising world. Sri Lanka will always remember with gratitude, Shri I K Gujral's contribution towards strengthening India-Sri Lanka relations and regional cooperation." Pakistani Prime Minister [[Raja Parvez Ashraf]] mentioned Gujral's "admirable role" in boosting [[India-Pakistan relations]], while he also said South Asia had lost a noble and distinguished politician. Bangladesh Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] sent an unnamed senior leader of her [[Awami League]] party for the funeral.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24online.com/gujral-was-ahead-of-his-times-rajapaksa_LatestNews24_6572.aspx |title=Gujral was ahead of his times: Rajapaksa |publisher=News24online.com |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129090008/http://news24online.com/gujral-was-ahead-of-his-times-rajapaksa_LatestNews24_6572.aspx |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> [[Salman Khurshid]] and [[Lal Krishna Advani]] were amongst the dignitaries at his funeral.<!--NDTV--><br />
<br />
== Global policy ==<br />
Along with his brother [[Satish Gujral]], he was one of the signatories of the Agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.10 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.afb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.afb.org}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status= |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 2020 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Gujral on a 2020 stamp of India]]<br />
Gujral has received several accolades and honours:<br />
<br />
===State honours===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 width="350px" | Decoration<br />
! width="100px" | Country<br />
! width="100px" | Date<br />
! width="300px" | Note<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Noribbon.svg|100x100px]]<br />
| '''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation War Honour]]'''<br />
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| 21 October 2012<br />
| The second-highest honour of Bangladesh awarded to foreign dignitaries.<br />
|<ref>[http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=254652 Grateful to you all: PM tells 61 friends of Liberation War from abroad] ''The Daily Star''.</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Autobiography==<br />
[[File:Prime Minister I. K. Gujral presenting a book to President K. R. Narayanan, 1998.jpg|thumb]]<br />
* ''[[Matters of Discretion]]'', I. K. Gujral, Hay House, India, 519 pages, Feb. 2011. {{ISBN|978-93-8048-080-0}}. Distributors: [http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/category/Autobiography_Biography_Memoir/Matters_of_Discretion_9789380480800.aspx Penguin books, India].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|display=Inder Kumar Gujral|wikt=no|c=Inder Kumar Gujral|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=I. K. Gujral|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q248484|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}<br />
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* {{Citation|title=Inder Kumar Gujral|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/|publisher=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]]}}<br />
* {{OL author}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm1588368}}<br />
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[[Category:1919 births]]<br />
[[Category:2012 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Gujral administration]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jhelum]]<br />
[[Category:Prime Ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi people]]<br />
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Pahari Pothwari people]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers for Information and Broadcasting of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers for External Affairs of India]]<br />
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[[Category:Ministers for Corporate Affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dementia&diff=413809Dementia2023-08-16T18:53:41Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Long-term brain disorders causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior}}<br />
{{about|the cognitive disorder}}<br />
{{pp-pc}}<br />
{{redirect-multi|2|Senile|Demented}}<br />
{{Infobox medical condition (new)<br />
| name = Dementia<br />
| synonyms = Senility,<ref name="medline2021">{{cite web |title=Dementia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/dementia.html |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> senile dementia<br />
| image = File:A man diagnosed as suffering from acute dementia. Lithograph Wellcome L0026694.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Lithography]] of a man diagnosed with dementia in the 1800s<br />
| field = [[Neurology]], [[psychiatry]]<br />
| symptoms = Decreased ability to [[think]] and remember, emotional problems, problems with [[language]], decreased [[motivation]]<ref name="WHO2022"/><br />
| complications = Poor nutrition, pneumonia, inability to perform self-care tasks, personal safety challenges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dementia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013 |website=mayoclinic.org |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=June 5, 2022}}</ref><br />
| onset = Gradual<ref name="WHO2022"/><br />
| duration = Long term<ref name="WHO2022"/><br />
| causes = [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[vascular disease]], [[Lewy body disease]] and [[frontotemporal lobar degeneration]].<ref name="WHO2022"/><br />
| risks = <br />
| diagnosis = [[Cognitive testing]] ([[Mini-Mental State Examination]])<ref name=Creavin/><br />
| differential = [[Delirium]], [[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="NICE2">{{cite web |title=Differential diagnosis dementia |url=https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/dementia/diagnosis/differential-diagnosis/ |website=NICE |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hales RE |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry|date=2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-1-58562-257-3|page=311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RzFWRIAsPAC&pg=PA311|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908004600/https://books.google.com/books?id=2RzFWRIAsPAC&pg=PA311|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><br />
| prevention = Early education, prevent high blood pressure, prevent [[obesity]], no smoking, social engagement<ref name="Lancet2020"/><br />
| treatment = [[Supportive care]]<ref name="WHO2022"/><br />
| medication = [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s (small benefit)<ref name=Comm2012/><br />
| prognosis = <br />
| frequency = 55 million (2021)<ref name="WHO2022"/><br />
| deaths = 2.4&nbsp;million (2016)<ref name=GBD2019>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols E, Szoeke CE, Vollset SE, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, etal | collaboration = GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 88–106 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30497964 | pmc = 6291454 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4 }}</ref><br />
| alt = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dementia''' is the general name for a decline in cognitive abilities that impacts a person's ability to do [[activities of daily living|everyday activities]]. This typically involves problems with [[memory]], [[thinking]], and [[behavior]]. Aside from memory impairment and a [[thought disorder|disruption in thought patterns]], the most common symptoms include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and decreased [[motivation]].<ref name="WHO2022">{{cite web |title=Dementia |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia |website=www.who.int |access-date=26 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The symptoms may be described as occurring in a [[continuum (measurement)|continuum]] over several stages.<ref name="Bathini" />{{efn|[[Prodome|Prodromal]] subtypes of delirium-onset [[dementia with Lewy bodies]] have been proposed as of 2020.<ref name=McKeithFerman2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=McKeith IG, Ferman TJ, Thomas AJ, et al.|title=Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies |journal=Neurology |volume=94 |issue=17 |pages=743–755 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32241955 |pmc=7274845 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000009323|type= Review}}</ref>}} Dementia ultimately has a significant effect on the individual, [[caregiver]]s, and on social relationships in general.<ref name="WHO2022"/> A diagnosis of dementia requires the observation of a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater [[cognitive]] decline than what is caused by normal [[aging]].<ref name="Memory Loss">{{cite book | vauthors = Budson A, Solomon P |title=Memory loss : a practical guide for clinicians|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=[Edinburgh?]|isbn=978-1-4160-3597-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48HAK0HOF6cC&pg=PR10}}</ref><br />
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Several diseases and injuries to the brain such as a stroke can give rise to dementia. However, the most common cause is [[Alzheimer's disease]], a [[neurodegenerative disorder]].<ref name="WHO2022"/> The [[DSM-5|''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'' (DSM-5)]], has re-described dementia as either a [[DSM-5#Neurocognitive disorders|mild or major neurocognitive disorder]] with varying degrees of severity and many [[Etiology|causative]] subtypes. The [[International Classification of Diseases]] ([[ICD-11]]) also classes dementia as a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) with many forms or subclasses.<ref name="ICD11A">{{cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f546689346 |website=icd.who.int |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> Dementia is listed as an acquired brain syndrome, marked by a decline in cognitive function, and is contrasted with [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name="DementiaUK">{{Cite web|title=What is mixed dementia|url=https://www.dementiauk.org/understanding-dementia/types-and-symptoms/mixed-dementia/|access-date=2020-12-13|website=[[Dementia UK]]}}</ref> Dementia is also described as a spectrum of disorders with causative subtypes of dementia based on a known disorder, such as [[Parkinson's disease]], for [[Parkinson's disease dementia]]; [[Huntington's disease]], for Huntington's disease dementia; [[vascular disease]], for [[vascular dementia]]; [[HIV infection]], causing [[HIV dementia]]; [[frontotemporal lobar degeneration]] for [[frontotemporal dementia]]; or [[Lewy body disease]] for [[dementia with Lewy bodies]], and [[prion disease]]s.<ref name="Wilson1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson H, Pagano G, Politis M |title=Dementia spectrum disorders: lessons learnt from decades with PET research |journal=J Neural Transm (Vienna) |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=233–251 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30762136 |pmc=6449308 |doi=10.1007/s00702-019-01975-4 |url=}}</ref> Subtypes of neurodegenerative dementias may also be based on the underlying pathology of misfolded proteins such as [[Synucleinopathy|synucleinopathies]], and [[Tauopathy|tauopathies]].<ref name="Wilson1"/> More than one type of dementia existing together is known as [[mixed dementia]].<ref name="DementiaUK"/><br />
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Many neurocognitive disorders may be caused by another medical condition or disorder that includes brain tumours, and [[subdural hematoma]]; [[endocrine disorder]]s such as [[hypothyroidism]], and [[hypoglycemia]]; [[nutritional deficiencies]] including [[thiamine]], and [[niacin]]; infections, immune disorders, liver or kidney failure, [[metabolic disorder]]s such as [[Kufs disease]], and some [[leukodystrophies]], and [[neurological disorder]]s such as [[epilepsy]], and [[multiple sclerosis]]. Some of the neurocognitive deficits may sometimes show improvement with treatment of the medical condition.<ref name="DSM5a">{{cite book | author = American Psychiatric Association |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/641|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|edition=5th|location=Washington, DC|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/591 591–603]}}</ref><br />
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Diagnosis is usually based on [[Medical history|history of the illness]] and [[cognitive testing]] with [[Neuroimaging|imaging]]. [[Blood test]]s may be taken to rule out other possible causes that may be reversible, such as [[hypothyroidism]] (an underactive thyroid), and to determine the dementia subtype. One commonly used [[cognitive test]] is the [[Mini-Mental State Examination]]. The greatest risk factor for developing dementia is [[Aging brain|aging]], however dementia is not a normal part of aging. Many people aged 90 and above show no signs of dementia.<ref name="NIHa2022">{{cite web |title=The Dementias: Hope Through Research {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/patient-caregiver-education/hope-through-research/dementias-hope-through-research?search-term=Vascular%20dementia |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> Several risk factors for dementia, such as smoking and [[obesity]], are preventable by lifestyle changes. [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] the general older population for the disorder is not seen to affect the outcome.<ref name="Lin"/><br />
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Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death worldwide and has 10 million new cases reported every year (one every ~3 seconds).<ref name="WHO2022"/> There is no known [[cure]] for dementia. [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s such as [[donepezil]] are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disorder. The overall benefit, however, may be minor. There are many measures that can improve the quality of life of people with dementia and their caregivers. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|Cognitive and behavioral interventions]] may be appropriate for treating associated symptoms of depression.<ref name="Cochrane2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orgeta V, Leung P, Del-Pino-Casado R, Qazi A, Orrell M, Spector AE, Methley AM | title = Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2022 | issue = 4 | pages = CD009125 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35466396 | pmc = 9035877 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009125.pub3 }}</ref><br />
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== Signs and symptoms ==<br />
[[File:A woman diagnosed as suffering from chronic dementia. Colour Wellcome L0026688.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7| A drawing of a woman diagnosed with dementia]]<br />
[[File:An old man diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia. Colo Wellcome L0026689.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7| A drawing of an old man diagnosed with senile dementia]]<br />
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The [[signs and symptoms]] of dementia are termed as the [[neuropsychiatric symptoms]], also known as the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.<ref name="Radue">{{cite book | vauthors = Radue R, Walaszek A, Asthana S | chapter = Chapter 24 – Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia | volume = 167 | pages = 437–454 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31753148 | doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-804766-8.00024-8 | isbn = 978-0128047668 | title = Handbook of Clinical Neurology | s2cid = 208230186 }}</ref><ref name="Kales">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG | title = Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia | journal = BMJ | volume = 350 | issue = | pages = h369 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25731881 | pmc = 4707529 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h369 }}</ref> Behavioral symptoms can include [[agitation (dementia)|agitation]], restlessness, inappropriate behavior, sexual disinhibition, and aggression, which can be verbal or physical.<ref name="Sahin" /> These symptoms may result from impairments in [[cognitive inhibition]].<ref name="APAorg">{{cite web |title=Inhibition in Cognition |url=https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4318042 |website=www.apa.org |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> Psychological symptoms can include depression, [[hallucination]]s (most often visual),<ref name="medline">{{cite web |title=Hallucinations: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003258.htm |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and delusions, apathy, and anxiety.<ref name="Sahin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Şahin Cankurtaran E | title = Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia | journal = Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 303–312 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 28360647 | pmc = 5353163 | doi = 10.5152/npa.2014.7405 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Shub D, Kunik ME |title=Psychiatric Comorbidity in Persons With Dementia: Assessment and Treatment Strategies |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=26 |issue=4 |date=April 16, 2009 |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/alzheimer-dementia/article/10168/1403050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427144308/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/alzheimer-dementia/article/10168/1403050 |archive-date=April 27, 2009 }}</ref> The most commonly affected areas include [[memory]], [[visuospatial function]] affecting perception and orientation, [[language]], [[attention]] and [[problem solving]]. The rate at which symptoms progress occurs on a continuum over several stages, and they vary across the dementia subtypes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dementia – Signs and Symptoms|publisher= American Speech Language D Association|url=http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589935289&section=Signs_and_Symptoms}}</ref><ref name="Bathini" /> Most types of dementia are slowly progressive with some deterioration of the brain well established before signs of the disorder become apparent. Often there are [[comorbidity|other conditions]] present such as [[high blood pressure]], or [[diabetes]], and there can sometimes be as many as four of these [[comorbidities]].<ref name="GOVUK">{{cite web |title=Dementia: comorbidities in patients – data briefing |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dementia-comorbidities-in-patients/dementia-comorbidities-in-patients-data-briefing |website=GOV.UK |access-date=22 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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People with dementia are also more likely to have problems with incontinence: they are three times more likely to have [[Urinary incontinence|urinary]] and four times more likely to have [[fecal incontinence]] compared to people of similar ages.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=21 June 2022 |title=Continence, dementia, and care that preserves dignity |url= https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/continence-dementia-and-care-that-preserves-dignity/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_51255|s2cid=251785991 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grant RL, Drennan VM, Rait G, Petersen I, Iliffe S | title = First diagnosis and management of incontinence in older people with and without dementia in primary care: a cohort study using The Health Improvement Network primary care database | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = e1001505 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 24015113 | pmc = 3754889 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001505 | veditors = Prince MJ }}</ref><br />
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Dementia symptoms can vary widely from person to person. It affects memory, attention span, communication, reasoning, judgement, problem solving and visual perception, etc. Signs that may point to dementia include getting lost in a familiar neighborhood, using unusual words to refer to familiar objects, forgetting the name of a close family member or friend, forgetting old memories, not being able to complete tasks independently, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-19 |title=What Is Dementia? {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/aging/dementia/index.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
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== Stages ==<br />
The course of dementia is often described in four stages that show a pattern of progressive cognitive and functional impairment. However, the use of numeric scales allows for more detailed descriptions. These scales include the Global Deterioration Scale for Assessment of Primary Degenerative Dementia (GDS or Reisberg Scale), the Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST), and the [[Clinical Dementia Rating]] (CDR).<ref name="Sheehan"/> Using the GDS, which more accurately identifies each stage of the disease progression, a more detailed course is described in seven stages – two of which are broken down further into five and six degrees. Stage 7(f) is the final stage.<ref name="DCC">{{cite web |title=Seven Stages of Dementia {{!}} Symptoms, Progression & Durations |url=https://www.dementiacarecentral.com/aboutdementia/facts/stages/ |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="ALZ">{{cite web |title=Clinical Stages of Alzheimer's |url=https://www.alzinfo.org/understand-alzheimers/clinical-stages-of-alzheimers/ |website=Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation |access-date=19 December 2020 |date=29 January 2014}}</ref><br />
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===Pre-dementia===<br />
Pre-dementia states include pre-clinical and prodromal stages. The prodromal stages includes (1) mild cognitive impairment (MCI), (2) delirium-onset, and psychiatric-onset presentations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preclinical, Prodromal, and Dementia Stages of Alzheimer's Disease |url=https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-june/preclinical-prodromal-and-dementia-stages-ofalzheimers-disease |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Practical Neurology |language=en}}</ref><br />
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====Pre-clinical====<br />
Sensory dysfunction is claimed for this stage which may precede the first clinical signs of dementia by up to ten years.<ref name="Bathini"/> Most notably the [[Olfaction|sense of smell]] is lost.<ref name="Bathini">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA | title = Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 55 | pages = 100956 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31479764 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956 | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/327719/files/alb_odp.pdf | s2cid = 201742825 }}</ref><ref name="Bhatia-Dey">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhatia-Dey N, Heinbockel T |title=The Olfactory System as Marker of Neurodegeneration in Aging, Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders |journal=Int J Environ Res Public Health |volume=18 |issue=13 |date=June 2021 |page=6976 |pmid=34209997 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18136976 |pmc=8297221 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> The loss of the sense of smell is associated with depression and loss of appetite leading to poor nutrition.<ref name=Boesveldt>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boesveldt S, Parma V |title=The importance of the olfactory system in human well-being, through nutrition and social behavior |journal=Cell Tissue Res |volume=383 |issue=1 |pages=559–567 |date=January 2021 |pmid=33433688 |pmc=7802608 |doi=10.1007/s00441-020-03367-7 |url=}}</ref> It is suggested that [[Anosmia|this dysfunction]] may come about because the [[olfactory epithelium]] is exposed to the environment. The lack of [[blood–brain barrier]] protection here means that toxic elements can enter and cause damage to the [[chemosensory]] networks.<ref name="Bathini"/><br />
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====Prodromal====<br />
Pre-dementia states considered as [[prodromal]] are ''[[mild cognitive impairment]]'' (MCI), and ''mild behavioral impairment'' (MBI).<ref name=Sherman>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sherman C, Liu CS, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL |title=Prevalence, neurobiology, and treatments for apathy in prodromal dementia |journal=Int Psychogeriatr |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=177–184 |date=February 2018 |pmid=28416030 |doi=10.1017/S1041610217000527 |s2cid=46788701 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Breton">{{cite journal | vauthors = Breton A, Casey D, Arnaoutoglou NA | title = Cognitive tests for the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the prodromal stage of dementia: Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies | journal = International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–242 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30370616 | doi = 10.1002/gps.5016 | s2cid = 53097138 }}</ref><ref name="Bateman">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bateman DR, Gill S, Hu S, Foster ED, Ruthirakuhan MT, Sellek AF, Mortby ME, Matušková V, Ng KP, Tarawneh RM, Freund-Levi Y, Kumar S, Gauthier S, Rosenberg PB, Ferreira de Oliveira F, Devanand DP, Ballard C, Ismail Z |title=Agitation and impulsivity in mid and late life as possible risk markers for incident dementia |journal= Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions|volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e12016 |date=2020 |pmid=32995467 |pmc=7507499 |doi=10.1002/trc2.12016 |url=}}</ref><br />
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[[Kynurenine]] is a metabolite of [[tryptophan]] that regulates microbiome signalling, immune cell response, and neuronal excitation. A disruption in the [[kynurenine pathway]] may be associated with the neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive prognosis in mild dementia.<ref name=Cervenka>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cervenka I, Agudelo LZ, Ruas JL |title=Kynurenines: Tryptophan's metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health |journal=Science |volume=357 |issue=6349 |pages= eaaf9794|date=July 2017 |pmid=28751584 |doi=10.1126/science.aaf9794 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Solvang>{{cite journal |vauthors=Solvang SH, Nordrehaug JE, Aarsland D, et al |title=Kynurenines, Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and Cognitive Prognosis in Patients with Mild Dementia |journal=Int J Tryptophan Res |volume=12 |issue= |pages=1178646919877883 |date=2019 |pmid=31632053 |pmc=6769202 |doi=10.1177/1178646919877883 |url=}}</ref><br />
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In this stage signs and symptoms may be subtle. Often, the early signs become apparent when looking back.<ref name=ADCS>{{cite journal |vauthors=Atri A |title=The Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Spectrum: Diagnosis and Management |journal=Med Clin North Am |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=263–293 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30704681 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.009 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> 70% of those diagnosed with MCI later progress to dementia.<ref name="Memory Loss" /> In MCI, changes in the person's brain have been happening for a long time, but symptoms are just beginning to appear. These problems, however, are not severe enough to affect daily function. If and when they do, the diagnosis becomes dementia. They may have some memory trouble and trouble finding words, but they solve everyday problems and competently handle their life affairs.<ref name="hugo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hugo J, Ganguli M | title = Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = Clinics in Geriatric Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 421–442 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25037289 | pmc = 4104432 | doi = 10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001 }}</ref> During this stage, it is ideal to ensure that advance care planning has occurred to protect the wishes of the person. Advance directives which are specific to dementia exist,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advance Directive for Dementia |url=https://dementia-directive.org/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Advance Directive for Dementia |language=en-US}}</ref> which can be particularly helpful in addressing the decisions related to feeding which come with the progression of the illness.<br />
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Mild cognitive impairment has been relisted in both [[DSM-5]], and [[ICD-11]], as mild neurocognitive disorders – milder forms of the major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) subtypes.<ref name="DSM5">{{cite book | author = American Psychiatric Association |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/591|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|edition=5th|location=Washington, DC|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/591 591–603]}}</ref><br />
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=== Early ===<br />
In the early stage of dementia, symptoms become noticeable to other people. In addition, the symptoms begin to interfere with daily activities, and will register a score on a [[Mini-Mental State Examination]] (MMSE). MMSE scores are set at 24 to 30 for a normal cognitive rating and lower scores reflect severity of symptoms. The symptoms are dependent on the type of dementia. More complicated chores and tasks around the house or at work become more difficult. The person can usually still take care of themselves but may forget things like taking pills or doing laundry and may need prompting or reminders.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dementia care at a glance| vauthors = Jenkins C, Ginesi L, Keenan B |isbn=978-1-118-85998-8|location=Chichester, West Sussex|oclc=905089525|year = 2016}}</ref><br />
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The symptoms of early dementia usually include memory difficulty, but can also include some [[anomic aphasia|word-finding problems]], and problems with [[executive functions]] of planning and organization.<ref>{{cite journal |author5-link=Martin Rossor | vauthors = Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Warren JD | title = Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias | journal = Brain | volume = 131 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 8–38 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17947337 | pmc = 2373641 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awm251 }}</ref> Managing finances may prove difficult. Other signs might be getting lost in new places, repeating things, and personality changes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Islam M, Mazumder M, Schwabe-Warf D, Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Terracciano A | title = Personality Changes With Dementia From the Informant Perspective: New Data and Meta-Analysis | journal = Journal of the American Medical Directors Association | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–137 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30630729 | pmc = 6432780 | doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.004 }}</ref><br />
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In some types of dementia, such as dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia, personality changes and difficulty with organization and planning may be the first signs.<ref>{{cite web | title = Diagnosing Lewy Body Dementia | publisher = National Institute on Aging | url = https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/diagnosing-lewy-body-dementia | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><br />
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=== Middle ===<br />
As dementia progresses, initial symptoms generally worsen. The rate of decline is different for each person. MMSE scores between 6–17 signal moderate dementia. For example, people with moderate Alzheimer's dementia lose almost all new information. People with dementia may be severely impaired in solving problems, and their social judgment is usually also impaired. They cannot usually function outside their own home, and generally should not be left alone. They may be able to do simple chores around the house but not much else, and begin to require assistance for personal care and hygiene beyond simple reminders.<ref name="Memory Loss" /> A [[anosognosia|lack of insight]] into having the condition will become evident.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson RS, Sytsma J, Barnes LL, Boyle PA |title=Anosognosia in Dementia |journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=77 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27438597 |doi=10.1007/s11910-016-0684-z|s2cid=3331009 }}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sunderaraman P, Cosentino S |title=Integrating the Constructs of Anosognosia and Metacognition: a Review of Recent Findings in Dementia |journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=27 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28283961 |doi=10.1007/s11910-017-0734-1|pmc=5650061 }}</ref><br />
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=== Late ===<br />
People with late-stage dementia typically turn increasingly inward and need assistance with most or all of their personal care. Persons with dementia in the late stages usually need 24-hour supervision to ensure their personal safety, and meeting of basic needs. If left unsupervised, they may [[Wandering (dementia)|wander]] or fall; may not recognize common dangers such as a hot stove; or may not realize that they need to use the bathroom and become [[Urinary incontinence|incontinent]].<ref name=hugo/> They may not want to get out of bed, or may need assistance doing so. Commonly, the person no longer recognizes familiar faces. They may have significant changes in sleeping habits or have trouble sleeping at all.<ref name="Memory Loss" /><br />
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Changes in eating frequently occur. Cognitive awareness is needed for eating and swallowing and progressive cognitive decline results in eating and [[dysphagia|swallowing difficulties]]. This can cause food to be refused, or choked on, and help with feeding will often be required.<ref name="Payne">{{cite journal | vauthors = Payne M, Morley JE | title = Editorial: Dysphagia, Dementia and Frailty | journal = The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 562–565 | date = 1 May 2018 | pmid = 29717753 | doi = 10.1007/s12603-018-1033-5 | s2cid = 13753522 | doi-access = free }}</ref> For ease of feeding, food may be liquidized into a thick purée. They may also struggle to walk, particularly among those with [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="Sala Della et al. 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Della Sala S, Spinnler H, Venneri A | title = Walking difficulties in patients with Alzheimer's disease might originate from gait apraxia | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 196–201 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14742586 | pmc = 1738895 | url = https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/75/2/196.full.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/75/2/196.full.pdf | archive-date = 2022-10-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mc Ardle R, Galna B, Donaghy P, Thomas A, Rochester L | title = Do Alzheimer's and Lewy body disease have discrete pathological signatures of gait? | journal = Alzheimer's & Dementia | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 1367–1377 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31548122 | doi = 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4953 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mental, physical and speech abilities in later stages of dementia |url=https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/how-dementia-progresses/mental-and-physical-activities |website=Alzheimer's Society |date=29 June 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> In some cases, there is a [[paradoxical lucidity]] immediately before death, where there is an unexpected recovery of mental clarity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mashour|first1=George A.|last2=Frank|first2=Lori|last3=Batthyany|first3=Alexander|last4=Kolanowski|first4=Ann Marie|last5=Nahm|first5=Michael|last6=Schulman-Green|first6=Dena|last7=Greyson|first7=Bruce|last8=Pakhomov|first8=Serguei|last9=Karlawish|first9=Jason|last10=Shah|first10=Raj C.|date=2019-06-19|title=Paradoxical lucidity: A potential paradigm shift for the neurobiology and treatment of severe dementias|journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia|volume=15|issue=8|pages=1107–1114|doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.002|pmid=31229433|issn=1552-5260|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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==Causes==<br />
Many causes of dementia are [[neurodegenerative]], and [[proteopathy|protein misfolding]] is a cardinal feature of these.<ref name=Chung>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung CG, Lee H, Lee SB |title=Mechanisms of protein toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases |journal=Cell Mol Life Sci |volume=75 |issue=17 |pages=3159–3180 |date=September 2018 |pmid=29947927 |pmc=6063327 |doi=10.1007/s00018-018-2854-4 |url=}}</ref> Other common causes include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and mixed dementia (commonly Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia).<ref name="WHO2022"/>{{efn| Kosaka (2017) writes: "Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is now well known to be the second most frequent dementia following Alzheimer disease (AD). Of all types of dementia, AD is known to account for about 50%, DLB about 20% and vascular dementia (VD) about 15%. Thus, AD, DLB, and VD are now considered to be the three major dementias."<ref>{{cite book|veditors= Kosaka K |editor-link= Kenji Kosaka (psychiatrist)|date=2017 |title= Dementia with Lewy bodies: clinical and biological aspects|edition= 1st |publisher= Springer: Japan |doi= 10.1007/978-4-431-55948-1 |isbn= 978-4-431-55948-1|s2cid= 45950966}}</ref><!-- Page v --> The NINDS (2020) says that Lewy body dementia "is one of the most common causes of dementia, after Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease."<ref name= NINDS2020Book>{{cite web|title=Lewy body dementia: Hope through research |url= https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Lewy-Body-Dementia-Hope-Through-Research |website= National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |publisher = US National Institutes of Health |access-date= March 18, 2020 |date= January 10, 2020}}</ref> Hershey (2019) says, "DLB is the third most common of all the neurodegenerative diseases behind both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hershey LA, Coleman-Jackson R |title=Pharmacological management of dementia with Lewy dodies |journal=Drugs Aging |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=309–319 |date=April 2019 |pmid=30680679 |pmc=6435621 |doi=10.1007/s40266-018-00636-7 |type= Review}}</ref><!-- Page 309 -->}}<ref name="JAMA"/> Less common causes include [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[Parkinson's disease dementia]], [[syphilis]], [[HIV dementia|HIV]], and [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gauthier S | title = Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease | date = 2006 | publisher = Informa Healthcare | location = Abingdon, Oxon | isbn = 978-0-203-93171-4 | pages = 53–54 | edition = 3rd | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a221hX4WuwUC&pg=PA54|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503111047/https://books.google.com/books?id=a221hX4WuwUC&pg=PA54|archive-date=2016-05-03}}</ref><br />
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=== Alzheimer's disease ===<br />
{{Main|Alzheimer's disease}}[[File:Alzheimers brain.jpg|thumb|Brain [[atrophy]] in severe Alzheimer's]] Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60–70% of cases of dementia worldwide. The most common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are [[Short-term memory|short-term memory loss]] and [[Anomic aphasia|word-finding difficulties]]. Trouble with [[visuospatial function]]ing (getting lost often), reasoning, judgment and [[insight]] fail. Insight refers to whether or not the person realizes they have memory problems.<br />
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The part of the brain most affected by Alzheimer's is the [[hippocampus]]. Other parts that show [[atrophy]] (shrinking) include the [[Temporal lobe|temporal]] and [[parietal lobe]]s. Although this pattern of brain shrinkage suggests Alzheimer's, it is variable and a brain scan is insufficient for a diagnosis. The relationship between general [[anesthesia]] and Alzheimer's in [[elderly people]] is unclear.{{Clarify|date=March 2022|reason=why?}}<br />
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Little is known about the events that occur during and that actually cause Alzheimer's disease. This is due to the fact that brain tissue from patients with the disease can only be studied after the person's death. However, it is known that one of the first aspects of the disease is a dysfunction in the gene that produces [[amyloid]]. Extracellular senile plaques (SPs), consisting of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that are formed by hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, are two well-established pathological hallmarks of AD.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Wu Y, Saks D, Wander Wall R, Fitzhenry MJ, Basavarajappa D, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Haynes PA, Graham SL, Mirzaei M | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease – a proteomics perspective | journal = Expert Review of Proteomics | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 295–304 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33874826 | doi = 10.1080/14789450.2021.1918550 | s2cid = 233310698 }}</ref> Amyloid causes [[inflammation]] around the [[Amyloid plaques|senile plaques of the brain]], and too much build up of this inflammation leads to changes in the brain that cannot be controlled, leading to the symptoms of Alzheimer's.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wenk GL | title = Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 64 | issue = Suppl 9 | pages = 7–10 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12934968 | url = http://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/article/pages/2003/v64s09/v64s0902.aspx }}</ref><br />
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=== Vascular ===<br />
{{Main|Vascular dementia}}<br />
Vascular dementia accounts for at least 20% of dementia cases, making it the second most common type.<ref name=pmid24267647>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iadecola C | title = The pathobiology of vascular dementia | journal = Neuron | volume = 80 | issue = 4 | pages = 844–66 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24267647 | pmc = 3842016 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.008 }}</ref> It is caused by disease or injury affecting the [[cerebral circulation|blood supply to the brain]], typically involving a series of [[mini-stroke]]s. The symptoms of this dementia depend on where in the brain the strokes occurred and whether the blood vessels affected were large or small.<ref name="Memory Loss"/> Repeated injury can cause progressive dementia over time, while a single injury located in an area critical for cognition such as the hippocampus, or thalamus, can lead to sudden cognitive decline.<ref name=pmid24267647 /> Elements of vascular dementia may be present in all other forms of dementia.<ref name=Baskys>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskys A, Cheng JX |title=Pharmacological prevention and treatment of vascular dementia: approaches and perspectives |journal=Exp Gerontol |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=887–91 |date=November 2012 |pmid=22796225 |doi=10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.002 |s2cid=1153876 |url=}}</ref><br />
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[[Neuroimaging|Brain scans]] may show evidence of multiple strokes of different sizes in various locations. People with vascular dementia tend to have risk factors for [[vascular disease|disease of the blood vessels]], such as [[Cigarette smoking|tobacco use]], [[high blood pressure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[Hypercholesterolemia|high cholesterol]], [[diabetes]], or other signs of vascular disease such as a previous heart attack or [[angina]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vascular dementia – Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378793|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Lewy bodies ===<br />
The prodromal symptoms of [[dementia with Lewy bodies]] (DLB) include [[mild cognitive impairment]], and [[delirium]] onset.<ref name="McKeith">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKeith IG, Ferman TJ, Thomas AJ, et al |title=Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies |journal=Neurology |volume=94 |issue=17 |pages=743–755 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32241955 |pmc=7274845 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000009323 |url=}}</ref><br />
The symptoms of DLB are more frequent, more severe, and earlier presenting than in the other dementia subtypes.<ref name="Jurek">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jurek L, Herrmann M, Bonze M et al.|title=Behavioral and psychological symptoms in Lewy body disease: a review |journal= Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement|volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=87–95 |date=1 March 2018 |pmid=29569570 |doi=10.1684/pnv.2018.0723 }}</ref><br />
Dementia with Lewy bodies has the primary symptoms of fluctuating cognition, alertness or attention; [[REM sleep behavior disorder]] (RBD); one or more of the main features of [[parkinsonism]], not due to medication or stroke; and repeated visual hallucinations.<ref name= McKeithConsensus2017>{{cite journal |vauthors=McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al |title=Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium |journal=Neurology |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=88–100 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28592453 |pmc=5496518 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058 |type=Review}}</ref> The visual hallucinations in DLB are generally vivid hallucinations of people or animals and they often occur when someone is about to fall asleep or wake up. Other prominent symptoms include problems with planning (executive function) and difficulty with visual-spatial function,<ref name="Memory Loss" /> and disruption in [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic bodily functions]].<ref name= Taylor2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor JP, McKeith IG, Burn DJ et al |title=New evidence on the management of Lewy body dementia |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=157–69 |date=February 2020 |pmid=31519472 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30153-X |pmc=7017451 |type= Review }} Courtesty link available [https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/36535/Management%20Lewy%20body%20dementia_versionsubmittedtoTLNwithappendix.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y here.]</ref> Abnormal sleep behaviors may begin before cognitive decline is observed and are a core feature of DLB.<ref name= McKeithConsensus2017/> RBD is diagnosed either by sleep study recording or, when sleep studies cannot be performed, by medical history and validated questionnaires.<ref name= McKeithConsensus2017/><br />
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=== Parkinson's disease ===<br />
[[Parkinson's disease]] is a [[Lewy body disease]] that often progresses to [[Parkinson's disease dementia]] following a period of dementia-free Parkinson's disease.<ref name=Gomperts>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gomperts SN |title=Lewy Body Dementias: Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease Dementia |journal=Continuum (Minneap Minn) |volume=22 |issue=2 Dementia |pages=435–63 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27042903 |pmc=5390937 |doi=10.1212/CON.0000000000000309|type=Review}}</ref><br />
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=== Frontotemporal ===<br />
{{Main|Frontotemporal dementia}}<br />
Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) are characterized by drastic personality changes and language difficulties. In all FTDs, the person has a relatively early social withdrawal and early lack of insight. Memory problems are not a main feature.<ref name="Memory Loss" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finger EC | title = Frontotemporal Dementias | journal = Continuum | volume = 22 | issue = 2 Dementia | pages = 464–489 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27042904 | pmc = 5390934 | doi = 10.1212/CON.0000000000000300 }}</ref> There are six main types of FTD. The first has major symptoms in personality and behavior. This is called [[Frontotemporal dementia#Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia|behavioral variant FTD]] (bv-FTD) and is the most common. The hallmark feature of bv-FTD is [[Impulsivity|impulsive behavior]], and this can be detected in pre-dementia states.<ref name="Bateman" /> In bv-FTD, the person shows a change in personal hygiene, becomes rigid in their thinking, and rarely acknowledges problems; they are socially withdrawn, and often have a drastic increase in appetite. They may become socially inappropriate. For example, they may make inappropriate sexual comments, or may begin using pornography openly. One of the most common signs is [[apathy]], or not caring about anything. Apathy, however, is a common symptom in many dementias.<ref name="Memory Loss" /><br />
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Two types of FTD feature [[aphasia]] (language problems) as the main symptom. One type is called semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (SV-PPA). The main feature of this is the loss of the meaning of words. It may begin with difficulty naming things. The person eventually may lose the meaning of objects as well. For example, a drawing of a bird, dog, and an airplane in someone with FTD may all appear almost the same.<ref name="Memory Loss" /> In a classic test for this, a patient is shown a picture of a pyramid and below it a picture of both a palm tree and a pine tree. The person is asked to say which one goes best with the pyramid. In SV-PPA the person cannot answer that question. The other type is called non-fluent agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (NFA-PPA). This is mainly a problem with producing speech. They have trouble finding the right words, but mostly they have a difficulty coordinating the muscles they need to speak. Eventually, someone with NFA-PPA only uses one-syllable words or may become totally mute.<br />
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A frontotemporal dementia associated with [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) known as (FTD-ALS) includes the symptoms of FTD (behavior, language and movement problems) co-occurring with [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (loss of motor neurons). Two FTD-related disorders are [[progressive supranuclear palsy]] (also classed as a Parkinson-plus syndrome),<ref name=PS>{{Cite web|title=Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/patient-caregiver-education/fact-sheets/progressive-supranuclear-palsy-fact-sheet#:~:text=Progressive%20supranuclear%20palsy%20(PSP)%20is,nerve%20cells%20in%20the%20brain.|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.ninds.nih.gov}}</ref><ref name=Acta2>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez G, Bayulkem K, Hallett M |title=Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): Richardson syndrome and other PSP variants |journal=Acta Neurol Scand |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=242–9 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27070344 |pmc=7292631 |doi=10.1111/ane.12546 |url=}}</ref> and [[corticobasal degeneration]].<ref name="Memory Loss" /> These disorders are tau-associated.<br />
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=== Huntington's disease ===<br />
[[Huntington's disease]] is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in a single gene ''HTT'', that encodes for [[huntingtin]] protein. Symptoms include cognitive impairment and this usually declines further into dementia.<ref name=Frank2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frank S | title = Treatment of Huntington's disease | journal = Neurotherapeutics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–60 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24366610 | pmc = 3899480 | doi = 10.1007/s13311-013-0244-z}}</ref><br />
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The first main symptoms of Huntington's disease often include:<br />
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* difficulty concentrating<br />
* memory lapses<br />
* depression - this can include low mood, lack of interest in things, or just abnormal feelings of hopelessness<br />
* stumbling and clumsiness that is out of the ordinary<br />
* mood swings, such as irritability or aggressive behavior to insignificant things<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=Huntington's disease – Symptoms |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/huntingtons-disease/symptoms/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== HIV ===<br />
{{main|HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder}}<br />
[[HIV-associated dementia]] results as a late stage from [[HIV/AIDS|HIV infection]], and mostly affects younger people.<ref name="MSD2019"/> The essential features of HIV-associated dementia are disabling cognitive impairment accompanied by motor dysfunction, speech problems and behavioral change.<ref name="MSD2019">{{cite web |title=HIV-Associated Dementia – Neurologic Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/delirium-and-dementia/hiv-associated-dementia |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref> Cognitive impairment is characterised by mental slowness, trouble with [[memory]] and poor [[concentration]]. Motor symptoms include a loss of fine motor control leading to clumsiness, poor balance and tremors. Behavioral changes may include [[apathy]], [[lethargy]] and diminished emotional responses and spontaneity. [[histopathology|Histopathologically]], it is identified by the infiltration of [[monocyte]]s and [[macrophage]]s into the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), [[gliosis]], pallor of [[myelin sheath]]s, abnormalities of [[dendritic cell|dendritic]] processes and [[neuron]]al loss.<ref name=Gray>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gray F, Adle-Biassette H, Chretien F, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Force G, Keohane C | title = Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments | journal = Clinical Neuropathology | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 146–55 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11495003 }}</ref><br />
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=== Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ===<br />
[[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]] is a rapidly progressive [[prion disease]] that typically causes dementia that worsens over weeks to months. [[Prion]]s are disease-causing pathogens created from abnormal proteins.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collinge J | title = Molecular neurology of prion disease | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 76 | issue = 7 | pages = 906–919 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15965195 | pmc = 1739714 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2004.048660 }}</ref><br />
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=== Alcoholism ===<br />
{{main|Alcohol-related dementia}}<br />
[[Alcohol-related dementia]], also called alcohol-related brain damage, occurs as a result of excessive use of alcohol particularly as a substance abuse disorder. Different factors can be involved in this development including [[thiamine deficiency]] and age vulnerability.<ref name=Ridley>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ridley NJ, Draper B, Withall A |title=Alcohol-related dementia: an update of the evidence |journal=Alzheimers Res Ther |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3 |date=2013 |pmid=23347747 |pmc=3580328 |doi=10.1186/alzrt157 }}</ref><ref name=Nunes>{{cite book |vauthors=Nunes PT, Kipp BT, Reitz NL, Savage LM |title=Late Aging Associated Changes in Alcohol Sensitivity, Neurobehavioral Function, and Neuroinflammation |chapter=Aging with alcohol-related brain damage: Critical brain circuits associated with cognitive dysfunction |series=International Review of Neurobiology |volume=148 |pages=101–168 |date=2019 |pmid=31733663 |pmc=7372724 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2019.09.002 |isbn=9780128175309 }}</ref> A degree of brain damage is seen in more than 70% of those with [[alcohol use disorder]]. Brain regions affected are similar to those that are affected by aging, and also by Alzheimer's disease. Regions showing loss of volume include the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as the cerebellum, thalamus, and hippocampus.<ref name=Nunes/> This loss can be more notable, with greater cognitive impairments seen in those aged 65 years and older.<ref name=Nunes/><br />
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=== Mixed dementia ===<br />
More than one type of dementia, known as mixed dementia, may exist together in about 10% of dementia cases.<ref name="WHO2022"/> The most common type of mixed dementia is Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is mixed dementia?|url=https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/blog/what-is-mixed-dementia|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Alzheimer's Society|language=en}}</ref> This particular type of mixed dementia's main onsets are a mixture of old age, high blood pressure, and damage to blood vessels in the brain.<ref name="DementiaUK"/><br />
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Diagnosis of mixed dementia can be difficult, as often only one type will predominate. This makes the treatment of people with mixed dementia uncommon, with many people missing out on potentially helpful treatments. Mixed dementia can mean that symptoms onset earlier, and worsen more quickly since more parts of the brain will be affected.<ref name="DementiaUK"/><br />
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=== Other ===<br />
Chronic [[inflammatory condition]]s that may affect the brain and cognition include [[Behçet's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[lupus]], [[celiac disease]], and [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]].<ref name=Schofield2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schofield P | title = Dementia associated with toxic causes and autoimmune disease | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 17 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S129–47 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16240488 | doi = 10.1017/s1041610205001997 | hdl = 1959.13/24647 | s2cid = 11864913 | type = Review | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name=RosenbloomSmith2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenbloom MH, Smith S, Akdal G, Geschwind MD | title = Immunologically mediated dementias | journal = Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 359–67 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19664365 | pmc = 2832614 | doi = 10.1007/s11910-009-0053-2 | type = Review }}</ref> These types of dementias can rapidly progress, but usually have a good response to early treatment. This consists of [[Immunotherapy|immunomodulators]] or [[steroid]] administration, or in certain cases, the elimination of the causative agent.<ref name=RosenbloomSmith2009 /> A 2019 review found no association between celiac disease and dementia overall but a potential association with vascular dementia.<ref name=ZisHadjivassiliou2019 /> A 2018 review found a link between celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity and cognitive impairment and that celiac disease may be associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]], vascular dementia, and [[frontotemporal dementia]].<ref name=MakhloufMesselmani2018>{{cite journal| vauthors=Makhlouf S, Messelmani M, Zaouali J, Mrissa R| title=Cognitive impairment in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: review of literature on the main cognitive impairments, the imaging and the effect of gluten free diet. | journal=Acta Neurol Belg | year= 2018 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 21–27 | pmid=29247390 | doi=10.1007/s13760-017-0870-z | s2cid=3943047 | type=Review }}</ref> A [[gluten-free diet|strict gluten-free diet]] started early may protect against dementia associated with [[gluten-related disorders]].<ref name=ZisHadjivassiliou2019 /><ref name=MakhloufMesselmani2018 /><br />
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Cases of easily reversible dementia include [[hypothyroidism]], [[vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency]], [[Lyme disease]], and [[neurosyphilis]]. For Lyme disease and neurosyphilis, testing should be done if risk factors are present. Because risk factors are often difficult to determine, testing for neurosyphilis and Lyme disease, as well as other mentioned factors, may be undertaken as a matter of course where dementia is suspected.<ref name="Memory Loss" />{{rp|31–32}}<br />
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Many other medical and neurological conditions include dementia only late in the illness. For example, a proportion of patients with [[Parkinson's disease]] develop dementia, though widely varying figures are quoted for this proportion.<ref name=AarslandKurz2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aarsland D, Kurz MW | title = The epidemiology of dementia associated with Parkinson disease | journal = Journal of the Neurological Sciences | volume = 289 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 18–22 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19733364 | doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.034 | type = Review | s2cid = 24541533 }}</ref> When dementia occurs in Parkinson's disease, the underlying cause may be [[dementia with Lewy bodies]] or [[Alzheimer's disease]], or both.<ref name=pmid17101891>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galvin JE, Pollack J, Morris JC | title = Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia | journal = Neurology | volume = 67 | issue = 9 | pages = 1605–1611 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17101891 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000242630.52203.8f | s2cid = 25023606 }}</ref> Cognitive impairment also occurs in the Parkinson-plus syndromes of [[progressive supranuclear palsy]] and [[corticobasal degeneration]] (and the same underlying pathology may cause the clinical syndromes of [[frontotemporal lobar degeneration]]). Although the acute [[porphyria]]s may cause episodes of confusion and psychiatric disturbance, dementia is a rare feature of these rare diseases. [[Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy]] (LATE) is a type of dementia that primarily affects people in their 80s or 90s and in which [[TDP-43]] protein deposits in the [[limbic]] portion of the brain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abbasi J | title = Debate Sparks Over LATE, a Recently Recognized Dementia | journal = JAMA | volume = 322 | issue = 10 | pages = 914–916 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31433447 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2019.12232 | s2cid = 201118832 }}</ref><br />
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[[Hereditary disorder]]s that can also cause dementia include: some [[metabolic disorder]]s such as [[lysosomal storage disorder]]s, [[Leukodystrophies#Types|leukodystrophies]], and [[spinocerebellar ataxia]]s.<br />
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== Diagnosis ==<br />
Symptoms are similar across dementia types and it is difficult to diagnose by symptoms alone. Diagnosis may be aided by [[Neuroimaging|brain scanning]] techniques. In many cases, the diagnosis requires a [[brain biopsy]] to become final, but this is rarely recommended (though it can be performed at [[autopsy]]). In those who are getting older, general screening for [[cognitive impairment]] using cognitive testing or early diagnosis of dementia has not been shown to improve outcomes.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin JS, O'Connor E, Rossom RC, Perdue LA, Eckstrom E | title = Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 159 | issue = 9 | pages = 601–612 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24145578 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00730 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin S, Kelly S, Khan A, Cullum S, Dening T, Rait G, Fox C, Katona C, Cosco T, Brayne C, Lafortune L |title=Attitudes and preferences towards screening for dementia: a systematic review of the literature |journal=BMC Geriatr |volume=15 |issue= |pages=66 |date=June 2015 |pmid=26076729 |pmc=4469007 |doi=10.1186/s12877-015-0064-6 |url=}}</ref> However, screening exams are useful in 65+ persons with memory complaints.<ref name="Memory Loss" /><br />
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Normally, symptoms must be present for at least six months to support a diagnosis.<ref name=Def>{{cite web |title=Dementia definition |url=http://www.mdguidelines.com/dementia/definition |work=MDGuidelines |publisher=Reed Group |access-date=2009-06-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629080241/http://www.mdguidelines.com/dementia/definition |archive-date=2009-06-29 }}</ref> Cognitive dysfunction of shorter duration is called ''[[delirium]]''. Delirium can be easily confused with dementia due to similar symptoms. Delirium is characterized by a sudden onset, fluctuating course, a short duration (often lasting from hours to weeks), and is primarily related to a somatic (or medical) disturbance. In comparison, dementia has typically a long, slow onset (except in the cases of a stroke or trauma), slow decline of mental functioning, as well as a longer trajectory (from months to years).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caplan JP, Rabinowitz T | title = An approach to the patient with cognitive impairment: delirium and dementia | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 94 | issue = 6 | pages = 1103–1116, ix | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20951272 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2010.08.004 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Some [[Mental disorder|mental illnesses]], including depression and [[psychosis]], may produce symptoms that must be [[Differential diagnosis|differentiated]] from both delirium and dementia.<ref name=Glea>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gleason OC | title = Delirium | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 1027–1034 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12643363 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030301/1027.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110228/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030301/1027.html | archive-date = 2007-09-29 }}</ref> These are differently diagnosed as [[pseudodementia]]s, and any dementia evaluation needs to include a depression screening such as the Neuropsychiatric Inventory or the [[Geriatric Depression Scale]].<ref name=Lai>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai CK | title = The merits and problems of Neuropsychiatric Inventory as an assessment tool in people with dementia and other neurological disorders | journal = Clinical Interventions in Aging | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 1051–1061 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25031530 | pmc = 4099101 | doi = 10.2147/CIA.S63504 }}</ref><ref name="Memory Loss" /> Physicians used to think that people with memory complaints had depression and not dementia (because they thought that those with dementia are generally unaware of their memory problems). However, researchers have realized that many older people with memory complaints in fact have mild cognitive impairment the earliest stage of dementia. Depression should always remain high on the list of possibilities, however, for an elderly person with memory trouble. Changes in thinking, hearing and vision are associated with normal ageing and can cause problems when diagnosing dementia due to the similarities.<ref name="Worrall, L. 2003 pp. 297-298">{{cite book | vauthors = Worrall L, Hickson LM | year = 2003 | chapter = Implications for theory, practice, and policy | pages = 297–298 | veditors = Worrall LE, Hickson LM | title = Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention | location = Clifton Park, NY | publisher = Delmar Learning | isbn = 978-0-7693-0015-3 }}</ref> Given the challenging nature of predicting the onset of dementia and making a dementia diagnosis clinical decision making aids underpinned by machine learning and artificial intelligence have the potential to enhance clinical practice.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = James C, Ranson JM, Everson R, Llewellyn DJ | title = Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Progression to Dementia in Memory Clinic Patients | journal = JAMA Network Open | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = e2136553 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34913981 | pmc = 8678688 | doi = 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36553 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cognitive testing ===<br />
{{See also|Cognitive inhibition|Executive dysfunction#Testing and measurement}}<br />
{| align="right" border="2"| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:15px"<br />
|+Sensitivity and specificity of common tests for dementia<br />
|-<br />
| '''Test'''<br />
| '''[[Sensitivity and specificity|Sensitivity]]'''<br />
| '''[[Sensitivity and specificity|Specificity]]'''<br />
| '''Reference'''<br />
|-<br />
| ''MMSE''<br />
| 71–92%<br />
| 56–96%<br />
|<ref name=pmid12779304>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boustani M, Peterson B, Hanson L, Harris R, Lohr KN | title = Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 138 | issue = 11 | pages = 927–937 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12779304 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-138-11-200306030-00015 | s2cid = 20779164 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''3MS''<br />
| 83–93%<br />
| 85–90%<br />
|<ref name=pmid17178826>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cullen B, O'Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA | title = A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 78 | issue = 8 | pages = 790–799 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17178826 | pmc = 2117747 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2006.095414 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''AMTS''<br />
| 73–100%<br />
| 71–100%<br />
|<ref name=pmid17178826/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Various brief [[cognitive test]]s (5–15 minutes) have reasonable reliability to screen for dementia, but may be affected by factors such as age, education and ethnicity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ranson JM, Kuźma E, Hamilton W, Muniz-Terrera G, Langa KM, Llewellyn DJ | title = Predictors of dementia misclassification when using brief cognitive assessments | journal = Neurology. Clinical Practice | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–117 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 31041124 | pmc = 6461420 | doi = 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000566 }}</ref> Age and education have a significant influence on the diagnosis of dementia. For example, Individuals with lower education are more likely to be diagnosed with dementia than their educated counterparts.<ref>Contador, I. et al. (2017) "Impact of literacy and years of education on the diagnosis of dementia:A population-based study,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 39(2), pp. 112–119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1204992.</ref> While many tests have been studied,<ref name=pmid17163083>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sager MA, Hermann BP, La Rue A, Woodard JL | title = Screening for dementia in community-based memory clinics | journal = WMJ | volume = 105 | issue = 7 | pages = 25–29 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17163083 | url = http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/issues/wmj_v105n7/sager.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100626094646/http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/issues/wmj_v105n7/sager.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2010-06-26 }}</ref><ref name=pmid17287448>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fleisher AS, Sowell BB, Taylor C, Gamst AC, Petersen RC, Thal LJ | title = Clinical predictors of progression to Alzheimer disease in amnestic mild cognitive impairment | journal = Neurology | volume = 68 | issue = 19 | pages = 1588–1595 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17287448 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000258542.58725.4c | s2cid = 9129604 }}</ref><ref name=pmid12614094>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karlawish JH, Clark CM | title = Diagnostic evaluation of elderly patients with mild memory problems | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 138 | issue = 5 | pages = 411–419 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12614094 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00011 | s2cid = 43798118 }}</ref> presently the [[mini mental state examination]] (MMSE) is the best studied and most commonly used. The MMSE is a useful tool for helping to diagnose dementia if the results are interpreted along with an assessment of a person's personality, their ability to perform activities of daily living, and their behaviour.<ref name=Creavin>{{cite journal | vauthors = Creavin ST, Wisniewski S, Noel-Storr AH, et al | title = Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD011145 | date = January 2016 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 26760674 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011145.pub2 | pmc = 8812342 | hdl = 1983/00876aeb-2061-43f5-b7e1-938c666030ab | url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/81702242/Creavin_et_al_2016_The_Cochrane_Library.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Other cognitive tests include the [[abbreviated mental test score]] (AMTS), the, ''Modified Mini-Mental State Examination'' (3MS),<ref name=pmid3611032>{{cite journal | vauthors = Teng EL, Chui HC | title = The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 48 | issue = 8 | pages = 314–318 | date = August 1987 | pmid = 3611032 }}</ref> the [[Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument]] (CASI),<ref name= pmid8054493>{{cite journal | vauthors = Teng EL, Hasegawa K, Homma A, Imai Y, Larson E, Graves A, Sugimoto K, Yamaguchi T, Sasaki H, Chiu D | display-authors = 6 | title = The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–58; discussion 62 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8054493 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610294001602 | s2cid = 25322040 }}</ref> the [[Trail-making test]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tombaugh TN | title = Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education | journal = Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–214 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15010086 | doi = 10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and the [[Executive dysfunction#Clock drawing test|clock drawing test]].<ref name="Sheehan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sheehan B |title=Assessment scales in dementia |journal=Ther Adv Neurol Disord |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=349–358 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23139705 |pmc=3487532 |doi=10.1177/1756285612455733 |url=}}</ref> The MoCA ([[Montreal Cognitive Assessment]]) is a reliable screening test and is available online for free in 35 different languages.<ref name="Memory Loss" /> The MoCA has also been shown somewhat better at detecting mild cognitive impairment than the MMSE.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H|date=April 2005|title=The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=53|issue=4|pages=695–699|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x|pmid=15817019|s2cid=9014589}}<!--|access-date=24 April 2014 --></ref><ref name="Breton"/> People with [[hearing loss]], which commonly occurs alongside dementia, score worse in the MoCA test, which could lead to a false diagnosis of dementia. Researchers have developed an adapted version of the MoCA test, which is accurate and reliable and avoids the need for people to listen and respond to questions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dawes |first=Piers |last2=Reeves |first2=David |last3=Yeung |first3=Wai Kent |last4=Holland |first4=Fiona |last5=Charalambous |first5=Anna Pavlina |last6=Côté |first6=Mathieu |last7=David |first7=Renaud |last8=Helmer |first8=Catherine |last9=Laforce |first9=Robert |last10=Martins |first10=Ralph N. |last11=Politis |first11=Antonis |last12=Pye |first12=Annie |last13=Russell |first13=Gregor |last14=Sheikh |first14=Saima |last15=Sirois |first15=Marie‐Josée |date=2023-05-01 |title=Development and validation of the Montreal cognitive assessment for people with hearing impairment ( MoCA‐H ) |url=https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18241 |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |language=en |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=1485–1494 |doi=10.1111/jgs.18241 |issn=0002-8614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-02-08 |title=How to identify dementia in people with hearing loss |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/how-to-identify-dementia-in-people-with-hearing-loss/ |journal=NIHR Evidence}}</ref> The AD-8 – a screening questionnaire used to assess changes in function related to cognitive decline – is potentially useful, but is not diagnostic, is variable, and has risk of bias.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hendry K, Green C, McShane R, Noel-Storr AH, Stott DJ, Anwer S, Sutton AJ, Burton JK, Quinn TJ | display-authors = 6 | title = AD-8 for detection of dementia across a variety of healthcare settings | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 3 | pages = CD011121 | date = March 2019 | issue = 3 | pmid = 30828783 | pmc = 6398085 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011121.pub2 }}</ref> An [[integrated cognitive assessment]] (''CognICA'') is a five-minute test that is highly sensitive to the early stages of dementia, and uses an application deliverable to an [[iPad]].<ref name="Bee">{{cite news | vauthors = Bee P |title=The five-minute test that can tell if you're on the road to dementia |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dementia-test-integrated-cognitive-awareness-cognica-x2tqx0jhd |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FDA"/> Previously in use in the UK, in 2021 CognICA was given [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA approval]] for its commercial use as a [[medical device]].<ref name="FDA">{{cite web |title=FDA Clears 5-Minute Test for Early Dementia |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/961277 |website=Medscape |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another approach to screening for dementia is to ask an informant (relative or other supporter) to fill out a questionnaire about the person's everyday cognitive functioning. Informant questionnaires provide complementary information to brief cognitive tests. Probably the best known questionnaire of this sort is the ''[[Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly]] (IQCODE)''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jorm AF | title = The Informant Questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): a review | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 275–293 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15559753 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610204000390 | s2cid = 145256616 }}</ref> Evidence is insufficient to determine how accurate the IQCODE is for diagnosing or predicting dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burton JK, Stott DJ, McShane R, Noel-Storr AH, Swann-Price RS, Quinn TJ | title = Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the early detection of dementia across a variety of healthcare settings | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 7 | pages = CD011333 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34275145 | pmc = 8406787 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011333.pub3 }}</ref> The Alzheimer's Disease Caregiver Questionnaire is another tool. It is about 90% accurate for Alzheimer's when by a caregiver.<ref name="Memory Loss" /> The ''[[General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition]]'' combines both a patient assessment and an informant interview. It was specifically designed for use in the primary care setting.<br />
