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Draft:New Flats in Pune City

2026-09-29T08:20:58Z

CleanupBot: Fixing AfC submission banner: set submitter and pending parameters

{{AfC submission||ts=20260928120348|u=2401:4900:1CB5:B032:4401:C36F:5BA1:2514|ns=118}} 
[[https://realestatetalk.online/in/pune/properties/ready-to-move-flats-in-pune]]{{Infobox brand
| name = New Flats in Pune City
| website = https://realestatetalk.online/in/pune/properties/ready-to-move-flats-in-pune
}}

'''New Flats in Pune City'''.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

Jailer 2

2026-09-20T15:42:22Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Nelson Dilipkumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jailer 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
| writer = Nelson Dilipkumar
| producer = [[Kalanithi Maran]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]]
| editing = R. Nirmal
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|10|15}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jailer 2''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]. It is produced by [[Kalanithi Maran]] under [[Sun Pictures]]. A sequel to [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] (2023), the film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Mirnaa]] and [[Rithvik Jothi Raj|Rithvik]] reprising their roles from the predecessor, with [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Anna Rajan]] and [[Jatin Sarna]] joining the cast.

Prior to the release of the original film in 2023, Nelson expressed interest in making sequels to his films. Sun Pictures officially announced the sequel to ''Jailer'' in January 2025. [[Principal photography]] commenced that March 2025 in [[Chennai]] and wrapped in April 2026. The film will have music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography by [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]] and editing by R. Nirmal.

''Jailer 2'' is scheduled to release worldwide on 15 October 2026.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as "Tiger" Muthuvel Pandian
* [[S. J. Suryah]]
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Vijaya "Viji" Pandian
* [[Vidya Balan]]
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Vimal
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
* [[Mirnaa]] as Swetha Pandian
* [[Rithvik Jothi Raj|Rithvik]] as Rithvik "Rithu" Pandian

* [[Anna Rajan]]
* [[Jatin Sarna]]

* [[Kottayam Nazeer]]
* [[Sunil Sukhada]]

* [[Namo Narayana]]
* [[Bjorn Surrao]]

}}
;Cameo appearances
* [[Mohanlal]] as Mathew
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Narasimha
* [[Hrithik Roshan]]
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
* [[Vinayakan]] as Varman (flashback appearance)
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as a dancer in the song "Ala Bolelo" <ref name="mathrubhumi">{{Cite news |date=21 August 2026 |title='എടാ മോനേ പൊളിച്ചു'; രജനീകാന്തിനൊപ്പം രാജേഷ് മാധവൻ, ഗംഭീര നൃത്തവുമായി ഷംനാ കാസിം, ജയിലർ 2ലെ ആദ്യഗാനം |trans-title='Eda Mone Polychu'; Rajesh Madhavan with Rajinikanth, Shamna Kasim with a great dance, first song of Jailer 2 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jailer-2-first-single-alla-bolelo-song-released-rajinikanth-tamannaah-shamna-kasim-y2vyhnv1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260823024018/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jailer-2-first-single-alla-bolelo-song-released-rajinikanth-tamannaah-shamna-kasim-y2vyhnv1 |archive-date=23 August 2026 |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Madhavan]] as a singer in the song "Ala Bolelo" <ref name="mathrubhumi" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Prior to the release of [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] (2023), [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] revealed intentions of making sequels to his previous films, which made reports question if this film would have a sequel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Is Jailer 2' in line? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-jailer-2-in-line-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/102762467.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924154107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-jailer-2-in-line-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/102762467.cms |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the film's success, reports of a potential sequel resurfaced,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=14 August 2023 |title=Jailer 2 Confirmed; Rajinikanth, Thalapathy Vijay To Collaborate In Nelson's 'Dream' Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jailer-2-confirmed-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-to-collaborate-in-nelsons-dream-film-8535503.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814143530/https://www.news18.com/movies/jailer-2-confirmed-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-to-collaborate-in-nelsons-dream-film-8535503.html |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> though Nelson was unsure on whether he would direct the sequel as his subsequent project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2024 |title=Nelson Dilipkumar clears the air on 'Jailer 2'; says, 'Not sure if it is my next project' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-clears-the-air-on-jailer-2-says-not-sure-if-it-is-my-next-project/articleshow/108454410.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317110922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-clears-the-air-on-jailer-2-says-not-sure-if-it-is-my-next-project/articleshow/108454410.cms |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, Nelson began working on the script for the sequel by January 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=22 January 2024 |title=Nelson Dilipkumar begins the script work for 'Jailer' 2; will Nayanthara join Rajinikanth for the sixth time? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-begins-the-script-work-for-jailer-2-will-nayanthara-join-rajinikanth-for-the-sixth-time/articleshow/107048047.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203154058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-begins-the-script-work-for-jailer-2-will-nayanthara-join-rajinikanth-for-the-sixth-time/articleshow/107048047.cms |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's producer, [[Kalanithi Maran]] of [[Sun Pictures]], paid him an advance of ₹55–60 crore (US$6.3–6.9 million) for the film.{{Efn|While ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' reported on Nelson's salary to be around {{INRConvert|55|c}},<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=India's highest paid director just got Rs 55 crore as advance for film with no script; it's not Rajamouli, Atlee, Hirani |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-india-s-highest-paid-director-nelson-advance-rs-55-crore-jailer-2-rajinikanth-not-ss-rajamouli-atlee-hirani-3062146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006124334/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-india-s-highest-paid-director-nelson-advance-rs-55-crore-jailer-2-rajinikanth-not-ss-rajamouli-atlee-hirani-3062146 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated it to be around {{INRConvert|60|c}}.<ref name=":4" />}} The film was reported to be tentatively titled ''Hukum''—named after [[Hukum – Thalaivar Alappara|a song from the first film]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=12 April 2024 |title=Rajinikanth's 2023 box office hit film 'Jailer' to get a sequel titled 'Hukum': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-2023-box-office-hit-film-jailer-to-get-a-sequel-titled-hukum-report/articleshow/109253140.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901235824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-2023-box-office-hit-film-jailer-to-get-a-sequel-titled-hukum-report/articleshow/109253140.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=REVEALED – This the actual title of Rajinikanth's Jailer 2, everything to know about the sequel... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/revealed-this-the-actual-title-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-everything-to-know-about-the-sequel/41ccd3cbc4435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926152600/https://www.ottplay.com/news/revealed-this-the-actual-title-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-everything-to-know-about-the-sequel/41ccd3cbc4435 |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> before the official title ''Jailer 2'' was announced on 14 January 2025.<ref name=":8" />

=== Pre-production ===
The makers of ''Jailer 2'' shot and completed the film's [[Teaser trailer|promotional teaser]] by 6 December 2024 at EVP Film City in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2024 |title='Jailer 2' promo shoot wrapped up! What can we expect from Rajinikanth's reunion with Nelson Dilipkumar? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-promo-shoot-wrapped-up-what-can-we-expect-from-rajinikanths-reunion-with-nelson-dilipkumar/articleshow/116169347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227003236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-promo-shoot-wrapped-up-what-can-we-expect-from-rajinikanths-reunion-with-nelson-dilipkumar/articleshow/116169347.cms |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which was officially released on 14 January 2025, coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title='Jailer 2': Rajinikanth back as 'Tiger' Muthuvel Pandian in Nelson's sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jailer-2-rajinikanth-back-as-tiger-muthuvel-pandian-in-nelsons-sequel/article69098714.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114132223/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jailer-2-rajinikanth-back-as-tiger-muthuvel-pandian-in-nelsons-sequel/article69098714.ece |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=14 January 2025 |title=Jailer 2 teaser: Rajinikanth packs a punch as he returns as Tiger Muthuvel Pandian in Nelson's action-packed sequel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jailer-2-teaser-rajinikanth-packs-a-punch-as-he-returns-as-tiger-muthuvel-pandian-in-nelsons-action-packed-sequel-101736859368914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jailer-2-teaser-rajinikanth-packs-a-punch-as-he-returns-as-tiger-muthuvel-pandian-in-nelsons-action-packed-sequel-101736859368914.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Cinematographer [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]] returned for the sequel after working on the predecessor.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 officially announced: Nelson and Anirudh Ravichander bring the fun in fiery promo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanths-jailer-2-officially-announced-nelson-and-anirudh-ravichander-bring-the-fun-in-fiery-promo-9778644/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115034609/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanths-jailer-2-officially-announced-nelson-and-anirudh-ravichander-bring-the-fun-in-fiery-promo-9778644/ |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nelson further renewed his norm technicians—music composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]], editor R. Nirmal, production designer [[D. R. K. Kiran]]—who also worked on the predecessor;<ref name=":8" /> stunt choreographer Chethan D'Souza and visual effects supervisor Yugandhar T. also joined the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DEzmGXCyXDD |user=chethandsouza |title=The world's most celebrated superstar – a legend who transcends boundaries! Witnessing the unmatched craze and adoration people have for him is one thing, but experiencing his humility, aura, and larger-than-life presence up close is beyond words. Rajinikanth sir redefines greatness, and I feel truly honored to have directed the action for the Jailer 2 announcement teaser. Still in awe of his inspiring personality and magnetic charm!💕It was fun working with the director @nelsondilipkumar sir, @anirudhofficial, DOP @vijaykartikkannan, VFX sup @yugandhart_ & the entire crew! ✨ |first=Chethan |last=Dsouza |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/5N4tu?wr=false |archive-date=10 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By late December 2024, Nelson began location scouting for the film.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=23 December 2024 |title=Rajinikanth to kickstart filming for 'Jailer 2' with Nelson Dilipkumar in March 2025- Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-to-kickstart-filming-for-jailer-2-with-nelson-dilipkumar-in-march-2025-report/articleshow/116507858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217190540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-to-kickstart-filming-for-jailer-2-with-nelson-dilipkumar-in-march-2025-report/articleshow/116507858.cms |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initially, the film was set to begin production in late 2024 in order to be released during 2025, as it would mark Rajinikanth's 50th year in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=NP |date=28 September 2024 |title=Expect the unexpected from Rajinkanth in 'Jailer 2', says filmmaker Nelson Dilipkumar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/expect-the-unexpected-from-rajinkanth-in-jailer-2-says-filmmaker-nelson-dilipkumar-3210978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006024525/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/expect-the-unexpected-from-rajinkanth-in-jailer-2-says-filmmaker-nelson-dilipkumar-3210978 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> However, the plans were rescinded owing to pre-production delays, resulting in the film's eventual commencement being pushed to March 2025.<ref name=":9" />

=== Casting ===
[[Yogi Babu]] confirmed his presence in July 2024, reprising his role from the predecessor.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Yogi Babu confirms being part of Rajinikanth's Jailer 2: 'Nelson Dilipkumar is writing something really special' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/yogi-babu-confirms-being-part-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-nelson-dilipkumar-is-writing-something-really-special-9484854/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730131944/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/yogi-babu-confirms-being-part-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-nelson-dilipkumar-is-writing-something-really-special-9484854/ |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nelson reportedly prioritised writing comic subplots between Babu and Rajinikanth during the pre-production.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=Nelson Dilipkumar to receive Rs 60 crore for directing Rajinikanth starrer 'Jailer 2': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-to-receive-rs-60-crore-for-directing-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-2-report/articleshow/112327917.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807102254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nelson-dilipkumar-to-receive-rs-60-crore-for-directing-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-2-report/articleshow/112327917.cms |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Ramya Krishnan]] and [[Mirnaa]], who were part of the predecessor, were confirmed to be returning in April 2025.<ref name="RK">{{Cite news |date=11 April 2025 |title=Ramya Krishnan begins shooting for Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramya-krishnan-begins-shooting-for-rajinikanths-jailer-2/articleshow/120210777.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412021957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramya-krishnan-begins-shooting-for-rajinikanths-jailer-2/articleshow/120210777.cms |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Cast">{{Cite news |date=11 April 2025 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' shoot gains momentum with new cast additions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-jailer-2-shoot-gains-momentum-with-new-cast-additions/articleshow/120206782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412023937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-jailer-2-shoot-gains-momentum-with-new-cast-additions/articleshow/120206782.cms |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[S. J. Suryah]] was cast in a pivotal role after being present in the second schedule.<ref name="Cast" /> A few days later, [[Shiva Rajkumar]] confirmed he would be reprising his role from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Confirmed! Shiva Rajkumar all set to reprise his role in Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shiva-rajkumar-all-set-to-reprise-his-role-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-confirmed-2709832-2025-04-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416155710/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shiva-rajkumar-all-set-to-reprise-his-role-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-confirmed-2709832-2025-04-16 |archive-date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Shivrajkumar confirms he is a part of Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/16/shivrajkumar-confirms-he-is-a-part-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515033257/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/16/shivrajkumar-confirms-he-is-a-part-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Even before the film's production began, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] was speculated to play a guest appearance, until his involvement was confirmed in late April.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=Is Nelson Dilipkumar trying to bring in Nandamuri Balakrishna for Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-nelson-dilipkumar-trying-to-bring-in-nandamuri-balakrishna-for-rajinikanths-jailer-2/articleshow/110765470.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617121524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-nelson-dilipkumar-trying-to-bring-in-nandamuri-balakrishna-for-rajinikanths-jailer-2/articleshow/110765470.cms |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 April 2025 |title=Balakrishna roped in for a crucial role in Rajinikanth-Nelson Dilipkumar's Jailer 2; everything we know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/balakrishna-roped-in-for-a-crucial-role-in-rajinikanth-nelson-dilipkumars-jailer-2-everything-we-know-101746006320205.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515041727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/balakrishna-roped-in-for-a-crucial-role-in-rajinikanth-nelson-dilipkumars-jailer-2-everything-we-know-101746006320205.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In early May, a still from the film was leaked, which revealed that Balakrishna was to play a police officer.<ref name="TOILeak2025"/> Nelson initially planned to cast him in the predecessor but desisted as the role was brief and hoped to cast him in a larger role for the sequel.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை. |date=12 March 2025 |title=Jailer 2: இணைகிறாரா மாஸ் ஹீரோ? பட்டை தீட்டப்பட்ட ஃபார்முலா; படத்தின் கதை இது தானா? |trans-title=Jailer 2: Mass hero joining? Polished formula; Is this the story of the film? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/jailer-2-movie-shooting-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410130007/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/jailer-2-movie-shooting-update |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=BVS |date=11 May 2025 |title=Balakrishna to Play a Tough Cop in Jailer 2? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/balakrishna-to-play-a-tough-cop-in-jailer-2-1878180 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911093510/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/balakrishna-to-play-a-tough-cop-in-jailer-2-1878180 |archive-date=11 September 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film would mark Balakrishna's Tamil debut and he reportedly charged ₹22–50 crore (US$2.6–5.9 million) as remuneration.{{Efn|''[[Cinema Express]]'' reported the remuneration to be around {{INRConvert|22|c}} while ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated the final remuneration to be {{INRConvert|50|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Balakrishna joins Rajinikanth-Nelson Dilipkumar's Jailer 2 for Rs 22 crore: Report |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/21/balakrishna-joins-rajinikanth-nelson-dilipkumars-jailer-2-for-rs-22-crore-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609143602/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/21/balakrishna-joins-rajinikanth-nelson-dilipkumars-jailer-2-for-rs-22-crore-report |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Buzz: Nandamuri Balakrishna to join Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' for Rs 50 crore cameo? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/buzz-nandamuri-balakrishna-to-join-rajinikanths-jailer-2-for-rs-50-crore-cameo/articleshow/121046951.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514031643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/buzz-nandamuri-balakrishna-to-join-rajinikanths-jailer-2-for-rs-50-crore-cameo/articleshow/121046951.cms |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}} However in mid-November, it was announced that Balakrishna had exited due to alleged issues over his remuneration, though creative differences were also reported.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=12 November 2025 |title=Balakrishna turns down offer for Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2'! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/balakrishna-turns-down-offer-for-rajinikanths-jailer-2-1022721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206160356/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/balakrishna-turns-down-offer-for-rajinikanths-jailer-2-1022721 |archive-date=6 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> In late March, [[Mohanlal]] said he was open to reprising his role as Mathew from the predecessor if approached.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DHlPYdlSGiQ |user=cinemavikatan |title='ஜெயிலர் 2' படப்பிடிப்பு ஆரம்பித்திருக்கிறது. அதில் நடிக்க கூப்பிட்டால் போவேன். - சினிமா விகடன் பேட்டியில் மோகன் லால் |author=Cinema Vikatan |author-link=Cinema Vikatan |date=24 March 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=Ta |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/5ahNv |archive-date=21 April 2026 |url-status=live |trans-title=The shooting of ''Jailer 2'' has started. If I am called to act in it, I will go. - Mohanlal in an interview with ''Cinema Vikatan''}}</ref> In early May, Nelson visited the sets of ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'' and met him, reportedly to discuss his return.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Jailer 2 director's meeting with Mohanlal sparks cameo rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jailer-2-director-nelson-dilipkumar-meeting-mohanlal-hridayapoorvam-set-2720793-2025-05-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510051912/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jailer-2-director-nelson-dilipkumar-meeting-mohanlal-hridayapoorvam-set-2720793-2025-05-07 |archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

On 14 May, [[Anna Rajan]] confirmed that she is a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Anna Raajan joins Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/14/anna-raajan-joins-rajinikanths-jailer-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515033158/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/14/anna-raajan-joins-rajinikanths-jailer-2 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> During the same period, it was reported that [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Sujith Shankar]], [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Sunil Sukhada]] and [[Vineeth Thattil David]] would play significant roles in the film, after being present in the Kerala schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=20 May 2025 |title=Jailer 2: Rajinikanth-starrer's sequel ropes in more Malayalam actors apart from Lichi? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jailer-2-rajinikanth-starrers-sequel-ropes-in-more-malayalam-actors-apart-from-lichi/91f59d6a31535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612215900/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jailer-2-rajinikanth-starrers-sequel-ropes-in-more-malayalam-actors-apart-from-lichi/91f59d6a31535 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was further reported to appear in a guest role, but sources close to the actor and the production team denied such claims, adding that another Bollywood actor was being considered for that role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2025 |title=Is Shah Rukh Khan making a cameo in Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2'? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-shah-rukh-khan-making-a-cameo-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/121948857.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620054009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-shah-rukh-khan-making-a-cameo-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/121948857.cms |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan not in Jailer 2: New Bollywood star joins cast; Rajinikanth returns for high-octane sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-not-in-jailer-2-new-bollywood-star-joins-cast-rajinikanth-returns-for-high-octane-sequel/articleshow/121939001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703144646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-not-in-jailer-2-new-bollywood-star-joins-cast-rajinikanth-returns-for-high-octane-sequel/articleshow/121939001.cms |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

It was reported that [[Mithun Chakraborty]] confirmed that he would join the sets of ''Jailer 2'' from 25 August, thereby reuniting with Rajnikanth 30 years after sharing screen with him in Rajnikanth's sole Bengali film ''[[Bhagya Debata]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Mithun with Rajinikanth: 30 साल बाद रजनीकांत के साथ काम करेंगे मिथुन, बताया कैसे हुई 'जेलर 2' में एंट्री |trans-title=Mithun to work with Rajinikanth after 30 years, explains how he entered ''Jailer 2'' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-confirms-doing-jailer-2-with-rajinikanth-both-will-come-together-after-30-years-2025-08-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822220707/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-confirms-doing-jailer-2-with-rajinikanth-both-will-come-together-after-30-years-2025-08-21 |archive-date=22 August 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref> In late October, [[Vidya Balan]] was reported to play Chakraborty's daughter, which would mark her full-fledged debut in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2025 |title=Vidya Balan to Make Full-fledged Tamil Debut in Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/vidya-balan-to-make-full-fledged-tamil-debut-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-1912544 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207235946/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/vidya-balan-to-make-full-fledged-tamil-debut-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-1912544 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> after previously playing a cameo appearance in [[Ajith Kumar]] starrer ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2025 |title=Vidya Balan Joins Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2': Reports |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/vidya-balan-joins-sets-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-reports |access-date=7 September 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> In late November, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was reported to make a cameo appearance and joined the shooting spot in Goa. He was speculated to be a replacement for Balakrishna.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2025 |title=Not Nandamuri Balakrishna, But This Actor Will Have A Cameo In Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/not-nandamuri-balakrishna-but-this-actor-will-have-a-cameo-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-aa-ws-l-9739352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204003802/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/not-nandamuri-balakrishna-but-this-actor-will-have-a-cameo-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-aa-ws-l-9739352.html |archive-date=4 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2025 |title=Vijay Sethupathi To Be Part Of Rajnikanth's Jailer 2, Shoots Currently In Goa – Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-to-be-part-of-rajnikanths-jailer-2-shoots-currentlyingoareport-article-153210805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127225801/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-to-be-part-of-rajnikanths-jailer-2-shoots-currentlyingoareport-article-153210805 |archive-date=27 November 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

[[Vinayakan]], who appeared in the first film, confirmed his return in December, despite his character's death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2025 |title='Jailer 2' gets bigger: Vinayakan confirms comeback, Mohanlal jets off to join Rajinikanth's sequel shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jailer-2-gets-bigger-vinayakan-confirms-comeback-mohanlal-jets-off-to-join-rajinikanths-sequel-shoot/articleshow/125730992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203043437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jailer-2-gets-bigger-vinayakan-confirms-comeback-mohanlal-jets-off-to-join-rajinikanths-sequel-shoot/articleshow/125730992.cms |archive-date=3 December 2025 |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an interview later that month, Chakraborty confirmed the inclusion of himself and Mohanlal, and alleged the inclusion of Shah Rukh Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan To Make Appearance in Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2', Reveals Mithun Chakraborty |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/shah-rukh-khan-to-make-appearance-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-reveals-mithun-chakraborty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118144008/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/shah-rukh-khan-to-make-appearance-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-reveals-mithun-chakraborty |archive-date=18 January 2026 |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> Sethupathi confirmed his inclusion in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Jailer 2: Vijay Sethupathi says I love Rajinikanth, confirms cameo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jailer-2-vijay-sethupathi-says-i-love-rajinikanth-confirms-cameo-2852289-2026-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115084738/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jailer-2-vijay-sethupathi-says-i-love-rajinikanth-confirms-cameo-2852289-2026-01-15 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In February 2025, [[Jatin Sarna]] posted a picture from the sets, confirming his inclusion in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2026 |title=Jatin Sarna wraps up 'Jailer 2' shoot; Post hints at Vidya Balan and Mithun Chakraborty joining the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jatin-sarna-wraps-up-jailer-2-shoot-post-hints-at-vidya-balan-and-mithun-chakraborty-joining-the-film/articleshow/127900685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260428040452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jatin-sarna-wraps-up-jailer-2-shoot-post-hints-at-vidya-balan-and-mithun-chakraborty-joining-the-film/articleshow/127900685.cms |archive-date=28 April 2026 |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He also confirmed that Vidya was part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkataraman |first=Rajagopalan |date=5 February 2026 |title=The post that confirmed Mithun Chakraborty, Vidya Balan's roles in Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/the-post-that-confirmed-mithun-chakraborty-vidya-balans-roles-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207042305/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/the-post-that-confirmed-mithun-chakraborty-vidya-balans-roles-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2 |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=1 May 2026 |website=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref> Suraj Venjaramoodu confirmed his inclusion in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu: Jailer 2 surpasses first part, Rajinikanth sir is a magician |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/03/suraj-venjaramoodu-jailer-2-surpasses-first-part-rajinikanth-sir-is-a-magician |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313075222/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/03/suraj-venjaramoodu-jailer-2-surpasses-first-part-rajinikanth-sir-is-a-magician |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan reportedly declined a cameo role despite previously accepting to shoot for five days after it was clear that ''Jailer 2'' was releasing before ''[[King (2026 film)|King]]'', and he did not want to have his ''King'' look in any previous film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shachi |date=7 April 2026 |title=Shah Rukh Khan To NOT Have A Cameo In Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 For This Reason: Find Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-to-not-have-a-cameo-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-for-this-reason-find-out-ws-l-10019437.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409133344/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-to-not-have-a-cameo-in-rajinikanths-jailer-2-for-this-reason-find-out-ws-l-10019437.html |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> Later, [[Hrithik Roshan]] was reported to have been cast in the role intended for Khan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Abira Dhar |date=11 June 2026 |title=Exclusive: Hrithik Roshan All Set To Reunite With Rajinikanth After 40 Years In <i>Jailer 2</i> |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/exclusive-hrithik-roshan-all-set-to-reunite-with-rajinikanth-after-40-years-in-jailer-2-11623017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618103812/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/exclusive-hrithik-roshan-all-set-to-reunite-with-rajinikanth-after-40-years-in-jailer-2-11623017 |archive-date=18 June 2026 |access-date=20 June 2026 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 10 March 2025 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Rajinikanth and Mohanlal's Jailer 2 goes on floors |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rajinikanths-jailer-2-goes-on-floors-825748 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310062517/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rajinikanths-jailer-2-goes-on-floors-825748 |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> It was reported that sequences featuring only Rajinikanth were filmed first, over a span of around 15–20 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=ஜெயிலர் - 2 படப்பிடிப்பு தொடங்கியது! அதிகாரபூர்வ அறிவிப்பு! |trans-title=''Jailer 2'' shooting has begun! Official announcement! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/10/jailer-2-shooting-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312153527/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/10/jailer-2-shooting-3 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=10 March 2025 |title=10 days after Coolie wrap, Rajini commences Jailer 2 shoot |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/10-days-after-coolie-wrap-rajini-commences-jailer-2-shoot-825798 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826155220/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/10-days-after-coolie-wrap-rajini-commences-jailer-2-shoot-825798 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> The team initially shot a few portions at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Royapettah]], before planning to move to [[East Coast Road]] for major sequences.<ref name=":10" /> A large village set was reportedly erected at Adityaram Studios for this schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=Rajinikanth's viral moment with Lokesh Kanagaraj, Nelson Dilipkumar, and Karthik Subbaraj on 'Jailer 2' sets sparks buzz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-viral-moment-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-nelson-dilipkumar-and-karthik-subbaraj-on-jailer-2-sets-sparks-buzz/articleshow/119258237.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320185027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-viral-moment-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-nelson-dilipkumar-and-karthik-subbaraj-on-jailer-2-sets-sparks-buzz/articleshow/119258237.cms |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The second schedule commenced in [[Attappadi taluk|Attappadi]], [[Kerala]], on 11 April, with Ramya Krishnan, Mirnaa Menon and S. J. Suryah joining the shoot.<ref name="RK" /> The team filmed significant portions along the Tamil Nadu—Kerala border for around 20 days, before moving to [[Coimbatore]] for a brief schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2025 |title=Rajinikanth surprises fans with a temple visit while on his way to the 'Jailer 2' shoot in the Kerala hills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-surprises-fans-with-a-temple-visit-while-on-his-way-to-the-jailer-2-shoot-in-the-kerala-hills/articleshow/120610481.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522065302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-surprises-fans-with-a-temple-visit-while-on-his-way-to-the-jailer-2-shoot-in-the-kerala-hills/articleshow/120610481.cms |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="TOILeak2025">{{Cite news |date=1 May 2025 |title='Jailer 2' leaked still reveals Nandamuri Balakrishna's addition in Rajinikanth's much-awaited sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-leaked-still-reveals-nandamuri-balakrishnas-addition-in-rajinikanths-much-awaited-sequel/articleshow/120781674.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618191601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-leaked-still-reveals-nandamuri-balakrishnas-addition-in-rajinikanths-much-awaited-sequel/articleshow/120781674.cms |archive-date=18 June 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In mid-May, the third schedule took place in [[Kozhikode]], where filming was planned for 30 days.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Rajinikanth joins Jailer 2 shoot in Kozhikode, welcomed with Hukum song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-joins-jailer-2-shoot-in-kozhikode-welcomed-with-hukum-2723572-2025-05-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512140543/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-joins-jailer-2-shoot-in-kozhikode-welcomed-with-hukum-2723572-2025-05-12 |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth joined the schedule six days after it began.<ref name=":11" /> Upon completing his portions, he returned to Chennai later that month, stating that filming was expected to [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrap]] by December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Rajinikanth Shares Major Update About Jailer 2: Film To Be Completed By... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/rajinikanth-shares-major-update-about-jailer-2-nelson-dilipkumar-article-151695407/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523050637/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/rajinikanth-shares-major-update-about-jailer-2-nelson-dilipkumar-article-151695407 |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

In mid-June, the team travelled to [[Mysore]] for a concurrent schedule, where a special set was constructed at [[Bilikere, Mysore|Bilikere]] near [[Hunsur]] for sequences featuring Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2025 |title=Rajinikanth filming key scenes from Jailer 2 in Hunsur: Sources |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajinikanth-filming-key-scenes-from-jailer-2-in-hunsur-sources/articleshow/121949800.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708195637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajinikanth-filming-key-scenes-from-jailer-2-in-hunsur-sources/articleshow/121949800.cms |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Rajinikanth Starts Filming Jailer 2 In Mysore, Massive Crowd Gathers To See Superstar |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/rajinikanth-starts-filming-jailer-2-in-mysore-massive-crowd-gathers-to-see-superstar-ws-l-9398938.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624103340/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/rajinikanth-starts-filming-jailer-2-in-mysore-massive-crowd-gathers-to-see-superstar-ws-l-9398938.html |archive-date=24 June 2025 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> After its completing this schedule, the team returned to Chennai for another leg of filming in July. Reportedly, Mohanlal joined during this period to shoot his portions, along with other supporting cast members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2025 |title=Did Mohanlal begin shooting for 'Jailer 2' in Chennai with Rajinikanth? here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/did-mohanlal-begin-shooting-for-jailer-2-in-chennai-with-rajinikanth-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/122305644.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711225602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/did-mohanlal-begin-shooting-for-jailer-2-in-chennai-with-rajinikanth-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/122305644.cms |archive-date=11 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Following a short break for the promotions and release of [[Coolie (2025 film)|''Coolie'']] (2025), Rajinikanth resumed filming with a schedule in [[Palakkad]], Kerala, on 8 September.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=8 September 2025 |title=Rajinikanth greets fans at Palakkad during Jailer 2 shoot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/23/rajinikanth-greets-fans-at-palakkad-during-jailer-2-shoot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012143625/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/23/rajinikanth-greets-fans-at-palakkad-during-jailer-2-shoot |archive-date=12 October 2025 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Shiva Rajkumar also began filming his portions during this schedule,<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2025 |title=Jailer 2: Shiva Rajkumar starts filming for the Rajinikanth starrer—new video goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-shiva-rajkumar-starts-filming-for-the-rajinikanth-starrernew-video-goes-viral/articleshow/123780086.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030104900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-shiva-rajkumar-starts-filming-for-the-rajinikanth-starrernew-video-goes-viral/articleshow/123780086.cms |archive-date=30 October 2025 |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which was completed by 24 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Jailer 2: Rajinikanth Reveals Film's Release Date After Wrapping Up Kerala Schedule |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/jailer-2-rajinikanth-reveals-films-release-date-after-wrapping-up-kerala-schedule-enn25092403801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501011545/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/jailer-2-rajinikanth-reveals-films-release-date-after-wrapping-up-kerala-schedule-enn25092403801 |archive-date=1 May 2026 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]]}}</ref> After a brief schedule in Chennai in early October, the team planned to film the remaining portions in [[Goa]] in late October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=Vidya Balan to Join Rajinikanth in Jailer 2 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vidya-balan-to-join-rajinikanth-in-jailer-2_-78674.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251029163802/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vidya-balan-to-join-rajinikanth-in-jailer-2_-78674.html |archive-date=29 October 2025 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth arrived at Goa for the schedule on 29 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Rajinikanth flies economy to Goa for Jailer 2, greets passengers onboard. Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-flies-economy-to-goa-for-jailer-2-greets-passengers-onboard-video-2810297-2025-10-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104232927/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-flies-economy-to-goa-for-jailer-2-greets-passengers-onboard-video-2810297-2025-10-29 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> This schedule ended in early November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2025 |title=Rajinikanth wraps Goa schedule of Jailer 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/03/rajinikanth-wraps-goa-schedule-of-jailer-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106205937/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/03/rajinikanth-wraps-goa-schedule-of-jailer-2 |archive-date=6 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The final schedule began in Kerala in late January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2026 |title=Rajinikanth reaches Kochi to complete final schedule of Jailer 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/20/rajinikanth-reaches-kochi-to-complete-final-schedule-of-jailer-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121050943/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/20/rajinikanth-reaches-kochi-to-complete-final-schedule-of-jailer-2 |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] that April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2026 |title=Rajinikanth announces Jailer 2 wrap; confirms August shoot with Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-announces-jailer-2-wrap-confirms-august-shoot-with-kamal-haasan-1775309373436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260405140853/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-announces-jailer-2-wrap-confirms-august-shoot-with-kamal-haasan-1775309373436 |archive-date=5 April 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=[[WION]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2026 |title=It's a wrap for Rajinikanth's Jailer 2, makers to announce release date soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-jailer-2-digital-rights-sold-160-crore-amazon-2899353-2026-04-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421090021/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-jailer-2-digital-rights-sold-160-crore-amazon-2899353-2026-04-21 |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In mid-May, an electrician died of accidental electrocution on a set that was being constructed for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2026 |title=Jailer 2: Crew member passes away on set due to electrocution |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/May/14/jailer-2-crew-member-passes-away-on-set-due-to-electrocution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260516055429/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/May/14/jailer-2-crew-member-passes-away-on-set-due-to-electrocution |archive-date=16 May 2026 |access-date=16 May 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It was later clarified that Nelson was planning 30 days of [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|reshoots]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=17 June 2026 |title=Jailer 2 likely to lock horns with Arasan for Deepavali |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/jailer-2-likely-to-lock-horns-with-arasan-for-deepavali |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618061042/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/jailer-2-likely-to-lock-horns-with-arasan-for-deepavali |archive-date=18 June 2026 |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> In late August, Rajinikanth revealed that overall filming was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2026 |title='Jailer 2 shooting over': Rajinikanth confirms wrap, shares update on film with Kamal Haasan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-confirms-wrap-on-jailer-2-and-shares-update-on-film-with-kamal-haasan-10850606/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826152220/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-confirms-wrap-on-jailer-2-and-shares-update-on-film-with-kamal-haasan-10850606/ |archive-date=26 August 2026 |access-date=26 August 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack and film score is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], marking his fifth collaboration with Nelson and sixth with Rajinikanth. "Hukum Reloaded" was the track featured on the announcement teaser that released on 14 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2025 |title='Jailer 2' teaser: "Hukum Reloaded!", netizens react to Rajinikanth's power-packed promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-teaser-hukum-reloaded-netizens-react-to-rajinikanths-power-packed-promo/articleshow/117250549.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305184909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-2-teaser-hukum-reloaded-netizens-react-to-rajinikanths-power-packed-promo/articleshow/117250549.cms |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The instrumental track "One Name" was released separately on 3 July 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2026 |title=One Name (From "Jailer 2") – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/one-name-from-jailer-2-single/6786999810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260826160855/https://music.apple.com/in/album/one-name-from-jailer-2-single/6786999810 |archive-date=26 August 2026 |access-date=26 August 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

"Ala Bolelo", marketed as the first single, was released on 21 August 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2026 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' song 'Ala Bolelo' out: Anirudh's peppy number featuring Shamna Kasim gets fans grooving |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-jailer-2-song-ala-bolelo-out-anirudhs-peppy-number-featuring-shamna-kasim-gets-fans-grooving/articleshow/133407025.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827145012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-jailer-2-song-ala-bolelo-out-anirudhs-peppy-number-featuring-shamna-kasim-gets-fans-grooving/articleshow/133407025.cms |archive-date=27 August 2026 |access-date=2 September 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song, which includes seemingly [[Malayalam]] lyrics, received backlash over Anirudh's apparent mispronunciation of Malayalam words and the grammar too was questioned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2026 |title='Very mid, boring': Netizens slam Rajinikanth-starrer Jailer 2's song 'Ala Bolelo' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/netizens-slam-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-2s-song-ala-bolelo-over-malayalam-lyrics-10843926/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260822152219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/netizens-slam-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-2s-song-ala-bolelo-over-malayalam-lyrics-10843926/ |archive-date=22 August 2026 |access-date=23 August 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Lyricist [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] clarified that the "Malayalam" lyrics were indeed gibberish except for a few words like "Eda Mone", but he had no intention to hurt or ridicule [[Malayalis|Malayali]] people, adding that the song was given a [[Kerala]] feel due to part of the story taking place there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sulthana |first=Salma |date=25 August 2026 |title=Is 'Ala Bolelo' actually Malayalam? Arunraja Kamaraj finally responds to 'Jailer 2' song backlash |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/regional/jailer-2-ala-bolelo-viral-song-malayalam-lyrics-controversy-arunraja-kamaraj-clarification-uz43f3el |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260825070317/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/regional/jailer-2-ala-bolelo-viral-song-malayalam-lyrics-controversy-arunraja-kamaraj-clarification-uz43f3el |archive-date=25 August 2026 |access-date=26 August 2026 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hukum Reloaded
| length1 = 1:31
| lyrics1 = Super Subu
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| title2 = One Name
| length2 = 1:00
| lyrics2 = [[Heisenberg (lyricist)|Heisenberg]]
| extra2 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title3 = Ala Bolelo
| length3 = 4:00
| lyrics3 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander, Niranjana Raman, Aparna Harikumar, [[Deepthi Suresh]]
}}

== Marketing ==
The film's announcement teaser was screened in major single-screen theatres and multiplexes across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and parts of North India, in conjunction with its release on [[YouTube]] on 14 January 2025, coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2025 |title='Jailer 2' announcement on January 14? List of theatres showing promo out |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/01/13/jailer-2-announcement-on-january-14-list-of-theatres-showing-promo-out.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201111545/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/01/13/jailer-2-announcement-on-january-14-list-of-theatres-showing-promo-out.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=15 January 2025 |title=Teaser of Rajinikanth-led 'Jailer 2' out! 'Records will be shattered left and right,' say netizens |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/jailer-2-teaser-promo-rajinikanth-thalaiva-nelson-dilipkumar-anirudh-mohanlal-shivaraj-kumar-muthuvel-pandian-tamil-cinema-kollywood-social-media-reactions-460835-2025-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117033328/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/jailer-2-teaser-promo-rajinikanth-thalaiva-nelson-dilipkumar-anirudh-mohanlal-shivaraj-kumar-muthuvel-pandian-tamil-cinema-kollywood-social-media-reactions-460835-2025-01-15 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> A [[behind-the-scenes]] video was released shortly thereafter, disproving rumours that Rajinikanth used a [[body double]] for the action sequences of the teaser.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Did Rajinikanth use a body double for the 'Jailer 2' teaser? The makers put an end to rumors with a BTS video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-rajinikanth-use-a-body-double-for-the-jailer-2-teaser-the-makers-put-an-end-to-rumors-with-a-bts-video/articleshow/117326321.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117172007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-rajinikanth-use-a-body-double-for-the-jailer-2-teaser-the-makers-put-an-end-to-rumors-with-a-bts-video/articleshow/117326321.cms |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's release date was revealed via announcement teaser on 2 July 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2026 |title=Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 locks release date: Sun Pictures drops explosive new teaser, watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-film-jailer-2-locks-release-date-sun-pictures-drops-explosive-new-teaser-10768442/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702140830/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-film-jailer-2-locks-release-date-sun-pictures-drops-explosive-new-teaser-10768442/ |archive-date=2 July 2026 |access-date=2 July 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Jailer 2'' will release theatrically on 15 October 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2026 |title='Jailer 2': Rajinikanth-Nelson film gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jailer-2-rajinikanth-nelson-film-gets-release-date/article71174331.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702130916/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jailer-2-rajinikanth-nelson-film-gets-release-date/article71174331.ece |archive-date=2 July 2026 |access-date=2 July 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jailer 2 release date announced: Rajinikanth's action sequel to arrive in October |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jailer-2-release-date-announced-rajinikanth-action-sequel-to-arrive-in-october-2939206-2026-07-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702134241/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jailer-2-release-date-announced-rajinikanth-action-sequel-to-arrive-in-october-2939206-2026-07-02 |archive-date=2 July 2026 |access-date=2 July 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In September 2025, Rajinikanth announced that the film would release on 12 June 2026;<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Rajinikanth confirms release date for Nelson Dilipkumar's Jailer 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/24/rajinikanth-confirms-release-date-for-nelson-dilipkumars-jailer-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924151756/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/24/rajinikanth-confirms-release-date-for-nelson-dilipkumars-jailer-2 |archive-date=24 September 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> however the date was not met.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Divya |date=16 February 2026 |title=Jailer 2: Rajinikanth completes shooting, Nelson film not to keep June 12 release date? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jailer-2-rajinikanth-completes-shooting-nelson-film-release-date/f1729435b0800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306230528/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jailer-2-rajinikanth-completes-shooting-nelson-film-release-date/f1729435b0800 |archive-date=6 March 2026 |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> In April 2026, clips of ''Jailer 2'' were leaked online and started circulating on social media. Sun Pictures issued a statement stating that their anti-piracy team was actively working towards removing the leaked content online and taking action against social media accounts sharing or promoting them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |editor-last=Behera |editor-first=Snigdha Sweta |title=Rajinikanth's Jailer 2 video leaked online after Jana Nayagan, makers warn of strict action |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-s-jailer-2-video-leaked-online-after-jana-nayagan-makers-warn-of-strict-action-1776430741569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424105732/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-s-jailer-2-video-leaked-online-after-jana-nayagan-makers-warn-of-strict-action-1776430741569 |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=[[WION]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Jailer 2 leak after Jana Nayagan: Does Kollywood have security issues |url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/jailer-2-leak-after-jana-nayagan-does-kollywood-have-security-issues-239495 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501003326/https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/jailer-2-leak-after-jana-nayagan-does-kollywood-have-security-issues-239495 |archive-date=1 May 2026 |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=[[The Federal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Days after 'Jana Nayagan' leak, clips of Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' surface online |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/days-after-jana-nayagan-leak-clips-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-surface-online/cid/2156547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501005715/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/days-after-jana-nayagan-leak-clips-of-rajinikanths-jailer-2-surface-online/cid/2156547 |archive-date=1 May 2026 |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|jailer-2}}

{{Nelson Dilipkumar}}


[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nelson Dilipkumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Sun Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]

Dharman

2026-09-20T15:42:12Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Ashwath Marimuthu}}
{{distinguish|Dharmam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dharman poster.jpg
| caption = Second look poster
| director = [[Ashwath Marimuthu]]
| writer = Ashwath Marimuthu
| producer = [[Kamal Haasan]]<br />R. Mahendran
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajinikanth]]
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
* [[Raashii Khanna]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Niketh Bommi]]
| editing = [[Pradeep E. Ragav]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]<br />Turmeric Media
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = 
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Dharman''''' ({{Translation|[[Dharma#Hinduism|Righteous man]]}}; also marketed as '''''Dharman: The Deadly Doctor''''') is an upcoming Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ashwath Marimuthu]]. Produced by [[Kamal Haasan]]'s [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] together with Turmeric Media, it stars [[Rajinikanth]], alongside [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Yogi Babu]].