<br />
Clinical neuropsychologists provide diagnostic consultation following administration of a full battery of cognitive testing, often lasting several hours, to determine functional patterns of decline associated with varying types of dementia. Tests of memory, executive function, processing speed, attention and language skills are relevant, as well as tests of emotional and psychological adjustment. These tests assist with ruling out other etiologies and determining relative cognitive decline over time or from estimates of prior cognitive abilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacova |first1=Claudia |last2=Kertesz |first2=Andrew |last3=Blair |first3=Mervin |last4=Fisk |first4=John D. |last5=Feldman |first5=Howard H. |date=October 2007 |title=Neuropsychological testing and assessment for dementia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.011 |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=299–317 |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.011 |pmid=19595951 |s2cid=40462470 |issn=1552-5260}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Laboratory tests ===<br />
Routine [[blood test]]s are usually performed to rule out treatable causes. These include tests for [[vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]], [[folic acid]], [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH), [[C-reactive protein]], [[full blood count]], [[electrolyte]]s, [[calcium in biology|calcium]], [[renal function]], and [[liver enzyme]]s. Abnormalities may suggest [[vitamin deficiency]], infection, or other problems that commonly cause confusion or disorientation in the elderly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boise L, Camicioli R, Morgan DL, Rose JH, Congleton L | title = Diagnosing dementia: perspectives of primary care physicians | journal = The Gerontologist | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 457–464 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10495584 | doi = 10.1093/geront/39.4.457 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Imaging ===<br />
A [[CT scan]] or [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scan]] is commonly performed to possibly find either [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]], a potentially reversible cause of dementia, or connected tumor. The scans can also yield information relevant to other types of dementia, such as infarction (stroke) that would point at a vascular type of dementia. These tests do not pick up diffuse metabolic changes associated with dementia in a person who shows no gross neurological problems (such as paralysis or weakness) on a neurological exam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Espino DV, Jules-Bradley AC, Johnston CL, Mouton CP | title = Diagnostic approach to the confused elderly patient | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 1358–1366 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9531917 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0315/p1358.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[functional neuroimaging]] modalities of [[SPECT]] and [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] are more useful in assessing long-standing cognitive dysfunction, since they have shown similar ability to diagnose dementia as a clinical exam and cognitive testing.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonte FJ, Harris TS, Hynan LS, Bigio EH, White CL | title = Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in the differential diagnosis of the dementias with histopathologic confirmation | journal = Clinical Nuclear Medicine | volume = 31 | issue = 7 | pages = 376–378 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16785801 | doi = 10.1097/01.rlu.0000222736.81365.63 | s2cid = 39518497 }}</ref> The ability of SPECT to differentiate vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease, appears superior to differentiation by clinical exam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dougall NJ, Bruggink S, Ebmeier KP | title = Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia | journal = The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 554–570 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15545324 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.554 | s2cid = 12375536 | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a7d5/ff2ea1aa86a8bb85050dc0e1058b745bd05f.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200713032045/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a7d5/ff2ea1aa86a8bb85050dc0e1058b745bd05f.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2020-07-13 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The value of [[Pittsburgh compound B|PiB]]-PET imaging using [[Pittsburgh compound B]] (PiB) as a [[radiotracer]] has been established in predictive diagnosis, particularly [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=Angelopoulou>{{cite journal |vauthors=Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Piperi C |title=Flotillin: A Promising Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease |journal=J Pers Med |volume=10 |issue=2 |date=March 2020 |page=20 |pmid=32225073 |pmc=7354424 |doi=10.3390/jpm10020020 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Prevention==<br />
{{Main|Prevention of dementia}}<br />
<br />
===Risk factors{{anchor|Causes}}===<br />
{{See also|Neuroplastic effects of pollution}}<br />
A 2020 review increased the number of associated risk factors for dementia;<ref name="Lancet2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al|date=August 2020|title=Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission|journal=Lancet|volume=396|issue=10248|pages=413–446|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6|pmc=7392084|pmid=32738937}}</ref> risks of over-indulgence in alcohol, traumatic brain injury, and air pollution were added to lower levels of education, [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[hearing loss]], [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[obesity]], depression, [[Physical inactivity|inactivity]], [[diabetes]], and low social contact.<ref name="Lancet2020"/> Many of these identified risk factors including, the lower level of education, smoking, physical inactivity and diabetes, are modifiable.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1783 | title=&#91;P3–563&#93;: Risk Factors for Dementia and Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults | year=2017 | last1=Huntley | first1=Jonathan D. | last2=Corbett | first2=Anne | last3=Wesnes | first3=Keith | last4=Hampshire | first4=Adam | last5=Ballard | first5=Clive | journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia | volume=13 | issue=7S_Part_24 | s2cid=53255124 | doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2022 review added [[anemia]] and sleep to modifiable risk factors.<ref> {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang YR, Xu W, Zhang W, et al |title=Modifiable risk factors for incident dementia and cognitive impairment: An umbrella review of evidence |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=314 |issue= |pages=160–167 |date=October 2022 |pmid=35863541 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.008 }}</ref> Several of the group are known ''vascular risk factors'' that may be able to be reduced or eliminated.<ref name="IRNDP">{{cite web |title=vascular risk factors and brain health |url=https://coghealth.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/English-Vascular-Risk-Factors.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://coghealth.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/English-Vascular-Risk-Factors.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> Managing these risk factors can reduce the risk of dementia in individuals in their late midlife or older age. A reduction in a number of these risk factors can give a positive outcome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ding J, Davis-Plourde KL, Sedaghat S, Tully PJ, Wang W, Phillips C, Pase MP, Himali JJ, Gwen Windham B, Griswold M, Gottesman R, Mosley TH, White L, Guðnason V, Debette S, Beiser AS, Seshadri S, Ikram MA, Meirelles O, Tzourio C, Launer LJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Antihypertensive medications and risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–70 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31706889 | pmc = 7391421 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30393-X }}</ref> The decreased risk achieved by adopting a healthy lifestyle is seen even in those with a high genetic risk.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ, Langa KM, Hyppönen E, Kuzma E, Llewellyn DJ | title = Association of Lifestyle and Genetic Risk With Incidence of Dementia | journal = JAMA | volume = 322 | issue = 5 | pages = 430–437 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31302669 | pmc = 6628594 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2019.9879 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to the above risk factors, meta-analyses indicate that there is robust evidence that other psychological traits, including personality (high [[neuroticism]], and low [[conscientiousness]]), low [[purpose in life]], and high [[loneliness]], are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aschwanden D, Strickhouser JE, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Terracciano A | title = Is personality associated with dementia risk? A meta-analytic investigation | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 67 | pages = 101269 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33561581 | pmc = 8005464 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101269 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutin AR, Aschwanden D, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Terracciano A | title = Sense of Purpose in Life Is Associated with Lower Risk of Incident Dementia: A Meta-Analysis | journal = Journal of Alzheimer's Disease | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 249–258 | year = 2021 | pmid = 34275900 | pmc = 8887819 | doi = 10.3233/JAD-210364 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luchetti M, Terracciano A, Aschwanden D, Lee JH, Stephan Y, Sutin AR | title = Loneliness is associated with risk of cognitive impairment in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe | journal = International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 35 | issue = 7 | pages = 794–801 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32250480 | pmc = 7755119 | doi = 10.1002/gps.5304 }}</ref> For example, based on the [[English Longitudinal Study of Ageing]] (ELSA), research found that loneliness in older people increased the risk of dementia by one-third. Not having a partner (being single, divorced, or widowed) doubled the risk of dementia. However, having two or three closer relationships reduced the risk by three-fifths.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |date=2020-05-27 |title=Loneliness, but not social isolation, predicts development of dementia in older people |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/loneliness-but-not-social-isolation-predicts-development-of-dementia-in-older-people/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |doi=10.3310/alert_40330|s2cid=241649845 }}</ref><ref name=":33">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rafnsson SB, Orrell M, d'Orsi E, Hogervorst E, Steptoe A | title = Loneliness, Social Integration, and Incident Dementia Over 6 Years: Prospective Findings From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 114–124 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 28658937 | pmc = 6909434 | doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbx087 | veditors = Carr D }}</ref><br />
<br />
The two most modifiable risk factors for dementia are [[physical inactivity]] and lack of cognitive stimulation.<ref name="Cheng">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng ST | title = Cognitive Reserve and the Prevention of Dementia: the Role of Physical and Cognitive Activities | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 18 | issue = 9 | pages = 85 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27481112 | pmc = 4969323 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-016-0721-2 }}</ref> Physical activity, in particular [[aerobic exercise]], is associated with a reduction in age-related brain tissue loss, and neurotoxic factors thereby preserving brain volume and neuronal integrity. Cognitive activity strengthens [[Neuroplasticity|neural plasticity]] and together they help to support [[cognitive reserve]]. The neglect of these risk factors diminishes this reserve.<ref name="Cheng"/><br />
<br />
Studies suggest that sensory impairments of vision and hearing are modifiable risk factors for dementia.<ref name=Dawes>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dawes P |title=Hearing interventions to prevent dementia |journal=HNO |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=165–171 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30767054 |pmc=6399173 |doi=10.1007/s00106-019-0617-7 |url=}}</ref> These impairments may precede the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease for example, by many years.<ref name="Panza">{{cite journal | vauthors = Panza F, Lozupone M, Sardone R, Battista P, Piccininni M, Dibello V, La Montagna M, Stallone R, Venezia P, Liguori A, Giannelli G, Bellomo A, Greco A, Daniele A, Seripa D, Quaranta N, Logroscino G | display-authors = 6 | title = Sensorial frailty: age-related hearing loss and the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in later life | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 10 | pages = 2040622318811000 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31452865 | pmc = 6700845 | doi = 10.1177/2040622318811000 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hearing loss may lead to [[social isolation]] which negatively affects cognition.<ref name=Tho2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomson RS, Auduong P, Miller AT, Gurgel RK | title = Hearing loss as a risk factor for dementia: A systematic review | journal = Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–79 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28894825 | pmc = 5527366 | doi = 10.1002/lio2.65 }}</ref> Social isolation is also identified as a modifiable risk factor.<ref name="Panza"/> Age-related hearing loss in midlife is linked to cognitive impairment in late life, and is seen as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Such hearing loss may be caused by a [[central auditory processing disorder]] that makes the understanding of speech against background noise difficult. Age-related hearing loss is characterised by slowed central processing of auditory information.<ref name="Panza"/><ref name="Hubbard">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hubbard HI, Mamo SK, Hopper T | title = Dementia and Hearing Loss: Interrelationships and Treatment Considerations | journal = Seminars in Speech and Language | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 197–210 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29933487 | doi = 10.1055/s-0038-1660779 | s2cid = 49383232 }}</ref> Worldwide, mid-life hearing loss may account for around 9% of dementia cases.<ref name="Ford">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ford AH, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L, Almeida OP | title = Hearing loss and the risk of dementia in later life | journal = Maturitas | volume = 112 | pages = 1–11 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29704910 | doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.004 | s2cid = 13998812 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Evidence suggests that [[frailty syndrome|frailty]] may increase the risk of cognitive decline, and dementia, and that the inverse also holds of cognitive impairment increasing the risk of frailty. Prevention of frailty may help to prevent cognitive decline.<ref name="Panza"/><br />
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A 2018 review however concluded that no medications have good evidence of a preventive effect, including blood pressure medications.<ref name="Pharmacologic Interventions to Prev">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink HA, Jutkowitz E, McCarten JR, Hemmy LS, Butler M, Davila H, Ratner E, Calvert C, Barclay TR, Brasure M, Nelson VA, Kane RL | display-authors = 6 | title = Pharmacologic Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Clinical Alzheimer-Type Dementia: A Systematic Review | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 168 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–51 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29255847 | doi = 10.7326/M17-1529 | s2cid = 24193907 }}</ref> A 2020 review found a decrease in the risk of dementia or cognitive problems from 7.5% to 7.0% with blood pressure lowering medications.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hughes D, Judge C, Murphy R, Loughlin E, Costello M, Whiteley W, Bosch J, O'Donnell MJ, Canavan M | display-authors = 6 | title = Association of Blood Pressure Lowering With Incident Dementia or Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 323 | issue = 19 | pages = 1934–1944 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32427305 | pmc = 7237983 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.4249 }}</ref><br />
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Economic disadvantage has been shown to have a strong link to higher dementia prevalence,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arapakis K, Brunner E, French E, McCauley J | title = Dementia and disadvantage in the USA and England: population-based comparative study | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = e045186 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34615672 | pmc = 8496387 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045186 }}</ref> which cannot yet be fully explained by other risk factors.<br />
<br />
===Dental health===<br />
Limited evidence links poor oral health to cognitive decline. However, failure to perform tooth brushing and gingival inflammation can be used as dementia risk predictors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Daly B, Thompsell A, Sharpling J, Rooney YM, Hillman L, Wanyonyi KL, White S, Gallagher JE | title = Evidence summary: the relationship between oral health and dementia | journal = British Dental Journal | volume = 223 | issue = 11 | pages = 846–853 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29192686 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.992 | s2cid = 19633523 | url = https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/8739213/Evidence_summary_the_relationship_between_oral_health_and_dementia_post_print.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Oral bacteria====<br />
The link between Alzheimer's and [[periodontal disease|gum disease]] is [[Oral microbiology#Oral bacteria|oral bacteria]].<ref name="Miklossy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miklossy J | title = Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer's disease | journal = Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience | volume = 7 | pages = 46 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25932012 | pmc = 4399390 | doi = 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00046 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In the oral cavity, bacterial species include ''[[Porphyromonas gingivalis|P. gingivalis]]'', ''[[Fusobacterium nucleatum|F. nucleatum]]'', ''[[Prevotella intermedia|P. intermedia]]'', and ''[[Tannerella forsythia|T. forsythia]]''. Six oral treponema [[spirochete]]s have been examined in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.<ref name = "Olsen_2015" /> Spirochetes are neurotropic in nature, meaning they act to destroy nerve tissue and create inflammation. Inflammatory pathogens are an indicator of Alzheimer's disease and bacteria related to gum disease have been found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.<ref name="Olsen_2015" /> The bacteria invade nerve tissue in the brain, increasing the permeability of the [[blood–brain barrier]] and promoting the onset of Alzheimer's. Individuals with a plethora of tooth plaque risk cognitive decline.<ref name="BDJ_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Can poor oral health lead to dementia? | journal = British Dental Journal | volume = 223 | issue = 11 | pages = 840 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29243693 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.1064 | s2cid = 25898592 }}</ref> Poor oral hygiene can have an adverse effect on speech and nutrition, causing general and cognitive health decline.<br />
<br />
====Oral viruses====<br />
[[Herpes simplex virus]] (HSV) has been found in more than 70% of those aged over 50. HSV persists in the peripheral nervous system and can be triggered by stress, illness or fatigue.<ref name = "Olsen_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olsen I, Singhrao SK | title = Can oral infection be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease? | journal = Journal of Oral Microbiology | volume = 7 | pages = 29143 | date = 2015-09-17 | pmid = 26385886 | pmc = 4575419 | doi = 10.3402/jom.v7.29143 }}</ref> High proportions of viral-associated proteins in [[Senile plaques|amyloid plaques]] or [[neurofibrillary tangle]]s (NFTs) confirm the involvement of HSV-1 in Alzheimer's disease pathology. NFTs are known as the primary marker of Alzheimer's disease. HSV-1 produces the main components of NFTs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carter CJ | title = Alzheimer's disease plaques and tangles: cemeteries of a pyrrhic victory of the immune defence network against herpes simplex infection at the expense of complement and inflammation-mediated neuronal destruction | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 58 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–320 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21167244 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.003 | s2cid = 715832 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Diet===<br />
Diet is seen to be a modifiable risk factor for the development of dementia. Thiamine deficiency is identified to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease in adults.<ref>Gibson, GE, Hirsch, JA, Fonzetti, P, et al. (2016) Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1367, 21–30</ref> The role of thiamine in brain physiology is unique and essential for the normal cognitive function of older people.<ref>Butterworth, RF (2003) Thiamin deficiency and brain disorders. Nutr Res Rev 16, 277–284.</ref> Many dietary choices of the elderly population, including the higher intake of gluten-free products, compromise the intake of thiamine as these products are not fortified with thiamine.<ref>Hoffman, R. (2016). Thiamine deficiency in the Western diet and dementia risk. British Journal Of Nutrition, 116(1), 188–189.</ref><br />
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The [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean]] and [[DASH diet|DASH]] diets are both associated with less cognitive decline. A different approach has been to incorporate elements of both of these diets into one known as the [[MIND diet]].<ref name=Acta1>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M |title=Nutritional prevention of cognitive decline and dementia |journal=Acta Biomed |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=276–290 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29957766 |pmc=6179018 |doi=10.23750/abm.v89i2.7401 |url=}}<br />
</ref> These diets are generally low in saturated fats while providing a good source of carbohydrates, mainly those that help stabilize blood sugar and insulin levels.<ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Goodman B |title=Diet Affects Markers of Alzheimer's Disease|url=https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20110613/diet-affects-markers-of-alzheimers-disease|access-date=2020-12-13|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> Raised [[blood sugar level]]s over a long time, can damage nerves and cause memory problems if they are not managed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=Memory loss can be caused by a number of factors, from short term causes such as low blood sugar or medication side effects to long term health issues such as dementia.|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-complications/diabetes-and-memory-loss.html|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nutritional factors associated with the proposed diets for reducing dementia risk include [[unsaturated fatty acid]]s, [[vitamin E]], [[vitamin C]], [[flavonoid]]s, [[vitamin B]], and [[vitamin D]].<ref name = "Cao_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cao L, Tan L, Wang HF, Jiang T, Zhu XC, Lu H, Tan MS, Yu JT | display-authors = 6 | title = Dietary Patterns and Risk of Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies | journal = Molecular Neurobiology | volume = 53 | issue = 9 | pages = 6144–6154 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 26553347 | doi = 10.1007/s12035-015-9516-4 | s2cid = 8188716 | oclc = 6947867710 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Canevelli M, Lucchini F, Quarata F, Bruno G, Cesari M | title = Nutrition and Dementia: Evidence for Preventive Approaches? | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 144 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26959055 | pmc = 4808873 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030144 | publisher = [[MDPI]] | oclc = 8147564576 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A study conducted at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom seems to have confirmed these findings with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats creating an optimum diet that can help reduce the risk of dementia by roughly 25%.<ref name="Shannon">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shannon OM, Ranson JM, Gregory S, Macpherson H, Milte C, Lentjes M, Mulligan A, McEvoy C, Griffiths A, Matu J, Hill TR, Adamson A, Siervo M, Minihane AM, Muniz-Tererra G, Ritchie C, Mathers JC, Llewellyn DJ, Stevenson E |title=Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with lower dementia risk, independent of genetic predisposition: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study |journal=BMC Med |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=81 |date=March 2023 |pmid=36915130 |doi=10.1186/s12916-023-02772-3 |pmc=10012551 |s2cid=257499227 |url=}}</ref><br />
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The MIND diet may be more protective but further studies are needed. The Mediterranean diet seems to be more protective against Alzheimer's than DASH but there are no consistent findings against dementia in general. The role of [[olive oil]] needs further study as it may be one of the most important components in reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.<ref name=Acta1/><ref name=Omar>{{cite journal |vauthors=Omar SH |title=Mediterranean and MIND Diets Containing Olive Biophenols Reduces the Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=20 |issue=11 |date=June 2019 |page=2797 |pmid=31181669 |pmc=6600544 |doi=10.3390/ijms20112797 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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In those with [[celiac disease]] or [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]], a [[gluten-free diet|strict gluten-free diet]] may relieve the symptoms given a mild cognitive impairment.<ref name="ZisHadjivassiliou2019" /><ref name="MakhloufMesselmani2018" /> Once dementia is advanced no evidence suggests that a gluten-free diet is useful.<ref name="ZisHadjivassiliou2019">{{cite journal| vauthors=Zis P, Hadjivassiliou M| title=Treatment of Neurological Manifestations of Gluten Sensitivity and Coeliac Disease. | journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol | date= 26 February 2019 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 10 | pmid=30806821 | doi=10.1007/s11940-019-0552-7 | type=Review | doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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[[Omega-3 fatty acid]] supplements do not appear to benefit or harm people with mild to moderate symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, Watzke S, Langer G, Fink A | title = Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD009002 | date = April 2016 | issue = 4 | pmid = 27063583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3 | pmc = 7117565 }}</ref> However, there is good evidence that omega-3 incorporation into the diet is of benefit in treating depression, a common symptom,<ref name="Firth">{{cite journal |vauthors=Firth J, Teasdale SB, Allott K, Siskind D, Marx W, Cotter J, Veronese N, Schuch F, Smith L, Solmi M, Carvalho AF, Vancampfort D, Berk M, Stubbs B, Sarris J |title=The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=308–324 |date=October 2019 |pmid=31496103 |pmc=6732706 |doi=10.1002/wps.20672 |url=}}</ref> and potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia.<ref name="Lancet2020"/><br />
<br />
==Management==<br />
{{Main|Caring for people with dementia}}<br />
There are limited options for treating dementia, with most approaches focused on managing or reducing individual symptoms. There are no treatment options available to delay the onset of dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hafdi M, Hoevenaar-Blom MP, Richard E | title = Multi-domain interventions for the prevention of dementia and cognitive decline | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 11 | pages = CD013572 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34748207 | pmc = 8574768 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013572.pub2 | s2cid = 243846602 }}</ref> [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s are often used early in the disorder course; however, benefit is generally small.<ref name="Comm2012">{{cite journal | author = Commission de la transparence | title = Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage | journal = Prescrire International | volume = 21 | issue = 128 | pages = 150 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22822592 | trans-title = Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schneider LS, Mangialasche F, Andreasen N, Feldman H, Giacobini E, Jones R, Mantua V, Mecocci P, Pani L, Winblad B, Kivipelto M | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical trials and late-stage drug development for Alzheimer's disease: an appraisal from 1984 to 2014 | journal = Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 275 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–283 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24605808 | pmc = 3956752 | doi = 10.1111/joim.12191 }}</ref> More than half of people with dementia may experience psychological or behavioral symptoms including agitation, sleep problems, aggression, and/or psychosis. Treatment for these symptoms is aimed at reducing the person's distress and keeping the person safe. Treatments other than medication appear to be better for agitation and aggression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Watt JA, Goodarzi Z, Veroniki AA, Nincic V, Khan PA, Ghassemi M, Thompson Y, Tricco AC, Straus SE | display-authors = 6 | title = Comparative Efficacy of Interventions for Aggressive and Agitated Behaviors in Dementia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 171 | issue = 9 | pages = 633–642 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31610547 | doi = 10.7326/M19-0993 | s2cid = 204699972 }}</ref> Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate. Some evidence suggests that education and support for the person with dementia, as well as caregivers and family members, improves outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vandepitte S, Van Den Noortgate N, Putman K, Verhaeghe S, Verdonck C, Annemans L | title = Effectiveness of respite care in supporting informal caregivers of persons with dementia: a systematic review | journal = International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = 12 | pages = 1277–1288 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27245986 | doi = 10.1002/gps.4504 | s2cid = 3464912 }}</ref> Palliative care interventions may lead to improvements in comfort in dying, but the evidence is low.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walsh SC, Murphy E, Devane D, Sampson EL, Connolly S, Carney P, O'Shea E |date=September 2021 |title=Palliative care interventions in advanced dementia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=9 |pages=CD011513 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011513.pub3 |pmc=8478014 |pmid=34582034}}</ref> Exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living, and potentially improve dementia.<ref name="Forb2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S | title = Exercise programs for people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = CD006489 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25874613 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4 | pmc = 9426996 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref><br />
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The effect of therapies can be evaluated for example by assessing agitation using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI); by assessing mood and engagement with the Menorah Park Engagement Scale (MPES);<ref name="pmid23515663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Camp CJ |title=Origins of Montessori Programming for Dementia |journal=Non-pharmacological Therapies in Dementia |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |date=2010 |pmid=23515663 |pmc=3600589 }}</ref> and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS)<ref name="pmid27489560">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheong CY, Tan JA, Foong YL, Koh HM, Chen DZ, Tan JJ, Ng CJ, Yap P |title=Creative Music Therapy in an Acute Care Setting for Older Patients with Delirium and Dementia |journal=Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=268–275 |date=2016 |pmid=27489560 |pmc=4959431 |doi=10.1159/000445883 }}</ref> or by assessing indicators for depression using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD)<ref name="pmid25256214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeon YH, Li Z, Low LF, Chenoweth L, O'Connor D, Beattie E, Liu Z, Brodaty H |title=The clinical utility of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia as a routine assessment in nursing homes |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=784–793 |date=August 2015 |pmid=25256214 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.013}}</ref> or a simplified version thereof.<ref name="pmid27538349">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeon YH, Liu Z, Li Z, et al. |title=Development and Validation of a Short Version of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia for Screening Residents in Nursing Homes |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1007–1016 |date=November 2016 |pmid=27538349 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.012}}</ref><br />
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Often overlooked in treating and managing dementia is the role of the caregiver and what is known about how they can support multiple interventions. Findings from a 2021 systematic review of the literature found caregivers of people with dementia in nursing homes do not have sufficient tools or clinical guidance for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) along with medication use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harper AE, Rouch S, Leland NE, Turner RL, Mansbach WE, Day CE, Terhorst L | title = A Systematic Review of Tools Assessing the Perspective of Caregivers of Residents With Dementia | journal = Journal of Applied Gerontology | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 1196–1208 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 34229505 | doi = 10.1177/07334648211028692 | s2cid = 235758241 }}</ref> Simple measures like talking to people about their interests can improve the quality of life for [[Nursing home|care home]] residents living with dementia. A programme showed that such simple measures reduced residents' agitation and depression. They also needed fewer GP visits and hospital admissions, which also meant that the programme was cost-saving.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-11-26 |title=The WHELD programme for people with dementia helps care home staff deliver person-centred care |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/wheld-dementia-care-homes-person-centred-care/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |doi=10.3310/alert_42713|s2cid=240719455 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ballard C, Orrell M, Moniz-Cook E, Woods R, Whitaker R, Corbett A, Aarsland D, Murray J, Lawrence V, Testad I, Knapp M, Romeo R, Zala D, Stafford J, Hoare Z, Garrod L, Sun Y, McLaughlin E, Woodward-Carlton B, Williams G, Fossey J | display-authors = 6 | title = Improving mental health and reducing antipsychotic use in people with dementia in care homes: the WHELD research programme including two RCTs | journal = Programme Grants for Applied Research | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 1–98 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32721145 | doi = 10.3310/pgfar08060 | s2cid = 225489651 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Psychological and psychosocial therapies===<br />
{{main|Psychological therapies for dementia}}<br />
Psychological therapies for dementia include some limited evidence for [[reminiscence therapy]] (namely, some positive effects in the areas of quality of life, cognition, communication and mood – the first three particularly in care home settings),<ref name="Reminiscence therapy for dementia">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woods B, O'Philbin L, Farrell EM, Spector AE, Orrell M | title = Reminiscence therapy for dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD001120 | date = March 2018 | issue = 3 | pmid = 29493789 | pmc = 6494367 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001120.pub3 }}</ref> some benefit for [[cognitive reframing]] for caretakers,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vernooij-Dassen M, Draskovic I, McCleery J, Downs M | title = Cognitive reframing for carers of people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 11 | pages = CD005318 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22071821 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005318.pub2 | hdl = 2066/97731 | arxiv = 0706.4406 | s2cid = 205178315 }}</ref> unclear evidence for [[validation therapy]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neal M, Barton Wright P | title = Validation therapy for dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD001394 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12917907 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001394 }}</ref> and tentative evidence for [[mental exercise]]s, such as cognitive stimulation programs for people with mild to moderate dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Woods B, Aguirre E, Spector AE, Orrell M | title = Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = CD005562 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22336813 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005562.pub2 | s2cid = 7086782 }}</ref> Offering personally tailored activities may help reduce challenging behavior and may improve quality of life.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Möhler R, Renom A, Renom H, Meyer G | title = Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in community settings | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | pages = CD010515 | date = August 2020 | issue = 8 | pmid = 32786083 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010515.pub2 | pmc = 8094398 }}</ref> It is not clear if personally tailored activities have an impact on [[Affect (psychology)|affect]] or improve for the quality of life for the caregiver.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
[[Adult daycare]] centers as well as special care units in nursing homes often provide specialized care for dementia patients. Daycare centers offer supervision, recreation, meals, and limited health care to participants, as well as providing respite for caregivers. In addition, [[home care]] can provide one-to-one support and care in the home allowing for more individualized attention that is needed as the disorder progresses. Psychiatric nurses can make a distinctive contribution to people's mental health.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Barker P | title = Psychiatric and mental health nursing: the craft of caring |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-340-81026-2 |oclc=53373798}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since dementia impairs normal communication due to changes in receptive and expressive language, as well as the ability to plan and problem solve, agitated behavior is often a form of communication for the person with dementia. Actively searching for a potential cause, such as pain, physical illness, or overstimulation can be helpful in reducing agitation.<ref name="Weitzel 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weitzel T, Robinson S, Barnes MR, et al. | title = The special needs of the hospitalized patient with dementia | journal = Medsurg Nursing | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–18; quiz 19 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21446290 }}</ref> Additionally, using an "ABC analysis of behavior" can be a useful tool for understanding behavior in people with dementia. It involves looking at the antecedents (A), behavior (B), and consequences (C) associated with an event to help define the problem and prevent further incidents that may arise if the person's needs are misunderstood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cunningham C | title = Understanding challenging behaviour in patients with dementia | journal = Nursing Standard | volume = 20 | issue = 47 | pages = 42–45 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16913375 | doi = 10.7748/ns2006.08.20.47.42.c4477 }}</ref> The strongest evidence for non-pharmacological therapies for the management of changed behaviors in dementia is for using such approaches.<ref name=Dyer2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dyer SM, Harrison SL, Laver K, Whitehead C, Crotty M | title = An overview of systematic reviews of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–309 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29143695 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610217002344 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Low quality evidence suggests that regular (at least five sessions of) [[music therapy]] may help institutionalized residents. It may reduce depressive symptoms and improve overall behaviors. It may also supply a beneficial effect on emotional well-being and quality of life, as well as reduce anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Steen JT, Smaling HJ, van der Wouden JC, Bruinsma MS, Scholten RJ, Vink AC | title = Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD003477 | date = July 2018 | issue = 7 | pmid = 30033623 | pmc = 6513122 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub4 | hdl = 1874/350441 }}</ref> In 2003, The [[Alzheimer's Society]] established 'Singing for the Brain' (SftB) a project based on pilot studies which suggested that the activity encouraged participation and facilitated the learning of new songs. The sessions combine aspects of reminiscence therapy and music.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Osman SE, Tischler V, Schneider J | title = 'Singing for the Brain': A qualitative study exploring the health and well-being benefits of singing for people with dementia and their carers | journal = Dementia | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 1326–1339 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 25425445 | pmc = 5089222 | doi = 10.1177/1471301214556291 }}</ref> Musical and interpersonal connectedness can underscore the value of the person and improve quality of life.<ref name="pmid27044417">{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston B, Narayanasamy M | title = Exploring psychosocial interventions for people with dementia that enhance personhood and relate to legacy- an integrative review | journal = BMC Geriatrics | volume = 16 | pages = 77 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27044417 | pmc = 4820853 | doi = 10.1186/s12877-016-0250-1 }}</ref><br />
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Some London hospitals found that using color, designs, pictures and lights helped people with dementia adjust to being at the hospital. These adjustments to the layout of the dementia wings at these hospitals helped patients by preventing confusion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2018/09/15/british-hospitals-are-having-a-dementia-friendly-makeover|title=British hospitals are having a dementia-friendly makeover|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref><br />
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[[Life story work]] as part of [[Reminiscence therapy#Dementia|reminiscence therapy]], and video biographies have been found to address the needs of clients and their caregivers in various ways, offering the client the opportunity to leave a legacy and enhance their personhood and also benefitting youth who participate in such work. Such interventions can be more beneficial when undertaken at a relatively early stage of dementia. They may also be problematic in those who have difficulties in processing past experiences<ref name="pmid27044417"/><br />
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[[Animal-assisted therapy]] has been found to be helpful. Drawbacks may be that pets are not always welcomed in a communal space in the care setting. An animal may pose a risk to residents, or may be perceived to be dangerous. Certain animals may also be regarded as "unclean" or "dangerous" by some cultural groups.<ref name="pmid27044417"/><br />
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Occupational therapy also addresses psychological and psychosocial needs of patients with dementia through improving daily occupational performance and caregivers' competence.<ref name="ajot.aota.org">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raj SE, Mackintosh S, Fryer C, Stanley M | title = Home-Based Occupational Therapy for Adults With Dementia and Their Informal Caregivers: A Systematic Review | journal = The American Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 7501205060p1–7501205060p27 | date = 2021-01-01 | pmid = 33399054 | doi = 10.5014/ajot.2020.040782 | s2cid = 230618534 }}</ref> When compensatory intervention strategies are added to their daily routine, the level of performance is enhanced and reduces the burden commonly placed on their caregivers.<ref name="ajot.aota.org"/> Occupational therapists can also work with other disciplines to create a client centered intervention.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Frankenstein LL, Jahn G |date=2020-04-20|title=Behavioral and Occupational Therapy for Dementia Patients and Caregivers|url=https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1024/1662-9647/a000225|journal=GeroPsych|volume=33|issue=2|pages=85–100|doi=10.1024/1662-9647/a000225|s2cid=219081899|issn=1662-9647}}</ref> To manage cognitive disability, and coping with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, combined occupational and behavioral therapies can support patients with dementia even further.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
==== Cognitive training ====<br />
There is no strong evidence to suggest that [[cognitive training]] is beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease, dementia, or mild cognitive impairment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Orgeta V, McDonald KR, Poliakoff E, Hindle JV, Clare L, Leroi I | title = Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 2 | pages = CD011961 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32101639 | pmc = 7043362 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd011961.pub2 }}</ref><br />
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==== Personally tailored activities ====<br />
Offering personally tailored activity sessions to people with dementia in long-term care homes may slightly reduce challenging behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Möhler |first1=Ralph |last2=Calo |first2=Stella |last3=Renom |first3=Anna |last4=Renom |first4=Helena |last5=Meyer |first5=Gabriele |date=2023-03-13 |title=Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in long-term care |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |pages=CD009812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009812.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10010156 |pmid=36930048 |pmc-embargo-date=March 13, 2024 }}</ref><br />
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===Medications===<br />
[[File:Donepezil skeletal.svg|thumb|Donepezil]]<br />
No medications have been shown to prevent or cure dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rafii MS, Aisen PS | title = Recent developments in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 7 | pages = 7 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19228370 | pmc = 2649159 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-7-7 }}</ref> Medications may be used to treat the behavioral and cognitive symptoms, but have no effect on the underlying disease process.<ref name="Memory Loss" /><ref name=Lleo2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lleó A, Greenberg SM, Growdon JH | title = Current pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer's disease | journal = Annual Review of Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 513–533 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16409164 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131442 }}</ref><br />
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[[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s, such as [[donepezil]], may be useful for Alzheimer's disease,<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bond M, Rogers G, Peters J, Anderson R, Hoyle M, Miners A, Moxham T, Davis S, Thokala P, Wailoo A, Jeffreys M, Hyde C | display-authors = 6 | title = The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (review of Technology Appraisal No. 111): a systematic review and economic model | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 16 | issue = 21 | pages = 1–470 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22541366 | pmc = 4780923 | doi = 10.3310/hta16210 }}</ref> Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB, or vascular dementia.<ref name=Lleo2006/> The quality of the evidence is poor<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodda J, Morgan S, Walker Z | title = Are cholinesterase inhibitors effective in the management of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 813–824 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19538824 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610209990354 | s2cid = 206299435 }}</ref> and the benefit is small.<ref name=Comm2012/> No difference has been shown between the agents in this family.<ref name="Bir2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Birks J | title = Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD005593 | date = January 2006 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 16437532 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005593 | pmc = 9006343 | veditors = Birks JS }}</ref> In a minority of people side effects include a [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] and [[syncope (medicine)|fainting]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill SS, Anderson GM, Fischer HD, Bell CM, Li P, Normand SL, Rochon PA | title = Syncope and its consequences in patients with dementia receiving cholinesterase inhibitors: a population-based cohort study | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 169 | issue = 9 | pages = 867–873 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19433698 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.43 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Rivastigmine]] is recommended for treating symptoms in Parkinson's disease dementia.<ref name="JAMA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA | title = Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review | journal = JAMA | volume = 322 | issue = 16 | pages = 1589–1599 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31638686 | pmc = 7462122 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2019.4782 }}</ref><br />
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Medications that have [[anticholinergic]] effects increase all-cause mortality in people with dementia, although the effect of these medications on cognitive function remains uncertain, according to a systematic review published in 2021.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang K, Alan J, Page AT, Dimopoulos E, Etherton-Beer C | title = Anticholinergics and clinical outcomes amongst people with pre-existing dementia: A systematic review | journal = Maturitas | volume = 151 | pages = 1–14 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34446273 | doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.06.004 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref><br />
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Before prescribing antipsychotic medication in the elderly, an assessment for an underlying cause of the behavior is needed.<ref>{{Citation |author1 = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |author1-link = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |date = February 2014 |title = Ten Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |access-date = 20 April 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412185806/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |archive-date = 12 April 2015 }}</ref> Severe and life-threatening reactions occur in almost half of people with DLB,<ref name= Taylor2020/><ref name= Walker2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker Z, Possin KL, Boeve BF, Aarsland D |title=Lewy body dementias |journal=Lancet |volume=386 |issue=10004 |pages=1683–1697 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26595642 |pmc=5792067 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00462-6 |type=Review}}</ref> and can be fatal after a single dose.<ref name= Boot2105>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boot BP |title=Comprehensive treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies |journal=Alzheimers Res Ther |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=45 |date=2015 |pmid=26029267 |pmc=4448151 |doi=10.1186/s13195-015-0128-z |type=Review}}</ref> People with Lewy body dementias who take neuroleptics are at risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a life-threatening illness.<ref name= Gomperts2016>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gomperts SN |title=Lewy body dementias: Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia |journal=Continuum (Minneap Minn) |volume=22 |issue=2 Dementia |pages=435–463 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27042903 |pmc=5390937 |doi=10.1212/CON.0000000000000309 |type=Review}}</ref> Extreme caution is required in the use of antipsychotic medication in people with DLB because of their sensitivity to these agents.<ref name= McKeithConsensus2017/> Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat dementia only if non-drug therapies have not worked, and the person's actions threaten themselves or others.<ref name="AGSantipsychotic">{{Cite journal |author1 = American Geriatrics Society |author1-link = American Geriatrics Society |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |journal = Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-geriatrics-society/ |access-date = August 1, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130901100140/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-geriatrics-society/ |archive-date = September 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author1 = American Psychiatric Association |author1-link = American Psychiatric Association |date = September 2013 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-psychiatric-association/ |access-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203174206/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-psychiatric-association/ |archive-date = 3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=NICEUK>{{cite web |title=Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers {{!}} Guidance and guidelines {{!}} NICE |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97/chapter/Recommendations#managing-non-cognitive-symptoms |website=NICE |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dyer SM, Laver K, Pond CD, Cumming RG, Whitehead C, Crotty M | title = Clinical practice guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia in Australia | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 884–889 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27903038 | url = https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=577322425689666;res=IELHEA }}</ref> Aggressive behavior changes are sometimes the result of other solvable problems, that could make treatment with antipsychotics unnecessary.<ref name="AGSantipsychotic"/> Because people with dementia can be aggressive, resistant to their treatment, and otherwise disruptive, sometimes antipsychotic drugs are considered as a therapy in response.<ref name="AGSantipsychotic"/> These drugs have risky adverse effects, including increasing the person's chance of stroke and death.<ref name="AGSantipsychotic"/> Given these adverse events and small benefit antipsychotics are avoided whenever possible.<ref name=Dyer2017/> Generally, stopping antipsychotics for people with dementia does not cause problems, even in those who have been on them a long time.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Declercq T, Petrovic M, Azermai M, Vander Stichele R, De Sutter AI, van Driel ML, Christiaens T | title = Withdrawal versus continuation of chronic antipsychotic drugs for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = CD007726 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23543555 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007726.pub2 | hdl = 1854/LU-3109108 | url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:296637/UQ296637_OA.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref><br />
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[[NMDA receptor|N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor]] blockers such as [[memantine]] may be of benefit but the evidence is less conclusive than for AChEIs.<ref name=":9" /> Due to their differing mechanisms of action memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be used in combination however the benefit is slight.<ref name=Rain>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, Patterson C, Cowan D, Levine M, Booker L, Oremus M | display-authors = 6 | title = Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 148 | issue = 5 | pages = 379–397 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316756 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-00009 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Atri>{{cite journal | vauthors = Atri A, Shaughnessy LW, Locascio JJ, Growdon JH | title = Long-term course and effectiveness of combination therapy in Alzheimer disease | journal = Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 209–221 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18580597 | pmc = 2718545 | doi = 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31816653bc }}</ref><br />
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An extract of ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' known as ''EGb 761'' has been widely used for treating mild to moderate dementia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.<ref name=Kandia>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kandiah N, Ong PA, Yuda T, Ng LL, Mamun K, Merchant RA, Chen C, Dominguez J, Marasigan S, Ampil E, Nguyen VT, Yusoff S, Chan YF, Yong FM, Krairit O, Suthisisang C, Senanarong V, Ji Y, Thukral R, Ihl R | display-authors = 6 | title = Treatment of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with or without cerebrovascular disease: Expert consensus on the use of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761<sup>®</sup> | journal = CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 288–298 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30648358 | pmc = 6488894 | doi = 10.1111/cns.13095 }}</ref> Its use is approved throughout Europe.<ref name=McKeage>{{cite journal | vauthors = McKeage K, Lyseng-Williamson KA | title = ''Ginkgo biloba'' extract EGb 761<sup>®</sup> in the symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate dementia: a profile of its use | journal = Drugs & Therapy Perspectives | volume = 34 | issue = 8 | pages = 358–366 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30546253 | pmc = 6267544 | doi = 10.1007/s40267-018-0537-8 }}</ref> The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry guidelines lists EGb 761 with the same weight of evidence (level B) given to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and mementine. EGb 761 is the only one that showed improvement of symptoms in both AD and vascular dementia. EGb 761 is seen as being able to play an important role either on its own or as an add-on particularly when other therapies prove ineffective.<ref name=Kandia/> EGb 761 is seen to be neuroprotective; it is a free radical scavenger, improves mitochondrial function, and modulates [[serotonin]] and dopamine levels. Many studies of its use in mild to moderate dementia have shown it to significantly improve cognitive function, activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and quality of life.<ref name=Kandia/><ref name=Wang>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang M, Peng H, Peng Z, Huang K, Li T, Li L, Wu X, Shi H | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of ginkgo preparation in patients with vascular dementia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Medicine | volume = 99 | issue = 37 | pages = e22209 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32925798 | pmc = 7489658 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000022209 }}</ref> However, its use has not been shown to prevent the progression of dementia.<ref name=Kandia/><br />
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While depression is frequently associated with dementia, the use of [[antidepressant]]s such as [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs) do not appear to affect outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones HE, Joshi A, Shenkin S, Mead GE | title = The effect of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in comparison to placebo in the progression of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Age and Ageing | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 448–456 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27055878 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afw053 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudas R, Malouf R, McCleery J, Dening T | title = Antidepressants for treating depression in dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD003944 | date = August 2018 | issue = 8 | pmid = 30168578 | pmc = 6513376 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003944.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group }}</ref> However, the SSRIs [[sertraline]] and [[citalopram]] have been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of agitation, compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seitz DP, Adunuri N, Gill SS, Gruneir A, Herrmann N, Rochon P | title = Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD008191 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21328305 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008191.pub2 }}</ref><br />
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No solid evidence indicates that [[folate]] or [[vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]] improves outcomes in those with cognitive problems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malouf R, Grimley Evans J | title = Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD004514 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18843658 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2 | author-link2 = John Grimley Evans }}</ref> [[Statins]] have no benefit in dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P | title = Statins for the treatment of dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = CD007514 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25004278 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007514.pub3 | url = https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/47030701/Statins%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20dementia%20(Review)%20-%20Cochrane%20Database%20Syst%20Rev%202010%20-%20Craig%20D,%20Passmore%20AP..pdf | access-date = 2019-09-03 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903072943/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/47030701/Statins%2520for%2520the%2520treatment%2520of%2520dementia%2520(Review)%2520-%2520Cochrane%2520Database%2520Syst%2520Rev%25202010%2520-%2520Craig%2520D,%2520Passmore%2520AP..pdf | archive-date = 2019-09-03 }}</ref> Medications for other health conditions may need to be managed differently for a person who has a dementia diagnosis. It is unclear whether blood pressure medication and dementia are linked.<!--<ref name=Sus2016/> --> People may experience an increase in cardiovascular-related events if these medications are withdrawn.<ref name="Sus2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jongstra S, Harrison JK, Quinn TJ, Richard E | title = Antihypertensive withdrawal for the prevention of cognitive decline | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD011971 | date = November 2016 | issue = 11 | pmid = 27802359 | pmc = 6465000 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011971.pub2 }}</ref><br />
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The [[MATCH-D|Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia]] (MATCH-D) criteria can help identify ways that a diagnosis of dementia changes medication management for other health conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C | title = Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel | journal = Internal Medicine Journal | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 1189–1197 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27527376 | pmc = 5129475 | doi = 10.1111/imj.13215 }}</ref> These criteria were developed because people with dementia live with an average of five other chronic diseases, which are often managed with medications. The systematic review that informed the criteria were published subsequently in 2018 and [[doi:10.1002/jppr.1802|updated]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Wang K, Alan J, Page A, Percival M, Etherton-Beer C |date=2018|title=Medication use to manage comorbidities for people with dementia: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=356–367|doi=10.1002/jppr.1403|issn=2055-2335|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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=== Sleep disturbances ===<br />
Over 40% of people with dementia report sleep problems. Approaches to treating these sleep problems include medications and non-pharmacological approaches.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilfling |first1=Denise |last2=Calo |first2=Stella |last3=Dichter |first3=Martin N. |last4=Meyer |first4=Gabriele |last5=Möhler |first5=Ralph |last6=Köpke |first6=Sascha |date=2023-01-03 |title=Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia |url= |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=CD011881 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011881.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9808594 |pmid=36594432 |pmc-embargo-date=January 3, 2024 }}</ref> The use of medications to alleviate sleep disturbances that people with dementia often experience has not been well researched, even for medications that are commonly prescribed.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCleery J, Sharpley AL | title = Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | pages = CD009178 | date = November 2020 | issue = 11 | pmid = 33189083 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub4 | pmc = 8094738 }}</ref> In 2012 the [[American Geriatrics Society]] recommended that [[benzodiazepines]] such as [[diazepam]], and non-benzodiazepine [[hypnotic]]s, be avoided for people with dementia due to the risks of increased cognitive impairment and falls.<ref name="Beers2012">{{cite journal | author = American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel | title = American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 616–631 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22376048 | pmc = 3571677 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x }}</ref> Benzodiazepines are also known to promote [[delirium]].<ref name="Tisher">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tisher A, Salardini A |title=A Comprehensive Update on Treatment of Dementia |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=167–178 |date=April 2019 |pmid=30925610 |doi=10.1055/s-0039-1683408 |s2cid=88474685 |url=}}</ref> Additionally, little evidence supports the effectiveness of benzodiazepines in this population.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lolk A, Gulmann NC | title = [Psychopharmacological treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia] | language = da | journal = Ugeskrift for Laeger | volume = 168 | issue = 40 | pages = 3429–3432 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17032610 }}</ref> No clear evidence shows that [[melatonin (medication)|melatonin]] or [[ramelteon]] improves sleep for people with dementia due to Alzheimer's,<ref name=":2" /> but it is used to treat [[REM sleep behavior disorder]] in dementia with Lewy bodies.<ref name="Taylor2020" /> Limited evidence suggests that a low dose of [[trazodone]] may improve sleep, however more research is needed.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Non-pharmacological approaches have been suggested for treating sleep problems for those with dementia, however, there is no strong evidence or firm conclusions on the effectiveness of different types of interventions, especially for those who are living in an institutionalized setting such as a nursing home or long-term care home.<ref name=":3" /> <br />
<br />
===Pain===<br />
<!--This section is linked from [[Pain#In nonverbal patients]]--><br />
{{See also|Pain#Assessment_in_non-verbal_people|l1=Assessment in nonverbal patients|Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia}}<br />
As people age, they experience more health problems, and most health problems associated with aging carry a substantial burden of pain; therefore, between 25% and 50% of older adults experience persistent pain. Seniors with dementia experience the same prevalence of conditions likely to cause pain as seniors without dementia.<ref name="Hadjistavropoulos 2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hadjistavropoulos T, Herr K, Turk DC, Fine PG, Dworkin RH, Helme R, Jackson K, Parmelee PA, Rudy TE, Lynn Beattie B, Chibnall JT, Craig KD, Ferrell B, Ferrell B, Fillingim RB, Gagliese L, Gallagher R, Gibson SJ, Harrison EL, Katz B, Keefe FJ, Lieber SJ, Lussier D, Schmader KE, Tait RC, Weiner DK, Williams J | title = An interdisciplinary expert consensus statement on assessment of pain in older persons | journal = The Clinical Journal of Pain | volume = 23 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = S1–43 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17179836 | doi = 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31802be869 | s2cid = 43777445 }}</ref> Pain is often overlooked in older adults and, when screened for, is often poorly assessed, especially among those with dementia, since they become incapable of informing others of their pain.<ref name="Hadjistavropoulos 2007"/><ref name=Shega>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shega J, Emanuel L, Vargish L, Levine SK, Bursch H, Herr K, Karp JF, Weiner DK | title = Pain in persons with dementia: complex, common, and challenging | journal = The Journal of Pain | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 373–378 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17485039 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.03.003 }}</ref> Beyond the issue of humane care, unrelieved pain has functional implications. Persistent pain can lead to decreased ambulation, depressed mood, sleep disturbances, impaired appetite, and exacerbation of cognitive impairment<ref name= Shega/> and pain-related interference with activity is a factor contributing to falls in the elderly.<ref name="Hadjistavropoulos 2007"/><ref name=Blyth>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blyth FM, Cumming R, Mitchell P, Wang JJ | title = Pain and falls in older people | journal = European Journal of Pain | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 564–571 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17015026 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.08.001 | s2cid = 27460864 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Although persistent pain in people with dementia is difficult to communicate, diagnose, and treat, failure to address persistent pain has profound functional, [[psychosocial]] and [[quality of life]] implications for this vulnerable population. Health professionals often lack the skills and usually lack the time needed to recognize, accurately assess and adequately monitor pain in people with dementia.<ref name="Hadjistavropoulos 2007"/><ref name=Brown>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown C |year=2009 |title=Pain, aging and dementia: The crisis is looming, but are we ready? |journal=British Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=72 |issue=8 |pages=371–375 |doi=10.1177/030802260907200808 |s2cid=73245194 }}</ref> Family members and friends can make a valuable contribution to the care of a person with dementia by learning to recognize and assess their pain. Educational resources and observational assessment tools are available.<ref name= "Hadjistavropoulos 2007"/><ref name=Herr>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herr K, Bjoro K, Decker S | title = Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: a state-of-the-science review | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 170–192 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16488350 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.07.001 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Stolee2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stolee P, Hillier LM, Esbaugh J, Bol N, McKellar L, Gauthier N | title = Instruments for the assessment of pain in older persons with cognitive impairment | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 319–326 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15673359 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53121.x | s2cid = 21006144 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eating difficulties===<br />
Persons with dementia may have difficulty eating. Whenever it is available as an option, the recommended response to eating problems is having a caretaker [[assisted feeding|assist them]].<ref name="AGSantipsychotic"/> A secondary option for people who cannot swallow effectively is to consider [[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy|gastrostomy]] [[feeding tube]] placement as a way to give nutrition. However, in bringing comfort and maintaining functional status while lowering risk of [[aspiration pneumonia]] and death, assistance with oral feeding is at least as good as tube feeding.<ref name="AGSantipsychotic"/><ref>{{Citation |author1 = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |author1-link = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |date = February 2014 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |access-date = 10 February 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140913011101/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |archive-date = 13 September 2014 }}</ref> Tube-feeding is associated with agitation, increased use of physical and chemical restraints and worsening pressure ulcers. Tube feedings may cause fluid overload, diarrhea, abdominal pain, local complications, less human interaction and may increase the risk of aspiration.<ref>{{Citation |author1 = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |author1-link = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |date = February 2014 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |access-date = 10 February 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140913011101/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |archive-date = 13 September 2014 }}, which cites:<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Teno JM, Gozalo PL, Mitchell SL, Kuo S, Rhodes RL, Bynum JP, Mor V | title = Does feeding tube insertion and its timing improve survival? | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 60 | issue = 10 | pages = 1918–1921 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23002947 | pmc = 3470758 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04148.x }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Palecek EJ, Teno JM, Casarett DJ, Hanson LC, Rhodes RL, Mitchell SL | title = Comfort feeding only: a proposal to bring clarity to decision-making regarding difficulty with eating for persons with advanced dementia | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 58 | issue = 3 | pages = 580–584 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20398123 | pmc = 2872797 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02740.x }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gillick MR, Volandes AE | title = The standard of caring: why do we still use feeding tubes in patients with advanced dementia? | journal = Journal of the American Medical Directors Association | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 364–367 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18519120 | doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.03.011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell SL, Kiely DK, Lipsitz LA | title = The risk factors and impact on survival of feeding tube placement in nursing home residents with severe cognitive impairment | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 157 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–332 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9040301 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440240091014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Benefits in those with advanced dementia has not been shown.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sampson EL, Candy B, Jones L | title = Enteral tube feeding for older people with advanced dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD007209 | date = April 2009 | volume = 2009 | pmid = 19370678 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007209.pub2 | pmc = 7182132 }}</ref> The risks of using tube feeding include agitation, rejection by the person (pulling out the tube, or otherwise physical or chemical immobilization to prevent them from doing this), or developing [[pressure ulcers]].<ref name="AGSantipsychotic"/> The procedure is directly related to a 1% fatality rate<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lockett MA, Templeton ML, Byrne TK, Norcross ED | title = Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy complications in a tertiary-care center | journal = The American Surgeon | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–120 | date = February 2002 | doi = 10.1177/000313480206800202 | pmid = 11842953 | s2cid = 43796062 }}</ref> with a 3% major complication rate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finocchiaro C, Galletti R, Rovera G, Ferrari A, Todros L, Vuolo A, Balzola F | title = Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a long-term follow-up | journal = Nutrition | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 520–523 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9263232 | doi = 10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00030-0 }}</ref> The percentage of people at end of life with dementia using feeding tubes in the US has dropped from 12% in 2000 to 6% as of 2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell SL, Mor V, Gozalo PL, Servadio JL, Teno JM | title = Tube Feeding in US Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia, 2000–2014 | journal = JAMA | volume = 316 | issue = 7 | pages = 769–770 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27533163 | pmc = 4991625 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.9374 | url = http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/jama/935644/jld160020.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921235656/http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/jama/935644/jld160020.pdf | archive-date = 2017-09-21 }}</ref><ref name="NYT20160816">{{Cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/health/tube-feeding-dementia-patients.html | title = The Decline of Tube Feeding for Dementia Patients | date = 29 August 2016 | work = [[The New York Times]] | vauthors = Span P | access-date = 31 August 2016 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160903051930/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/health/tube-feeding-dementia-patients.html | archive-date = 3 September 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The immediate and long-term effects of modifying the thickness of fluids for swallowing difficulties in people with dementia are not well known.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flynn E, Smith CH, Walsh CD, Walshe M | title = Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | issue = 9 | pages = CD011077 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30251253 | pmc = 6513397 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd011077.pub2 }}</ref> While thickening fluids may have an immediate positive effect on swallowing and improving oral intake, the long-term impact on the health of the person with dementia should also be considered.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
=== Exercise ===<br />
{{Further|Neurobiological effects of physical exercise}}<br />
Exercise programs may improve the ability of people with dementia to perform daily activities, but the best type of exercise is still unclear.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S | title = Exercise programs for people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD006489 | date = April 2015 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 25874613 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4 | pmc = 9426996 }}</ref> Getting more exercise can slow the development of cognitive problems such as dementia, proving to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease by about 50%. A balance of strength exercise, to help muscles pump blood to the brain, and balance exercises are recommended for aging people. A suggested amount of about {{frac|2|1|2}} hours per week can reduce risks of cognitive decay as well as other health risks like falling.<ref name="Melinda">{{Cite web| vauthors = Smith M, Robinson L, Segal J |title=Preventing Alzheimer's Disease – HelpGuide.org |url=https://www.helpguide.org/articles/alzheimers-dementia-aging/preventing-alzheimers-disease.htm|access-date=2020-12-13|website=HelpGuide.org|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Assistive technology ===<br />
There is a lack of high-quality evidence to determine whether [[assistive technology]] effectively supports people with dementia to manage memory issues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van der Roest HG, Wenborn J, Pastink C, Dröes RM, Orrell M | title = Assistive technology for memory support in dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | issue = 6 | pages = CD009627 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28602027 | pmc = 6481376 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd009627.pub2 }}</ref> Some of the specific things that are used today that helps with dementia today are: clocks, communication aids, electrical appliances the use monitoring, GPS location/ tracking devices, home care robots, in-home cameras, and medication management are just to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Technological Innovations for Those With Dementia |url=https://www.alzheimers.net/9-22-14-technology-for-dementia |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Alzheimers.net |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Alternative medicine===<br />
Evidence of the therapeutic values of [[aromatherapy]] and [[massage]] is unclear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Viggo Hansen N, Jørgensen T, Ørtenblad L | title = Massage and touch for dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD004989 | date = October 2006 | volume = 2006 | pmid = 17054228 | pmc = 6823223 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004989.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J | title = Aromatherapy for dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | pages = CD003150 | date = August 2020 | issue = 8 | pmid = 32813272 | pmc = 7437395 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3 }}</ref> It is not clear if [[cannabinoid]]s are harmful or effective for people with dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bosnjak Kuharic D, Markovic D, Brkovic T, Jeric Kegalj M, Rubic Z, Vuica Vukasovic A, Jeroncic A, Puljak L | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 9 | pages = CD012820 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34532852 | pmc = 8446835 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012820.pub2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Palliative care ===<br />
Given the progressive and terminal nature of dementia, [[palliative care]] can be helpful to patients and their caregivers by helping people with the disorder and their caregivers understand what to expect, deal with loss of physical and mental abilities, support the person's wishes and goals including surrogate decision making, and discuss wishes for or against [[CPR]] and [[life support]].<ref name="pmid15945590">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sampson EL, Ritchie CW, Lai R, Raven PW, Blanchard MR | title = A systematic review of the scientific evidence for the efficacy of a palliative care approach in advanced dementia | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–40 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15945590 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610205001018 | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6872/9bce1863bcc3eb31cda841fefc2a74e54450.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190224204415/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6872/9bce1863bcc3eb31cda841fefc2a74e54450.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2019-02-24 | s2cid = 7861568 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24997202">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van den Block L | title = The need for integrating palliative care in ageing and dementia policies | journal = European Journal of Public Health | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 705–706 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24997202 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/cku084 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Because the decline can be rapid, and because most people prefer to allow the person with dementia to make their own decisions, palliative care involvement before the late stages of dementia is recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Steen JT, Radbruch L, Hertogh CM, de Boer ME, Hughes JC, Larkin P, Francke AL, Jünger S, Gove D, Firth P, Koopmans RT, Volicer L | display-authors = 6 | title = White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care | journal = Palliative Medicine | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 197–209 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23828874 | doi = 10.1177/0269216313493685 | author13 = European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid18416791">{{cite journal | vauthors = Birch D, Draper J | title = A critical literature review exploring the challenges of delivering effective palliative care to older people with dementia | journal = Journal of Clinical Nursing | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 1144–1163 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18416791 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02220.x | url = http://oro.open.ac.uk/10829/1/jcnur_2006-0670_r4_FINAL.pdf }}</ref> Further research is required to determine the appropriate palliative care interventions and how well they help people with advanced dementia.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
[[Person-centered care]] helps maintain the dignity of people with dementia.<ref name="MitchellAgnelli2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell G, Agnelli J | title = Person-centred care for people with dementia: Kitwood reconsidered | journal = Nursing Standard | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 46–50 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26463810 | doi = 10.7748/ns.30.7.46.s47 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Remotely delivered information for caregivers ====<br />
Remotely delivered interventions including support, training and information may reduce the burden for the informal caregiver and improve their depressive symptoms.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | vauthors = González-Fraile E, Ballesteros J, Rueda JR, Santos-Zorrozúa B, Solà I, McCleery J | title = Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | pages = CD006440 | date = January 2021 | issue = 1 | pmid = 33417236 | pmc = 8094510 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd006440.pub3 }}</ref> There is no certain evidence that they improve health-related quality of life.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
In several localities in Japan, [[Computer and network surveillance|digital surveillance]] may be made available to family members, if a dementia patient is prone to wandering and going missing.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Dooley B, Ueno H |date=2022-02-02|title=Where a Thousand Digital Eyes Keep Watch Over the Elderly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/02/business/japan-elderly-surveillance.html|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Epidemiology ==<br />
[[File:Alzheimer's disease and other dementias world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementia<br />
{{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0–4}}{{legend|#ffe820|5–8}}{{legend|#ffd820|9–10}}{{legend|#ffc020|11–13}}{{legend|#ffa020|14–17}}{{legend|#ff9a20|18–24}}{{legend|#f08015|25–45}}{{legend|#e06815|46–114}}{{legend|#d85010|115–375}}{{legend|#d02010|376–1266}}{{refend}}]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Alzheimer and other dementias world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004 {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#ffff65|<100}} {{legend|#fff200|100–120}} {{legend|#ffdc00|120–140}} {{legend|#ffc600|140–160}} {{legend|#ffb000|160–180}} {{legend|#ff9a00|180–200}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|200–220}} {{legend|#ff6e00|220–240}} {{legend|#ff5800|240–260}} {{legend|#ff4200|260–280}} {{legend|#ff2c00|280–300}} {{legend|#cb0000|>300}} {{col-end}}]]<br />
<br />
The number of cases of dementia worldwide in 2021 was estimated at 55 million, with close to 10&nbsp;million new cases each year.<ref name="WHO2022"/> By 2050, the number of people living with dementia is estimated to be over 150&nbsp;million globally.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols E, Steinmetz JD, Vollset SE, Fukutaki K, Chalek J, Abd-Allah F, etal | collaboration = GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators | title = Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | language = English | journal = The Lancet. Public Health | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = e105–e125 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34998485 | pmc = 8810394 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8 }}</ref> Around 7% of people over aged 65 have dementia, with slightly higher rates (up to 10% of those over 65) in places with relatively high life expectancy.<ref name=Gale2018>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gale SA, Acar D, Daffner KR |title=Dementia |journal=Am J Med |volume=131 |issue=10 |pages=1161–1169 |date=October 2018 |pmid=29425707 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.022 |s2cid=240122313 |url=}}</ref> An estimated 58% of people with dementia are living in low and middle income countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2015.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2015.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=World Alzheimer Report 2015|last=Alzheimer's Disease International|date=Sep 2015|access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Prince_2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prince M, Jackson J |year=2009 |title=World Alzheimer Report 2009 |url=http://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report |url-status=dead |journal=Alzheimer's Disease International |pages=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311215443/http://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> The prevalence of dementia differs in different world regions, ranging from 4.7% in Central Europe to 8.7% in North Africa/Middle East; the prevalence in other regions is estimated to be between 5.6 and 7.6%.<ref name=":0" /> The number of people living with dementia is estimated to double every 20 years. In 2016 dementia resulted in about 2.4&nbsp;million deaths,<ref name=GBD2019/> up from 0.8&nbsp;million in 1990.<ref name=GBD2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> The genetic and environmental risk factors for dementia disorders vary by ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brijnath |first1=Bianca |last2=Croy |first2=Samantha |last3=Sabates |first3=Julieta |last4=Thodis |first4=Antonia |last5=Ellis |first5=Stephanie |last6=de Crespigny |first6=Fleur |last7=Moxey |first7=Annette |last8=Day |first8=Robert |last9=Dobson |first9=Annette |last10=Elliott |first10=Cerise |last11=Etherington |first11=Cathy |last12=Geronimo |first12=Mary Ann |last13=Hlis |first13=Danijela |last14=Lampit |first14=Amit |last15=Low |first15=Lee-Fay |date=2022 |title=Including ethnic minorities in dementia research: Recommendations from a scoping review |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e12222 |doi=10.1002/trc2.12222 |issn=2352-8737 |pmc=9053375 |pmid=35505899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sabayan |first1=Behnam |last2=Wyman-Chick |first2=Kathryn A. |last3=Sedaghat |first3=Sanaz |date=February 2023 |title=The Burden of Dementia Spectrum Disorders and Associated Comorbid and Demographic Features |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36404023 |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2022.07.001 |issn=1879-8853 |pmid=36404023|s2cid=253068389 }}</ref> For instance, Alzheimer's disease among [[Alzheimer's disease in the Hispanic/Latino population|Hispanic/Latino]] and [[Alzheimer's disease in African Americans|African American]] subjects exhibit lower risks associated with gene changes in the [[apolipoprotein E]] gene than do non-Hispanic white subjects.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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The annual incidence of dementia diagnosis is nearly 10 million worldwide.<ref name=":8"/> Almost half of new dementia cases occur in Asia, followed by Europe (25%), the Americas (18%) and Africa (8%). The incidence of dementia increases exponentially with age, doubling with every 6.3-year increase in age.<ref name=":0" /> Dementia affects 5% of the population older than 65 and 20–40% of those older than 85.<ref name="Sadock2008">{{cite book|title=Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry| vauthors = Sadock BJ, Sadock VA |publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7817-8746-8|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|page=52|chapter=Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cobnitive Disorders and Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Rates are slightly higher in women than men at ages 65 and greater.<ref name="Sadock2008" /> The disease trajectory is varied and the median time from diagnosis to death depends strongly on age at diagnosis, from 6.7 years for people diagnosed aged 60–69 to 1.9 years for people diagnosed at 90 or older.<ref name=":8"/><br />
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Dementia impacts not only individuals with dementia, but also their carers and the wider society. Among people aged 60 years and over, dementia is ranked the 9th most burdensome condition according to the 2010 [[Disease burden|Global Burden of Disease]] (GBD) estimates. The global costs of dementia was around US$818&nbsp;billion in 2015, a 35.4% increase from US$604&nbsp;billion in 2010.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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=== Affected ages ===<br />
About 3% of people between the ages of 65–74 have dementia, 19% between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years of age. As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What causes young-onset dementia? {{!}} Alzheimer's Society |url=https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/what-causes-young-onset-dementia |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.alzheimers.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> For people of a specific age, however, it may be becoming less frequent in the developed world, due to a decrease in modifiable risk factors made possible by greater financial and educational resources. It is one of the most common causes of disability among the elderly but can develop before the age of 65 when it is known as early-onset dementia or presenile dementia.<ref name="ADUK">{{cite web |title=What causes young-onset dementia? {{!}} Alzheimer's Society |url=https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/what-causes-young-onset-dementia |website=www.alzheimers.org.uk |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vieira RT, Caixeta L, Machado S, Silva AC, Nardi AE, Arias-Carrión O, Carta MG | title = Epidemiology of early-onset dementia: a review of the literature | journal = Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health | volume = 9 | pages = 88–95 | date = 2013-06-14 | pmid = 23878613 | pmc = 3715758 | doi = 10.2174/1745017901309010088 }}</ref> Less than 1% of those with Alzheimer's have gene mutations that cause a much earlier development of the disease, around the age of 45, known as [[early-onset Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=":03">{{cite journal | vauthors = Masters CL, Bateman R, Blennow K, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Cummings JL | title = Alzheimer's disease | language = English | journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers | volume = 1 | pages = 15056 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27188934 | doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2015.56 | s2cid = 20844163 }}</ref> More than 95% of people with Alzheimer's disease have the sporadic form (late onset, 80–90 years of age).<ref name=":03"/> Worldwide the cost of dementia in 2015 was put at US$818&nbsp;billion. People with dementia are often physically or chemically restrained to a greater degree than necessary, raising issues of human rights.<ref name="WHO2022"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jessop T, Peisah C | title = Human Rights and Empowerment in Aged Care: Restraint, Consent and Dying with Dignity | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 18 | issue = 15 | page = 7899 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34360196 | pmc = 8345762 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph18157899 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Social stigma is commonly perceived by those with the condition, and also by their caregivers.<ref name="Martin"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{See also|Dementia praecox}}<br />
Until the end of the 19th century, dementia was a much broader clinical concept. It included mental illness and any type of psychosocial incapacity, including reversible conditions.<ref name=Berr>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berrios GE | title = Dementia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a conceptual history | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 829–837 | date = November 1987 | pmid = 3324141 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291700000623 | s2cid = 8262492 }}</ref> ''Dementia'' at this time simply referred to anyone who had lost the ability to reason, and was applied equally to psychosis, "organic" diseases like [[syphilis]] that destroy the brain, and to the dementia associated with old age, which was attributed to "[[Atherosclerosis|hardening of the arteries]]".<br />
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Dementia has been referred to in medical texts since [[Ancient history|antiquity]]. One of the earliest known allusions to dementia is attributed to the 7th-century BC [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosopher]] [[Pythagoras]], who divided the human lifespan into six distinct phases: 0–6 (infancy), 7–21 (adolescence), 22–49 (young adulthood), 50–62 (middle age), 63–79 (old age), and 80–death (advanced age). The last two he described as the "senium", a period of mental and physical decay, and that the final phase was when "the scene of mortal existence closes after a great length of time that very fortunately, few of the human species arrive at, where the mind is reduced to the imbecility of the first epoch of infancy".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Berchtold NC, Cotman CW | year = 1998 | title = Evolution in the conceptu-alization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s | journal = Neurobiol Aging | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 173–189 | doi = 10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00052-9 | pmid = 9661992 | s2cid = 24808582 }}</ref> In 550&nbsp;BC, the Athenian statesman and poet [[Solon]] argued that the terms of a man's will might be invalidated if he exhibited loss of judgement due to advanced age. [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese medical]] texts made allusions to the condition as well, and the characters for "dementia" translate literally to "foolish old person".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19455117|title=Diagnosis and treatment of senile dementia|date=1989|publisher=Springer-Verlag| vauthors = Bergener M, Reisberg B |isbn=0-387-50800-7|location=Berlin|oclc=19455117}}</ref><br />
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Athenian philosophers [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]] discussed the mental decline that can come with old age and predicted that this affects everyone who becomes old and nothing can be done to stop this decline from taking place. Plato specifically talked about how the elderly should not be in positions that require responsibility because, "There is not much acumen of the mind that once carried them in their youth, those characteristics one would call judgement, imagination, power of reasoning, and memory. They see them gradually blunted by deterioration and can hardly fulfill their function."<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Xihua J |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Senile Dementia: Research Methods and Perspective |year=1989 |isbn=9380615345 |pages=38 |language=English}}</ref><br />
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For comparison, the Roman statesman [[Cicero]] held a view much more in line with modern-day medical wisdom that loss of mental function was not inevitable in the elderly and "affected only those old men who were weak-willed". He spoke of how those who remained mentally active and eager to learn new things could stave off dementia. However, Cicero's views on aging, although progressive, were largely ignored in a world that would be dominated for centuries by Aristotle's medical writings. Physicians during the Roman Empire, such as [[Galen]] and [[Celsus]], simply repeated the beliefs of Aristotle while adding few new contributions to medical knowledge.<br />
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[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] physicians sometimes wrote of dementia. It is recorded that at least seven emperors whose lifespans exceeded 70 years displayed signs of cognitive decline. In [[Constantinople]], special hospitals housed those diagnosed with dementia or insanity, but these did not apply to the emperors, who were above the law and whose health conditions could not be publicly acknowledged.<br />
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Otherwise, little is recorded about dementia in Western medical texts for nearly 1700 years. One of the few references was the 13th-century friar [[Roger Bacon]], who viewed old age as divine punishment for [[original sin]]. Although he repeated existing Aristotelian beliefs that dementia was inevitable, he did make the progressive assertion that the brain was the center of memory and thought rather than the heart.<br />
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Poets, playwrights, and other writers made frequent allusions to the loss of mental function in old age. [[William Shakespeare]] notably mentions it in plays such as ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[King Lear]]''.<br />
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During the 19th century, doctors generally came to believe that elderly dementia was the result of [[cerebral atherosclerosis]], although opinions fluctuated between the idea that it was due to blockage of the major arteries supplying the brain or small strokes within the vessels of the [[cerebral cortex]].<br />
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In 1907, Bavarian psychiatrist [[Alois Alzheimer]] was the first to identify and describe the characteristics of progressive dementia in the brain of 51-year-old [[Auguste Deter]].<ref name="auto">Zilka, N., & Novak, M. (2006). The tangled story of Alois Alzheimer. ''Bratislavske lekarske listy'', ''107''(9–10), 343–345.</ref> Deter had begun to behave uncharacteristically, including accusing her husband of adultery, neglecting household chores, exhibiting difficulties writing and engaging in conversations, heightened insomnia, and loss of directional sense.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang HD, Kim DH, Lee SB, Young LD | title = History of Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 115–121 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 30906352 | pmc = 6428020 | doi = 10.12779/dnd.2016.15.4.115 }}</ref> At one point, Deter was reported to have "dragged a bed sheet outside, wandered around wildly, and cried for hours at midnight."<ref name="auto1"/> Alzheimer began treating Deter when she entered a [[Frankfurt]] mental hospital on November 25, 1901.<ref name="auto1"/> During her ongoing treatment, Deter and her husband struggled to afford the cost of the medical care, and Alzheimer agreed to continue her treatment in exchange for Deter's medical records and donation of her brain upon death.<ref name="auto1"/> Deter died on April 8, 1906, after succumbing to [[sepsis]] and [[pneumonia]].<ref name="auto1"/> Alzheimer conducted the brain biopsy using the [[Bielschowsky stain]] method, which was a new development at the time, and he observed [[Amyloid plaques|senile plaques]], [[neurofibrillary tangle]]s, and atherosclerotic alteration.<ref name="auto"/> At the time, the consensus among medical doctors had been that senile plaques were generally found in older patients, and the occurrence of [[neurofibrillary tangle]]s was an entirely new observation at the time.<ref name="auto1"/> Alzheimer presented his findings at the 37th psychiatry conference of southwestern Germany in [[Tübingen]] on April 11, 1906; however, the information was poorly received by his peers.<ref name="auto1"/> By 1910, Alois Alzheimer's teacher, [[Emil Kraepelin]], published a book in which he coined the term "[[Alzheimer's disease]]" in an attempt to acknowledge the importance of Alzheimer's discovery.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><br />
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By the 1960s, the link between [[Neurodegenerative Diseases]] and age-related cognitive decline had become more established. By the 1970s, the medical community maintained that vascular dementia was rarer than previously thought and Alzheimer's disease caused the vast majority of old age mental impairments. More recently however, it is believed that dementia is often a mixture of conditions.<br />
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In 1976, neurologist [[Robert Katzmann (Neurologist)|Robert Katzmann]] suggested a link between senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/17/health/research/17drug.html|title=Drug Trials Test Bold Plan to Slow Alzheimer's| vauthors = Kolata G |date=June 17, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 17, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120409121141/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/17/health/research/17drug.html|archive-date=April 9, 2012|author-link=Gina Kolata }}</ref> Katzmann suggested that much of the senile dementia occurring (by definition) after the age of 65, was pathologically identical with Alzheimer's disease occurring in people under age 65 and therefore should not be treated differently.<ref name="Katzman1976">{{cite journal | vauthors = Katzman R | title = Editorial: The prevalence and malignancy of Alzheimer disease. A major killer | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 217–218 | date = April 1976 | pmid = 1259639 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.1976.00500040001001 }}</ref> Katzmann thus suggested that Alzheimer's disease, if taken to occur over age 65, is actually common, not rare, and was the fourth- or 5th-leading cause of death, even though rarely reported on death certificates in 1976.<br />
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A helpful finding was that although the incidence of Alzheimer's disease increased with age (from 5–10% of 75-year-olds to as many as 40–50% of 90-year-olds), no threshold was found by which age all persons developed it. This is shown by documented supercentenarians (people living to 110 or more) who experienced no substantial cognitive impairment. Some evidence suggests that dementia is most likely to develop between ages 80 and 84 and individuals who pass that point without being affected have a lower chance of developing it. Women account for a larger percentage of dementia cases than men, although this can be attributed to their longer overall lifespan and greater odds of attaining an age where the condition is likely to occur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prevalence by gender in the UK|url=https://www.dementiastatistics.org/statistics/prevalence-by-gender-in-the-uk/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Dementia Statistics Hub|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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Much like other diseases associated with aging, dementia was comparatively rare before the 20th century, because few people lived past 80. Conversely, syphilitic dementia was widespread in the developed world until it was largely eradicated by the use of [[penicillin]] after [[World War II]]. With significant increases in life expectancy thereafter, the number of people over 65 started rapidly climbing. While elderly persons constituted an average of 3–5% of the population prior to 1945, by 2010 many countries reached 10–14% and in Germany and Japan, this figure exceeded 20%. Public awareness of Alzheimer's Disease greatly increased in 1994 when former US president [[Ronald Reagan]] announced that he had been diagnosed with the condition.<br />
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In the 21st century, [[Frontotemporal dementia|other types of dementia]] were differentiated from Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias (the most common types). This differentiation is on the basis of pathological examination of brain tissues, by symptomatology, and by different patterns of brain metabolic activity in nuclear medical imaging tests such as [[SPECT]] and [[Positron emission tomography|PETscans]] of the brain. The various forms have differing prognoses and differing epidemiologic risk factors. The main cause for many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains unclear.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref><br />
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===Terminology===<br />
Dementia in the elderly was once called ''senile dementia'' or ''senility'', and viewed as a normal and somewhat inevitable aspect of [[aging]].<ref name="senility-aa">{{cite web |title=What is dementia? |url=https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |access-date=6 August 2018 |quote=Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as "senility" or "senile dementia," which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging.}}</ref><ref name="senility-mednet">{{cite web | vauthors = Taylor DC |title=Dementia |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/dementia/article.htm |publisher=MedicineNet |access-date=6 August 2018 |quote=Senile dementia ("senility") is a term that was once used to describe all dementias; this term is no longer used as a diagnosis.}}</ref><br />
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By 1913–20 the term ''[[dementia praecox]]'' was introduced to suggest the development of senile-type dementia at a younger age. Eventually the two terms fused, so that until 1952 physicians used the terms ''dementia praecox'' (precocious dementia) and ''schizophrenia'' interchangeably. Since then, science has determined that dementia and schizophrenia are two different disorders, though they share some similarities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Healthfully|url=https://healthfully.com/difference-between-dementia-schizophrenia-5688962.html|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Healthfully|language=en}}</ref> The term ''precocious dementia'' for a mental illness suggested that a type of mental illness like schizophrenia (including [[paranoia]] and decreased cognitive capacity) could be expected to arrive normally in all persons with greater age (see [[paraphrenia]]). After about 1920, the beginning use of ''dementia'' for what is now understood as schizophrenia and senile dementia helped limit the word's meaning to "permanent, irreversible mental deterioration". This began the change to the later use of the term. In recent studies, researchers have seen a connection between those diagnosed with schizophrenia and patients who are diagnosed with dementia, finding a positive correlation between the two diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Relationship Between Schizophrenia and Dementia|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/demystifying-psychiatry/201603/the-relationship-between-schizophrenia-and-dementia|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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The view that dementia must always be the result of a particular disease process led for a time to the proposed diagnosis of "senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type" (SDAT) in persons over the age of 65, with "Alzheimer's disease" diagnosed in persons younger than 65 who had the same pathology. Eventually, however, it was agreed that the age limit was artificial, and that ''Alzheimer's disease'' was the appropriate term for persons with that particular brain pathology, regardless of age.<br />
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After 1952, mental illnesses including schizophrenia were removed from the category of ''[[organic brain syndrome]]s'', and thus (by definition) removed from possible causes of "dementing illnesses" (dementias). At the same, however, the traditional cause of senile dementia – "hardening of the arteries" – now returned as a set of dementias of vascular cause (small strokes). These were now termed ''multi-infarct dementias'' or ''[[vascular dementia]]s''.<br />
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==Society and culture==<br />
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[[File:Care at Home with Dementia, Tigray (8015180561).jpg|thumb|Woman with dementia being cared for at home in [[Ethiopia]]]]The societal cost of dementia is high, especially for caregivers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodaty H, Donkin M | title = Family caregivers of people with dementia | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–228 | date = 29 April 2017 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.2/hbrodaty | pmid = 19585957 | pmc = 3181916 }}</ref> According to a UK-based study, almost two out of three carers of people with dementia feel lonely. Most of the carers in the study were family members or friends.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-07-22 |title=Most people caring for relatives with dementia experience loneliness |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/most-people-caring-for-relatives-with-dementia-experience-loneliness/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |doi=10.3310/alert_40575|s2cid=243269845 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Victor CR, Rippon I, Quinn C, Nelis SM, Martyr A, Hart N, Lamont R, Clare L | display-authors = 6 | title = The prevalence and predictors of loneliness in caregivers of people with dementia: findings from the IDEAL programme | journal = Aging & Mental Health | volume = 25 | issue = 7 | pages = 1232–1238 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 32306759 | doi = 10.1080/13607863.2020.1753014 | s2cid = 216028843 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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{{as of|2015}}, the annual cost per Alzheimer's patient in the United States was around $19,144.36. The total costs for the nation is estimated to be about $167.74&nbsp;billion. By 2030, it is predicted the annual socioeconomic cost will total to about $507&nbsp;billion, and by 2050 that number is expected to reach $1.89&nbsp;trillion. This steady increase will be seen not just within the United States but globally. Global estimates for the costs of dementia were $957.56&nbsp;billion in 2015, but by 2050 the estimated global cost is 9.12&nbsp;trillion.<ref name=":42">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jia J, Wei C, Chen S, Li F, Tang Y, Qin W, Zhao L, Jin H, Xu H, Wang F, Zhou A, Zuo X, Wu L, Han Y, Han Y, Huang L, Wang Q, Li D, Chu C, Shi L, Gong M, Du Y, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhou C, Lv J, Lv Y, Xie H, Ji Y, Li F, Yu E, Luo B, Wang Y, Yang S, Qu Q, Guo Q, Liang F, Zhang J, Tan L, Shen L, Zhang K, Zhang J, Peng D, Tang M, Lv P, Fang B, Chu L, Jia L, Gauthier S | display-authors = 6 | title = The cost of Alzheimer's disease in China and re-estimation of costs worldwide | journal = Alzheimer's & Dementia | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 483–491 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29433981 | doi = 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.006 | s2cid = 46762069 }}</ref><br />
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Many countries consider the care of people living with dementia a national priority and invest in resources and education to better inform health and social service workers, unpaid caregivers, relatives and members of the wider community. Several countries have authored national plans or strategies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alz.co.uk/sites/default/files/national-alzheimer-and-dementia-plans.pdf |title=National Alzheimer and Dementia Plans Planned Policies and Activities (PDF) |date=April 2012 |publisher=Alzheimer's Disease International |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518062839/http://www.alz.co.uk/sites/default/files/national-alzheimer-and-dementia-plans.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-18 |access-date=2012-12-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://brookdale.jdc.org.il/en/publication/addressing-alzheimers-types-dementiaisraeli-national-strategy-summary-document-interdisciplinary-inter-organizational-group-experts/|title=Addressing Alzheimer's and Other Types of Dementia:Israeli National Strategy Summary Document of the Interdisciplinary, Inter-Organizational Group of Experts » Brookdale|work=Brookdale|access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> These plans recognize that people can live reasonably with dementia for years, as long as the right support and timely access to a diagnosis are available. Former British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] described dementia as a "national crisis", affecting 800,000 people in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/26/dementia-research-funding-to-double |title=Dementia research funding to more than double to £66m by 2015 | vauthors = Boseley S |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 March 2012 |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |access-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020053209/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/26/dementia-research-funding-to-double |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> In fact, dementia has become the leading cause of death for women in England.<ref name=":52">{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Dowd A | title = Dementia is now leading cause of death in women in England | journal = BMJ | volume = 358 | pages = j3445 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28710087 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.j3445 | s2cid = 29011449 | id = {{ProQuest|1919058612}} }}</ref><br />
<br />
There, as with all mental disorders, people with dementia could potentially be a danger to themselves or others, they can be detained under the [[Mental Health Act 1983]] for assessment, care and treatment. This is a last resort, and is usually avoided by people with family or friends who can ensure care.<br />
<br />
Some hospitals in Britain work to provide enriched and friendlier care. To make the hospital wards calmer and less overwhelming to residents, staff replaced the usual nurses' station with a collection of smaller desks, similar to a reception area. The incorporation of bright lighting helps increase positive mood and allow residents to see more easily.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2018/09/15/british-hospitals-are-having-a-dementia-friendly-makeover|title=British hospitals are having a dementia-friendly makeover|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref><br />
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[[Driving]] with dementia can lead to injury or death. Doctors should advise appropriate testing on when to quit driving.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drivers with dementia a growing problem, MDs warn |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=CBC News, Canada |url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2007/09/19/drivers-dementia.html?ref=rss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002100058/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2007/09/19/drivers-dementia.html?ref=rss |archive-date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref> The United Kingdom [[DVLA]] (Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency) states that people with dementia who specifically have poor short-term memory, disorientation, or lack of insight or judgment are not allowed to drive, and in these instances the DVLA must be informed so that the driving license can be revoked. They acknowledge that in low-severity cases and those with an early diagnosis, drivers may be permitted to continue driving.<br />
<br />
Many support networks are available to people with dementia and their families and caregivers. Charitable organizations aim to raise awareness and campaign for the rights of people living with dementia. Support and guidance are available on assessing testamentary capacity in people with dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson SB | year = 2009 | title = Testamentary capacity and cognitive rehabilitation: implications for head-injured and neurologically impaired individuals | journal = Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation | volume = 27 | pages = 11–13 }} Also published in: {{cite thesis | vauthors = Thompson S |chapter=Testamentary capacity and cognitive rehabilitation: implications for head-injured and neurologically impaired individuals |pages=372–381 |title=Advancing knowledge into the clinical assessment of dementia |date=September 2010 |chapter-url=https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/16247/ }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, Atlantic Philanthropies announced a $177 million gift aimed at understanding and reducing dementia. The recipient was Global Brain Health Institute, a program co-led by the [[University of California, San Francisco]] and [[Trinity College Dublin]]. This donation is the largest non-capital grant Atlantic has ever made, and the biggest philanthropic donation in Irish history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/briefly_noted80 |title=Tackling dementia |work=Philanthropy magazine |date=Winter 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211210606/http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/briefly_noted80 |archive-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2020, [[the Caretaker (musician)|the Caretaker]]'s last music release, ''[[Everywhere at the End of Time]]'', was popularized by [[TikTok]] users for its depiction of the stages of dementia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/22/926607585/tiktok-the-caretaker-challenge-avant-garde |title=What Happens When TikTok Looks To The Avant-Garde For A Challenge? |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=6 April 2021 |publisher=[[NPR]] | vauthors = Garvey M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022215520/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/22/926607585/tiktok-the-caretaker-challenge-avant-garde |archive-date=22 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Caregivers were in favor of this phenomenon; Leyland Kirby, the creator of the record, echoed this sentiment, explaining it could cause empathy among a younger public.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/style/tiktok-caretaker-challenge-dementia.html |title=Why Are TikTok Teens Listening to an Album About Dementia? |date=23 October 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]] | vauthors = Ezra M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023171008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/style/tiktok-caretaker-challenge-dementia.html |archive-date=23 October 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 2 November 2020, Scottish billionaire Sir [[Tom Hunter]] donated £1&nbsp;million to dementia charities, after watching a former music teacher with dementia, Paul Harvey, playing one of his own compositions on the piano in a viral video. The donation was announced to be split between the Alzheimer's Society and Music for Dementia.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54772218 |title= Paul Harvey: Composer with dementia inspires £1m donation |work= BBC News |date= 2 November 2020 |access-date= 2 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Dementia/}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=Result List: PM 32016328: EBSCOhost |url=https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?vid=0&sid=27db6ba9-ec43-43de-9285-fb74ccf5fd6d@redis&bquery=PM+32016328&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLGNvb2tpZSx1cmwsdWlkJmRiPW1uaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2VhcmNoTW9kZT1PciZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ== |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=web.s.ebscohost.com |language=en}}<br />
* [https://www.alz.org/ Alzheimer's Association]<br />
* [https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers National Institute on Aging – Alzheimer's disease]<br />
<br />
{{Medical condition classification and resources<br />
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F00}}, {{ICD10|F01}}, {{ICD10|F02}}, {{ICD10|F03}}<br />
| ICD10CM = {{ICD10CM|F01}}, {{ICD10CM|F02}}, {{ICD10CM|F03}}<br />
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|290}}-{{ICD9|294}}<br />
| MedlinePlus = 000739<br />
| DiseasesDB = 29283<br />
|eMedicineSubj=article<br />
|eMedicineTopic=793247<br />
| MeshID = D003704<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Diseases of the nervous system}}<br />
{{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected = neurological}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Cognitive disorders]]<br />
[[Category:Dementia| ]]<br />
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]<br />
[[Category:Mental disorders due to brain damage]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._R._Punia&diff=413539K. R. Punia2023-08-15T19:00:09Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2022}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirpa Ram, Punia}}<br />
{{Short description|An indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox AM<br />
| honorific_prefix = Dr.<br />
| name = K. R. Punia<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = Former member of the Haryana Vidhan Sabha, Kirpa Ram Punia<br />
| caption = <br />
| constituency_AM = [[Baroda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baroda]]<br />
| assembly = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana Legislative]]<br />
| majority = [[Lok Dal]]<br />
| term_start = 1987<br />
| term_end = 1989<br />
| predecessor = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by adding a number--><br />
| successor = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by adding a number--><br />
| prior_term =<br />
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|01|01}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Salhawas]], [[Haryana]]<br />
| relatives = [[P. L. Punia]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kirpa Ram Punia''', also known as '''K. R. Punia''', is an [[India|Indian]] [[politician]]. He was a member of [[Janata Dal]] in the late 1980s, and served as a minister of industries under the [[Devi Lal]]'s [[Government of Haryana|state government]], then [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], from 1987 to 1989.<ref name="2017_NewIndianExpress">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/20/former-haryana-minister-kirpa-ram-punia-joins-bsp-1732585.html |title=Former Haryana minister Kirpa Ram Punia joins BSP |quote=Punia, who was an industry minister during the Devi Lal government in Haryana, has been made the BSP's campaign in- charge in Haryana, the party's in-charge for Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, Megh Raj, told reporters. |date=20 December 2017 |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=18 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/ex-minister-joins-bsp-516398 |title=Ex-minister joins BSP |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |access-date=20 December 2021 |quote=Punia, who was a minister in the Devi Lal Cabinet from 1987 to 1989, joined the BSP in the presence of Dr Meghraj,}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Punia was born on 1 January 1936 in [[Salhawas]], [[Haryana]]. He has an [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[LLB]], and a [[PhD]] degree. He also holds [[Diploma]]s in [[Russian language]] and [[land management]] from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="1987_hryvidhansabha">{{cite web |url=https://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/pdffiles/who/1987.pdf |date=November 1988 |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha WHO’S WHO 1987 |publisher=Research Branch, Haryana Vidhan Sabha Secretariat, Chandigarh |pages=4,29-30 |access-date=18 December 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Politics and career ==<br />
Punia had worked as a psychologist at the [[Indian Air Force]]' selection committee. Later, he joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]], and became an officer.<ref name="1987_hryvidhansabha" /> He was a member of the board of directors of [[Air India]].<ref name="AirIndiaPosition">{{cite web |title=KIRPA RAM P. - South Africa |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/officer/38689345 |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref><br />
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In 1987, Punia won the [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]], with 50,882 of the total 91,066 votes, and became a member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana Vidhan Sabha]].<ref name="1987_hryvidhansabha" /><ref name="1987_election_results1">{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1987 |publisher=Elections in India |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> He became [[Government of Haryana]]'s minister of industries, and served until his resignation in 1989 in protest to a speech delivered by [[Om Prakash Chautala]].<ref name="VerifResignation">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/it-s-deja-vu-for-devi-lal-family-678374 |title=It’s deja vu for Devi Lal family |publisher=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |date=3 November 2018 |access-date=27 December 2021 |quote=Swift developments took place when Chautala decided to contest the Meham (Rohtak) byelection to reach Assembly. His speech in Meham, when he talked about ‘kali bhed’ (black sheep) in the party, annoyed ministers like his brother Ranjeet, Virender Singh, Ran Singh Maan and Kripa Ram Punia who resigned from the government.}}</ref><br />
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Punia was close to [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]].<ref name="VerifyJoiningINC">{{cite web |url=https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/301928/kr-punia-haryana-leader-congress-i.html |title=KR Punia, News Photo, Haryana Leader KR Punia (R) |quote=Haryana Leader KR Punia (R) addressing a press conference after joining Congress- I at AICC office, New Delhi on April 19, 1991. Ghulam Nabi Azad (L) is also seen. |access-date=27 December 2021 |publisher=The Times Content Syndication}}</ref> That along with his friendship with [[Madhavrao Scindia]] helped him join the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1991.<ref name="VerifAssociationWithScindia">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011003/haryana.htm#2 |last=Gupta |first=Yoginder |title=Scindia’s death ‘orphans’ many Cong leaders |publisher=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |quote=Dr K.R. Punia, too enjoyed the patronage of Mr Scindia, who helped him in getting the party ticket during 1991, |date=2 October 2001 |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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In 2005, he ran for the state election to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] as an independent candidate to represent the [[Baroda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baroda constituency]], and came fourth with 10356 votes (13.67% of the total votes).<ref name="2005ElecResults">{{cite web |url=https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/Affidavit/archive/Feb2005/pollupd/ac/states/s07/aconst38.htm |title=State Elections 2005 - Constituency wise detail for 38-Baroda Constituency of Haryana |date=29 July 2005 |publisher= |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218004411/https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/Affidavit/archive/Feb2005/pollupd/ac/states/s07/aconst38.htm |archive-date=18 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="2005ElectionStatsReport">{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3825-haryana-2005/2005.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2005 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA |date=c. 2005 |page=146 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 December 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, he joined the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref name="Outlook2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/former-haryana-minister-kirpa-ram-punia-joins-bsp/1213826 |title=Former Haryana minister Kirpa Ram Punia joins BSP |date=20 December 2017 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="2017_NewIndianExpress" /> Before joining the BSP, he was a member of the [[Indian National Congress|INC party]]. In December 2018, he quit the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref name="Hindustan2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-chandigarh/20181209/281676845992602 |title=DALIT LEADER PUNIA QUITS BSP, LIKELY TO JOIN DUSHYANT |date=8 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]] |quote=..had joined Congress before joining the BSP about a year ago.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Punia, a [[Dalit]] leader,<ref name="Hindustan2018" /> is the son of Shri Puran Chand Punia.<ref name="1987_hryvidhansabha" /> His brother [[P. L. Punia]] is a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]—the [[Upper house|upper house]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="VerifySibling">{{Cite web |url=https://nocorruption.in/politician/p-l-punia/ |title=P.L. Punia of Uttar Pradesh contact address & email |publisher=No Corruption India |quote=He was Principal Secretary to Mayawati, and later fell out of favour with her and joined the Congress. Brother of former Haryana minister Kripa Ram Punia. |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[P. L. Punia]]<br />
*[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian politician stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana politician stubs]]<br />
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{{Haryana-politician-stub}}<br />
{{JD-politician-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahadurgarh_City_metro_station&diff=413538Bahadurgarh City metro station2023-08-15T18:58:38Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />Bahadurgarh City<br />
| type = [[Delhi Metro]] station<br />
| style = Delhi Metro<br />
| image = Bahadurgarh City metro station (as of Jul '22).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = Madhya Marg, Bahadurgarh,<br />
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|route}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]]<br />
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}}}}<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = <br />
| bicycle = <br />
| opened = {{Start date and age|2018|June|24|df=y}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br />
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br />
| code = {{#property:P296}}<br />
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = Bus Stand metro station<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Green|left=Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh|right=Pandit Shree Ram Sharma}}<br />
| map_type = India Delhi<br />
| map_dot_label = Bahadurgarh City<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Green Line Route}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
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'''Bahadurgarh City metro station''' (formerly known as '''Bus Stand metro station''') is a station on the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] and is located in the [[Bahadurgarh]] town in [[Haryana]]. It is an elevated station and opened in 24 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=7 |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117021940/http://delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=7 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Station layout ==<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Green}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Eastbound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}} <small>next station is {{stl|Delhi Metro|Pandit Shree Ram Sharma}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Green}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span><br />
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Concourse<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
<br />
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Bus Stand metro station are<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123064422/http://delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Delhi]]<br />
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]<br />
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]<br />
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archivedate=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
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{{Delhi Metro}}<br />
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations}}<br />
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[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Jhajjar district]]<br />
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{{Delhi-metro-stub}}<br />
{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopal_Goyal_Kanda&diff=413537Gopal Goyal Kanda2023-08-15T18:57:59Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Gopal Kumar Goyal<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption =<br />
<!-- --><br />
| constituency1 = [[Sirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Randeep Singh Surjewala]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Makhan Lal Singla]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2009<br />
| term_end1 = 2014<br />
<!-- --><br />
| constituency = [[Sirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] <br />
| term_start = 24 October 2019<br />
| predecessor = [[Makhan Lal Singla]] <br />
| successor =<br />
<!-- --><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|12|29}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], Haryana, India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| party = [[Haryana Lokhit Party]]<br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Saraswati Devi<br />
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--><br />
| relations = <br />
| children = 1 son and 2 daughters<br />
| residence = [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], Haryana<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = Politician and businessman<br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = Committee on Agriculture (Member)<br />
| portfolio = Former Minister of State for Urban Local Bodies and Home (attached with CM),<br />Former Minister of State for Industries & Commerce (attached with PWM)<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gopal Kumar Goyal''' (born 29 December 1965), commonly known as '''Gopal Goyal Kanda''', is a businessman and member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] in India.<br />
<br />
Kanda was elected to the legislative assembly of the state of [[Haryana]] in 2009 as an [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] representative for the [[Sirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] constituency. He served for some time as a minister in the [[Government of Haryana]] before resigning his post in the wake of legal charges being filed against him. He subsequently founded the [[Haryana Lokhit Party]] and stood unsuccessfully as a candidate in the [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|state assembly elections of 2014]]. In [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]], he again stood as a candidate for elections. He was successful in his attempt and is now the MLA for Sirsa.<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|10}}<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Gopal Goyal Kanda was born on 29 December 1965 in Sirsa, Haryana, India,<ref name="Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA profile">{{cite news|title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA profile|publisher=Haryana Vidhan Sabha|year=2012|url=http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/MLADetails.aspx?MLAID=780}}</ref> where his father, Murli Dhar (Fife) Kanda, was a lawyer.<ref name="singh">{{cite news |work=Sunday Guardian |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/religion-made-kanda-popular-in-sirsa-wealth-came-in-gurgaon |first=Abhimanyu |last=Singh |date=12 August 2012 |title=Religion made Kanda popular in Sirsa, wealth came in Gurgaon |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> His ancestors were market traders and his surname, 'Kanda', refers to the iron weights used by such people.<ref name="munshi">{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-rise-and-fall-of-sirsa-notorious-son-gopal-goyal-kanda/1/212469.html |title=The rise and fall of Sirsa's notorious son Gopal Goyal Kanda |work=India Today |first=Suhas |last=Munshi |date=9 August 2012 |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> He lived with his family in a two-room apartment above their shop.<ref name="TOI20120810"/> They had connections with an influential local politician, [["Om Prakash" Chautala]], and access to Tara Baba (died 2002), a reclusive local spiritual guru whom Kanda has subsequently done much to promote venerate.<ref name="singh"/><br />
<br />
A school drop-out, according to ''[[The Times of India]]'' Kanda has been "Electrician, shoe shop owner, real estate broker, industrialist, car dealer, Tara Baba devotee, airline owner and politician".<ref name="TOI20120810">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/india/33136341_1_sirsa-tara-baba-shoe-camp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103113039/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/india/33136341_1_sirsa-tara-baba-shoe-camp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Gopal Kanda: A dropout's rise to wealth and power |first=Sukhbir |last=Siwach |date=10 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref><br />
Kanda's early attempts at business in Sirsa&nbsp;– a music shop and various ventures involving shoes&nbsp;– were unsuccessful. In 1997, he moved to [[Gurgaon]] to enter the real estate business and was able to exploit legal reforms to become a successful broker and, eventually, developer. By 2005, he also had interests in designer clothing production and was an exporter,<ref name="singh"/><ref name="TOI20120810" /> as well as owning a hotel in Gurgaon, a casino in [[Goa]] and various car dealerships.<ref name="singh"/> He launched [[MDLR Airlines]] around 2006–2007, but it suspended operations in 2009, after accumulating losses and suffering a 2008 tax raid in which numerous employees were convicted. The airline became a part of [[Emirates Airlines]] in October 2010.<ref name="TOI20120810" /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-09/india/33118142_1_kanda-and-aruna-suicide-note-mdlr | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214183102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-09/india/33118142_1_kanda-and-aruna-suicide-note-mdlr | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 December 2013 |title=Geetika Sharma suicide: Court rejects Kanda's anticipatory bail plea |date=9 August 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kanda is married to Saraswati Devi and has a son and two daughters.<ref name=" Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA profile " /> He uses the surname "Kanda" for political and religious purposes, while for business purposes and on official papers his name is Gopal Kumar Goyal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-22/india/33321768_1_mdlr-group-popular-surname-three-passports |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-22/india/33321768_1_mdlr-group-popular-surname-three-passports |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Gopal Kumar Goyal's 'Kanda' mystery |first=Rohan |last=Dua |date=22 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
Kanda returned to Sirsa in 2006 with an eye to entering politics. He leveraged the local status of the Chautala family and of Tara Baba, in memory of whom he built a large temple complex.<ref name="TOI20120810" /> It was during the period after Chautala became [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] in 1999 that Kanda's business career had taken off<ref name="singh"/> but Chautala's [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD) party lost the 2005 general elections in Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.rediff.com/election/hardetail05.htm |work=Rediff |title=(Haryana Assembly Elections 2005 Constituency wise Results}}</ref><br />