The film, tentatively titled ''Thalaivar 173'', was announced in September 2025. [[Sundar C]] was announced as the director two months later but soon opted out. In January 2026, Cibi Chakravathi was named as Sundar's replacement. However, that June, Ashwath was announced as the director alongside the film's official title, and filming began shortly thereafter. The film has music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography handled by [[Niketh Bommi]] and editing by [[Pradeep E. Ragav]].

== Cast ==
* [[Rajinikanth]]
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
* [[Raashii Khanna]]
* [[Yogi Babu]]

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After the success of [[Coolie (2025 film)|''Coolie'']] in mid-2025, it was reported that [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] would collaborate as lead actors after 46 years, since ''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]'' (1979) under the direction of [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2025 |title=Buzz: Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan to reunite after 46 years; Lokesh Kanagaraj to direct gangster drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-to-reunite-after-46-years-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-direct-gangster-drama/articleshow/123382983.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923150429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-to-reunite-after-46-years-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-direct-gangster-drama/articleshow/123382983.cms |archive-date=23 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2025 |title=Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan to reunite after 46 years in Lokesh Kanagaraj's upcoming gangster drama? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-to-reunite-in-lokesh-kanagarajs-upcoming-gangster-drama-10198411/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011225110/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-to-reunite-in-lokesh-kanagarajs-upcoming-gangster-drama-10198411/ |archive-date=11 October 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> That September, at an award night, Haasan confirmed a potential collaboration with Rajinikanth.<ref name="reunion">{{Cite news |date=7 September 2025 |title=Kamal Haasan confirms reuniting with Rajinikanth on screen after 46 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-confirms-reuniting-with-rajinikanth-on-screen-after-46-years/article70023706.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910200651/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-confirms-reuniting-with-rajinikanth-on-screen-after-46-years/article70023706.ece |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A few days later, Rajinikanth announced that he had signed his 173rd film with Haasan's company, [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], which would be distributed by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=17 September 2025 |title=Rajinikanth hints at collaboration with Kamal Haasan: Yet to decide director |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-film-director-script-yet-to-decide-2788672-2025-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019035159/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-film-director-script-yet-to-decide-2788672-2025-09-17 |archive-date=19 October 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, he also stated that the director for the project had yet to be finalised.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2025 |title=Rajinikanth confirms project with Kamal Haasan's RKFI and Red Giant Movies: Yet to finalise the director, says superstar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-project-rkfi-and-red-giant-movies-lokesh-kanagaraj-raaj-kamal-films-international-jailer-2/article70060010.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917073744/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-project-rkfi-and-red-giant-movies-lokesh-kanagaraj-raaj-kamal-films-international-jailer-2/article70060010.ece |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Manisha |date=17 September 2025 |title=Rajinikanth talks about dream collaboration with Kamal Haasan after 46 years, says 'we need a...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajinikanth-talks-about-dream-collaboration-with-kamal-haasan-after-46-years-says-we-need-a-3180521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917095431/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajinikanth-talks-about-dream-collaboration-with-kamal-haasan-after-46-years-says-we-need-a-3180521 |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> The following month, it was reported that due to the subpar critical response to ''Coolie'', Rajinikanth and Haasan had discussions with other directors besides Lokesh, with [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] emerging a front-runner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2025 |title=NOT Lokesh Kanagaraj, THIS director to helm Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan reunion, fans excited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-lokesh-kanagaraj-this-director-to-helm-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-reunion-fans-excited/articleshow/124826403.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303004445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-lokesh-kanagaraj-this-director-to-helm-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-reunion-fans-excited/articleshow/124826403.cms |archive-date=3 March 2026 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Lokesh later clarified that he spent over a month writing a script for Rajinikanth and Haasan; they wanted him to direct them in a "light hearted" film as a break from the consecutive action films they had been acting in, but Lokesh refused, feeling he did not specialise in such films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=26 January 2026 |title=Not Coolie: Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals why he isn't a part of Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan's Thalaivar 173 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/26/not-coolie-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-why-he-isnt-a-part-of-rajinikanth-kamal-haasans-thalaivar-173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218042218/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/26/not-coolie-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-why-he-isnt-a-part-of-rajinikanth-kamal-haasans-thalaivar-173 |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> After some reports claimed that [[Pradeep Ranganathan]] would direct the project, he denied this during an interview with [[Anupama Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2025 |title=Pradeep Ranganathan says 'No' to directing Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan project; Chooses acting over direction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-ranganathan-says-no-to-directing-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-project-chooses-acting-over-direction/articleshow/124374353.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009214640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-ranganathan-says-no-to-directing-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-project-chooses-acting-over-direction/articleshow/124374353.cms |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Prior to the project's official commencement, Rajinikanth was reported to reunite with [[Sundar C]] after [[Arunachalam (film)|''Arunachalam'']] (1997) for a separate film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2025 |title=Rajinikanth's next after 'Jailer 2' will be with THIS director; A reunion loading after 30 years, fans excited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-next-after-jailer-2-will-be-with-this-director-a-reunion-loading-after-30-years-fans-excited/articleshow/124601526.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016101744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-next-after-jailer-2-will-be-with-this-director-a-reunion-loading-after-30-years-fans-excited/articleshow/124601526.cms |archive-date=16 October 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Reports claimed that production was set to begin immediately after the actor completed ''[[Jailer 2]]'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Rajinikanth and Sundar C to reunite for a new film: Reports |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/15/rajinikanth-and-sundar-c-to-reunite-for-a-new-film-reports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111165608/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/15/rajinikanth-and-sundar-c-to-reunite-for-a-new-film-reports |archive-date=11 November 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> However, on 5 November, Sundar was announced as the director of this project, also reuniting with Haasan after ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan unite for Thalaivar 173, eye Pongal 2027 release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-unite-for-thalaivar-173-eye-pongal-2027-release-2814216-2025-11-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115030620/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-unite-for-thalaivar-173-eye-pongal-2027-release-2814216-2025-11-05 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was also confirmed that Haasan's role was limited to producing, rather than acting as previously rumoured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2025 |title=Thailavar 173: Makers Of Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan Film Celebrate 'Two Kings' Decades Of Friendship' With New Promos |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thailavar-173-makers-of-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-film-celebrate-two-kings-decades-of-friendship-with-new-promos-article-153123995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110230031/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thailavar-173-makers-of-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-film-celebrate-two-kings-decades-of-friendship-with-new-promos-article-153123995 |archive-date=10 November 2025 |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> On 13 November, just over a week after the announcement, Sundar announced his exit from the project, citing "unforeseen and unavoidable circumstances".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2025 |title=Director Sundar C exits Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 173, produced by Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sundar-c-exits-thalaivar-173-film-project-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-2818751-2025-11-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113110118/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sundar-c-exits-thalaivar-173-film-project-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-2818751-2025-11-13 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Ashwath Marimuthu]] was later approached and developed a script that impressed Rajnikanth. Discussions regarding casting had begun, but Ashwath was ultimately unable to continue for undisclosed reasons.<ref name="AshwathConsidered">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2026 |title=Ashwath Marimuthu says he was considered for Thalaivar 173: 'Rajini sir even discussed villain casting, but...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/25/ashwath-marimuthu-says-he-was-considered-for-thalaivar-173-rajini-sir-even-discussed-villain-casting-but |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326034656/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/25/ashwath-marimuthu-says-he-was-considered-for-thalaivar-173-rajini-sir-even-discussed-villain-casting-but |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Cibi Chakravarthy, who previously directed [[Don (2022 film)|''Don'']] (2022), was announced as the new director on 3 January 2026.<ref name="cibi">{{Cite news |date=3 January 2026 |title='Thalaivar 173': Cibi Chakaravarthi to helm Rajinikanth's next with Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivar-173-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-cibi-chakaravarthi/article70466552.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112122902/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivar-173-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-cibi-chakaravarthi/article70466552.ece |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Later that month, Rajinikanth revealed that [[principal photography]] would begin in April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Thalaivar 173: Rajinikanth shares new update on film with Cibi Chakravarthy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-begins-shooting-new-film-cibi-chakravarthy-april-pongal-farmer-appreciation-2852307-2026-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207083729/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-begins-shooting-new-film-cibi-chakravarthy-april-pongal-farmer-appreciation-2852307-2026-01-15 |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, in April, reports emerged that Cibi had also left the film and that Ashwath was being considered as his replacement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2026 |title=Rajinikanth's film to undergo another change: Is it Ashwath Marimuthu over Cibi? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-173-director-change-ashwath-marimuthu-in-talks-cibi-chakravarthi-exit-2895314-2026-04-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419060331/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-173-director-change-ashwath-marimuthu-in-talks-cibi-chakravarthi-exit-2895314-2026-04-13 |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> At the end of the month, this report was contradicted by other reports claiming Cibi remained attached to direct and was revising the script at Rajinikanth's request.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2026 |title=Thalaivar 173: Cibi Chakravarthy Confirmed for Rajinikanth's Upcoming Film Despite Speculations of a Replacement; Kamal Haasan Supports the Decision |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/thalaivar-173-cibi-chakravarthy-retained-rumours-article-154214187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501133031/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/thalaivar-173-cibi-chakravarthy-retained-rumours-article-154214187 |archive-date=1 May 2026 |access-date=1 May 2026 |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]}}</ref> Sundar later revealed that he had left the project due to feeling pressured and preferred to make films according to his own creative vision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=Sundar C on quitting Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan's Thalaivar 173: 'I couldn't handle the pressure...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/May/03/sundar-c-on-quitting-rajinikanth-kamal-haasans-thalaivar-173-i-couldnt-handle-the-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260512075408/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/May/03/sundar-c-on-quitting-rajinikanth-kamal-haasans-thalaivar-173-i-couldnt-handle-the-pressure |archive-date=12 May 2026 |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

On 24 June 2026, the film's title was announced as ''Dharman'', and Ashwath was confirmed to be the new director and writer;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Rituparna |date=24 June 2026 |title=Rajinikanth's Dharman First Look Out: Producer Kamal Haasan Unveils Powerful Poster; Fans Scream 'Thalaivaaaaaaa' |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/rajinikanths-dharman-first-look-out-producer-kamal-haasan-unveils-powerful-poster-fans-scream-thalaivaaaaaaa-212339/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624073423/https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/rajinikanths-dharman-first-look-out-producer-kamal-haasan-unveils-powerful-poster-fans-scream-thalaivaaaaaaa-212339/ |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref> Turmeric Media were also revealed to be producing the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2026 |title='Thalaivar 173': Rajinikanth's Film Titled 'Dharman'; Ashwath Marimuthu to Direct |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/story/features/insight/thalaivar-173-rajinikanths-film-titled-dharman-ashwath-marimuthu-to-direct |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625130123/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/story/features/insight/thalaivar-173-rajinikanths-film-titled-dharman-ashwath-marimuthu-to-direct |archive-date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> Speaking at the title announcement event, Rajinikanth revealed that [[K. S. Ravikumar]] had discussions to direct before Sundar, and the latter left due to "prior commitments". He said he appreciated Cibi's script, based on nuclear weaponry, but it was shelved as it needed "a different level of planning and budget" due to its large scale. Rajinikanth expressed admiration for Ashwath's ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' (2025), which played a key role in approaching him, and said although Haasan was initially unwilling to listen to Ashwath's script, leaving Rajinikanth to take a decision, Rajinikanth urged him to listen, and Haasan finalised Ashwath as director after both men were impressed with his script.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2026 |title=Dharman: Rajinikanth reveals Ashwath Marimuthu as fourth director after Sundar C, Cibi Chakravarthy, and... |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/24/dharman-rajinikanth-reveals-ashwath-marimuthu-as-fourth-director-after-sundar-c-cibi-chakravarthy-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624075105/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/24/dharman-rajinikanth-reveals-ashwath-marimuthu-as-fourth-director-after-sundar-c-cibi-chakravarthy-and |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Rajinikanth will be playing a doctor in the film, marking the first time in his career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2026 |title='Thalaivar 173': Is Rajinikanth playing a doctor for the first time in his career in the Ashwath Marimuthu directorial? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalaivar-173-is-rajinikanth-playing-a-doctor-for-the-first-time-in-his-career-in-the-ashwath-marimuthu-directorial/articleshow/131613524.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260610143828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalaivar-173-is-rajinikanth-playing-a-doctor-for-the-first-time-in-his-career-in-the-ashwath-marimuthu-directorial/articleshow/131613524.cms |archive-date=10 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2026 |title=Dharman First Look: Rajinikanth Is A Doctor With 'Killer' Instinct In Kamal Haasan's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dharman-first-look-rajinikanth-is-a-doctor-with-killer-instinct-in-kamal-haasans-film-11679755/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624145953/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dharman-first-look-rajinikanth-is-a-doctor-with-killer-instinct-in-kamal-haasans-film-11679755/ |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Kamal Haasan was suggested by early reports to star alongside Rajinikanth, reuniting with him on screen after 46 years.<ref name="reunion" /> However, when Sundar was announced as director in November 2025, it was confirmed that Haasan would participate solely as producer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2025 |title=Kamal Haasan to produce Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 173 film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-to-produce-rajinikanths-thalaivar-173-film/articleshow/125112135.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624155236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-to-produce-rajinikanths-thalaivar-173-film/articleshow/125112135.cms |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 24 June 2026, [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Raashii Khanna]] were announced as the film's lead actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2026 |title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar173 Titled Dharman, Kamal Haasan Reveals How Collab Was Planned Mid-air 40 Years Ago |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/rajinikanths-thalaivar173-titled-dharman-kamal-haasan-reveals-how-collab-was-planned-mid-air-40-years-ago-enn26062402391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624074456/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/rajinikanths-thalaivar173-titled-dharman-kamal-haasan-reveals-how-collab-was-planned-mid-air-40-years-ago-enn26062402391 |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]]}}</ref> The film is Simran's second collaboration with Rajinikanth after ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2026 |title=Dharman: Simran recalls conversation she had with Rajinikanth after Petta: 'I waited...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/24/dharman-simran-recalls-conversation-she-had-with-rajinikanth-after-petta-i-waited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624171640/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/24/dharman-simran-recalls-conversation-she-had-with-rajinikanth-after-petta-i-waited |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Yogi Babu]] also joined the cast of the film, in his fourth collaboration with Rajinikanth after ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020), ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023) and ''Jailer 2''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=24 June 2026 |title='Dharman' is Rajinikanth's next; Ashwath Marimuthu replaces Cibi Chakaravarthi as director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharman-rajinikanth-ashwath-marimuthu-kamal-haasan-raaj-kamal-films-international/article71140477.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624153324/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharman-rajinikanth-ashwath-marimuthu-kamal-haasan-raaj-kamal-films-international/article71140477.ece |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Discussions regarding additional casting had previously taken place during Ashwath's initial involvement with the project.<ref name="AshwathConsidered" /> [[Ram Pothineni]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]], and [[Mysskin]] were reportedly to play an important roles, but not yet confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2026 |title=Dharman: Ram Pothineni to star as antagonist opposite Rajinikanth? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Aug/19/dharman-ram-pothineni-to-star-as-antagonist-opposite-rajinikanth |access-date=6 September 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2026 |title=Rukmini Vasanth Bags Key Role in Rajinikanth's 'Dharman'? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/rukmini-vasanth-bags-key-role-in-rajinikanths-dharman-1971028 |access-date=7 September 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2026 |title=Mysskin to play important role in Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 173? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/05/mysskin-to-play-important-role-in-rajinikanths-thalaivar-173 |access-date=7 September 2026 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began on 25 June 2026 in Chennai with a song sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2026 |title='தர்மன்' படப்பிடிப்பு தொடங்கியது: டிசம்பரில் படம் ரிலீஸ்? |trans-title=''Dharman'' begins filming: Releasing in December? |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/139061 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625121846/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/139061 |archive-date=25 June 2026 |access-date=25 June 2026 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2026 |title=Dharman: Rajinikanth begins shooting for Ashwath Marimuthu film, new poster out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dharman-rajinikanth-begins-shooting-for-ashwath-marimuthu-film-new-poster-out-2934274-2026-06-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626004821/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dharman-rajinikanth-begins-shooting-for-ashwath-marimuthu-film-new-poster-out-2934274-2026-06-25 |archive-date=26 June 2026 |access-date=26 June 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Two days later, filming was halted due the death of actor and filmmaker [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Rajinikanth chose to pay his last respects to Bhagyaraj.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2026 |title=Rajinikanth halts 'Dharman' shoot to pay last respects to K. Bhagyaraj; calls the late filmmaker wonderful human being |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-halts-dharman-shoot-to-pay-last-respects-to-k-bhagyaraj-calls-the-late-filmmaker-wonderful-human-being/articleshow/132032089.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260627140637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-halts-dharman-shoot-to-pay-last-respects-to-k-bhagyaraj-calls-the-late-filmmaker-wonderful-human-being/articleshow/132032089.cms |archive-date=27 June 2026 |access-date=27 June 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite this, the first filming schedule had ended by early July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2026 |title=Dharman art director recalls first look shoot experience with Rajinikanth: 'He admired his...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jul/05/dharman-art-director-recalls-first-look-shoot-experience-with-rajinikanth-he-admired-his |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707100322/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jul/05/dharman-art-director-recalls-first-look-shoot-experience-with-rajinikanth-he-admired-his |archive-date=7 July 2026 |access-date=9 July 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second schedule began on 13 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2026 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Dharman' unit begins second schedule |url=https://ianslive.in/rajinikanths-dharman-unit-begins-second-schedule--20260813100244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260813134219/https://ianslive.in/rajinikanths-dharman-unit-begins-second-schedule--20260813100244 |archive-date=13 August 2026 |access-date=13 August 2026 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANSLive]]}}</ref> During this schedule, several key portions, including an action sequence featuring Rajinikanth, were shot,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-13 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Dharman' begins second schedule; Makers drop BTS glimpse from sets |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajinikanths-dharman-begins-second-schedule-makers-drop-bts-glimpse-from-sets-4109690 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814172855/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajinikanths-dharman-begins-second-schedule-makers-drop-bts-glimpse-from-sets-4109690 |archive-date=August 14, 2026 |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and the schedule was completed by 4 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-04 |title=Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan's Dharman wraps second filming schedule |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Sep/04/rajinikanth-kamal-haasans-dharman-wraps-second-filming-schedule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904170043/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Sep/04/rajinikanth-kamal-haasans-dharman-wraps-second-filming-schedule |archive-date=September 4, 2026 |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Ashwath anticipated that overall filming would be completed in October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2026 |title='I have never met anyone as sweet as him': Ashwath Marimuthu opens up on working with Rajinikanth and gives major update on 'Dharman' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-have-never-met-anyone-as-sweet-as-him-ashwath-marimuthu-opens-up-on-working-with-rajinikanth-and-gives-major-update-on-dharman/articleshow/133563999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827144700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-have-never-met-anyone-as-sweet-as-him-ashwath-marimuthu-opens-up-on-working-with-rajinikanth-and-gives-major-update-on-dharman/articleshow/133563999.cms |archive-date=27 August 2026 |access-date=27 August 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], in his first collaboration with Ashwath and seventh with Rajinikanth.<ref name="cibi" /> The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref name=":0" /> During the film's launch, Ashwath stated the soundtrack would feature eight songs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2026 |title=Ashwath Marimuthu says Rajinikanth's Dharman will be a mix of Padayappa and Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/24/ashwath-marimuthu-says-rajinikanths-dharman-will-be-a-mix-of-padayappa-and-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624154010/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jun/24/ashwath-marimuthu-says-rajinikanths-dharman-will-be-a-mix-of-padayappa-and-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu |archive-date=24 June 2026 |access-date=24 June 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to be released in January 2027, on the occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], by [[Red Giant Movies]], when Sundar was the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2025 |title='Thalaivar 173': Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan to team up for director Sundar C |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivar-173-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-sundar-c-raaj-kamal-films-international-rkfi/article70244760.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107144046/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivar-173-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-sundar-c-raaj-kamal-films-international-rkfi/article70244760.ece |archive-date=7 November 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> After his replacement with Cibi, the release window remained unchanged.<ref name="cibi" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Raaj Kamal Films International}}
{{Ashwath Marimuthu}}

[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashwath Marimuthu]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]

Daayra

2026-09-20T15:42:02Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|2026 Indian thriller film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daayra
| image = Daayra film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| based_on =
| producer = [[Vineet Jain]]<br/>Dhaval Gada
| writer = Meghna Gulzar <br /> Sima Agarwal <br />Yash Keswani
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kareena Kapoor]]
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
}}
| music = '''Score:'''<br/>Ketan Sodha
| cinematography = Saurabh Goswami
| editing = Charu Shree Roy<br/>Meghna Gulzar
| studio = [[Junglee Pictures]]<br />[[Pen Studios]]
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|09|18|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Daayra''''' ({{Translation|Circle}}) is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] film co-written and directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]] and produced by [[Vineet Jain]] and Dhaval Jain under the banners of [[Junglee Pictures]] and [[Pen Studios]]. The film stars [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in lead roles.

Inspired by true event, the film is scheduled to release in theatres on 18 September 2026.

== Cast ==
* [[Kareena Kapoor]] as [[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] Ajooni Kohli [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as DCP Raman Kumar IPS
* [[Biswapati Sarkar]]
* [[Jitendra Joshi]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
* Pragati Mishra
* Prammod Sanghi
* Mounis Ratta
* Sumali Khaniwale
* Upendra Chauhan
* [[Kshitee Jog]]
* Trupti Khamkar
* Satish Badal
* Ashiesh Bist
* Ashutosh Sohan

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 2020 [[Meghna Gulzar]] was approached to make the film, even before [[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panchamatia |first=Komal |title='What May Be Justice For You May Be Injustice For Me' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meghna-gulzar-on-daayra-what-may-be-justice-for-you-may-be-injustice-for-me/20260902.htm |access-date=2026-09-04 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-09-02 |title=Knew that the story of ‘Daayra’ will always be relevant, says Meghna Gulzar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/knew-that-the-story-of-daayra-will-always-be-relevant-says-meghna-gulzar-101788330500297.html |access-date=2026-09-05 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> In April 2025, it was announced that [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] would star in a crime-thriller directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]].
<ref>
* {{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan, Prithviraj Sukumaran to star in Meghna Gulzar’s crime-drama ‘Daayra’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumaran-to-star-in-meghna-gulzars-crime-drama-daayra/article69448303.ece |access-date=2026-08-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Shefali |date=2026-07-29 |title='Two Sides, One Truth': Kareena Kapoor Khan, Prithviraj Sukumaran Hint At Twisted Mystery In Meghna Gulzar's Daayra Poster |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/two-sides-one-truth-kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumaran-hint-at-twisted-mystery-in-meghna-gulzars-daayra-poster |access-date=2026-08-01 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=14 April 2025 |title=Kareena Kapoor announces Daayra with 'dream team' Prithviraj Sukumaran, Meghna Gulzar; fans call it ‘GOAT combination’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-announces-daayra-with-dream-team-prithviraj-sukumaran-meghna-gulzar-fans-call-it-goat-combination-101744606268352.html |access-date=1 August 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=T |first=Sachin |date=2025-04-14 |title=Is Kareena Kapoor Khan & Prithviraj Sukumaran's Daayra Based On 2019 Hyderabad Rape Case? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/is-kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumarans-daayra-based-on-2019-hyderabad-rape-case |access-date=2026-08-01 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}
</ref> Initially [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and then [[Sidharth Malhotra]] were both considered for the male lead, but both exited from the project due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |date=11 April 2024 |title=Exclusive: Actor Prithviraj Sukumaran teams up with Kareena in Meghna Gulzar's next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-teams-up-with-kareena-kapoor-khan-in-meghna-gulzar-next-film-dayra-exclusive-2627651-2024-11-04 |access-date=1 August 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Sreetama |date=11 May 2024 |title=Kareena Kapoor's Next Untitled Film With Meghna Gulzar Gets Prithviraj Sukumaran On Board |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kareena-kapoors-next-untitled-film-with-meghna-gulzar-gets-prithviraj-sukumaran-on-board-6949776 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250511183252/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kareena-kapoors-next-untitled-film-with-meghna-gulzar-gets-prithviraj-sukumaran-on-board-6949776 |archive-date=11 May 2025 |access-date=1 August 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan – Ayushmann Khurrana in talks for Meghna Gulzar's next Daayra inspired from 2019 Hyderabad rape case: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-ayushmann-khurrana-talks-meghna-gulzars-next-daayra-based-2019-hyderabad-rape-case-report/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> Several news sources reported that the film is based on [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder|2019 Hyderabad case]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=2026-08-31 |title=‘Daayra’ Inspired by 2019 Hyderabad Rape-Murder |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/daayra-inspired-by-2019-hyderabad-rape-murder-1983764 |access-date=2026-08-31 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=2026-08-31 |title=Kareena Kapoor’s Daayra Based On Hyderabad Rape-Murder Case? Meghna Gulzar Says ‘We Looked At Many Cases’ |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/kareena-kapoors-daayra-based-on-hyderabad-rape-murder-case-meghna-gulzar-says-we-looked-at-many-cases-ws-kl-10302022.html |access-date=2026-08-31 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref> But [[Meghna Gulzar]] said that the "film does not draw its perspective from just one incident, instead the team looked at several cases while developing the story."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Shefali |date=2026-08-31 |title=Is Kareena Kapoor Khan's Daayra Inspired By 2019 Hyderabad Rape-Murder Case? Meghna Gulzar Says Film Draws From 'Many Cases' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/is-kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumaran-daayra-inspired-by-2019-hyderabad-rape-murder-case-meghna-gulzar-says-film-draws-from-many-cases |access-date=2026-08-31 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=2026-08-31 |title=Daayra Explained: Is Kareena Kapoor-Prithviraj Sukumaran’s Film Based On The 2019 Hyderabad Rape-Murder Case? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/daayra-explained-is-kareena-kapoor-prithviraj-sukumarans-film-based-on-the-2019-hyderabad-rape-murder-case-10300916.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260831072154/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/daayra-explained-is-kareena-kapoor-prithviraj-sukumarans-film-based-on-the-2019-hyderabad-rape-murder-case-10300916.html |archive-date=2026-08-31 |access-date=2026-09-05 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 25 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Lubna |date=25 September 2025 |title=Daayra: Kareena Kapoor Begins Filming With Prithviraj And Meghna Gulzar, Shares BTS Glimpses |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/daayra-kareena-kapoor-begins-filming-with-prithviraj-and-meghna-gulzar-shares-bts-glimpses-ws-kl-9595524.html |access-date=1 August 2026 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref> Filming concluded on 26 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=26 December 2025 |title=Daayra movie: Kareena Kapoor and Prithviraj wrap shooting for Meghna Gulzar’s crime-drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/daayra-kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumaran-wrap-shooting-for-meghna-gulzars-crime-drama/article70439048.ece |access-date=29 August 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
A trailer of the film was unveiled on 31 August 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maru |first=Vibha |date=2026-08-31 |title=Daayra trailer: Kareena Kapoor probes Prithviraj's encounter killings as Meghna Gulzar explores law vs justice |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/daayra-trailer-kareena-kapoor-probes-prithvirajs-encounter-killings-as-meghna-gulzar-explores-law-vs-justice-101788162271646.html |access-date=2026-08-31 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Meghna Gulzar]] revealed that the film would feature no songs, as Gulzar felt that the screenplay did not provide scope for musical sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=2026-02-21 |title=Gulzar reveals that Kareena Kapoor Khan-Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer Daayra will be a SONG-LESS flick: “Meghna said that her script doesn’t allow for any songs” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/gulzar-reveals-kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-daayra-will-song-less-flick-meghna-said-script-doesnt-allow-songs/ |access-date=2026-08-01 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> Her father, lyricist [[Gulzar]], confirmed the decision, stating that she believed songs would disrupt the narrative flow and instead chose to retain the story's established tone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=2026-02-11 |title=Meghna Gulzar reveals there are no songs in Prithviraj Sukumaran and Kareena Kapoor's Daayra |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-reveals-there-are-no-songs-in-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-kareena-kapoor-s-daayra-article-13838669.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260222094834/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-reveals-there-are-no-songs-in-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-kareena-kapoor-s-daayra-article-13838669.html |archive-date=2026-02-22 |access-date=2026-08-01 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film is scheduled for a theatrical release on 18 September 2026,
<ref>
* {{Cite news |date=18 June 2026 |title=‘Daayra’: Kareena Kapoor Khan and Prithviraj Sukumaran’s crime-thriller gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/daayra-kareena-kapoor-khan-and-prithviraj-sukumarans-crime-thriller-gets-release-date/article71118304.ece |access-date=1 August 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite news |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=19 June 2026 |title=Kareena Kapoor's Daayra: Meghna Gulzar's film to release in September; cast, BTS scenes and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-s-daayra-meghna-gulzar-s-film-to-release-in-september-cast-bts-scenes-and-more-1781867093585 |access-date=2 August 2026 |work=[[Wion]] |language=en}}
* {{cite news |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan-Prithviraj starrer Daayra gets release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2026/Jun/18/hindinews2026jun18kareena-kapoor-khan-prithviraj-starrer-daayra-gets-release-date |access-date=4 August 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=Kareena Kapoor, Prithviraj Sukumaran unite for Meghna Gulzar’s crime thriller Daayra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-prithviraj-sukumaran-unite-for-meghna-gulzars-crime-thriller-daayra-9943290/ |access-date=2026-08-01 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}
</ref> coincidencing [[box office]] clash with Khemu's [[Sibling-in-law|brother-in-law's wife]] starrer ''[[Vibe (film)|Vibe]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Garima |date=2026-09-01 |title=Kareena Kapoor Reacts To Daayra Vs Vibe Box Office Clash: 'I Will Be Very Happy If Both Films Do Well' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kareena-kapoor-reacts-to-daayra-vs-vibe-box-office-clash |access-date=2026-09-04 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32634611}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=daayra}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Meghna Gulzar]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]

{{Meghna Gulzar}}

Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat

2026-09-20T15:41:53Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|2026 Bengali biographical action film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat

| image = Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat (2026) film poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pathikrit Basu]]
| screenplay = Aritra Banerjee<br />Arpan Gupta
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Soumit Deb<br />Arpan Gupta<br />Aritra Banerjee
}}
| story = Aritra Banerjee<br />Arpan Gupta
| producer = Pradip Kumar Nandy<br />[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]
| starring = Jeet<br />[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]<br />[[Kaushik Sen]]<br />[[Rajatava Dutta]]
| cinematography = Soumik Halder
| editing = Moloy Laha
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| studio = Nandy Movies<br />[[Grassroot Entertainment|Jeetz Filmworks]]
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|08|14}}
| country = India
| runtime = 144 minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''''Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat''''' ({{IPA|bn|keu bɔle biplobi keu bɔle ɖakat}}; {{Translation|'''''Some call him a Revolutionary, Some call him a Dacoit'''''}}), also known by the [[Acronym|initials]] '''''KBBKBD''''', is a 2026 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|period]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Action film|action drama]] film directed by [[Pathikrit Basu]]. Produced by Pradip Kumar Nandy and [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] under the banners of Nandy Movies and [[Jeet filmography|Jeetz Filmworks]], the film is based on the life of Indian revolutionary [[Ananta Singh]]. Sharing its title with Singh's autobiography, it stars Jeet himself as the fictionalized version of the former, with [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-09 |title=প্রথমবার বায়োপিকে জিৎ, কবে আসছে পথিকৃতের 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী, কেউ বলে ডাকাত' ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/director-pathikrit-basu-shares-release-date-of-jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-west-bengal-news-wbs25060901818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202180928/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/director-pathikrit-basu-shares-release-date-of-jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-west-bengal-news-wbs25060901818 |archive-date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> [[Kaushik Sen]], Loknath Dey, [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Chandan Sen]], Durbar Sharma, Sreya Bhattacharya, Subhrajit Dutta and Suprobhat Das play other pivotal roles.

Set in the post-independence era, the film follows the transformation of a revolutionary into the mastermind behind a string of daring robberies, waging a war against corruption. Aritra Banerjee and Arpan Gupta, the screenwriters of the film, conceptualised its story by reimagining the life of Singh, envisioning his participation in the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] against the [[British Raj|British colonial]] rule in the 1930s, to a radical justice seeker and successful film producer in the 1960s. The film marks the third collaboration between Basu, Banerjee and Gupta after ''[[Dabaru]]'' and ''[[Shreeman v/s Shreemati]]''. It began production in June 2025, and was officially announced in August 2025. [[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2025, and wrapped by in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DTKNmyJEhx8 |user=tellybongofficial |title=The shoot for 'Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' has officially wrapped up. |date=2026-01-05}}</ref> Predominantly shot in Kolkata, its portions were shot in [[Mumbai]] and [[Jharkhand]]. The film's songs and background score were composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], with cinematography by Soumik Halder and editing by Moloy Laha.

''KBBKBD'' was released in theatres worldwide on 14 August 2026, coinciding with the celebration of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রথম দিনে জিতের ‘কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত’ কত আয় করল |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/entertainment/bollywood/1147514 |website=Jago News 24}}</ref> The film received mostly positive reviews, with praise for its performances, storytelling, soundtrack, and technical aspects.