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The relationship with the Chautala family soured when they refused to select Kanda as an INLD candidate in the 2009 state assembly elections, believing that he was incapable of winning. Although he was also friendly with significant members of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), that party, too, refused him a candidacy. Exploiting his religious affiliations with Tara Baba,<ref name="singh"/> he contested instead as an independent and defeated the INLD candidate, Padam Jain, by a margin of 6521 votes.<ref name="munshi"/> He supported the INC, led by [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]], in the formation of a government. The INC had 40 legislators and needed at least another six to form the government, so Kanda acted as kingmaker and rallied a group of independents in support of Hooda. He was rewarded with a cabinet post and made Minister of State for Home in Haryana.<ref name="TOI20120810"/> He had at that time ten criminal cases pending against him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-gopal-goyal-kanda-257580 |title=Who is Gopal Goyal Kanda? |first=Abhinav |last=Bhatt |date=21 August 2012 |accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
When not bound by the [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct]], which restricts certain activities during election periods, Kanda regularly provided his constituents with free medicines and access to medical services, along with food, water and school books. Supporters claim that Tara Baba declared him to be his spiritual heir.<ref name="ghose">{{cite news |work=The Indian Express |title=Where everything Kanda owns is a landmark |first= Dipankar |last=Ghose |date=24 September 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/where-everything-kanda-owns-is-a-landmark/ |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Resignation as minister==<br />
Kanda was arrested in 2012 and resigned from office in the home ministry in the Government of Haryana.<ref name="dh"/> On 5 August 2012, Geetika Sharma, a former [[air hostess]] with the MDLR airline had committed suicide. She left two suicide notes,.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/suicide-saga-turns-murkier-geetika-worked-at-gopal-kanda-s-goa-17251.html |title=Suicide saga turns murkier, Geetika worked at Gopal Kanda's Goa casinos, Nupur Mehta involved |publisher=India TV |date=7 August 2012 |accessdate=14 August 2012}}</ref> accusing Kanda and an aide of harassment.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> She also alleged that Kanda was "having an illicit relationship with another woman, Ankita, with whom he has a child".<ref>{{cite news |title=My trust is costing my life, won't forgive him: Geetika Sharma |accessdate=21 September 2016 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/india/33064940_1_suicide-note-illicit-relationship-girl-child |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121014932/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/india/33064940_1_suicide-note-illicit-relationship-girl-child |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2013 |first=Raj |last=Shekhar |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 August 2012}}</ref> Allegations have been made that before her suicide Kanda sent a letter to Emirates saying that she had been a poor employee and had defaulted on a loan, and her family said that he had sent her threatening e-mails using several identities. Kanda denied the allegations and stated that he had encouraged Sharma by sponsoring her on an MBA course. He also said "She was also made the chairman of the trust which managed an international school at Sirsa."<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://m.indiatoday.in/story/gopal-kanda-threatened-us-hours-before-geetika-committed-suicide-alleges-family/1/212083.html Gopal Kanda threatened us hours before Geetika committed suicide, alleges family<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
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Delhi Police took him in custody, with charges including abetting the suicide, criminal conspiracy and criminal intimidation, and sending false electronic messages.<ref name="dh">{{cite news|title=Kanda may also face destruction of proof case|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/273641/kanda-may-face-destruction-proof.html|accessdate=23 August 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fresh trouble for Kanda|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article3810563.ece|accessdate=23 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 August 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Haryana chief minister, Bhupinder Singh Hooda, said that his former minister not helping the police in the suicide probe was "unfair".<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/india/33136303_1_bhupinder-singh-hooda-today-police-investigation-chief-minister|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214183059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/india/33136303_1_bhupinder-singh-hooda-today-police-investigation-chief-minister|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|work= [[The Times of India]]|title= Kanda must join Geetika suicide probe: Hooda|date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><br />
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On 15 February 2013, Geetika's mother, Anuradha Sharma also committed suicide. She chose the same method as her daughter and left a suicide note at the same place as her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geetika Sharma's mother commits suicide |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Former-airhostess-Geetika-Sharma-s-mother-commits-suicide/Article1-1012243.aspx |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320203305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Former-airhostess-Geetika-Sharma-s-mother-commits-suicide/Article1-1012243.aspx |archivedate=20 March 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 March 2014, Kanda was granted bail after a charge of sexual exploitation was dropped by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gopal Kanda gets bail in Geetika Sharma Suicide Case |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/gopal-kanda-gets-bail-in-geetika-sharma-suicide-case/ |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=Bihar Prabha |accessdate=6 March 2014}}</ref> Both the police and Geetika Sharma's brother objected to the grant of bail, alleging that medical records had been forged, the freedom would enable witness interference, and that it could prejudice a future trial.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Airhostess Suicide Case: Delhi Police Opposes Bail for ex-Haryana Minister Gopal Kanda |date=12 May 2014 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/airhostess-suicide-case-delhi-police-opposes-bail-for-ex-haryana-minister-gopal-kanda-561510 |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> Kanda then sought judicial intervention to prevent media from reporting the case.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Financial Express |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Airhostess Geetika Sharma suicide case: Gopal Kanda seeks curbs on media coverage |date=23 May 2014 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/airhostess-geetika-sharma-suicide-case-gopal-kanda-seeks-curbs-on-media-coverage/1253487/ |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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==Return to politics==<br />
As leader of the Haryana Lokhit Party, which he had formed in May 2014,<ref>{{cite news |work=DNA |title=Gopal Kanda's Haryana Lokhit Party promises sops for al |date=17 August 2014 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gopal-kanda-s-haryana-lokhit-party-promises-sops-for-all-2011498 |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> Kanda contested the 2014 elections in Haryana. He lost to [[Makhan Lal Singla]] of the INLD,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/inld-saves-bastion-wins-8-of-9-seats-in-sirsa/article1-1277278.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |title=INLD saves bastion, wins 8 of 9 seats in Sirsa |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103070005/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/inld-saves-bastion-wins-8-of-9-seats-in-sirsa/article1-1277278.aspx |archivedate=3 November 2014 }}</ref> despite his opponents acknowledging beforehand that his local popularity negated any potential ill effects from the Sharma case.<ref name="ghose"/><br />
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In October 2016, with the Sharma case still unresolved, Kanda and his brother, Govind, were charged in relation to an investigation into alleged illegal property development in Sirsa. Police had been looking into the matter since 2009.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Kanda, brother booked for building illegal colony |date=3 October 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Kanda-brother-booked-for-building-illegal-colony/articleshow/54648592.cms |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> Kanda has had other brushes with the law, including a case from 2000 involving cheque bouncing that was still unresolved in 2014,<ref>{{cite news |work=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=17 April 2014 |title=Kanda gets bail in cheque bounce case |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kanda-gets-bail-in-cheque-bounce-case |accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> and a 2007 incident when he was discovered in the company of members of the [[criminal underworld]].<ref name="munshi"/><br />
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==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Politics of India]]<br />
* [[Suicide in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/gopalkandahlp Gopal Kanda on Facebook]<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanda, Gopal Goyal}}<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZPHS_Dharmaram&diff=413536ZPHS Dharmaram2023-08-15T18:56:50Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Zilla Parishad High School<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = <br />
| address = Dharmaram <br />
| city = <br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| postcode = 505416<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.011766|N|79.5740542|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India<br />
| established = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --><br />
| opened = <br />
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| type = <br />
| district = <br />
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| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''ZPHS Dharmaram''' (fully [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] High School, Dharmaram) is one of the oldest schools in [[Medak district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zphs.ddharmaram.com/ |title=Welcome to ZPHS D.Dharmaram |publisher=Zphs.ddharmaram.com |access-date=2012-10-05}}</ref> This school is in [[D. Dharmaram]]. Recently, new buildings were constructed for the high school. The total attendance is 397 students.<ref name="google1">[http://sites.google.com/site/ddharmaramschools/home/students-information ]{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> The school has a computer lab donated by [[NIIT]], with 12 computers. In this laboratory, students get regular practice with computer and internet concepts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddharmaram.com/home/d-dharmaram-schools/zphs-high-school/ |title=ZPHS High School - D.Dharmaram - 502 102 |publisher=D.Dharmaram |access-date=2012-10-05}}</ref><br />
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==News and events==<br />
On 31 January 2010, The 1985 - 86 [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] students gathered in the high school grounds for a reunion. For this function, the retired teachers were invited as well. All the teachers and students expressed their views, recalled their sweet past memories and teachers blessed and addressed the students. It was exactly 25 years back these students studied their SSC in this school.<ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/ddharmaramschools/home/oldstudentsmeet ]{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref><br />
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==Scenes from the school==<br />
<gallery heights="150px" widths="150px" perrow="4"><br />
File:ZPHS Dharmaram, Medak district2.jpg|General view of the school<br />
File:DDharmaram School photo1.jpg|Computer lab<br />
File:DDharmaramZPHSschoolPhoto2.jpg|Computer lab class room<br />
File:ZPHS Dharmaram, Medak district.jpg|Old school building <br />
</gallery><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[List of schools in India]]<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Telangana]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.ddharmaram.com/home/d-dharmaram-schools/zphs-high-school# ZPHS Dharmaram website]<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zphs Dharmaram}}<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Telangana]]<br />
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{{Telangana-school-stub}}</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zomi_Revolutionary_Army&diff=413535Zomi Revolutionary Army2023-08-15T18:56:40Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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{{Infobox war faction<br />
| name = Zomi Revolutionary Army<br />
| native_name = ဇိုမီး တော်လှန်ရေး တပ်မတော်<br />
| native_name_lang = my<br />
| war = the [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]] and the [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]<br />
| image = [[File:Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg|200px]]<br />
| caption = Flag of the Zomi people, adopted by the ZRA<br />
| active = {{Start date|1997}}–present<br />
| leaders = Thanglianpau Guite<br />
| ideology = [[Zomi nationalism]]<br>[[Separatism]]<br>[[Paite people|Paite interests]]<br />
| clans = Zomi Revolutionary Organisation<br />
| headquarters = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]<br />
| area = [[Zogam|''Zogam'' (''Zoland'')]]<br />
* [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]]<br />
* [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], [[Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Manipur]], [[India]]<br />
* [[Mizoram]], [[India]]<br />
| size =<br />
| allies = [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]]<br><br />
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]<br>[[Kuki Liberation Organisation]] ([[memorandum of understanding]])<br />
{{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar Armed Forces.svg}} [[Tatmadaw]]<br />
| opponents = {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
* [[Border Guards Bangladesh]]<br />
{{flag|India}}<br />
* [[CRPF]]<br />
* [[Assam Regiment]]<br />
{{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
* [[Chinland Defense Force]]<br />
| battles = [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]]<br>[[Insurgency in Northeast India]]<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Zomi Revolutionary Army''' ({{lang-my|ဇိုမီး တော်လှန်ရေး တပ်မတော်}}; [[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''ZRA''') is an armed [[Zomi nationalism|Zomi nationalist]] [[Insurgency|insurgent group]] formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the [[Kuki people]] (i.e. the [[Thadou people|Thadou]]) and the [[Paite people|Paites]] tribe in [[Churachandpur district]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. Its parent organisation, the ''Zomi Revolutionary Organisation'', was founded on April 1993.<ref name="satp.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/zra.htm|title=Zomi Revolutionary Organisation / Zomi Revolutionary Army|publisher=satp.org|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ZRA's proclaimed objective is to "protect the interests of the Zo ethnic groups" and to "unite the [[Zomi people]]s under one state, ''[[Zogam]]''", which overlaps the official state boundaries of [[India]] ([[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]), [[Myanmar]] ([[Chin State]]) and [[Bangladesh]] ([[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]).<ref name="satp.org" /><br />
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== Leadership ==<br />
The ZRA has three main leadership positions, President, General Secretary, and Information and Publicity Secretary. Most of its leadership are from the Zomi community.<ref name="satp.org" /><ref name="silobreaker">{{cite web|url=http://www.silobreaker.com/fact-sheet-for-zomi-revolutionary-organisation-5_2262191526366937088_4?DrillDownItems=11_305457|title=Fact Sheet for Zomi Revolutionary Organisation - Silobreaker|publisher=Silobreaker.com|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> Its current leaders are:<br />
* Thanglianpau Guite, President of the Zomi Revolutionary Army<br />
* D. Kamsuanthang, General Secretary<br />
* Jimmy Suanpu, Information and Publicity Secretary<br />
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== Areas of operation ==<br />
The ZRA mainly conducts operations in the Paite, Simte, Vaiphei, Zou, Mizo, Chin, Gangte, Thadou and [[Zo people|other tribes under Zo umbrella]] majority areas of the [[Churachandpur district]] in [[Manipur]] and other districts in [[Manipur]], particularly the Singngat subdivision near [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Their main operation areas includes bordering regions of [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]], and also in [[Chin State]], Myanmar (Burma).<ref name="satp.org" /><br />
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== Funding ==<br />
The ZRA allegedly funds itself through the collection of "protection fees" from locals who live in their areas of operations. In exchange for this fee, the ZRA claims they protect locals from being shot, kidnapped, or robbed by rival groups.<ref name="satp.org" /> In June 2004, according to local media reports, the ZRA accused the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) administration in [[Mizoram]] of only partially paying ZRA [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] for campaigning on behalf of MNF candidates in [[Champhai]]. A prominent opposition leader in Mizoram, [[Lal Thanhawla]], claimed that on 12 June 2004, the MNF owed the ZRA payment for "services rendered", and that, because the MNF had failed to pay, the ZRA had begun collecting fees from residents of Mizoram.<ref name="satp.org" /><ref name="silobreaker" /><br />
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== Alliances with other groups ==<br />
The ZRA's maintains close alliances with the [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL) and the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]-Isak Muivah (NSCN-IM). The group also has a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the [[Kuki Liberation Organization]] (KLO) that promises "full cooperation in all spheres, with the objective of strengthening the blood ties among the Kuki-Chin-Mizo/Zomi peoples".<ref name="satp.org" /> The ZRA was once in conflict with the [[Hmar People's Convention]]-Democracy (HPC-D), but the two groups reached an agreement to "work closely in the spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation for the welfare of the people and for achieving their shared objectives".<ref name="silobreaker"/><br />
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== Peace negotiations ==<br />
On 9 August 2005, the ZRA released a statement, saying that they had reached a ceasefire agreement with the Indian government, which was to last for six months starting from 1 August. The ZRA also said that they had "viewed the steps taken by the Indian government in this regard as a positive approach towards the better understanding of our unique history, and the realisation of the need for a permanent solution to the long standing aspirations of the Zomi people". In spite of this agreement, the Indian security forces allegedly conducted operations against ZRA during the ceasefire.<ref name="satp.org" /><br />
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== Notable incidents ==<br />
{{prose|section|date=November 2018}}<br />
* On 9 June 2005, ZRA insurgents ambushed a truck in [[Churachandpur district]] carrying Zomi Revolutionary Front (ZRF) insurgents, killing three ZRF members and one civilian. This attack was in retaliation for the ZRF's defection from the ZRA.<ref name="chinlandguardian">[http://www.chinlandguardian.com/news-2009/khonumthung-news/691-three-zrf-cadres-one-civilian-killed-in-zra-attack-on-truck-.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029001116/http://www.chinlandguardian.com/news-2009/khonumthung-news/691-three-zrf-cadres-one-civilian-killed-in-zra-attack-on-truck-.html |date=29 October 2010 }}</ref><br />
* On 20 September 2005, ZRA insurgents clashed with other insurgents belonging to the Zomi Revolutionary Front, resulting in six deaths; one ZRA activist was also injured.<ref name=bbcnews>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4263152.stm|title=BBC News - South Asia - ambush kills nine Indian soldiers|publisher=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><br />
* On 20 August 2006, two civilians were killed and four others were injured after Indian security forces opened fire on a group of churchgoers in the Vengnuam subdivision of Churachandpur, the ZRA's stronghold, believing incorrectly that ZRA members were present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..290806.aug06|title=CZC flays CCpur Church attack : 29th aug06 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|publisher=E-pao.net|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><br />
* On 10 January 2010, three ZRA insurgents were killed in a clash with insurgents belonging to the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]], in [[Tonzang Township]], [[Chin State]]. One PLA insurgent was wounded.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br />
* On 15 January 2010, two ZRA insurgents were killed in a clash with insurgents belonging the Revolutionary People's Front, the armed faction of the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] operating in interior [[Manipur]].<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672869|title=news.outlookindia.com - Two militants killed in Manipur|publisher=News.outlookindia.com|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><br />
*On 20 June, 2021, the Chinland Defence Force issued a statement strongly condemning the attacks conducted by the Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) on one of its bases on 16 June, 2021. It condemned the SAC and pledged support to the NUG, but has already clashed twice with the CDF for territorial control. In its statement, the CDF added that it would conduct attacks against the ZRA if ZRA kept its “hegemonic” stance.<br />
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== References ==<br />
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{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.start.umd.edu/start/ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]<br />
* [http://www.satp.org/default.asp South Asia Terrorism Portal]<br />
* [http://www.zogam.org/ Zomi Re-Unification Organization]<br />
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{{Insurgent groups in Myanmar}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zomi Revolutionary Army}}<br />
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Separatism in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Separatism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Separatism in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rebel groups in Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Rebel groups in India]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZO_Rooms&diff=413534ZO Rooms2023-08-15T18:56:30Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian Budget Hotel Chain}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
|name = ZO Rooms<br />
|logo = zorooms-logo.png<br />
|logo_size = 150px<br />
|type = [[Private company|Private]]<br />
|industry = [[Hotels]], [[tourism]]<br />
|foundation = {{Start date|2014}}<br />
|founder = Akhil Malik <br /> Dharmveer Singh Chouhan<br /> Paavan Nanda <br /> Tarun Tiwari<br /> Chetan Singh Chauhan<br /> Abhishek Bhutra<br /> Siddharth Janghu<br />
|location = D 13/5 [[Okhla]],<br />[[Delhi]], India<br />
|area_served = India<br />
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.zorooms.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
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'''ZO Rooms''' was a budget hotel room aggregator in India.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/business-service-providers-betting-big-on-startups-with-great-deals/articleshow/49954688.cms|title=Business service providers betting big on startups with great deals – The Economic Times|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="thehindubusinessline">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/budget-hotel-room-aggregators-eye-pacts-with-offline-travel-agents/article7916375.ece|title=Budget hotel room aggregators eye pacts with offline travel agents &#124; Business Line|publisher=thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="business insider">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/ZO-Rooms-has-a-room-available-for-everytraveller/articleshow/49686747.cms|title=ZO Rooms has a room 'available' for every traveller &#124; Business Insider India|publisher=businessinsider.in|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref> It was initiated by the founders of Zostel<ref name="thetechportal">{{cite web|url=http://thetechportal.in/2015/09/30/zostels-zo-rooms-launches-zo-prime-a-premium-offering-of-three-star-hotels/|title=Zostel's ZO Rooms Launches ZO Prime, A Premium Offering Of Three Star Hotels – The Tech Portal|publisher=thetechportal.in|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref> (India's first backpacking hostel chain) Akhil Malik, Dharmveer Singh Chouhan, Paavan Nanda, Tarun Tiwari, Chetan Singh Chauhan, Abhishek Bhutra and Siddharth Janghu in 2014.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/startup-zostel-offers-affordable-accommodation-facilities-to-travelers/articleshow/49960113.cms|title=Startup Zostel offers affordable accommodation facilities to travellers – The Economic Times|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref> There were reports that ZO Rooms was acquired by rival [[OYO Rooms]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/The-curious-case-of-Oyos-Zo-buyout/articleshow/51283342.cms|title=The curious case of Oyo's Zo buyout – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-08}}</ref> in an all-stock deal in December 2015, which was later denied by OYO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/26/oyo-zo-rooms-deal/|title=The deal that never was: OYO says it didn't acquire rival ZO Rooms after all – Tech Crunch|website=techcrunch.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> In a short span of time, ZO Rooms had a presence in cities like [[Delhi]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Goa]],<br />
[[Pune]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Chandigarh]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-05-27/Backpackers-hostel-gaining-momentum-in-India-153618|title=Latest News in Hyderabad, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh – THE HANS INDIA|work=thehansindia.com|access-date=September 23, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Zostel Hospitality Pvt. Ltd was established in August 2013 by seven co-founders Akhil Malik, Dharmveer Singh Chouhan, Paavan Nanda & Tarun Tiwari alumni of ''[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]'', Chetan Singh Chauhan & Abhishek Bhutra alumni of ''[[Indian Institute of Technology, BHU]]'' and Siddharth Janghu alumnus of MDI Gurgaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/iim-calcutta-students-set-up-backpackers-hostels-in-rajasthan/article1-1183892.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805234548/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/iim-calcutta-students-set-up-backpackers-hostels-in-rajasthan/article1-1183892.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 5, 2015|title=IIM-Calcutta students set up backpackers' hostels in Rajasthan|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=September 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-these-iim-calcutta-grads-do-not-want-placements-552129|title=Why these IIM-Calcutta grads do not want placements|author=Monideepa Banerjie|date=February 26, 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=September 23, 2015}}</ref><br />
The founders of Zostel further dived into a new project known as ZO Rooms in November 2014, which is a low-budget, technology-driven hotel chain.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/virtues-of-a-large-founding-team-why-many-digital-ventures-are-starting-up-with-many-cofounders/articleshow/49210060.cms|title=Virtues of a large founding team: Why many digital ventures are starting up with many cofounders – The Economic Times|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref><br />
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==De-listed By Online Travel Agencies==<br />
Online travel agencies like Goibibo, Yatra, Stay Zilla blocked ZO Rooms along with Oyo Rooms in order to protect market share however still in operations with MakeMyTrip to cater needs of budget customer. In a recent interview with The Times of India, ZO Rooms co-founder Paavan Nanda said it's not a shocking transition as it was already expected.<ref name="indiatimes4">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/MakeMyTrip-Goibibo-Yatra-block-OYO-Zo-Rooms/articleshow/49594268.cms|title=MakeMyTrip, Goibibo, Yatra block OYO &amp; Zo Rooms – Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.zorooms.com/}}<br />
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[[Category:Hotel affiliation groups]]<br />
[[Category:Hotel chains in India]]<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]<br />
[[Category:Hospitality companies established in 2014]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preity_Zinta&diff=413533Preity Zinta2023-08-15T18:56:16Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian film actress, entrepreneur}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Preity Zinta<br />
| image = Preity Zinta by Ash Gupta.jpg<br />
| caption = Zinta in 2018<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1975|1|31}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Shimla district|Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer|entrepreneur}}<br />
| years_active = 1998–present<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Bede's College, Shimla]] <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Gene Goodenough|2016}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| works = [[Preity Zinta filmography|Full list]]<br />
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta|Full list]]<br />
| signature = Preity Zinta.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Preity G Zinta'''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/two-years-after-marriage-preity-zinta-adds-husbands-initials-to-her-name/articleshow/64509138.cms |title=Two years after marriage, Preity Zinta adds husband's initials to her name |author=Times News Network |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 June 2018 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609001714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/two-years-after-marriage-preity-zinta-adds-husbands-initials-to-her-name/articleshow/64509138.cms |archive-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> (pronounced {{IPA-hns|ˈpriːt̪i ˈzɪɳʈa|}}; born 31 January 1975) is an Indian actress and entrepreneur primarily known for her work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. After graduating with degrees in [[English literature|English honours]] and [[criminal psychology]], Zinta made her acting debut in ''[[Dil Se..]]'' in 1998, followed by a role in ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' in the same year. These performances earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]], and she was later recognised for her role as a teenage single mother in ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000). She subsequently established a career as a leading actress of Hindi cinema with a variety of character types. Her roles, often deemed culturally defiant, along with her unconventional screen persona have been credited with contributing to a change in the concept of Indian film heroines, and won her [[List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta|several accolades]].<ref name="The only man in Bollywood" />{{sfn|Bingham|2015|p=149}}<br />
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Following critically appreciated roles in ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' (2001), ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'' (2002), and ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]'' (2003), Zinta received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003). She starred in two consecutive annual top-grossing films in India, ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003) and ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), and was noted for her portrayal of independent, modern Indian women in ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005) and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), top-grossing productions in overseas markets. For her first international role in the Canadian drama ''[[Heaven on Earth (2008 film)|Heaven on Earth]]'' (2008) she was awarded the [[Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress]] and nominated for the [[Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress|Genie Award for Best Actress]]. She followed this with a hiatus from acting work for several years, with the exception of her self-produced comeback film, ''[[Ishkq in Paris]]'' (2013), which failed to leave a mark.<br />
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Zinta is also a social activist, television presenter and stage performer. Between 2004 and 2005, she wrote a series of columns for [[BBC News Online]] South Asia. She is the founder of the production company [[PZNZ Media]], a co-owner of the [[Indian Premier League]] cricket team [[Punjab Kings]] since 2008, and the owner of the [[Mzansi Super League|South-African T20 Global League]] cricket team [[Stellenbosch Kings]] since 2017. Zinta is known in the Indian media for publicly speaking her mind, and consequently has sparked the occasional controversy. These controversies include her being the sole witness not to retract in court her earlier statements against the [[Organised crime in India|Indian mafia]] during the 2004 [[Bharat Shah]] case, for which she was awarded the [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and background==<br />
Preity Zinta was born on 31 January 1975 into a Hindu [[Rajput]] family from [[Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/preity-zinta-rubbishes-claims-of-her-british-ancestry_22242.html|title=Preity Zinta rubbishes claims of her 'British ancestry'!|date=2 February 2009|website=[[Zee News]]|language=en|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023258/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/preity-zinta-rubbishes-claims-of-her-british-ancestry_22242.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="birth_details" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardustindia.com/display_garam.asp?issue=February2006&id=1 |title=Preity turns one-plus-thirty |date=31 January 2006 |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908011722/http://www.stardustindia.com/display_garam.asp?issue=February2006&id=1 |archive-date=8 September 2006 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-preity-zinta-did-you-know-her-decision-to-enter-bollywood-was-based-on-a-coin-flip-101611932180125.html |title=Happy birthday Preity Zinta: Did you know her decision to enter Bollywood was based on a coin flip? |date=31 January 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=31 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131013609/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-preity-zinta-did-you-know-her-decision-to-enter-bollywood-was-based-on-a-coin-flip-101611932180125.html }}</ref> Her father, Durganand Zinta, was an officer in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Zinta the PM">{{cite news |author=Sharma, Mandvi |title='I would've been the PM' |date=24 June 2006 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1676771,curpg-1.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=24 June 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112211943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1676771,curpg-1.cms |archive-date=12 January 2011 }}</ref> He died in a car accident when she was thirteen; the accident also involved her mother, Nilprabha, who was severely injured and consequently remained bedridden for two years. Zinta called the tragic accident and her father's death a significant turning point in her life, which forced her to mature rapidly.<ref name="The Preity Zinta interview">{{cite web|author=Khubchandani, Lata |title=I had this illusion that filmstars are like kings and queens |date=22 May 2000 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/22preity.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124222923/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/22preity.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 }}</ref> She has two brothers; Deepankar and Manish, a year older and a year younger, respectively. Deepankar is a commissioned officer in the Indian Army, while Manish lives in California.<ref name="washpostbrave">{{cite news |first=John |last=Lancaster |title=Bollywood Star's Act Makes Her a Hero, and Possible Target |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234600.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A16 |date=23 January 2003 |access-date=24 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070109/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234600.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}{{subscription required|via=[[Highbeam Research]]}}</ref><br />
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Zinta, who describes herself as having been a tomboy as a child, has emphasised her father's military background as having given her a lasting impression on how family life was to be conducted. He asserted the importance of discipline and punctuality to the children.<ref name="Early life">{{cite news|author=Khubchandani, Lata |title=My Fundays – Preity Zinta |date=4 May 2006 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060504/asp/telekids/story_6177744.asp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=7 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055612/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060504/asp/telekids/story_6177744.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> She studied at the Convent of Jesus and Mary boarding school in [[Shimla]]. Although she confesses to loneliness in the boarding school, she noted that it was compensated by her finding a "...{{nbs}}perfect set of friends" there.<ref name="Zinta the PM" /><ref name="good times">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900390100.htm |title=Poised for pretty good times! |access-date=9 November 2007 |author=Siddiqui, Rana |date=9 September 2002 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223192429/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900390100.htm |archive-date=23 December 2007 }}</ref> As a student, she developed a love for literature, particularly the works of [[William Shakespeare]] and poetry.<ref name="Zinta the PM" /> According to Zinta, she enjoyed schoolwork and received good grades; in her free time she played sports, especially basketball.<ref name="The Preity Zinta interview" /><br />
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After her schooling at Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla, Zinta enrolled at [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]] in Shimla.<ref name="Zinta the PM" /> She graduated with an [[English literature|English honours]] degree, and then started a graduate programme in psychology.<ref name="Talk Asia interview">{{cite news|author=Hahn, Lorraine |title=Bollywood Actress, Preity Zinta Talk Asia Interview Transcript |date=11 January 2005 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/01/11/talkasia.zinta.script/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=8 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121003627/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/01/11/talkasia.zinta.script/ |archive-date=21 November 2007 }}</ref> She earned a postgraduate degree in [[criminal psychology]], but later took up modelling.<ref name="Zinta the PM" /> Zinta's first television commercial was for ''Perk'' chocolates, the result of a chance meeting with a director at a friend's birthday party in 1996.<ref name="Zinta the PM" /> The director persuaded Zinta to audition for the spot, and she was selected. Afterwards, she appeared in other catalogues and commercials, including one for the soap [[Liril]].<ref name="The Preity Zinta interview" /><ref name="Talk Asia interview" /><br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
{{See also<br />
|Preity Zinta filmography<br />
|List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta<br />
|l1=filmography<br />
|l2=awards<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Debut and early roles (1998–1999)===<br />
In 1997, Zinta met [[Shekhar Kapur]] when she accompanied a friend to an audition in Mumbai, and was asked if she would audition too.<ref name="BAFTA" /><ref name="Pretty face">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010201/main8.htm |title=More than a pretty face |last=Menon |first=Lakshmi |date=1 February 2001 |work=The Tribune |access-date=16 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084612/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010201/main8.htm }}</ref> Upon seeing her audition, Kapur insisted that she become an actress. She was originally scheduled to make her screen debut in Kapur's ''Tara Rum Pum Pum'' opposite [[Hrithik Roshan]], but the filming was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/nov/20pr.htm |title=Preity pleasing |last=Srinivasan |first=V. S. |date=20 November 1997 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=16 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217040537/https://m.rediff.com/movies/nov/20pr.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/20001124/cover.htm |title=Preety Zinta: She can, she will, she's an optimist |date=24 November 2000 |access-date=10 February 2022 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |last=John |first=Ali Peter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020329134526/http://www.screenindia.com:80/20001124/cover.htm |archive-date=29 March 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She reminisced the experience: "I began to recognise the power of destiny. I had no intention ever to be an actress."<ref name="Pretty face" /> Kapur later recommended her for director [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998), a romantic thriller about a terrorist group in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Talk Asia interview"/><ref name="BAFTA">{{cite video|date=15 August 2006|title=BAFTA Goes Bollywood: Preity Zinta|time=01:40–07:00}}</ref> Zinta often recalls that when she joined the film industry her friends teased her that she would typically "wear white saris and dance in the rain", thereby motivating her to play different parts.<ref name="Zinta the PM"/><ref name="BAFTA"/><br />
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Zinta commenced shooting for [[Kundan Shah]]'s ''[[Kya Kehna]]'', whose release was delayed until 2000.<ref name="Chopra-India-Today"/> The delay of another film, ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' (1998), meant that her first release was ''Dil Se..'' opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and [[Manisha Koirala]].<ref name="BAFTA"/> She was introduced as Preeti Nair, a middle-class Delhi girl and Khan's fiancée.{{sfn|Janell|2008|p=237–239}} The film was considered an unusual launch for a newcomer, as her role called for only twenty minutes of screen time.<ref name="Chopra-India-Today"/> However, she was eventually noticed for her role, particularly for the forthright character she played.<ref name="The Preity Zinta interview"/>{{sfnm|1a1=Janell|1y=2008|1p=237–239|2a1=Jha|2y=2005a|2p=85}} Her scene with Khan, in which she asked him, "Are you a virgin?", became well-known,<ref name="Chopra-India-Today"/><ref name="Champagne">{{cite magazine |last=Taparia Rathi |first=Nidhi |title=The Champagne Girl |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=30 September 2002 |access-date=4 April 2015 |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20020930/cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409162434/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20020930/cinema.html |archive-date=9 April 2015 }}</ref> and her portrayal earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="awards" /> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Filmfare|Bombay Talkies]]'' said that she "radiates confidence and spunk even if she's given just scraps of footage".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid|author-link=Khalid Mohamed|date=1998|access-date=11 May 2020|title=Quite a disappointment |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb33.htm |work=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=Times Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991002041154/http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb33.htm |archive-date=2 October 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=1 August 2020 | archive-date=17 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217075228/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html | first1=Deepa | last1=Deosthalee | url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html | title=A picture perfect ode to love, ''Dil Se'' | publisher=The Express Group | work=The Indian Express | date=22 August 1998}}</ref> The film did not attract a wide audience in India but was the first Hindi film to enter the UK's top 10 box-office charts.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Aftab | first = Kaleem |date=October 2002 | title = Brown: the new black! Bollywood in Britain | journal = Critical Quarterly | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 88–98 | publisher = Blackwell Synergy | doi = 10.1111/1467-8705.00435 | quote = The first Bollywood film to enter the UK top 10, ''Dil Se / Uyire'' was nevertheless a flop in India.}}</ref> Zinta's second release of 1998 was [[Abbas–Mustan]]-directed action-drama ''Soldier'', one of the biggest commercial hits of the year.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 1998 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=1998&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408035512/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=1998&pageId=4 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] for her performance in both ''Dil Se..'' and ''Soldier''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368679.cms |title=The Winners – 1998 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709230849/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368679.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=25 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
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Zinta next acted in two [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, ''[[Premante Idera]]'' (1998) and ''[[Raja Kumarudu]]'' (1999).{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=92}} She followed with the leading role in ''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]'', a 1999 thriller directed by [[Tanuja Chandra]] and written by [[Mahesh Bhatt]].{{sfn|Glaser|2022|p=257}} Zinta portrayed Reet Oberoi, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) officer who falls in love with a captured killer played by [[Akshay Kumar]].{{sfnm|1a1=Glaser|1y=2022|1p=257|2a1=Mukherjee|2y=2023|2p=86}}<ref>{{cite news | access-date=3 August 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803034526/https://www.filmfare.com/features/seventeen-years-of-sangharsh-15410.html | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/seventeen-years-of-sangharsh-15410-1.html | title=Seventeen years of ''Sangharsh'' | url-status=live | work=Filmfare | date=4 September 2016 | author=Sharma, Devesh}}</ref> Having been impressed with Zinta's work in ''Dil Se..'', Chandra approached her for the part after several leading actresses had refused the offer, which Zinta viewed as an opportunity to expand her range.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep26/sunday/view.htm |title=I want to tell my story from the woman's point of view |last=Ravi |first=P.R. |date=26 September 1999 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=21 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831014101/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep26/sunday/view.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Chandra">{{cite magazine|title=Sitting Pretty |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=30 November 1998 |access-date=21 April 2015 |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/30111998/eyecats.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034516/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/30111998/eyecats.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> ''Sangharsh'' was not a box-office success, although Zinta's performance received favourable comments by critics.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref name="The Preity Zinta interview"/> An article published by ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' described her performance as "an amazing act" in an "intense film", documenting her career path thus far with the observation: "She wowed the audiences with her cameo in ''Dil Se..'', then she zapped the viewers with her sensuality in ''Soldier'' and now Preity Zinta is all set to shock everybody with her stark performance [in ''Sangharsh'']."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep05/sunday/bolywood.htm |title=Preity act |last=Mittal |first=Madhur |date=5 September 1999 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110202/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep05/sunday/bolywood.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Subhash K. Jha]] reflected in 2013 that ''Sangharsh'' marked a rare occasion in Hindi cinema at the time where a top male star played a secondary role to the leading lady.<ref name="SKJ">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author-link1=Subhash K. Jha |title=A look at the change in women's roles in Bollywood over the years |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-look-at-the-change-in-womens-roles-in-bollywood-over-the-years/203380 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=[[mid-day]] |date=8 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Breakthrough and career advancement (2000–2002)===<br />
Zinta's first role in 2000 was in the drama ''Kya Kehna'', which [[sleeper hit|exceeded expectations]] to emerge a major box-office success.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref name="KK-DHT">{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Pankaj |title=''Dil Hai Tumhaara''? ''Kya Kehna'', Preity! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara-Kya-Kehna-Preity/articleshow/21282352.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212230305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara-Kya-Kehna-Preity/articleshow/21282352.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 February 2021 |url-status=live |language=en }}</ref> The film addressed themes of [[single parent]]hood and [[teenage pregnancy]], and gained Zinta wider recognition from the public as well as film critics.<ref name="Chopra-India-Today"/>{{sfn|Omar|2006|p=162}} Her portrayal of Priya Bakshi, a teenage [[single mother]] who fights social prejudice, earned her several award nominations, including her first nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] at the [[Filmfare Awards]].{{sfnm|1a1=Pande|1y=2004|1p=138|2a1=Gulzar|2a2=Nihalani|2a3=Chatterjee|2y=2003|2p=386–387}}<ref name="awards">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10155/index.html|title=Preity Zinta: Awards & Nominations|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903043510/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10155/index.html|archive-date=3 September 2011|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] from ''[[India Today]]'' reported that Zinta belonged to a new breed of Hindi film actors that breaks away from character stereotypes.<ref name="Chopra-India-Today"/> Further positive feedback came her way that year for her starring role in the romantic comedy ''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Screen India|Screen]]|date=11 August 2000|archive-date=16 August 2000|title=''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega'' – Salman, Preity excel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816035607/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000811/freview.htm|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000811/freview.htm|access-date=5 May 2020|author=Nair, Padmaraj}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Vinayak |author-link1=Vinayak Chakravorty |title=''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega'' |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewshdjpk.shtml |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609210544/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewshdjpk.shtml |archive-date=9 June 2001}}</ref> She next appeared alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]] and Hrithik Roshan in [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s drama ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite news |title=''Mission Kashmir'' |date=2 June 2002 |last1=Handy |first1=Gina |last2=Carangelo |first2=John A. |work=[[The Herald Journal]] |page=58 }}</ref> Set in the valley of [[Kashmir]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani conflicts]], the film dealt with the topic of terrorism and crime;{{sfnm|1a1=Gulzar|1a2=Nihalani|1a3=Chatterjee|1y=2003|1p=130|2a1=Pervez|2y=2013|2pp=130–131}} it was an economic success, becoming the year's third-highest-grossing release in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2000 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2000&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225145323/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2000&pageId=4 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zinta's role was that of Sufiya Parvez, a TV reporter and Roshan's childhood love.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=217}} A review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted her for lending colour to an otherwise serious subject matter, and she shared similar sentiments about the character, citing its positive nature within the dark film as having sparked her interest in the part.<ref>{{cite news |author=Padmanabhan, Savitha |title=Film Review: ''Mission Kashmir'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/09030222.htm |date=3 November 2000 |access-date=6 November 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141008085206/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/09030222.htm |archive-date=8 October 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Different1">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title=Preity Zinta Different Strokes |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010803/fcover1.html |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=Screen |date=3 August 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031180954/http://www.screenindia.com/20010803/fcover1.html |archive-date=31 October 2001 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Preity Zinta 2001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Zinta at the audio release of ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' in 2001]]<br />
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In 2001, Zinta was paired with [[Sunny Deol]] in the action film ''[[Farz (2001 film)|Farz]]''. Her role was dismissed by critics, and the film failed commercially.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=1 August 2020 | archive-date=1 May 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140501115034/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/13farz.htm | first1=Suparn | last1=Verma | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/13farz.htm | title=Review: ''Farz'' | url-status=live | work=Rediff.com | date=13 January 2001}}</ref><ref name="BOI Filmography" /> [[Abbas–Mustan]]'s family drama ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' was released later that year after a one-year delay due to [[#Personal life|the trial of producer Bharat Shah]] and opened to a wide audience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |title=Dirty money cleans up for Bollywood blockbuster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/14/filmnews.film |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=14 March 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510162843/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/14/filmnews.film |archive-date=10 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the first Hindi films to address the controversial issue of [[Surrogate mother|surrogate childbirth]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Prasad, Meghna |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/experts-back-rent-a-womb-bill/articleshow/5699357.cms |date=2 April 2002 |title=Experts back 'rent-a-womb' bill |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111103943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Experts-back-rent-a-womb-bill/articleshow/5699357.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref> it starred Zinta as Madhubala, a [[Hooker with a heart of gold|golden-hearted prostitute]] hired as a surrogate mother.<ref name="Different1"/>{{sfn|Krämer|2017|p=258}} Initially reluctant to play the part, she eventually accepted it at the directors' persuasion and, to prepare for it, visited several bars and nightclubs at Mumbai's [[Red-light district|red-light areas]] to study the lingo and mannerisms of sex-workers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Preity refused to play a prostitute ... |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 April 2005 |access-date=16 December 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/why-preity-refused-to-play-a-prostitute-news-bollywood-kkfv5gbagdf.html |agency=IndiaFM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919212414/http://www.sify.com/movies/why-preity-refused-to-play-a-prostitute-news-bollywood-kkfv5gbagdf.html |archive-date=19 September 2013 }}</ref> Reviews of the film were varied, but critics singled out Zinta for praise.<ref name="CCCCHT">{{cite news | access-date=3 September 2011 | archive-date=20 August 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820232724/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewscccc.shtml | author=Chakravorty, Vinayak | author-link=Vinayak Chakravorty | url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewscccc.shtml | title=''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' | date=9 March 2001 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Padmaraj|title=Desi version of Surrogate Mother|url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010323/review.htm|access-date=20 April 2020|work=Screen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030103111004/http://www.screenindia.com/20010323/review.htm|date=23 March 2001|archive-date=3 January 2003|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=10 May 2020 | archive-date=9 April 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010409225755/http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewcccc.shtml | author-link1=Dinesh Raheja | date=2001 | first1=Dinesh | last1=Raheja | url=http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewcccc.shtml | title=''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' – A Preity Show | url-status=live | work=India Today}}</ref> She received a second Best Supporting Actress nomination at the Filmfare Awards for her performance, of which reviewer [[Sukanya Verma]] wrote: "Preity Zinta, who clearly has the meatiest part of all, makes the best of it. Her transformation from the cocky and unabashed prostitute to a sensitive and warm person is amazingly believable."<ref name="awards" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Sukanya |title=Preity Trite |date=9 March 2001 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/09cccc.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124104455/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/09cccc.htm |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref><br />
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Two more 2001 releases featured Zinta, including [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''. Depicting the contemporary routine life of Indian affluent youth, it focuses on a period of transition in the lives of three young friends ([[Aamir Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Arora, Pratiksha |title='It's the maddest unit I've worked with' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/09pre2.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316111939/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/09pre2.htm |archive-date=16 March 2008 }}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Dasgupta|1a2=Datta|1y=2018|1p=72–74|2a1=Dwyer|2y=2005|2pp=71–72|3a1=Mazumdar|3y=2007|3pp=143–144, 146–147}} Zinta played Aamir Khan's love interest Shalini, who is conflicted about her upcoming, loveless marriage. ''Dil Chahta Hai'' was popular with critics, some of whom believed it broke new ground with an unusually realistic portrayal of India's urban milieu.{{sfnm|1a1=Dasgupta|1a2=Datta|1y=2018|1pp=72–74|2a1=Dwyer|2y=2005|2pp=71–72|3a1=Mazumdar|3y=2007|3pp=143–144|4a1=Jha|4y=2005a|4p=92}} It was named [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] at the [[49th National Film Awards]] and received the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date=3 December 2020 | archive-date=17 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217040611/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/lagaan-dominates-national-awards/216573 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/lagaan-dominates-national-awards/216573 | title=''Lagaan'' dominates National Awards | url-status=live | work=Outlook | date=26 July 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=3 December 2020 | archive-date=9 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109235721/http://www.screendaily.com/lagaan-sweeps-indian-filmfare-awards/408369.article | url=https://www.screendaily.com/lagaan-sweeps-indian-filmfare-awards/408369.article | title=''Lagaan'' sweeps Indian Filmfare Awards | work=[[Screen International]] | date=17 February 2002 | last=Hall | first=Bhuvan | url-status=live}}</ref> A moderate box-office success in India, it performed well in the big cities but failed in the rural areas, which was attributed by trade analysts to the city-oriented lifestyle it presented.<ref name="BOI Filmography" />{{sfnm|1a1=Dasgupta|1a2=Datta|1y=2018|1p=74|2a1=Gulzar|2a2=Nihalani|2a3=Chatterjee|2y=2003|2p=128}} [[Dinesh Raheja]] took note of Zinta's "casual and appealing acting", and [[Sita Menon]] described her as "beautiful and vibrant, wavering between endearingly naive and confused".<ref>{{cite news | access-date=1 August 2020 | archive-date=3 October 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011003194101/http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/dch/review.shtml | first1=Dinesh | last1=Raheja | url=http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/dch/review.shtml | title=''Dil Chahta Hai'' – Dude Awakening | work=India Today | date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=12 November 2007 | archive-date=14 November 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114124322/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/10dil.htm | url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/10dil.htm | title=Trip on ''Dil Chahta Hai'' | url-status=live | work=Rediff.com | date=10 August 2001 | author=Menon, Sita}}</ref> Next followed [[Deepak Shivdasani]]'s ''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]'', a romantic drama co-starring [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] which was commercially and critically unsuccessful.<ref name="Champagne"/><ref name="BOI Filmography">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=91 |title=Preity Zinta: Box Office Details and Filmography |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720010403/https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=91 |archive-date=20 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=2 August 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803015226/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-raaste-hai-pyaar-ke/critic-review/yeh-raaste-hai-pyaar-ke-movie-review/ | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-raaste-hai-pyaar-ke/critic-review/yeh-raaste-hai-pyaar-ke-movie-review/ | title=''Yeh Raaste Hai Pyaar Ke'' Movie Review | date=9 August 2001 | author=Adarsh, Taran | url-status=live | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
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In 2002, Zinta collaborated once again with director Kundan Shah, as the protagonist in the family drama ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'', alongside [[Rekha]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]] and [[Arjun Rampal]].<ref name="KK-DHT"/> She played Shalu, an adopted daughter craving love, a role she identified with due to its rebellious nature.<ref name="good times"/> Billed as a star vehicle for Zinta,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Harneet |title=Bollywood divas get rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bollywood-divas-get-rolling/articleshow/21892317.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2002 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210204202337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bollywood-divas-get-rolling/articleshow/21892317.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 February 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' did not succeed financially, but her portrayal was uniformly acclaimed by critics, with those critical of the film marking her presence as its main highlight.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref name="Champagne"/><ref>Reviews of ''Dil Hai Tumhaara'':<br /><br />
*{{cite magazine |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |title=Review: ''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' |magazine=Variety |date=7 October 2002 |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/dil-hai-tumhaara-1200545641/ |access-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518184946/http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/dil-hai-tumhaara-1200545641/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Jitesh |author-link1=Jitesh Pillai |title=''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/bollywood/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara/articleshow/25545390.cms |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=18 October 2002 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803015615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara/articleshow/25545390.cms |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Blame it on bio |url=http://web.mid-day.com/columns/Khalid_Mohammed/2002/September/30861.htm |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206060633/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/Khalid_Mohammed/2002/September/30861.htm |archive-date=6 February 2004 |language=en }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900740400.htm |date=9 September 2002 |author=Us Salam, Ziya |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |title=Affairs of the heart |access-date=26 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021126154405/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900740400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 November 2002 }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from entertainment portal ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted: "...{{nbs}}Preity Zinta, in an author-backed role{{nbs}}... steals the show with a sterling performance{{nbs}}... Here's a performance that is sure to win accolades from the junta and critics whole-heartedly."<ref>{{cite web|author=Adarsh, Taran |title=''Dil Hai Tumhara'' |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201710 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 September 2002 |access-date=24 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201710 |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref><br />
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===Established actress (2003–2007)===<br />
Zinta's career surged significantly in 2003 as she was the lead in India's three [[List of Hindi films of 2003|highest-grossing films of the year]]: ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'', ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' and ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''.<ref name="top actresses">{{cite web|publisher=Box Office India|title=Top Actress|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204132433/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress|archive-date=4 December 2013|access-date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="2003 BO">{{cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2003&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717214613/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2003&pageId=4 |archive-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Hero'', co-starring [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], is an action drama about a [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) secret agent on a mission to gather intelligence about terrorist activity from across the border of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/11hero.htm |title=A comicbook spy movie |author=Gumaste, Deepa |date=11 April 2003 |access-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803041747/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/11hero.htm |archive-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> Zinta played the part of Reshma, a Kashmiri villager who falls in love with the agent and becomes part of this network. The film, involving stunts never seen before in the cinematic history of Bollywood, became the most expensive Hindi film ever produced at the time.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=8 May 2008 | archive-date=6 September 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906214231/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/04/the_hero_index.shtml | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/04/the_hero_index.shtml | title=''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' | publisher=BBC | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Gangadhar, V |title=A dauntless hero |date=16 May 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601120200.htm |access-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612074223/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601120200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2008 }}</ref> The third-highest-grossing film of the year, it was labelled a disappointment against its high production costs.<ref name="2003 BO"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Bold themes and pretty faces|date=28 December 2003|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main5.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|access-date=8 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main5.htm|archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> She next starred in [[Honey Irani]]'s directorial debut, ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]''; the drama is set in a hospital and follows the travails of its personnel and its principal, Dr. Akash ([[Anil Kapoor]]), who struggles arduously to sustain the institution financially. Zinta played Akash's [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] wife Sonia Kapoor,{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2014|p=161}} a role written specially for her and which she considered her best to that point.<ref name="Champagne"/><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmfare|page=34|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=September 2003|editor=Pillai, Jitesh|editor-link=Jitesh Pillai|author=Parkar, Hamida |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=149143&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=Zip Zap Zinta: A joy ride with Preity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828123208/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=149143&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |access-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film received predominantly positive reviews, and Zinta was particularly praised.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bariana, Sanjeev Singh |title=Preity Zinta all the way |date=18 May 2003 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/cth2.htm#7 |newspaper=The Tribune |access-date=1 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315213113/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/cth2.htm |archive-date=15 March 2008 }}</ref> Khalid Mohamed called her a "peppy scene-stealer, achieving her manic mood swings dexterously", and [[Vinayak Chakravorty]] concluded, "As Sonia, Preity takes over the script and, indeed, the film, unleashing a brilliant act as the deceptively bubbly but manipulative wife."<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohamed, Khalid|url=http://www.mid-day.com/columns/2003/may/53213.htm|date=18 May 2003|title=What's up doc?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205040412/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2003/may/53213.htm|archive-date=5 February 2004|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=5 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=23 June 2020 | archive-date=23 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023012114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Armaan/Article1-5766.aspx | first1=Vinayak | last1=Chakravorty | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Armaan/Article1-5766.aspx | title=''Armaan'' | url-status=dead | work=Hindustan Times | date=17 May 2003}}</ref> For her performance, she received nominations for Best Performance in a Negative Role at different award ceremonies, including Filmfare.<ref name="awards" /><br />
[[File:Audio Launch of Kal Ho Naa Ho.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Zinta pictured with [[Saif Ali Khan]] (left) and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] at an event for ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' in 2003]]<br />
<br />
[[Rakesh Roshan]]'s science-fiction film ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', about a [[Developmental disability|developmentally disabled]] young man (Hrithik Roshan) coming in contact with an alien, followed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/is-autism-on-the-rise-the-1995-persons-with-disabilities-act-doesn-t-cover-the-disorder/cid/1020638 |title=Is autism on the rise? |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=11 July 2004 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803033414/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/is-autism-on-the-rise-the-1995-persons-with-disabilities-act-doesn-t-cover-the-disorder/cid/1020638 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Jha|2005a|p=94}} Zinta's portrayal of Nisha, a young woman whom Roshan befriends and falls in love with, was deemed "fresh and inspired" by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=21 April 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803015922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Roshan-Gada-talks-offer-no-solution/articleshow/119224.cms | first1=Omar | last1=Qureshi | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-does-jadoo-in-Koi-Mil-Gaya/articleshow/119141.cms | title=Hrithik does jadoo in ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' | publisher=The Times Group | url-status=live | work=The Times of India | date=7 August 2003}}</ref> Regarded as the "most novel Bollywood movie of the year" by ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine,<ref>{{cite news | access-date=21 April 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020020/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/koi-mil-gaya-review/ | first1=Omar | last1=Ahmed | url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/koi-mil-gaya-review/ | title=''Koi... Mil Gaya'' Review | work=Empire | date=21 August 2003 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> the film emerged as India's most popular film of the year with a domestic total of {{INRConvert|680|m|year=2003}}.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 August 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803054147/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/koi-mil-gaya-i-found-someone | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/koi-mil-gaya-i-found-someone | title=''Koi... Mil Gaya'' (I Found Someone) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2003 BO"/> It went on to spawn two superhero sequels{{emdash}}''[[Krrish]]'' and ''[[Krrish&nbsp;3]]''{{emdash}}making it the first of the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' film series]], to which Zinta did not proceed.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=31 January 2018 | archive-date=1 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020241/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rock-on-2-force-2-kahaani-2-bollywood-is-riding-high-on-sequels/story-pBVy05VxoMWBRBZ0zyPnmM.html | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rock-on-2-force-2-kahaani-2-bollywood-is-riding-high-on-sequels/story-pBVy05VxoMWBRBZ0zyPnmM.html | title=''Rock On 2'', ''Force 2'', ''Kahaani 2'': Bollywood is riding high on sequels | publisher=HT Media Limited | date=11 May 2017 | last=Chopra | first=Rukmini | newspaper=Hindustan Times | url-status=live}}</ref> Set in New York City, [[Nikhil Advani]]'s romantic drama ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' starred Zinta as Naina Catherine Kapur, an insecure and irritable [[Indian-American]] who falls for a man with a fatal [[heart disease]] (Shah Rukh Khan).{{sfn|Kumar|2013|p=131}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/01nikhil.htm |title=Shah Rukh will never admit he has a problem |author=Verma, Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |date=1 April 2004 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803032820/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/01nikhil.htm |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned over {{INRConvert|750|m|year=2003}} worldwide: the second-biggest hit of the year after ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' in India and the top-grossing Hindi film overseas.<ref name="2003 BO" /><ref name="Worldwide gross">{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=10 February 2007 | archive-date=2 January 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102014744/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/03kal.htm | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/03kal.htm | title=''KHNH'' makes waves in UK too! | work=Rediff.com | date=3 December 2003 | url-status=live}}</ref> Critics received ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' favourably,<ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 December 2020 | archive-date=9 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409035532/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1135237_kal_ho_naa_ho | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1135237_kal_ho_naa_ho? | title=''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' (2003) | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 December 2020 | archive-date=7 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107074543/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/kal-ho-naa-ho | url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/kal-ho-naa-ho | title=''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' 2003 | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] of ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' asserted that it exclusively rested on Zinta's "astounding performance", noting her for having "skillfully handled the hues of the complex character".<ref>{{cite magazine | access-date=30 March 2015 | archive-date=26 December 2003 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031226072038/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=December2003_reviews_standard50 | author=Mukherjee, Ram Kamal | magazine=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] | url=http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=December2003_reviews_standard50 | title=''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' | date=28 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | access-date=20 November 2007 | archive-date=16 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216055712/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922631?refcatid=31 | url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922631?refcatid=31 | title=New international release ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' | date=10 December 2003 | author=Elley, Derek | authorlink=Derek Elley | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[49th Filmfare Awards]], Zinta received two Best Actress nominations: one for ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', which was named [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], and another for ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'', for which she won the award,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&fright=1&right=1 |title=Nominees for the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2003 |publisher=Indiatimes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323042338/https://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&fright=1&right=1 |archive-date=23 March 2004 |access-date=14 July 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards02">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/filmfare/20040222.htm |title=For Hrithik, it is a Preity night to remember |author=Rediff Entertainment Bureau |work=Rediff.com |date=23 February 2004 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121906/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/filmfare/20040222.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> in addition to accolades from other functions, including [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|IIFA]] and [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year&nbsp;– Female|Stardust]].<ref name="awards" /><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129100735/http://www.sify.com/movies/shahid-amrita-bag-stardust-awards-news-bollywood-kkfvNLfhfhesi.html |archive-date=29 January 2018 |title=Shahid, Amrita bag 'Stardust' awards |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shahid-amrita-bag-stardust-awards-news-bollywood-kkfvNLfhfhesi.html |date=29 February 2004 |access-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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In 2004, Zinta played TV journalist Romila Dutta in Farhan Akhtar's war drama ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'', alongside Hrithik Roshan. The film is based on the historical events of the 1999 [[Kargil War]], and Zinta's character is modelled after [[Barkha Dutt]], the only female reporter who covered the conflict.{{sfn|Saleh|Knieper|2018|p=168–170}} She called it the toughest film she had worked on and said it made her respect journalists.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=16 February 2021 | archive-date=28 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728225210/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/16preity.htm | first1=Vaihayasi P. | last1=Daniel | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/16preity.htm | title='''Lakshya'' is the toughest film of my career' | date=16 June 2004 | last2=Verma | first2=Sukanya | url-status=live | website=Rediff.com}}</ref> To provide an accurate portrayal, she watched a number of Dutt's television shows and read books on the conflict.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-character-is-based-on-barkha-dutt-1176432 |title=My character is based on Barkha Dutt |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=8 July 2008 |author=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803042554/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-character-is-based-on-barkha-dutt-1176432 |archive-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> The film was a critical success, yet her performance received mixed reviews; [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' likened her to "a teenybopper trying to do a TV newsreading skit for her college fest",<ref>{{cite magazine | access-date=6 December 2011 | archive-date=26 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126022652/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224392 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224392 | title=''Lakshya'' | date=5 July 2004 | author=Joshi, Namrata | magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> and Rediff.com's Rajeev Pai observed that despite a good part, she only "does a fairly decent job of it without ever being spectacular".<ref>{{cite web | access-date=6 November 2007 | archive-date=2 November 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102224526/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/18lakshya.htm | url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/18lakshya.htm | title=Watch ''Lakshya''. You won't be disappointed | url-status=live | work=Rediff.com | date=18 June 2004 | author=Pai, Rajeev}}</ref> ''Lakshya'' failed to attract an audience, grossing {{INRConvert|235.6|m}} against its {{INRConvert|330|m}} budget.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref>{{cite news | access-date=16 February 2021 | url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/lakshya-1200532726/ | title=''Lakshya'' | work=Variety | date=18 June 2004 | last=Elley | first=Derek}}</ref><br />
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For the lead part in his cross-border romance ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), [[Yash Chopra]] was looking for an actress whose "look and personality could be transformed". Having identified this opportunity in Zinta, who was mostly known for playing westernised characters, he cast her in the title role of Zaara Haayat Khan, a feisty Pakistani woman whose love story with Indian officer Veer Pratap Singh (Shah Rukh Khan) spans three decades amid trials and tribulations.<ref name="Choprint">{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K.|title=There was constant argument between Aditya and me |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/14yash.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=18 April 2020 |language=en |date=14 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605114907/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/14yash.htm |archive-date=5 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Gopal|2012|pp=50–55}} Highly anticipated pre-release, the film had a strong international release, including a screening at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], and was named Best Film at major Indian award functions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra on Berlin Film Festival Jury |date=18 January 2006 |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]] |access-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618144056/http://www1.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |archive-date=18 June 2007 }}</ref><ref>List of awards received by ''Veer-Zaara'':<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rani-reigns-Shah-rules-at-50th-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/1034001.cms |title=Rani reigns, Shah rules at 50th Filmfare Awards |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |author1=Rajadhyaksha, Radha |author2=Ansari, Shabana |date=26 February 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803052934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rani-reigns-Shah-rules-at-50th-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/1034001.cms |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://www.screendaily.com/veer-zaara-wins-at-indian-film-industry-oscars/4023430.article |title=''Veer Zaara'' wins at Indian film industry Oscars |author=Dams, Tim |work=Screen |date=12 June 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803042921/https://www.screendaily.com/veer-zaara-wins-at-indian-film-industry-oscars/4023430.article |archive-date=3 August 2020 }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veer-zaara-dominates-bollywood-awards/295792 |title=''Veer-Zaara'' dominates Bollywood Awards |date=1 May 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |work=Outlook |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803043328/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veer-zaara-dominates-bollywood-awards/295792 |archive-date=3 August 2020 }}<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |title=''Veer-Zaara'': Hot fave at the Zee awards! |author=Jha, Subhash K. |date=28 March 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803052659/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |archive-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> With revenues of over {{INRConvert|940|m|year=2004}}, it was [[List of Bollywood films of 2004|that year's top-grossing Hindi film]] both in India and abroad.<ref name="Worldwide gross"/> Zinta's part required her to master the fine nuances of the Urdu language.<ref name="Talk Asia interview"/> Though excited at first, she later "got knots in her stomach" worrying about her performance, but Chopra assured her.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=15 July 2020 | archive-date=19 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151247/http://www.sify.com/movies/preity-zinta-post-veer-zaara-news-bollywood-kkfvDLihgabsi.html | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/preity-zinta-post-veer-zaara-news-bollywood-kkfvDLihgabsi.html | title=Preity Zinta, post ''Veer-Zaara'' | date=25 November 2004 | url-status=dead | website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Her work resulted in a fourth Filmfare Best Actress nomination, among others.<ref name="awards" /> [[Jitesh Pillai]] wrote of her "tremendous restraint", and Avijit Ghosh of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' likewise believed she had delivered her most nuanced performance.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=18 April 2020 | archive-date=23 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223005032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Veer-Zaara/articleshow/923432.cms | first1=Jitesh | last1=Pillai | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Veer-Zaara/articleshow/923432.cms | title=''Veer Zaara'' | publisher=Times Group | url-status=live | work=The Times of India | date=15 November 2004 | language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041119/asp/etc/story_4000380.asp|title=Grand passion lore|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit|work=The Telegraph|date=19 November 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160528/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041119/asp/etc/story_4000380.asp|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=15 July 2020 }}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' hailed her as "the most interesting young actress of her generation".<ref>{{cite magazine | access-date=21 October 2007 | archive-date=8 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108055811/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117925580?refcatid=31 | url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117925580?refcatid=31 | title=New Int'l. Release ''Veer-Zaara'' | date=6 December 2004 | author=Elley, Derek | magazine=Variety | url-status=live}}</ref> ''Veer-Zaara'' was Zinta's second highest-grossing film and third major success in two consecutive years.<ref name="top actresses"/><br />
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Zinta starred opposite [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in the 2005 folk comedy ''[[Khullam Khulla Pyaar Karen]]'', a production that had been delayed since 2002.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 August 2020 | archive-date=12 September 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912165240/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/mar/13news.htm | url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/mar/13news.htm | title=''Paanch'', ''Khullam Khulla Pyaar Kare'' releases postponed | work=Rediff.com | date=13 March 2002 | url-status=live}}</ref> The film garnered negative reviews and poor box office returns,<ref name="BOI Filmography" /> and [[Subhash K. Jha]] found Zinta's work to be incompatible with her screen image and acting style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Govinda makes tacky comedy watchable |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/govinda-makes-tacky-comedy-watchable/story-wV00vbSjmuSIhZdsFMut7H.html |access-date=20 April 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=4 May 2005 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/baghjan-gas-well-fire-not-spreading-says-district-administration/story-QqDT967sESh5bJ7YzAOM2M.html |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=22 March 2007 | archive-date=18 February 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218202036/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7283/index.html | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7283/index.html | title=''Khullam Khulla Pyar Karen'' | date=29 April 2005 | author=Adarsh, Taran | url-status=dead | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Critics and moviegoers were more appreciative that year of [[Siddharth Anand]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'', which saw Zinta and Saif Ali Khan as a contemporary [[cohabitation|cohabiting]] Indian couple in Australia dealing with an unexpected pregnancy.{{sfnm|1a1=De|1a2=Sarwal|1y=2016|1pp=280–285|2a1=Kumar|2y=2013|2pp=131–132|3a1=Mehta|3y=2017|3p=351}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Pratim D. |author-link1=Pratim D. Gupta |title=Salaam stars, namaste hit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/salaam-stars-namaste-hit/cid/1277562 |access-date=15 July 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=13 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803033006/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/salaam-stars-namaste-hit/cid/1277562 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced on a big budget by Yash Raj Films,{{sfn|Hassam|2010|p=65}} it was the first Indian feature filmed entirely in Australia and became the year's highest-grossing Indian production outside of India and overall [[List of Hindi films of 2005|third-highest-grossing Hindi film]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/bollywood-on-bourke-street-20050513-ge05j3.html |title=Bollywood on Bourke Street |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=13 May 2005 |author=[[Australian Associated Press]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017083125/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/bollywood-on-bourke-street-20050513-ge05j3.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=6 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karena |first1=Cynthia |title=Salaam Namaste: From Mumbai to Melbourne |journal=Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine |date=January 2005 |issue=146/147 |pages=86–88 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/ielapa.043563294014837 |language=EN |issn=0312-2654}}</ref> earning {{INRConvert|572|m|year=2005}}.<ref name="Overseas market"/> Zinta received a number of Best Actress nominations for playing the protagonist Ambar Malhotra, a single modern young woman who leaves India to make her own life in Melbourne and works as a radio host while studying medicine.{{sfnm|1a1=De|1a2=Sarwal|1y=2016|1pp=280–285|2a1=Kumar|2y=2013|2pp=131–132|3a1=Mehta|3y=2017|3p=351}}<ref name="awards" /> Devyani Srivastava of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' considered the independent, strong-minded character of Ambar to be a rare Hindi film heroine, and Taran Adarsh argued that Zinta had given "her most accomplished performance to date".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Devyani |title=Pyaar mein twist |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2005/sep/118394.htm |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=11 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830194925/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2005/sep/118394.htm |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=15 September 2007 | archive-date=10 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910063426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65071 | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65071 | title=''Salaam Namaste'' | date=9 September 2005 | author=Adarsh, Taran | url-status=dead | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Anita Gates of ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted Ambar's negative shades but admired Zinta's positive personality, by which she remains likable even despite uncharitable traits in her characters.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gates, Anita |title=True to the Bollywood Look, While Defying Traditions |date=10 September 2005 |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2005/09/10/movies/10nama.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=7 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830194841/http://movies.nytimes.com/2005/09/10/movies/10nama.html?_r=0 |archive-date=30 August 2013 }}</ref><br />
[[File:PreityZinta.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Zinta at a promotional event for ''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]'' in 2006]]<br />
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Zinta received further success in 2006, starring in Karan Johar's drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' alongside Shah Rukh Khan, [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref>{{cite news | access-date=2 August 2020 | archive-date=20 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120094627/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800170200.htm | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800170200.htm | title=On marriage and infidelity – ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehana'' | author=Kamath, Sudhish | author-link=Sudhish Kamath | date=18 August 2006 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> The film became [[List of Hindi films of 2006|one of the biggest box-office hits in India]], earning {{INRConvert|635|m|year=2006}}, and grossed over {{INRConvert|496|m|year=2006}} abroad{{emdash}}the biggest Bollywood success of all-time in the overseas market up until then.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2006 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2006 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> It was Zinta's fourth overseas top-earner in four consecutive years.<ref name="Overseas market">{{cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Overseas (IND Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=337&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgSW4gSU5EIFJz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109193432/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=337&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgSW4gSU5EIFJz |archive-date=9 November 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> Revolving around two unhappily married couples in New York, the film featured Zinta as Rhea Saran, an ambitious fashion magazine editor whose husband begins an adulterous affair with a family acquaintance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gopal|1y=2012|1p=77|2a1=Mishra|2y=2008|2pp=477–479}} She described the part as an attempt to shed her vivacious public image.<ref name="bubbly image">{{cite web|title=I'm sick of my bubbly image: Preity Zinta |date=17 March 2006 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-m-sick-of-my-bubbly-image-preity-zinta-news-bollywood-kkfvpnghabj.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820031203/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-m-sick-of-my-bubbly-image-preity-zinta-news-bollywood-kkfvpnghabj.html |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' polarised critics, but ''[[The Indian Express]]'' approved of Zinta's effort, noting her for having "walked with poise, sat with grace, smiled with composure and spoken with calmness".<ref>{{cite news | access-date=30 August 2008 | archive-date=21 April 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421225514/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=72324 | url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=72324 | title=''Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna'' | date=12 August 2006 | author=Aprajita, Anil | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | url-status=live}}</ref> Other reviews questioned the limited length of her role.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=4 May 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna/movie-review/1906317.cms | first1=Nikhat | last1=Kazmi | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna/movie-review/1906317.cms | title=''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' Movie Review | publisher=The Times Group | url-status=live | work=The Times of India | date=11 August 2006}}</ref> In later years, ''Filmfare'' and ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' lauded the character for breaking stereotypes of screen portrayals of married women in Hindi films.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=4 May 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020528/https://www.filmfare.com/features/10-reasons-why-we-still-love-kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna-15045.html | first1=Ushnota | last1=Paul | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/10-reasons-why-we-still-love-kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna-15045.html | title=10 reasons why we still love ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' | publisher=The Times Group | url-status=live | work=Filmfare | date=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=2 July 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020453/https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/a-nostaligic-re-living-of-kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna | first1=Shraddha | last1=Jahagirdar-Saxena | url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/a-nostaligic-re-living-of-kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna | title=A nostalgic re-living of ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' | url-status=live | work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] | date=11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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Zinta next appeared in [[Shirish Kunder]]'s romantic musical ''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]'' (2006). She played Piya, the cynosure of two men in the United States ([[Salman Khan]] and Akshay Kumar).<ref>{{cite news |title=Exceptional roles in Hollywood acceptable: Priety |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200609201360.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223174417/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200609201360.htm |archive-date=23 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=6 November 2007 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews from critics and its eventual box office profit was poor.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /> Despite being mostly criticised for taking a role of minimal importance, she was complimented on her performance and appearance.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=20 November 2006 | archive-date=1 November 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101132210/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-jaanemann-jars/24411-8-p1.html | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-jaanemann-jars/24411-8-p1.html | title=Masand's verdict: ''Jaan-e-mann'' jars | publisher=IBNLive | date=20 October 2006 | author=Masand, Rajeev | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Raja |title=Akshay's goofy laugh wins you over |date=20 October 2006 |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/20jaan1.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119064035/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/20jaan1.htm |archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> She said the film was a great relief after the more emotionally intense ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'', as ''Jaan-E-Mann'' was "easy, happy and much more simple".<ref>{{cite web|author=Banerjee, Akanksha |title=Success came early to me: Preity |date=26 September 2006 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/success-came-early-to-me-preity/22574-8-p1.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220192741/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/success-came-early-to-me-preity/22574-8-p1.html |archive-date=20 February 2009 }}</ref> Even less successful was her next turn as [[British Pakistanis|British Pakistani]] woman Alvira Khan in her third project with Yash Raj Films, the comedy ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'' (2007), co-starring Abhishek Bachchan, [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Lara Dutta]]. The film was a commercial failure in India and critics panned her performance;<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref>{{cite news | access-date=9 April 2008 | archive-date=14 April 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414205815/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/17/stories/2007061750150200.htm | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/17/stories/2007061750150200.htm | title=''Jhoom Barabar Jhoom'' goes bust film reviews | date=17 June 2007 | author=Us Salam, Ziya | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' described her as "too plastic"<ref>{{cite news | access-date=14 September 2007 | archive-date=5 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105124043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Jhoom-Barabar-Jhoom/movie-review/2127129.cms | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Jhoom-Barabar-Jhoom/movie-review/2127129.cms | title=''Jhoom Barabar Jhoom'' | date=16 June 2007 | author=Kazmi, Nikhat | newspaper=The Times of India | url-status=live}}</ref> and Rediff.com concluded, "From accent to emotion, Preity is plain and simple insufferable in this film."<ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Raja |title=Jhoom Bore-abar Jhoom |date=15 June 2007 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/15jhoom1.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926153736/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/15jhoom1.htm |archive-date=26 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Professional expansion (2007–2008)===<br />
Following the failure of two of her commercial releases, Zinta decided to venture into [[art film]]s, a movement of neo-realistic films known in India as [[parallel cinema]].<ref name="art film">{{cite news | access-date=16 November 2007 | archive-date=5 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605135941/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/dresscircle/Deepa-Mehta-signs-Preity-Zinta-for-Heaven-on-Earth/Article1-249879.aspx | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/dresscircle/Deepa-Mehta-signs-Preity-Zinta-for-Heaven-on-Earth/Article1-249879.aspx | title=Deepa Mehta signs Preity Zinta for ''Heaven on Earth'' | date=27 September 2007 | author=Jha, Subhash K. | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> She acted alongside Amitabh Bachchan in her first English-language film, [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s [[Story within a story#Nested films|film-within-a-film]] drama ''[[The Last Lear]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite news | access-date=3 August 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803034929/https://www.screendaily.com/the-last-lear/4034634.article | url=https://www.screendaily.com/the-last-lear/4034634.article | title=''The Last Lear'' | url-status=live | work=Screen | date=17 September 2007 | author=Dan, Fainaru}}</ref> Zinta played Shabnam, a struggling film actress working on a new project opposite Shakespearean actor Harish Mishra (Bachchan) in the midst of a turbulent relationship with her possessive husband. The film premiered at the [[2007 Toronto International Film Festival]] and was received well.{{sfn|Chakravarti|2017|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-award-winning-indian-director-ghosh-dies-at-49-2013may30-story,amp.html|title=Award-winning Indian director Ghosh dies at 49|date=30 May 2013|newspaper=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|author=The Associated Press|access-date=6 July 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020820/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-award-winning-indian-director-ghosh-dies-at-49-2013may30-story.html?_amp=true|archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> Later reviews in India were approving, with [[Rajeev Masand]] writing that she "gets through her scenes competently, never allowing her cute-as-a-button image to take away from the impact she makes here as a conflicted, mature woman".<ref>{{cite web | access-date=12 December 2009 | archive-date=13 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113072003/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-the-last-lear-is-slyly-over-the-top/73463-8-p1.html | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-the-last-lear-is-slyly-over-the-top/73463-8-p1.html | title=Masand's Verdict: ''The Last Lear'' is slyly over the top | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | date=13 September 2008 | author=Masand, Rajeev | url-status=dead}}</ref> Sukanya Verma called Zinta "palpably vulnerable" but lamented the English dialogue, finding it distracting "from the seriousness of the situation".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Effectively intriguing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lear/20080912.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 April 2020 |language=en |date=12 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006132618/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lear/20080912.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Last Lear'' was named the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best English Film]] at the [[55th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news | archive-date=29 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229170527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rituparno-wins-national-award-for-Last-Lear/articleshow/4984188.cms | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rituparno-wins-national-award-for-Last-Lear/articleshow/4984188.cms | title=Rituparno wins national award for ''Last Lear'' | publisher=Times News Network | work=The Times of India | date=8 September 2009 | last=Sengupta | first=Ratnottama | url-status=live}}</ref> Initially dismissive of art films, Zinta eventually spoke positively of her experiment with the genre, confessing, "I did think with art films that they don't pay you, they don't feed you, but I was wrong, and I'm so happy to be here."<ref>{{cite news|author=Yelajam, Prithi |title=India's top stars not afraid to take risks |date=10 September 2007 |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/254778 |work=Toronto Star |access-date=6 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011120600/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/254778 |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Zinta next starred in [[Samir Karnik]]'s ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]'' (2008), a three-chapter [[road movie]] about two film students who, as part of an assignment, travel across North India to deliver three un-posted letters written by army personnel who lost their lives during the 1999 Kargil war to their families. Zinta is featured in the first chapter as Salman Khan's war widow, Kuljeet Kaur, a woman who becomes the sole breadwinner of the family and single-handedly raises her son. In preparation for the role Zinta attended [[Anupam Kher]]'s acting school, "Actor Prepares" to learn the dialect and mannerisms of a Punjabi woman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Preity has no marriage plans right now |date=26 October 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200810261561.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=26 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219023904/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200810261561.htm |archive-date=19 February 2009 }}</ref> The film was released to a mixed critical reaction, but her performance received rave reviews; Anand Singh of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote: "Karnik is merely interested in wringing tears the old-fashioned way, and not in starting a debate. He succeeds{{emdash}}mainly because Preity Zinta brings to a role a gravitas and dignity that is seen on the faces of ordinary women{{emdash}}this may be her coming of age as an actress."<ref>{{cite news|author=Singh, Anand |title=Rang de motorcycling |date=24 October 2008 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Review-Heroes/Article1-346983.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712194803/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Review-Heroes/Article1-346983.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
<!-- {{quote box|align=left|width=35em|quote="What Mehta truly succeeds at is extracting a landmark performance out of Preity Zinta. The actress immortalised in effervescence erases any trace of happiness she may have previously conveyed with her startling transformation into Chand. Known for her forthright ways and liberated views, Preity breaks away from her real-life image to effectively slip into the wounded soul of her character. Even when she talks to the camera, unexpectedly breaking into grim, trance-filled monologues, there's immense fervour in her convictions."|source=—Sukanya Verma on Zinta's performance in ''Heaven on Earth''}} --><br />
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In the same year she played the leading role of Chand in [[Deepa Mehta]]'s Canadian film ''[[Heaven on Earth (2008 film)|Heaven on Earth]]'', a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] mystical drama based on the true story of a young Indian woman who, after an arranged marriage to a [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indian]] man from Canada, migrates to Toronto and becomes a victim of severe domestic abuse.{{sfn|Clini|2018|pp=50–69}} Zinta described Mehta as one director she was longing to work with to fulfill her desire for "a new kind of acting challenge".<ref name="art film"/> To prepare for the part, she studied extensively the subject of domestic violence and took a crash course in Punjabi, a language that was totally alien to her.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jha, Subhash K.|title=Punjabi was alien to me: Preity|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-15/news-interviews/27921262_1_preity-zinta-punjabi-deepa-mehta|date=15 July 2008|access-date=10 August 2011|agency=Times News Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919214009/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-15/news-interviews/27921262_1_preity-zinta-punjabi-deepa-mehta|archive-date=19 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> She confessed to not being able to emotionally disconnect from the part during the making of the film: "I never knew a character would affect me so deeply. I've become completely withdrawn and introspective{{nbs}}... I can't snap out of the character."<ref>{{cite news|title=Preity cries for home|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-08/news-interviews/27962575_1_preity-zinta-deepa-mehta-priety-zinta|date=8 December 2007|access-date=10 August 2011|agency=Times News Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919214021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-08/news-interviews/27962575_1_preity-zinta-deepa-mehta-priety-zinta|archive-date=19 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> She eventually called it her most challenging project, as it helped her "shed everything that Preity Zinta was about".<ref>{{cite news | access-date=27 May 2008 | archive-date=12 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712094055/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/interviewscinema/Heaven-on-Earth-my-most-challenging-film-Preity/Article1-281094.aspx | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/interviewscinema/Heaven-on-Earth-my-most-challenging-film-Preity/Article1-281094.aspx | title=''Heaven on Earth'' is my most challenging film: Preity Zinta | date=10 March 2008 | author=Jain, Princy | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Heaven on Earth'' was first screened at several film festivals and garnered career-best reviews for Zinta.<ref>Reviews of ''Heaven on Earth'' in India:<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |title=Masand's Movie Review: ''Videsh'' a thought-provoking film |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-videsh-a-thoughtprovoking-film/88864-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330055416/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-videsh-a-thoughtprovoking-film/88864-8.html |archive-date=30 March 2009 |url-status=dead |date=28 March 2009 }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=Tale of a tormented wife&nbsp;– ''Videsh - Heaven On Earth'' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2009/04/03/ |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110142456/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/03/stories/2009040350030200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |language=en }}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=''Videsh: Heaven on Earth'' |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/videsh-heaven-on-earth-389 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=1 August 2020 |language=en |date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803013051/https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/videsh-heaven-on-earth-389 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Watch ''Videsh'' for Preity Zinta |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/27review-watch-videsh-for-preity-zinta.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 August 2020 |date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909094216/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/27review-watch-videsh-for-preity-zinta.htm |archive-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Preity surprises in ''Heaven on Earth''|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Preity-surprises-in-Heaven-on-Earth/articleshow/4327782.cms |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212230253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Preity-surprises-in-Heaven-on-Earth/articleshow/4327782.cms |archive-date=12 February 2021 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Baliga |first1=Shashi |title=Review: ''Videsh'' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/review-videsh/story-GGhZTZrc72TrvNrXG2gBtK.html |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 March 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803014036/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/revoking-article-370-didn-t-usher-in-any-development-in-j-k-farooq-abdullah/story-23rObQ2tyn3epkj80VBFlI.html |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=''Videsh'' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/videsh/439786/0 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803014109/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/videsh/439786/0 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Peter Debruge of ''Variety'' wrote of her "stunning psychological transformation" in the part and Will Sloan labelled her "a revelation".<ref>Foreign reviews of ''Heaven on Earth'':<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Monk |first1=Katherine |title=''Heaven on Earth'' an eloquent portrayal of a family in trouble |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=6aac15f4-de60-49d5-998a-2b03907ae4a2 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027014738/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=6aac15f4-de60-49d5-998a-2b03907ae4a2 |archive-date=27 October 2008 }}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Wegg |first1=S. James |title=Like mother like son |url=http://www.jamesweggreview.org/Articles.aspx?ID=734 |publisher=JamesWeggReview.com |access-date=1 August 2020 |date=9 October 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803014402/http://www.jamesweggreview.org/Articles.aspx?ID=734 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Debruge |first1=Peter |title=''Heaven on Earth'' |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/heaven-on-earth-2-1200470914/ |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=Variety |date=7 September 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830194825/http://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/heaven-on-earth-2-1200470914/ |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Sloan |first1=Will |title=''Heaven On Earth'' |url=http://exclaim.ca/musicreviews/latestsub.aspx?csid1=126&csid2=870&fid1=34367 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[Exclaim!]] |date=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413012758/http://exclaim.ca/musicreviews/latestsub.aspx?csid1=126&csid2=870&fid1=34367 |archive-date=13 April 2009 }}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Wendy |title=''Heaven On Earth'' |url=https://www.screendaily.com/heaven-on-earth/4040671.article |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=Screen |date=7 September 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830194800/http://www.screendaily.com/heaven-on-earth/4040671.article |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her performance earned her the [[Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress]] at the 2008 [[Chicago International Film Festival]], for "her strong yet subtle performance as a woman struggling to keep her dreams despite brutal realities".<ref name="Chicago">{{cite web |title=Awards 2008 |publisher=[[Chicago International Film Festival]] |url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/CIFFSite.woa/wa/pages/Awards%202008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105225422/http://www.chicagofilmfestival.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/CIFFSite.woa/wa/pages/Awards%202008 |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=27 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=15 July 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803021052/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hunger-strikes-at-chicago-fest-121770 | first1=Duane | last1=Byrge | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hunger-strikes-at-chicago-fest-121770 | title=''Hunger'' strikes at Chicago fest | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=27 October 2008 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=15 July 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803021158/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-10-27-0810260229-story.html | author-link1=Robert K. Elder | date=27 October 2008 | first1=Robert K. | last1=Elder | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-10-27-0810260229-story.html | title=Brazilian film ''The Dead Girl's Feast'' wins a top honor | url-status=live | work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> She was also nominated for the [[Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress|Genie Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date=20 April 2011 | archive-date=17 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317081634/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200903141821.htm | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200903141821.htm | title=Every scene in ''Videsh'' is some woman's story: Preity Zinta | date=14 March 2009 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=15 July 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803021230/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/genie-award-voters-anoint-the-necessities/article20444424/ | first1=Guy | last1=Dixon | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/genie-award-voters-anoint-the-necessities/article20444424/ | title=Genie Award voters anoint ''The Necessities'' | url-status=live | work=[[The Globe and Mail]] | date=11 February 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Hiatus and occasional returns (2009–present)===<br />
[[File:Preity Zinta at an event for ISHKQ IN PARIS.jpg|thumb|upright|Zinta at a promotional event for ''[[Ishkq in Paris]]'' in 2013]]<br />
<br />
Following ''Heaven on Earth'', Zinta took a two-year sabbatical from films, later explaining that she had chosen to focus on her work with [[Preity Zinta#Ownership of cricket teams|her cricket team]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Will soon return to films, says Preity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/will-return-to-films-soon-says-preity/article1531036.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 March 2011|access-date=10 August 2011|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141015134757/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/will-return-to-films-soon-says-preity/article1531036.ece|archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> In 2011, she launched her own production company, [[PZNZ Media]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/i-had-lost-inspiration-for-movies-preity-zinta/732160 |title=I Had Lost Inspiration For Movies: Preity Zinta |magazine=Outlook |date=23 August 2011 |access-date=3 August 2020 |location=Mumbai, India |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803024455/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/i-had-lost-inspiration-for-movies-preity-zinta/732160 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two years later and following numerous delays, she starred in her first film under the banner{{snd}}the [[Prem Raj]]-directed romantic comedy ''[[Ishkq in Paris]]'', which she also co-wrote.<ref>{{cite news|title=Preity Zinta debuts as a producer and writer |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/preity-zinta-debuts-as-a-producer-and-writer/1114738/ |access-date=14 November 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808164217/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/preity-zinta-debuts-as-a-producer-and-writer/1114738/ |archive-date= 8 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=14 November 2013 | archive-date=14 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314025415/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Preity-Zinta-postpones-Ishkq-In-Paris-release-indefinitely/Article1-951587.aspx | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Preity-Zinta-postpones-Ishkq-In-Paris-release-indefinitely/Article1-951587.aspx | title=Preity Zinta postpones ''Ishkq in Paris'' release indefinitely | date=29 October 2012 | author=Jha, Subhash K. | newspaper=Hindustan Times | url-status=dead}}</ref> An Indo-French collaboration, the film saw Zinta as a half-Indian half-French Parisian woman alongside [[Rhehan Malliek]] and [[Isabelle Adjani]]. Zinta's role required her to learn French and follow a strict diet and fitness regime, for which she hired the services of celebrity trainer [[Tracy Anderson]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Preity Zinta learns French for next|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news-interviews/29742619_1_preity-zinta-indo-french-production-paris|author=Jha, Subhash K.|date=6 July 2011|access-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919213923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news-interviews/29742619_1_preity-zinta-indo-french-production-paris|archive-date=19 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_preity-zinta-s-wants-maiden-home-production-to-be-of-top-notch-quality_1565253 |title=Preity Zinta's wants maiden home production to be of top notch quality |author=Mahadevan, Sneha |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309152814/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_preity-zinta-s-wants-maiden-home-production-to-be-of-top-notch-quality_1565253 |archive-date= 9 March 2012 }}</ref> Whilst the film bombed at the box office and received mostly negative reviews, Zinta's performance attracted a mixed critical reception.<ref name="BOI Filmography" /><ref>{{cite news | access-date=14 November 2013 | archive-date=13 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061303/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/preity-zintas-comeback-film-ishkq-in-paris-is-a-wipe-out-at-box-office/1122879/ | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/preity-zintas-comeback-film-ishkq-in-paris-is-a-wipe-out-at-box-office/1122879/ | title=Preity Zinta's comeback film ''Ishkq in Paris'' is a wipe out at box office | url-status=live | work=The Indian Express | date=31 May 2013 | last=Kulkarni | first=Onkar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dutta |first=Saptarishi |title=Reviews: Preity Zinta Comeback Disappoints |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/05/24/reviews-preity-zinta-comeback-disappoints/ |access-date=14 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310170610/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/05/24/reviews-preity-zinta-comeback-disappoints/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref> Sonia Chopra of [[Sify]] called her "hugely likeable", and added that she is a "good actress, astute producer and{{nbs}}... writer".<ref>{{cite web | access-date=14 November 2013 | archive-date=19 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119203549/http://www.sify.com/movies/ishkq-in-paris-review-an-irresistible-evening-in-paris-review-bollywood-15029807.html | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ishkq-in-paris-review-an-irresistible-evening-in-paris-review-bollywood-15029807.html | title=''Ishkq in Paris'' review: An irresistible evening in Paris! | last=Chopra | first=Sonia | url-status=dead | website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shilpa Jamkhandikar from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', critical of both the film and Zinta's work, concluded a scathing review by calling it "a mediocre film, one that was supposed to showcase one of our favourite leading ladies, but instead just shows us what a shadow of her past she's become".<ref>{{cite news | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=6 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406192843/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/334566/ishkq-paris-movie-review-love.html | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/334566/ishkq-paris-movie-review-love.html | title=''Ishkq in Paris'' Movie Review: Love gone wrong | date=24 May 2013 | author=Jamkhandikar, Shilpa | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following a five-year sabbatical, Zinta starred opposite Sunny Deol as an aggressive Varanasi-based wife in Neeraj Pathak's action comedy ''[[Bhaiaji Superhit]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news | access-date=28 May 2017 | archive-date=3 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Preity-Zinta-starts-shooting-for-Bhaiyyaji-Superhitt/articleshow/53432147.cms | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Preity-Zinta-starts-shooting-for-Bhaiyyaji-Superhitt/articleshow/53432147.cms | title=Preity Zinta starts shooting for ''Bhaiyyaji Superhitt'' | date=28 January 2017 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | newspaper=The Times of India | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=5 October 2020 | archive-date=8 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108211144/https://scroll.in/reel/901946/preity-zinta-is-back-with-bhaiaji-superhit-this-film-has-reignited-my-passion-for-acting | url=https://scroll.in/reel/901946/preity-zinta-is-back-with-bhaiaji-superhit-this-film-has-reignited-my-passion-for-acting | title=Preity Zinta is back with ''Bhaiaji Superhit'': 'This film has reignited my passion for acting' | publisher=[[Scroll.in]] | date=19 November 2018 | last=Raman | first=Sruthi Ganapathy | url-status=live}}</ref> Ajit Duara of ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]'' magazine called the film a "rude, sexist, and completely mixed-up farce" and bemoaned that the "once vivacious [Zinta] appears completely disinterested in her surroundings and in her co-actors".<ref>{{cite news | access-date=1 December 2018 | archive-date=1 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201182337/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/bhaiaji-superhit-movie-review | url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/bhaiaji-superhit-movie-review | title=''Bhaiaji Superhit'' Movie Review | work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] | date=24 November 2018 | author=Duara, Ajit | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Zinta appeared alongside [[Vir Das]] in an episode of the American [[sitcom]] ''[[Fresh Off the Boat]]'', titled "The Magic Motor Inn"; she was set to reprise her role in a spin-off series, centered around her character's family,<ref>{{cite news | access-date=5 October 2020 | archive-date=10 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010180141/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/fresh-off-the-boat-spinoff-abc-vir-das-preity-g-zinta-1203385502/ | url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/fresh-off-the-boat-spinoff-abc-vir-das-preity-g-zinta-1203385502/ | title=''Fresh Off the Boat'' Spinoff Moves Forward at ABC | work=Variety | date=28 October 2019 | last=Otterson | first=Joe | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=5 October 2020 | archive-date=28 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028085844/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/preity-zinta-vir-das-to-star-in-spin-off-show-of-hit-us-series-fresh-off-the-boat/story-Dua3BojdtqgNQpDLpbJj8I.html | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/preity-zinta-vir-das-to-star-in-spin-off-show-of-hit-us-series-fresh-off-the-boat/story-Dua3BojdtqgNQpDLpbJj8I.html | title=Preity Zinta, Vir Das to star in spin-off show of hit US series ''Fresh Off The Boat'' | work=Hindustan Times | date=29 October 2019 | author=Press Trust of India | url-status=live}}</ref> but in June [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] announced that it would not be moving forward with the spin-off.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=17 June 2020 | archive-date=17 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617230045/https://deadline.com/2020/06/fresh-off-the-boat-modern-family-spinoff-mad-about-you-abc-boss-acquisitions-1202961854/ | url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/fresh-off-the-boat-modern-family-spinoff-mad-about-you-abc-boss-acquisitions-1202961854/ | title=ABC Boss On Potential ''Fresh Off the Boat'', ''Modern Family'' Spinoffs, ''Mad About You'' & Acquisitions | date=17 June 2020 | last=Andreeva | first=Nellie | url-status=live | website=Deadline}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other work==<br />
===Column writing===<br />
In 2004, Zinta joined a group of South Asian commentators for [[BBC News Online]]. She expressed joy at participating in the project, saying, "I am pretty outspoken and have my own view on every subject. So it will be a good platform for me to air my views."<ref>{{cite news|author=Pillai, Sreedhar |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/16/stories/2004021600560200.htm |title=Preity turns columnist |access-date=7 November 2007 |date=16 February 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220095612/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/16/stories/2004021600560200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 December 2007 }}</ref> Her first column, "The changing face of Bollywood", published in January 2004,<ref>{{cite news|author=Zinta, Preity |title=The changing face of Bollywood |date=29 January 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3445467.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921105511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3445467.stm |archive-date=21 September 2007 }}</ref> discussed the evolution of Bollywood in the past decade. The column became one of the site's ten most read stories of the day. In her second column, "Odds stacked against Indian women", Zinta analysed the [[eve teasing]] phenomenon in India, and criticised those who practice it.<ref>{{cite news|author=Zinta, Preity |title=Odds stacked against Indian women |date=1 April 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572553.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913011148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572553.stm |archive-date=13 September 2005 }}</ref> She wrote, "Incidents like these take away a woman's dignity, her space and her freedom{{nbs}}... why the state is so helpless in protecting the women. Why should women feel unsafe in a country which had an internationally revered woman prime minister?" The column caught the attention of readers worldwide, and she received thousands of e-mails about it.<ref name="everes">{{cite web|title=Preity Zinta attacks eve teasers in the BBC column |date=20 April 2004 |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/apr/aprtube27.htm |publisher=IndianTelevision.com |access-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316072124/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/apr/aprtube27.htm |archive-date=16 March 2008 }}</ref> It was applauded particularly by women for its stand against [[violence against women|abuse of Indian women]].<ref name="everes"/> Her third column, "The darkness that all actors fear", was a more personal column and dealt with her stardom, fans, insecurity and fears as an actor.<ref>{{cite news|author=Zinta, Preity |title=The darkness that all actors fear |date=22 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3804471.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117070851/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3804471.stm |archive-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref> Her fourth and final column, titled "Facing death in Sri Lanka and Thailand", described her two [[#Personal life|near-death experiences]] in late 2004.<ref name="facing death">{{cite news|author=Zinta, Preity |title=Facing death in Sri Lanka and Thailand |date=28 February 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4268387.stm |access-date=16 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428070559/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4268387.stm |archive-date=28 April 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Stage performances and television presenting===<br />
[[File:Zinta Temptation04.jpg|thumb|Zinta performing at "Temptation 2004"]]<br />
<br />
Zinta has taken part in several stage shows and world tours since 2001. Her first world tour, a series of concerts called "Craze 2001", was performed across the US alongside Anil Kapoor, Aamir Khan, [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Gracy Singh]]. The show faced early cancellation due to the [[11 September 2001 attacks]], and the team prepared to return to India as soon as possible. However, the shows continued successfully in Canada.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Tour stop |date=November 2001 |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2001/whisper.html |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=24 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015103635/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2001/whisper.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 }}</ref> In 2002, she participated in the show "From India With Love" in the UK, along with Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan and Aishwarya Rai. It took place at two outdoor venues, [[Manchester]]'s [[Old Trafford]] and London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], with more than 100,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite news|title=From India with Love |date=30 April 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801183641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |archive-date= 1 August 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Zinta's largest world tour was in 2004, when she joined a group of stars (Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji, Saif Ali Khan, Arjun Rampal and Priyanka Chopra) in the "Temptation 2004" tour. Showcased in more than 22 countries across the world, it became Bollywood's most prominent international concert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shahrukh may attend cinema festival|date=20 December 2004|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031|newspaper=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Bahrain Tribune]]|access-date=13 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118180710/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031|archive-date=18 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood's Day Out ... |date=2 December 2004 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-02/news-interviews/27157774_1_bernard-weber-new-list-aishwarya-rai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630201708/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-943930%2Cprtpage-1.cms |archive-date=30 June 2006 |access-date=2 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2006, Zinta was part of the "Heat 2006" world tour, along with Akshay Kumar, Saif Ali Khan, [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Celina Jaitley]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar & Preity Zinta in Bollywood New York Shows for Aron Govil Productions |date=10 March 2006 |url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=9273 |publisher=Business Wire India |access-date=16 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323185651/http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=9273 |archive-date=23 March 2006 }}</ref> "The Unforgettable Tour" (2008) saw Zinta performing with the [[Bachchan family]] and [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] in a forty-day show staged in eleven cities across North America, Europe and the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jamkhandikar, Shilpa |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=23 July 2008 |title=This year would be unforgettable for me |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/staroftheweek/This-year-would-be-unforgettable-for-me/Article1-325922.aspx |access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208083810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/staroftheweek/This-year-would-be-unforgettable-for-me/Article1-325922.aspx |archive-date= 8 February 2011 }}</ref> In December 2012 Zinta returned to the stage with the "Temptation Reloaded" concert in [[Jakarta]] (joined by Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji and [[Bipasha Basu]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh mesmerises Jakarta fans with a power-packed performance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-jakarta-indonesia-performance-temptation-reloaded-124230-2012-12-13 |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India Today |author=Press Trust of India |date=13 December 2012 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803021607/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-jakarta-indonesia-performance-temptation-reloaded-124230-2012-12-13 |archive-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, Zinta made her television debut as the host of the show ''[[Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega]]'' on [[Colors TV|Colors Channel]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Aikara, Anita|title=Girl, interrupted|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/girl-interrupted/763879/0|date=18 March 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126081554/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/girl-interrupted/763879/0|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> An Indian version of [[Guinness Book of World Records]], the show premiered on 18 March to an audience measurement of 3.3 rating points, which made it occupy the seventh position on the chart of celebrity-driven reality shows on Hindi entertainment channels.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.bollywood.com/preity-scores-against-world-cup-matches |title=Preity scores against World Cup matches |date=26 March 2011 |access-date=3 September 2011 |author=Dubey, Rechana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526052254/http://www.bollywood.com/preity-scores-against-world-cup-matches |archive-date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> In a four-star review for ''Hindustan Times'', critic Rachana Dubey wrote, "Preity is a riot. She's vivacious and knows exactly when she needs to be serious and when she can crack jokes."<ref>{{cite news|author=Dubey, Rachana |title=Records better than videos! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Records-better-than-videos/Article1-677471.aspx |date=25 March 2011 |access-date=3 September 2011 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053615/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Records-better-than-videos/Article1-677471.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Later that year Zinta started hosting the celebrity-based chat show ''[[Up Close & Personal with PZ]]'', shot at her own penthouse in Mumbai and broadcast on the newly launched channel UTV Stars. The first episode aired on 3 September.<ref>{{cite news|author=Udasi, Harshikaa |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Up close with PZ |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2379276.ece |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909153009/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2379276.ece |archive-date= 9 September 2011 }}</ref> In 2015, Zinta featured as a talent judge for the [[Nach Baliye 7|seventh season]] of the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Unfair to call me lenient on 'Nach Baliye': Preity Zinta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/unfair-to-call-me-lenient-on-nach-baliye-preity-zinta/#sthash.NLgt2WNO.dpuf |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 May 2015 |date=10 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142449/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/unfair-to-call-me-lenient-on-nach-baliye-preity-zinta/ |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref><br />
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===Humanitarian work===<br />
During her years in the film industry, Zinta has been involved with different charitable organisations and has particularly supported women's causes in India, for instance protesting against [[female infanticide]].<ref name="charities">{{cite news|author=Tiwari, Nimish|title=Preity Zinta wants a new face|date=18 October 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-18/news-interviews/27970598_1_bravery-award-bharat-shah-case-new-face|access-date=22 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603130449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-18/news-interviews/27970598_1_bravery-award-bharat-shah-case-new-face|archive-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="poised">{{cite news|author=Ashraf, Amrah |title=Pretty poised! |date=11 December 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/11/stories/2009121150410100.htm |access-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020007/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/11/stories/2009121150410100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 9 November 2012 }}</ref> She has also participated in AIDS awareness drives and campaigns to clean up [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Much more than a Preity face|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101114/spectrum/main9.htm|access-date=10 February 2014|newspaper=The Tribune|date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221233256/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101114/spectrum/main9.htm|archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref><br />
[[File:Preity Zinta at ACT (Against Child Trafficking) (4).jpg|thumb|left|Zinta at an event against child trafficking in 2012]]<br />
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Along with other Bollywood stars, Zinta performed at the "HELP! Telethon Concert" in 2005 to raise money for victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood unites to present caring face |date=8 February 2005 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=21 February 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> The following year, as an ambassador of the [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards|Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Movement]], Zinta attended a [[blood donation]] camp organised by the [[Rotary Club]] of [[Delhi]] and the Godfrey Phillips Awards. She lent her support to the cause of [[women's empowerment]] and promoted blood donation. She said, "Donating blood doesn't kill one but goes on to save somebody's life{{nbs}}... Once blood is donated it becomes universal and might be used by anyone in need, irrespective of community, caste or region. It binds people together."<ref name="Donating blood">{{cite news|author=Tankha, Madhur |title=In the service of a cause |date=29 July 2006 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/in-the-service-of-a-cause/article3112084.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105005857/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/in-the-service-of-a-cause/article3112084.ece |archive-date= 5 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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In 2007, as part of the [[NDTV]] show ''Jai Jawan'', Zinta visited [[Hisar, India|Hisar]], Haryana, where she spent a day at the army training base to boost the morale of the [[Jawans|jawan]] troops and met children with disabilities at a [[special school]] maintained by the army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preity reunited with Army brother |date=26 January 2007 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/24sd1.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117013704/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/24sd1.htm |archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref> In August, along with Mumbai-based artist Gurcharan Singh, Zinta painted for the cause of [[street children]] for the non-governmental organisation Khushi.<ref>{{cite news|author=A. Khan, Rubina |title=Preity artistic! |date=24 August 2007 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Preity_artistic/rssarticleshow/2304140.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017003314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Preity_artistic/rssarticleshow/2304140.cms |archive-date=17 October 2007 }}</ref> In December she joined the efforts of the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) to curb [[human trafficking in India]]. She spoke on behalf of awareness against the practice, the need for protection and rehabilitation for those rescued from it, and punishment for perpetrators.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=Top stars join war vs human trafficking |date=19 December 2007 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/Top-stars-join-war-vs-human-trafficking/Article1-264086.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083534/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/Top-stars-join-war-vs-human-trafficking/Article1-264086.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> In 2009, on her 34th birthday, Zinta adopted 34 girls from the Mother Miracle orphanage in [[Rishikesh]] and took the responsibility of financially supporting their education, food and clothing.<ref>{{cite news|author=Banerjee, Soumyadipta |title=Preity Zinta, the parent |date=17 September 2010 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_preity-zinta-the-parent_1439132 |access-date=1 December 2012 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318024124/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_preity-zinta-the-parent_1439132 |archive-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref> She expressed her excitement at doing so and recounted her full commitment to their upbringing.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=23 March 2009 |access-date=1 December 2012 |title=Preity Zinta to look after 34 orphans |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Preity+Zinta+to+look+after+34+orphans/1/33516.html |magazine=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104090819/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Preity%2BZinta%2Bto%2Blook%2Bafter%2B34%2Borphans/1/33516.html |archive-date= 4 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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In January 2010 Zinta was appointed the brand ambassador of The Loomba Trust, an organisation that works for the welfare of widows and their children. She said, having lost her father at thirteen, she could relate to the problems faced by widowed women.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kak Ramachandran, Smriti |title=Easing the plight of widows |date=14 January 2010 |access-date=17 December 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/14/stories/2010011450840200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020158/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/14/stories/2010011450840200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 9 November 2012 }}</ref> Later in the year, she joined the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) as their [[Goodwill Ambassador]] in India, to promote public awareness on HIV prevention, treatment and support, with emphasis on women and children, and combat discrimination against it. Speaking of her appointment, Zinta expressed hope to be "the voice for the voiceless" and bring about a "transformation in the minds of people" through collaborative work.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tankha, Madhur |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/12/stories/2010031264281400.htm |title=Preity is UNAIDS ambassador |date=12 March 2010 |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826003532/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/12/stories/2010031264281400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 August 2011 }}</ref> In October 2010 Zinta was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Arts from the [[University of East London]]. It was awarded in honour of both her cultural contribution and her humanitarian work, with the citation describing her as "an international actress, pioneering star of Hindi cinema and devoted humanitarian. Preity has carved a path for women to follow."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood superstar Preity Zinta to receive honorary doctorate from UEL |date=27 October 2010 |url=http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/press-releases/2010/10/preityzinta.htm |publisher=[[University of East London]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311222151/http://uel.ac.uk/news/press-releases/2010/10/preityzinta.htm |archive-date=11 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2010|access-date=3 November 2013|title=Preity Zinta conferred honorary doctorate by UK varsity|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/preity-zinta-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-uk-varsity/704567/0|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104104153/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/preity-zinta-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-uk-varsity/704567/0|archive-date=4 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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===Ownership of cricket teams===<br />