== Cast ==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as [[Ananta Singh|Ananta Lal Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2026-03-19 |title=Jeet stars as a rebellious action hero in the upcoming biopic Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/jeet-stars-as-a-rebellious-action-hero-in-the-upcoming-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat/2004214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321135248/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/jeet-stars-as-a-rebellious-action-hero-in-the-upcoming-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat/2004214 |archive-date=2026-03-21 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en |quote=Jeet's character, endowed with multiple facets and a rich inner and outer world, will offer Jeet enough opportunity to showcase him as a versatile actor, and promises to showcase an intense, power-packed performance celebrating the legend of the rebel.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-06-24 |title=ঝুলিতে দুটো বাংলা ছবি, জিৎ ডুবেছেন ভক্তির সাগরে! অভিনয় ভুলে হঠাৎ কেন ধর্মে মতি নায়কের? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-actor-jeet-do-lion-and-ananta-sinha-movie-symentensly-dgtl/cid/1613935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007151826/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-actor-jeet-do-lion-and-ananta-sinha-movie-symentensly-dgtl/cid/1613935 |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Inspector Durga Prasad Roy
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Bijoy Mukherjee, the Home Minister
* Loknath Dey as [[Surya Sen|Surya Sen / Master Da]]
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as public prosecutor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-06-09 |title='জ়ুম কলে মিটিং', তিন ভাবে আসে চিত্রনাট্য, 'পিদ্দী'র জন্য তেলুগু ভাষা কী ভাবে রপ্ত করেন রজতাভ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-rajatava-dutta-opens-up-about-how-he-learnt-telugu-language-for-peddi-dgtl/cid/1692163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904055903/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-rajatava-dutta-opens-up-about-how-he-learnt-telugu-language-for-peddi-dgtl/cid/1692163 |archive-date=2026-09-04 |access-date=2026-09-04 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
* [[Chandan Sen]] as Dulal Ray
* Durbar Sharma as Brajeswar "Brojo" Roy
* Debopriyo Mukherjee as SI Ashok Bose
* [[Debattama Saha]] as Fatima
* Suprobhat Das as [[Deputy commissioner|DC]] Rathijit Neogy, an encounter specialist (based on Runu Guha Neogy)
* Sreya Bhattacharyya as Rupa
* Rajat Ganguly as judge
* Amitabha Bhattacharya as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ranjan Ghoshal
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as director
* Amit Saha as Bhaba, director's assistant
* Nanak Madnani as Gulab Singh, Ananta's father
* Jammy Banerjee as Raghu
* Somnath Kar as Ananta's attendant
* Koushik Kar as [[Ambika Chakrabarty|Ambika Chakraborty]]
* Resad Ajim
* Bonnis Chakraborty as constable

=== Special appearances ===

* [[Priyanka Sarkar]] as Godhuli Devi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Da4_8_Op4Wk/?igsh=MWgyNWpkdzUwOWF5dA== |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* Anindya Bandyopadhyay as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Kanu Banerjee (based on [[Bhanu Banerjee]])
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as the government employee
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as constable<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-05 |title='সাথী'-তে ডেবিউ দুজনের, বহুবছর পর একই ছবিতে কাঞ্চন-জিৎ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/actor-kanchan-mullick-again-working-with-jeet-after-8-years-long-in-this-movie-kanchan-and-jeet-debut-together-sathi-movie-sum-1326661-2026-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330074118/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/actor-kanchan-mullick-again-working-with-jeet-after-8-years-long-in-this-movie-kanchan-and-jeet-debut-together-sathi-movie-sum-1326661-2026-01-05?utm_source=global-search&utm_medium=global-search&utm_campaign=global-search |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Srijla Guha]] as Ms. Shefali in the song "Naam Na Jaana"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=সৃজিতের 'শরৎচন্দ্র' ছাড়াও পথিকৃতের 'অনন্ত সিংহ'তে মিমি! কোন ভূমিকায় দেখা যাবে তাঁকে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-actress-mimi-chakraborty-seen-in-pathikrit-basus-next-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-dgtl/cid/1654710#goog_rewarded |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330160634/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-actress-mimi-chakraborty-seen-in-pathikrit-basus-next-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-dgtl/cid/1654710#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2026-03-27 |title='কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত'-এ আইটেম ডান্সে উষ্ণতা ছড়াবেন সৃজলা! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-update-srijla-guha-will-perform-item-dance-420363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327153354/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-update-srijla-guha-will-perform-item-dance-420363 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In October 2024, it was reported that [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] would collaborate with [[Raihan Rafi]] for the former's 58 film, titled as ''Lion''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=2024-10-03 |title=Jeet is to be the lead in Raihan Rafi's next |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jeet-is-to-be-the-lead-in-raihan-rafis-next/f0c64686a710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202184839/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jeet-is-to-be-the-lead-in-raihan-rafis-next/f0c64686a710 |archive-date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |quote=Raihan Rafi is all set to make his new film, Lion, jointly produced by India and Bangladesh, where Jeet will play the lead.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Jeet, Razz to star in new action film 'Lion' |url=https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/jeet-razz-to-star-in-new-action-film-lion-146797 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Bangladeshpost.net |language=en}}</ref> An [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh joint venture]], the film was later revealed to be shelved due to high-production costs.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-18 |title=জাহাজের খোঁজে হন্যে 'লায়ন'-এর নির্মাতারা, বাংলাদেশে কি জিতের যাত্রা স্থগিত? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-producer-actor-jeet-doing-bangladeshi-movie-lion-dgtl/cid/1561247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202184047/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-producer-actor-jeet-doing-bangladeshi-movie-lion-dgtl/cid/1561247 |archive-date=2 December 2025 |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' suggested [[Nandita Roy]] and [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] would direct Jeet in his next project,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-03 |title=Find out why Shiboprosad visited Jeet's house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/find-out-why-shiboprosad-visited-jeets-house/articleshow/113906126.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208183030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/find-out-why-shiboprosad-visited-jeets-house/articleshow/113906126.cms |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with their home banner Windows producing, while ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' noted that the director had not been finalised, naming [[Avijit Sen]] or [[Pathikrit Basu]] as potential choices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Dev begins Khadaan, Atanu Raychaudhuri meets Jeet. Here is what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dev-begins-khadaan-atanu-raychaudhuri-meets-jeet-here-is-what-we-know/cbcfadb489216 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208182650/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dev-begins-khadaan-atanu-raychaudhuri-meets-jeet-here-is-what-we-know/cbcfadb489216 |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |quote=Some netizens further speculated that this was the reason that Avijit and Atanu were changing the camp. However, there has been no confirmation or hint about their split.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2025-05-21 |title=Jeet's New Movie with Pathikrit Basu: Comeback or Career Risk? |url=https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/jeets-new-movie-with-pathikrit-basu-comeback-or-career-risk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330061130/https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/jeets-new-movie-with-pathikrit-basu-comeback-or-career-risk/ |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Cine Kolkata |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, [[Srijit Mukherji]] emerged as a possibility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=2025-01-23 |title=Wear the word 'aantel' as a badge of honour: Srijit Mukherji |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/wear-the-word-aantel-as-a-badge-of-honour-srijit-mukherji-595976 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref> However, in June 2025, Mukherji confirmed that he was not involved, narrowing the options to Basu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2025-05-10 |title=Jeet joins hands with director Pathikrrit Basu for biopic Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/10/jeet-joins-hands-with-director-pathikrrit-basu-for-biopic-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208185452/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/10/jeet-joins-hands-with-director-pathikrrit-basu-for-biopic-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Reports soon suggested Basu was likely to direct, which would be a biopic of Indian revolutionary [[Ananta Singh|Ananta Singha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2025-06-24 |title=Jeet to Portray Ananta Singh in Upcoming Biopic 'Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat' — Directed by Pathikrit Basu |url=https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/jeet-to-portray-ananta-singh-in-upcoming-biopic-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-directed-by-pathikrit-basu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208185108/https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/jeet-to-portray-ananta-singh-in-upcoming-biopic-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-directed-by-pathikrit-basu/ |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=CineKolkata |language=en-US}}</ref> Produced by Pradip Kumar Nandy under the banner of Nandy Movies, the film was confirmed with the title ''Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat'' in May 2025, beoming Jeet's first appearance in a biographical film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2025-05-09 |title=Superstar Jeet to Star in Biopic as Revolutionary Anant Singh: Titled 'Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat' |url=https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/superstar-jeet-to-star-in-biopic-as-revolutionary-anant-singh-titled-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208184016/https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/superstar-jeet-to-star-in-biopic-as-revolutionary-anant-singh-titled-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/ |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=CineKolkata |language=en-US}}</ref>

Basu, who already had worked with Jeet as director [[Ravi Kinagi|Ravi Kinnagi]]'s assistant in their collaborations like [[100% Love (2012 film)|''100% Love'']] (2012), ''[[Awara (film)|Awara]]'' (2012) and ''[[Deewana (2013 film)|Deewana]]'' (2013),<ref name=":0" /> revealed that he eagerly wanted to collaborate with Jeet for a long time, and would materialize a drama-based script for him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=দত্ত |first=অভিনন্দন |title='পাঠান'-এ শাহরুখ-সলমনের মতো টলিউডে দেব-জিতেরও কি হাত মেলানো উচিত? মতামত ৪ পরিচালকের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/to-revive-tollywood-should-dev-and-jeet-collaborate-like-srk-salman-bengali-directors-respond-dgtl/cid/1405332 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215160521/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/to-revive-tollywood-should-dev-and-jeet-collaborate-like-srk-salman-bengali-directors-respond-dgtl/cid/1405332 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that he intended to showcase the negative shade of Jeet, similar to his earlier performance in [[Boss: Born to Rule|''Boss'']] (2013) and ''[[Chengiz]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-05-09 |title=Jeet plays revolutionary Ananta Singh in his new film 'Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/jeet-plays-revolutionary-ananta-singh-in-his-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-prnt/cid/2098310 |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-05-09 |title=Jeet plays revolutionary Ananta Singh in his new film Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/jeet-plays-revolutionary-ananta-singh-in-his-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/1440892 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215081242/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/jeet-plays-revolutionary-ananta-singh-in-his-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/1440892 |archive-date=2025-12-15 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en |quote=Ananta Singh is also a man of two sides— strong and thoughtful, aggressive but caring. I felt Jeet Da had that rare ability to show both sides of a man.}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Critic and screenwriter Aritra Banerjee (who runs a [[YouTube]] channel named ''Aritra's Gyan'') who frequently collaborated with Basu in his previous directorials ''[[Dabaru]]'' (2024), ''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]'' (2024) and ''[[Shreeman v/s Shreemati]]'' (2025), developed the script spanning over two years,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |last2=Roy |first2=Priyanka A. |last3=Roy |first3=Piya |date=2026-01-02 |title=Here are some of the much-awaited Bengali films set to release in 2026 |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/here-are-some-of-the-much-awaited-bengali-films-set-to-release-in-2026/2002942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328054650/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/here-are-some-of-the-much-awaited-bengali-films-set-to-release-in-2026/2002942 |archive-date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref> starting from 2023, coming across Singha's autobiography ''Keu Bole Dakat Keu Bole Biplobi'' and the real-life stories surrounding him.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Political Themes Dominate New Phase of Bengali Cinema {{!}} Entertainment |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3844758-political-themes-dominate-new-phase-of-bengali-cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330075514/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3844758-political-themes-dominate-new-phase-of-bengali-cinema |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Discourse on Development |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-10 |title='কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত', আমি বলি অনন্ত সিং দেশভক্ত প্রযোজক: বিশ্বজিৎ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/biswajit-chatterjee-remembers-anant-singh-wishes-success-to-his-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-west-bengal-news-wbs25061002178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327154932/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-teaser-and-jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-first-look-out-west-bengal-news-wbs25081501732 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> After Jeet expressed interest, he revised the screenplay in late 2024 along with dialogue writer Arpan Gupta, with the first half alone taking six months to complete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title='যে স্বাধীন ভারতের স্বপ্ন দেখেছিলেন বিপ্লবী অনন্ত সিং……', স্বাধিনতা দিবসের দিনে লুক প্রকাশ করলেন জিৎ - |url=https://onkarbangla.com/entertainment-news-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-look-revel-jeet-tollywood-actor-new-movie-this-puja-releasing/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330060354/https://onkarbangla.com/entertainment-news-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-look-revel-jeet-tollywood-actor-new-movie-this-puja-releasing/ |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Onkar Bangla |language=bn-BD}}</ref>

MD. Kalam, a longtime editor collaborator of Basu, exited due to scheduling conflicts, and was replaced by Moloy Laha.<ref name=":2" /> Prominent make-up artist Somnath Kundu designed the looks and character sketches for Jeet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-15 |title=স্বাধীনতা দিবসে মুখোমুখি দুই ডাকাত ! প্রকাশ্যে দেব-জিতের নতুন ছবির ঝলক |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-teaser-and-jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-first-look-out-west-bengal-news-wbs25081501732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327154932/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-teaser-and-jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-first-look-out-west-bengal-news-wbs25081501732 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> [[Shantanu Moitra]] joined the crew as the music director in May 2025, marking his return to [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-18 |title=Shantanu Moitra returns to Bengali cinema, teams up with Jeet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shantanu-moitra-returns-to-bengali-cinema-teams-up-with-jeet/articleshow/123358963.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209075805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shantanu-moitra-returns-to-bengali-cinema-teams-up-with-jeet/articleshow/123358963.cms |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote="Collaborating with Jeet for the first time makes this even more special”, says Moitra.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-08-15 |title=জিতের ছবির হাত ধরে বাংলায় ফিরলেন শান্তনু |url=https://radiobanglanet.com/shantanu-moitra-makes-a-return-in-jeets-next-movie-scb/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209082548/https://radiobanglanet.com/shantanu-moitra-makes-a-return-in-jeets-next-movie-scb/ |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=RadioBanglaNet |language=en-US}}</ref> After [[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)|Ram Lakshman]] and [[Anbariv]] declined to be roped as stunt directors, Stun Siva came on-board in August 2025. Soumik Halder was signed as its cinematographer in his first collaboration with both Jeet and Basu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=৪৭ ছুঁয়েও 'বিপ্লবী'! জন্মদিনেই 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী, কেউ বলে ডাকাত'-এর ঝাঁঝালো ফার্স্ট লুক ফাঁস করলেন জিৎ |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/on-his-birthday-jeet-drops-powerful-first-look-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-179452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319135037/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/on-his-birthday-jeet-drops-powerful-first-look-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-179452 |archive-date=2026-03-19 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

Prior to the start of film production, Jeet attended several workshops in mid-August 2025, in order to train physically and intensively for his role in the film. He reharsed in [[Lathi khela|Lathi Khela]], which reportedly had an importance in the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-06-27 |title=Jeet Masters Laathikhela for Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Role as Ananta Singh |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/06/27/jeet-masters-laathikhela-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-role-as-ananta-singh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324184313/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/06/27/jeet-masters-laathikhela-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-role-as-ananta-singh/ |archive-date=2026-03-24 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=বিপ্লবী অনন্ত সিংয়ের চরিত্রের জন্য কড়া হোমওয়ার্ক জিতের, কবে শুরু বায়োপিকের শুটিং? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/in-jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/pid/1063392/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327144542/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/in-jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/pid/1063392/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> Coinciding with the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]], the makers released a promotional video from the sets of ''KBBKBD'' on 15 August 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title=কপালে রক্ততিলক! চোখে স্বাধীন ভারতের স্বপ্ন, বিপ্লবী অনন্ত সিংয়ের বেশে চমক সুপারস্টার জিতের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-look-out-on-independence-day-2025/pid/1069289/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327145015/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-look-out-on-independence-day-2025/pid/1069289/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> showcasing the look-test, workshops for the action sequences attended by Jeet, and the music direction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title=Jeet steps into the shoes of freedom fighter Ananta Singh in 'Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat'; watch video |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-gets-a-makeover-to-step-into-the-shoes-of-freedom-fighter-ananta-singh-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-bts-video/cid/2118096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209193248/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-gets-a-makeover-to-step-into-the-shoes-of-freedom-fighter-ananta-singh-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-bts-video/cid/2118096 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=The one-minute-three-second-long video shows Jeet rehearsing fight scenes with bamboo sticks and undergoing a makeover for his upcoming role.}}</ref> Pre-production and casting began in the same month, and filming was expected to begin in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title='বিপ্লব অনন্ত, এর কোনও শেষ নেই', নয়া ঝলকে বিপ্লবী অনন্ত সিং বেশে চমক সুপারস্টার জিতের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeet-in-biopic-portrays-revolutionary-ananta-singh-in-new-film/pid/1091365/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327145528/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeet-in-biopic-portrays-revolutionary-ananta-singh-in-new-film/pid/1091365/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 22 October 2025 at Jeetz Filmworks' office in [[Kolkata]] with the film's cast and crew.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=Mahurat of Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat unites Jeet, Tota and Rajatava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mahurat-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-unites-jeet-tota-and-rajatava/articleshow/124755202.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209185555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mahurat-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-unites-jeet-tota-and-rajatava/articleshow/124755202.cms |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-22 |title=Jeet, Pathikrrit Basu attend mahurat of 'Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-pathikrrit-basu-attend-mahurat-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/cid/2129039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209192640/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-pathikrrit-basu-attend-mahurat-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/cid/2129039 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=The narrative traces the journey of a mysterious, highly skilled man whose identity shifts in the public eye between that of a revolutionary and a robber.}}</ref> A motion poster was released on 27 October 2025, as its first glimpse.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-29 |title=Jeet s Fierce New Look as Revolutionary Ananta Singh Unveiled in Motion Poster |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jeet-s-fierce-new-look-as-revolutionary-ananta-singh-unveiled-in-motion-poster-5-403978 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327154216/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jeet-s-fierce-new-look-as-revolutionary-ananta-singh-unveiled-in-motion-poster-5-403978 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-02 |title=Keu Bole Biplabi Keu Bole Dakat' title reveal video unveiled on Jeet's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-title-reveal-video-unveiled-on-jeets-birthday/articleshow/125712520.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327143703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-title-reveal-video-unveiled-on-jeets-birthday/articleshow/125712520.cms |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Veteran actor [[Biswajeet Chatterjee]] recalled his first meeting with Singh at the actor's then-residence at [[Ballygunge]] during the height of his success with the film [[Maya Mriga|''Maya'' ''Mriga'']] (1960), to be approached for the latter's production ''Dhup Chhaya'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=বৃদ্ধ অনন্ত সিংহরূপী জিৎকে দেখে স্মৃতিমেদুর বিশ্বজিৎ! বিপ্লবী-প্রযোজক সম্পর্কে কী জানালেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-biswajit-chatterjee-has-acted-in-the-freedom-fighter-film-producer-anant-singhs-film-dhup-chaya-dgtl/cid/1660085 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830053204/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-biswajit-chatterjee-has-acted-in-the-freedom-fighter-film-producer-anant-singhs-film-dhup-chaya-dgtl/cid/1660085 |archive-date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> He also expressed immense joy and nostalgia upon seeing Jeet portraying Singh, and also voiced strong support for the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-06-10 |title='কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত', আমি বলি অনন্ত সিং দেশভক্ত প্রযোজক: বিশ্বজিৎ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/biswajit-chatterjee-remembers-anant-singh-wishes-success-to-his-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-west-bengal-news-wbs25061002178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830053815/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/biswajit-chatterjee-remembers-anant-singh-wishes-success-to-his-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-west-bengal-news-wbs25061002178 |archive-date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> emphasizing Singh’s true identity as a dedicated patriot and visionary producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |date=2025-06-10 |title=Exclusive: 'বিল্পবী বা ডাকাত নন, আমার চোখে তিনি সফল প্রযোজক'-দেশভক্ত অনন্ত সিং-কে নিয়ে অজানা তথ্য ভাগ করলেন বিশ্বজিৎ চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/veteran-actor-biswajit-chatterjee-shared-his-memories-with-ananta-singh-102407 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830053537/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/veteran-actor-biswajit-chatterjee-shared-his-memories-with-ananta-singh-102407 |archive-date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Durga Roy is actually Ananta Singh's nemesis — not in a negative sense, but as a strong law enforcer who stands against the rebellion. It can be said to be a bit like the Mohun Bagan v/s East Bengal conflict, a clash of two great souls from both sides. Tota Da is the right actor who can bring intensity, balance and authority to build a character that is equally at odds with Jeet Da's on-screen aura."
| author = — [[Pathikrit Basu]] on directing [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] together for the first time on-screen at ''[[Aajkal|Aajkaal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Actor Tota Roychowdhury join ta cast of Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actor-tota-roychowdhury-join-ta-cast-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-125810 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209181659/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actor-tota-roychowdhury-join-ta-cast-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-125810 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=[[Aajkal|Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>
| source =
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}On 26 July 2025, Jeet and [[Rituparna Sengupta]] spotted attending the inauguration ceremony of Nandy Movies' new office, whereas the latter also came to join it marking the success of the production house's then-recently released film ''[[Madam Sengupta]]''; however, rumors began to circulate about their reunion as an on-screen pair in ''KBBKBD''—22 years after their collaboration in ''Aakrosh'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=জিৎ-ঋতুপর্ণা ফের একসঙ্গে? |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/jeet-rituparna-together-again-speculation-heats-up-tollygunj/tid/167513 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412150527/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/jeet-rituparna-together-again-speculation-heats-up-tollygunj/tid/167513 |archive-date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=[[The Wall]] |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Abir Chatterjee]] was initially cast as Inspector Durga Roy,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=জিতের সঙ্গে প্রথম বার দেখা যাবে টোটাকে! কোন ছবিতে, কাকে সরিয়ে বড় পর্দায় আসছেন অভিনেতা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-will-be-seen-in-jeets-upcoming-movie-dgtl/cid/1621259 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330155941/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-will-be-seen-in-jeets-upcoming-movie-dgtl/cid/1621259 |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Subhankar |date=2025-07-12 |title=জিতের ছবি থেকে সরে দাঁড়ালেন আবির |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-distanced-himself-from-jeets-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/tid/166035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412144207/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-distanced-himself-from-jeets-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/tid/166035 |archive-date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=[[The Wall]] |language=bn}}</ref> who got replaced by [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as the former declined to repeat playing police characters following ''[[Bohurupi]]'' (2024) and ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-09-05 |title=Jeet and Tota Roy Choudhury come together for the first time in Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/jeet-and-tota-roy-choudhury-come-together-for-the-first-time-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-prnt/cid/2121424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209174133/https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/jeet-and-tota-roy-choudhury-come-together-for-the-first-time-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-prnt/cid/2121424 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=“As an actor, I have always given the highest priority to the screenplay, and the moment I read Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat, I knew it had the strength and depth I was looking for", says Tota.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-09-04 |title=Tota Roy Chowdhury joins the 'Keu Bole Biplobi, Keu Bole Dakat' cast |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/tota-roy-chowdhury-joins-the-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-cast-625921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209181002/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/tota-roy-chowdhury-joins-the-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-cast-625921 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref> Tota described the character as "the archnemesis of Ananta Singha," clarifying it wasn't the antagonist..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-09-05 |title=প্রথমবার জিতের সম্মুখ সমরে টোটা, পথিকৃতের পিরিয়ড ড্রামায় মহাচমক! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tota-roy-chowdhury-in-jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209181209/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tota-roy-chowdhury-in-jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/ |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-05 |title=Tota all set to play the antagonist in Jeet's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tota-all-set-to-play-the-antagonist-in-jeets-next/articleshow/123716779.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328060140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tota-all-set-to-play-the-antagonist-in-jeets-next/articleshow/123716779.cms |archive-date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Basu also mentioned it to be "dream come true" to present both Jeet and Tota in full-fledged action avatar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-09-05 |title=Jeet and Tota Roy Choudhury come together for the first time in Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/jeet-and-tota-roy-choudhury-come-together-for-the-first-time-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/2000942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209174621/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/jeet-and-tota-roy-choudhury-come-together-for-the-first-time-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/2000942 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|www.t2online.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-05 |title=জিতের সঙ্গে এবার পর্দায় মুখোমুখি সংঘর্ষ টোটা রায়চৌধুরীর, পথিকৃতের ছবিতে নতুন চমক |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-joins-the-team-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-with-jeet-entertainment-news-tollywood-1151737 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Rajatava Dutta]] was featured in the muhurat puja, thereby confirming his inclusion in second collaboration with Basu after ''Shastri''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-10-22 |title=Jeet's Revolutionary Biopic 'Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' Kicks Off with Auspicious Muhurat |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/10/22/jeets-revolutionary-biopic-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-kicks-off-with-auspicious-muhurat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904053931/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/10/22/jeets-revolutionary-biopic-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-kicks-off-with-auspicious-muhurat/ |archive-date=2026-09-04 |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> He would mark his eighth reunion with Jeet 2 years after ''[[Boomerang (2024 Indian film)|Boomerang]]'' (2024).<ref name=":10" /> [[Kaushik Sen]] was reported to collaborate with Basu after ''Dabaru'' and ''Shastri'', also allying with Jeet for the second time after ''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule|Boss 2]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-06-23 |title=সরকার বদলেছে বলেই যে ম্যাজিকের মতো বাংলা সিনেমা-নাটকের উন্নতি হবে, সেটা ভাবার কারণ নেই: কৌশিক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/kaushik-sen-talks-about-his-new-version-of-macbeth-and-other-political-issues-dgtl/cid/1694981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904055019/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/kaushik-sen-talks-about-his-new-version-of-macbeth-and-other-political-issues-dgtl/cid/1694981 |archive-date=2026-09-04 |access-date=2026-09-04 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Debopriyo Mukherjee joined the film in a prominent role, which was later revealed to be of a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=দে |first=সুস্মিতা |date=2025-10-26 |title='সুপারস্টার ভাবার ব্যাপার নেই, এটাই শিক্ষণীয়...', জিতের সঙ্গে প্রথমবার পর্দায়, অভিজ্ঞতা ভাগ দেবপ্রিয়র |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/debopriyo-mukherjee-shares-his-experience-to-work-with-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/200431527.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330081840/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/debopriyo-mukherjee-shares-his-experience-to-work-with-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/200431527.cms |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref>

Regarding his role in the film, Jeet commented that Ananta Singh was a [[revolutionary]] for some people, while a dacoit for others. However, he was a man driven by his sense for justice. He remarked that for properly playing his role, Jeet had to understand Singh's [[mindset]], feelings and vulnerabilities. He said that he played Singh's role to represent him to the audience and have them decide what to label him as.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=August 24, 2026 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat looks beyond the legacy of freedom fighter Ananta Singh |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-looks-beyond-the-legacy-of-freedom-fighter-ananta-singh/2007493 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> Jeet called KBBKBD to be one of the most challenging films of his career, being mentally and physically demanding. He stated Pathikrit Basu's vision and determination to have given him motivation to continue his character in the film. He praised the audience response to the teaser release on August 3, 2026. He further said that the theme was conflict and vision of the revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-08-03 |title='কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত' আমার কাছে চ্যালেঞ্জিং ছিল- জিৎ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/jeet-shares-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-the-most-challenging-films-of-his-career-trailer-out-wbs26080300965 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] was to commence on 5 October 2025 at [[General Post Office, Kolkata|General Post Office]], which got stalled because of the state administration's denial for the shoot on the account of the [[Durga Puja Carnival|Durga Puja Carnival 2025]] at [[Indira Gandhi Sarani|Red Road]] on that day.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-10-04 |title=পিছিয়ে গেল জিতের আগামী ছবির শুটিং! পূজা কার্নিভাল, না কি অতিরিক্ত বাজেট, নেপথ্য কারণ কী? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dont-the-shooting-of-jeets-next-film-start-on-time-dgtl/cid/1637660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117100231/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dont-the-shooting-of-jeets-next-film-start-on-time-dgtl/cid/1637660 |archive-date=17 November 2025 |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it began with the first schedule on 25 October 2026 in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-26 |title=জিৎ 'সুপারস্টার', অন্য ধারার ছবিতে ইমেজ বদলানোর আগে ওকে দশ বার ভাবতে হয়! কেন বললেন টোটা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-explanes-that-why-jeet-does-not-do-paralal-cinema-dgtl/cid/1643005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209180456/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-explanes-that-why-jeet-does-not-do-paralal-cinema-dgtl/cid/1643005 |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Rajasree |date=2025-10-22 |title=Superstar Jeet announces filming of new venture: ''Keu Bole Biplabi Keu Bole Dakat'' |url=https://newseisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood/tollywood-star-jeet-announces-filming-of-new-venture-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-99dfc16a-c495-4315-bba7-f36416f5a13e.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202190701/https://newseisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood/tollywood-star-jeet-announces-filming-of-new-venture-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-99dfc16a-c495-4315-bba7-f36416f5a13e.cms |archive-date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |quote=The actor took to social media to share pictures from the film’s ‘Subho Muhurat’, marking the beginning of an exciting new chapter in his career. He writes, Muhurat of #KeuBoleBiplabiKeuBoleDakat, Filming begins soon”.}}</ref> It is the third Indian film and the first Bengali film to be shot on [[Arri Alexa]] LF and Arri Signature Prime lens.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-19 |title=Jeet's KBBKBD is going to be the first Bengali film to be shot in Arri Alexa LF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-unveils-a-gritty-tale-of-rebellion-and-justice/articleshow/129673763.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327142743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-unveils-a-gritty-tale-of-rebellion-and-justice/articleshow/129673763.cms |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |date=2025-12-01 |title=Superstar Jeet's upcoming venture is being filmed extensively |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/khakee-fame-jeet-stuns-in-his-first-look-teaser-of-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat/2025/12/01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327152141/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/khakee-fame-jeet-stuns-in-his-first-look-teaser-of-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat/2025/12/01 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> Basu reportedly completed some portions in 8 days, which were supposed to take 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-24 |title=স্পেশাল '২৬: আসছে শাহরুখ-রণবীরদের বিগবাজেট ছবি, একগুচ্ছ সিনেচমক দেবে টলিউডও |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/2026-bollywood-tollywood-must-watch-big-budget-films/pid/1108430/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327150555/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/2026-bollywood-tollywood-must-watch-big-budget-films/pid/1108430/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> In this schedule, Jeet's entry sequence was filmed at a massive set which was built prior to the filming's commencement, in September, under the supervision of Tanmay Chakraborty, the art director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2025-07-23 |title=Jeet and Pathikrit Basu Create Tollywood's Most Expensive Action Film |url=https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/lion-bengali-movie-2025-jeet-and-raihan-rafi-create-tollywoods-most-expensive-action-o-the-bengali-entertainment-audience-this-uses-targeted-keywords-an-optim/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330061456/https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/lion-bengali-movie-2025-jeet-and-raihan-rafi-create-tollywoods-most-expensive-action-o-the-bengali-entertainment-audience-this-uses-targeted-keywords-an-optim/ |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Cine Kolkata |language=en-US}}</ref> Usually reluctant to shoot at night, Jeet agreed to shoot this particular scene at 2:00 AM.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-19 |title=KBBKBD is going to be a treat for both Jeet fans and cinephiles |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-out-directed-by-pathikrit-basu-west-bengal-news-wbs26031904305 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330063213/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-out-directed-by-pathikrit-basu-west-bengal-news-wbs26031904305 |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> This schedule was wrapped by in 7 November 2025.<ref name=":6" />

The second schedule took place in [[Jharkhand]] in mid-November 2025, in which Debattama joined the team.<ref name="cinereporters_20241118" /> The team planned to film two sequences for five days at [[Massanjore Dam]] in this schedule, including two days of set work on 14–15 November, and three days of filming on 17–18 November 2025, while because of the restrictions by the officials, it was allowed to be shot for four days.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-13 |title=সকলেই মূলধারার ছবির প্রোডাক্ট, সেখান থেকে সরে যাওয়া মানে নিজের শিকড় ভুলে যাওয়া: জিৎ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/exclusive-interview-of-jeet-on-his-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakait-politics-and-tollywoods-challenges-dgtl/cid/1706198 |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> where Loknath and Chandan had filmed their most portions with Jeet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2026-03-19 |title=Jeet headlines the powerful story of Ananta Singh in Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Mar/19/jeet-headlines-the-powerful-story-of-ananta-singh-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-drops |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330073353/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Mar/19/jeet-headlines-the-powerful-story-of-ananta-singh-in-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-drops |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Pooja |date=2026-03-19 |title=Jeet's Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat is going to be Bengal's first true-blue heist film |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/actor-jeet-releases-his-new-film-teaser-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-where-he-will-be-acting-in-a-significant-role-pbd-2593249.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330060559/https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/actor-jeet-releases-his-new-film-teaser-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-where-he-will-be-acting-in-a-significant-role-pbd-2593249.html |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[News18 Bangla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=গ্রীষ্মের ছুটিতেই পর্দায় ফিরছেন জিৎ |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/jeet-returns-with-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-out-now/tid/189618 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412144523/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/jeet-returns-with-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-out-now/tid/189618 |archive-date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=[[The Wall]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Aritra Banerjee, a movie critic turned screenwriter, averred his desire to evoke the Jeet of the 2000s and 2010s—a period he characterized as the "zenith of the Jeet epoch".<ref name=":5" /> He lauded ''[[Kranti: The Revolution|Kranti]]'' (2006) as one of his favourite films, citing it as a reference for the sequences depicting Ananta’s allegorical pattern of larcenies, which were punctuated by the cryptic missive "Kranti Phirchhe" ({{Translation|"The revolution is returning"}}).<ref name=":7" /> Apart from it, the significance of describing Singh as a [[Lion|lion-like]] figure, referencing it from Dibakar Sinha, the character played by Jeet in ''[[Shotru]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-14 |title=মূলধারার বিনোদনমূলক ছবিই সব জায়গায় ইন্ডাস্ট্রিকে টেনে নিয়ে যায়! আড্ডায় বসে অকপট বার্তা জিতের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-jeet-talks-about-his-upcoming-film-politics-industry-and-spirituality-dgtl/cid/1706209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830060815/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-jeet-talks-about-his-upcoming-film-politics-industry-and-spirituality-dgtl/cid/1706209 |archive-date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref> He also recalled a scene where the police were hanging Singh upside down as a felicitation to Jeet's entry sequence in ''[[Fighter (2011 film)|Fighter]]'' (2011). According to Basu, the tight close-up sequences in the film were inspired from the scenes were framed in the emotional scenes in ''[[Ghatak (2006 film)|Ghatak]]'' (2006).<ref name=":5" /> Dipanwita Mukherjee of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' argues that ''KBBKBD'' pays homage to several Jeet films, especially discussed how ''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]'' (2010), ''Fighter'' and ''[[Boss: Born to Rule|Boss]]'' (2013) influenced the film's larger-than-life sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-30 |title=তারকার জৌলুস সরিয়ে জিৎ কি বিপ্লবী অনন্ত সিংহ হয়ে উঠতে পারলেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/has-jeet-managed-to-shed-his-superstardom-and-become-a-freedom-fighter-ananta-singh-dgtl/cid/1651178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330162042/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/has-jeet-managed-to-shed-his-superstardom-and-become-a-freedom-fighter-ananta-singh-dgtl/cid/1651178 |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

Regarding the biographical dimensions of Ananta Singh, the narrative delves into the enigmatic life and controversial legacy of one of Bengal’s most fascinating revolutionary figures. Through parallel timelines, the narrative contrasts his early life as a fearless freedom fighter under [[Surya Sen|Masterda Surya Sen]] during the anti-colonial struggle with his later years in 1960s Kolkata, where he organized calculated robberies against corrupt elites. By examining his transformation from an anti-British revolutionary to a disillusioned idealist fighting post-independence corruption, the film explores complex themes of rebellion, justice, and the thin line between a revolutionary hero and an outlaw, including his journey as a producer for the [[Bhanu Banerjee]] starrer cult classic ''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]'' (1958). Besides, Arpan Gupta reminisced a sequence where the police forcibly tortures Sinha by pouring milk into his mouth to break his hunger strike, was actually inspired by an incident involving [[Jatindra Nath Das]], another freedom fighter.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-03-20 |title=Films with political themes gain traction ahead of Bengal elections |url=https://theprint.in/india/films-with-political-themes-gain-traction-ahead-of-bengal-elections/2884722/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330080634/https://theprint.in/india/films-with-political-themes-gain-traction-ahead-of-bengal-elections/2884722/ |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US |quote=KBBKBD highlights themes of rebellion, justice and contested morality — portraying a figure seen by some as a hero and by others as an outlaw.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-20 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat brings the legacy of political films back in Bengali cinema |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/films-with-political-themes-gain-traction-ahead-of-bengal-elections/3484316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330080934/https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/films-with-political-themes-gain-traction-ahead-of-bengal-elections/3484316 |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Press Trust of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

''KBBKBD'' suggests some socio-political themes that hint towards the identitiy debates of Bengal. Ananta Lal Singh called identified himself as a fierce Bengali. The film, set in Kolkata after the 1947 partition, does not have any mentions that reference the Partition of 1947. It highlights Singh's resistance against non-Bengalis while circumventing any mentions that the Partition of India caused.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Oyeshi |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Shriya |date=2026-08-30 |title=What Ananta Lal Singh's biopic reveals about the political memory of Bengal's nationalist past |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ananta-lal-singhs-biopic-reveals-political-memory-bengals-nationalist-past/3028915/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> With less emphasis placed on gun fights (shown twice) and bloodshed, the film focuses on physical fights as its medium for action, which is employed as the way the revolutionaries fought in the post-Independence era. Singh is shown in the film to use sticks as his primary weapon. There are historical references present in the film which are given by the director Basu.<ref name=":9" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2026
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack was composed by veteran composer [[Shantanu Moitra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-18 |title=Shreya Ghoshal records for Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shreya-ghoshal-records-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/articleshow/123971928.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327155637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shreya-ghoshal-records-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/articleshow/123971928.cms |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=Shreya Ghoshal records for Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/shreya-ghoshal-records-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/ar-AA1MNTu9#:~:text=Playback%20singer%20Shreya%20Ghoshal%20has%20lent%20her,heighten%20the%20emotional%20depth%20of%20the%20narrative. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328055356/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/shreya-ghoshal-records-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat/ar-AA1MNTu9 |archive-date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=MSN}}</ref>

The first single "Jago Desh" was released on 16th July, 2026.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4A8wUao6zw |title=Jago Desh {{!}} Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat {{!}} Nandy Movies {{!}} Jeet {{!}} Shantanu Moitra {{!}} Pathikrrit |date=2026-07-15 |last=Nandy Movies |access-date=2026-07-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

The song "Tumi Bolo" from the [[Film score|film album]] has been described as a motivational anthem describing the need for patience and perseverance to continue after failures. The song lyrics were written by Barish. The song lyrics justifies the armed [[rebellion]] conducted by the rebels who were livid from the exploitations of the [[Colonial rule|colonial rulers]]. A [[philosophical]] song, it expresses the concept of morality and the complexity of Ananta Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=August 26, 2026 |title=The latest song from Keu Bole Biplabi Keu Bole Dakat poses philosophical questions on heroism |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-latest-song-from-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-poses-philosophical-questions-on-heroism-/2007560 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jago Desh
| extra1 = [[Rupankar Bagchi]], Soumyadipta Mukherjee, Soumyabrata Banerjee, Suphal Das, Satwick Bhattacharjee, Debojyoti Mukherjee, Ayon Dhar, Aadrita Bose, Sristita Singha, Swarnali Majumder, Riyanki Ghosh, George Joseph
| title2 = Bhor
| length2 = 4:36
| extra2 = Adriz Ghosh
| title3 = Tumi Bolo
| length3 = 5:28
| extra3 = Durnibar Saha
| length1 = 4:27
}}

== Marketing ==
A promotional announcement teaser, titled "KBBKBD Royal Reveal" was released on 30 November 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-30 |title=বিপ্লবী না ডাকাত? 'অনন্ত সিং' জিতের মারকাটারি অ্যাকশনে নজর কাড়ল নতুন ছবির ঝলক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/superstar-jeets-next-film-as-anant-singh/pid/1101432/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327150131/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/superstar-jeets-next-film-as-anant-singh/pid/1101432/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Rajasree |date=2025-11-30 |title=''Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat'' reveals first look of Jeet on his birthday |url=https://newseisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-reveals-first-look-of-jeet-on-his-birthday-031b0e7a-c571-4b95-bf1c-eb8e50622d82.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202190129/https://newseisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-reveals-first-look-of-jeet-on-his-birthday-031b0e7a-c571-4b95-bf1c-eb8e50622d82.cms |archive-date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |quote=The buzz is building as fans speculate how Jeet will portray the duality of his character, promising a performance that is both intense and nuanced.}}</ref> on the occasion of Jeet's 47th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-30 |title='Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' teaser: Jeet's rebellious prisoner takes down goons single-handedly |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-drops-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-to-mark-his-47th-birthday/cid/2135538 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202191211/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-drops-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-to-mark-his-47th-birthday/cid/2135538 |archive-date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=The one-minute-14-second-long video shows Jeet playing a rebellious prisoner, who does not flinch from taking down goons single-handedly.}}</ref> The official teaser itself was released on 19 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2026-03-19 |title=লাল ছাতা হাতে আসছে অনন্ত লাল সিংহ! কবে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে জিতের 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত'? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-jeet-channels-ananta-singh-release-date-out-313199 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319135344/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-jeet-channels-ananta-singh-release-date-out-313199 |archive-date=2026-03-19 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2026-03-21 |title=Action, mystery and power: Jeet's Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat teaser raises expectations |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/action--mystery-and-power--jeet-s-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-raises-expectations/2004235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321134508/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/action--mystery-and-power--jeet-s-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-raises-expectations/2004235 |archive-date=2026-03-21 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=ধুতি পরেই ধুন্ধুমার অ্যাকশন জিতের, টিজারে 'বন্দে মাতরম' স্লোগানে গায়ে কাঁটা ধরালেন বিপ্লবী অনন্ত সিং |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-release-date-out/pid/1148505/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327151746/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-teaser-release-date-out/pid/1148505/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> On the occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], a poster was revealed on 21 March 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-21 |title=Jeet's 'Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' to release in May, official poster out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-to-release-in-may-official-poster-out/cid/2152470 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327152927/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-to-release-in-may-official-poster-out/cid/2152470 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> featuring Jeet in nine different looks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2026-03-21 |title=কখনও সন্ন্যাসী, কখনও পাঞ্জাবী! প্রকাশ্যে জিতের 'অনন্ত' রূপের ঝলক |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jeet-unveils-first-look-poster-of-ananta-lal-singh-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-338346 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327154606/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jeet-unveils-first-look-poster-of-ananta-lal-singh-biopic-keu-bole-biplabi-keu-bole-dakat-338346 |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