Along with [[Ness Wadia]], [[Mohit Burman]] and others, Zinta acquired ownership rights in 2008 for the Mohali-based [[Twenty20]] cricket team of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |title=SRK, Preity Zinta, Ambani, Mallya win IPL bids |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-cricket-topstories/srk-ambani-mallya-win-ipl-bids/article1-271517.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2008 |access-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217111610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-cricket-topstories/srk-ambani-mallya-win-ipl-bids/article1-271517.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> The group paid $76{{nbs}}million for the franchise and named the team [[Kings&nbsp;XI Punjab]] (it was renamed Punjab Kings in 2021).<ref>{{cite news|author=Loudon, Bruce |title=Instant cricket: just add Preity |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/instant-cricket-just-add-preity/story-e6frg7rx-1111116101225 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=19 April 2008 |access-date=19 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811185834/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/instant-cricket-just-add-preity/story-e6frg7rx-1111116101225 |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref> Until 2009, Zinta was the only woman to own an IPL team, and was the league's youngest owner.<ref name="toispree">{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2997631.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501125300/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2997631.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date= 1 May 2008 |title=Preity's winning spree! |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=1 May 2008 |work=India Times Movies |publisher=Times Internet Limited }}</ref> She has been involved with launching ticket sales and promoting the team.<ref name="toispree"/><ref name="ticket">{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/sports/preity-zinta-brett-lee-launch-sale-of-tickets-in-mohali-news-cricket-jegqryeeihg.html |title=Preity Zinta, Brett Lee launch sale of tickets in Mohali |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=1 May 2008 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020174435/http://www.sify.com/sports/preity-zinta-brett-lee-launch-sale-of-tickets-in-mohali-news-cricket-jegqryeeihg.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> She said, "My involvement with the team is total. I am extremely passionate about our team and I do believe that I am the team's good luck factor, so I want to be there for everything."<ref name="toispree"/> In September 2017, she became the owner of the [[Stellenbosch Kings]] franchise team of South Africa's [[Mzansi Super League]]. Further business expansion took place in 2021 as Zinta and her Punjab Kings partners bought Saint Lucia's representative team in the [[Caribbean Premier League]] (CPL), which was rebranded as [[Saint Lucia Kings]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/t20-global-league-kings-xi-punjab-s-preity-zinta-to-own-stellenbosch-team/story-P5yRdH4ikelEFKwIWuzhkL.html|title=T20 Global League: Kings XI Punjab's Preity Zinta to own Stellenbosch team|access-date=16 September 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182939/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/t20-global-league-kings-xi-punjab-s-preity-zinta-to-own-stellenbosch-team/story-P5yRdH4ikelEFKwIWuzhkL.html|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times of India|title=T20 leagues are the future, says multi-team owner Preity Zinta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/t20-leagues-are-the-future-says-multi-team-owner-preity-zinta/articleshow/60526178.cms|date=15 September 2017|access-date=16 September 2017|agency=Reuters|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107201949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/t20-leagues-are-the-future-says-multi-team-owner-preity-zinta/articleshow/60526178.cms|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Zinta used to visit her native town Shimla when she was not busy shooting. In 2006, she moved into her own home in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jha, Subhash K. |title=Preity's home sick |date=26 May 2007 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/preitys-home-sick/articleshow/2074719.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110225943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Preitys-home-sick/articleshow/2074719.cms |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> She does not identify with any particular religion. In an interview with ''The Times of India'', she commented: "I believe in good deeds, in [[karma]], I don't believe in going to temples. For me, religion is very personal. It's all about having faith{{nbs}}... We have heard and read that all religions are equal. Now I am increasingly believing in this."<ref>{{cite news|author=Afsana, Ahmad|title=Ganpati Bappa Morya:Preity|date=25 September 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-25/news-interviews/27957122_1_preity-zinta-religions-lalbaugcha-raja|access-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603130454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-25/news-interviews/27957122_1_preity-zinta-religions-lalbaugcha-raja|archive-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> She narrowly [[Near-death experience|escaped death]] twice in late 2004: first after an explosion at a Temptation concert in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka; and second during the [[Indian Ocean earthquake]].<ref name="facing death"/><br />
[[File:Priety Zinta with Gene Goodenough.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Zinta with her husband Gene Goodenough in 2016]]<br />
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Zinta has been the subject of several controversies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-ll-always-be-there-for-shekhar-kapur-preity/story-OKtFsO0kCXYXvIChKoOxxH.html |title=I'll always be there for Shekhar Kapur: Preity |author=Bhattacharjee, Devapriyo |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=1 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803022156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-plan-protocol-to-avoid-skirmishes/story-vIhdZCJb2jGmd7RlSE2OFM.html |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-s-sleaze-out-in-open/story-nh2Jvb7iwfJjHMyyLOCg3J.html |title=Bollywood's sleaze out in open |author=Chakravorty, Vinayak |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 March 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803022335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/baghjan-gas-well-fire-not-spreading-says-district-administration/story-QqDT967sESh5bJ7YzAOM2M.html |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, as a witness in the [[Bharat Shah]] case, she testified against the [[Indian mafia]]. Bharat Shah, the financer of ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'', was arrested in 2000 for having connections with [[Chhota Shakeel]], a Mumbai underworld boss.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philp |first1=Catherine |title=Bollywood starlet plays brave role in fight against the Mob |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bollywood-starlet-plays-brave-role-in-fight-against-the-mob-3zdzmrbzfr3 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=[[The Times]] |date=11 January 2003 |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017150137/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bollywood-starlet-plays-brave-role-in-fight-against-the-mob-3zdzmrbzfr3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=18272 |title=Preity Zinta supports prosecution in Bharat Shah case, says she received extortion threat |work=The Indian Express |date=9 January 2003 |access-date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235725/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=18272 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Unlike several of her colleagues, Zinta repeated in court her earlier statement that she had received [[extortion]] threats from the mafia during the shooting of the film.<ref>{{cite web|author=Firdaus Ashraf, Syed |title=Bharat Shah case: Preity Zinta sticks to her stand |date=9 January 2003 |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/09shah.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=29 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115001335/http://in.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/09shah.htm |archive-date=15 November 2006 }}</ref> After her testimony, she was given [[witness protection]] and was forced to stay out of the public eye for two months.<ref name="bubbly image"/> Thirteen other witnesses before her, including celebrities Salman Khan and Shahrukh Khan, were witnesses in the case but later retracted their earlier statements.<ref name="hostile">{{cite web|title=Except Preity, everyone turned hostile |date=30 September 2003 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/30shah.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=29 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514021118/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/30shah.htm |archive-date=14 May 2006 }}</ref> Zinta was the only witness who did not become [[hostile witness|hostile]] to the prosecution.<ref name="hostile"/> Her actions met with nationwide public resonance and applause.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lancaster |first1=John |title=Bollywood Star's Act Makes Her a Hero, and Possible Target |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/01/23/bollywood-stars-act-makes-her-a-hero-and-possible-target/770a3db5-a3b4-44e6-9197-07c48f36b35b/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=23 January 2003 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217040530/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/01/23/bollywood-stars-act-makes-her-a-hero-and-possible-target/770a3db5-a3b4-44e6-9197-07c48f36b35b/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Maitra|2015|p=76}} Consequently, she was the first recipient of [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards#Mind of steel Award|Godfrey's Mind of Steel Award]] at the annual [[Red and White Bravery Awards]], given to her for the "courageous act" of standing against the Mumbai Underworld.<ref name="nation applauded">{{cite news|title=This Preity woman is brave too|date=13 March 2003|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-13/news-interviews/27262456_1_physical-bravery-preity-zinta-silver-medal|access-date=12 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603130458/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-13/news-interviews/27262456_1_physical-bravery-preity-zinta-silver-medal|archive-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> On receiving the award, she said, "To be brave is not to be fearless. It is when you fear and you get over it, then you can be called brave. I am human. It is not that I fear nothing. But getting over a fear is a continuous process and I have been successful so far."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sharma, Mandvi |title='Rome wasn't built in a day, neither was I' |date=29 July 2006 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/rome-wasnt-built-in-a-day-neither-was-i/articleshow/1823394.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110165900/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Rome-wasnt-built-in-a-day-neither-was-I/articleshow/1823394.cms |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> Since 2006, Zinta has been the [[brand ambassador]] for the Godfrey Phillips Bravery awards.<ref name="Donating blood"/><br />
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[[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloids]] have often linked Zinta romantically with other Bollywood stars, but she has strongly denied any such rumours.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gangadhar, V|title=Preity Magic|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040724/saturday/main1.htm|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=24 July 2004|access-date=16 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040724/saturday/main1.htm|archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2000, Zinta began dating model [[Marc Robinson]]. They separated the following year, and according to Zinta remained on good terms.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Pillai, Jitesh |title=Freedom at midnight ... Preity Zinta |date=April 2001 |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2001/sp3.html |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=4 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004628/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2001/sp3.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> Zinta dated the [[Bombay Dyeing]] heir, businessman [[Ness Wadia]] from February 2005 until May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shaikh, Jamal |title=Preity woman's man |date=3 February 2005 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/preity-womans-man/articleshow/1010644.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=16 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110170737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Preity-womans-man/articleshow/1010644.cms |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> Their relationship was often reported on by the media, with frequent speculation about an engagement or a break-up.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Lalwani, Vickey|author2=Shah, Kunal|title=Ness & I are fine: Preity Zinta|date=25 January 2008|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-25/news-interviews/27751622_1_preity-zinta-ness-wadia-deepa-mehta|access-date=14 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-25/news-interviews/27751622_1_preity-zinta-ness-wadia-deepa-mehta|archive-date=11 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Preity comes clean on Ness |date=22 April 2009 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Preity%20comes%20clean%20on%20Ness/1/38238.html |newspaper=[[India Today]] |access-date=10 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118021117/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Preity%20comes%20clean%20on%20Ness/1/38238.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> On 13 June 2014, Zinta filed a complaint with the Mumbai police against Ness Wadia alleging he had molested, threatened, and abused her at an [[Indian Premier League - Season 7 (2014)|IPL]] match at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in Mumbai on 30 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bollywood-actress-preity-zinta-files-711891 |title=Bollywood Actress Preity Zinta Files Molestation Case Against Business Tycoon (Report) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=14 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207154749/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bollywood-actress-preity-zinta-files-711891 |archive-date= 7 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Preity-Zinta-files-molestation-complaint-against-Ness-Wadia/articleshow/36506084.cms |title=Preity Zinta files molestation complaint against Ness Wadia |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614102339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Preity-Zinta-files-molestation-complaint-against-Ness-Wadia/articleshow/36506084.cms |archive-date=14 June 2014 }}</ref> Wadia denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/key-points-of-preity-zintas-molestation-complaint-against-ex-beau-ness-wadia/ |title=Key points of Preity Zinta's molestation complaint against ex-beau Ness Wadia |work=The Indian Express |date=14 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615160620/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/key-points-of-preity-zintas-molestation-complaint-against-ex-beau-ness-wadia/ |archive-date=15 June 2014 }}</ref> In 2018, the [[Bombay High Court]] quashed this complaint after the issue was amicably settled.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-quashes-preity-zintas-molestation-fir-lodged-against-ness-wadia-5396539/|title=Bombay HC quashes Preity Zinta's molestation FIR lodged against Ness Wadia|date=11 December 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date = 9 January 2022}}</ref><br />
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On 29 February 2016, Zinta married her American partner Gene Goodenough at a private ceremony in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-10-celebrities-who-got-married-in-2016-2233103/bobby-darling-and-ramneek-sharma-2233107 |title=10 celebrities who got married in 2016 |date=10 July 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008210851/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-10-celebrities-who-got-married-in-2016-2233103/bobby-darling-and-ramneek-sharma-2233107 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/preity-zinta-announces-marriage-let-the-goodenough-jokes-begin-1284342 |title=Preity Zinta Announces Marriage: 'Let the Goodenough Jokes Begin' |date=6 March 2016 |last=Prashar |first=Chandni |publisher=NDTV |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809173723/https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/preity-zinta-announces-marriage-let-the-goodenough-jokes-begin-1284342 |url-status=live }}</ref> Goodenough is Senior Vice-president for Finance at NLine Energy, a US-based hydroelectric power company.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kaur, Kiran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Preity-Zintas-mother-responsible-for-her-marriage-to-Gene-Goodenough/photostory/51250498.cms |title=Preity Zinta's mother responsible for her marriage to Gene Goodenough? |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000929/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Preity-Zintas-mother-responsible-for-her-marriage-to-Gene-Goodenough/photostory/51250498.cms |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> Zinta moved to Los Angeles following the marriage; she visits India on a frequent basis.<ref>{{cite news |title='Felt helpless and powerless': Preity Zinta on her family's Covid-19 battle |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/felt-helpless-and-powerless-preity-zinta-on-her-familys-covid-19-battle/articleshow/80210864.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All About Preity Zinta's Los Angeles Home |url=https://www.filmfare.com/celeb-lifestyle-and-fashion/consumer-durable/all-about-preity-zintas-los-angeles-home-44381-1.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=Filmfare |date=20 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, she and her husband became parents to twins, a boy and a girl, through surrogacy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title=Preity Zinta And Gene Goodenough Welcome Twins Via Surrogacy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/preity-zinta-and-gene-goodenough-welcome-twins-via-surrogacy-2615453 |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=18 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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==Media image and artistry==<br />
Zinta is known in the Indian media for her straightforward nature and for honestly expressing her opinions in public, be it about her on-screen or off-screen life or her raising a voice against social injustice.<ref name="brave2">{{cite news|author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta |date=17 October 2006 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/preity-manages-traffic-on-the-road/articleshow/2191016.cms |title=Preity manages traffic on the road! |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110164014/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Preity-manages-traffic-on-the-road/articleshow/2191016.cms |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="brave3">{{cite news|author=Sharma, Madhvi |date=7 March 2007 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1732791.cms |title=Women need no inspiration |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113162736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1732791.cms |archive-date=13 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name="poised"/> While she does not believe she is "as tough as people portray [her] to be", she asserts having no qualms about speaking her mind, even if faced with surmounting opposition, as long as she stands "by what's right".<ref>{{cite news|author=Shetty-Saha, Shubha |date=12 October 2008 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-preity-zinta-talks-tough-1198726 |access-date=30 March 2015 |title=Preity Zinta talks tough! |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125012/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-preity-zinta-talks-tough-1198726 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref> These features were noted during the Bharat Shah case, when she testified against the underworld; following this incident she was often called by journalists "the only man in Bollywood", a label she was unhappy with for its underlying misogynist connotations.<ref name="The only man in Bollywood">{{cite news|title=Now showing Chakde! – Fiesty{{Sic|nolink=y}} foot forward |date=14 August 2007 |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/fullstory.php?newsid=250929 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=14 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220192640/http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/fullstory.php?newsid=250929 |archive-date=20 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="charities"/> Film actor Amitabh Bachchan, describing her as "frank and painfully honest", lauded her "drive and guts in a world that can be most cruel to a single girl".<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Amitabh Bachchan praises Preity Zinta |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-praises-preity-zinta-605652 |date=20 June 2012 |access-date=30 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100950/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-praises-preity-zinta-605652 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref> Author and columnist [[Shobhaa De]], while commending her for lodging a molestation complaint against Ness Wadia in 2014, expressed concern regarding Zinta's repeated quest for justice, believing it could eventually play against her: "India is not terribly kind to strong-willed, outspoken women who are dubbed 'trouble makers' if they dare to raise their voices, especially against men. Zinta is such a woman."<ref name="Shobhaa">{{cite web|publisher=[[NDTV]] |author=De, Shobhaa |author-link=Shobhaa De |title=Preity Zinta Will Find Herself Increasingly Isolated |url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/preity-zinta-will-find-herself-increasingly-isolated-578585 |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=30 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328132737/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/preity-zinta-will-find-herself-increasingly-isolated-578585 |archive-date=28 March 2015 }}</ref><br />
[[File:Preity Zinta at Ishkq In Paris-Isabelle Adjani event 05.jpg|thumb|Zinta in 2012]]<br />
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Her characteristic dimple has been cited by the media as her trademark. At the beginning of her career, she was often described by the press as having a vivacious personality and a bubbly, outgoing persona, an image she had confessed to disliking.<ref name="bubbly image"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood's Preity Zinta wants new roles |date=14 March 2006 |work=[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] |page=2 |location=Mumbai, India |agency=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> According to film critic [[Sukanya Verma]], Zinta's energetic nature extends from her real life into her screen appearances and is an integral part of her technique. Discussing Hindi film actresses and their flair for comedy, Verma wrote of Zinta: "What can you say about an actress who giggles non-stop in a tone that is anything but prim and propah? She is carefree. She is animated. She talks non-stop. She laughs all the time. She has a chilled out sense of humour. And a tomboyish streak too. Preity Zinta is all that and more. All this greatly contributes to her style of acting."<ref>{{cite web|work=Rediff.com |author=Verma, Sukanya |title=What do Sridevi, Kajol and Preity have in common? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/02corner.htm |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173328/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/02corner.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013 }}</ref><br />
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Director [[Tanuja Chandra]] ascribed Zinta's screen appeal to her lack of acting pretense, commenting, "She doesn't act, she's so real that you just can't look away from her."<ref name="Chandra"/> Reviewing ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' (2001) for ''Hindustan Times'', Vinayak Chakravorty noted that "there is an admirable zest that Preity pumps into every role she does".<ref name=CCCCHT/> [[Farhan Akhtar]], who directed her in two films, believes she is an actress who "can mould herself{{snd}}the way she speaks, works and her body language{{snd}}and adapt herself to roles", while [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] (director of the 2000 film ''Mission Kashmir'') credits her with the ability to "make the viewer believe even in the most convoluted situation."<ref>{{cite web | access-date=4 April 2015 | archive-date=7 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607050325/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/08farhan.htm | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/08farhan.htm | title=''Lakshya'' is about Hrithik, about finding yourself | url-status=live | work=Rediff.com | date=8 April 2004 | last=Ashraf | first=Syed Firdaus}}</ref><ref name="Champagne"/> In a review of ''Salaam Namaste'', Australian film critic Jake Wilson observed, "While Preity Zinta isn't the subtlest actress, she's quite a comedienne{{snd}}for a Hollywood equivalent to her combination of beauty, high-strung emotion and facial gymnastics you might have to go back to [[Natalie Wood]]."<ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 September 2011 | archive-date=5 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205113738/http://urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=10857&s=Reviews | url=http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=10857&s=Reviews | title=''Salaam Namaste'' | publisher=Urban Cinefile | date=8 September 2005 | author=Wilson, Jake | url-status=live}}</ref> American critic Derek Elley considers her to be "one of Bollywood's best pure actresses."<ref>{{cite magazine | access-date=5 April 2015 | archive-date=17 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417122456/http://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna-1200514147/ | url=https://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna-1200514147/ | title=Review: ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' | date=16 August 2006 | author=Elley, Derek | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Zinta's variety of characters,<ref name="Early life"/> such as ''Dil Se'' (1998), ''Sangharsh'' (1999), ''Kya Kehna'' (2000), ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' (2001), ''Salaam Namaste'' (2005) and ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' (2006), gained her a reputation for playing roles that go against Indian traditional mores.<ref name="bubbly image"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Nair, Nandini|title=Time to play a woman – Preity Zinta|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/time-to-play-a-woman/article1433508.ece|date=20 March 2008|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=20 May 2009|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217040527/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Time-to-play-a-woman/article15397918.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> These roles were cited by critics as having contributed to a new image for Indian screen women by means of departure from the conventional parts previously played by leading actresses in mainstream Hindi films.<ref name="The only man in Bollywood"/>{{sfn|Omar|2006|pp=161–162}} Karan Johar describes her as "a new-wave actress" who has the advantage of working at a time when "films portray a woman who knows her mind".<ref name="Champagne"/> The character of Preeti from ''Dil Se'' was noted by gender scholar Janell Hobson as one that breaks the stereotypes that Westerners have of South Asian women.{{sfn|Janell|2008|p=238}} Author Monika Mehta notes the similarity between Zinta's public image as an independent and opinionated woman and her culturally defiant character in ''Salaam Namaste''.{{sfn|Mehta|2017|p=351}} According to Jennifer Thomas, who analysed Zinta's roles for a chapter in the book ''Once Upon a Time in Bollywood'' (2007), Zinta "resists patriarchal constraints through her modern lifestyle and the controversial roles she chooses".{{sfn|Thomas|2007|p=164}}<br />
<br />
Zinta is one of the best-known celebrities in India; at her career peak she was one of Hindi cinema's most celebrated stars and was acknowledged for having managed a career without any traditional assistance or family relations in the film industry.<ref name="The only man in Bollywood"/><ref name="changing">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/06/19/stories/2005061900110500.htm |title=On the verge of extinction |author=Duara, Ajit |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 June 2005 |access-date=5 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227042536/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/06/19/stories/2005061900110500.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Who is the next Bollywood queen? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Who-is-the-next-Bollywood-queen/articleshow/3085603.cms |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602084537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Who_is_the_next_Bollywood_queen/articleshow/3085603.cms |archive-date=2 June 2008 |language=en}}</ref> She featured in [[Box Office India]]'s top actress listing for seven years and ranked first for two consecutive years (2003–2004).<ref name="top actresses" /> In 2003, Zinta appeared in the number one spot on Rediff.com's "Top Bollywood Female Stars".<ref>{{cite web|author=Kulkarni, Ronjita |title=The unanimous No 1: Preity Zinta |date=8 December 2003 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/08sld1.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227065852/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/08sld1.htm |archive-date=27 February 2007 }}</ref> She was ranked second for the following three years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Raja |year=2004 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/29sld4.htm |title=Best Actress 2004 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404044350/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/29sld4.htm |archive-date= 4 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Kulkarni, Ronjita |year=2005 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend2.htm |title=Ten best Bollywood actresses of 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516022358/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend2.htm |archive-date=16 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Raja |date=5 September 2006 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/05sld9.htm |title=Readers' Pick: Top Bollywood Actresses |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516024052/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/05sld9.htm |archive-date=16 May 2007 }}</ref> She has been featured frequently on other Rediff.com lists, including "Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actresses",<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actresses |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/24sld7.htm |work=Rediff.com |year=2004 |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515202824/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/24sld7.htm |archive-date=15 May 2007 }}</ref> "Bollywood's Best Dressed Women"<ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Sukanya |title=Bollywood's best dressed women |date=9 May 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld5.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522130450/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld5.htm |archive-date=22 May 2007 }}</ref> and "Women of Many Faces".<ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Sukanya |title=Women of many faces |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/08sld5.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 July 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706164923/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/08sld5.htm |archive-date= 6 July 2007 }}</ref> Between 2006 and 2008 Zinta made three consecutive appearances at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. At first she attended the [[2006 Cannes Film Festival|2006 Film Festival]] along with filmmaker Karan Johar to represent the Hindi film industry and promote ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'',<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=Bollywood Actress Heads To Cannes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/12/entertainment/cannes/main1614686.shtml |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc |date=12 May 2006 |access-date=16 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009122238/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/12/entertainment/cannes/main1614686.shtml |archive-date= 9 October 2007 }}</ref> returning in later years as the brand ambassador of [[Chopard]], the maker of luxury watches and jewellery.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Exhausted Preity Zinta flies off to Cannes |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/dresscircle/Exhausted-Preity-Zinta-flies-off-to-Cannes/Article1-311247.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=16 May 2008 |access-date=7 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233606/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/dresscircle/Exhausted-Preity-Zinta-flies-off-to-Cannes/Article1-311247.aspx |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2006 the UK magazine ''[[Eastern Eye (newspaper)|Eastern Eye]]'' ranked her among "Asia's Sexiest Women".<ref>{{cite web|title=Asia's sexiest women |date=20 September 2006 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20sld1.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=25 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208151814/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20sld1.htm |archive-date= 8 February 2012 }}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine selected her as one of the candidates for its list of [[Time 100|the world's 100 most influential people]]. She was the only Indian actress nominated for the poll and eventually did not make it to the final list, ranked at 144.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The 2010 TIME 100 Poll |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972075_1972078_1972573,00.html |date=1 April 2011 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405203358/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972075_1972078_1972573,00.html|archive-date= 5 April 2010 }}</ref> This was followed, however, by a marked period of decline in her popularity when she restricted her work in films, which was further decreased with the debacle of her self-produced comeback vehicle.<ref name="Shobhaa"/> Film journalists like [[Khalid Mohamed]] and Subhash K. Jha have written columns in which they lament her absence from the movies and encourage her to return to acting.<ref name="openletter">{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Open letter to Preity Zinta: You have the ability to bring back your good times in Bollywood |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/open-letter-to-preity-zinta-you-have-the-ability-to-bring-back-your-good-times-in-bollywood-2605298.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=17 April 2020 |language=en |date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205121629/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/open-letter-to-preity-zinta-you-have-the-ability-to-bring-back-your-good-times-in-bollywood-2605298.html |archive-date=5 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Pretty please, Preity |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/pretty-please-preity |access-date=4 May 2020 |work=Khaleej Times |date=27 May 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803022551/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/yeh-ballet-could-be-the-best-thing-youre-likely-to-watch-on-netflix-this-month |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]<br />
*[[List of people from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist<br />
|colwidth=25em<br />
|refs=<br />
<ref name="birth_details">{{cite news|author=Joshi, Shriniwas |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |title=Glamour girls from Himachal Pradesh |date=16 March 2007 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070316/hp1.htm#21 |access-date=8 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914103328/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070316/hp1.htm |archive-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Chopra-India-Today"><br />
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}}<br />
<br />
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*{{cite book |last1=Hassam |first1=Andrew |editor1-last=Hassam |editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Paranjape |editor2-first=M. |title=Bollywood in Australia : Transnationalism and Cultural Production |date=2010 |publisher=University of Western Australia Pub |location=Crawley |isbn=978-1-74258-270-2 |pages=63–86 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1262&context=artspapers |chapter=Salaam Namaste, Melbourne and Cosmopolitanism }}<br />
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*{{cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=Ranjani |title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC |year=2007 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1-4529-1302-5}}<br />
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*{{cite book |last=Thomas|first=Jennifer|title=Once Upon a Time in Bollywood: The Global Swing in Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbwaAQAAIAAJ |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Gurbir Jolly |editor2-last=Wadhwani |editor2-first=Zenia B. |editor3-last=Barretto |editor3-first=Deborah |publisher=[[TSAR Publications]] |year=2007 |pages=162–174|chapter=Bollywood's Female Fantasies of Resistance: Online Fan Discourse and Modern Indian Identity|isbn=978-1-8947-704-08 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Shreyosi |editor1-last=Viswamohan Iqbal |editor1-first=Aysha |title=Women Filmmakers in Contemporary Hindi Cinema: Looking through their Gaze |date=2023 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-10232-5 |pages=79–95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjGqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-10232-5_5|language=en |chapter=Women (Not) Telling Women’s Stories: Tanuja Chandra’s Directorial Journey from Action-Thriller to Romance and Beyond|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-10232-5_5 }}<br />
{{refend|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/24inter2.htm |title=What Preity Zinta wants in the new India |last=Peschardt |first=Michael |date=24 April 2006 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104135140/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/24inter2.htm |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/04intro.htm |title=Preity purrfect! Getting fresh and friendly with Preity Zinta. |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=4 July 2001 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104122212/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/04intro.htm |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite magazine |last=Taparia Rathi |first=Nidhi |date=30 September 2002 |title=Bollywood's bubbly girl Preity Zinta guns for top spot |magazine=[[India Today]] |publisher=Living Media India Limited |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020930-bollywood-bubbly-girl-preity-zinta-guns-for-top-spot-796245-2002-09-30 |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803022838/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020930-bollywood-bubbly-girl-preity-zinta-guns-for-top-spot-796245-2002-09-30 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
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<br />
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|preity-zinta}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|0006689}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes person|preity_zinta}}<br />
<br />
{{Nach Baliye 7}}<br />
{{Preity Zinta}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title = Awards received by Preity Zinta<br />
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{{FilmfareAwardBestActress 2001-2020}}<br />
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}<br />
{{IIFAAwardBestActress}}<br />
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}<br />
{{ScreenAwardBestFemaleDebut}}<br />
{{StardustAwardBestActress}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinta, Preity}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shimla]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
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[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Zimbabwe_One_Day_International_cricket_records&diff=413532List of Zimbabwe One Day International cricket records2023-08-15T18:56:06Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}<br />
[[One Day International cricket|One Day International]] (ODI) cricket is played between international [[cricket]] teams who are [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) as well as the top four [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members with ODI status|Associate members]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification of Official Cricket |publisher=International Cricket Council |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |accessdate=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114225/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike [[Test cricket|Test matches]], ODIs consist of one [[Innings (cricket)|inning]] per team, having a limit in the number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]], currently 50 overs per innings – although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs.<ref>{{cite news |title=The difference between Test and one-day cricket |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4180708.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=12 August 2009 |date=6 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129132447/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4180708.stm |archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ODI cricket is [[List-A cricket]], so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List-A records. The earliest match recognised as an ODI was played between [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in January 1971;<ref>{{cite web |title=Only ODI: Australia v England |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64148.html |publisher=ESPN |work=Cricinfo |accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> since when there have been over 4,000 ODIs played by 28 teams. <br />
This is a list of [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe Cricket team]]'s [[One Day International]] records. It is based on the [[List of One Day International cricket records]], but concentrates solely on records dealing with the Zimbabwe cricket team. Zimbabwe played its first ever ODI in 1983.<br />
{{TOC limit|3}}<br />
<br />
==Key==<br />
The top five records are listed for each category, except for the [[#Team wins, losses, draws and ties|team wins, losses, draws and ties]], [[#All-round records|all round records]] and the [[#Partnership records|partnership records]]. Tied records for fifth place are also included. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate. All records include matches played for [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] only, and are correct {{as of|2022|01|lc=yes}}.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ Key<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Symbol<br />
! scope=col | Meaning<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{dagger}}<br />
| Player or umpire is currently active in ODI cricket<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{double-dagger}}<br />
| Even took place during [[Cricket World Cup]] and [[ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|Qualifier]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | *<br />
| Player remained [[not out]] or partnership remained unbroken<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=background:#cee0f2; | ♠<br />
| [[List of One Day International cricket records|One Day International cricket record]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Date<br />
| Starting date of the match<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Innings<br />
| Number of [[innings]] played<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Matches<br />
| Number of matches played<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Opposition<br />
| The team Zimbabwe was playing against<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Period<br />
| The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Player<br />
| The player involved in the record <br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | Venue<br />
| [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|One Day International cricket ground]] where the match was played<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Team records==<br />
=== Overall record ===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|- style="background:#9cf;"<br />
! scope="col" |Matches<br />
! scope="col" |Won<br />
! scope="col" |Lost<br />
! scope="col" |Tied<br />
! scope="col" |NR<br />
! scope="col" |Win %<br />
|-<br />
| 566 || 151 || 394 || 8 || 13 || 26.67<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=6 |<small>''Last Updated: 11 July 2023<ref name="ODI results summary">{{cite web |title=Records / ODI matches / Team records / Results summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/283878.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> ''</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Team wins, losses, draws and ties ===<br />
{{As of|2022|7}}, Zimbabwe has played 566 ODI matches [[result (cricket)|resulting]] in 151 victories, 394 defeats, 8 ties and 13 no results for an overall winning percentage of 26.67.<ref name="ODI results summary"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col" |Opponent<br />
!scope="col" |[[One Day International|Matches]]<br />
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Won]]<br />
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Lost]]<br />
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tied]]<br />
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#No result|No Result]]<br />
!scope="col" |[[Winning percentage|% Won]]<br />
!scope="col" |First<br />
!scope="col" |Last<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="9" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Members]]'''<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} <br />
| 28 || 10 || 18 || 0 || 0 || 35.71 || 2014 || 2022<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Australia}} <br />
| 33 || 3 || 29 || 0 || 1 || 6.9 || 1983 || 2022<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Bangladesh}} <br />
| 81 || 30 || 51 || 0 || 0 || 37.06 || 1997 || 2022<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|England}} <br />
| 30 || 8 || 21 || 0 || 1 || 27.59 || 1992 || 2004<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|India}} <br />
| 66 || 10 || 54 || 2 || 0 || 16.66 || 1983 || 2022<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Ireland}} <br />
| 19 || 8 || 8 || 1 || 2 || 42.10 || 2007 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|New Zealand}} <br />
| 38 || 9 || 27 || 1 || 1 || 25.68 || 1987 || 2015<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Pakistan}} <br />
| 62 || 4 || 54 || 2 || 2 || 8.33 || 1992 || 2020<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|South Africa}} <br />
| 41 || 2 || 38 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 1992 || 2018<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Sri Lanka}} <br />
| 61 || 12 || 47 || 0 || 2 || 19.67 || 1992 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|West Indies}} <br />
| 49 || 11 || 36 || 1 || 1 || 22.91 || 1983 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate Members]]'''<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Bermuda}} <br />
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2006 || 2006<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Canada}} <br />
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2006 || 2011<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Hong Kong}} <br />
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2018 || 2018<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Kenya}} <br />
| 32 || 25 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 83.33 || 1996 || 2011<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Namibia}} <br />
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2003 || 2003<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Netherlands}} <br />
| 7 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 57.14 || 2003 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Nepal}} <br />
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2023 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Oman}} <br />
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2023 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|Scotland}} <br />
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 25.00 || 2017 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|UAE}} <br />
| 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 83.33 || 2015 || 2019<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row |{{cr|USA}} <br />
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2023 || 2023<br />
|-<br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Total'''<br />
|'''566'''||'''151'''||'''394'''||'''8'''||'''13'''||'''26.67'''||'''1983'''||'''2023'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=10|{{small|''Statistics are correct as of {{cr|Zimbabwe}} v {{cr|Scotland}} at [[Queens Sports Club]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]], 4 July 2023.''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Zimbabwe / ODI matches / Result summary |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== First bilateral ODI series wins ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Opponent !! Year of first Home win !! Year of first Away win<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2000-01|2001]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2001-02|2001]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[English cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1996-97|1996]] || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1996-97|1997]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || [[Irish cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2010-11|2011]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}} || [[Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2002-03|2002]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Kenya in 2008-09|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}} || [[Dutch cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022-23|2023]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}} || [[New Zealand cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2000-01|2001]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in New Zealand in 2000-01|2001]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || - || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017|2017]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE}} || [[Emirati cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2019|2019]] || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} || - || -<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=3 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Zimbabwe / ODI matches / Series summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=team;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== First ODI match wins ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Opponent !! colspan="2" | Home !! colspan="2" | Away / Neutral<br />
|-<br />
! Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year !!style="text-align:center"|Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[Afghanistan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2014|2014]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || [[Afghan cricket team against Zimbabwe in the UAE in 2015–16|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Zimbabwe Triangular Series in 2014|2014]] || [[Trent Bridge|Nottingham]] || [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]] {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2000–01|2001]] || [[Gymkhana Club Ground|Nairobi]] || [[President's Cup 1997-98|1997]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BER}} || YTP || YTP || [[Queen's Park Oval|Port of Spain]] || [[International cricket in 2006#Triangular Series (Bermuda, Canada, Zimbabwe)|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|CAN}} || YTP || YTP || [[Queen's Park Oval|Port of Spain]] || [[International cricket in 2006#Triangular Series (Bermuda, Canada, Zimbabwe)|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[English cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1996-97|1996]] || [[Lavington Sports Oval|Albury]] || [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]] {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|HKG}} || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018]] || YTP || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1996-97|1997]] || [[Centurion Park|Centurion]] || [[1996-97 Standard Bank International One-Day Series|1997]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Irish cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2010–11|2010]] || [[Gymkhana Club Ground|Nairobi]] || [[2008 Associates Tri-Series in Kenya|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}} || [[Kwekwe Sports Club|Kwekwe]] || [[Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2002–03|2002]] || [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium|Patna]] || [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NAM}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]] {{double-dagger}} || YTP || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NEP}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]] || YTP || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}} || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]] {{double-dagger}} || - || - <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[New Zealand cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1997-98|1997]] || [[McLean Park|Napier]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in New Zealand in 1995-96|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|OMA}} || [[Queens Sports Club|Bulawayo]] || [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]] {{double-dagger}}|| YTP || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1994-95|1995]] || [[Sheikhupura Stadium|Sheikhupura]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 1998–99|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || - || - || [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] || [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]] {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SCO}} || YTP || YTP || [[The Grange Club|Edinburgh]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Scotland in 2017|2017]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1994-95|1994]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || [[1996–97 Singer Akai Cup|1997]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Emirati cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2018–19|2019]] || [[Saxton Oval|Nelson]] || [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]] {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|USA}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]] {{double-dagger}}|| YTP || YTP<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2003–04|2003]] || [[Bristol County Ground|Bristol]] || [[2000 NatWest Triangular Series|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Zimbabwe / ODI matches / ODI Records |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=team;view=results |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Winning every match in a series ===<br />
In a bilateral series winning all matches is referred to as [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]]. First such event occurred when [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] toured England in 1976. Zimbabwe have recorded five such series victories.<ref name="whitewash">{{cite web | url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283240.html |title= Records - ODIs - Team Records - Whitewashes |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col |Opposition<br />
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches<br />
! scope=col |Host<br />
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 1996/97<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2000/01<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2001/02<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}} || 5 || {{cr|KEN}} || 2008/09<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE}} || 4 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2019<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="whitewash" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Losing every match in a series ===<br />
Zimbabwe have also suffered such whitewash 34 times.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! scope=col |Opposition<br />
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches<br />
! scope=col |Host<br />
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 1992/93<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || {{cr|PAK}} || 1993/94<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || {{cr|PAK}} || 1996/97<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || 3 || {{cr|SL}} || 1997/98<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 1999/00<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 1999/00<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2001/02<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2001/02<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2002/03<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || 5 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2004<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2004<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || 4 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2004/05<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|RSA}} || 2004/05<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|RSA}} || 2006/07<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 5 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2006/07<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2007<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || {{cr|PAK}} || 2007/08<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || 5 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2008/09<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|RSA}} || 2010/11<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2011<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2011/12<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || 2012/13<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || 5 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2013<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2014<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 5 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2014/15<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2015<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2015/16<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2016<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2018<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|RSA}} || 2018/19<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2018/19<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || 3 || {{cr|IRE}} || 2019<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2019/20<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2021<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2022<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2022<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 23 August 2022</small><ref name="whitewash" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Team scoring records===<br />
<br />
====Most runs in an innings====<br />
The highest innings total scored in ODIs came in the match between [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018|June 2018]]. Playing in the third ODI at [[Trent Bridge]] in [[Nottingham]], the hosts posted a total of 481/6.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/211599.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records Highest Innings |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Kenya in 2008-09|second ODI]] against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] in January 2009 saw Zimbabwe set their highest innings total of 351/7.<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd ODI, Mombasa, Jan 29 2009, Zimbabwe tour of Kenya| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/385024.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Score<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col | Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|5|408/6}}<br />
| {{cr|USA}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|26}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1134034.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|1|351/7}}<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| [[Mombasa Sports Club|Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|29}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/385024.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|2|340/2}}<br />
| {{cr|NAM}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|10}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65236.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|3|338/7}}<br />
| {{cr|BER}}<br />
| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad & Tobago<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|18}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247361.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|4|334/5}}<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|26}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/868727.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 26 June 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Fewest runs in an innings====<br />
The lowest innings total scored in ODIs has been scored twice. [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] were dismissed for 35 by [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] during the third ODI in [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2004|Sri Lanka's tour of Zimbabwe in April 2004]] and [[United States national cricket team|USA]] were dismissed for same score by [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] in the sixth ODI of the [[2020 Nepal Tri-Nation Series|2020 ICC Cricket World League 2 in Nepal in February 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd ODI, Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe at Harare, Apr 25 2004 |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64890.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="USA 35 ao">{{cite news |title=30th Match, ICC Men's Cricket World Cup League 2 at Kirtipur, Feb 12 2020 |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1215127.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="ODI Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283987.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records - Lowest Totals |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Score<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col |Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|35}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SL}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|April|25}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64890.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|38}}<br />
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|December|8}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66329.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|44}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/422629.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|54}}<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|26}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079250.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|65}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|August|29}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/217481.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Lowest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs conceded an innings====<br />
The third ODI of the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in South Africa in 2006-07|2006 ODI Series]] against the [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] saw Zimbabwe concede their highest innings total of 418/5.<ref>{{cite web |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Potchefstroom, Sep 20 2006, Zimbabwe tour of South Africa| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257470.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Score<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col | Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|418/5}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[North West Cricket Stadium]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|September|20}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257470.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|399/6}}<br />
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|October|22}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/463145.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|399/1}}<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|20}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1142923.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|397/5}}<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|August|24}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/216929.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|375/3}}<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|26}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/868727.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest innings totals conceded |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=9;type=opposition |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Fewest runs conceded in an innings====<br />
The lowest score conceded by Zimbabwe for a full inning is 75 scored by Canada in the [[International cricket in 2006#Triangular Series (Bermuda, Canada, Zimbabwe)|Associate Tri-Nation Series in West Indies in 2006]] at Port of Spain.<ref name="ODI Records – Lowest Totals" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Score<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col |Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|75}}<br />
| {{cr|CAN}}<br />
| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad & Tobago<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|16}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247359.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|91}}<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|23}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65606.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|92}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Aga Khan Sports Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|14}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66119.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|103}}<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|April|8}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64713.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|5|104}}<br />
| {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|16}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1133022.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|USA}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|26}}<br />
| [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/zimbabwe-vs-united-states-of-america-17th-match-group-a-1377762/live-cricket-scorel Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Lowest Totals Conceded">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Lowest Full innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=9;type=opposition |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs aggregate in a match====<br />
The highest match aggregate scored in ODIs came in the match between [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the fifth ODI of [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005-06|March 2006 series]] at [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] when South Africa scored 438/9 in response to Australia's 434/4.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284003.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records Highest Match Aggregates |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 2015|first ODI]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in | [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] saw a total of 709 runs being scored.<ref>{{cite web |title=1st ODI (D/N), Lahore, May 26 2015, Zimbabwe tour of Pakistan| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/868727.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Aggregate<br />
! scope=col | Scores<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col | Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|709/8}}<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} (375/3) v {{cr|ZIM}} (334/5)<br />
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|26}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/868727.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|665/9}}<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} (418/5) v {{cr|ZIM}} (247/4)<br />
| [[North West Cricket Stadium]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|September|20}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257470.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|661/12}}<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} (372/2) v {{cr|ZIM}} (289)<br />
| [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|February|24}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/656427.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|657/18}}<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} (331/8) v {{cr|ZIM}} (326)<br />
| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|7}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/656457.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|657/14}}<br />
| {{cr|NZ}} (328/5) v {{cr|ZIM}} (329/9)<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|25}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/527016.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Fewest runs aggregate in a match====<br />
The lowest match aggregate in ODIs is 71 when [[United States national cricket team|USA]] were dismissed for 35 by [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] in the sixth ODI of the [[2020 Nepal Tri-Nation Series|2020 ICC Cricket World League 2 in Nepal in February 2020]].<ref name="USA 35 ao" /> The lowest match aggregate in ODI history for Zimbabwe is 75 scored in the third match of the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2004|Sri Lanka's tour of Zimbabwe in 2004]].<ref name="ODI Records – Lowest Aggregates">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284009.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records - Lowest Match Aggregates |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Aggregate<br />
! scope=col | Scores<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col | Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|75/11}}<br />
| {{cr|ZIM}} (35) v {{cr|SL}} (40/1)<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|April|25}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64890.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|78/11}}<br />
| {{cr|ZIM}} (38) v {{cr|SL}} (40/1)<br />
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|December|8}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66329.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|93/14}}<br />
| {{cr|ZIM}} (44) v {{cr|BAN}} (49/4)<br />
| [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/422629.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|135/11}}<br />
| {{cr|ZIM}} (67) v {{cr|SL}} (68/1)<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|November|22}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/375457.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|136/11}}<br />
| {{cr|ZIM}} (67) v {{cr|PAK}} (69/1)<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|18}}<br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1142922.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Lowest Match Aggregate">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Lowest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Result records===<br />
An ODI match is [[result (cricket)|won]] when one side has scored more [[run (cricket)|runs]] than the total runs scored by the opposing side during their [[innings]]. If both sides have completed both their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher aggregate of runs, it is known as a win by runs. This indicates the number of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side. If the side batting last wins the match, it is known as a win by [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]], indicating the number of wickets that were still to fall.<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Law 16 – The Result |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229231840/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Greatest win margins (by runs)====<br />