On 9 July, 2026, a motion poster was released, featuring the entire cast and announcing the release date as 14 August 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=জট কাটিয়ে, অবশেষে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে জিতের নতুন সিনেমা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/jeet-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-going-to-release-at-august-entertainment-news-tollywood-1184709 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''KBBKBD'' was initially scheduled to release on 16 October 2026, on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=আগামী পুজোয় দেব-জিত মুখোমুখি! সঙ্গী আর কারা? উৎসবে তিনটি না চারটি, ক'টি করে ছবিমুক্তি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/screening-committee-decided-that-dev-and-jeet-will-be-competing-against-each-other-during-the-durga-puja-dgtl/cid/1654165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215075114/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/screening-committee-decided-that-dev-and-jeet-will-be-competing-against-each-other-during-the-durga-puja-dgtl/cid/1654165 |archive-date=2025-12-15 |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=2026 Bengali Movie Release: ২০২৬-এ বছরভর বাংলা ছবির রমরমা, কোন কোন সিনেমা রিলিজ করছে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/bengali-movie-release-in-2026-dev-jeet-ankush-hazra-prosenjit-movie-release-in-next-year-here-is-the-list-sum-1321615-2025-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330074439/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/bengali-movie-release-in-2026-dev-jeet-ankush-hazra-prosenjit-movie-release-in-next-year-here-is-the-list-sum-1321615-2025-12-24?utm_source=global-search&utm_medium=global-search&utm_campaign=global-search |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref> It was slated to release alongside ''DeSu 7'', hinting a clash between Jeet and [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=Jeet Vs Dev: ২০২৬ সালে দেব VS জিত্‍ দেখবে টলিউড, কার ছবি কবে রিলিজ? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/dev-and-jeets-movie-release-in-2026-bengali-movie-release-next-year-what-effect-of-box-office-sum-1312120-2025-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330074611/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/dev-and-jeets-movie-release-in-2026-bengali-movie-release-next-year-what-effect-of-box-office-sum-1312120-2025-12-03?utm_source=global-search&utm_medium=global-search&utm_campaign=global-search |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=রায় |first=রিচা |date=2025-12-14 |title=আগামী বছর পুজো এবং বড়দিনের সিনেমা রিলিজের ক্যালেন্ডার তৈরি, জিৎ-দেব কি মুখোমুখি? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-jeets-films-going-to-be-released-together-during-next-years-durga-puja/200450824.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330081310/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-jeets-films-going-to-be-released-together-during-next-years-durga-puja/200450824.cms |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref> four years after their respective releases ''[[Raavan (2022 film)|Raavan]]'' (2022) and ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-12-13 |title=আগামী পুজোয় দেব-জিৎ মুখোমুখি! সঙ্গী আর কারা? উৎসবে তিনটি না চারটি, ক'টি করে ছবিমুক্তি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/screening-committee-decided-that-dev-and-jeet-will-be-competing-against-each-other-during-the-durga-puja-dgtl/cid/1654165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215075114/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/screening-committee-decided-that-dev-and-jeet-will-be-competing-against-each-other-during-the-durga-puja-dgtl/cid/1654165 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Priyanka |date=2026-03-08 |title=দেবের ভয়ে বদল সিদ্ধান্ত? পুজোর ভিড়ে আসছে না কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত, মুখ খুললেন জিৎ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/jeet-vs-dev-clash-avoided-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-not-to-release-during-durga-puja-2026-271772919151062.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330074933/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/jeet-vs-dev-clash-avoided-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-not-to-release-during-durga-puja-2026-271772919151062.html |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> However, it got preponed to 27 May 2026 as the screening committee declared a calender for the film releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-03-19 |title=Jeet returns on May 27 with 'Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/jeet-returns-on-may-27-with-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-652513 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328053842/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/jeet-returns-on-may-27-with-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-652513 |archive-date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=দে |first=সুস্মিতা |date=2026-01-28 |title=তারকাখচিত স্ক্রিনিং কমিটির বৈঠক, প্রকাশ্যে এল বাংলা ছবির প্রথম ৬ মাসের সিনে ক্যালেন্ডার |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood-screening-committee-meeting-calender-of-bengali-cinema/200468608.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330081454/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood-screening-committee-meeting-calender-of-bengali-cinema/200468608.cms |archive-date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref> Coinciding with the [[summer vacation]], the film was scheduled to be released alongside ''[[Phool Pishi O Edward]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=এবার জিতের সঙ্গে যুদ্ধ শিবপ্রসাদের! উইন্ডোজের একচেটিয়া গ্রীষ্মকালীন বক্স অফিসে 'থাবা' সুপারস্টারের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-jeet-vs-shiboprosad-mukherjee-at-summer-box-office/pid/1138253/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327151401/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-jeet-vs-shiboprosad-mukherjee-at-summer-box-office/pid/1138253/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=স্ক্রিনিং কমিটির বৈঠকে দুই সুপারস্টারের তরজা! 'অপমানিত' প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/screening-committee-2026-meeting-tollywood-superstars-fallout-prosenjit-feels-disgusted/pid/1122290/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327150854/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/screening-committee-2026-meeting-tollywood-superstars-fallout-prosenjit-feels-disgusted/pid/1122290/ |archive-date=2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> However, it was further postponed due to post-production in Mumbai, as per the clarification by co-producer Nandy.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-15 |title='আমি ছবিমুক্তির দিন ঠিক করব, 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী'র দায় আমার'! বললেন প্রযোজক প্রদীপ নন্দী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/producer-pradip-nandi-disagree-rumours-on-selling-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-to-other-producer/cid/1687056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830055115/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/producer-pradip-nandi-disagree-rumours-on-selling-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-to-other-producer/cid/1687056 |archive-date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Also, there was some rumours of his selling the film rights to [[Surinder Films]], which were also proved to be wrong.<ref name=":8" />

On 9th July, 2026, the team announced the release on 14th August, 2026, a day before India's [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রকাশ্যে পথিকৃৎ বসু পরিচালিত 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী, কেউ বলে ডাকাত'-এর মোশন পোস্টার |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/jeet-starrer-motion-poster-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-unveiled-theatrical-release-on-14th-august-wbs26070905328 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat locks a release date: August 14, in theatres |url=https://www.t2online.in/screen/bengali/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-locks-a-release-date--august-14--in-theatres/2006362 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> The announcement was made with a motion poster, featuring the principal cast of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=জট কাটিয়ে, অবশেষে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে জিতের নতুন সিনেমা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/jeet-new-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-going-to-release-at-august-entertainment-news-tollywood-1184709 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeet starring Keu bole biplobi keu bole dakat release date announced |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jeet-starring-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-release-date-announced-504641 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn-IN}}</ref> Following Jeet's comeback after 2 years, Dev postponed the scheduled release on that day for his 50th film ''[[Bike Ambulance Dada]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-12 |title='দেশু৭'-কে টক্কর দেবেন 'একেন!' শিবপ্রসাদের সিক্যুয়েলে যিশু! কেন এড়াচ্ছে দেব-জিৎ লড়াই, আগামী ছ'মাসে বড়পর্দায় আর কী ছবি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-are-the-expected-tollywood-movies-in-this-coming-six-months-dgtl/cid/1699236 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830060000/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-are-the-expected-tollywood-movies-in-this-coming-six-months-dgtl/cid/1699236 |archive-date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
Within the third week of its release, ''Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat'' performed well at the box office collections. It was screened in multiplex and single screens and theaters. The film was rivaled by several other Hindi and [[Bollywood]] films which were made on high budgets. The number of showings allotted to KBBKBD was increased following the mass buying of tickets by viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2026 |title=বাধ্য হয়ে বাড়াতে হচ্ছে শো, 'টক্সিক'ও রুখতে পারল না জিতের 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত'কে! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/jeet-starrer-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-dominates-box-office-in-week-3-despite-major-hindi-release-511585 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Aajkaal |language=bn-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-08-31 |title=রমরমিয়ে চলছে, বড় হিন্দি রিলিজও থামাতে পারল না জিতের ছবির দৌড় |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/number-of-shows-for-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-film-increased-due-to-audience-demand-wbs26083102993 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> KBBKBD marked as a successful project of Jeet in the box office, surpassing his other released movies after [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] such as ''[[Manush: Child of Destiny|Manush]]'' and [[Raavan (2022 film)|''Raavan'']]. Some critics stated that KBBKBD might surpass all of Jeet's films considering his return to cinema after two years. No other film other than KBBKBD was released on August 14, though ''Bike Ambulance Dada'' was supposed to be released on the date, but was postponed for unknown reasons. Other films it coincided with are ''[[Batwara 1947]]'' and ''[[Awarapan 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeet Movie Box Office: তৃতীয়দিন থেকেই আয় কমেছে 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী...' , গত ৫ দিনে বক্স অফিসে কেমন রিপোর্ট জিতের ছবির? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-box-office-collection-of-5-days-know-this-full-details-here-jeet-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-collection-sum-1439874-2026-08-19 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Movie Box Office: পর্দায় কামব্যাক করে ঝড় তুললেন জিৎ, ২ দিনে কত আয় 'কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত'-এর? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-box-office-collection-of-2-days-know-this-full-details-here-jeet-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-collection-sum-1438514-2026-08-16 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Anurupa Chakraborty of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, remarking that Jeet has returned after a long hiatus, and the fact that he has poured his heart and soul into this film is evident as Ananta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Anurupa |date=2026-08-15 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Review: ডাকাত না বিপ্লবী? সে 'স্বাধীনতার' অনন্ত... সে মুক্ত ... |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-review-jeet-ananta-singh-12261499 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815191316/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/anupama-parameswaran-narcissistic-abuse-dhruv-vikram-relationship-12262691 |archive-date=2026-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref> Oyeshi Ganguly and Shriya Dasgupta of ''[[ThePrint|The Print]]'' jointly reviewed the film and commented "As oral historians, we have often struggled to watch period dramas, especially on the subject of our research: the Indian revolutionaries. This can be largely attributed to the outright falsehoods often propagated in such movies, which reflect a glaring lack of research and not necessarily creative liberties, as is often claimed".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oyeshi Ganguly, Shriya Dasgupta |date=2026-08-30 |title=What Ananta Lal Singh's biopic reveals about the political memory of Bengal's nationalist past |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ananta-lal-singhs-biopic-reveals-political-memory-bengals-nationalist-past/3028915/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260906054342/https://theprint.in/opinion/ananta-lal-singhs-biopic-reveals-political-memory-bengals-nationalist-past/3028915/ |archive-date=2026-09-06 |access-date=2026-09-06 |work=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Eshna Bhattacharya of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "The first half is good and tightly constructed, confidently paced, and strong enough on its own terms that it would hold up as a complete film in miniature. It doesn't over-explain its stakes or lean on exposition; it trusts the momentum of the story itself, and that trust pays off, whereas the second half asks more of the audience, and it's worth being honest about where it falters". She also cited Jeet's performance as "the most complete of his career", and was appraisal of Basu's direction, Halder's cinematography and Maitra's score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Eshna |date=2026-08-16 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Movie Review: A well-mounted, sincere tribute to the freedom movement in Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/keubolebiplobikeuboledakat/movie-review/133275396.cms |archive-date=2026-08-18 |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film on a positive note and wrote "Jeet appears in this film in various guises—sporting different makeup and portraying characters of diverse ages, the way he presents himself on screen, stirs up a sense of patriotism with adrenaline-pumping dialogues, and executes action sequences reminiscent of Hollywood films is sure to win over the hearts of the new generation of viewers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-15 |title='কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী, কেউ বলে ডাকাত' রিভিউ: রক্ত গরম করা সংলাপ, দক্ষিণী ধাঁচের অ্যাকশনে জমল জিতের ছবি |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-film-review/pid/1290683/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815185314/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/jeets-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-film-review/pid/1290683/ |archive-date=2026-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref>

Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 4.5/5 stars and commended ''KBBKBD''{{'s}} political storytelling, quoting "The film is busy as one action crescendo after another, full of kinetic camerawork, bustling crowd scenes, elaborate set design, expensive-looking CGI, and loud sound effects".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2026-08-14 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Review: Jeet Delivers an Outstanding Performance {{!}} Cinekolkata.com |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815193440/https://cinekolkata.com/ |archive-date=2026-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=Cine Kolkata |language=en-US}}</ref> Dharitri Ganguly of ''[[Indulge Express]]'' opined "after a long time, an action-packed film with very less usage of guns or showing any bloodshed, rather considering the way our revolutionaries would fight back, using mostly physical strength, targeting on sensitive points in the body".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2026-08-14 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat: From patriotism to hardcore action, here's why you need to watch the film! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Aug/14/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-from-patriotism-to-hardcore-action-heres-why-you-need-to-watch-the-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815192504/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Aug/14/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-from-patriotism-to-hardcore-action-heres-why-you-need-to-watch-the-film |archive-date=2026-08-15 |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' commented "One glimpse of Jeet in Pathikrit Basu's ''KBBKBD'' and you just know he is the G.O.A.T".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2026-08-03 |title='Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat' Bengali Movie Review: For, By and Of Jeet Fans |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-bengali-movie-review-for-by-and-of-jeet-fans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260822132303/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/amp/story/reviews/theatrical/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-bengali-movie-review-for-by-and-of-jeet-fans |archive-date=2026-08-22 |access-date=2026-08-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> Aarti Tiwari of ''IWMBuzz'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The director, with gritty execution and conviction, captures the film’s rawness and intensity. The period setting adds authenticity to the storytelling, while the action sequences bring a rugged intensity to the proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Aarti |date=2026-08-19 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Review: A Gritty And Gripping Saga Of A Freedom Fighter |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-review-a-gritty-and-gripping-saga-of-a-freedom-fighter/2026/08/19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260822133011/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-review-a-gritty-and-gripping-saga-of-a-freedom-fighter/2026/08/19 |archive-date=2026-08-22 |access-date=2026-08-22 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>

A reviewer of ''MissFilmy'' rated the film 8/10 stars and quoted "The screenplay by Aritra Banerjee and Arpan Gupta tries to connect these different periods without reducing Ananta to a one-dimensional patriotic figure. Soumik Halder’s visual treatment also supports the film’s darker crime-drama elements without losing its historical character."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-08-19 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Movie Review |url=https://www.missfilmy.com/reviews-ratings/tollywood-movies-review/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260822134031/https://www.missfilmy.com/reviews-ratings/tollywood-movies-review/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie-review |archive-date=2026-08-22 |access-date=2026-08-22 |website=MissFilmy |language=en-US}}</ref> A correspondent of ''[[Aajkaal]]'' considered Jeet's presence in the film as a translation to a whirlwind performance on screen as well as his performance to be one of his greatest and most mature performances in his career. He also wrote "Every scene feels like an unputdownable chapter, creating an atmosphere from which one simply cannot tear their eyes away".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-30 |title=ইতিহাসের ধুলো ঝেড়ে বড়পর্দায় 'সিংহ'-এর মতো বিপ্লবী অনন্তকে হাজির করলেন জিৎ! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-jeet-starrer-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-511520 |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260903050938/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-jeet-starrer-movie-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-511520|archive-date=2026-09-03}}</ref> A critic from ''Aaro Ananda'' wrote, "For a film like this, a hard-hitting title song was sorely needed, but it is missing. Jeet has poured his heart and soul into this film; he truly deserves to be saluted for it".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-16 |title=রিভিউ: কেউ বলে বিপ্লবী কেউ বলে ডাকাত |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/in-focus/jeet-movie-review-ananta-singh-biopic-pathikrit-basu/11015060 |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Aaro Ananda |language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260903052237/https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/in-focus/jeet-movie-review-ananta-singh-biopic-pathikrit-basu/11015060|archive-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>

A reviewer of ''[[The Hawk (newspaper)|The Hawk]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and opined "''KBBKBD'' has several whistle-worthy moments; It is drama, drama, drama all the way in which the director has not only bitten more than he can chew but exhibits his diehard admiration for Jeet".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-17 |title=''Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat'' starring Jeet explores history of Bengal's revolutionary past |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/showbiz/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-starring-jeet-explores-history-of-bengals-revolutionary-past |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260903053843/https://www.thehawk.in/news/showbiz/keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-starring-jeet-explores-history-of-bengals-revolutionary-past |archive-date=2026-09-03 |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=[[The Hawk (newspaper)|The Hawk]] |language=en |quote=Celebrated by some as a fearless freedom fighter and remembered by others as an outlaw, Ananta Singh's life embodies the complex realities of India's struggle for independence.}}</ref> Aratrika Dey of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' quoted "''Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat'' did not aspire to become a history textbook; instead, it sought to offer big-screen entertainment centered around a familiar yet underutilized historical figure". She also added that Jeet's dialogue delivery and physical presence had lent added momentum to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=দে |first=আরাত্রিকা |date=2026-08-19 |title=ইতিহাস, আবেগ আর অ্যাকশনে জিতের প্রত্যাবর্তন |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie/200533688.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260903054805/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review-of-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-movie/200533688.cms |archive-date=2026-09-03 |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref> Rahul Mehta of ''Indian Community'' wrote "Jeet is fabulous. Tota Roy Chowdhury fleshes out his trademark larger-than-life mannerisms into Pathikrit's quirky storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Rahul |date=2026-08-19 |title=Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat Movie Review: A "Jeet-Tota" vehicle |url=https://indian.community/news/bengali-film-keu-bole-biplobi-keu-bole-dakat-explores-bengals-revolutionary-past/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260903055226/https://indian.community/favicon.ico |archive-date=2026-09-03 |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=Indian Community |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt37707854}}

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Almond

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{{short description|Species of nut}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Almonds - in shell, shell cracked open, shelled, blanched.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: almonds with shell cracked open, shelled, unshelled, and blanched seed
| image2 = Ametllesjuliol.jpg
| image2_caption = Almond tree with ripening fruit
| image2_alt = Branch of tree with green fruit
| genus = Prunus
| parent = Prunus subg. Amygdalus
| species = amygdalus
| authority = [[August Batsch|Batsch]], 1801
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=''Prunus amygdalus'' Batsch |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60439867-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Kew Science |access-date=8 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-375 |title=The Plant List, ''Prunus dulcis'' (Mill.) D.A.Webb |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713181247/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-375 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list |title=Replaced syn.|{{species list
|Amygdalus communis|[[L.]], 1753
}}}}{{collapsible list |title=Homotypic|{{species list
|Amygdalus amygdalus |(Batsch) Frye & Rigg, 1912 [[nom. illeg.]]
|Druparia amygdalus |(Batsch) Clairv., 1811
|Prunus communis |(L.) Arcang., 1882 [[nom. illeg.]]
}}}}{{collapsible list |title=Heterotypic|{{species list
|Amygdalus amara |Duhamel, 1768
|Amygdalus amygdalina |Oken ex M.Roem., 1847
|Amygdalus cochinchinensis |Lour., 1790
|Amygdalus communis var. fragilis |Ser., 1825
|Amygdalus communis var. macrocarpa |Ser., 1825
|Amygdalus decipiens |Poit. & Turpin, 1830
|Amygdalus dulcis |[[Mill.]], 1768
|Amygdalus elata |Salisb., 1796
|Amygdalus korshinskyi var. bornmuelleri |Browicz, 1974
|Amygdalus sativa |Mill., 1768
|Amygdalus sinensis |Steud., 1840
|Amygdalus stocksiana |Boiss., 1856
|Persica |Mill., 1754
|Prunus cochinchinensis |(Lour.) Koehne, 1915
|Prunus dulcis |(Mill.) [[D.A.Webb]], 1967 [[nom. superfl.]]
|Prunus dulcis var. amara |(Duhamel) Buchheim, 1972
|Prunus dulcis var. fragilis |(Ser.) Buchheim, 1972
|Prunus dulcis var. spontanea |(Korsh.) Buchheim, 1972
|Prunus intermedia |A.Sav., 1882
|Prunus stocksiana |(Boiss.) Brandis, 1906
|Trichocarpus |Neck., 1790
}}}}
}}

The '''almond''' ('''''Prunus amygdalus''''', [[Synonym (taxonomy)#Botany|syn.]] '''''Prunus dulcis''''' ([[Philip Miller|Mill.]]) [[David Allardice Webb|D.A.Webb]], [[nom. illeg.]] non ''Prunus dulcis'' Rouchy) is a species of tree from the genus ''[[Prunus]]''. Along with the [[peach]], it is classified in the subgenus ''[[Amygdalus]]'', distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the woody shell ([[Fruit anatomy#Endocarp|endocarp]]) surrounding the seed.

The fruit of the almond is a [[drupe]], consisting of an outer hull and a [[Pyrena|hard shell]] with the seed, which is not a [[nut (fruit)|true nut]].<ref name="eb">{{cite web |last=Petruzzello |first=M. |title=Almond – tree and nut |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/almond |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=25 April 2024 |date=11 April 2024}}</ref> ''Shelling'' almonds refers to removing the shell to reveal the seed. Almonds are sold shelled or unshelled. [[Blanching (cooking)|Blanched]] almonds are unshelled almonds that have been treated with hot water to soften the outer skin, which is then removed to reveal the white [[embryo]]. Once almonds are cleaned and processed, they can be stored for around a year if kept refrigerated; at higher temperatures they will become [[rancidification|rancid]] more quickly.<ref name="k109">{{cite web |title=Do Almonds Go Bad? 3 Ways to Tell Almonds Are Spoiled |website=Alice's Kitchen |date=14 December 2023 |url=https://www.alices.kitchen/guide/do-almonds-go-bad/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109015412/https://www.alices.kitchen/guide/do-almonds-go-bad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Almonds are used in many cuisines, often featuring prominently in desserts, such as [[marzipan]].<ref name=eb/>

The almond tree prospers in a moderate [[Mediterranean climate]] with cool winter weather.<ref name=eb/> It is rarely found wild in its original setting.<ref name=ladizinsky99>{{cite journal |last=Ladizinsky |first=G. |title=On the origin of almond |s2cid=25141013 |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|volume= 46|year=1999|pages= 143–147|doi=10.1023/A:1008690409554|issue= 2 |bibcode=1999GRCEv..46..143L }}</ref> Almonds were one of the earliest domesticated [[fruit trees]], due to the ability to produce quality offspring entirely from seed, without using suckers and cuttings. Evidence of domesticated almonds in the [[Early Bronze Age]] has been found in the archeological sites of the Middle East, and subsequently across the Mediterranean region and similar arid climates with cool winters.

[[Almond cultivation in California|California produces]] about 80% of the world's almond supply.<ref name=eb/> Due to high acreage and water demand for almond cultivation, and need for [[pesticide]]s, California almond production may be unsustainable, especially during the persistent drought and heat from [[Climate change in California|climate change]] in the 21st century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=17 August 2021 |title=Climate Change In California Is Threatening The World's Top Almond Producer |work=NPR |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028452988/climate-change-california-drought-heat-almond-production |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521145003/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028452988/climate-change-california-drought-heat-almond-production |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Droughts in California]] have caused some producers to leave the industry, leading to lower supply and increased prices.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==

The almond is a [[deciduous]] tree growing to {{convert|3|-|4.5|m|0|abbr=off}} in height,<ref name=eb/><ref>{{Cite book |last=U.S. Department of the Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2p7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=The Official U.S. Army Illustrated Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Lyons Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4930-4039-1 |location=Guilford, Connecticut |page=10 |oclc=1043567121}}</ref> with a trunk of up to {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=off}} in diameter. The young [[twig]]s are green at first, becoming purplish where exposed to sunlight, then grey in their second year. The [[leaves]] are {{convert|3|-|5|in|cm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} long,<ref>Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. ''Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> with a serrated margin and a {{convert|2.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]].

The fragrant [[flower]]s are white to pale pink, {{convert|3|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} diameter with five petals, produced singly or in pairs and appearing before the leaves in early spring.<ref name=eb/><ref name=rushforth>{{cite book|last=Rushforth |first=Keith |title=Collins wildlife trust guide trees: a photographic guide to the trees of Britain and Europe |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |year=1999 |isbn=0-00-220013-9}}</ref><ref name=rhs>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Mark D. |last2=Huxley |first2=Anthony Julian |title=The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=Macmillan Press |location=London |year=1992 |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}</ref> Almond trees thrive in Mediterranean climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.<ref name=eb/> The optimal temperature for their growth is between {{convert|15|and|30|C|F}} and the tree buds have a [[chilling requirement]] of 200 to 700 hours below {{convert|7.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} to break dormancy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fruit Cultural Data — P – California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.|url=https://crfg.org/home/library/crfg-fruit-list/fruit-cultural-data-2/fruit-cultural-data-p/|access-date=2020-06-12|language=en-US|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319062538/https://crfg.org/home/library/crfg-fruit-list/fruit-cultural-data-2/fruit-cultural-data-p/}}</ref>

Almonds begin bearing an economic crop in the third year after planting. Trees reach full bearing five to six years after planting. The fruit matures in the autumn, 7–8 months after flowering.<ref name=rhs/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/files/almondvs08sprink.pdf |title=University of California Sample Cost Study to Produce Almonds |access-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326084336/http://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/files/almondvs08sprink.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref>

The almond fruit is {{cvt|3.5|-|6|cm|in|frac=8}} long. It is not a [[nut (fruit)|nut]] but a [[drupe]]. The outer covering, consisting of an outer [[exocarp]], or skin, and [[mesocarp]], or flesh, fleshy in other members of ''Prunus'' such as the [[plum]] and [[cherry]], is instead a thick, leathery, grey-green coat (with a downy exterior), called the hull. Inside the hull is a woody [[endocarp]] which forms a reticulated, hard shell (like the outside of a peach pit) called the [[pyrena]]. Inside the shell is the edible seed, commonly called a nut.<ref name=eb/> Generally, one seed is present, but occasionally two occur. After the fruit matures, the hull splits and separates from the shell, and an [[abscission layer]] forms between the stem and the fruit so that the fruit can fall from the tree.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Doll |date=22 June 2009 |title=The Seasonal Patterns of Almond Production |url=https://thealmonddoctor.com/2009/06/22/the-seasonal-patterns-of-almond-production/ |website=The Almond Doctor |publisher=University of California Cooperative Extension |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814142153/https://thealmonddoctor.com/2009/06/22/the-seasonal-patterns-of-almond-production/ }}</ref> During harvest, mechanised tree shakers are used to expedite fruits falling to the ground for collection.<ref name=eb/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=160 heights=160>
File:بادام و شکوفه بادام.JPG|Almond blossoms
File:Kulturmandel unreife Früchte.JPG|Young almond fruit
File:Green almonds.jpg|Green almonds
File:Madrigueras (20578932389) (cropped).jpg|Mature almond nut
File:Almond shell.jpg|Almond shell
File:Almond with two kernels.jpg|A rare double-seeded shell
File:Almonds.png|Harvested almonds
File:Blanched almonds.jpg|[[Blanching (cooking)|Blanched]] almonds
</gallery>

== Taxonomy ==

=== Scientific name ===

The almond was named ''Amygdalus communis'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his [[Species plantarum]] in 1753.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |title=Species plantarum |date=1753 |page=473 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26068436 |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223126/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26068436 |url-status=live }}</ref> For the name 'Amygdalus' he referred to [[Gaspard Bauhin]]'s ''Pinax'' (1623). In 1801 the species was for the first time placed in the genus ''[[Prunus]]'' by [[August Batsch]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Batsch |first=A.J.G.C. |title=Beyträge und Entwürfe zur pragmatischen Geschichte der drey Natur-Reiche nach ihren Verwandtschaften |date=1801 |volume=Gewächsreich 1 |page=30 |url=https://collections.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/HisBest_derivate_00024727/237204266_0036.tif |archive-date=18 December 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218030144/https://collections.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/HisBest_derivate_00024727/237204266_0036.tif |url-status=live }}</ref> In that genus, the name ''Prunus communis'' was no longer available because in 1778 [[William Hudson (botanist)|William Hudson]] had already assigned it to a taxon in which he included the [[plum]] (''Prunus domestica'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=W. |date=1778 |title=Flora anglica, editio altera |volume=1 |page=212 |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11184/?offset=#page=255&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |archive-date=17 August 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817061541/https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11184/?offset=#page=255&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |url-status=live }}</ref> Batsch thereupon named the species ''Prunus amygdalus'', where 'amygdalus' is the old generic name and should therefore be treated as a noun in apposition. Meanwhile, in 1768, [[Philip Miller]] had published the name of what he believed to be a second species of almond: ''Amygdalus dulcis''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller, Ph. |date=1768 |title=The Gardener's Dictionary |edition=8 |page=AMY |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394540 |archive-date=17 August 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817014456/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394540 |url-status=live }}</ref> He mentioned Linnaeus' ''Amygdalus communis'' as the first species. It was not until 1967 that the combination ''Prunus dulcis'' was published for the almond by [[David Allardice Webb]], on the assumption that ''Amygdalus dulcis'' was nothing more than a synonym of ''Amygdalus communis'', and thus an available name for that species. The epithet ''dulcis'' (1768) is older than ''amygdalus'' (1801) and would therefore have priority. Webb noted that it was unfortunate that a species known for 165 years as ''Prunus amygdalus'' now had to be renamed under the rules of nomenclature. However, it later turned out that in 1967 the name ''Prunus dulcis'' was no longer available for the almond because it had already been used for a cherry in an 1878 publication by L'Abbé Rouchy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=L'Abbé Rouchy |date=1878 |title=Sur quelques espèces dites Jordaniques |journal=Compte rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences |volume=6 |page=592 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5409352 |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708222704/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5409352 |url-status=live }}</ref> The oldest valid combination in ''Prunus'' is therefore ''Prunus amygdalus''.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27802199?projectid=32 |title=''Prunus amygdalus'' Batsch |website=Tropicos.org: Flora of Pakistan |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=17 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817024852/http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27802199?projectid=32 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sweet and bitter almonds ===

[[File:شکوفه سفید بادام.jpg|thumb|Almond blossom]]

[[File:Rose ringed Parakeet in bitter Almond.jpg|thumb|Blossoming of bitter almond tree]]

The seeds of ''Prunus amygdalus'' var. ''dulcis'' are predominantly sweet<ref>{{cite web|last=Karl-Franzens-Universität (Graz)|title=Almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D. A. Webb.)|url=http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Prun_dul.html|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514021042/http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Prun_dul.html|archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Almond and bitter almond|url=http://www.chow.com/ingredients/265|work=from Quirk Books: www.quirkbooks.com|access-date=8 April 2011| archive-url= https://archive.today/20110511175227/http://www.chow.com/ingredients/265| archive-date= 11 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> but some individual trees produce seeds that are somewhat more bitter.<ref name="eb" /> The genetic basis for bitterness involves a single gene, the bitter flavour furthermore being [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heppner |first=Myer J |date=7 April 1923 |title=The factor for bitterness in the sweet almond |journal=Genetics |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=390–392 |doi=10.1093/genetics/8.4.390 |pmc=1200758 |pmid=17246020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dicenta |first1=Federico |last2=Ortega |first2=Encarnacion |last3=Martinez-Gomez |first3=Pedro |s2cid=9893400 |date=January 2007 |title=Use of recessive homozygous genotypes to assess genetic control of kernel bitterness in almond |journal=Euphytica |publisher=Springer |volume=153 |issue=1–2 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1007/s10681-006-9257-6 |bibcode=2007Euphy.153..221D }}</ref> both aspects making this trait easier to domesticate. The fruits from ''Prunus amygdalus'' var. ''amara'' are always bitter, as are the kernels from other species of genus ''Prunus'', such as apricot, peach and cherry (although to a lesser extent).

The bitter almond is slightly broader and shorter than the sweet almond and contains about 50% of the fixed oil that occurs in sweet almonds. It contains the enzyme [[emulsin]] which, in the presence of water, acts on the two [[Solubility|soluble]] [[glucoside]]s [[amygdalin]] and [[prunasin]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sánchez-Pérez |first1=Raquel |last2=Belmonte |first2=Fara Sáez |last3=Borch |first3=Jonas |last4=Dicenta |first4=Federico |last5=Møller |first5=Birger Lindberg |last6=Jørgensen |first6=Kirsten |title=Prunasin hydrolases during fruit development in sweet and bitter almonds |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=1916–32 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22353576 |pmc=3320195 |doi=10.1104/pp.111.192021}}</ref> yielding [[glucose]], [[cyanide]] and the [[essential oil]] of bitter almonds, which is nearly pure [[benzaldehyde]], the chemical causing the bitter flavour. Bitter almonds may yield 4–9 milligrams of [[hydrogen cyanide]] per almond<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shragg |first1=T. A. |last2=Albertson |first2=T. E. |last3=Fisher |first3=C. J. |title=Cyanide poisoning after bitter almond ingestion |journal=The Western Journal of Medicine |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=65–9 |date=January 1982 |pmid=7072244 |pmc=1273391 }}</ref> and contain 42 times higher amounts of cyanide than the trace levels found in sweet almonds.<ref name="isrn">{{cite journal |last1=Chaouali |first1=Nadia |last2=Gana |first2=Ines |last3=Dorra |first3=Amira |last4=Khelifi |first4=Fathia |last5=Nouioui |first5=Anouer |last6=Masri |first6=Wafa |last7=Belwaer |first7=Ines |last8=Ghorbel |first8=Hayet |last9=Hedhili |first9=Abderazzek |title=Potential Toxic Levels of Cyanide in Almonds ( Prunus amygdalus ), Apricot Kernels ( Prunus armeniaca ), and Almond Syrup |journal=ISRN Toxicology |volume=2013 |date=19 September 2013 |issn=2090-6196 |pmid=24171123 |pmc=3793392 |doi=10.1155/2013/610648 |doi-access=free |pages=1–6}}</ref> The origin of cyanide content in bitter almonds is via the [[enzymatic hydrolysis]] of amygdalin.<ref name="isrn"/> [[Cytochrome P450|P450]] [[monooxygenase]]s are involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway. A point mutation in a [[Basic helix-loop-helix|bHLH]] [[transcription factor]] prevents [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]] of the two cytochrome P450 genes, resulting in the sweet kernel trait.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Pérez|first1=R.|last2=Pavan|first2=S.|last3=Mazzeo|first3=R.|last4=Moldovan|first4=C.|last5=Aiese Cigliano|first5=R.|last6=Del Cueto|first6=J.|last7=Ricciardi|first7=F.|last8=Lotti|first8=C.|last9=Ricciardi|first9=L.|s2cid=189818379|date=14 June 2019|title=Mutation of a bHLH transcription factor allowed almond domestication|journal=Science|language=en|volume=364|issue=6445|pages=1095–1098|doi=10.1126/science.aav8197|pmid=31197015|bibcode=2019Sci...364.1095S|issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free|hdl=11586/236719|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===

The word ''almond'' is a [[loanword]] from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|almande}} or {{lang|fro|alemande}},<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |cite EB1911 |wstitle=Almond |volume=1 |page=716}}</ref> descended from [[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|amandula}}, {{lang|la|amindula}}, modified from [[Classical Latin]] {{lang|la|amygdala}}, which is in turn borrowed from [[Ancient Greek]] {{transliteration|grc|amygdálē}} ({{lang|grc|ἀμυγδάλη}})<ref name=EB1911/><ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=Almond |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=almond |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper |access-date=18 May 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620195602/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=almond |url-status=live }}</ref> (cf. [[amygdala]], an almond-shaped portion of the brain).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Almond |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/almond |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427091114/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/almond |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> Late [[Old English]] had ''amygdales'' 'almonds'.<ref name="oed"/>

The adjective ''amygdaloid'' (literally 'like an almond, almond-like') is used to describe objects which are roughly almond-shaped, particularly a shape which is part way between a [[triangle]] and an [[ellipse]]. For example, the amygdala of the brain uses a direct borrowing of the Greek term {{transliteration|grc|amygdalē}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology |last1=Sah |first1=P. |last2=Faber |first2=E. S. L. |last3=Lopez De Armentia |first3=M. |last4=Power |first4=J. |s2cid=16456971 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00002.2003 |journal=Physiological Reviews |date=1 July 2003 |volume=83 |pages=803–834 |issue=3 |pmid=12843409}}</ref>

== Origin and distribution ==

The precise origin of the almond is controversial due to estimates for its emergence across wide geographic regions. Sources indicate that its origins were in an area stretching across [[Central Asia]], [[Iran]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kurdistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Iraq]],<ref name=kole/> or in an [[East Asia|eastern Asian]] subregion between [[Mongolia]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name="chin">{{cite journal |last1=Chin |first1=Siew-Wai |last2=Shaw |first2=Joey |last3=Haberle |first3=Rosemarie |last4=Wen |first4=Jun |last5=Potter |first5=Dan |title=Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries – Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2014 |volume=76 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024 |pmid=24631854 |bibcode=2014MolPE..76...34C |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105579031400089X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 July 2024 |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705184403/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105579031400089X |url-status=live }}</ref> In other assessments, both botanical and [[archeology|archaeological]] evidence indicates that almonds originated and were first cultivated in [[West Asia]], particularly in countries of the [[Levant]].<ref name=ladizinsky99/><ref name="kole">{{cite book |last1=Martínez-Gómez |first1=Pedro |last2=Sánchez-Pérez |first2=Raquel |last3=Dicenta |first3=Federico |last4=Howad |first4=Werner |last5=Arús |first5=Pere |last6=Gradziel |first6=Thomas M. |year=2007 |chapter=Almond (Chapter 11) |editor=Kole, C. |title=Fruits and Nuts. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants |volume=4 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34533-6_11 |isbn=978-3-540-34533-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-34533-6_11}}</ref> Most recent sources specified Iran and [[Anatolia]] (present day [[Turkey]]) as origin locations of the almond, with Iran as the main origin centre.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahemi |first=Alireza |date=2024-05-23 |title=Diversity and Distribution of Almonds in their Center of Origin |url=https://crimsonpublishers.com/boj/fulltext/BOJ.000595.php |journal=Biodiversity Online J |language=English |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=1–4 |quote=Iran is the world's most important gene pool for wild almonds. So far, 23 species and 7 of their interspecies hybrids have been reported in Iran. These species are distributed in different habitats of Iran, some of which are endemic. Therefore, without any doubt, almonds originated and were probably domesticated in this area and then spread to other areas. |archive-date=15 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815115546/https://crimsonpublishers.com/boj/fulltext/BOJ.000595.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BĀDĀM – Encyclopaedia Iranica">{{Cite web |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Badam (almond) |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/badam-almond |date=19 August 2011 |access-date=2 July 2024 |quote=*Iran and Anatolia were the center in which its various species evolved and from which they were diffused *The ''Amygdalus communis'' (or ''Prunus amygdalus''), though undoubtedly native to the Iranian land-mass, is seldom found in natural stands there today. |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524063047/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/badam-almond |url-status=live }}</ref>