The greatest winning margin by runs in ODIs was New Zealand's victory over Ireland by 290 runs in the only ODI of the [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 2008#New Zealand v Ireland|2008 England tour]]. The largest victory recorded by Zimbabwe was during the [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|Cricket World Qualifier]] in 2023 against United States of America by 308 runs.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by runs)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by runs) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283902.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Target<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |304 Runs<br />
| 409<br />
| {{cr|USA}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|26}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |202 Runs<br />
| 326<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1999|March|27}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |194 Runs<br />
| 339<br />
| {{cr|BER}}<br />
| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad & Tobago<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|18}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |192 Runs<br />
| 285<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Aga Khan Sports Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|14}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |175 Runs<br />
| 299<br />
| {{cr|CAN}}<br />
| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|February|28}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |title=Zimbabwe Records - ODI - Largest Victories |accessdate=1 July 2020 |work= ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Greatest win margins (by balls remaining)====<br />
The greatest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs was England's victory over Canada by 8 wickets with 277 balls remaining in the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]]. The largest victory recorded by Zimbabwe is during the [[Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2002-03|Kenya's tour of Zimbabwe in December 2002]] when they won by 9 wickets with 204 balls remaining.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283271.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Balls remaining<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 204<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|December|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 161<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7 wickets<br />
| {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 160<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|16}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 122<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6 wickets<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|November|23}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 118<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7 wickets<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|24}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Largest victories" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Greatest win margins (by wickets)====<br />
A total of 55 matches have ended with chasing team winning by 10 wickets with West Indies winning by such margins a record 10 times.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by wickets) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283279.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Zimbabwe have not won an ODI match by this margin.<ref name="Largest victories"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center |9 Wickets<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|December|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=7| 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=7|8 Wickets<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|February|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|February|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|6}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|June|7}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|July|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|16}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NEP}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|18}}<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 3 December 2017</small><ref name="Largest victories"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest successful run chases====<br />
South Africa holds the record for the highest successful run chase which they achieved when they scored 438/9 in response to Australia's 434/9.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Successful Chase |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;size=10;template=results;type=team;view=innings |work=Cricinfo |accessdate= 1 July 2020}}</ref> Zimbabwe's highest innings total while chasing is 329/9 in a successful run chase against New Zealand at Bulawayo, Zimbabwe during the [[New Zealand cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011-12|New Zealand's tour of Zimbabwe in October 2011]].<ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest successful run chases"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Score<br />
! scope=col | Target<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|329/9}}<br />
| align=center | 329<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|322/4}}<br />
| align=center | 317<br />
| {{cr|SL}}<br />
| [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]], Sri Lanka<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|30}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|5|319/4}}<br />
| align="center" | 316<br />
| {{cr|NED}}<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|3|304/3}}<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 304<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|August|2}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|307/5}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 21 June 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest successful run chases">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest successful run chases |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;size=10;team=9;template=results;type=team;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Narrowest win margins (by runs)====<br />
The narrowest run margin victory is by 1 run which has been achieved in 31 ODI's with Australia winning such games a record 6 times.<ref>{{cite web |title= Reocrds - ODIs - Smallest victory (by runs)| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283920.html |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> Zimbabwe's has achieved victory by 1 run twice.<ref name="Smallest victories" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|1|1 run}}<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Lancaster Park|AMI Stadium]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|March|4}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|23}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|2|2 Runs}}<br />
| {{cr|SL}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1994|November|5}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], Guyana<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|4}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|6}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|3 Runs}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]], England<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1999|May|19}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|21}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Smallest victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Narrowest win margins (by balls remaining)====<br />
The narrowest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs is by winning of the last ball which has been achieved 36 times with both South Africa winning seven times. Zimbabwe has achieved a victory by this margin on three occasions.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match">{{cite news |title=Winning on the last ball of the match |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283930.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Balls remaining<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3|0<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3|2 wickets<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Sahara Stadium, Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|February|2}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|2}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|September|26}} <br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|1<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|1 wicket<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Barkatullah Khan Stadium]], [[Jodhpur]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|December|8}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|25}} <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Smallest victories" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Narrowest win margins (by wickets)====<br />
The narrowest margin of victory by wickets is 1 wicket which has settled 55 such ODIs. Both West Indies and New Zealand have recorded such victory on eight occasions. Zimbabwe has won the match by a margin of one wicket on four occasions.<ref name="ODI Records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283253.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=4| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| 1 wicket<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Barkatullah Khan Stadium]], [[Jodhpur]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|December|8}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|7}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Nahar Singh Stadium]], [[Faridabad]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|March|7}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=7| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=7| 2 wicket<br />
| {{cr|ENG}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1996|December|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Sahara Stadium, Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|February|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{cr|BAN}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|July|29}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium|Shere-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|19}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|IRE}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|September|26}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Smallest victories"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Greatest loss margins (by runs)====<br />
Zimbabwe's biggest defeat by runs was against South Africa in the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11|Zimbabwe's tour of South Africa in October 2010]] at [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa.<ref name="Largest defeats" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |272 Runs<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|October|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |244 Runs<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |212 Runs<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |202 Runs<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|9}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |201 Runs<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|13}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Largest defeats">{{cite web |title=Records - Zimbabwe - Largest defeats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=9;type=opposition |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Greatest loss margins (by balls remaining)====<br />
The greatest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs was England's victory over Canada by 8 wickets with 277 balls remaining in the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]]. The largest defeat suffered by Zimbabwe was during the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001-02|Zimbabwe's tour of Sri Lanka in 2001]] when they lost by 9 wickets with 274 balls remaining.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Balls remaining<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 274<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 9 wickets<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SL}}<br />
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|December|8}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 244<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|April|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 241<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|18}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 229<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6 wickets<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 214<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|October|8}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Largest defeats" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Greatest loss margins (by wickets)====<br />
Zimbabwe have lost an ODI match by a margin of 10 wickets on nine occasions with most recent being during the fourth match of the [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022|India tour of Zimbabwe in 2022]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margins<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Most recent venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=9| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=9|10 wickets<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]], England<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1983|June|20}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|November|13}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Darren Sammy National Cricket Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]], Saint Lucia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|4}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|September|11}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|August|4}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|June|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|February|16}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|18}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Largest defeats"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Narrowest loss margins (by runs)====<br />
The narrowest loss of Zimbabwe in terms of runs is by 1 run suffered once.<ref name="Smallest defeats" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|1 run}}<br />
| {{cr|AUS}}<br />
| [[WACA Ground|WACA]], [[Perth]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|February|4}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|2 Runs}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|March|8}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|3|3 Runs}}<br />
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|October|10}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|January|24}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Smallest defeats">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Smallest defeats |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=9;type=opposition |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Narrowest loss margins (by balls remaining)====<br />
The narrowest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs is by winning of the last ball which has been achieved 36 times with both South Africa winning seven times. Zimbabwe has suffered loss by this margin once.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Balls remaining<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |0<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|5 wickets<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|October|24}} <br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|1<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|July|1}} <br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |3 wickets<br />
| {{cr|NED}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|21}} <br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3|2<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; |6 wickets<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1993|December|25}} <br />
|-<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|2 wickets<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|July|22}} <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|6}} <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Smallest defeats" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Narrowest loss margins (by wickets)====<br />
Zimbabwe has suffered defeat by 1 wicket on four occasions.<ref name="Smallest defeats"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Margin<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=4| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4|1 wicket<br />
| {{cr|ENG}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|February|18}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[The Gabba|Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|13}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|5}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=5| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=5|2 wickets<br />
| {{cr|AUS}}<br />
| [[WACA Ground|WACA]], [[Perth]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1994|December|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|November|28}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|July|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|13}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Smallest defeats"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Tied matches ====<br />
A [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]] can occur when the scores of both teams are equal at the conclusion of play, provided that the side batting last has completed their innings.<ref name="result"/> <br />
There have been 37 [[List of tied One Day Internationals|ties]] in ODIs history with Zimbabwe involved in seven such games.<ref name="ODI results summary"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|- <br />
| scope=row | {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]], [[Indore]], India<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1993|November|18}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1995|February|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Boland Park]], [[Paarl, South Africa|Paarl]], South Africa<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|January|27}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|1}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|March|15}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|November|19}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|SCO}}<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|12}}<br />
|-<br />
| scope=row | {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan<br />
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|November|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=3 | <small>Last updated: 4 November 2017</small><ref name="Smallest defeats"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Individual records==<br />
<br />
===Batting records===<br />
====Most career runs====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,786<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 213<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| 1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,684<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 205<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,571<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 221<br />
| align=center | 214<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5,658<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align=center | 209<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5,185<br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align=center | 188<br />
| align=center | 184<br />
| 1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 6<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4,986<br />
|[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align=center | 156<br />
| align=center | 151<br />
| 2005-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 7<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4,289<br />
|[[Elton Chigumbura]]<br />
| align=center | 210<br />
| align=center | 195<br />
| 2004-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 8<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4,089<br />
|[[Sikandar Raza]]†<br />
| align=center | 136<br />
| align=center | 129<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 9<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,383<br />
|[[Tatenda Taibu]]<br />
| align=center | 149<br />
| align=center | 136<br />
| 2001-2012<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 10<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,294<br />
|[[Craig Ervine]]†<br />
| align=center | 116<br />
| align=center | 112<br />
| 2010-2023<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 2 July 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most career runs">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most career runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Fastest runs getter====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Runs<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Batsman<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Match<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Innings<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record Date<br />
! scope="col" |Reference<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1000<br />
|[[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]]<br />
|28<br />
|28<br />
| 21 October 1999<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283174.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 1000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2000<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Grant Flower]]<br />
|66<br />
|64 <br />
| 24 January 1998<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283153.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 2000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3000<br />
|92<br />
|90<br />
| 27 March 1999<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283178.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 3000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4000<br />
|130<br />
|128<br />
| 16 July 2000<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283157.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 4000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5000<br />
|[[Andy Flower]]<br />
|165<br />
|162<br />
| 25 January 2001<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283182.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 5000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6000<br />
|[[Brendan Taylor]]<br />
|185<br />
|184<br />
| 6 October 2018<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283184.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 6000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs in each batting position====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Batting position<br />
! scope="col" |Batsman<br />
! scope="col" |Innings<br />
! scope="col" |Runs<br />
! scope="col" |Average<br />
! scope="col" |Career Span<br />
! scope="col" |Ref<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Opener<br />
|[[Grant Flower]] || 137 || 4,409 || 33.15 || 1992-2010<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 3<br />
|[[Hamilton Masakadza]] || 63 || 1,768 || 28.51 || 2001-2019<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 3{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 4<br />
|[[Brendan Taylor]] || 82 || 2,910 || 37.79 || 2005-2021<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 4{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 5<br />
|[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]{{dagger}} || 64 || 2,011 || 35.91 || 2006-2021<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 5{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 6<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Elton Chigumbura]] || 57 || 1,220 || 23.92 || 2005-2018<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 6{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 7<br />
|| 80 || 1,811 || 28.29|| 2004-2018<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 7{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 8<br />
|[[Heath Streak]] || 58 || 1,147 || 29.41 || 1993-2005<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 8{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 9<br />
|[[Graeme Cremer]] || 29 || 352 || 19.55 || 2009-2017<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 9{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 10<br />
|[[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]] || 32 || 203 || 9.66 || 2002-2012<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 10{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 11<br />
|[[Douglas Hondo]] || 17 || 52 || 7.42 || 2001-2004<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 11{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 23 August 2022.</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs against each team====<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Opposition<br />
! scope="col" |Runs<br />
! scope="col" |Batsman<br />
! scope="col" |Innings<br />
! scope="col" |Average<br />
! scope="col" |Career Span<br />
! scope="col" |Ref<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 765 || {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}}{{dagger}} || align="center" |23|| align="center" |36.42|| 2014–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 562 || {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} || align="center" |18|| align="center" |31.22|| 1994–2004 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,508 || {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} || align="center" |55|| align="center" |29.00|| 2005–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=25;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bangladesh {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BER}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 194 || {{sortname|Vusi|Sibanda}} || align="center" |2|| align="center" |97.00|| 2006–2006 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=12;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|CAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 98 || {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} || align="center" |1|| align="center" |98.00|| 2011–2011 <br />
||<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 733 || {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} || align="center" |23|| align="center" |40.72|| 1994–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|HK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 84 || {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}} || align="center" |1|| align="center" |84.00|| 2018–2018 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,298 || {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} || align="center" |35|| align="center" |40.56|| 1992–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 525 || {{sortname|Craig|Ervine}} || align="center" |12|| align="center" |47.72||2010–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 794 || {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}} || align="center" |15|| align="center" |66.16|| 2006–2009 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NAM}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 172 || {{sortname|Craig|Wishart}} || align="center" |1|| align="center" |-|| 2003–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=28;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Namibia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NEP}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 121 || [[Craig Ervine]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 1 || align="center" | - || 2023–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=32;orderby=runs;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Nepal {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 238 || [[Sikandar Raza]]† || align="center" |6|| align="center" |79.33|| 2019–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 816 || {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}} || align="center" |21|| align="center" |42.94|| 1992–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 906 || {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} || align="center" |28|| align="center" |34.84|| 1993–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|SCO}} || scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 121 || [[Ryan Burl]]{{dagger}}|| align="center" |3|| align="center" |60.50|| 2017–2023||<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SA}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 587 || {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} || align="center" |22|| align="center" |29.35|| 2005–2018 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 919 || {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} || align="center" |27|| align="center" |38.29|| 1992–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 307 || {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} || align="center" |6|| align="center" |102.33|| 2015–2019 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=27;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against UAE {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 573 ||{{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} || align="center" |22|| align="center" |28.65|| 2006–2018 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|USA}}<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; |174<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; |1<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | -<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023–2023<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=11;team=9;template=results;type=batting |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|OMA}}<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; |142<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; |1<br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; |142.00<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=37;team=9;template=results;type=batting |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" | <small>Last updated: 11 July 2023</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest individual score====<br />
{{see also|List of highest individual scores in ODIs}}<br />
The fourth ODI of the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2014–15|Sri Lanka's tour of India in 2014]] saw [[Rohit Sharma]] score the highest Individual score. [[Charles Coventry (Zimbabwean cricketer)|Charles Coventry]] holds the Zimbabwean record when he scored 194* against Bangladesh in the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2009|fourth ODI of the 2009 series]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Most runs in an Innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 194*<br />
| {{sortname|Charles|Coventry|dab=Zimbabwean cricketer}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|August|16}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 178*<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|October|18}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |3<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 174<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|USA}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|26}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 172*<br />
| {{sortname|Craig|Wishart}}<br />
| {{cr|NAM}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|10}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 156<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|October|12}}<br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
| colspan="6" | <small>Last updated: 23 June 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest individual score">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest individual score |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest individual score – progression of record====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col |Runs<br />
! scope=col |Player<br />
! scope=col |Opponent<br />
! scope=col |Venue<br />
! scope=col |Season<br />
|-<br />
! 69*<br />
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Duncan|Fletcher}} || {{cr|AUS}} || | [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England ||rowspan=3|1983 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 71*<br />
|| {{cr|WIN}} || | [[New Road, Worcester|New Road]], [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], England<br />
|-<br />
! 84<br />
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|David|Houghton|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|AUS}} || | [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]], England<br />
|-<br />
! 142<br />
|| {{cr|NZ}} || | [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || 1987-88 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 142*<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} || {{cr|BAN}} || | [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe || 2001<br />
|-<br />
! 142*<br />
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Andy|Flower}} || {{cr|ENG}} || | [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || 2001-02<br />
|-<br />
! 145<br />
|| {{cr|IND}} || | [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || 2002<br />
|-<br />
! 172*<br />
| {{sortname|Craig|Wishart}} || {{cr|NAM}} || | [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || 2002-03 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 194*<br />
| {{sortname|Charles|Coventry|dab=Zimbabwean cricketer}} || {{cr|BAN}} || | [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe || 2009<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest individual score"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest score against each opponent====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Opposition !! Player !! Score !! Date<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Sikandar Raza]] || 141 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|July|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] || 132* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1999|June|9}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|BAN}} || [[Charles Coventry (Zimbabwean cricketer)|Charles Coventry]] || 194* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|August|16}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|BER}} || [[Vusi Sibanda]] || 116 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|CAN}} || [[Tatenda Taibu]] || 98 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|February|28}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Andy Flower]] || 142* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|October|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|HKG}} || [[Hamilton Masakadza]] || 84 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|10}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|IND}} || [[Andy Flower]] || 145 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|September|14}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|IRE}} || [[Brendan Taylor]] || 121 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|7}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|KEN}} || [[Hamilton Masakadza]] || 178* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|October|18}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|NAM}} || [[Craig Wishart]] || 172* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|10}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|NEP}} || [[Craig Ervine]] || 121* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|18}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|NED}} || [[Sikandar Raza]] || 102* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|NZ}} || [[David Houghton (cricketer)|David Houghton]] || 142 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|October|10}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] || 118* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|November|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|RSA}} || [[Brendan Taylor]] || 145* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|October|15}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|SCO}} || [[Malcolm Waller]] || 92 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|15}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|SL}} || [[Alistair Campbell (cricketer)|Alistair Campbell]] || 131* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1994|November|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|UAE}} || [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] || 109* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|14}}<br />
|-<br />
|| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Brendan Taylor]] || 138 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|19}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|USA}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}<br />
|174<br />
|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|26}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|OMA}}<br />
|142<br />
|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|June|29}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
| colspan="5" | <small>Last updated: 11 July 2023.</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest individual score" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest career average====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Average<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Not out<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 38.06<br />
| [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align="center" | 151<br />
| align="center" | 4,986<br />
| align="center" | 20<br />
| 2005-2023<br />
|- <br />
| align="center" | 2<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 37.51<br />
| [[Sikandar Raza]]†<br />
| align="center" | 129<br />
| align="center" | 4,089<br />
| align="center" | 20<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 36.50<br />
| [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]]<br />
| align=center | 48<br />
| align=center | 1,679<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
| 1998-2000<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 35.55<br />
| [[Brendan Taylor|Brednan Taylor]]<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| align=center | 6,684<br />
| align=center | 15<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 35.34<br />
| [[Andy Flower]]<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| align=center | 6,786<br />
| align=center | 16<br />
| 1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Qualification: 20 innings. Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest career average |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest Average in each batting position====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" <br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Batting position<br />
! scope="col" |Batsman<br />
! scope="col" |Innings<br />
! scope="col" |Runs<br />
! scope="col" |Average<br />
! scope="col" |Career Span<br />
! scope="col" |Ref<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Opener<br />
|[[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] || 42 || 1516 || 37.90 || 1998-2000<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 3<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Brendan Taylor]] || 33 || 1258 || 43.37 ||rowspan=2|2004-2021<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 3 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 4<br />
| 82 || 2910 || 37.79<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 4 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 5<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Sikandar Raza]] {{dagger}}|| 44 || 1682 || 50.96 ||2015-2023<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 5 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 6<br />
| 40 || 1100 || 31.42<br />
|2015-2022<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 6 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 7<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Heath Streak]] || 40 || 864 || 30.85 ||rowspan=3|1993-2005<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 7 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 8<br />
|| 58 || 1147 || 29.41<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 8 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 9<br />
|| 29 || 333 || 19.58<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 9 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 10<br />
|[[Gary Brent]] || 20 || 120 || 12.00 || 1996-2008<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 10 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Number 11<br />
|[[Henry Olonga]] || 21 || 51 || 6.37 || 1995-2003<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 11 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 23 June 2023. Qualification: Min 20 innings batted at position</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most half-centuries====<br />
A half-century is a score of between 50 and 99 runs. Statistically, once a batsman's score reaches 100, it is no longer considered a half-century but a century.<br />
<br />
[[Sachin Tendulkar]] of India has scored the most half-centuries in ODIs with 96. He is followed by the Sri Lanka's [[Kumar Sangakkara]] on 93, South Africa's [[Jacques Kallis]] on 86 and India's [[Rahul Dravid]] and Zimbabwe's [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] on 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most half-centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283033.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Half centuries<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 55<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| align=center | 6,786<br />
| 1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 214<br />
| align=center | 6,571<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| align=center | 6,684<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 35<br />
|[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align=center | 151<br />
| align=center | 4,986<br />
| 2005-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 34<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align="center" | 208<br />
| align="center" | 5,658<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most half-centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most centuries====<br />
A [[century (cricket)|century]] is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings.<br />
<br />
Tendulkar has also scored the most centuries in ODIs with 49. [[Brendan Taylor]] has the most centuries for Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Centuries<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| align=center | 6,684<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8<br />
|[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align=center | 151<br />
| align=center | 4,986<br />
| 2005-2023<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 3<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7<br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align="center" | 184<br />
| align="center" | 5,185<br />
| 1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sikandar Raza]]†<br />
| align="center" | 129<br />
| align="center" | 4,089<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align="center" | 214<br />
| align="center" | 6,571<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 5<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| align=center | 5,658<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most centuries">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most Sixes====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Sixes<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 106<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| align=center | 6,684<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 105<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| align=center | 195<br />
| align=center | 4,289<br />
| 2004-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 102<br />
| [[Sikandar Raza]]†<br />
| align=center | 129<br />
| align=center | 4,089<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 86<br />
| [[Hamilton Masakadza]]<br />
| align="center" | 208<br />
| align="center" | 5,658<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 48<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}}<br />
| align=center | 157<br />
| align=center | 2,901<br />
| 1993-2005<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=sixes;team=9;template=results;type=batting |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most Fours====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Fours<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 599<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| align=center | 6,684<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 585<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| align=center | 5,658<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 557+<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 214<br />
| align=center | 6,571<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 532+<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| align=center | 6,786<br />
|1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 447<br />
| [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align=center | 151<br />
| align=center | 4,986<br />
|2005-2023<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;team=9;template=results;type=batting |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest strike rates====<br />
[[Andre Russell]] of West Indies holds the record for highest strike rate, with minimum 500 balls faced qualification, with 130.22.<ref name="Highest Strike Rate">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Highest Strike Rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282919.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> [[Andy Blignaut]] is the Zimbabwean with the highest strike rate.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Strike rate<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Balls Faced<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 106.28<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Blignaut}}<br />
| align=center | 626<br />
| align=center | 589<br />
| 1999-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 88.68<br />
| {{sortname|Charles|Coventry|dab=Zimbabwean cricketer}}<br />
| align=center | 831<br />
| align=center | 937<br />
| 2003-2015<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 86.69<br />
| [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align="center" | 4986<br />
| align="center" | 5751<br />
| 2005-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 86.50<br />
| [[Sikandar Raza|SIkandar Raza]]†<br />
| align="center" | 4089<br />
| align="center" | 4727<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 85.53<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Ervine}}<br />
| align="center" | 698<br />
| align="center" | 816<br />
| 2001-2004<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Qualification= 500 balls faced. Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Highest strike rates in an inning====<br />
[[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]] of New Zealand's strike rate of 387.50 during his 31[[not out|*]] off 8 balls against [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] during [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] is the world record for highest strike rate in an innings. [[Elton Chigumbura]] holds the top position for a Zimbabwe player in this list with his innings of 27 off 11 balls against Pakistan during the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="Highest Strike Rate in an inning">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Highest Strike Rate In an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284191.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Strike rate<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Balls Faced<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 245.45<br />
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| align=center | 27<br />
| align=center | 11<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|March|21}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 234.48<br />
| align=center | 68<br />
| align=center | 29<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| [[Mombasa Sports Club|Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|29}} <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 233.33<br />
| {{sortname|Dougie|Marillier}}<br />
| align=center | 56*<br />
| align=center | 24<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Nahar Singh Stadium]], [[Faridabad]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|March|7}} <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 221.43<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Ervine}}<br />
| align=center | 31*<br />
| align=center | 14<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[OUTsurance Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|March|8}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 207.89<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| align=center | 79<br />
| align=center | 38<br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| [[Mombasa Sports Club|Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|27}} <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=8 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest strike rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_strike_rate_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs in a calendar year====<br />
Tendulkar holds the record for most runs scored in a calendar year with 1894 runs scored in 1998. [[Grant Flower]] scored 1116 runs in 2001, the most for a Zimbabwe batsmen in a year.<ref name="Most runs in a year">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282854.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Year<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1116<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 33<br />
| align=center | 33<br />
| {{sort|2001|2001}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1087<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align=center | 27<br />
| align=center | 27<br />
| {{sort|2009|2009}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1082<br />
| {{sortname|Stuart|Carlisle}}<br />
| align=center | 36<br />
| align=center | 36<br />
| rowspan=2|{{sort|2001|2001}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1060<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 33<br />
| align=center | 33<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 960<br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align=center | 28<br />
| align=center | 28<br />
| {{sort|2000|2000}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=5;team=9;template=results;type=batting;view=year |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs in a series====<br />
The [[1980-81 Australian Tri-Series|1980-81 Benson & Hedges World Series Cup]] in Australia saw [[Greg Chappell]] set the record for the most runs scored in a single series scoring 685 runs. He is followed by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] with 673 runs scored in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. [[Hamilton Masakadza]] has scored the most runs in a series for a Zimbabwe batsmen, when he scored 467 runs in the [[Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2009-10|Kenya in Zimbabwe in 2009-10]].<ref name="Most runs in a series">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most runs in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284251.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Series<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 600<br />
| [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]†<br />
| align="center" |7<br />
| align="center" |7<br />
| [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]<br />
|- <br />
| align="center" | 2<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 467<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
| {{sort|2009|[[Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2009-10|Kenya in Zimbabwe in 2009-10]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 433<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 6<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 6<br />
| {{sort|2015|[[2015 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 375<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| {{sort|1997|[[President's Cup 1997-98]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 367<br />
| {{sortname|Neil|Johnson|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align="center" | 8<br />
| align="center" | 8<br />
| {{sort|1999|[[1999 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 11 July 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most runs in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most ducks====<br />
A [[duck (cricket)|duck]] refers to a batsman being dismissed without scoring a run.<ref name="glossary">{{cite news |first=Martin|last=Williamson |title=A glossary of cricket terms |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239756.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> <br />
[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] has scored the equal highest number of ducks in ODIs with 34 such knocks. Grant Flower with 18 ducks has the most ducks for a Zimbabwe player.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most ducks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283088.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Ducks<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align=center | 221<br />
| align=center | 214<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| align=center | 210<br />
| align=center | 195<br />
| 2004-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 16<br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}<br />
| align=center | 149<br />
| align=center | 136<br />
| 2001-2012<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}}<br />
| align=center | 164<br />
| align=center | 132<br />
| 2004-2015<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 15<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| align=center | 209<br />
| align=center | 208<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 205<br />
| align=center | 203<br />
| 2004-2021<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 13 September 2021</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most ducks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Bowling records===<br />
<br />
====Most career wickets====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 237<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}}<br />
| align=center | 187<br />
| align=center | 184<br />
| align=center | 7,065<br />
| 1993-2005<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 133<br />
| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}}<br />
| align=center | 164<br />
| align=center | 160<br />
| align=center | 6,239<br />
| 2004-2015<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 119<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}}<br />
| align=center | 96<br />
| align=center | 95<br />
| align=center | 3,597<br />
| 2009-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 115<br />
| [[Tendai Chatara]]†<br />
| align=center | 87<br />
| align=center | 87<br />
| align=center | 3,752<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 104<br />
| [[Grant Flower]]<br />
| align=center | 221<br />
| align=center | 156<br />
| align=center | 4,225<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 6<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 100<br />
| [[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]]<br />
| align="center" | 102<br />
| align="center" | 99<br />
| align="center" | 3,575<br />
| 2002-2012<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 7<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 96<br />
|[[Paul Strang]]<br />
| align="center" | 95<br />
| align="center" | 89<br />
| align="center" | 3,173<br />
| 1994-2001<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 8<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 95<br />
|[[Elton Chigumbura]]<br />
| align="center" | 210<br />
| align="center" | 129<br />
| align="center" | 4,057<br />
| 2004-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 9<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 93<br />
|[[Christopher Mpofu|Chris Mpofu]]<br />
| align="center" | 84<br />
| align="center" | 83<br />
| align="center" | 3,581<br />
| 2004-2020<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 10<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 88<br />
|[[Guy Whittall]]<br />
| align="center" | 147<br />
| align="center" | 112<br />
| align="center" | 3,481<br />
| 1993-2003<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 4 July 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most career wickets">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most career wickets |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Fastest wicket taker====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Wickets<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Bowler<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Match<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record Date<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Reference<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|50<br />
|{{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} <br />
|28<br />
|30 November 2008<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283529.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 50 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|100<br />
|{{sortname|Tendai|Chatara}}<br />
|76<br />
|21 January 2022<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283531.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 100 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|150<br />
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Heath|Streak}}<br />
|122<br />
|4 February 2001<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283533.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 150 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|200<br />
|162<br />
|26 June 2003<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283535.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 200 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 21 January 2022</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most career wickets against each team====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
! scope=col | Ref<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26 || {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} || align=center|16|| align=center|16|| align=center|554 || 2015–2018 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18 || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center|16|| align=center|16|| align=center|748 || 1994–2004 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 35 || {{sortname|Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|25|| align=center|25|| align=center|859 || 2004–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=25;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Bangladesh {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BER}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5 || {{sortname|Blessing|Mahwire}} || align=center|2|| align=center|2|| align=center|53 || 2006–2006 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=12;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|{{cr|CAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| 3 || {{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} || align=center rowspan=3|1|| align=center rowspan=3|1|| align=center|30 || 2006–2006 ||rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} || align=center|31||rowspan=2|2011–2011<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|16<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}} || align=center|2|| align=center|2|| align=center|34 || 2006–2011<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 33 || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center|20|| align=center|19|| align=center|666 || 1994–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|HK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 || {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} || align=center|1|| align=center|1|| align=center|30 || 2018–2018 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39 || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center|35|| align=center|35|| align=center|1483 || 1993–2005 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13 || {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|14|| align=center|12|| align=center|430 || 2007–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26 || {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} || align=center|11|| align=center|11|| align=center|413 || 2009–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|{{cr|NAM}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2 || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center rowspan=2|1|| align=center rowspan=2|1|| align=center|35 ||rowspan=2|2003–2003 ||rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=28;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Guy|Whittall}} || align=center|20<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 || {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" |6|| align="center" |6|| align="center" |237 || 2019–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|{{cr|NZ}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 19 || {{sortname|Paul|Strang}} || align=center|16|| align=center|16|| align=center|600 || 1996–2000 ||rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center rowspan=2|20|| align=center rowspan=2|20|| align=center|793 || 1996–2005<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 35 || align=center|723 || 1993–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SCO}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 || {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} || align=center|3|| align=center|3|| align=center|97 || 2017–2018 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SA}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19 || {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}} || align=center|19|| align=center|19|| align=center|924 || 2005–2014 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26 || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center|22|| align=center|22|| align=center|895 || 1993–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|{{cr|UAE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 10 || {{sortname|Tendai|Chatara}} || align=center rowspan=2|5|| align=center rowspan=2|5|| align=center|179 || 2015–2019 ||rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=27;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against UAE {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Kyle|Jarvis}}|| align=center|114 || 2018–2019 <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 24 || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || align=center|19|| align=center|19|| align=center|666 || 1993–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|NEP}}<br />
| align=center|<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Richard Ngarava]]{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center|1<br />
| align=center|1<br />
| align=center|43<br />
| rowspan="4" |2023–2023<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=32;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{cr|USA}}<br />
| align=center|2<br />
| align=center|1<br />
| align=center|1<br />
| align=center|25<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=11;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|OMA}} <br />
| align=center rowspan=2|3<br />
|[[Tendai Chatara]]{{dagger}}<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" |1<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" |1<br />
| align=center|73<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=37;team=9;template=results;type=bowling |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Blessing Muzarabani]]{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center|57<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=8 | <small>Last updated: 11 July 2023</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Best figures in an innings ====<br />
[[Bowling analysis|Bowling figures]] refers to the number of the wickets a bowler has taken and the number of runs conceded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition: bowling analysis |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis |work=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904012227/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis|archive-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
Sri Lanka's [[Chaminda Vaas]] holds the world record for best figures in an innings when he took 8/19 against Zimbabwe in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001-02|December 2001]] at [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground|Colombo (SSC)]]. Henry Olonga holds the Zimbabwean record for best bowling figures.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Figures<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|6/19}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}}<br />
| {{cr|ENG}}<br />
| [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Sahara Park Newlands]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|January|28}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|6/20}}<br />
| {{sortname|Bryan|Strang}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Aga Khan Sports Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|14}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|6/28}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}}<br />
| rowspan=3|{{cr|KEN}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|December|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|6/46}}<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|October|13}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|6/52}}<br />
| {{sortname|Christopher|Mpofu}}<br />
| [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|October|19}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Best Bowling Figures">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best figures in an innings – progression of record====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Figures<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
! 4/42<br />
| {{sortname|Duncan|Fletcher}} || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England|| 1983 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 4/21<br />
| {{sortname|Eddo|Brandes}} || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Lavington Sports Oval]], [[Albury]], Australia|| 1991-92 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 5/44<br />
| {{sortname|Charlie|Lock}} || {{cr|NZ}} || [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand|| 1995-96 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 5/21<br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Strang}} || {{cr|KEN}} || [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]], India|| 1995-96 {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
! 6/20<br />
| {{sortname|Bryan|Strang}} || {{cr|BAN}} || [[Aga Khan Sports Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya|| 1997-98<br />
|-<br />
! 6/19<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}} || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Sahara Park Newlands]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa|| 1999-2000<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Best Bowling Figures"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best Bowling Figures against each opponent====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Opposition !! Player !! Figures !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{sortname|Luke|Jongwe}} || 5/6 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{sortname|Ryan|Burl}} || 5/10 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|3}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BAN}} || {{sortname|Bryan|Strang}} || 6/20 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|14}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|BER}} || {{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} || 3/19 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|CAN}} || {{sortname|Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}} || 3/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|February|28}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}} || 6/19 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|January|28}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|HKG}} || {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} || 3/30 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IND}} || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || 5/32 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|February|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || {{sortname|Ed|Rainsford}} || 5/36 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|September|30}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|KEN}} || {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}} || 6/28 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|December|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NAM}} || {{sortname|Guy|Whittall}} || 2/20 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|10}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}} || {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}} || 4/43 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|21}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NZ}} || {{sortname|Charlie|Lock}} || 5/44 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1996|February|3}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{sortname|Blessing|Muzarabani}} || 5/49 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|November|3}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SCO}} || {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} || 5/29 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|17}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}} || 5/36 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|August|29}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SL}} || {{sortname|Paul|Strang}} || 4/32 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|November|10}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE}} || {{sortname|Kyle|Jarvis}} || 4/17 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|12}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|WIN}} || {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} || 4/8 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|23}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>''Last updated: 3 September 2022.''<ref name="Best Bowling Figures" /></small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best career average====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Average<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Balls<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 29.64<br />
| {{sortname| Tawanda|Mupariwa}}<br />
| align=center | 57<br />
| align=center | 1,690<br />
| align=center | 2,019<br />
| 2004-2016<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 29.81<br />
| {{sortname| Heath|Streak}}<br />
| align=center | 237<br />
| align=center | 7,065<br />
| align=center | 9,414<br />
| 1993-2005<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 30.22<br />
| {{sortname| Graeme|Cremer}}<br />
| align=center | 119<br />
| align=center | 3,597<br />
| align=center | 4,680<br />
| 2009-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 32.37<br />
| [[Eddo Brandes]]<br />
| align=center | 70<br />
| align=center | 2,266<br />
| align=center | 2,828<br />
| 1987-1999<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 32.74<br />
| [[Tendai Chatara]]†<br />
| align=center | 106<br />
| align=center | 3,471<br />
| align=center | 4,034<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Qualification: 2,000 balls. Last updated: 25 March 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best career average">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best career average |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best career economy rate====<br />
A bowler's [[economy rate (cricket)|economy rate]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] they have bowled.<ref name="glossary"/><br />
West Indies' [[Joel Garner]], holds the ODI record for the best career economy rate with 3.09. Zimbabwe's [[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]], with a rate of 3.99 runs per over conceded over his 102-match ODI career, is the highest Zimbabwean on the list.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best career economy rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283266.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Economy rate<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Balls<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 3.99<br />
| {{sortname| Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align=center | 100<br />
| align=center | 3,575<br />
| align=center | 5,374<br />
| 2002-2012<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 4.13<br />
| {{sortname| Bryan|Strang}}<br />
| align=center | 46<br />
| align=center | 1,718<br />
| align=center | 2,494<br />
| 1995-2001<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 4.36<br />
| {{sortname| Prosper|Utseya}}<br />
| align=center | 133<br />
| align=center | 6,239<br />
| align=center | 8,571<br />
| 2004-2015<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 4.37<br />
| {{sortname| Paul|Strang}}<br />
| align=center | 96<br />
| align=center | 3,173<br />
| align=center | 4,351<br />
| 1994-2001<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname| Andy|Whittall}}<br />
| align=center | 45<br />
| align=center | 2,251<br />
| align=center | 3,085<br />
| 1996-2000<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Qualification: 2,000 balls. Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best career economy rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_economy_rate.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best career strike rate====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Strike rate<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Balls<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 35.4<br />
| {{sortname| Tawanda|Mupariwa}}<br />
| align=center | 57<br />
| align=center | 1,690<br />
| align=center | 2,019<br />
| 2004-2016<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 35.5<br />
| {{sortname| Henry|Olonga}}<br />
| align=center | 58<br />
| align=center | 1,977<br />
| align=center | 2,059<br />
| 1995-2003<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 38.0<br />
| {{sortname| Tendai|Chatara}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center | 106<br />
| align=center | 3,471<br />
| align=center | 4,034<br />
| 2013-2023<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 39.0<br />
| {{sortname| Douglas|Hondo}}<br />
| align=center | 61<br />
| align=center | 2,171<br />
| align=center | 2,381<br />
| 2001-2005<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 39.3<br />
| {{sortname| Graeme|Cremer}}<br />
| align=center | 119<br />
| align=center | 3,597<br />
| align=center | 4,680<br />
| 2009-2018<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Qualification: 2,000 balls. Last updated: 25 March 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best career strike rate">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best career strike rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_strike_rate.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Four-wicket hauls<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Balls<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 8<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} <br />
| align=center | 187 <br />
| align=center | 9,414 <br />
| align=center | 237 <br />
| 1993-2005<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 7<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} <br />
| align=center | 96 <br />
| align=center | 4,680 <br />
| align=center | 119 <br />
| 2009-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 4<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}} <br />
| align=center | 50 <br />
| align=center | 2,059 <br />
| align=center | 58 <br />
| 1995-2003<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Strang}} <br />
| align=center | 95 <br />
| align=center | 4,351 <br />
| align=center | 96 <br />
| 1994-2001<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=8| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=8| 3<br />
| {{sortname|Eddo|Brandes}} <br />