The wild form of domesticated almond grew in parts of the Levant.<ref name=kole/><ref name="zohary">{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |title=Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |last2=Hopf |first2=Maria |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-850356-3 |page=186}}</ref> Almond cultivation was spread by humans centuries ago along the shores of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] into northern Africa and southern Europe,<ref name=kole/><ref name=chin/> and more recently to other world regions, notably [[California]].<ref name=eb/><ref name=Rieger>{{Cite web |url=https://homeorchard.ucanr.edu/Fruits_%26_Nuts/Almond/ |title=Almond |publisher=Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California |date=2024 |access-date=2 July 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810014655/https://homeorchard.ucanr.edu/Fruits_%26_Nuts/Almond/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Selection of the sweet type from the many bitter types in the wild marked the beginning of almond domestication.<ref name=ladizinsky99/><ref name="sp">{{cite book |last=Sánchez-Pérez |first=Raquel |title=The Almond Tree Genome |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-030-30302-0 |editor=Sánchez-Pérez |editor-first=Raquel |series=Compendium of Plant Genomes |location=Berlin |pages=15–24 |chapter=Origin and Domestication of Wild Bitter Almond. Recent Advancements on Almond Bitterness |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-30302-0_2 |editor-last2=i Marti |editor-first2=Angel Fernandez |editor-last3=Martinez-Gomez |editor-first3=Pedro |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30302-0_2}}</ref> The wild ancestor of the almond used to [[plant breeding|breed]] the domesticated species is unknown.<ref name=ladizinsky99/><ref name=sp/> The species ''[[Prunus fenzliana]]'' may be the most likely wild ancestor of the almond, in part because it is native to [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan|western Azerbaijan]], where it was apparently domesticated.<ref name=ladizinsky99 /><ref name=kole/> Wild almond species were grown by early farmers, "at first unintentionally in the garbage heaps, and later intentionally in their orchards".<ref>{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared M. |author-link=Jared Diamond |title=Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |year=1997 |page=118 |isbn=0-393-03891-2|title-link=Guns, Germs, and Steel }}</ref>

== Cultivation ==

[[File:Baburnama illustration.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mughal miniature]] depiction of the almond harvest at [[Konibodom|Qand-i Badam]], [[Fergana Valley]] (16th century)<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhawani |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Baburnama/Harvesting_of_the_almond_crop_at_Qand-i_Badam.htm |title=Harvesting of the almond crop at Qand-i Badam |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]
[[File:Almondtrees.jpg|thumb|A grove of almond trees]]
[[File:AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg|thumb|An almond shaker before and during a tree's harvest]]

Almonds were one of the earliest domesticated [[fruit trees]] owing to their ability to be grown from seed,<ref name=ladizinsky99 /> allowing their cultivation to have perhaps predated the advent of [[grafting]].<ref name="zohary" />

Domesticated almonds appear in the [[Early Bronze Age]] (3000–2000 [[BCE]]), such as the archaeological sites of [[Numeira]] (Jordan),<ref name="ladizinsky99" /> or possibly earlier. They were found in [[Tutankhamun's tomb]] in Egypt ({{Circa|1325 BCE}}), probably imported from the Levant.<ref name="zohary" />

[[Ibn al-'Awwam]]'s 12th-century ''Book on Agriculture'' includes an article on almond tree cultivation in Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ibn al-'Awwam |first=Yaḥyá |author-link=Ibn al-'Awwam|title=Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) |year=1864|location=Paris|publisher=A. Franck|translator=J.-J. Clement-Mullet |pages=260–263 (ch. 7 – Article 20)|url=https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n14/mode/2up |language=fr|oclc=780050566}} (pp. [https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n368/mode/2up 260]–263 (Article XX)</ref>

Of the European countries that the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]] reported as cultivating almonds, Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://193.62.154.38/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Prunus&SPECIES_XREF=dulcis&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= |title=''Flora Europaea'' Search Results |access-date=17 July 2008 |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]] |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511164917/http://193.62.154.38/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Prunus&SPECIES_XREF=dulcis&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= }}</ref> is the northernmost, though the domesticated form can be found as far north as Iceland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Prunus+dulcis |title=''Prunus dulcis'' |access-date=17 July 2008 |publisher=[[Plants for a Future]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819002033/http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Prunus+dulcis |archive-date=19 August 2007 }}</ref>

=== Varieties ===

Almond trees are small to medium-sized but commercial cultivars can be grafted onto a different root-stock to produce smaller trees. Varieties include:{{cn|date=March 2025}}

* {{lang|fr|italics=unset|Nonpareil}} – originates in the 1800s. A large tree that produces large, smooth, thin-shelled almonds with 60–65% edible kernel per nut. Requires pollination from other almond varieties for good nut production.<ref name=ARS/>
* {{lang|it|italics=unset|Tuono}} – originates in Italy. Has thicker, hairier shells with only 32% of edible kernel per nut. The thicker shell gives some protection from pests such as the [[Amyelois transitella|navel orangeworm]]. Does not require pollination by other almond varieties.<ref name=ARS/>
* Mariana – used as a rootstock to result in smaller trees

[[Breeding program]]s have found a high shell-seal trait, which reduces insect damage and mold contamination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://almondboard.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Est-Varieties-5-Carina.pdf|title=All about almonds|date=January 2017|publisher=Horticulture Innovation Australia|access-date=10 March 2026|archive-date=17 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017083229/https://almondboard.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Est-Varieties-5-Carina.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Pollination ===

The most widely planted varieties of almond are [[self-incompatible]]; hence these trees require pollen from a tree with different genetic characters to produce seeds. Almond orchards therefore must grow mixtures of almond varieties. In addition, the pollen is transferred from flower to flower by insects; therefore commercial growers must ensure there are enough insects to perform this task.<ref name="van Wyk 2019">{{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Ben-Erik |title=Food plants of the world |date=2019 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78924-130-3 |page=342 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The large scale of almond production in the U.S. creates a significant problem of providing enough pollinating insects. Additional pollinating insects are therefore brought to the trees. The [[pollination]] of [[Almonds in California|California's almonds]] is the largest annual [[Pollination management|managed pollination]] event in the world, with over 1 million hives (nearly half of all [[beehive (beekeeping)|beehives]] in the U.S.) being brought to the almond orchards each February.<ref name=eb/><ref name=bloom/>

Much of the supply of bees is managed by pollination brokers, who contract with migratory [[beekeeper]]s from at least 49 states for the event. This business was heavily affected by [[colony collapse disorder]] at the turn of the 21st century, causing a nationwide shortage of honey bees and increasing [[Pollination#Economics of pollination|the price]] of [[insect pollination]]. To partially protect almond growers from these costs, researchers at the [[Agricultural Research Service]], part of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA), developed [[self-pollinating]] almond trees that combine this character with quality characters such as a flavour and yield.<ref name=ARS>{{cite web |author=Alfredo Flores |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2010/ars-scientists-develop-self-pollinating-almond-trees/ |title=ARS Scientists Develop Self-pollinating Almond Trees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017050714/http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100406.htm |archive-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] |date=6 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Diseases ===

{{Main|List of almond diseases}}

Almond trees can be attacked by an array of damaging microbes, fungal pathogens, plant viruses, and bacteria.<ref name="PlantVillage">{{cite web | title=Almond – Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation | website=[[PlantVillage]] | url=https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/almond/infos | access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borraz-Martínez |first=Sergio |last2=Boqué |first2=Ricard |last3=Simó |first3=Joan |last4=Mestre |first4=Mariàngela |last5=Gras |first5=Anna |date=2019-11-01 |title=Development of a methodology to analyze leaves from Prunus dulcis varieties using near infrared spectroscopy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914019305995 |journal=Talanta |volume=204 |pages=320–328 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.105 |issn=0039-9140|hdl=2117/180898 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Pests ===

Pavement ants (''[[Tetramorium caespitum]]''), southern fire ants (''[[Solenopsis xyloni]]''), and thief ants (''[[Solenopsis molesta]]'') are [[seed predator]]s.<ref name="PlantVillage" /> ''Bryobia rubrioculus'' mites are most known for their damage to this crop.<ref name="Bryobia-rubrioculus-UCANR">{{cite web | url=https://www.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/almond/Brown-Mite/ | publisher=[[University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources|UC Agriculture and Natural Resources]] (UC ANR) | title=Brown Mite / Almond / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM) | access-date=18 May 2022 | archive-date=15 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915182651/https://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/almond/brown-mite/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sustainability ===

Almond production in California is concentrated mainly in the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]],<ref name="bi">{{Cite news |last1=Brodwin |first1=E. |last2=Lee |first2=S. |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/amount-of-water-needed-to-grow-one-almond-orange-tomato-2015-4 |title=Chart shows how some of your favorite foods could be making California's drought worse |date=8 April 2015 |work=Business Insider |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235927/http://www.businessinsider.com/amount-of-water-needed-to-grow-one-almond-orange-tomato-2015-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> where the mild climate, rich soil, abundant sunshine and water supply make for ideal growing conditions. Due to the [[Droughts in California|persistent droughts in California]] in the early 21st century, it became more difficult to raise almonds in a sustainable manner.<ref name="npr">{{cite web |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Richard |title=How Almonds Became A Scapegoat For California's Drought |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/16/399958203/how-almonds-became-a-scapegoat-for-californias-drought |publisher=US National Public Radio |access-date=16 April 2019 |date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416161831/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/16/399958203/how-almonds-became-a-scapegoat-for-californias-drought |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bloom">{{cite news |last1=Bjerga |first1=Alan |last2=Cohen |first2=Donna |last3=Hoffman |first3=Cindy |title=California Almonds Are Back After Four Years of Brutal Drought |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-thirst-for-almonds/ |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108181539/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-thirst-for-almonds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The issue is complex because of the high amount of water needed to produce almonds: a single almond requires roughly {{convert|1.1|usgal|impgal l|abbr=off}} of water to grow properly.<ref name=bi/><ref name=npr/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mekonnen |first1=M. M. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=A. Y. |title=The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1577/2011/hess-15-1577-2011.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=Copernicus |publisher=Twente Water Centre, University of Twente |publication-place=Enschede, The Netherlands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123145145/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1577/2011/hess-15-1577-2011.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> Regulations related to water supplies are changing so some growers have destroyed their current almond orchards to replace with either younger trees or a different crop such as [[pistachio]] that needs less water.<ref name="AtlasObscura2021">{{cite web |title=Why Are Almond Growers Uprooting Their Orchards? |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/uprooting-almond-orchard |website=Atlas Obscura |date=2 July 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703010510/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/uprooting-almond-orchard |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Almond tree in blossom (Israel).jpg|thumb|Almond tree with blossoming flowers, [[Valley of Elah]], Israel]]
California almond farmers have promoted growing use of sustainable farming practices, including introduction of water-efficient irrigation technology, funding of [[honeybee]] health research, and productively using waste biomass (such as shells) in pursuit of a [[zero waste]] industry.<ref name=bloom/><ref>{{cite web |title=Almond industry forerunner of future farm practices, sustainability program internationally recognized |url=https://www.farmprogress.com/tree-nuts/almond-industry-forerunner-future-farm-practices-sustainability-program-internationally |publisher=Western FarmPress |access-date=16 April 2019 |date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416161841/https://www.farmprogress.com/tree-nuts/almond-industry-forerunner-future-farm-practices-sustainability-program-internationally |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:13em; text-align:center;"
|+ Almonds production <br>{{small|2024, tonnes}}<br/>
|-
| {{USA}} || 2,000,340
|-
| {{AUS}} || 370,000
|-
| {{ESP}} || 369,700
|-
| {{TUR}} || 200,000
|-
| {{MAR}} || 163,616
|-
! World !! 3,951,576
|-
| colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]], UN<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=Almonds (in shells) production in 2024, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists) |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) |date=2026 |access-date=30 July 2026 }}</ref>}}
|}

In 2024, world production of almonds was 3.9 million [[tonnes]], led by the United States with 51% of the total, followed by Australia and Spain as secondary producers (table).

<div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider

|start = 2024
|list = Template:OWID/Almond yields#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:Almond yields, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Almond yields]]
|startingView = World
}}</div>

=== Australia ===
Australia is the largest almond production region in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. Most of the country's almond orchards are located along the [[Murray River]] corridor in [[New South Wales]], Victoria, or [[South Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Where are Australian Almonds grown? |url=http://australianalmonds.com.au/enjoy/australian_almonds/where-are-australian-almonds-grown |website=Almond Board of Australia |access-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115633/http://australianalmonds.com.au/enjoy/australian_almonds/where-are-australian-almonds-grown |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theland.com.au/story/3580611/agri-comeback-kids-of-2014/ |title=Agri-comeback kids of 2014 |first=Chris |last=Gibson |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=5 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222205829/http://www.theland.com.au/story/3580611/agri-comeback-kids-of-2014/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref>

In the Australian [[financial year]] 1{{nbsp}}July 2024–30{{nbsp}}June 2025, the national almond crop fell 5%, but increased in value by 20%, to a record {{AUD|1.3 billion|link=yes}}. Exports to China (61% of total exports) increased nearly 130%, from {{cvt|33,373|t}} to {{cvt|76,132|t}}. India was the second-largest export market, at {{cvt|19,803|t}}, a tonnage similar to that of the previous financial year.<ref name="abc 2026-02-28">{{cite news |last1=Brann |first1=Matt |title=Australia's almond industry cracks $1.3 billion mark as Chinese demand rises |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-28/almond-industry-record-value-china-demand-increases/106394784 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=28 February 2026 |language=en-AU |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228032203/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-28/almond-industry-record-value-china-demand-increases/106394784 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of late February 2026, Australia was forecast to harvest a record almond crop of {{cvt|167,000|t}} in the 2025–26 financial year.<ref name="abc 2026-02-28"/>

=== Spain ===

Spain has diverse commercial cultivars of almonds grown in [[Catalonia]], [[Valencia]], [[Murcia]], [[Andalusia]], and [[Aragón]] regions, and the [[Balearic Islands]].<ref name="gain">{{cite web |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Tree%20Nuts%20Annual_Madrid_EU-28_9-8-2016.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Tree%20Nuts%20Annual_Madrid_EU-28_9-8-2016.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Tree nuts annual; Almonds, shelled basis; Report number SP1619 |publisher=GAIN Report, US Department of Agriculture |date=15 September 2016 |access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> The almond cultivar 'Marcona' is unique, having a kernel that is short, round, relatively sweet, and delicate in texture; it is marketed by name.<ref name=Gradziel>{{cite book |last=Gradziel |first=T.M. |year=2011 |title=Horticultural Reviews |volume=38 |chapter=Origin and Dissemination of Almonds |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |editor=J. Janick |doi=10.1002/9780470872376.ch2 |chapter-url=https://eurekamag.com/research/038/900/038900919.php |page=55 |access-date=10 April 2018|isbn=978-0-470-87237-6 }}</ref> Its origin is unknown, but has been grown in Spain over centuries.<ref name=Gradziel/>

=== United States ===
In the U.S., production is concentrated in California where {{cvt|1000000|acre|ha|order=flip}} and six different almond varieties were under cultivation in 2017, with a yield of {{convert|2.25|e9lb|e9kg|abbr=off}} of shelled almonds.<ref name="usda">{{cite web |last1=Averill |first1=Travis |title=2017 Almond Forecast |url=http://www.almonds.com/sites/default/files/content/attachments/almond_objective_report_2017_presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.almonds.com/sites/default/files/content/attachments/almond_objective_report_2017_presentation.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=National Agricultural Statistics Service, US Department of Agriculture |access-date=12 November 2017 |date=6 July 2017}}</ref> California production is marked by a period of intense pollination during late winter by [[renting|rented]] commercial bees transported by truck across the U.S. to almond groves, requiring more than half of the total U.S. commercial honeybee population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zee |first1=Ginger |last2=Miller |first2=David |last3=Harold |first3=Kelly |last4=Miller |first4=Andrea |title=Growing California almonds takes more than half of US honeybees |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/growing-california-almonds-takes-half-us-honeybees/story?id=52265334 |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=ABC News |date=16 January 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927175150/https://abcnews.go.com/US/growing-california-almonds-takes-half-us-honeybees/story?id=52265334 |url-status=live }}</ref> The value of total U.S. exports of shelled almonds in 2016 was $3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Top Almonds Exporters by Country in 2016 |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-almonds-exporters-by-country/ |publisher=World's Top Exports |access-date=12 November 2017 |date=25 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003342/http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-almonds-exporters-by-country/ |archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref>

All commercially grown almonds sold as food in the U.S. are sweet cultivars. The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] reported in 2010 that some fractions of imported sweet almonds were contaminated with bitter almonds, which contain cyanide.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Toomey |first1=Valerie M. |last2=Nickum |first2=Elisa A. |last3=Flurer |first3=Cheryl L. |date=September 2012 |title=Cyanide and amygdalin as indicators of the presence of bitter almonds in imported raw almonds |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230689 |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=1313–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02138.x |pmid=22564183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725075712/https://zenodo.org/record/1230689 |archive-date=2020-07-25 |s2cid=20002210}}</ref>

== Toxicity ==

Bitter almonds contain some 40 times the trace levels of cyanide found in sweet almonds.<ref name="isrn" /> Extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally, but even in small doses, its effects are severe or lethal, especially in children; the cyanide must be removed before consumption.<ref name="isrn" /> The acute oral lethal dose of cyanide for adult humans is reported to be {{cvt|0.5|–|3.5|mg/kg|mg/lb|1}} of body weight (approximately 50 bitter almonds for the average adult), so that for children consuming 5–10 bitter almonds may be fatal.<ref name="isrn" /> Symptoms of eating such almonds include [[vertigo]] and other typical cyanide poisoning effects.<ref name=":1" />

Almonds may cause [[food allergy|allergy]] or [[food intolerance|intolerance]]. Cross-reactivity is common with [[peach]] [[allergen]]s ([[lipid transfer proteins]]) and [[Tree nut allergy|tree nut allergens]]. Symptoms range from local signs and symptoms (e.g., [[oral allergy syndrome]], [[contact urticaria]]) to systemic signs and symptoms including [[anaphylaxis]] (e.g., [[urticaria]], [[angioedema]], gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food-info.net/uk/intol/almond.htm |title=Almond allergy |publisher=Food-info.net |date=26 July 2001 |access-date=17 March 2012 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301023047/http://www.food-info.net/uk/intol/almond.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Almonds are susceptible to [[aflatoxin]]-producing moulds.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=The high cost of aflatoxins |url=http://www.almondboard.com/Handlers/Documents/The-High-Cost-of-Aflatoxins.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607090652/http://www.almondboard.com/Handlers/Documents/The-High-Cost-of-Aflatoxins.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=23 August 2012 |publisher=Almond Board of California}}</ref> Aflatoxins are potent [[carcinogen]]ic chemicals produced by moulds such as ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus parasiticus]]''.<ref name="Rushing">{{cite journal |last1=Rushing |first1=Blake R. |last2=Selim |first2=Mustafa I. |year=2019 |title=Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=124 |pages=81–100 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047 |issn=0278-6915 |pmid=30468841 |s2cid=53720187}}</ref> The mould contamination may occur from soil, previously infested almonds, and almond pests such as navel-orange worm. High levels of mould growth typically appear as grey to black filament-like growth. It is unsafe to eat mould-infected tree nuts.

Some countries have strict limits on allowable levels of aflatoxin contamination of almonds and require adequate testing before the nuts can be marketed to their citizens. The European Union, for example, introduced a requirement since 2007 that all almond shipments to the EU be tested for aflatoxin. If aflatoxin does not meet the strict safety regulations, either the entire consignment must be reprocessed to eliminate the aflatoxin or it must be destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Aflatoxins in food |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/aflatoxins-food |publisher=European Food Safety Authority |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507145456/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/aflatoxins-food |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=New EU Aflatoxin Levels and Sampling Plan |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=New%20EU%20Aflatoxin%20Levels%20and%20Sampling%20Plan_Brussels%20USEU_EU-27_3-9-2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125111951/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/New%20EU%20Aflatoxin%20Levels%20and%20Sampling%20Plan_Brussels%20USEU_EU-27_3-9-2010.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2011 |access-date=23 August 2012 |publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service}}</ref>

=== Mandatory pasteurization in California ===

After tracing cases of [[salmonellosis]] to almonds, the USDA approved a proposal by the Almond Board of California to pasteurize almonds sold to the public. After publishing the rule in March 2007, the almond pasteurization program became mandatory for California companies effective 1 September 2007.<ref>{{cite press release | title = The Food Safety Program & Almond Pasteurization | publisher = Almond Board of California | date = 17 September 2010 | url = http://www.almondboard.com/Handlers/FoodQualitySafety/Pasteurization/Pages/Default.aspx | access-date = 17 September 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100125013631/http://www.almondboard.com/Handlers/FoodQualitySafety/Pasteurization/Pages/Default.aspx | archive-date = 25 January 2010}}</ref> Raw, untreated California almonds have not been commercially available in the U.S. since then.

California almonds labelled "raw" must be steam-pasteurized or chemically treated with [[propylene oxide]] (PPO). This does not apply to imported almonds<ref>[[Agricultural Marketing Service]] (8 November 2006) "Almonds Grown in California: Changes to Incoming Quality Control Requirements" ({{Federal Register |71 |65373}}, {{Federal Register |71 |65374}}, {{Federal Register |71 |65375}} and {{Federal Register |71 |65376}})</ref> or almonds sold from the grower directly to the consumer in small quantities.<ref>{{cite news |first= Garance |last= Burke |title= Almond pasteurization rubs some feelings raw |url= http://www.insidebayarea.com/business/ci_6260038 |agency= Associated Press |date= 29 June 2007 |access-date= 8 November 2014 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141223060711/http://www.insidebayarea.com/business/ci_6260038 |archive-date= 23 December 2014}}</ref>

The Almond Board of California states: "PPO residue dissipates after treatment". The [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] has reported: "Propylene oxide has been detected in fumigated food products; consumption of contaminated food is another possible route of exposure". PPO is classified as [[List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens|Group 2B]] ("possibly carcinogenic to humans").<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlpEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Improving the Safety and Quality of Nuts |editor=Harris LJ |year=2013 |publisher=Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition |isbn=978-0-85709-748-4 |pages=36–37}}</ref>

The USDA-approved marketing order was challenged in court by organic farmers organized by the [[Cornucopia Institute]], a Wisconsin-based farm policy research group which filed a lawsuit in September 2008. According to the institute, this almond marketing order has imposed significant financial burdens on small-scale and organic growers and damaged domestic almond markets. A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in early 2009 on procedural grounds. In August 2010, a federal appeals court ruled that the farmers have a right to appeal the USDA regulation. In March 2013, the court vacated the suit on the basis that the objections should have been raised in 2007 when the regulation was first proposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Authentic Almond Project |publisher=The Cornucopia Institute |url=http://www.cornucopia.org/almonds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108124858/http://www.cornucopia.org/almonds/ |archive-date=8 January 2010}}</ref>

==Uses==

=== Nutrition ===

{{Nutritional value
| name = Almonds
| image = Mandorle sgusciate.jpg
| kJ = 2423
| carbs = 21.6 g
| starch = 0.7 g
| sugars = 4.4 g
| lactose = 0.00 g
| fiber = 12.5 g
| fat = 49.9 g
| satfat = 3.8 g
| monofat = 31.6 g
| polyfat = 12.3 g
| protein = 21.2 g
| water = 4.4 g
| vitA_iu = 1
| betacarotene_ug = 1
| lutein_ug = 1
| thiamin_mg = 0.211
| riboflavin_mg = 1.014
| niacin_mg = 3.385
| pantothenic_mg = 0.469
| vitB6_mg = 0.143
| folate_ug = 50
| choline_mg = 52.1
| vitC_mg = 0
| vitD_ug = 0
| vitE_mg = 25.6
| vitK_ug = 0.0
| calcium_mg = 264
| iron_mg = 3.72
| magnesium_mg = 268
| manganese_mg = 2.285
| phosphorus_mg = 484
| potassium_mg = 705
| sodium_mg = 1
| zinc_mg = 3.08
| copper_mg = 0.99
| selenium_ug = 2.5
| tryptophan = 0.214 g
| threonine = 0.598 g
| isoleucine = 0.702 g
| leucine = 1.488 g
| lysine = 0.580 g
| methionine = 0.151 g
| cystine = 0.189 g
| phenylalanine = 1.120 g
| tyrosine = 0.452 g
| valine = 0.817 g
| arginine = 2.446 g
| histidine = 0.557 g
| alanine = 1.027 g
| aspartic acid = 2.911 g
| glutamic acid = 6.810 g
| glycine = 1.469 g
| proline = 1.032 g
| serine = 0.948 g
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170567/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

[[File:Amandines de Provence, poster by Leonetto Cappiello, 1900.jpg|thumb|upright|Amandines de Provence, poster by [[Leonetto Cappiello]], 1900, which shows a woman eating [[Almond biscuit|almond biscuits (almond cookies)]] ]]

Almonds are 4% water, 22% [[carbohydrate]]s, 21% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and 50% fat (table). In a {{convert|100|g|oz|adj=on|abbr=off|frac=2}} reference amount, almonds supply {{convert|579|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]], and are a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin E]] (171% DV), [[riboflavin]] (78% DV), and several [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]], particularly [[copper in biology|copper]] (110% DV) and [[manganese]] (99% DV) (table). Per 100 g, almonds contain [[dietary fiber]] (12 g), the [[monounsaturated fat]], [[oleic acid]] (31 g), and the [[polyunsaturated fat]], linoleic acid (12 g; table source).

Typical of nuts and seeds, almonds are a source of [[phytosterol]]s, such as [[beta-sitosterol]].<ref name="Berryman2011">{{cite journal |last1=Berryman |first1=Claire E. |last2=Preston |first2=Amy Griel |last3=Karmally |first3=Wahida |last4=Deckelbaum |first4=Richard J. |last5=Kris-Etherton |first5=Penny M. |title=Effects of almond consumption on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol: a discussion of potential mechanisms and future research directions |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=171–85 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21457263 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00383.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Health===

Almonds are included as a good source of protein among recommended healthy foods by the USDA.<ref name="cmp">{{cite web |title=Protein foods: nutrients and health benefits |url=https://www.choosemyplate.gov/protein-foods-nutrients-health |publisher=ChooseMyPlate.gov, USDA |access-date=16 April 2019 |date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416211522/https://www.choosemyplate.gov/protein-foods-nutrients-health }}</ref> A 2016 review of [[clinical research]] indicated that regular consumption of almonds may reduce the risk of [[heart disease]] by lowering blood levels of [[LDL cholesterol]].<ref name="Musa">{{cite journal | last1=Musa-Veloso | first1=Kathy | last2=Paulionis | first2=Lina | last3=Poon | first3=Theresa | last4=Lee | first4=Han Youl | title=The effects of almond consumption on fasting blood lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal=Journal of Nutritional Science | volume=5 | date=16 August 2016 | issn=2048-6790 | pmid=27752301 | pmc=5048189 | doi=10.1017/jns.2016.19 | article-number=e34}}</ref><ref name="thchan">{{cite web |title=Almonds |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/almonds/ |publisher=TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University |access-date=16 April 2019 |date=2019 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716003400/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/almonds/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Culinary ===

{{main|List of almond dishes}}

While the almond is often eaten on its own, raw or toasted, it is also a component of various dishes. Almonds are available in many forms, such as whole, slivered, and ground into flour. Almond pieces around {{Convert|2–3|mm|frac=16}} in size, called "nibs", are used for special purposes such as decoration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Charles|title=Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-0218-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mdwm7jI9J10C&pg=PT45 |page=45}}</ref> A wide range of classic sweets feature almonds as a central ingredient. [[Marzipan]] was developed in the Middle Ages. Since the 19th century almonds have been used to make bread, [[almond butter]], cakes and puddings, candied confections, almond cream-filled pastries, [[nougat]], cookies ([[macaroon]]s, [[biscotti]] and [[qurabiya]]), and cakes ([[Financier (pastry)|financiers]], [[Esterházy torte]]), and other sweets and desserts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dolby |first=Richard |title=The Cook's Dictionary: A New Family Manual of Cookery and Confectionery |date=1830}}</ref> In [[Saudi Arabia]], almonds are a typical embellishment for the rice dish [[kabsa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=El Masri |first=Arwa |title=Tea with Arwa: A Memoir of Family, Faith and Finding a Home in Australia |date=27 September 2011 |publisher=Hachette Australia |isbn=978-0-7336-2852-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Gg0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salloum |first=Habeeb |title=The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking |date=28 February 2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0524-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5TTAgAAQBAJ&dq=Kabsa+rice+almonds&pg=PA74}}</ref> Spanish cookery uses almonds in sweet dishes as well as in savory ones, ground up to thicken sauces and stews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roden |first=Claudia |author-link=Claudia Roden |title=The Food of Spain: A Celebration |publisher=[[Michael Joseph (publisher)|Michael Joseph]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-718-15719-7 |location=London |page=102}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines heights=160 widths=160>
File:Colomba pasquale, edizione 2013 - ND0 4662 (8564331585).jpg|[[Easter in Italy|Italian Easter bread]], the [[Colomba di Pasqua]]. It is the Easter counterpart of the two well-known [[Christmas in Italy|Italian Christmas]] desserts, [[panettone]] and [[pandoro]].
File:Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG|Almond cream cake covered in slivered almonds
File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Gåsebryst.jpg|[[Danish cuisine|Danish]] cream cake covered with marzipan
</gallery>

==== Milk ====

{{main|Almond milk}}

Almonds can be processed into a [[milk substitute]] called almond milk; the nut's soft texture, mild flavour, and light colouring (when skinned) make for an efficient analog to dairy, and a soy-free choice for [[lactose intolerant]] people and [[vegans]]. Raw, blanched, and lightly toasted almonds work well for different production techniques, some of which are similar to that of [[soy milk]] and some of which use no heat, resulting in [[raw milk]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Almond milk, along with almond butter and almond oil, are versatile products used in both sweet and savoury dishes.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

In [[Moroccan cuisine]], sharbat billooz, a common beverage, is made by blending blanched almonds with milk, sugar and other flavourings.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z |isbn = 978-1-4081-0218-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mdwm7jI9J10C&q=sharbat+billooz&pg=PT1211|last1 = Sinclair|first1 = Charles|date = January 2009| publisher=A&C Black }}</ref>

==== Flour and skins ====

[[Almond flour]] or ground [[almond meal]] combined with sugar or honey as marzipan is often used as a [[gluten-free]] alternative to wheat flour in cooking and baking.<ref>{{cite book |last=Amsterdam |first=Elana |title=The Gluten-Free Almond Flour Cookbook: Breakfasts, Entrees, and More |publisher=Random House of Canada |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-58761-345-6}}</ref>

Almonds contain polyphenols in their [[seed coat|skins]] consisting of [[flavonol]]s, [[flavan-3-ol]]s, [[hydroxybenzoic acid]]s and [[flavanone]]s<ref name="skins">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2009.08.015 |title=Characterization of polyphenols, lipids and dietary fibre from almond skins (Amygdalus communis L.)|year=2010 |last1=Mandalari |first1=G. |last2=Tomaino |first2=A. |last3=Arcoraci |first3=T. |last4=Martorana |first4=M. |last5=Turco |first5=V. Lo |last6=Cacciola |first6=F. |last7=Rich |first7=G.T. |last8=Bisignano |first8=C. |last9=Saija |first9=A. |last10=Dugo |first10=P. |last11=Cross |first11=K.L. |last12=Parker |first12=M.L. |last13=Waldron |first13=K.W. |last14=Wickham |first14=M.S.J. |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=166–174}}</ref> analogous to those of certain fruits and vegetables. These phenolic compounds and almond skin [[prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotic]] dietary fibre have commercial interest as [[food additive]]s or [[dietary supplement]]s.<ref name=skins/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Prebiotic effects of almonds and almond skins on intestinal microbiota in healthy adult humans |last1=Liu |first1=Zhibin |last2=Lin |first2=Xiuchun |last3=Huang |first3=Guangwei |last4=Zhang |first4=Wen |last5=Rao |first5=Pingfan |last6=Ni |first6=Li |journal=Anaerobe |year=2014 |issue=4 |volume=26 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.007 |pmid=24315808}}</ref>

==== Syrup ====

Historically, almond syrup was an [[emulsion]] of sweet and bitter almonds, usually made with [[barley syrup]] ([[orgeat syrup]]) or in a syrup of [[orange flower water]] and sugar, often flavoured with a synthetic aroma of almonds.<ref name="isrn"/> Orgeat syrup is an important ingredient in the [[Mai Tai]] and many other [[Tiki bar|Tiki drinks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Upgrade your orgeat |url=https://nationalpost.com/life/food/cocktails-upgrade-your-orgeat-and-youll-find-not-all-tiki-drinks-%EF%AC%81t-under-the-same-umbrella |website=nationalpost.com |access-date=25 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiki cocktail history basics |url=https://drinks.seriouseats.com/2014/03/tiki-cocktail-history-basics-of-tiki-drinks-essential-ingredients.html |website=drinks.seriouseats.com |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328072448/https://drinks.seriouseats.com/2014/03/tiki-cocktail-history-basics-of-tiki-drinks-essential-ingredients.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the cyanide found in bitter almonds, modern syrups generally are produced only from sweet almonds. Such syrup products do not contain significant levels of [[hydrocyanic acid]], so are generally considered safe for human consumption.<ref name="isrn"/>

=== Oils ===

[[File:SweetAlmondOil.png|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Almond oil]]

{{Nutritional value|
| name = Oil, almond
| serving_size = 100 g
| kJ = 3699
| fat = 100 g
| satfat = 8.2 g
| monofat = 69.9 g
| polyfat = 17.4 g
| omega6fat = 17.4 g
| omega3fat = 0
| vitE_mg = 39.2
| vitK_ug = 7.0
| iron_mg = 0
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171031/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Almonds are a rich source of oil, with 50% of kernel dry mass as fat (whole almond nutrition table). In relation to total dry mass of the kernel, almond oil contains 32% [[monounsaturated]] oleic acid (an [[omega-9 fatty acid]]), 13% [[linoleic acid]] (a [[polyunsaturated]] [[Omega-6 fatty acid|omega-6]] [[essential fatty acid]]), and 10% [[saturated fatty acid]] (mainly as [[palmitic acid]]). Linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated [[omega-3]] fat, is not present (table).

When almond oil is analyzed separately and expressed per 100 grams as a reference mass, the oil provides {{convert|884|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}} of food energy, 8 grams of saturated fat (81% of which is palmitic acid), 70 grams of oleic acid, and 17 grams of linoleic acid (oil table).

''Oleum amygdalae'', the fixed oil, is prepared from either sweet or bitter almonds, and is a glyceryl oleate with a slight odour and a nutty taste. It is almost insoluble in [[ethanol|alcohol]] but readily soluble in [[chloroform]] or [[diethyl ether|ether]]. Almond oil is obtained from the dried [[seed|kernel]] of almonds.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Oil content and fatty acid composition of developing almond seeds |last1=Soler |first1=Lourdes |last2=Canellas |first2=Jaime |last3=Saura-Calixto |first3=Fulgencio |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |year=1988 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=695–697 |doi=10.1021/jf00082a007 |bibcode=1988JAFC...36..695S |hdl=10261/90477 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Sweet almond oil is used as a carrier oil in aromatherapy and cosmetics while bitter almond oil, containing benzaldehyde, is used as a food flavouring and in perfume.<ref name="van Wyk 2019"/>
{{clear left}}

== In culture ==

[[File:Prunus dulcis - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg|thumb|upright|1897 illustration<ref>Illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1897</ref>]]

The almond is highly revered in some cultures. In the Bible, the almond is mentioned ten times, beginning with [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 43:11,<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Shafer-Elliott |first=Cynthia |title=Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, and Legumes |date=2022 |work=T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel |pages=146–147 |editor-last=Fu |editor-first=Janling |url=https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9780567679826&tocid=b-9780567679826-chapter8 |access-date=2025-07-27 |series=T&T Clark Handbooks |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-67982-6 |editor2-last=Shafer-Elliott |editor2-first=Cynthia |editor3-last=Meyers |editor3-first=Carol |archive-date=17 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817110431/https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9780567679826&tocid=b-9780567679826-chapter8 |url-status=live }}</ref> where it is described as "among the best of fruits". In [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 17, [[Levi]] is chosen from the other tribes of Israel by [[Aaron's rod]], which brought forth almond flowers.<ref name=":2"/> The almond blossom supplied a model for the [[Menorah (Temple)|menorah]] which stood in the [[Holy Temple]],<ref name=":2"/> "Three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on one branch, with a knob and a flower; and three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on the other … on the candlestick itself were four cups, shaped like almond blossoms, with its knobs and flowers" ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 25:33–34; 37:19–20). In [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 1:11–12, the vision of an almond branch conveys a wordplay in Hebrew between ''shaqed'' (almond) and ''shoqed'' (watching), symbolizing God's vigilant commitment to fulfill His word.<ref name=":2"/> Many [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] give five almonds to each guest before special occasions like weddings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2017 |title=Jewish Sephardi Wedding Recipes and Traditions |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/2017/07/13/jewish-sephardi-wedding-recipes-and-traditions/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=My Jewish Learning |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135946/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/2017/07/13/jewish-sephardi-wedding-recipes-and-traditions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Similarly, [[Christian symbolism]] often uses almond branches as a symbol of the [[virgin birth of Jesus]]; paintings and [[icon]]s often include [[Mandorla|almond-shaped haloes]] encircling the [[Christ Child]] and as a symbol of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]]. The word "luz", which appears in Genesis 30:37, sometimes translated as "[[hazel]]", may actually be derived from the [[Aramaic]] name for almond (Luz), and is translated as such in the [[New International Version]] and other versions of the Bible.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8YSB2K9d1oC&pg=PA37 |title=The meaning of trees: botany, history, healing, lore|author=Fred Hageneder |page=37 |isbn=978-0-8118-4898-5 |publisher=Chronicle Books |date=September 2005 }}</ref>

The [[Entrance of the flower]] (''La entrada de la flor'') is an event celebrated on 1 February in [[Torrent, Valencia|Torrent]], Spain, in which the clavarios and members of the Confrerie of the Mother of God deliver a branch of the first-blooming almond-tree to the Virgin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sena |first1=Laura |title=Fuego y flor de almendro en l'Entrà de Torrent |url=http://www.levante-emv.com/horta/2016/02/02/fuego-flor-almendro-lentra-torrent/1373887.html |date=2 February 2016 |website=levante-emv.com |publisher=Levante |access-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161925/http://www.levante-emv.com/horta/2016/02/02/fuego-flor-almendro-lentra-torrent/1373887.html |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Fruit tree forms]]
* [[Fruit tree propagation]]
* [[Fruit tree pruning]]
* [[List of almond dishes]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]
* [[Candied almonds]]
* [[Dragée]] – a candy.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Cookbook|Almond}}
* {{Wikispecies inline|Prunus amygdalus|''Prunus amygdalus''}}
* {{PFAF|Prunus dulcis}}
* [http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/datastore/?ds=391&reportnumber=612&catcol=2806&categorysearch=Almond University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206105214/http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/datastore/?ds=391&reportnumber=612&catcol=2806&categorysearch=Almond |date=6 December 2012 }}

{{Nuts}}
{{fatsandoils}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q39918|from2=Q15545507}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Almonds| ]]
[[Category:Prunus|Almond]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Pollination management]]
[[Category:Snack foods]]
[[Category:Nut oils|Almond oil]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Symbols of California]]
[[Category:Taxa named by August Batsch]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]

Alpha (2026 film)

2026-09-20T15:40:02Z

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{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Shiv Rawail}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Alpha
| image = Alpha official poster.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shiv Rawail
| writer =
| screenplay = {{ubl|Soumil Shukla|[[Shridhar Raghavan]]}}
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=[[Ishita Moitra]]
}}
| story = [[Uday Chopra]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alia Bhatt]]
* [[Sharvari]]
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Bobby Deol]]
}}
| cinematography = Rubais
| editing = Aarif Sheikh
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:'''|Rohansh and Abeer Pandit|'''Score:'''|[[Sanchit and Ankit Balhara]]}}
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|07|03}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC censors multiple stabbing visuals in Alpha; deletes foul word |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-censors-multiple-stabbing-visuals-in-alpha-deletes-foul-word/ |access-date=30 June 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|100}} [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2026|access-date=1 July 2026|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/alpha-cast-fees-alia-bhatt-takes-home-rs-25-crore-heres-how-much-sharvari-and-others-reportedly-earned-article-154803404|website=[[Times Now]]|title=Alpha Cast Fees: Alia Bhatt Takes Home Rs 25 Crore, Here's How Much Sharvari And Others Reportedly Earned}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}40.23 crore<ref name="BO">{{cite web|title=Alpha Box Office Collection|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/alpha/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 July 2026|access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Alpha''' represents a 2026 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film, marking the feature directorial debut of Shiv Rawail. The production is helmed by Aditya Chopra under the esteemed Yash Raj Films banner. The screenplay has been crafted by Soumil Shukla, Shridhar Raghavan, Ishita Moitra, and Uday Chopra. This cinematic venture constitutes the seventh installment within the YRF Spy Universe franchise.

The principal cast features Alia Bhatt, Sharvari, Anil Kapoor, and Bobby Deol in lead roles. The narrative centres on a highly trained assassin who has been raised in isolation as a super-soldier by a rogue commander. Upon discovering the dark truth regarding her family and stolen childhood, she forms an alliance with her long-lost sister to dismantle her creator and his illicit military program. Following the official title announcement in July 2024, principal photography commenced in the same month, with filming conducted across Mumbai, Kashmir, and Valladolid.

The film achieved theatrical release on 3 July 2026, receiving mixed-to-negative reviews from both critics and audiences alike.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Sita
** [[Khushi Hajare]] as teenage Sita
*** Kiara Khanna as child Sita
* [[Sharvari]] as Durga, Sita's estranged fraternal twin sister
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as [[Colonel]] Vikrant Kaul, Chief of [[Research & Analysis Wing|R&AW]], Sita's biological father
* [[Bobby Deol]] as [[Colonel]] Fateh Singh Lakhawat / [[Major (rank)|Major]] Zarrar Khan, Sita's adoptive father
* [[Dia Mirza]] as Janaki, [[Colonel]] Vikrant's wife (special appearance)
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Dr. John Varghese
* Vishal Katpal as Madhur Kulkarni
* Shubhi Mehta as Susan Cherian
* Digvijay Sawant as Subrato Das
* Bhushan Simpi as Amit Thakur
* [[Pavleen Gujral]] as Dr. Preeti
* Pranay Narayan as [[General officer|General]] Sodhi
* Rajiv Ranjan as [[General officer|General]] Mankani
* Karan Kishore as Karan
* [[Sangay Tsheltrim]] as [[Captain]] Bhupen Rawat
* Vibha Saraf as Aruna
* Shivam Pal as Wazir
* [[Mayank Anand]] as Mr. X
* Abhimanyu Sarkar as Dharam
* Gaurav Bisht as Veer
* Abhijeet Tayung as [[Subedar]] Bhakta
* Santosh Hirasinghani as Fateh's aide
* Charudutt Sapra as Fateh's mercenary
* Matt McHugh as Dr. Solokov
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] as [[Kabir (YRF Spy Universe)|Major Kabir Dhaliwal]] (cameo appearance)
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

The Path to Rome

2026-09-20T15:39:52Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{short description|1902 travelogue by Hilaire Belloc}}
{{Featured article}}
{{use dmy|date=September 2025}}
{{use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Path to Rome
| image = The Path to Rome (title page).png
| image_size =
| border =
| alt = A yellowed page with black serif font
| caption =
| author = [[Hilaire Belloc]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| subject =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Travel literature|Travelogue]]|[[carnivalesque]]}}
| publisher = [[George Allen (publisher)|George Allen]]
| pub_date = 1902
| pages = 448
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 2023180
| dewey =
| congress = 02015369
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource = The Path To Rome
| notes =
}}

'''The Path to Rome''' is a 1902 travelogue by the French-English author and historian Hilaire Belloc, recounting his pilgrimage from Toul in northeastern France to Rome following an encounter with an extraordinary statue of Saint Mary in La Celle-Saint-Cloud, his birthplace. The work presents Belloc's journey through short vignettes, personal reflections, and historical asides about places visited, enhanced by his own illustrations of landmarks, geographical features, and explanatory maps. The book also includes original songs with sheet music and lyrics provided by Belloc.

Belloc employs a stream-of-consciousness narrative style featuring dialogues with an imagined, combative reader, creating what literary critics have described as a carnivalesque work within modernism that anticipates postmodernist techniques through its use of metalepsis, embedded narratives, and defamiliarisation. The text primarily appears in English but incorporates passages in other languages, with linguistic mix-ups and commentary on contemporary language use featuring prominently throughout.

The book achieved remarkable commercial success for Belloc, establishing his reputation as a serious author and becoming considered among the best works in his literary canon and the quintessential example of his travel literature. Contemporary reviews praised Belloc's authenticity, sharp observations, and humour, with retrospective criticism similarly highlighting his complex narrative structure and attention to everyday life details in visited towns. Critics frequently compare the work favourably with François Rabelais and Laurence Sterne, and Belloc himself affectionately referred to it as ''the only book I ever wrote for love''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Bhooth Bangla

2026-09-20T15:39:42Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Priyadarshan}}
{{Distinguish|Bhoot Bungla|text=the 1965 film [[Bhoot Bungla]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhooth Bangla poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = {{ubl|[[Priyadarshan]]|[[Rohan Shankar]]|Abilash Nair}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Rohan Shankar
}}
| story = [[Aakash Kaushik]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]|[[Ekta Kapoor]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
* [[Rajpal Yadav]]
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
* [[Asrani]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Divakar Mani
| editing = M. S. Aiyappan Nair
| music = {{ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Pritam]]
| '''Score:'''
| Ronnie Raphael
}}
| studio = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]<br />[[Cape of Good Films]]
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|4|17}}
| runtime = 164 minutes<ref name="RUNTIME" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|120}} [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla Budget & Cast Fees: Akshay Kumar Charges ₹50 Crore; Here's How Much Tabu, Rajpal Yadav & Others Earned |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/entertainment/bhooth-bangla-budget-cast-fees-akshay-kumar-charges-50-crore-heres-how-much-tabu-rajpal-yadav-others-earned |access-date=18 April 2026 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla Full Cast Salary: Did Akshay Kumar Take Pay Cut For Film With Priyadarshan? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-full-cast-salary-did-akshay-kumar-take-pay-cut-for-film-with-priyadarshan-priyadarshan-tabu-wamiqa-gabbi-paresh-rawal-article-154088926 |access-date=18 April 2026 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|247.16}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhooth Bangla Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhooth-bangla/box-office/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Bhooth Bangla''''' ({{translation|Haunted Mansion}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and produced by [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and [[Cape of Good Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title='Akshay Kumar says jaldi sona…': Tabu on reuniting with the actor in Bhooth Bangla, how he's changed over the years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/akshay-kumar-says-jaldi-sona-chahiye-tabu-on-reuniting-with-the-actor-in-bhooth-bangla-how-he-has-changed-over-the-years-101763368019076.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Wamiqa Gabbi thanks Akshay Kumar and Priyadarshan for a 'FUNtastic' 'Bhoot Bangla' experience: 'This had been a childhood dream' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/wamiqa-gabbi-thanks-akshay-kumar-and-priyadarshan-for-a-funtastic-bhoot-bangla-experience-this-had-been-a-childhood-dream/amp_articleshow/121261507.cms |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], and [[Asrani]].

It marked Priyadarshan's second Hindi-language horror comedy film following ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007), both of which star Kumar, Rawal, Yadav, [[Asrani]], and [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]. ''Bhooth Bangla'' was theatrically released on 17 April 2026.<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-28 |title=Producer Ekta Kapoor Delays Release of Akshay Kumar-starrer 'Bhooth Bangla' to Avoid Box-Office Competition From 'Dhurandhar 2' |url=https://varietyindia.com/producer-ekta-kapoor-delays-release-of-akshay-kumar-starrer-bhooth-bangla-to-avoid-box-office-competition-from-dhurandhar-2/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Variety India}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics, grossing {{INR|247.16}} crore worldwide to become the [[List of Indian films of 2026|fifth highest-grossing Indian film of 2026]] as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 2026|third highest-grossing Hindi film of 2026]].

== Plot ==
{{long plot|section|date=May 2026}}
During a storm in Mangalpur, stranded travelers gather at a deserted railway platform and ask an old mystic about the town's curse. He recounts the legend of Vadhusur, a demonic being said to abduct brides before their wedding night. Years earlier, a wedding party is forced through Mangalpur after floods block their route. Despite warnings from their driver, they continue, only for their bus to break down in the forest. That night, an unseen creature attacks the group and abducts the bride.

Soon after, Dushyant Acharya, the reclusive owner of the abandoned Acharya Palace, dies under mysterious circumstances. In London, his grandchildren Arjun and Meera learn that they have inherited the palace. With Meera's wedding venue cancelled, Arjun decides to restore the estate and host her wedding there. On his journey to Mangalpur, he meets Priya, a writer who claims to be investigating the disappearance of her sister, the missing bride from the earlier attack, and later saves her during an accident.

Upon arriving, Arjun is warned by the caretaker Shantaram that the palace is cursed and that Dushyant himself never stayed there overnight. Arjun dismisses the warnings and spends a night inside unharmed, convincing him that the stories are superstition. However, he discovers a sealed prayer room inside the palace whose key has vanished. When Arjun hires workers and the wedding planner Jagdish to begin preparations, increasingly strange incidents occur around the palace. After Sunder mishandles an electrical wire, Arjun is electrocuted and briefly dies before Priya revives him through CPR. Sunder eventually becomes possessed and leads Arjun and Jagdish to Vadhusur's temple. Curious because of her investigation, Priya convinces Arjun to take her there as well. At the temple, they witness a massive swarm of bats even in daylight and hide in the light as a figure resembling Vadhusur briefly emerges.

Shantaram explains Vadhusur's origin. Born from the union of a demon maiden and a divine son, Vadhusur was rejected by both gods and demons. Fatally wounded, his mother fled to the realm of darkness and entrusted him to Andhkarta, the King of Darkness, who raised him in isolation. After severe penance, Vadhusur received a boon from Lord Shiva granting him immortality, with death possible only by his own hand or by one of his own bloodline. When he later waged war against the gods, they realized they could not win and asked Lord Vishnu for help. He sent a celestial apsara to deceive him. Vadhusur fell in love with her but she said he could not touch her until they married. He agreed, but during the ceremony she stabbed him with an enchanted dagger hidden in the wedding garland. His body was buried beneath the earth, while his soul survived. Enraged by betrayal from a bride, he began hunting newlywed women, becoming known as Vadhusur.

As Meera's wedding preparations continue, the hauntings inside the palace grow more violent. Arjun consults his father Vasudev, who advises him to contact a priest. The priest believes the wedding may still be safely completed but is unable to come immediately and sends his disciple instead. The disciple investigates the palace and is violently repelled by the sealed prayer room. Realizing that something unnatural is present, he urges everyone to keep lamps burning throughout the palace, explaining that the evil gains strength in darkness.

The disciple asks Arjun to drive him to the train station before sunset, but a follower of Vadhusur performs a ritual that brings a storm and darkness over the area. Their car is blocked by a fallen electrical pole, forcing them to flee toward a temple. Before they can reach safety, the disciple is killed. The priest then confirms that Vadhusur never truly left Mangalpur. Since cancelling the wedding could expose the family to disgrace and make the groom's family believe Meera is cursed, he instructs Arjun to open the locked prayer room, complete the wedding before noon, and ensure that the newlyweds cross the Ganges before sunset. If this is done, he assures them they will be safe. After they leave, he discovers that twelve brides have already been sacrificed as part of a ritual to resurrect Vadhusur and that only one more sacrifice is needed.

Arjun and Vasudev search for the missing key and uncover the hidden truth of their family. Vasudev reveals that Arjun's grandfather, Guruji (Dushyant Acharya), had once been the priest responsible for keeping Vadhusur dormant through nightly mantras. Guruji's son Madhav and his disciple Vasudev both lived under his guidance in Mangalpur, where Vasudev and a young woman named Yashodha fell in love. Madhav also desired Yashodha.

Guruji had created a device that automatically played the sacred chants from sunset to sunrise, preventing Vadhusur from awakening. He also believed that if Vadhusur failed to revive for 36,000 moons, he would perish forever. When Vasudev and Yashodha's marriage was arranged, Madhav sabotaged the device so the mantras played in reverse, partially summoning Vadhusur in exchange for Yashodha. Guruji stopped him but feared that Madhav had not been freed from Vadhusur's influence. To prevent disaster, Guruji demanded an honorarium from Vasudev: he had to give up Yashodha and tell no one the truth.

Forced to obey, Vasudev cruelly rejects Yashodha, making her believe he never loved her. With her family arriving and her father wishing to see her married, Guruji arranges her marriage to Madhav. Afterward, Guruji abandons the temple, fearing his son remains corrupted. Yashodha later discovers that Madhav is still partially possessed and flees to Vasudev, who rescues her. The two leave Mangalpur forever. Arjun then learns the final truth: Vasudev is not his biological father, and he is actually Madhav's son.

The priest concludes Guruji had orchestrated the inheritance before his death in the hope that a final wedding at the palace would fully resurrect Vadhusur and free his son from serving as the demon's vessel. It is then confirmed that the hauntings and the figure believed to be Vadhusur were actually caused by the partially possessed Madhav, who had been serving as Vadhusur's vessel. As the wedding approaches, Arjun insists that the ceremony be held during the day in accordance with the priest's warning, while Rahul's family demands a nighttime wedding because of the auspicious timing. Realizing that cancelling the wedding would emotionally destroy Meera while proceeding at night could cost her life, Arjun reluctantly agrees to proceed at night and vows to protect her.

During the ceremony, the possessed Sunder shuts down the generator and the palace is plunged into darkness as strong winds extinguish every lamp and candle. Arjun hides Meera beneath a light source and tells everyone else to stay inside their rooms, but an unseen force abducts her. As he searches for his sister, Arjun sees the spirits of Vadhusur's previous victims and follows the possessed Meera to Vadhusur's temple. There, he discovers cultists performing a resurrection ritual with the dead brides and Meera as the final sacrifice.

Arjun attempts to save her but is confronted by Madhav in his demonic form and is defeated as Vadhusur slowly begins reviving. Meanwhile, Vasudev and the priest break into the sealed prayer room and activate Guruji's mantra device, weakening Madhav and slowing the ritual. Recovering, Arjun tears off a lightning-charged branch from the celestial apsara's sacred tree and uses it to kill Madhav, causing the resurrection ritual to fail. The temple collapses, and Arjun escapes with Meera through a hidden passage connecting the temple to the prayer room. Meera regains consciousness with no memory of what occurred.

Afterward, Arjun angrily confronts Rahul's father for insisting on the nighttime wedding and nearly getting everyone killed, declaring that birth charts are written by humans, not by gods. Priya then admits that she has feelings for Arjun but cannot accept him because she is already married, before quietly leaving. Confused, Arjun checks a camera from their earlier visit to Vadhusur's temple and discovers that every photograph and video shows him alone, revealing that Priya was a ghost and possibly the missing bride herself.

The story returns to the railway platform, where the travelers ask how Arjun was able to see the spirits of the dead brides. The old mystic explains that when Arjun briefly died during the earlier electrocution, he gained the ability to see spirits, as only the dead can see the dead. The mystic then reveals himself to be Arjun, who remained in Mangalpur and has spent the last twenty-four years performing rituals for the peace of Madhav's soul. As a train arrives, he bids the travelers farewell and reminds them that there are many kinds of ghosts in this world.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Akshay Kumar]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Arjun Acharya, Madhav's and Yashodha's son
** Madhav Acharya, Arjun's biological father and Dushyant Acharya's son
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Jagdish Manikchand Roopkamal Kewalramani, a [[wedding planner]] from [[Karol Bagh]], Delhi, and Balli's maternal uncle.
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Dr. Vasudev Acharya, a [[theologian]], Arjun's adopted father and Meera's biological father
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Sunder "Balli" Bajwa, an electrician, the maternal nephew of Jagdish Kewalramani.
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Yashodha, a dancer, Arjun and Meera's mother, Madhav's first wife, and later Vasudev's wife and the daughter of Dushyant Guruji's [[Calcutta]]-based friend, Jeetendra Bandhopadhyay. ([[Flashback (narrative)|flashback appearance]])
* [[Mithila Palkar]] as Meera Acharya, Arjun's [[half-sister]], Vasudev and Yashodha's daughter
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] in a dual role as
** Priya
** Chitra
* [[Asrani]] as Shantaram Yadav / Shambhu Babu, the manager of Acharya palace
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Dushyant Acharya, Madhav's father and Arjun's grandfather
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Govind Maharaj
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Vashisht Sharma, respectfully known as Vashisht Guruji
* [[Bhavna Pani]] as Ragini
* Perin Malde as Rahul
* Manu Menon as Kali
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as Richard Gardener, a [[British people|British]] [[lawyer]]
* Abhishek Bharadwaj as Pandit Ram Shashtri, a disciple of Vashisht Guruji.
* [[Chhaya Vora]] as Rahul's grandmother
* Swatantra Bharat as Groom's brother in the bus
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Bhooth Bangla'' was officially announced in September 2024 with a motion poster revealed by lead actor [[Akshay Kumar]] on his 57th birthday,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=On his birthday, Akshay Kumar announces collaboration with Priyadarshan after 14 years, drops FIRST look of 'Bhoot Bangla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/on-his-birthday-akshay-kumar-announces-collaboration-with-priyadarshan-after-14-years-drops-first-look-of-bhoot-bangla-netizens-react-see-inside/articleshow/113182923.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> marking his seventh collaboration with director [[Priyadarshan]], 14 years after [[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|''Khatta Meetha'']] (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Akshay Kumar, Priyadarshan reunite after 14 years for Bhooth Bangla. See poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-priyadarshan-14-years-bhooth-bangla-motion-poster-birthday-2596264-2024-09-09 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Shobha Kapoor]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] in association with Akshay Kumar's production company, [[Cape of Good Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=Akshay Kumar to team up with Priyadarshan for 'Bhooth Bangla' after 14 years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Sep/09/akshay-kumar-to-team-up-with-priyadarshan-for-bhooth-bangla-after-14-years |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> The film's screenplay was written by [[Rohan Shankar]], Abilash Nair and Priyadarshan. Rohan Shankar also wrote the dialogues, while the story was developed by [[Aakash Kaushik]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |title=Akshay Kumar's Bhooth Bangla locks new April release date – All you need to know about Priyadarshan's film |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-s-bhooth-bangla-locks-new-april-release-date-all-you-need-to-know-about-priyadarshans-film-11770475237280.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref>

{{bq|''Bhooth Bangla'' is a [[horror-comedy]] based on Indian mythology and [[black magic]], with inspiration drawn from ancient texts such as the [[Vedas]] and the [[Mahabharata]].|author=Priyadarshan<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |last=Jha |first=Subhash |title=Priyadarshan on the subject of his Akshay Kumar starrer Bhooth Bangla, "It is based on mythology and black magic, it is inspired by Vedas and Mahabharat" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/priyadarshan-subject-akshay-kumar-starrer-bhooth-bangla-based-mythology-black-magic-inspired-vedas-mahabharat/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>}}

=== Casting ===
Following the film's announcement in September 2024, [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], and [[Asrani]]—longtime collaborators of director [[Priyadarshan]] were confirmed as part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Paresh Rawal, Rajpal Yadav, Asrani join Akshay Kumar for Priyadarshan's 'Bhoot Bangla' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/paresh-rawal-rajpal-yadav-asrani-join-akshay-kumar-for-priyadarshans-bhoot-bangla |website=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> In October 2024, [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] was confirmed as the female lead.{{cn|date=April 2026}} In January 2025, [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Mithila Palkar]] were added to the cast, with reports stating that Palkar would portray the sister of [[Akshay Kumar]]'s character,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2025 |title=Tabu joins the cast of Akshay Kumar starrer Bhooth Bangla; actress drops pic |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tabu-joins-cast-akshay-kumar-starrer-bhooth-bangla-actress-drops-pic/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |last=Cyril |first=Grace |title=Mithila Palkar Joins Akshay Kumar, Tabu For Bhooth Bangla: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mithila-palkar-joins-akshay-kumar-tabu-for-bhooth-bangla-report-9205644.html |website=[[News18 India]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> which was later confirmed by Kumar in his television game show ''Wheel of Fortune''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2026 |title=Mithila Palkar To Play Akshay Kumar's Sister in 'Bhooth Bangla' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mithila-palkar-to-play-akshay-kumars-sister-in-bhooth-bangla |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref> Palkar later revealed that [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] had recommended her to director Priyadarshan, which helped her secure the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2026 |title=Mithila Palkar credits Kalyani Priyadarshan for landing role in Akshay Kumar's 'Bhooth Bangla' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2026/Apr/08/mithila-palkar-credits-kalyani-priyadarshan-for-landing-role-in-akshay-kumars-bhooth-bangla |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> In March 2025, [[Jisshu Sengupta]] was confirmed to have joined the cast, with the announcement made by the makers on his birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2025 |title='Bhooth Bangla': Bengali star Jisshu Sengupta joins cast of Akshay Kumar's next with Priyadarshan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-bhooth-bangla-jisshu-sengupta-priyadarshan/article69336199.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in December 2024 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Akshay Kumar starts shooting for 'Bhooth Bangla', film to release in April 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-starts-shooting-for-bhooth-bangla-film-to-release-in-april-2026/articleshow/116163216.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Akshay Kumar begins filming of Bhooth Bangla, to release in 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-bhooth-bangla-shooting-priyadarshan-horror-comedy-poster-2647482-2024-12-10 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> The production later moved to [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan in January 2025 for its next shooting schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar and Priyadarshan's Bhooth Bangla moves to Jaipur for next schedule |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-priyadarshans-bhooth-bangla-moves-jaipur-next-schedule/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> Portions of the film were shot at several locations, including [[Galtaji]] temple,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |last=Kaur |first=Jasleen |title=Akshay Kumar shoots for Bhoot Bangla in Jaipur, seen enjoying sun and sipping tea on roof of vanity van |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/entertainment/akshay-kumar-shoots-for-bhoot-bangla-in-jaipur-seen-enjoying-sun-and-sipping-tea-on-roof-of-vanity-van-4404542 |website=[[PTC News]] |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref> [[Sisodiya Rani Bagh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=जयपुर में अक्षय कुमार ने शुरू की 'भूत बंगला' की शूटिंग, सिसोदिया रानी के बाग में लगाया सेट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!entertainment/akshay-kumar-started-shooting-for-bhoot-bangla-in-jaipur-set-up-in-sisodia-ranis-garden-rajasthan-news-rjs25011504174 |trans-title=Akshay Kumar begins shooting for Bhooth Bangla in Jaipur, sets erected at Sisodia Rani Bagh |language=hi |website=[[ETV Bharat]] |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref> and Chomu Palace, a location previously used by Priyadarshan for his 2007 film ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar and Priyadarshan's Bhooth Bangla has a strong Bhool Bhulaiyaa connect – Here's how |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-akshay-kumar-and-priyadarshans-bhooth-bangla-has-a-strong-bhool-bhulaiyaa-connect-heres-how-1366059 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar reveals returning to Chomu Palace again for Bhooth Bangla after Bhool Bhulaiyaa; Priyadarshan addresses comparisons with the psychological thriller |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-akshay-kumar-reveals-returning-chomu-palace-bhooth-bangla-bhool-bhulaiyaa-priyadarshan-addresses-comparisons-psychological-thriller/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

The film's [[Production designer|production design]] was handled by [[Art director#In film|art director]] [[Sabu Cyril]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar And Tabu to shoot climax scene of 'Bhooth Bangla' in Hyderabad; Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-and-tabu-to-shoot-climax-scene-of-bhooth-bangla-in-hyderabad-reports/articleshow/119973450.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> In April 2025, the makers shot the climax portions of the film in [[Hyderabad]], where a large palace set was created at [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar, Tabu set to shoot Bhooth Bangla's climax in Hyderabad |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-tabu-set-shoot-bhooth-banglas-climax-hyderabad/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |last=Anand |first=Akriti |title=Akshay Kumar And Tabu To Shoot Climax Scene Of Bhooth Bangla In Hyderabad? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/akshay-kumar-and-tabu-to-shoot-climax-scene-of-bhooth-bangla-in-hyderabad-heres-what-we-know-9286349.html |website=[[News18 India]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

The film was shot extensively in multiple locations including [[London]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar set to wrap up Bhooth Bangla on May 15; 85 days journey comes to an end |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-akshay-kumar-set-to-wrap-up-bhooth-bangla-on-may-15-85-days-journey-comes-to-an-end-1385995 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> Principal photography was completed in May 2025, with the shooting of a song sequence featuring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Wamiqa Gabbi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |last=Pall |first=Omair |title=Akshay Kumar Wraps Bhoot Bangla Shoot; Drops Fun BTS Song Clip With Wamiqa Gabbi |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/94320/akshay-kumar-wraps-bhoot-bangla-shoot-drops-fun-bts-song-clip-with-wamiqa-gabbi |website=[[Mashable India]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |last=Sharma |first=Krishma |title=Bhooth Bangla: Forget the wrap-up, it's Akshay Kumar and Wamiqa Gabbi's dance by the waterfall that has our excitement peaking; WATCH |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/updates/bhooth-bangla-forget-the-wrap-up-its-akshay-kumar-and-wamiqa-gabbis-dance-by-the-waterfall-that-has-our-excitement-peaking-watch-1388260 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> with choreography by [[Pony Verma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar announces wrap of Bhooth Bangla with a bts video: "Grateful for the madness, the magic, and the memories" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-announces-wrap-bhooth-bangla-bts-video-grateful-madness-magic-memories/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] worked as the film's sound designer.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhooth Bangla
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| released = 17 April 2026
| recorded = 
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:40
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| prev_title = [[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Cocktail 2]]
| next_year = 2026
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|mJ0xE3C7URY&pp|Bhooth Bangla – Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack album was composed by [[Pritam]], with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar and Tabu dance to Pritam's tunes in 'Bhooth Bangla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-and-tabu-dance-to-pritams-tunes-in-bhooth-bangla/articleshow/118024686.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by [[Zee Music Company]]. The first single titled "Ram Ji Aake Bhala Karenge", was released on 26 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 February 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla First Song Ram Ji Aake Bhala Karenge Teaser Out, Full Track Releasing On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-first-song-ram-ji-aake-bhala-karenge-teaser-out-full-track-releasing-on-this-date-ws-l-9928848.html |website=[[News18 India]]}}</ref> The song's music video was choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2026 |last=Shukla |first=Surabhi |title=Bhooth Bangla के नए गाने में 'भूतों की वैरायटी' लेकर आए अक्षय कुमार, पुराना अंदाज देख खिल उठे फैंस के चेहरे |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bhooth-bangla-song-ram-ji-aake-bhala-karenge-release-akshay-kumar-comedy-avatar-impresses-fans-40154885.html |trans-title=In the new song of Bhooth Bangla, Akshay Kumar brings a 'variety of ghosts', fans' faces light up on seeing his old style |language=hi |website=[[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran]] |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> Its lyrics drew comparisons to those of the song "Bhooter Raja Dilo Bor" from [[Satyajit Ray]]'s 1969 film ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |last=Gupta |first=Uttaran |title=Satyajit Ray's 'Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne': Singing in the dark times |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/satyajit-ray-goopy-gyne-bagha-byne-film-bengali-music-war-peace-126030100474_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> The second single titled "Tu Hi Disda", was released on 24 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2026 |last=Khan |first=Lubna |title=Bhooth Bangla: Teaser Of Arijit Singh's Song 'Tu Hi Disda' From Akshay Kumar Starrer Unveiled, Fans React |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-teaser-of-arijit-singhs-song-tu-hi-disda-from-akshay-kumar-starrer-unveiled-fans-react-ws-l-9992244.html |website=[[News18 India]] |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> According to reports, singer [[Arijit Singh]], who had earlier announced his exit from [[playback singing]], approached the makers to perform the track, saying that he felt a strong connection with the composition and believed he could bring the required emotional depth to the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |last=Shishodia |first=Prashant |title=After Playback Exit, Arijit Singh Asks For A Song In Akshay Kumar's Bhoot Bangla |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-playback-exit-arijit-singh-asks-for-a-song-in-akshay-kumars-bhoot-bangla-11259594 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> The third single titled "O Sundari", was released on 14 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2026 |title=Release Time for Bhooth Bangla's Track "O Sundari": Akshay and Wamiqa's Song Commemorates Eternal Bond; Teaser Released |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-akshay-kumar-teaser-trailer-songs-article-154069173 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ram Ji Aake Bhala Karenge
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]], Aarvan, Mellow D
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]], Mellow D
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Tu Hi Disda
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| lyrics2 = Kumaar
| length2 = 4:37
| title3 = O Sundari
| extra3 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Antara Mitra]]
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 3:21
| title4 = O Ri O Sanwariya
| extra4 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Prithvi Gandharv
| lyrics4 = Yatindra Mishra
| length4 = 4:47
| total_length = 16:40
}}

== Marketing ==
As a part of the film's promotional campaign, several visual assets and motion posters were released ahead of its theatrical release. The first motion poster was unveiled in September 2024 to officially announce the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |last=Anand |first=Akriti |title=Akshay Kumar Drops First Look Of His Next Horror Comedy 'Bhooth Bangla' On His Birthday; Fans React |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/akshay-kumar-drops-first-look-of-his-next-horror-comedy-bhoot-bangla-fans-react-see-here-9044065.html |website=[[News18 India]] |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> In February 2026, the makers shared an additional motion poster featuring lead actor [[Akshay Kumar]] seated on a throne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2026 |title=Akshay Kumar drops spooky motion poster of 'Bhooth Bangla' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-drops-spooky-motion-poster-of-bhoot-bangla20260224144941/?amp=1 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> Later that month, Kumar and [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] commenced the publicity tour in [[Nashik]], Maharashtra, beginning with a college campus event that included an aerial entry and interaction with students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2026 |last=Snehanjali |first=M |title=Bhooth Bangla promotions soar as Akshay Kumar and Wamiqa Gabbi make a sky-high campus entry |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-promotions-soar-as-akshay-kumar-and-wamiqa-gabbi-make-a-sky-high-campus-entry-article-13848085.html |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> The makers held a fan screening of the teaser on 11 March 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2026 |title=SCOOP: Makers of Bhooth Bangla host exclusive fan screening of Akshay Kumar's film teaser ahead of launch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-makers-bhooth-bangla-host-exclusive-fan-screening-akshay-kumars-film-teaser-ahead-launch/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref> one day before its official unveiling on 12 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla teaser: Akshay Kumar, Paresh Rawal and Rajpal Yadav bring back Bhool Bhulaiyaa-style madness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-teaser-akshay-kumar-paresh-rawal-and-rajpal-yadav-bring-back-bhool-bhulaiyaa-style-madness-10577927/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> Ahead of the trailer launch, large cutouts of Kumar holding [[lanterns]] were installed in cities such as [[Delhi]] and [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |last=Javaid |first=Arfa |title=Akshay Kumar Cutouts With Lanterns Take Over Delhi, Jaipur Before Bhooth Bangla Trailer Launch |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-cutouts-with-lanterns-take-over-delhi-jaipur-before-trailer-launch-1834771 |website=[[ABP Live]] |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 6 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title='Bhoot Bangla' trailer: Akshay Kumar and Priyadarshan return to their fan favourite genre with comedy caper |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhoot-bangla-trailer-akshay-kumar-and-priyadarshan-return-to-their-fan-favourite-genre-with-comedy-caper-13997137.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Bhooth Bangla'' was theatrically released on 17 April 2026. The release was subsequently delayed to avoid a box office clash with ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''.<ref name="ReleaseDate" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 April 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla postponed amid Dhurandhar frenzy: ‘This shift will allow both films the space, focus, and attention they deserve’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-priyadarshan-film-bhooth-bangla-postponed-amid-dhurandhar-frenzy-10615570 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Paid preview night shows were held on 16 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2026 |title=SCOOP: Bhooth Bangla trailer expected to be unveiled on April 6; paid previews on April 16 under consideration|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-bhooth-bangla-trailer-expected-unveiled-april-6-paid-previews-april-16-consideration/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref> It was initially scheduled to release on 2 April 2026,<ref name=":0" /> before being postponed to 15 May 2026,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 January 2026 |title=Akshay Kumar-Priyadarshan's Horror Comedy Bhooth Bangla To Release On May 15, 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/akshay-kumar-priyadarshans-horror-comedy-bhooth-bangla-to-release-on-may-15-2026-9816511.html |website=[[News18 India]]}}</ref> and later preponed to 10 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 February 2026 |title='Bhooth Bangla' preponed: Akshay Kumar responds to horror-comedy hitting theatres on April 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhooth-bangla-preponed-akshay-kumar-responds-to-horror-comedy-hitting-theatres-on-april-10/articleshow/128111582.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Certification ===
During certification, a few alterations were requested by the Examining Committee, such as the replacement of certain offensive terms and deletion of an inappropriate word in the subtitles near the end of the film. In addition to this, there was a derogatory line targeting women that needed change in the first half, along with certain disclaimers to be added concerning religious and superstitious.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2026 |last=Seta |first=Fenil |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC replaces obscene words in Bhooth Bangla; makers voluntarily bring down the film's length by 10 minutes post-certification |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-replaces-obscene-words-in-bhooth-bangla-makers-voluntarily-bring-down-the-films-length-by-10-minutes-post-certification/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> Following this, the film received a [[Central Board of Film Certification#U/A certificate|UA 16+]] certificate on 2 April 2026 by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC)<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Bhooth Bangla secures UA 16 certificate; Priyadarshan film set to deliver a family-friendly summer treat |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-bhooth-bangla-secures-ua-16-certificate-priyadarshan-film-set-deliver-family-friendly-summer-treat/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> in a total duration of 174 minutes. However, the makers later made further voluntary cuts, which were approved on 11 April 2026, reducing the runtime to approximately 164 minutes.<ref name="RUNTIME">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla gets UA 16+ rating, runtime reduced to 164 minutes after revisions |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-gets-ua-16-rating-runtime-reduced-to-164-minutes-after-revisions/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 12 June 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 June 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla on OTT: When and where to stream the Akshay Kumar starrer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Jun/09/bhooth-bangla-on-ott-when-and-where-to-stream-the-akshay-kumar-starrer |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 June 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla OTT release: When and where to watch Akshay Kumar, Priyadarshan's horror comedy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-ott-release-when-to-watch-akshay-kumar-priyadarshan-horror-comedy-on-netflix-101781166730690.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Reception ==

A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and highlighted "BHOOTH BANGLA is a fair entertainer that works best for its humour, performances and old-school Priyadarshan-style chaos. While the first half is highly enjoyable and packed with laughs, the second half loses some steam due to an underwhelming backstory and an overlong climax."<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhooth Bangla Movie Review: BHOOTH BANGLA is a fair entertainer that works best for its humour |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhooth-bangla/critic-review/bhooth-bangla-movie-review/bhooth-bangla-is-a-fair-entertainer-that-works-best-for-its-humour/ |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 April 2026}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "While the first half of Bhooth Bangla is thoroughly entertaining and keeps one hooked, a crisper narrative and a shorter runtime would have made this horror comedy far more effective. However, the screenplay turns messy, and both the creatures and some of the set pieces come across as gimmicky in places, especially toward the climax. The film’s length also feels plodding, especially in the second half, which loses steam and sharpness."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Dhaval |title=Bhooth Bangla Movie Review: Akshay Kumar leads the laughs in this uneven spookfest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bhooth-bangla/movie-review/130328148.cms |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2026}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and opined "The much-anticipated Bhooth Bangla, starring Akshay Kumar and directed by Priyadarshan, falls short of delivering the expected blend of horror and comedy. The film struggles with outdated humour, weak storytelling, and lacks the excitement audiences hoped for."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Bhooth Bangla review: Akshay Kumar-Priyadarshan's film has few laughs, fewer scares |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bhooth-bangla-review-priyadarshan-akshay-kumar-disappoints-few-laughs-fewer-scenes-2897467-2026-04-17 |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |date=17 April 2026}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Taher Ahmed of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and opined "‘Bhooth Bangla’ has all the teeth, but unfortunately none of the bite. While logic is often flexible in such films, here it feels more forced than forgiven. The film checks all the right boxes, albeit only on paper. The second half drifts away from horror and leans into comedy, but not in a way that works. What stands out more is the underutilisation of its characters, many of whom feel limited despite their potential."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Taher |title='Bhooth Bangla' movie review: A Horror-comedy that sucks life of both |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bhooth-bangla-movie-review-a-horror-comedy-that-sucks-life-of-both-3971731 |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=18 April 2026}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Nisha Srivastava of ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'' reviewed the film and noted "While Bhoot Bangla aims to entertain with a mix of horror and comedy, it struggles due to repetitive humour, weak storytelling, and underdeveloped characters. The story does not flow smoothly and often feels like a collection of random scenes put together without strong logic. It lacks a strong core that stays with the audience after the film ends."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Nisha |title=Bhoot Bangla Movie Review |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/bhoot-bangla-movie-review-check-full-cast-lead-actors-supporting-roles-cameos-explained-184617/ |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=17 April 2026}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and opined "All about Akshay Kumar; wish there was more of Tabu and Jisshu Sengupta in a typical Priyadarshan film. It’s time for Akshay to evolve as an actor. He has proved it yet again: it is time for Bollywood to stop obsessing over stars."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Roy |first1=Lachmi |title=Bhooth Bangla Movie Review: Not Akshay Kumar, wanted to see more of Tabu, Rajpal Yadav, Paresh Rawal & Jisshu Sengupta |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhooth-bangla-movie-review-too-much-of-akshay-kumar-very-little-of-tabu-jisshu-sengupta-paresh-rawal-and-rajpal-yadav-14001423.html |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=17 April 2026}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 2 out 5 and noted "Bhooth Bangla should serve as an example: if you wish to sell nostalgia, at least respect the audiences who have now grown up. Give them something to hold onto besides a dilapidated story structure that can't stand on its own, even on the foundation of nostalgia."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Radhika |date=17 April 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla Review: If Not An Akshay Kumar Fan, Ye Movie Bhool Jaao |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bhooth-bangla-review-this-akshay-kumar-priyadarshan-film-is-a-nightmare-for-diehard-bhool-bhulaiyaa-fans-2-stars-11369035 |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "A couple of crucial slips never let the film recover. First off, the age shows: the supremely-fit Akshay was in his prime in ߗ now he is distinctly older than anyone else in the frame – Sengupta has to resort to heavy grey dye, but no way does he look to be Akshay’s dad; Palkar’s character is happy to marry into a family which is heavily superstitious — they get her married to a tree — that’s right, in ߪ and the worst is Gabbi’s cringey romantic track, with all that forced pouting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=17 April 2026 |title=Bhooth Bangla movie review: Akshay Kumar's dated, ungainly film makes you miss Monjulika |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhooth-bangla-movie-review-akshay-kumar-priyadarshan-comedy-makes-you-miss-monjulika-10640947/lite/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29540862}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|bhooth-bangla}}

{{Akshay Kumar}}
{{Priyadarshan}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
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National Assembly of Pakistan

2026-09-20T15:39:32Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #01411CFF
| name = National Assembly of Pakistan
| native_name = {{nobold|{{Nastaliq|قومی اسمبلی پاکستان}}}}{{refn|group=A|name=a|[[Romanisation]]: {{nobold|''Qaumī Asembalī Pākistān''}}<br > '''''Nagarisation''''': {{lang|inc-deva|क़ौमी असेम्बली पाकिस्तान}} }}
| transcription_name =
| legislature = [[List of members of the 16th National Assembly of Pakistan|16th National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| coa_pic = Emblem of National Assembly of Pakistan.png
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt = Emblem of National Assembly
| coa_caption = Emblem of the National Assembly
| house_type = [[Lower house]]
| body = Parliament of Pakistan
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1947}}
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]]
| party1 = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]
| leader1 = [[Ayaz Sadiq]]
| election1 = 1 March 2024
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Deputy Speaker]]
| party2 = [[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]]
| leader2 = [[Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (Pakistani politician)|Ghulam Mustafa Shah]]
| election2 = 1 March 2024
| leader3_type = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Leader of the House]]
| leader3 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| party3 = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]
| election3 = 3 March 2024
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[Mahmood Khan Achakzai]]
| party4 = [[Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party|PkMAP]]
| election4 = 16 January 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Pakistan watchdog disqualifies National Assembly opposition leader, other Imran Khan aides after riot convictions |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/achakzai-set-to-become-opposition-leader-as-na-nominations-close/ar-AA1UcjLc |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
| members = '''336'''
| structure1 = [[File:Pakistan_National_Assembly_2025.svg |300px]]
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt =
| seats1_title =
| seats1 =
| political_groups1 = '''[[Second Shehbaz Sharif government |Government]] (243)'''
* {{color box|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}|border=silver}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] (131)
* {{color box|{{party color|Pakistan People's Party}}|border=silver}} [[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]] (74)
* {{color box|{{party color|Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan}}|border=silver}} [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM-P]] (22)
* {{color box|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}|border=silver}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (5)
* {{color box|{{party color|Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party}}|border=silver}} [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]] (4)
* {{color box|{{party color|Balochistan Awami Party}}|border=silver}} [[Balochistan Awami Party|BAP]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|National Party (Pakistan)}}|border=silver}} [[National Party (Pakistan)|NP]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}|border=silver}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (Z)|PML(Z)]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=black}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] (4)
'''Opposition (89)'''
* {{color box|{{party color|Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)}}|border=silver}} [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|JUI-F]] (10)
* {{color box|{{party color|Sunni Ittehad Council}}|border=silver}} [[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Balochistan National Party (Mengal)}}|border=silver}} [[Balochistan National Party (Mengal)|BNP-M]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen}}|border=silver}} [[Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen|MWM]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party}}|border=silver}} [[Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party|PKMAP]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=black}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] (75)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.na.gov.pk/en/members_listing.php?party=149|title=National Assembly of Pakistan|website=www.na.gov.pk}}</ref>
| voting_system1 = [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|Mixed member majoritarian]]:
*266 members elected by [[first-past-the-post|FPTP]];
*60 seats for women and 10 seats for non-Muslim minorities through [[proportional representation|PR]]
| first_election1 = [[1947 Pakistani Constituent Assembly election|July 1947]] (indirect)<hr>[[1970 Pakistani general election|7 December 1970]] (direct)
| last_election1 = [[2024 Pakistani general election|8 February 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Pakistani general election|2029]]
| session_room = PK National Assembly.jpg
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Parliament House, Islamabad|National Assembly Secretariat]], [[Islamabad]]
| website = {{official website|http://www.na.gov.pk}}
}}{{Politics of Pakistan}}

'''National Assembly of Pakistan''' constitutes the [[Lower house|lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Pakistan]], with the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] serving as the upper house. As per the constitutional framework, the National Assembly comprises a maximum of 336 members. Of these, 266 members are [[Direct election|directly elected]] through [[Universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]] under the [[First-past-the-post|first-past-the-post]] system from respective [[List of constituencies of Pakistan|constituencies]], while 60 seats are reserved for women and 10 for religious minorities (non-Muslims). These reserved seats are allocated to political parties based on their proportional representation in the general seats.