| align=center | 59 <br />
| align=center | 2,828 <br />
| align=center | 70 <br />
| 1987-1999<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Douglas|Hondo}} <br />
| align=center | 56 <br />
| align=center | 2,381 <br />
| align=center | 61 <br />
| 2001-2005<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Gary|Brent}} <br />
| align=center | 70 <br />
| align=center | 3,390 <br />
| align=center | 75 <br />
| 1996-2008<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} <br />
| align=center | 40 <br />
| align=center | 2,019 <br />
| align=center | 57 <br />
| 2004-2016<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Christopher|Mpofu}} <br />
| align=center | 84 <br />
| align=center | 3,960 <br />
| align=center | 93 <br />
| 2004-2020<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Shingirai|Masakadza}} <br />
| align=center | 16 <br />
| align=center | 791 <br />
| align=center | 25 <br />
| 2010-2014<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}} <br />
| align=center | 164 <br />
| align=center | 8,571 <br />
| align=center | 133 <br />
| 2004-2015<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Blessing|Muzarabani}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center | 36<br />
| align=center | 1,736<br />
| align=center | 48<br />
| 2018-2023<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 25 March 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most four-wicket hauls in an innings (and over) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_4wi_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most five-wicket hauls in a match====<br />
A [[five-wicket haul]] refers to a bowler taking five wickets in a single innings.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez |title=A Dictionary of Cricket |publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref><br />
[[Graeme Cremer]] with 3 such hauls has the most hauls among all Zimbabwean bowlers.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most five-wicket Hauls in a Career |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Five-wicket hauls<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Balls<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 3<br />
| {{sortname| Graeme|Cremer}} <br />
| align=center | 96 <br />
| align=center | 4,680 <br />
| align=center | 119<br />
| 2009-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=4| 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4| 2<br />
| {{sortname| Eddo|Brandes}} <br />
| align=center | 59 <br />
| align=center | 2,828 <br />
| align=center | 70 <br />
| 1987-1999<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname| Paul|Strang}} <br />
| align=center | 95 <br />
| align=center | 4,351 <br />
| align=center | 96 <br />
| 1994-2001<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname| Henry|Olonga}} <br />
| align=center | 50 <br />
| align=center | 2,059 <br />
| align=center | 58 <br />
| 1995-2003<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname| Brian|Vitori}} <br />
| align=center | 24 <br />
| align=center | 1,193 <br />
| align=center | 32 <br />
| 2011-2018<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most five-wicket hauls in a match">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most five-wicket hauls in a match |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best economy rates in an inning====<br />
The best economy rate in an inning, when a minimum of 30 balls are delivered by the player, is West Indies player [[Phil Simmons]] economy of 0.30 during his spell of 3 runs for 4 wickets in 10 overs against Zimbabwe at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] in the [[1991-92 Australian Tri-Series]]. [[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]] holds the Zimbabwean record during his spell in [[2008 Associates Tri-Series in Kenya]] against Ireland at [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283293.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Economy<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Overs<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0.70}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}} <br />
| align=center | 10 <br />
| align=center | 7 <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 0 <br />
| {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|October|17}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|0.86}}<br />
| {{sortname|Trevor|Gripper}} <br />
| align=center | 7 <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| {{cr|WIN}} <br />
| [[Asgiriya Stadium]], [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|December|16}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|1.00}}<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} <br />
| align=center | 8 <br />
| align=center | 8 <br />
| align=center | 4 <br />
| {{cr|WIN}} <br />
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|23}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|4|1.16}}<br />
| {{sortname|Luke|Jongwe}} <br />
| align=center | 5.1 <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| align=center | 5 <br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| align=center | 7 <br />
| align=center | 0 <br />
| {{cr|PAK}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1995|February|26}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=9 | <small>Qualification: 30 balls bowled. Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_economy_rate_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Best strike rates in an inning====<br />
The best strike rate in an inning, when a minimum of 4 wickets are taken by the player, is shared by [[Sunil Dhaniram]] of Canada, [[Paul Collingwood]] of England and [[Virender Sehwag]] of Zimbabwe when they achieved a striekk rate of 4.2 balls pr wicket. [[Mudassar Nazar]] during his spell of 4/27 achieved the best strike rate for a Zimbabwean bowler.<ref>{{cite news |title=Best strike rates in an inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283300.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Strike rate<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Balls<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|6.2}}<br />
| {{sortname|Luke|Jongwe}} <br />
| align=center | 5 <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 31 <br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|AFG|2013}} <br />
| rowspan=2|[[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|7.8}}<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}} <br />
| align=center | 4 <br />
| align=center | 41 <br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|February|11}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|8.3}}<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}} <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| align=center | 19 <br />
| align=center | 50 <br />
| {{cr|ENG}} <br />
| [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Sahara Park Newlands]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|January|28}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|4|9.0}}<br />
| {{sortname|Douglas|Hondo}} <br />
| align=center | 4 <br />
| align=center | 45 <br />
| align=center | 36 <br />
| {{cr|ENG}} <br />
| [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|September|18}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Henry|Olonga}} <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| align=center | 28 <br />
| align=center | 54 <br />
| {{cr|KEN}} <br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|December|15}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} <br />
| align=center | 4 <br />
| align=center | 39 <br />
| align=center | 36 <br />
| {{cr|SL}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|November|24}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=9 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Best strike rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_strike_rate_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Worst figures in an innings====<br />
The worst figures in an ODI came in the [[Australia in South Africa, 5th ODI, 2006|5th One Day International]] between South Africa at home to Australia in 2006. Australia's [[Mick Lewis]] returned figures of 0/113 from his 10 overs in the second innings of the match.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/cricket/story/0,,1729415,00.html |work=Guardian |title=South Africa shatter Australia with record 438-run winning chase |date=13 March 2006 |access-date=1 July 2020 |last1=Manthorp |first1=Neil }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Worst bowling figures in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;qualmax1=0;qualmin1=0;qualval1=wickets;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> The worst figures by a Zimbabwean is 0/110 that came off the bowling of [[Wahab Riaz]] in the [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2016|third ODI]] against England at Nottingham.<ref name="Zimbabwean Worst Figures" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Figures<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Overs<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|1|0/85}}<br />
| {{sortname|Keegan|Meth}}<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 10<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Donald|Tiripano}}<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|0/84}}<br />
| {{sortname|Christopher|Mpofu}} <br />
| {{cr|NZ}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|August|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|0/81}}<br />
| {{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} <br />
| align=center | 9<br />
| {{cr|RSA}} <br />
| [[North West Cricket Stadium]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|September|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|0/80}}<br />
| {{sortname|Mluleki|Nkala}}<br />
| align=center | 10<br />
| {{cr|PAK}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|November|27}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwean Worst Figures">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwean Most Runs Conceded |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;qualmax1=0;qualmin1=0;qualval1=wickets;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most runs conceded in a match====<br />
Mick Lewis also holds the dubious distinction of most runs conceded in an ODI during the aforementioned match. Riaz holds the most runs conceded distinction for Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/102992.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Figures<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Overs<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|1/105}}<br />
| {{sortname|Brian|Vitori}}<br />
| align=center | 9<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|9}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|1/96}}<br />
| {{sortname|Richard|Ngarava}}<br />
| align=center | 10<br />
| {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| [[The Grange Club|Grange CC Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|15}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|2/96}}<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Blignaut}}<br />
| align=center | 9<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|August|24}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|2/95}}<br />
| {{sortname|Shingirai|Masakadza}}<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 10<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|October|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|1/92}}<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated:1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most wickets in a calendar year====<br />
Zimbabwe's [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] holds the record for most wickets taken in a year when he took 69 wickets in 1997 in 36 ODIs.<ref name="Most wickets in a year">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wickets in a calendar year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283219.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Year<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |44<br />
| {{sortname|Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align=center | 27<br />
| 2009<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |42<br />
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Heath|Streak}}<br />
| align=center | 31<br />
| 2001<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |35<br />
| align=center | 30<br />
| 2000<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |32<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}}<br />
| align=center | 19<br />
| 2009<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |30<br />
| {{sortname|Tendai|Chatara}}<br />
| align=center | 21<br />
| 2018<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wickets in a calendar year">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wickets in a calendar year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;size=5;team=9;template=results;type=bowling;view=year |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most wickets in a series====<br />
[[1998–99 Carlton and United Series]] involving Australia, England and Sri Lanka and the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] saw the records set for the most wickets taken by a bowler in an ODI series when Australian [[pace bowling|pacemen]] [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Mitchell Starc]] achieved a total of 27 wickets during the series, respectively. [[Waqar Younis]] in the [[1994-95 Mandela Trophy]] and [[Shahid Afridi]] at [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] are joint 16th with 21 wickets taken a series.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283967.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Series<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 15<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}}<br />
| align=center | 8<br />
| {{sort|2004|[[2003-04 VB Series]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}}<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
| {{sort|2009|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Kenya in 2008-09|Zimbabwe in Kenya in 2008/09]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14<br />
| {{sortname|Eddo|Brandes}}<br />
| align=center | 8<br />
| {{sort|1992|[[1992 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=6| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=6| 12<br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Strang}} <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 6 <br />
| {{sort|1996|[[1996 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Eddo|Brandes}} <br />
| {{sort|1997|[[1996-97 Standard Bank International One-Day Series]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Neil|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 8 <br />
| {{sort|1999|[[1999 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Ervine}} <br />
| {{sort|2004|[[2003-04 VB Series]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Christopher|Mpofu}} <br />
| align=center | 5 <br />
| {{sort|2017|[[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016-17|Afghanistan in Zimbabwe in 2016/17]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}}{{dagger}} <br />
| align=center | 6 <br />
| {{sort|2018|[[2018 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wickets in a series">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wickets in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Hat-trick====<br />
In [[cricket]], a '''hat-trick''' occurs when a bowler [[Dismissal (cricket)|takes three wickets]] with consecutive [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]]. The deliveries may be interrupted by an [[over (cricket)|over]] bowled by another bowler from the other end of the [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] or the other team's [[innings]], but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only [[wickets#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count.<br />
In [[One Day International|ODIs]] history there have been just [[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks|49 hat-tricks]], the first achieved by [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]] for [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in 1982.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 100%"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|No.<br />
! scope="col"|Bowler<br />
! scope="col"|Against<br />
! scope="col"|Dismissals<br />
! scope="col"|Venue<br />
! scope="col"|Date<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|| 1<br />
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Eddo|Brandes}} <br />
|| {{cr|ENG}} ||<br />
•&nbsp;[[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]]&nbsp;([[Caught|c]]&nbsp;{{dagger}}[[Andy Flower]])<br><br />
•&nbsp;[[John Crawley]]&nbsp;([[leg before wicket|lbw]])<br><br />
•&nbsp;[[Nasser Hussain]]&nbsp;([[Caught|c]]&nbsp;{{dagger}}[[Andy Flower]])<br />
|rowspan=3|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|1|3}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64536.html|title=3rd ODI: Zimbabwe v England at Harare, Jan 3, 1997|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=11 July 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|| 2<br />
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}} <br />
|| {{cr|RSA}} ||<br />
•&nbsp;[[Quinton de Kock]]&nbsp;([[caught|c]] [[Tendai Chatara]])<br><br />
•&nbsp;[[Rilee Rossouw]]&nbsp;([[caught|c]] [[John Nyumbu]])<br><br />
•&nbsp;[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]&nbsp;([[leg before wicket|lbw]])<br><br />
|| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|8|29}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-triangular-series-2014/engine/match/736447.html|title=Zimbabwe Triangular Series, 3rd Match: Zimbabwe v South Africa at Harare, Aug 29, 2014|publisher = [[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=29 August 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|| 3<br />
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Wessly|Madhevere}} <br />
|| {{cr|NED}} ||<br />
•&nbsp;[[Colin Ackermann]]&nbsp;([[stumped|st]] [[Clive Madande]])<br><br />
•&nbsp;[[Teja Nidamanuru]]&nbsp;([[bowled|b]])<br><br />
•&nbsp;[[Paul van Meekeren]]&nbsp;([[bowled|b]])<br><br />
|| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|3|23}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/netherlands-in-zimbabwe-2022-23-1362375/zimbabwe-vs-netherlands-2nd-odi-1362380/full-scorecard|title=Dutch tour of Zimbabwe, 2nd ODI at Harare, 23 March, 2023|publisher = [[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=29 August 2014}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Wicket-keeping records===<br />
<br />
====Most career dismissals====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Dismissals<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |165 <br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} <br />
| align=center | 213 <br />
| align=center | 185 <br />
| 1992-2002<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |145 <br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} <br />
| align=center | 149 <br />
| align=center | 142 <br />
| 2001-2012<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |131<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 205<br />
| align=center | 103<br />
| 2006-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |46<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center | 61<br />
| align=center | 34 <br />
| 2008-2022<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |27<br />
| {{sortname|Richmond|Mutumbami}} <br />
| align=center | 36 <br />
| align=center | 34 <br />
| 2014-2020 <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 21 March 2023</small><ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most career catches====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Catches<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |133 <br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} <br />
| align=center | 213 <br />
| align=center | 185 <br />
| 1992-2002 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |112 <br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} <br />
| align=center | 149 <br />
| align=center | 142 <br />
| 2001-2012 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |102<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 205<br />
| align=center | 103<br />
| 2006-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |41<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center | 61<br />
| align=center | 34 <br />
| 2008-2022<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |22<br />
| {{sortname|Richmond|Mutumbami}}{{dagger}} <br />
| align=center | 36 <br />
| align=center | 34 <br />
| 2014-2020 <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 21 March 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwean ODI Records - Wicket Keeper Catches">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career catches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most career stumpings====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Stumpings<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |33 <br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} <br />
| align=center | 149 <br />
| align=center | 142 <br />
| 2001-2012 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |32<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} <br />
| align=center | 213 <br />
| align=center | 185 <br />
| 1992-2002 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |29 <br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center | 205<br />
| align=center | 103 <br />
| 2006-2021<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|5<br />
| {{sortname|Richmond|Mutumbami}}<br />
| align=center | 36<br />
| align=center | 34 <br />
| 2014-2020<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center | 61<br />
| align=center | 34<br />
| 2008-2022<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 21 March 2023</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_stumpings_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most dismissals in an innings====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Dismissals<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=4| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4|5<br />
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1995|October|22}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|ENG}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|January|3}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} {{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium|Shere-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|October|21}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}} {{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|10}} <br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=13| 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=13|4<br />
| {{sortname|David|Houghton|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Nevill Ground]], [[Tunbridge Wells]], England<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1983|June|18}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[The Gabba|Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|13}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|November|26}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]], Pakistan<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|September|30}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} {{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|March|15}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}<br />
| rowspan=3|{{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium|Shere-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|October|27}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} {{dagger}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|5}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}} {{dagger}}<br />
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium|Shere-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|November|9}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Richmond|Mutumbami}} {{dagger}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|2}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Peter|Moor}} {{dagger}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|21}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}} {{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium|Shere-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|January|23}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| [[OUTsurance Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|October|3}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}} {{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|16}} <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 18 July 2021</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most dismissals in a series====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Dismissals<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Series<br />
|- <br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 11<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| align=center rowspan=3|5<br />
| align=center rowspan=3|5<br />
| {{sort|1999|[[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1999-2000|Sri Lanka in Zimbabwe in 1999-00]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}<br />
| {{sort|2003|[[West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2003-04|West Indies in Zimbabwe in 2003-04]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Peter|Moor}}{{dagger}}<br />
| {{sort|2017|[[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016-17|Afghanistan in Zimbabwe in 2016-17]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=4| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| 10<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center |3<br />
| align=center |3<br />
| {{sort|2013|[[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2013|Bangladesh in Zimbabwe in 2013]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Richmond|Mutumbami}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center |5<br />
| align=center |5<br />
| {{sort|2015|[[Afghan cricket team against Zimbabwe in the UAE in 2015-16|Afghanistan v Zimbabwe in United Arab Emirates in 2015/16]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| align=center |6<br />
| align=center |6<br />
| {{sort|2018|[[2018 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center |4<br />
| align=center |4<br />
| {{sort|2019|[[Emirati cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2019|United Arab Emirates in Zimbabwe in 2019]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Fielding records===<br />
<br />
====Most career catches====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Catches<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|- <br />
| align=center |1 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 86 <br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} <br />
| align=center |221 <br />
| 1992-2010 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center |2 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 74 <br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}} <br />
| align=center |187 <br />
| 1992-2003 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center |3 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 72 <br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}} <br />
| align=center |210 <br />
| 2004-2018 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center |4 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 71 <br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}} <br />
| align=center |209 <br />
| 2001-2019 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center |5 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 55<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}<br />
| align=center |149<br />
| 2005-2023<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 25 March 2023</small><ref name="Zimbabwe ODI records - Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most catches in an innings====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Dismissals<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 4<br />
| {{sortname|Guy|Whittall}}<br />
| {{cr|ENG}}<br />
| [[The Oval]], [[London]], England<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|July|8}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad & Tobago<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|May|14}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Craig|Ervine}} {{dagger}}<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|16}} <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Note: 14 Zimbabwean fielders on 22 occasions have taken 3 catches in an inning.''<br />
<br />
====Most catches in a series====<br />
The [[2019 Cricket World Cup]], which was won by England for the first time,<ref>{{cite news |title=Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/report/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> saw the record set for the most catches taken by a non-wicket-keeper in an ODI series. Englishman [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] and [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[England cricket team|England Test team]] [[Joe Root]] took 13 catches in the series as well as scored 556 runs.<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 cricket World Cup – Most runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12357;type=tournament |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> [[Craig Ervine]] took 8 catches during the [[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2015-16|Afghanistan in Zimbabwe in 2015-16]] ODI series, the most for a Zimbabwean fileder in a series.<ref name="ODI Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283630.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Catches<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Innings<br />
! scope=col | Series<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 <br />
| {{sortname|Craig|Ervine}} <br />
| align=center | 5 <br />
| align=center | 5 <br />
| {{sort|2015|[[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2015-16|Afghanistan in Zimbabwe in 2015-16]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 2 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 7 <br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}} <br />
| align=center | 8 <br />
| align=center | 8 <br />
| {{sort|2001|[[2000-01 Carlton Series]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} {{dagger}} <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 6 <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 6 <br />
| {{sort|2018|[[2018 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 4 <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 6 <br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} <br />
| {{sort|2003|[[2003 NatWest Series]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}} <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 5 <br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 5 <br />
| {{sort|2011|[[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011|Bangladesh in Zimbabwe in 2011]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Tarisai|Musakanda}} {{dagger}} <br />
| {{sort|2017|[[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016-17|Afghanistan in Zimbabwe in 2016-17]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=6 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===All-round records===<br />
====1000 runs and 100 wickets====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Average Difference<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Bat Avg<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Bowl Avg<br />
|-<br />
| align=center |1<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}}<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | -1.36<br />
| 1993-2005<br />
| align=center |187<br />
| align=center |2901<br />
| align=center |28.44<br />
| align=center |237<br />
| align=center |29.81<br />
|-<br />
| align=center |2<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | -7.09<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
| align=center |221<br />
| align=center |6571<br />
| align=center |33.52<br />
| align=center |104<br />
| align=center |40.62<br />
|-<br />
| align=center |3<br />
| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}}<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | -30.17<br />
| 2004-2015<br />
| align=center |164<br />
| align=center |1406<br />
| align=center |16.73<br />
| align=center |133<br />
| align=center |46.9<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=9 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite web |title=1000 Runs and 100 Wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=allround_average;qualmin1=100;qualmin2=1000;qualval1=wickets;qualval2=runs;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=allround |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====250 runs and 5 wickets in a series====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | Wickets<br />
! scope=col | Series<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Guy|Whittall}}<br />
| align=center |6<br />
| align=center |254<br />
| align=center |6<br />
| {{sort|1997|[[President's Cup 1997–98]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| align=center |6<br />
| align=center |319<br />
| align=center |7<br />
| {{sort|1997|[[President's Cup 1997–98]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Neil|Johnson|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align=center |8<br />
| align=center |367<br />
| align=center |12<br />
| {{sort|1999|[[1999 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Ervine}}<br />
| align=center |8<br />
| align=center |265<br />
| align=center |12<br />
| {{sort|2004|[[2003-04 VB Series]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| align=center |6<br />
| align=center |339<br />
| align=center |7<br />
| {{sort|2015|[[2015 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=5 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite web |title=250 Runs and 5 Wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;qualmin1=250;qualmin2=5;qualval1=runs;qualval2=wickets;size=200;team=9;template=results;type=allround;view=series |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other records===<br />
====Most career matches====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|- <br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 221<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| 1992-2010<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 213<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| 1992-2003<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 210<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| 2004-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 209<br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}<br />
| 2001-2019<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 205<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| 2004-2020<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=4 | <small>Last updated: 13 September 2021</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most career matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most consecutive career matches====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 172<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}}<br />
| 1992-2001<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 121<br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| 1993-2000<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 77<br />
| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}<br />
| 2009-2014<br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=3| 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 71<br />
| {{sortname|Murray|Goodwin}}<br />
| 1998-2000<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}<br />
| 2002-2005<br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| 2006-2009<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=4 | <small>Last updated: 3 June 2018</small><ref name="Most consecutive career matches">{{cite news |title=Most Consecutive ODI matches| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/128609.html |work=ESPNCricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Most matches as captain====<br />
{{see also|List of Zimbabwe national cricket captains}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! Won<br />
! Lost<br />
! Tied<br />
! NR<br />
! Win %<br />
! Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
| {{sortname|Alistair|Campbell|dab=cricketer}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 86 <br />
| 30 <br />
| 52 <br />
| 2 <br />
| 2 <br />
| 36.9 <br />
| 1996-2002 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center rowspan=2| 2<br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 68 <br />
| 18 <br />
| rowspan=2|47 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 3 <br />
| 27.69 <br />
| 2000-2004 <br />
|-<br />
| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}} <br />
| 20 <br />
| 1 <br />
| rowspan=2|0 <br />
| 30.15 <br />
| 2006-2010 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 62 <br />
| 18 <br />
| 44 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 29.03 <br />
| 2010-2016 <br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 52 <br />
| 12 <br />
| 35 <br />
| 2 <br />
| 3 <br />
| 26.53 <br />
| 1993-2000 <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=9 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Most matches as captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Youngest players on Debut====<br />
The youngest player to play in an ODI match is claimed to be [[Hasan Raza (cricketer, born 1982)|Hasan Raza]] at the age of 14 years and 233 days. Making his debut for Zimbabwe [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1996–97|against Zimbabwe]] on 30 October 1996, there is some doubt as to the validity of Raza's age at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=A late starter |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149397.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="ODI matches Youngest Debutant">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Youngest players |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283711.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Age<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|17 years and 179 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Mluleki|Nkala}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| rowspan=4|[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|September|27}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|17 years and 339 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Ryan|Higgins|dab=Zimbabwean cricketer}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|KEN}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|February|26}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|18 years and 17 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Keegan|Meth}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|February|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|18 years and 37 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}<br />
| {{cr|SL}}<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|April|20}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|18 years and 40 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}<br />
| {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|June|23}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="ODI matches Youngest Debutant" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;team=9;template=results;type=batting;view=innings | title= Zimbabwe - ODI Records - Youngest Players on debut | work= ESPN Cricinfo | access-date = 1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Oldest players on Debut====<br />
The Netherlands batsmen [[Nolan Clarke]] is the oldest player to appear in an ODI match. Playing in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] against New Zealand in 1996 at [[Reliance Stadium]] in [[Vadodara]], India he was aged 47 years and 240 days.<ref name="Oldest players">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Oldest debutants |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283461.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Age<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|36 years and 23 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|John|Traicos}}<br />
| {{cr|AUS}}<br />
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1983|June|9}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|35 years and 113 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Babu|Meman}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|October|17}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|34 years and 255 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Duncan|Fletcher}}<br />
| rowspan=2|{{cr|AUS}}<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England<br />
| rowspan=2|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1983|June|9}} {{double-dagger}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|34 years and 213 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Jack|Heron|dab=cricketer}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|33 years and 205 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Gus|Mackay}}<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Oldest players" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=9;template=results;type=batting;view=innings | title= Zimbabwe - ODI Records - Oldest Players on debut | work= ESPN Cricinfo | access-date = 1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Oldest players====<br />
The Netherlands batsmen [[Nolan Clarke]] is the oldest player to appear in an ODI match. Playing in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] against South Africa in 1996 at [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]] in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan he was aged 47 years and 257 days.<ref name="Oldest players2">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Oldest players |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283723.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Age<br />
! scope=col | Player<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|45 years and 312 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|John|Traicos}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1993|March|25}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|40 years and 104 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|David|Houghton|dab=cricketer}}<br />
| {{cr|NZ}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|5}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|39 years and 301 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}}<br />
| {{cr|SA}}<br />
| [[North West Cricket Stadium]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|October|17}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|39 years and 82 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Malcolm|Jarvis}}<br />
| {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1995|February|26}}<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|37 years and 143 days}}<br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Waller}}<br />
| {{cr|IND}}<br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|February|15}}<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=7 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="Oldest players2" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=2;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=9;template=results;type=batting;view=innings | title= Zimbabwe - ODI Records - Oldest Players | work= ESPN Cricinfo | access-date = 1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Partnership records==<br />
In cricket, two batsmen are always present at the [[Crease (cricket)|crease]] batting together in a partnership. This partnership will continue until one of them is [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]], [[Substitute (cricket)#Retired hurt (or not out)|retires]] or the innings comes to a close.<br />
<br />
===Highest partnerships by wicket===<br />
A wicket partnership describes the number of runs scored before each wicket falls. The first wicket partnership is between the opening batsmen and continues until the first wicket falls. The second wicket partnership then commences between the [[not out]] batsman and the number three batsman. This partnership continues until the second wicket falls. The third wicket partnership then commences between the not-out batsman and the new batsman. This continues down to the tenth wicket partnership. When the tenth wicket has fallen, there is no batsman left to partner so the innings are closed.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Wicket<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | First batsman<br />
! scope=col | Second batsman<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col | Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|01|1st Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 224 <br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}} <br />
| {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} <br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} <br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|July|20}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/756037.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 150 <br />
| {{sortname|Gavin|Rennie}} <br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} <br />
| {{cr|KEN}} <br />
| [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|19}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66123.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|03|3rd Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 181 <br />
| {{sortname|Craig|Ervine}} <br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} <br />
| {{cr|CAN}} <br />
| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|February|28}} {{double-dagger}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433570.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 202 <br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Ervine}} <br />
| {{sortname|Stuart|Carlisle}} <br />
| {{cr|IND}} <br />
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|January|24}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65650.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 201<br />
| {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} <br />
| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}} <br />
| {{cr|BAN}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|7}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1323293.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|06|6th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 188 <br />
| {{sortname|Stuart|Matsikenyeri}} <br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} <br />
| {{cr|RSA}} <br />
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|8}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/430508.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|07|7th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 130 <br />
| {{sortname|Andy|Flower}} <br />
| {{sortname|Heath|Streak}} <br />
| {{cr|ENG}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|October|7}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64730.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|08|8th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 117 <br />
| {{sortname|David|Houghton|dab=cricketer}} <br />
| {{sortname|Iain|Butchart}} <br />
| {{cr|NZ}} <br />
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|October|10}} {{double-dagger}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65094.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|09|9th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91* <br />
| {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} <br />
| {{sortname|Tendai|Chisoro}} <br />
| {{cr|WIN}} <br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|November|25}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1059715.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
! align=center | {{sort|010|10th Wicket}} <br />
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 68 <br />
| {{sortname|Richard|Ngarava}} <br />
| {{sortname|Victor|Nyauchi}} <br />
| {{cr|BAN}} <br />
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|11}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1323294.html Scorecard] <br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=8 | <small>Last updated: 12 August 2022</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/Zimbabwe/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |title=Zimbabwe/Records/ODI matches/Highest partnerships by wicket |work=ESPNCricinfo |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Highest partnerships by runs===<br />
The highest ODI partnership by runs for any wicket is held by the West Indian pairing of [[Chris Gayle]] and [[Marlon Samuels]] who put together a second wicket partnership of 372 runs during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] against Zimbabwe in February 2015. This broke the record of 331 runs set by Indian pair of [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Rahul Dravid]] against New Zealand [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1999-2000|in 1999]]<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283574.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Wicket<br />
! scope=col | Runs<br />
! scope=col | First batsman<br />
! scope=col | Second batsman<br />
! scope=col | Opposition<br />
! scope=col | Venue<br />
! scope=col | Date<br />
! scope=col | Scorecard<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | {{sort|01|1st Wicket}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 224 <br />
| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}} <br />
| {{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}} <br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} <br />
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|July|20}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/756037.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 202 <br />
| {{sortname|Sean|Ervine}} <br />
| {{sortname|Stuart|Carlisle}} <br />
| {{cr|IND}} <br />
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|January|24}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65650.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | {{sort|06|6th Wicket}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 188 <br />
| {{sortname|Stuart|Matsikenyeri}} <br />
| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}} <br />
| {{cr|RSA}} <br />
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|8}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/430508.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 187 <br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} <br />
| {{sortname|Stuart|Carlisle}} <br />
| {{cr|AUS}} <br />
| [[WACA Ground|WACA]], [[Perth]], Australia<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|February|4}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65612.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}} <br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 186* <br />
| {{sortname|Grant|Flower}} <br />
| {{sortname|Murray|Goodwin}} <br />
| {{cr|WIN}} <br />
| [[Riverside Ground|County Ground]], [[Chester-le-Street]], England<br />
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|July|16}} <br />
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66270.html Scorecard]<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=8 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe ODI Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Umpiring records==<br />
===Most matches umpired===<br />
An [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] in cricket is a person who officiates the match according to the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]''. Two umpires adjudicate the match on the field, whilst a [[third umpire]] has access to video replays, and a [[fourth umpire]] looks after the match balls and other duties. The records below are only for on-field umpires.<br />
<br />
[[Rudi Koertzen]] of South Africa holds the record for the most ODI matches umpired with 209. The current active [[Aleem Dar]] is currently at 208 matches. They are followed by New Zealand's [[Billy Bowden]] who officiated in 200 matches. [[Russell Tiffin]] is the most experienced Zimbabwean umpire<ref name="umpires">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most matches umpired |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283784.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col | Rank<br />
! scope=col | Matches<br />
! scope=col | Umpire<br />
! scope=col | Period<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 1<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 154<br />
| {{sortname|Russell|Tiffin}}<br />
| 1992-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 2<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 90<br />
| {{sortname|Ian|Robinson|dab=cricket umpire}}<br />
| 1992-2004<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 51<br />
| {{sortname|Kevan|Barbour}}<br />
| 1998-2009<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 4<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23<br />
| {{sortname|Jeremiah|Matibiri}}<br />
| 2013-2018<br />
|-<br />
| align=center | 5<br />
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16<br />
| {{sortname|Owen|Chirombe}}<br />
| 2010-2014<br />
|-<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
| colspan=4 | <small>Last updated: 1 July 2020</small><ref name="umpires"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[List of One Day International cricket records]]<br />
*[[List of batsmen who have scored over 10,000 One Day International cricket runs]]<br />
*[[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks]]<br />
*[[List of Test cricket records]]<br />
*[[List of List A cricket records]]<br />
*[[List of Cricket World Cup records]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cricket in Zimbabwe}}<br />
{{Cricket records}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zimbabwe One Day International Cricket Records}}<br />
[[Category:Cricket records and statistics]]<br />
[[Category:Zimbabwean cricket lists]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zila_Ghaziabad&diff=413531Zila Ghaziabad2023-08-15T18:55:55Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=September 2014<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Zila Ghaziabad<br />
| image = Zilla Ghaziabad.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Anand Kumar (director)|Anand Kumar]]<br />
| producer = [[Soundrya Production|Vinod Bachan]]<br />
| writer = Vinay Sharma<br />
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]]<br />[[Arshad Warsi]]<br />[[Vivek Oberoi]]<br />[[Charmy Kaur]]<br />[[Minissha Lamba]]<br />[[Ravi Kishan]]<br />[[Paresh Rawal]]<br />[[Sunil Grover]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />Amjad Nadeem<br />'''Background Score:'''<br />[[Amar Mohile]]<br />
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]<br />
| editing =<br />
| studio = [[Soundrya Production]]<br />
| distributor = Showman International<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|22}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545924 |title=Zila Ghaziabad (2013)|publisher=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Zila Ghaziabad''''' ({{translation|Ghaziabad district}}) is 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Anand Kumar (director)|Anand Kumar]]. It is produced by Vinod Bachan, and presented by Mohammed Fasih & Bharat Shah. The film features [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Minissha Lamba]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Sunil Grover]] in lead roles amongst others. The film also featured [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Geeta Basra]] for a special appearance . It was based on true story of gang wars of [[Ghaziabad]]. It was released on 22 February 2013.<ref name="ToI - 04Nov2011 - [[Arshad Warsi]] had a tough time in Delh">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-04/news-interviews/30355515_1_arshad-warsi-qutub-minar-zilla-ghaziabad|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126091844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-04/news-interviews/30355515_1_arshad-warsi-qutub-minar-zilla-ghaziabad|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Arshad Warsi had a tough time in Delhi|last=Sharma|first=Garima|date=4 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> Upon release, the film received mixed reviews.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/zila-ghaziabad/movie-review/18588721.cms|title=Zila Ghaziabad Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Zila Ghaziabad by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name ="DNA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-zila-ghaziabad-is-out-of-sync-1803050|title=Film review: 'Zila Ghaziabad' is out of sync|first=Tushar|last=Joshi|date=22 February 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/review-zila-ghaziabad/20130222.htm|title=Review: Zila Ghaziabad is assembly-line garbage - Rediff.com|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The movie is based on the true story of the gang war that lasted between two groups in the 80s and 90s in [[Ghaziabad, India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zilla-ghaziabad-is-true-to-life-anand-kumar/189325-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214312/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zilla-ghaziabad-is-true-to-life-anand-kumar/189325-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2011|title='Zilla Ghaziabad' is a true to life story: Anand Kumar|last=Vats|first=Rohit|date=October 1, 2011|work=[[Ibnlive]]}}</ref> In the town of Ghaziabad, Brahmapal Choudhary ([[Paresh Rawal]]) is a corrupt chairman, and has connections with the gangster Fauji ([[Arshad Warsi]]), who is willing to do anything to make a quick buck. When Brahmapal refuses to pay up to 2&nbsp;million for Fauji's sisters' wedding, Fauji breaks their ties and leaves him. At the same time, Brahmapal befriends a polite teacher named Satbir ([[Vivek Oberoi]]) who also happens to be in a relationship with Brahmapal's daughter Suman ([[Charmy Kaur]]).<br />
<br />
Thinking that Brahmapal has replaced him with Satbir, Fauji becomes furious and joins forces with Rashid ([[Ravi Kishan]]), a politician and Brahmapal's rivalry.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Police Inspector Thakur Pritam Singh<br />
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as [[Mahendra Fauji Baisla]], the main antagonist <br />
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Satbir Baisla Gurjar<br />
* [[Ashutosh Kaushik]] as Pandit<br />
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Rashid, a politician later Becomes Fauji's right hand man<br />
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as Suman Chaudhary<br />
* [[Sunil Grover]] as Faqira<br />
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Chairman Jagmal Baisla<br />
* [[Minissha Lamba]] as Kavita, Fauji's girlfriend<br />
* [[Chandrachur Singh]] as Karambir Singh<br />
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Sangram Singh<br />
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Satbir's mother<br />
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Ombir Singh<br />
* Parth Sharma as Robin Singh<br />
* Geeta Khanna as Rashid's mother<br />
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Mahenderi<ref>{{cite web|author=Purva Desai|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-27/news-interviews/35386575_1_play-second-fiddle-divya-dutta-heroine |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127075949/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-27/news-interviews/35386575_1_play-second-fiddle-divya-dutta-heroine |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |title=Play second fiddle to none: Divya Dutta |date=27 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><br />
* [[Raju Mavani]] as Sadhu Singh<br />
* Khushboo Kamal<br />
* [[Geeta Basra]] in "Baap ka Maal" [[item number|item song]] (special appearance) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-15/news-interviews/35820823_1_geeta-basra-rani-hoon-main-zilla-ghaziabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227060541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-15/news-interviews/35820823_1_geeta-basra-rani-hoon-main-zilla-ghaziabad |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2013 |title=Geeta Basra denies marrying Harbhajan Singh |date=15 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/geeta-basra-to-do-item-number-in-sanjay-dutt-starrer-zilla-ghaziabad/819055/|title=Geeta Basra to do item number in Sanjay Dutt starrer 'Zilla Ghaziabad' - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>[https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/geeta-basra-on-refusing-films-decided-my-focus-was-my-relationship-with-harbhajan-singh-and-our-family/22718264]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/South-Indians-and-Punjabis-like-their-girls-voluptuous-Geeta/articleshow/19507862.cms|title=South Indians and Punjabis like their girls voluptuous: Geeta - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/zila-ghaziabad-song-ghaziabad-ki-rani-vivek-oberoi-and-geeta-basra-go-rustic-in-the-munni-badnaam-hui-inspired-number-183741/|title=Zila Ghaziabad song Ghaziabad ki rani: Vivek Oberoi and Geeta Basra go rustic in the Munni badnaam hui inspired number!|date=24 January 2013|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/item-numbers-are-like-special-appearances-says-geeta-basra-6510.html|title=Item numbers are like special appearances: Geeta Basra|first=India TV News|last=Desk|date=11 February 2013|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/news/when-would-zila-ghaziabad-see-light-of-the-day|title=When would ZILA GHAZIABAD see light of the day?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-harbhajan-singh-is-special-to-me-geeta-basra-1680453|title=Harbhajan Singh is special to me: Geeta Basra|first=Aakanksha|last=Naval-Shetye|date=25 April 2012|website=DNA India}}</ref><br />
* [[Shriya Saran]] in "Chamiya No 1" [[item number]] (special appearance) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shriya-saran-to-do-an-item-number-in-zilla-ghaziabad/1/200606.html |title=Shriya Saran to do an item number in Zilla Ghaziabad : Bollywood, News |work=India Today |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sanjay-dutt-turns-item-boy-in-zila-ghaziabad/907879/|title=Sanjay Dutt turns item boy in 'Zila Ghaziabad' - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-the-hot-item-songs-in-zila-ghaziabad/20130219.htm|title=PIX: The HOT item songs in Zila Ghaziabad|website=Rediff}}</ref><br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Zila Ghaziabad<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Amzad-Nadeem<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2013<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = [[Zindagi 50-50]]<br />
| next_year = 2013<br />
}} <br />
The soundtrack of Zila Ghaziabad is composed by Amjad Nadeem, with Bappa Lahiri, son of famous music composer [[Bappi Lahiri]] composing "Tu Hain Rab Mera" and "Chamiya No. 1", which initially titled as "Main Item No.1 Hoon". The album contains five tracks. Lyrics by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1= Ye Hai Zila Ghaziabad<br />
| length1 = 5:22<br />
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Chorus<br />
<br />
| title2 = Ranjha Jogi<br />
| length2 =4:11<br />
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
<br />
| title3 =Baap Ka Maal<br />
| length3 = 5:22<br />
| extra3 = Sukhwinder Singh, [[Mika Singh]], [[Mamta Sharma]]<br />
<br />
| title4 = Tu Hai Rab Mera<br />
| length4 = 4:49<br />
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]<br />
<br />
| title5 = Chamiya No 1<br />
| length5 = 4:32<br />
| extra5 =[[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shabab Sabri]], Chorus<br />
<br />
| title6 = Baap Ka Maal (Rock Again)<br />
| length6 =5:33<br />
| extra6 = Mika Singh, Anupama Raag<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Zila Ghaziabad received negative reviews from critics. Roshni Devi from Koimoi gave it 1 star and called it "almost entirely bad" except Arshad Warsi's and sanjay dutt acting and a few sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/zila-ghaziabad-review/|title=Zila Ghaziabad review by Roshni Devi}}</ref> Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave it 2 stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/zila-ghaziabad/critic-review/zila-ghaziabad-movie-review/|title=Zila Ghaziabad review by Taran Adarsh}}</ref><ref name="rediff"/><ref name ="DNA"/><ref name="TOI"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2171454|Zila Ghaziabad}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films featuring an item number]]<br />
[[Category:Masala films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Political action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>CleanupBot IIhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenana&diff=413530Zenana2023-08-15T18:55:45Z<p>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Inner quarters where women lived in the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{For|the alternative use of this word in the Urdu language to describe effeminate males|Kothi (gender)}}<br />
[[File:Prince or noble visiting the women's quarters or zenana.jpg|thumb|Prince or noble visiting the zenana or women's quarters]]<br />
{{Islamic female dress}}<br />
<br />
'''Zenana''' ({{lang-fa|زنانه}}, {{lang-bn|জেনানা}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|زنانہ}}}}, {{lang-hi|ज़नाना}}) literally meaning "of the women" or "pertaining to women," in [[Persian language]]<ref name="Rege2003">{{cite book|author=Sharmila Rege|title=Sociology of Gender: the challenge of feminist sociological knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0iJrK8ZLoIC&pg=PA312|access-date=12 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9704-7|pages=312 ff}}</ref> contextually refers to the part of a house belonging to a [[Hindu]] or [[Muslim]] family in the [[Indian subcontinent]] which is [[Women-only space|reserved for the women]] of the household.<ref name="Weitbrecht1875">{{cite book|last=Weitbrecht|first=Mary|title=The Women of India and Christian Work in the Zenana|url=https://archive.org/details/womenindiaandch00weitgoog|access-date=24 November 2012|year=1875|publisher=James Nisbet|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenindiaandch00weitgoog/page/n105 93]|quote=And to turn from native testimony to a missionary's sketch, we add—"Hindu ladies spend their lives in the interior of the zenana or women's apartments. Very early marriage often commits a little girl of five years to the wholly unsympathetic companionship of a man of fifty, sixty, or eighty; married life to her means little more than sorrowful submission to the tyranny of a step-mother and the amusement of a husband, who, if he be kind, treats her as a toy; and when he dies, she enters on a widowhood in which the fires, which, if British law had not forbidden it, would have consumed her with the corpse of her husband, are transmuted into the lingering woe of a social penal servitude, only to terminate with death."}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm1FUxqngwAC |title=Purdah and Polygamy: a study in the social pathology of the Muslim society|author=Khan, Mazhar-ul-Haq |publisher=Nashiran-e-Ilm-o-Taraqiyet |year= 1972 |page= 68|quote=The zenana or female portion of a Muslim house}}</ref> The ''zenana'' are the inner apartments of a house in which the women of the family live. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the ''mardana''. Conceptually in those that practise [[purdah]], it is the equivalent in the Indian subcontinent of the [[harem]].<br />
<br />
Christian missionaries were able to gain access to these Indian girls and women through the [[zenana missions]]; female missionaries who had been trained as doctors and nurses were able to provide them with health care and also evangelise them in their own homes.<br />
<br />
== Mughal court life ==<br />
Physically, the zenana of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court consisted of exceptionally luxurious conditions, particularly for princesses and women associated to high-ranking figures. Because of the extreme restrictions placed on access to the women's quarters, very few reliable accounts of their description are available. Still, modern scholars evaluating court records and travelogues contemporary with the Mughal period detail the women's lodgings as offering courtyards, ponds, fountains and gardens. The palaces themselves were decorated with mirrors, paintings and marble.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_mC-s_K-6sC|title=Women in Mughal India|last=Misra|first=Rekha|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|location=New Delhi|pages=76–77|oclc=473530}}</ref> [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara]], daughter of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Mumtaz Mahal]], famously lived in her own apartment decorated with valuable carpets, and murals of flying angels. Other amenities depicted in illustrations of court life include running water and meticulous gardens.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schimmel|first1=Annemarie|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|date=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books LTD|location=London|isbn=1861891857|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/155 155]|edition=Revised|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne|url-access=registration|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Resident population ===<br />
Rather than being the prison-like space of licentious activity popularized by European imagination (see [[Orientalism]]), the zenana functioned as the domain of female members of the household, ranging from wives to [[concubinage|concubines]] to widows, unmarried sisters and cousins, and even further distant relations who were considered dependent kin. In addition to the women of rank, the zenana was populated by attendants of various skill and purpose to provide for the needs of the ladies residing within. All visiting friends, servants, and entertainers were invariably female, down to the highly trained corps of armed women — guards known as ''[[urdubegis]]'' — assigned to escort and protect the women in the zenana.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hambly|first1=Gavin|editor1-last=Hambly|editor1-first=Gavin|title=Women in the medieval Islamic world : Power, patronage, and piety|date=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0312224516|pages=429–467|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDXdyMCx4xYC|chapter=Chapter 19: Armed Women Retainers in the Zenanas of Indo-Muslim Rulers: The case of Bibi Fatima}}</ref><br />
[[File:Fatehpur-Fatehpur Sikri India0002.JPG|left|thumb|Fortified entrance to the zenana at [[Fatehpur Sikri]].]]<br />
<br />
=== Administration ===<br />
According to [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], author of the ''[[Akbarnama]]'', the zenana of [[Akbar the Great]] at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] was home to more than five thousand women, who had each been given her own suite of rooms. The size of the zenana meant that it was a community unto itself, and it thus required systematic administration to maintain; all of these administrators were female. [[Abu'l Fadl]] describes the zenana as being divided into sections, with ''[[daroghas]]'' appointed to tend to the financial and organizational needs of the residents.<ref name="Abu 'l-Fazl Allami">{{cite book|last1=Abu 'l-Fazl Allami|last2=Blochman|first2=H|editor1-last=Phillot|editor1-first=Lieut. Colonel D.C.|title=The Ain-i Akbari|date=1977|publisher=Munishram Manoharlal|location=New Delhi|pages=45–47|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICSaMQAACAAJ}}</ref> Other administrative positions included the ''[[tehwildar]]'', or accounts officer, responsible for the salaries and financial requests of the inhabitants. Then there were the ''[[mahaldars]]'', the female servant of highest authority chosen from within the ranks of the ''daroghas'', who often acted as an intelligence source from the zenana directly to the emperor. The royal ''anaga''s (the Turki language word used at the Mughal court for [[wetnurse]]s),<ref>DĀYASORANĀGAS OF IMPERIAL MUGHAL. Balkrishan Shivram. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 74 (2013), pp. 258-268. Published by: Indian History Congress. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158824</ref> were elevated to positions of rank, though their purpose was not strictly administrative.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jABuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Mughal Harem|last=Lal|first=K.S.|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|year=1988|isbn=8185179034|location=New Delhi|pages=14, 52}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Political influence ===<br />
It was because male members of Mughal society did not closely define the concept of purdah as a reflection of their own honor that wives, daughters, and particularly unmarried women in the upper-echelons of the empire were able to extend their influence beyond the physical structures of the zenana. That less-constrictive interpretation of purdah allowed the ladies of the Mughal court to indirectly participate in public life, most notably in civic building projects. Jahanara herself was responsible for the major alteration of [[Shahjahanabad]], by constructing the now famous [[Chandni Chowk]] market in Old Delhi. Altogether, wives, daughters, and even a courtesan were the primary patrons to 19 major structures in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blake|first1=Stephen P.|editor1-last=Hambly|editor1-first=Gavin|title=Women in the medieval Islamic world : Power, patronage, and piety|date=1998|publisher=St. Martin’s Press|location=New York|isbn=0312224516|pages=407–428|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDXdyMCx4xYC|chapter=Chapter 18: Contributors to the urban Landscape: Women builders in Safavid Isfahan and Mughal Shahjahanabad}}</ref> Owing to the cultural precedent set by their [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ancestors, it was comparatively more acceptable for Mughal women to perform civic charity in the form of building projects and even engage in leisure activities outside the zenana like hunting, polo and pilgrimage, than it would have been for their [[Safavid]] contemporaries.<ref>{{cite journal|date=2010|title=The Begims of the Mystic Feast: Turco-Mongol Tradition in the Mughal Harem|jstor=20721773|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=69|issue=1|pages=123–147|doi=10.1017/S0021911809992543|last1=Balabanlilar|first1=Lisa}}</ref> [[Nur Jahan]] seems to be unique in that she had a particular affinity for hunting, and was able to gain permission to accompany her husband [[Jahangir]] on several outings, even once killing four tigers easily with her excellent marksmanship.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_mC-s_K-6sC|title=Women in Mughal India|last=Misra|first=Rekha|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|location=New Delhi|pages=100–101|oclc=473530}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Adherence to purdah ===<br />
Despite the social freedom that came with being a member of the royal household, Mughal women did not go about unveiled and were not seen by outsiders or men other than their family. Instead, when they traveled they covered their heads and faces in white veils, and they were transported in [[howdah]]s, [[chaudole]]s, carriages and [[palanquin]]s with covering on all sides, to maintain the modesty and seclusion required of purdah. When entering or exiting the zenana itself, female pall bearers carried their palanquins, and they were only transferred to male servants and eunuchs outside the walls of the zenana. Should outsiders be required to enter the zenana, as in the case of an illness where the lady could not be moved for her health, the visitor was covered from head to foot in a shroud and led blindly to the lady by a [[eunuch]] escort.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&pg=PA15|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and their Contributions|last=Mukherjee|first=Soma|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2001|isbn=8121207606|location=New Delhi|pages=46–47}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Andaruni]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Wiktionary-inline|zenana}}<br />
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Zenana|short=x}}<br />
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{{Islamic architecture}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pakistani culture]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi culture]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]<br />
[[Category:Purdah]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Sex segregation and Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Women's quarters]]<br />
[[Category:Zenana missions]]</div>CleanupBot II