Members serve a term of five years from the date of the first sitting of the house or until its dissolution by the President of Pakistan on the advice of the Prime Minister. The assembly convenes at the Parliament House in the Red Zone of [[Islamabad]]. The National Assembly elects the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prine Minister]] and plays a central role in the legislative process and oversight of the government.

Elections to the general seats occur via the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies known as National Assembly constituencies. The Constitution of Pakistan provides for the allocation of reserved seats for women and religious minorities on the basis of proportional representation among political parties.

Each National Assembly is constituted for a five-year term beginning with its first sitting, after which it stands automatically dissolved unless dissolved earlier. The assembly may be dissolved by the President upon the advice of the Prime Minister; the Prime Minister cannot dissolve it independently.

On 3 April 2022, President Arif Alvi dissolved the 15th National Assembly on the advice of then Prime Minister Imran Khan. However, the Supreme Court of Pakistan intervened on 7 April 2022, declaring the dissolution unconstitutional and restoring the assembly. Subsequently, on 10 April 2022, a no-confidence motion was passed against Imran Khan. On 11 April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) was elected as Prime Minister. Prior to the vote, a significant number of members from Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party had resigned. These events triggered prolonged political instability and crises in Pakistan throughout late 2022 and 2023.

The current 16th National Assembly of Pakistan was elected in the general election held on 8 February 2024 and formally constituted in February-March 2024. The polls were marked by widespread allegations of rigging and irregularities, which led to protests and legal challenges. Independent candidates, largely backed by PTI, secured the largest number of general seats but faced constraints due to the party’s inability to field candidates under its electoral symbol.

The 16th assembly has witnessed significant political realignments. A large bloc of PTI-backed independents initially operated through the Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC) as a parliamentary platform. Disputes over reserved seats resulted in interventions by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. In July 2024, the Court ruled in favour of PTI’s eligibility for reserved seats, leading to the allocation of additional seats to the party (or its aligned platform) and adjustments in the house’s composition. [Sources: Reuters, Al Jazeera, Wikipedia summaries drawing from Pakistani judicial records, 2024].

As of mid-2026, the assembly continues its term under Speaker Sardar Ayaz Sadiq, with ongoing political dynamics between the ruling coalition led by the PML-N and PPP, and the opposition.

== List of Assemblies ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
|-
|1
|[[List of members of the 1st National Assembly of Pakistan|1st National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1947
|1954
|-
|2
|[[List of members of the 2nd National Assembly of Pakistan|2nd National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1955
|1958
|-
|3
|[[3rd National Assembly of Pakistan|3rd National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1962
|1965
|-
|4
|[[List of members of the 4th National Assembly of Pakistan|4th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1965
|1969
|-
|5
|[[List of members of the 5th National Assembly of Pakistan|5th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1972
|1977
|-
|6
|[[List of members of the 6th National Assembly of Pakistan|6th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1977
|1977
|-
|7
|7th National Assembly of the Pakistan
|1985
|1988
|-
|8
|8th National Assembly of Pakistan
|1988
|1990
|-
|9
|9th National Assembly of Pakistan
|1990
|1993
|-
|10
|[[List of members of the 10th National Assembly of Pakistan|10th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1993
|1996
|-
|11
|[[List of members of the 11th National Assembly of Pakistan|11th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|1997
|1999
|-
|12
|[[List of members of the 12th National Assembly of Pakistan|12th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|2002
|2007
|-
|13
|[[List of members of the 13th National Assembly of Pakistan|13th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|2008
|2013
|-
|14
|[[List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan|14th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|2013
|2018
|-
|15
|[[List of members of the 15th National Assembly of Pakistan|15th National Assembly of the Pakistan]]
|2018
|2023
|-
|16
|[[List of members of the 16th National Assembly of Pakistan|16th National Assembly of Pakistan]]
|2024
|present
|-
|}

== Members of the National Assembly ==
{{see also|Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats}}

=== Qualifications ===
The [[Constitution of Pakistan]] establishes specific eligibility criteria for members of the National Assembly under Article 62.

These requirements are complemented by comprehensive disqualification provisions outlined in Article 63, which encompasses grounds such as mental instability, insolvency, criminal conviction, acceptance of dual citizenship, or voluntary relinquishment of Pakistani nationality. Additionally, individuals found to have opposed Pakistan's foundational ideology or engaged in activities detrimental to the nation's integrity, subsequent to its establishment in 1947, are subject to disqualification from parliamentary membership.
=== National Assembly Composition ===
[[File:Pakistan National Assembly Constituency Map 2022.png|alt=|thumb|Constituencies map of national assembly after delimitation in 2022]]

The National Assembly comprises 336 members, with 60 seats constitutionally reserved for women representatives and 10 seats allocated for non-Muslim minorities under Article 51.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ |website=www.pakistani.org |publisher=Govt of Pakistan |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907231721/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The distribution of these Assembly seats among the provinces and the federal capital territory is determined according to population figures as officially recorded in the preceding census. The current seat allocation is detailed as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |url=http://www.na.gov.pk/en/composition.php |website=www.na.gov.pk |publisher=National Assembly Secretariat |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412134537/http://www.na.gov.pk/en/composition.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Composition of National Assembly of Pakistan
!'''Province/Area'''
!General Seats
!Women
!Non-Muslims
!Total
|-
|[[Punjab, Pakistan|'''Punjab''']]
|141
|32
| rowspan="5" |
|173
|-
|'''[[Sindh]]'''
|61
|14
|75
|-
|'''[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]'''
|45
|10
|55
|-
|[[Balochistan, Pakistan|'''Balochistan''']]
|16
|4
|20
|-
|[[Islamabad Capital Territory|'''Federal Capital''']]
|3
|
|3
|-
|'''At-large'''
| colspan="2" |
|10
|10
|-
|'''Total'''
|266
|60
|10
|336
|}
=== Tenure ===

The National Assembly functions on a five-year electoral cycle, conducted through universal adult franchise under the principle of "one person, one vote." Each Member of the National Assembly serves for the entire duration of the House unless their tenure is prematurely terminated through death or resignation. The Assembly's existence may also conclude prematurely through dissolution, either upon the Prime Minister's advice or via the President's discretionary powers as stipulated in the Constitution. Under the 1973 Constitution, parliamentary members are constitutionally restricted from holding the office of Prime Minister beyond two terms. During the 1990s, both Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif advocated for constitutional amendments to enable a third term for parliamentary members serving as Prime Minister.

== Speaker and deputy speaker ==
''' According to The Constitution'''

* (1) After a general election, the National Assembly shall, at its first meeting and to the exclusion of any other business, elect from amongst its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, the Assembly shall elect another member as Speaker or, as the case may be, Deputy Speaker.
* (2) Before entering upon office, a member elected as Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall make before the National Assembly oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule.
* (3) When the office of Speaker is vacant, or the Speaker is absent or is unable to perform his functions due to any cause, the Deputy Speaker shall act as Speaker, and if, at that time, the Deputy Speaker is also absent or is unable to act as Speaker due to any cause, such member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Assembly shall preside at the meeting of the Assembly.
* (4) The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall not preside at a meeting of the Assembly when a resolution for his removal from office is being considered.
* (5) The Speaker may, by writing under his hand addressed to the [[President of Pakistan|President]], resign his office.
* (6) The Deputy Speaker may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker, resign his office.
* (7) The office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall become vacant if:

# (a) he resigns his office;
# (b) he ceases to be a member of the Assembly;
# (c) he is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly, of which not less than seven days' notice has been given and which is passed by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the Assembly.

* (8) When the National Assembly is dissolved the Speaker shall continue in his office till the person elected to fill the office by the next Assembly enters upon his office.

The [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the House]] is the [[Chairman|presiding officer]] of the National Assembly. The speaker is assisted by the [[Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Deputy Speaker]]. Both officers are elected from within the ranks of the National Assembly and, by current convention, are usually members of the majority party. The election of the two officers is the first matter an incoming National Assembly deals with, as mandated by the constitution. Apart from presiding over National Assembly debates, the Speaker may also assume the duties of [[President of Pakistan|Acting President]], if the position is vacant (in case the President as well as Chairman Senate are not available).

The current [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] and [[Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Deputy Speaker]] are [[Ayaz Sadiq|Ayaz Sadiq (PMLN)]] and [[Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (Pakistani politician)|Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (PPP)]] respectively.
== Sessions ==
The National Assembly operates through scheduled sessions, with constitutional requirements stipulating that it convene for a minimum of 130 days prior to the passage of the First Amendment on 8 May 1974. This amendment subsequently reduced the maximum interval between successive sessions from 130 days to 90 days, while mandating a minimum of three annual sessions. Sessions are convened by the President under Article 54(1) of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], who specifies the date, time, and venue, typically the Parliament House, in the summoning order. These summoning details are immediately broadcast through radio and television channels, with copies also dispatched to members at their respective residences. Additionally, the Speaker may summon the National Assembly upon requisition by one-fourth of its total membership, requiring such a convened session to occur within 14 days of the request.

== Leaders ==
=== Leader of the House ===
{{Main|Prime Minister of Pakistan|List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan}}
The Leader of the House is the highest-ranking representative of the majority party in the National Assembly, usually the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].

=== Leader of the Opposition ===
{{Main|Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)}}
The Leader of the Opposition is the highest-ranking representative of the main [[Parliamentary opposition|opposition party]].

== Committees ==
The Committee System operates with full recognition of its institutional role, granting committees comprehensive authority to examine all aspects of ministerial functioning. The Speaker, acting independently or the National Assembly exercising its prerogative suo moto, may refer any matter to a standing committee without requiring formal motion. These committees possess the authority to summon before them any assembly member or individual possessing specialized knowledge or particular interest in matters under consideration. Furthermore, committees are empowered to receive expert testimony and conduct public hearings as part of their deliberative processes.

== Leaders ==
=== Leader of the House ===
{{Main|Prime Minister of Pakistan|List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan}}
The Leader of the House is the highest-ranking representative of the majority party in the National Assembly, usually the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].

=== Leader of the Opposition ===
{{Main|Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)}}
The Leader of the Opposition is the highest-ranking representative of the main [[Parliamentary opposition|opposition party]].

== Pasban-e-Aman Force ==
In 2023, the National Assembly Secretariat established the Pasban-e-Aman ({{Nastaliq|پاسبان امان}}{{refn|group=B|name=b|{{lang|inc-deva|पासबान-ए-अमान}}}}) Force to provide security for the Parliament House. According to the report, the majority of ''Pasban-e-Aman'' Force personnel were recruited from Gujar Khan, which represents the constituency of then National Assembly Speaker Raja Pervez Ashraf. The force assumed responsibility for the security of Parliament House and the National Assembly, with security duties that had previously been handled by the Frontier Corps now being transferred to this new unit.

By 15 September 2023, three batches of Pasban-e-Aman Force personnel had completed their anti-terrorism training conducted near [[Simly Dam]]. The force's uniform bears resemblance to that of the Elite Force, featuring ATS signage on the caps and "Pasban-e-Aman" inscribed on the right shoulder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Pasban e Aman Force constituted for security of Parliament House |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/09/15/pasban-e-aman-force-constituted-for-security-of-parliament-house/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920001314/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/09/15/pasban-e-aman-force-constituted-for-security-of-parliament-house/ |archive-date=20 September 2023 |website=[[Pakistan Today]]}}</ref>

== General election 2024 ==
{{main|Pakistani general election 2024}}

{{transcluded section|source= Pakistani general election 2024}}
{{#section-h:Pakistani general election 2024|National Assembly}}

== Dissolution ==
Dissolution of National Assembly
The National Assembly of Pakistan may be dissolved under the provisions of Article 58 of the Constitution, which delineates the President's authority to terminate the Assembly's tenure either upon the Prime Minister's advice or through discretionary action.
Constitutional Framework:

*Article 58(1): "The President shall dissolve the National Assembly if so advised by the Prime Minister; and the National Assembly shall, unless sooner dissolved, stand dissolved at the expiration of forty-eight hours after the Prime Minister has so advised."

*Article 58(2): "Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (2) or Article 48, the President may dissolve the National Assembly in his discretion where, a vote of no-confidence having been passed against the Prime Minister, no other member of the National Assembly commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, as ascertained in a session of the National Assembly summoned for the purpose."

*Article 48(1): "In the exercise of his functions, the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or the Prime Minister."

The dissolution process mandates specific constitutional procedures. Following dissolution under Article 58(1), the President must schedule general elections within ninety days and establish a caretaker Cabinet pursuant to Articles 224 or 224A. For discretionary dissolution under Article 58(2), the President must refer the matter to the Supreme Court within fifteen days, which adjudicates the reference within thirty days, with the ruling being final.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
<references group="A"/>
<references group="B"/>
== Read also ==
* [[Constitution of Pakistan]]
* [[List of constituencies of Pakistan]]
* [[Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
* [[List of provincial assemblies of Pakistan]]
* [[Member of the Provincial Assembly]]
* [[Politics of Pakistan]]
* [[List of Pakistanis]]
* [[Pakistan]]
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official|http://www.na.gov.pk/}} of National Assembly of Pakistan
* [https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1549886415_632.pdf Constitution of Pakistan (English)]
* [https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1575018297_955.pdf Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu)]

{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Legislatures of Pakistan}}
{{National Assembly constituencies of Pakistan}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Assembly of Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Parliament of Pakistan]

Zara Larsson

2026-09-20T15:39:22Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Swedish singer and songwriter (born 1997)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Zara Larsson
| image = Zara Larsson Midnight Sun European Tour (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Larsson in 2025
| birth_name = Zara Maria Larsson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|12|16}}
| birth_place = [[Solna]], Stockholm County, Sweden
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[House music|house]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}
| instrument = Vocals
| works = [[Zara Larsson discography|Discography]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| label = {{hlist|Sommer House|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Black Butter Records|Black Butter]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]|[[TEN Music Group|TEN]]|[[Universal Music Sweden|Universal Sweden]]}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Zara Larsson|Full list]]
| website = {{URL|zaralarssonofficial.com}}
}}

'''Zara Larsson''' ({{IPA|ˈsɑ̂ːra ˈlɑ̌ːʂɔn}} ''सारा लाषन्'' {{space|0.5}}; born 16 December 1997) is a Swedish singer and songwriter who first gained recognition in 2008 after winning the second season of the Swedish talent show competition ''Talang''. In 2012, Larsson signed with Ten Music Group and released her debut extended play ''Introducing'' the following year. The EP's lead single "Uncover" achieved commercial success, reaching number one in Sweden where it received six-times platinum certification, as well as charting in Norway. Her first studio album, titled simply '''1''' (released in 2014), produced the Swedish top-ten singles "Carry You Home" and "Rooftop".

Larsson later signed a three-year contract with Epic Records in the United States, through which she released her debut international album, ''So Good'' (2017). The record became her second number-one album in Sweden, while charting in the top-ten in seven other countries. Its lead single "Lush Life" charted in the top-five in 18 countries and became one of the best-selling songs of the 2010s in the United Kingdom. The album features the follow-up singles "Never Forget You" (with MNEK) and "Ain't My Fault", both of which reached number one in Sweden, as well as "I Would Like", which reached number two in the UK. Larsson was featured on Clean Bandit's 2017 single "Symphony", which topped the UK singles chart, as well as the Swedish and Norwegian charts. Her third studio album, ''Poster Girl''(2021), was led by the single "Ruin My Life", which reached the top ten in the UK and Sweden, and earned a platinum certification in the United States.
== Early Life ==
Zara Maria Larsson was born on 16 December 1997 in Solna, Stockholm, to Agnetha and Anders Larsson.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.se/zara-larsson/ |title=Därför nobbade Zara Larsson Justin Bieber |last=Behdjou |first=Behrang |date=1 April 2016 |website=Dagens Nyheter |access-date=23 December 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013656/https://fokus.dn.se/zara-larsson/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Amster-2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.svd.se/zara-larsson-nar-hatvagen-kom-ville-jag-lamna-sverige |title=Zara Larsson: När hatvågen kom ville jag lämna Sverige |last=Amster |first=Harry |website=Svenska Dagbladet |date=19 July 2015 |access-date=23 December 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013940/https://www.svd.se/zara-larsson-nar-hatvagen-kom-ville-jag-lamna-sverige |url-status=live}}</ref> In a July 2015 interview with [[Svenska Dagbladet]], she revealed that she was born "clinically dead" due to oxygen deprivation caused by a nuchal cord.

Raised in Tallkrogen, Enskede—south of Stockholm—Larsson’s mother worked as a nursing assistant, while her father served as a military officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2021 |title=Zara Larsson: Jag behövde en paus från den hätska debatten |url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/zara-larsson-jag-behovde-en-paus-fran-den-hatska-debatten/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |language=sv |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824032244/https://www.dn.se/kultur/zara-larsson-jag-behovde-en-paus-fran-den-hatska-debatten/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She has a younger sister, Hanna, who is also a singer and a member of the band Lennix.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spin.com/2016/05/hanna-and-andrea-always-on-my-mind-new-song-zara-larsson-stream/ |title=Zara Larsson's Sister Starts a Band, Hanna & Andrea, With Very Good Debut Single {{!}} SPIN |last=Carley |first=Brennan |date=26 May 2016 |website=Spin |access-date=27 May 2016 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013721/https://www.spin.com/2016/05/hanna-and-andrea-always-on-my-mind-new-song-zara-larsson-stream/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Her early education began at Gubbängsskolan before she transferred to the Royal Swedish Ballet School in third grade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/zara-larsson-i-want-people-to-look-at-me-all-the-time-a3207041.html |title=Zara Larsson: I want people to look at me all the time |last=smith |first=david |date=18 March 2016 |website=Standard |access-date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518154640/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/zara-larsson-i-want-people-to-look-at-me-all-the-time-a3207041.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She later attended Kulturama, an arts-focused secondary school in Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.se/sthlm/zara-larsson-jag-ska-vara-miljardar-innan-jag-ar-25/ |title=Zara Larsson: Jag ska vara miljardär innan jag är 25 |last=Gustavsson |first=Matilda |date=15 May 2015 |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305220243/http://www.dn.se/sthlm/zara-larsson-jag-ska-vara-miljardar-innan-jag-ar-25/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> Larsson has cited [[Carola Häggkvist]] and [[Whitney Houston]] as early musical influences and has stated that she decided at the age of five to pursue a career that would make her "immortal", much like Elvis Presley.
== Personal Life ==
In 2015, Larsson was among 58 celebrities invited to plan and host a summer talk show broadcast on Sveriges Radio. The 48-minute programme, aired live on the P1 channel on 25 July 2015, featured her discussing various aspects of her life and career.<ref name="Sveriges Radio-2015">{{cite web |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/579039?programid=2071 |title=Sommar & Vinter i P1 – Zara Larsson |language=sv |publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401011828/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/579039?programid=2071 |url-status=live}}</ref> At 17 years old, Larsson became the youngest celebrity to host such a programme, surpassing the previous record held by Robyn and Gina Dirawi who were 20 when they participated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.svt.se/kultur/musik/zara-larsson-yngst-att-sommarprara-skyddas-av-sr |title=Zara Larsson yngst att sommarprata |publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]] |first=Rebecca |last=Haimi |language=sv |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223154010/https://www.svt.se/kultur/musik/zara-larsson-yngst-att-sommarprara-skyddas-av-sr |url-status=live}}</ref> Her talk covered topics including her personal life, music career, feminist perspectives, public reactions to her work, and her feelings about her public persona.

Between 2017 and 2019, Larsson maintained a relationship with English model Brian H. Whittaker, despite having first tweeted about him in 2015 and only meeting him two years later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Suzannah |date=2017-07-08 |title=Zara Larsson's Boyfriend Is a Model She Was Tweeting Photos of Two Years Ago |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/zara-larsson-boyfriend |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.papermag.com/zara-larsson-brian-whittaker-boyfriend-2543224192.html |title=Zara Larsson's Modern Day Love Story |date=5 March 2018 |website=PAPER |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708115528/http://www.papermag.com/zara-larsson-brian-whittaker-boyfriend-2543224192.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2020, she has been in a relationship with Swedish dancer Lamin Holmén.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duff |first1=Seamus |title=Zara Larsson dating dancer Lamin Holmen and 'wrote new album about him' |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/zara-larsson-dating-dancer-lamin-23493338 |website=Mirror |date=13 February 2021 |publisher=Reach PLC |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112231418/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/zara-larsson-dating-dancer-lamin-23493338 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2026}}

On 18 May 2017, Larsson launched her own fashion collection in collaboration with H&M, which included various garments and accessories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hm.com/se/products/search?q=zara%20larsson |title=H&M offers fashion and quality for the best price {{!}} H&M SE |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=www.hm.com |language=sv |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914233251/https://www2.hm.com/sv_se/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ELLE-2017">{{cite news |title=See all pictures on Zara Larsson's collection for H&M: "Feminine, strong and fits everyone" |url=https://www.elle.se/zara-larsson-kollektion-hm/ |language=sv |work=ELLE |date=25 April 2017 |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223155509/https://www.elle.se/zara-larsson-kollektion-hm/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She was actively involved in the creative process, making key decisions regarding product selection, colour schemes, and fitting arrangements. The collection predominantly features pink as its signature colour throughout all items.<ref name="ELLE-2017" /><ref>{{cite news |title=See all garments from Zara Larsson's collection with H&M |url=https://www.frida.se/zara-larsson-kollektion-hm-2017 |work=FRIDA |date=25 April 2017 |language=sv |access-date=24 October 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002245/https://www.frida.se/zara-larsson-kollektion-hm-2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Larsson previously adhered to a vegetarian diet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=Zara Larsson Says She Was ‘Really Underweight’ Before Quitting Her Vegetarian Diet |url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/food/a33969534/zara-larsson-diet/ |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Women's Health |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Discography==
{{main|Zara Larsson discography}}

* ''[[1 (Zara Larsson album)|1]]'' (2014)
*''[[So Good (Zara Larsson album)|So Good]]'' (2017)
*''[[Poster Girl (album)|Poster Girl]]'' (2021)
*''[[Venus (Zara Larsson album)|Venus]]'' (2024)
*''[[Midnight Sun (Zara Larsson album)|Midnight Sun]]'' (2025)

==Tours==

=== Headlining ===
* [[So Good World Tour]] (2017–2018)
* [[Don't Worry Bout Me Tour]] (2019)
* [[Poster Girl Tour]] (2021–2022)
* [[Venus Tour]] (2024)
* [[Midnight Sun Tour]] (2025–2026)

=== Opening act ===
* [[Cher Lloyd]] – [[I Wish Tour]] (2013–2014)
* [[Beyoncé]] - [[Formation World Tour]] (2016)
* [[Clean Bandit]] – North American Tour (2017)
* [[Ed Sheeran]] – [[÷ Tour]] (2019)
* [[Kygo]] – Kygo World Tour (2024)
* [[Tate McRae]] – [[Miss Possessive Tour]] (2025)<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tate McRae Prepares for Massive 2025 With Album, Tour Announcement |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tate-mcrae-new-album-so-close-to-what-tour-1235165827/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>
== Read Also ==
* [[Charli D'Amelio]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zara Larsson}}

* {{Official website}}
* {{AllMusic}}
* {{Discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Zara Larsson}}
{{Talang}}
{{Navbox group
| title = Awards and achievements
| list =
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}}
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Nordic Act}}
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Swedish Act}}
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Worldwide Act}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Sweden|Music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsson, Zara}}
[[Category:Zara Larsson| ]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish women singers]]
[[Category:Contemporary R&B singers]]
[[Category:Dance-pop musicians]]
[[Category:English-language Swedish singers]]
[[Category:Epic Records artists]]
[[Category:Feminist musicians]]
[[Category:Got Talent winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Singers from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Swedish child singers]]
[[Category:Swedish feminists]]
[[Category:Swedish sopranos]]
[[Category:Swedish women pop singers]]
[[Category:Talang (Swedish TV series) contestants]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group artists]]

Yusufzai

2026-09-20T15:39:12Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Pashtun tribe}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Yusufzai
| local name = ايسپزی
| type =
| image = A Eusofzye (adjusted).png
| alt =
| caption = Depiction of a Yusufzai warrior
| ethnicity = [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]
| nisba =
| location = [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]],<br> [[Pakistan]] ([[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]])
| varna =
| descended_label =
| descended =
| parent_tribe = [[Sarbani]]
| population =
| demonym =
| branches = [[Mandanr]], Iliaszai, Akozai, Mandan, Isazai, Malizai
| language = [[Pashto]]
| religion = [[file:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
}}
'''Yusufzai'''{{efn|also known as '''Yousafzai''', most commonly as '''Esapzai''', and historically known as '''Yusafzai Afghans'''<br>{{bulleted list|{{langx|ps|يوسفزی|Yusufzai}} {{IPA|ps|ju.suf.zäɪ, ʔe.säp.zäɪ|}}}}}} is one of the largest, most important and powerful tribes of the [[Pashtuns]].<ref>P.D. Bonarjee. (1899). [https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfighti00bonagoog/page/n47/mode/1up A Handbook of The Fighting Races of India] p.23-24.</ref> Military historian Colonel [[H. C. Wylly|Harold Carmichael Wylly]] offers a personal perspective on the Yousafzai tribe, stating: "The '''Yousafzai''' is an agriculturist, generally a fine, well-limbed man of a good physique and appearance with great deal of race-pride, well dressed and cheery, while his hospitality is proverbial".<ref>{{cite web |author= H.C. Wylly|authorlink=H.C. Wylly|title=From the Black Mountain to Waziristan | url =https://archive.org/details/fromblackmountai00wyll|location=London |publisher=Macmillan|page =56|year=1912}}</ref> They are natively based in the northern part of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] ([[Malakand District|Malakand]], [[Dir (region)|Dir]], [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Shangla District|Shangla]], [[Buner District|Buner]], [[Swabi District|Swabi]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]], [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]], [[Peshawar]], [[Torghar District|Tor Ghar]], to which they migrated from [[Kabul]] during the 16th century, but they are also present in parts of [[Afghanistan]], including [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]] and [[Farah Province|Farah]]. Outside of these countries, they can be found in [[Ghoriwala]], [[Bannu]] ([[Mughal Khel]]),<ref name="KhanRoshanKhan" /> [[Sibi]] ([[Akazai]]), [[Chagai, Pakistan|Chagai]] ([[Hassanzai]]) and [[Rohilkhand]]. Most Yusufzais speak a [[Northern Pashto|northern variety]] of [[Pashto]] and some [[Southern Pashto|southern variety]] of [[Pashto]], most prominent among the [[Bannu|Mughal Khel]] branch, as well as [[Urdu]] and [[Dari]] as second languages.<ref name="UND">{{Cite thesis |type=Master's thesis |last=Coyle|first=Dennis Walter|date=2014|title=Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties|url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635 |publisher=University of North Dakota}}</ref>

==Etymology==
According to some scholars, including philologist [[J.W. McCrindle]], the name ''Yūsəpzay'' or ''Īsəpzay'' is derived from the tribal names of ''Aspasioi'' and ''Assakenoi'' – the ancient inhabitants of the [[Kunar Province|Kunar Valley]] and the [[Swat Valley]] who offered resistance when [[Cophen campaign|Alexander invaded their land]] in 327–326 BCE. According to historian [[R.C. Majumdar]], the ''Assakenoi'' were either allied to or a branch of the larger ''Aspasioi'', and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from the word ''[[Aśvaka]]'', which literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "[[cavalry]]men" (from ''[[aśva]]'' or ''aspa'', the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan]] words for "horse").<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |orig-year=1952 |isbn=978-8-12080-436-4 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99}}</ref>

McCrindle said "The name of the ''Aśvaka'' indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior [[horse breed|breed of horses]]. The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ''ἵππος'', a horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification."<ref name="mc">{{cite book |title=The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great: As Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin|author=John Watson McCrindle |publisher=A. Constable|year=1896 |location=University of Michigan |pages=333–334 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioE2AAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The name of the ''Aśvakan'' or ''Assakan'' is also the origin of the ethnonym ''[[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghān]]'', which has been historically used for all Pashtuns.<ref>''"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... "'' (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).</ref><ref>''"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses"'' (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).</ref><ref>cf: ''"Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the [[Sanskrit]], ''Asva'', or ''Asvaka'', a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "''(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society).</ref><ref>''"Afghans are Assakani of the [[Greeks]]; this word being the [[Sanskrit]] [[Ashvaka]] meaning 'horsemen' " '' (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).</ref><ref>Cf: ''"The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a ''cavalier'', and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]" '' (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial [[Anglo-Indian]] words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).</ref>

==Mythical genealogy==

The 1595 Mughal account ''Ain-i-Akbari'' said there was a [[groups claiming affiliation with Israelites|tradition of Israelite descent]] among Pashtuns.<ref name="Nejatie"/>

==History==
===Peace treaty with Babur===
[[File:Babur, during his second Hindustan campaign, riding a raft from Kunar back to Atar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Babur]] crossing the [[Kunar River]] on a [[raft]], west of [[Bajaur]]]]
During the [[early modern period]], the Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in ''[[Baburnama]]'' by [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler from [[Fergana Valley|Fergana]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) who captured [[Kabul]] in [[Siege of Kabul (1504)|1504]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Samrin | first = Farah | title = Yusufzais in Mughal History | year = 2006 | journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume = 67 | pages = 292–300 | jstor = 44147949 }}</ref> On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his [[Bajaur massacre]], Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad ([[Swat District|Swat]]), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of [[Panjkora River|Panjkora]] and the united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite [[alcohol intoxication|intoxicating]] [[confectionery|confections]]."<ref name="babur">{{cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Annette Susannah |author-link=Annette Beveridge |date=7 January 2014 |title=The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>

Due to the military and strategic strength of the Yousafzai, Babur needed security from their location in the hills that [[Graveyard of empires|threatened]] his empire and did not allow for a safe expansion to [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans to have family ties, Babur married [[Bibi Mubarika]], daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 for mutual security after failing to subdue the tribe. Shah Mansur had favoured peace while the faction of [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai|Malik Ahmad Khan]] was against any forging of close ties.<ref>{{cite book|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|title=Babur|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|year=1978|pages=263}}</ref><ref>Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) ''The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600''</ref><ref>Elizabeth Moynihan ''[https://asia-archive.si.edu/essays/memoir-05/ V. A Passage to Kabul - An Unplanned Life: In Search of Mughal Gardens]'' National Museum of Asian Art</ref> Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the [[Mughal Empire]] after defeating Pashtun Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aftab |first1=Tahera |title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004158498 |edition=[Online-Ausg.]. |location=Leiden |page=46}}</ref> One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal Emperors [[Humayun]] and [[Akbar]]. Although suspicions existed on both sides and the Yusufzai had never paid taxes or tributes to Babur or any other [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor.<ref>{{cite book|first=Soma|last=Mukherjee|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|publisher=Gyan Books|year=2001|pages=118|isbn=978-8-121-20760-7}}</ref><ref>The News (2016) ''[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/561719-forgotten-queen-babur The forgotten Queen of Babur]'' by Dr. Himayatullah Yaqubi</ref>

===Yusufzai Chieftaincy===
[[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]] conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/38531-malik-ahmad-baba-yousafzais-lige-services-to-be-rembered | title=Malik Ahmad Baba Yousafzai's life, services to be rembered | date=4 May 2015 }}</ref> Major parts of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following.
* [[Malik|Malak]] [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai|Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]] (Reign; 1520 - 1535).
* [[Gaju Khan|Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai]] (Reign; 1535 - 1553)
* Malak Misri Khan Ali Asghar Yusufzai (Reign; 1553 - 1580)
* Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1580 - 1585)
* [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Malak Kalu Khan Yousafzai]] (Reign; 1585 - 1626).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ | title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans | last1=Rashid | first1=Haroon | date=2002 }}</ref>
* Malak Bhaku Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1626 - 1675).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9otAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhaku+Khan | title=Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C.: A Political and Cultural History | last1=Ikram | first1=Sheikh Mohamad | date=1966 }}</ref>

After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader).

In 1586, [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] tried to invade [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] in the [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)]] but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire | title=''A Short History of the Mughal Empire'' | date=2016 }}</ref>

===Skirmishes with Mughal forces===
During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and [[Mandanr|Mandanrs]] rebelled against the Mughals and joined the [[Roshani movement]] of [[Pir Roshan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|page=152|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late 1585, Moghul emperor [[Akbar]] sent military forces under [[Zain Khan Koka]] and [[Birbal]] to crush the rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|were killed]] near the [[Karakar Pass]] between [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Buner]] by the Yusufzai lashkar led by [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan]]. This was the greatest disaster faced by the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]] during Akbar's reign.<ref>{{cite book |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |series=The New Cambridge History of India |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |pages=50–51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA50|isbn=9780521566032 }}</ref>

In 1630, under the leadership of [[Pir Roshan]]'s great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, [[Kheshgi]], [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Misdaq |first=Nabi |date=2006 |title=Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHmTAgAAQBAJ |isbn=1135990174|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from [[Delhi]] to suppress the revolt.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=yusufzai&pg=PA50 |title = The Mughal Empire|isbn = 9780521566032|last1 = Richards|first1 = John F.|year = 1995| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Although the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern [[Kabul River|Kabul valley]], he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai.<ref name="gommans"/>

===Durrani period===
[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], which was founded by [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] Yusufzai in [[Rohilkhand]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]]]]
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], marching on the left of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], who is riding a brown horse, during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], which was the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies]]
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], categorized all [[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribes]] into four ''ulūs'' (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: [[Durrani]], [[Ghilji]], [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]], and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and [[Khattak]].<ref name="Nejatie">The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750.</ref> The Bar Durrani comprised the bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in [[Rohilkhand]], India where they were known as the [[Rohilla]].<ref name="gommans">{{cite book|title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC |last=Gommans|first=Jos J.L.|author-link=Jos Gommans|publisher=Brill|year=1995|pages=219|isbn=9004101098}}</ref>

[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]], who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Afghan Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]] on the Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of [[Saharanpur]], also ruling over [[Dehradun]]. In 1761, he took part in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif Najibabad Tehsil & Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626125058/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif |date=2022-06-26 }} [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 18, p. 334.</ref> He also convinced [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], to join the Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib-ud-Daula as ''Mir Bakshi'' (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=najib-ud-daula+mir+bakshi+panipat&pg=PA19 History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D]</ref> After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, [[Zabita Khan]], who was defeated in 1772 by a joint Mughal-Maratha force, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by the British at [[Nagina]] on 21 April 1858 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijnor |volume=3 |page=928}}</ref>

Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in [[Farrukhabad]], which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]].<ref name=Haleem2007>{{cite web|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|last=Haleem|first=Safia|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 30, 2013|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Khyber Gateway|language=en|access-date=4 May 2014|quote=Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais.}}</ref><ref name=Haleem>{{cite web|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|last=Haleem|first=Safia|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Khyber Gateway|language=en|access-date=4 May 2014|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>

===State of Dir===
{{main|Dir (princely state)}}

[[File:Flag of the State of Dir.svg|thumb|upright|Flag of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]]]]
In [[Dir (region)|Dir]], descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of [[Dir, Pakistan|Dir]], laid the foundation of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]]. In 1897, the [[British Raj]] annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904).<ref name = whoswho1933>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933|url=http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/1933.pdf|access-date=2013-07-31|year=1933|publisher=The Manager Government of India Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name = britannica>{{Britannica|164794|Dir}}</ref>

The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into [[West Pakistan]], and then in 1970 into the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) of Pakistan.<ref name="state">{{cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-41593-919-5|page=447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA447}}</ref> Its area is part of the present-day [[Buner District|Buner]], [[Lower Dir District|Lower Dir]] and [[Upper Dir District|Upper Dir]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Yousafzai of Ghoriwala===
{{Main|Ghoriwala#Arrival of Mughal Khel}}

[[File:Bannu_Kuram_River.jpg|alt=Bannu Kuram River|thumb|250x250px|[[Kurrama River|River Kuram Bridge]], District [[Bannu]]]]
One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje, was a man named [[Gadezai]], who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day [[Buner District|District Buner]], while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by [[Ulugh Beg II|Ulugh Beg]] in [[Kabul]]. Initially settling in [[Kurram District|Kurram]], Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to [[Ghoriwala]] in present-day [[Bannu|District Bannu]].

Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as [[Mughal Khel]]. Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of a mosque in [[Bannu|Bannu Bazar]] in around the 1820s.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Family_Lineage_of_Pashtun_Tribe_Mughal_Khel.jpg|alt=Family Lineage of Pashtun Tribe Mughal Khel|thumb|368x368px|Tribal tree of Mughal Khel from Hayat-i-Afghani<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Hayat Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/HayatEAfghaniByMuhammadHayatKhanPublishedIn1867CompleteBookInUrdu |title=Hayat E Afghani By Muhammad Hayat Khan Published In 1867 Complete Book In Urdu |date=1867}}</ref>]]

The [[Mughal Khel]] tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting the local elements and thus have transitioned from the [[Northern Pashto|Hard Pashto]] pronunciations to [[Southern Pashto|Soft Pashto]] but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: History, Culture, LifeStyle, People, Food etc |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibbetson |first=Sir Denzil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dO0OAAAAQAAJ&dq=Mughal+Khel+Bannu&pg=PA82 |title=Panjab Castes: Being a Reprint of the Chapter on "The Races, Castes, and Tribes of the People" in the Report on the Census of the Panjab |date=1916 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said:
{{cquote|The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.
| author = Herbert Benjamin Edwardes
| source = Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883
}}

<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJwIAAAAQAAJ&q=Moghal+khel |title=Gazetteer of the Bannu District: 1883 |date=1883 |publisher=British Government |pages=Page number 58 |language=en}}</ref>

==Pashto dialect==
Yusufzai Pashto, which is a variety of [[Northern Pashto]], is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects:<ref name="UND"/>

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!style="padding:5px;"|Dialects<ref name="Hallberg">Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.</ref>
!align = «center»|<span style="font-size:140%;">ښ</span>
!align = «center»|<span style="font-size:140%;">ږ</span>
!align = «center»|<span style="font-size:140%;">څ</span>
!align = «center»|<span style="font-size:140%;">ځ</span>
!align = «center»|<span style="font-size:140%;">ژ</span>
|- style="background:LightGrey"
!align = «left»|[[Yusufzai Pashto]]
|align = «center»|[x]
|align = «center»|[ɡ]
|align = «center»|[s, t͡s]
|align = «center»|[z]
|align = «center»|[d͡ʒ]
|- style="background:LightGrey"
!align = «left»|[[Ghilji Pashto]]
|align = «center»|[ç]
|align = «center»|[ʝ]
|align = «center»|[t͡s]
|align = «center»|[z]
|align = «center»|[ʒ, z]
|- style="background:LightGrey"
!align = «left»|[[Durrani Pashto]]
|align = "center"|[ʂ]
|align = "center"|[ʐ]
|align = "center"|[t͡s]
|align = "center"|[d͡z]
|align = "center"|[ʒ]
|}

==Society==
The Yusufzai Pashtun [[aristocracy]] was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups:<ref name="gommans"/>
;''Khān''
The ''khān'' referred to the Yusufzai landowners. In the 16th century, saint Sheikh Milli, a prominent Yusufzai dignitary, distributed the Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans (''khēl''). However, to avoid inequalities, he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans, but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so. In this system (''wēsh''), each landowning ''khān'' would own shares (''brakha'') representing his proportion of the total area distributed. Through a regular rotation of ownership, the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle, although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on.

The ''wēsh'' system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|title=State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylTi-e2C_0IC |last=Noelle|first=Christine|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|page=139|isbn=978-1136603174}}</ref>
;''Hamsāya''
The ''hamsāya'' or "shade sharers" were the clients or dependents from other (non-Yusufzai) Pashtun tribes who became attached to the Yusufzai tribe over the years.
;''Faqīr''
The ''faqīr'' or "poor" were the non-Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners. As dependent peasants, the ''faqīr'' used to pay rent for the land they cultivated.

In the 19th century, the distinction between ''hamsāya'' as a "dependent Pashtun tribe" and ''faqīr'' as "non-Pashtun landless peasants" became blurred. Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients.
;''Mlātəṛ''
The ''mlātəṛ'' or "supporters" provided services to their patrons as artisans (''kasabgar''), musicians (''ḍəm''), herders, or commercial agents, mostly in return for a payment in grain or rice.
;''Ghulām''
The ''ghulām'' or "slaves" were more closely attached to their patron and his family and frequently entrusted with a variety of functions within their master's household. Although the ''ghulām'' were less free as compared to the ''hamsāya'' or the ''faqīr'', they generally enjoyed a higher status in the society.

==Subtribes==
*Azizkhel (Azikhel)
*[[Akazai]]
*[[Babuzai (Pashtun tribe)|Babuzai]]
*[[Shamozai]]
*[[Balarkhel]]
*[[Chagharzai]]
*[[Degankhel]]
*[[Hassanzai]]
*[[Kamalzai]]
*[[Khan Khel]]<ref name="Khyber.org">{{Cite web |title=Ancestor Database - Khan Khel -.-> خان خېل |url=http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/6/0/c425bd60e1475530b8fb0be7e06.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926224453/http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/6/0/c425bd60e1475530b8fb0be7e06.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.khyber.org}}</ref><ref name="KhanRoshanKhan">{{Cite web |last=Khan Roshan Khan |title=Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht |url=http://archive.org/details/YousafzaiQaumKiSarguzasht |access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">[https://archive.org/download/ADictionaryOfThePathanTribesCORRECT/A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Pathan%20Tribes%20-%201910.pdf''"A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of the North West Frontier of India"''] (Part I. North of the Kabul River, including all Mohmands, and tribes west of the Indus), published by The General Staff Army Headquarter, Calcutta, India - (Originally Published 1910) :: The ''Khan Khel'' are mentioned on Page 26 (under ‘K’ -''Khan Khel'')</ref>
*[[Khwajgan (Khwaja Khel)|Khwaja Khel (Khwajgan)]]
*[[Madakhel]]
*Mahabatkhel
*[[Malizai]]
*[[Mandanr]]
**[[Abakhel]]
**[[Khadarzai (Khizarzai)|Khadarzai]]
**[[Utmanzai (Sarbani tribe)|Utmanzai]]
*[[Mughal Khel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: Gazetteer |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/gazetteer.php#page/2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khan Roshan Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/YousafzaiQaumKiSarguzasht |title=Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht |others=Nasir khan |pages=The Mughal Khels are mentioned on page no. 424 under Gadezai Heading |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Leading Families in Bannu :: Khyber.ORG |url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/031-035/leadingfamilies.shtml#Jafar%20Khan%20of%20Ghoriwal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213055311/http://www.khyber.org/publications/031-035/leadingfamilies.shtml#Jafar%20Khan%20of%20Ghoriwal |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 13, 2007 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.khyber.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khān |first=Muḥammad Ḥayāt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hopEAQAAMAAJ |title=Afghanistan and Its Inhabitants |date=1981 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=Mentioned on page no. 626 under the title of Khandane Ghoriwala |language=ur}}</ref>
*[[Niamatkhel]]
*[[Nikpikhel]]
*[[Ranizai]]
*[[Tahirkheli]]

== Notable Yusufzais/Yousafzais ==
* [[Gaju Khan]], Pashtun Revolutionary and ruler who once served under [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah Sur]]
* [[Shaukat Ali Yousafzai]], Journalist and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] leader
* [[Gohar Ali Khan]], Lawyer and Chairman of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI)
* [[Mashal Yousafzai]], Chief advisor to the [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and lawyer for [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]
* [[Bibi Mubarika]], Empress Consort of the [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]], ''"Founder of Pakhtunkhwa"'' who fought for control of northern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber and Pakhtunkhwa]] to expand the Yusufzai tribe
* Bahaku Khan Yousafzai, Afghan Warrior who fought in the Sixth [[Mughal–Afghan Wars|Afghan-Mughal War]] of 1667-1678{{efn|''The War beginning with the Yusufzai attack of 1667, led by Bhaku/Bhagu Khan''}}<ref>We Mountains – Regional Website of North Pakistan (2020) ''[https://wemountains.com/05/14/1602/ Akhund Salaak: The Soldier Saint]'' Jahandad Khan</ref><ref>[[The News International|International: The News]] (2015) ''[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/39846-speakers-recall-life-and-sacrifices-of-yousafzai-tribes-chief Speakers recall life and sacrifices of Yousafzai tribe’s chief]'' Correspondents</ref><ref>''[https://ia801609.us.archive.org/29/items/ThePathansByOlafCaroe/The-Pathans-By-Olaf-Caroe-ISBN10-%200710306822.pdf The Pathans ~ 550 B.C. - AD 1957]'' by Olaf Caroe (1958)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |date=1993 |title=The Mughal Empire Part 1: Vol V|page=170 |publisher=Cambridge University Press; 1st edition |isbn=978-0521251198}}</ref>
* [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan Yusufzai]] (16th Century), Afghan chieftain leader who rallied his tribe and rebelled against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] and inflicted one of their [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|greatest defeats]] in 1586
* [[Hafiz Alpuri]], Pashto Poet of the 18th Century
* [[Haji Musa Khan]], Pashtun tribal leader martyr who refused to give up ground to the [[Pakistani Taliban|Taliban]]
* [[Malala Yousafzai]] (born 1997), Pashtun female education activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, from the Dalokhel Subclan
* [[Ziauddin Yousafzai]] (born 1969), Pashtun education activist and father of Malala Yousafzai, from the Dalokhel Subclan
* [[Khan Roshan Khan]], Pashtun historian
* [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ad-Dawlah Yousafzai]], Afghan serviceman who fought with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shāh's]] [[Durrani Empire]] to Victory at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]], 1761
* [[Karnal Sher Khan]], Military officer who was martyred in the [[Kargil War]] and decorated with the awarded [[Nishan-e-Haider]] for highest Wartime Gallantry of Pakistan
* [[Rahimullah Yusufzai]], Journalist who once interviewed [[Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]]
* [[Sami Yousafzai]], Afghan Journalist
* [[Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai]], Socialist Revolutionary, decorated War Hero of the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War of Independence]] as well as a founding father for the nation of [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Abdul Ghafoor Yusufzai]], Afghan footballer representing the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] in the [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Summer Olympic Games]]
* [[Mohammad Sarwar Yousafzai]], Afghan footballer who competed in the [[1948 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Hamidullah Yousafzai]], Afghan football player who played for [[Afghanistan national football team]]
* [[Abaseen Yousafzai]], Poet and famous writer
* [[Sartor Faqir]], was a Pashtun tribal Yusufzai leader and a freedom fighter. The faqīr declared a [[Jihad|Jihād]] against the British Empire, unsuccessfully in 1895, then successfully in [[Siege of Malakand|1897]]
* [[Nisar Muhammad Khan]], specialised in [[Pashto]] language and culture
* [[Azimullah Khan|Azimullah Khan Yusufzai]], Afghan warrior hero of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Great Revolt of 1857]] against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]
* Malik Jamroz Khan, Pashtun tribal leader and among the founders of the [[Swat (princely state)|Princely State of Swat]]
* [[Afzal Khan Lala]], Pashtun nationalist, [[National Awami Party (Wali)|NAP]] affiliate and former provincial and federal minister of [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]]
* [[Kabir Stori]], Pashtun nationalist, poet and writer who founded the [[Pashtoons Social Democratic Party|Pashtuns Social Democratic Party]], refused offers to join government from President [[Mohammad Najibullah|Najibullah]] and was imprisoned by the military regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
* [[Asmatullah Rohani]], Afghan judge, educator and a human rights activist during the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]] regime
* [[Ghulam Nabi Khan]], Afghan ambassador killed without trial and avenged with the assassination of King [[Mohammad Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]]
* Jafar Khan Yusufzai,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historyofpashtuns.blogspot.com/2016/05/yousafzais-of-ghoriwala-in-bannu.html?m=1 | title=History of Pashtuns: Yousafzais of Ghoriwala in Bannu | date=23 May 2016 }}</ref> former Raes of [[Ghoriwala|Mughal Khel Tappa]], [[Bannu]]
*[[Madhubala]], Indian Bollywood actress and superstar <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403 |title=Madhubala: From Peshawar with love ... |last=Khan |first=Javed |date=18 January 2015 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=20 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420140131/https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
* {{note|a|1}}In Pashto, "Yusufzai" ({{lang|ps|یوسفزی‎}}, [jusəpˈzai]) is the masculine singular form of the word. Its feminine singular is "Yusufzey" ({{lang|ps|یوسفزۍ}}, [jusəpˈzəi]), while its plural is "Yusufzee" ({{lang|ps|یوسفزي}}, [jusəpˈzi]).

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Pashtun tribes}}

[[Category:Sarbani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Yusufzai Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]
[[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]]
[[Category:Tribes of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Tribes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kunar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malakand]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kabul Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kandahar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]

Piracy

2026-09-20T15:39:03Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Acts of robbery or criminality at sea}}
{{hatnote group|
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Pirate}}
{{Redirect|Pirate ship|the amusement ride|Pirate ship (ride)}}
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{{Pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{too long|words=15,000|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Flag of Edward England.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The traditional "[[Jolly Roger]]" flag of piracy]]

'''Piracy''' is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically intending to steal cargo and valuable goods, or take [[hostage]]s. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called '''pirates''', and vessels used for piracy are called '''pirate ships'''. The earliest documented instances of piracy date to the 14th century BC, when the [[Sea Peoples]], a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the [[Aegean civilization|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean]] civilisations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy,<ref>{{cite book|last1= Pennell|first1= C. R.|chapter= The Geography of Piracy: Northern Morocco in the Mod-Nineteenth Century|editor1-last= Pennell|editor1-first= C. R.|title= Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uB7ODGowJ3AC|publisher= NYU Press|date=2001|page= 56 |isbn=978-0-8147-6678-1|quote= Sea raiders [...] were most active where the maritime environment gave them most opportunity. Narrow straits, which funneled shipping into places where [[ambush]] was easy, and escape less chancy, called the pirates into certain areas.}}</ref> as well as for [[privateer]]ing and [[commerce raiding]].

Historic examples of such areas include the waters of [[Gibraltar]], the [[Piracy in the Strait of Malacca|Strait of Malacca]], [[Madagascar]], the [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia|Gulf of Aden]], and the [[English Channel]], whose geographic structures facilitated pirate attacks.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Heebøll-Holm|first1= Thomas|author-link1= Thomas Heebøll-Holm|title= Ports, Piracy and Maritime War: Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280–c. 1330|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jw7OWyAN--QC|series= Medieval Law and Its Practice|location= Leiden|publisher= Brill|date= 2013|page= 67|isbn= 978-90-04-24816-8|quote= [...] through their extensive piracies the Portsmen [of the Cinque Ports] were experts in predatory actions at sea. [...] Furthermore, the geostrategic location of the [Cinque] Ports on the English coast closest to the Continent meant that the Ports [...] could effectively control the Narrow Seas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/What-is-Piracy-Jean-Philippe-Ve|title=TEDx Talk: What is Piracy?|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618142442/http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/What-is-Piracy-Jean-Philippe-Ve|url-status=live}}</ref> The term ''piracy'' generally refers to maritime piracy, although the term has been generalized to refer to acts committed on land,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arquilla |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzzBvVpXXJsC |title=Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World |date=2011 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=978-1-56663-908-8 |page=242 |quote=From ancient high seas pirates to 'road agents' and a host of other bush and mountain pass brigands, bandits have been with us for ages. |author-link1=John Arquilla |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112023509/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzzBvVpXXJsC |url-status=live }}</ref> in the air, on [[Cyberspace|computer networks]], and (in science fiction) outer space. Piracy usually excludes crimes committed by the perpetrator on their own vessel (e.g., theft) as well as [[privateer]]ing, which implies [[Letter of marque|authorization by a state government]].

Piracy, or pirating, is the name of a specific crime under [[customary international law]] and also of many crimes under the municipal law of many states. [[Piracy in the 21st century|In the 21st century]], seaborne piracy against transport vessels remains a significant issue, with estimated worldwide losses of US$25 billion in 2023,<ref name="Assessment of global shipping risk">{{cite journal |title=Assessment of global shipping risk caused by maritime piracy |journal=Heliyon |date=October 14, 2023 |volume=9 |issue=10 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20988|doi-access=free |last1=He |first1=Zhaoyang |last2=Wang |first2=Chengjin |last3=Gao |first3=Jianbo |last4=Xie |first4=Yongshun |article-number=e20988 |pmid=37916124 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920988H |pmc=10616333 | issn=2405-8440}}</ref> increased from US$16 billion in 2004.<ref name="foreignaffairs.org">{{cite journal |last1=Luft |first1=Gal |last2=Korin |first2=Anne |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html |journal=Foreign Affairs | title=Terrorism Goes to Sea |date=November 2004 |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=61–71 |doi=10.2307/20034137 |jstor=20034137 |access-date=December 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214040613/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html |archive-date=December 14, 2007 }}</ref>

The waters between the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Indian Ocean]], off the [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia|Somali coast]] and in the [[Strait of Malacca]] and [[Piracy and armed robbery in the Singapore Strait|Singapore]] have frequently been targeted by modern pirates armed with automatic firearms and occasionally explosive weaponry. They often use small motorboats to attack and board ships, a tactic that exploits the limited crew sizes on modern cargo and transport vessels. The [[international community]] is facing many challenges in bringing modern pirates to [[justice]], as these attacks often occur in [[international waters]].<ref>{{cite news |first=M.Chiarugi |last=D.Archibugi |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance |title=Piracy challenges global governance |date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=April 9, 2009 |publisher=[[openDemocracy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412063756/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance |archive-date=April 12, 2009 }}</ref> Nations have used their [[naval forces]] to repel and pursue pirates, and some private vessels use armed security guards, high-pressure [[water cannon]]s, or [[sound cannon]]s to repel boarders, and use [[radar]] to avoid potential threats.

Romanticised accounts of piracy during the [[Age of Sail]] have long been a part of Western [[pop culture]]. The two-volume ''[[A General History of the Pyrates]]'', published in London in 1724, is generally credited with bringing key piratical figures and a semi-accurate description of their milieu in the "[[Golden Age of Piracy]]" to the public's imagination. ''A General History'' inspired and informed many later fictional depictions of piracy, most notably the novels ''[[Treasure Island]]'' (1883) and ''[[Peter and Wendy|Peter Pan]]'' (1911), both of which have been adapted and readapted for stage, film, television, and other media across over a century. More recently, pirates of the "golden age" were further stereotyped and popularized by the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' film franchise, which began in 2003.

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Etymology==
The English word "pirate" is derived from the [[Latin]] ''pirata'' ("pirate, corsair, sea robber"), which comes from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] πειρατής (''peiratēs''), "brigand",<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380356 Peirates, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081057/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380356&redirect=true |date=December 26, 2022 }}.</ref> from πειράομαι (peiráomai), "I attempt", from πεῖρα (''peîra''), "attempt, experience".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380341 Peira, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081031/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380341&redirect=true |date=December 26, 2022 }}.</ref> The meaning of the Greek word ''peiratēs'' literally is "anyone who attempts something". Over time, it came to be used to describe anyone who committed robbery or brigandage on land or at sea.<ref>Janice J. Gabbert, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/643254 'Piracy in the Early Hellenistic Period: A Career Open to Talents,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811163856/https://www.jstor.org/stable/643254 |date=August 11, 2022 }} [[Greece & Rome]], October 1986, Vol. 33, No. 2 pp. 156–163, p.157.</ref> The term first appeared in English {{circa}} 1300.<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pirate&searchmode=none |title= Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher= Etymonline.com |access-date= December 18, 2008 |archive-date= January 16, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090116231058/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pirate&searchmode=none |url-status= live }}</ref> Spelling did not become standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as "pirrot", "pyrate" and "pyrat" occurred until this period.<ref>
{{OED|pirate}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pyrate&searchmode=none
|title= Online Etymology Dictionary
|publisher= Etymonline.com
|access-date= July 12, 2014
|archive-date= July 14, 2014
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201629/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pyrate&searchmode=none
|url-status= live
}}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline|Timeline of piracy}}{{Split section|History of piracy|date=October 2025}}

===Europe===

====Antiquity====

{{Further|Ancient Mediterranean piracy}}
[[File:Romtrireme.jpg|thumb|A [[mosaic]] of a [[Trireme|Roman trireme]] in Tunisia]]
The earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the [[Sea People]] who threatened ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean in the 14th century BC. In [[classical antiquity]], the [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Illyrians]] and [[Tyrrhenians]] were known as pirates. In the pre-classical era, the [[ancient Greeks]] condoned piracy as a viable profession; it apparently was widespread and "regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living".<ref name=mol>Møller, Bjørn. "Piracy, Maritime Terrorism and Naval Strategy." Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, November 16, 2008. 10.</ref> References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence in many texts, including Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'', and abduction of women and children to be sold into slavery was common. By the era of [[Classical Greece]], piracy was looked upon as a "disgrace" to have as a profession.<ref name=mol/><ref>[[Thucydides]] wrote: "For in early times the Hellenes and the barbarians of the coast and islands, as communication by sea became more common, were tempted to turn pirate...indeed, this came to be the main source of their livelihood, no disgrace being yet attached to such an achievement, but even some glory."</ref>

In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on [[Olympus (Lycia)|Olympus]] in [[Lycia]] brought impoverishment. Among the most famous ancient pirating peoples were the Illyrians, who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula. Constantly raiding the [[Adriatic Sea]], the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the [[Roman Republic]]. It was not until 229 BC when the Romans decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended.<ref name="WardHeichelheim2016">{{cite book|author1=Allen M. Ward|author2=Fritz M. Heichelheim|author3=Cedric A. Yeo|title=History of the Roman People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|date= 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51120-7|page=100}}</ref> During the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the [[Roman Empire]] in the eastern Mediterranean. On one voyage across the [[Aegean Sea]] in 75 BC,<ref>Again, according to Suetonius's chronology (''Julius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#4 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081027/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius%2A.html#4 |date=December 26, 2022 }}). Plutarch (''Caesar'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#1.8 1.8–2] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20180213130122/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/caesar%2A.html#1.8 |date=February 13, 2018 }}) says this happened earlier, on his return from Nicomedes's court. Velleius Paterculus (''Roman History'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B*.html#41.3 2:41.3–42] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043323/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B%2A.html#41.3 |date=July 31, 2022 }} says merely that it happened when he was a young man.</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] was kidnapped and briefly held by [[Cilician]] pirates and held prisoner in the [[Dodecanese]] islet of [[Pharmacusa]].<ref>Plutarch, ''Caesar'' 1–2.</ref> The Senate invested the general [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]] with powers to deal with piracy in 67 BC (the ''[[Lex Gabinia]]''), and Pompey, after three months of naval warfare, [[Pompey#Campaign against the pirates|managed to suppress the threat]].

As early as 258 AD, the [[Goths|Gothic]]-[[Heruli]]c fleet ravaged towns on the coasts of the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Marmara]]. The Aegean coast suffered similar attacks a few years later. In 264, the Goths reached [[Galatia]] and [[Cappadocia]], and Gothic pirates landed on Cyprus and [[Crete]]. In the process, the Goths seized enormous booty and took thousands into captivity.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} In 286 AD, [[Carausius]], a Roman military commander of Gaulish origins, was appointed to command the ''[[Classis Britannica]]'', and given the responsibility of eliminating [[Franks|Frankish]] and [[Saxon]] pirates who had been raiding the coasts of [[Armorica]] and Belgic [[Gaul]]. In the Roman province of Britannia, [[Saint Patrick]] was captured and enslaved by Irish pirates.

====Middle Ages====

[[File:Viking invasion (Pierpont Morgan Library MS M.736, folio 9v) crop.jpg|thumb|right|A fleet of [[Vikings]], painted mid-12th century]]
The most widely recognized and far-reaching pirates in medieval Europe were the [[Vikings]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Golden Age of Piracy|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/golden-age-piracy|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=Royal Museums Greenwich |language=en|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027024113/https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/golden-age-piracy|url-status=live}}</ref> seaborne warriors from [[Scandinavia]] who raided and looted mainly between the 8th and 12th centuries, during the [[Viking Age]] in the [[Early Middle Ages]]. They raided the coasts, rivers, and inland cities of all Western Europe as far as [[Seville]], which was attacked by the Norse in 844. Vikings also attacked the coasts of North Africa and Italy and plundered all the coasts of the [[Baltic Sea]]. Some Vikings ascended the rivers of Eastern Europe as far as the Black Sea and Persia.

In the Late Middle Ages, the [[Frisians|Frisian]] pirates known as [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop]] led by [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] and [[Wijerd Jelckama]], fought against the troops of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] with some success.

Toward the end of the 9th century, Moorish pirate havens were established along the coast of southern France and northern Italy.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010622192246/http://www.geocities.com/athens/troy/4040/pirates.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2001 |title=The Pirates of St. Tropez |url=http://www.geocities.com/athens/troy/4040/pirates.htm |first1=Robert W. Jr. |last1=Lebling |website=The Empty Quarter }}</ref> In 846 Moor raiders [[Arab raid against Rome|sacked]] the ''extra muros'' Basilicas of [[Old saint peter's basilica|Saint Peter]] and [[Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Saint Paul]] in Rome. In 911, the bishop of [[Narbonne]] was unable to return to France from Rome because the Moors from [[Fraxinet]] controlled all the passes in the [[Alps]]. Moor pirates operated out of the [[Balearic Islands]] in the 10th century. From 824 to 961, [[Arab]] pirates in the [[Emirate of Crete]] raided the entire Mediterranean. In the 14th century, raids by Moorish pirates forced the Venetian Duke of Crete to ask the [[Republic of Venice]] to keep its fleet on constant guard.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

After the [[Slavs|Slavic]] invasions of the former [[Roman province of Dalmatia]] in the 5th and 6th centuries, a tribe called the [[Narentines]] revived the old Illyrian piratical practices and often raided the Adriatic Sea from the 7th century onward. Their raids in the Adriatic increased rapidly, until the whole Sea was no longer safe for travel.

The Narentines took more liberties in their raiding quests while the Venetian Navy was abroad, as when it was campaigning in Sicilian waters in 827–882. As soon as the Venetian fleet returned to the Adriatic, the Narentines reverted to their habits, even signing a Treaty in Venice and baptising their Slavic pagan leader into Christianity. In 834 or 835, they broke the treaty, and again they raided Venetian traders returning from Benevento. All of Venice's military attempts to punish them in 839 and 840 utterly failed.

Later, they raided the Venetians more often, together with the [[Arabs]]. In 846, the Narentines broke through to Venice itself and raided its lagoon city of [[Caorle]]. This led to a Byzantine military campaign against them, which brought Christianity to them. After the [[Caliphate|Arab]] raids on the [[Adriatic coast]] circa 872 and the Imperial Navy's retreat, the Narentines continued their raids on Venetian waters, leading to new conflicts with the Italians in 887–888. The Venetians futilely continued to fight them throughout the 10th and 11th centuries.

[[Domagoj of Croatia|Domagoj]] was accused of attacking a ship which was bringing home the papal legates who had participated in [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)|the Eighth Catholic Ecumenical Council]], after which [[Pope John VIII]] addressed Domagoj with a request that his pirates stop attacking Christians at sea.<ref>Vedran Duančić; (2008) ''Hrvatska između Bizanta i Franačke'' (in Croatian) p. 17; [https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=82757] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113054932/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=82757|date=November 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>Maddalena Betti; (2013) ''The Making of Christian Moravia (858–882): Papal Power and Political Reality'' p. 129; Brill Academic Publishers, {{ISBN|900421187X}}</ref>

[[File:Vitalienbrueder.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Vitalienbrüder. Piracy became endemic in the [[Baltic Sea]] in the [[Middle Ages]] because of the [[Victual Brothers]].]]
In 937, Irish pirates sided with the Scots, Vikings, [[Picts]], and Welsh in their invasion of England. [[Athelstan]] drove them back.

The [[Baltic Slavic piracy|Slavic piracy]] in the Baltic Sea ended with the [[Siege of Arkona|Danish conquest]] of the [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] stronghold of [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] in 1168. In the 12th century, the coasts of western Scandinavia were plundered by [[Curonians]] and [[Oeselians]] from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the 13th and 14th centuries, pirates threatened the [[Hanseatic]] routes and nearly brought sea trade to the brink of extinction. The [[Victual Brothers]] of [[Gotland]] were a companionship of privateers who later turned to piracy as the [[Likedeelers]]. They were especially noted for their leaders [[Klaus Störtebeker]] and [[Gödeke Michels]]. Until about 1440, maritime trade in both the [[North Sea]], the Baltic Sea, and the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] was seriously in danger of attack by pirates.

H. Thomas Milhorn mentions a certain Englishman named William Maurice, convicted of piracy in 1241, as the first person known to have been [[hanged, drawn and quartered]],<ref>H Thomas Milhorn, ''Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers'', Universal Publishers, 2004. {{ISBN|1-58112-489-9}}.</ref> which would indicate that the then-ruling King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] took an especially severe view of this crime.

The [[ushkuiniks]] were [[Novgorod]]ian pirates who looted the cities on the [[Volga]] and [[Kama]] Rivers in the 14th century.

[[File:Cotes de la Mer Noire. Cosaques d'Azof abordant un corsaire Turc. (1847).jpg|thumb|''Cossacks of Azov fighting a Turk ship'' by [[Grigory Gagarin]]]]
As early as [[Byzantine]] times, the [[Maniots]] (one of Greece's toughest populations) were known as pirates. The Maniots considered piracy a legitimate response to their land's poverty, and it became their main source of income. The main victims of Maniot pirates were the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], but the Maniots also targeted ships of European countries.

[[Zaporizhian Sich]] was a pirate republic in Europe from the 16th through to the 18th century. Situated in [[Cossack]] territory in the remote [[Eurasian Steppe|steppe]] of Eastern Europe, it was populated with Ukrainian peasants who had run away from their feudal masters, outlaws, destitute gentry, run-away slaves from Turkish [[galleys]], etc. The remoteness of the place and the rapids of the [[Dnieper]] river effectively guarded it against invasions by vengeful powers.

The main target of the inhabitants of the Zaporizhian Sich who called themselves "Cossacks", were rich settlements at the Black Sea shores of Ottoman Empire and [[Crimean Khanate]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} By 1615 and 1625, [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] had even managed to raze townships on the outskirts of [[Istanbul]], forcing the [[Ottoman Sultan]] to flee his palace.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} [[Don Cossacks]] under [[Stenka Razin]] even ravaged the Persian coasts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cindyvallar.com/razin.html|title=Pirates & Privateers: The History of Maritime Piracy |author=Stepan Razin|website=www.cindyvallar.com|access-date=August 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805222255/http://www.cindyvallar.com/razin.html|archive-date=August 5, 2007}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2015}}

====Mediterranean corsairs====

{{see also|Barbary pirates|Albanian piracy}}
[[File:A French Ship and Barbary Pirates (c 1615) by Aert Anthoniszoon.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|A French ship under attack by Barbary pirates, ca. 1615]]
Though less famous and romanticized than Atlantic or Caribbean pirates, corsairs in the [[Mediterranean]] were equal to or outnumbered the former at any given point in history.<ref name="Earle 2003, p. 89">Earle (2003), p. 89</ref> Mediterranean piracy was conducted almost entirely with galleys until the mid-17th century, when they were gradually replaced with highly maneuverable sailing vessels such as [[xebec]]s and [[brigantine]]s. They were of a smaller type than battle galleys, often referred to as [[galiot]]s or [[fusta]]s.<ref>Guilmartin (1974), pp. 217–219</ref>

Pirate galleys were small, nimble, lightly armed, but often crewed in large numbers to overwhelm the often minimal crews of merchant ships. In general, pirate craft were extremely difficult for patrolling craft actually to hunt down and capture. [[Anne Hilarion de Tourville]], a French admiral of the 17th century, believed that the only way to run down raiders from the infamous corsair Moroccan port of [[Salé]] was by using a captured pirate vessel of the same type.<ref>Earle (2003), p. 45</ref>
[[File:Debarquement et maltraitement de prisonniers a alger.JPG|thumb|Barbary pirates were involved in the [[Barbary slave trade]] in North Africa]]
Using oared vessels to combat pirates was common, even among the major powers in the Caribbean. Purpose-built galleys, or hybrid sailing vessels, were built by the English in Jamaica in 1683<ref>Earle (2003), p. 137</ref> and by the Spanish in the late 16th century.<ref>Glete (2000), p. 151</ref> Specially-built sailing frigates with oar-ports on the lower decks, like the ''James Galley'' and ''[[Charles Galley]]'', and oar-equipped sloops proved highly useful for pirate hunting, though they were not built in sufficient numbers to check piracy until the 1720s.<ref>Earle (2003), p. 139</ref>

The expansion of Muslim power through the Ottoman conquest of large parts of the eastern Mediterranean in the 15th and 16th centuries resulted in extensive piracy on sea trade. The so-called [[Barbary pirates]] began to operate out of North African ports in Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Morocco, around 1500, preying primarily on the shipping of Christian powers, including massive slave raids at sea as well as on land. The Barbary pirates were nominally under Ottoman [[suzerainty]], but had considerable independence to prey on the enemies of Islam. The Muslim corsairs were technically often privateers with support from legitimate, though highly belligerent, states. They considered themselves holy Muslim warriors, or [[ghazis]],<ref>Guilmartin (1974), p. 120</ref> carrying on the tradition of resisting the incursions by Western Christians that had begun with the [[First Crusade]] in the late 11th century.<ref name="Earle 2003, pp. 39-52">Earle (2003), pp. 39–52</ref>

[[File:Anglo-Dutch fleet in the bay of Algiers as support for the ultimatum demanding the release of white slaves on august 26 1816 (Nicolaas Baur, 1818).jpg|thumb|The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in 1816 to support the ultimatum to release enslaved Europeans]]

Coastal villages and towns of Italy, Spain, and [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|islands in the Mediterranean]] were frequently attacked by Muslim corsairs, and their inhabitants almost completely abandoned long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts. After 1600, the Barbary corsairs occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were abducted by Barbary corsairs and sold into slavery in North Africa and the [[Ottoman Empire]] between the 16th and 19th centuries. The most famous corsairs were the Ottoman [[Albanians|Albanian]] [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Hayreddin]] and his older brother [[Oruç Reis]] (Redbeard), [[Turgut Reis]] (known as Dragut in the West), [[Kurtoglu Muslihiddin Reis|Kurtoglu]] (known as Curtogoli in the West), [[Kemal Reis]], [[Salih Reis]], and [[Koca Murat Reis]]. A few Barbary corsairs, such as the Dutch [[Jan Janszoon]] and the English [[John Ward (pirate)|John Ward]] (Muslim name Yusuf Reis), were renegade European privateers who had converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|title=When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|archive-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PR14 Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081027/https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PR14 |date=December 26, 2022 }}''". Robert Davis (2004) {{ISBN|1-4039-4551-9}}</ref>

The Barbary pirates had a direct Christian counterpart in the military order of the [[Knights of Saint John]], which operated first out of [[Rhodes]] and, after 1530, [[Malta]]. However, they were fewer in number and enslaved fewer people. Both sides waged war against the respective enemies of their faith, and both used galleys as their primary weapons. Both sides also used captured or bought [[galley slave]]s to man the oars of their ships. The Muslims relied mostly on captured Christians, the Christians used a mix of enslaved Muslims, Christian convicts, and a small contingency of ''buonavoglie'', free men who, out of desperation or poverty, had taken to rowing.<ref name="Earle 2003, pp. 39-52"/>

Historian Peter Earle has described the two sides of the Christian-Muslim Mediterranean conflict as "mirror image[s] of maritime predation, two businesslike fleets of plunderers set against each other".<ref>Earle (2003), pp. 51–52</ref> This conflict of faith in the form of privateering, piracy and [[slave raiding]] generated a complex system that was upheld/financed/operated on the trade in plunder and enslaved people that was generated from a low-intensive conflict, as well as the need for protection from violence. The system has been described as a "massive, multinational protection racket",<ref>Earle (2003), p. 83</ref> the Christian side of which did not end until 1798, during the Napoleonic Wars. The Barbary corsairs were quelled as late as the 1830s, effectively ending the last vestiges of counter-crusading [[jihad]].<ref>Earle (2003), p. 85</ref>

[[File:Amaro Pargo.jpg|thumb|[[Amaro Rodríguez Felipe|Amaro Pargo]] was one of the most famous corsairs of the [[Golden Age of Piracy]]]]
Piracy off the [[Barbary coast]] was often assisted by competition among European powers in the 17th century. France encouraged the corsairs against Spain, and later Britain and Holland supported them against France. By the second half of the 17th century, the greater European naval powers began to initiate reprisals to intimidate the Barbary States into making peace with them. The most successful of the Christian states in dealing with the corsair threat was England.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} From the 1630s onwards, England had signed peace treaties with the Barbary States on various occasions, but invariably breaches of these agreements led to renewed wars.

[[Albanian piracy]], mainly centered in the town of [[Ulcinj]] (thus came to be known as ''[[Albanian piracy|Dulcignotti]]''), flourished during the 15th to the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canka |first=Mustafa |date=2024 |title=The Pirate Republic of Ulcinj: An Epic of Two Centuries |url=https://en.vijesti.me/culture/728069/the-pirate-republic-of-Ulcinj%2C-a-two-century-long-epic |work=Vijesti}}</ref>

France, which had recently emerged as a leading naval power, achieved comparable success soon afterwards, with bombardments of Algiers in 1682, 1683, and 1688 securing a lasting peace, while Tripoli was similarly coerced in 1686. In 1783 and 1784, the Spaniards bombarded [[Algiers]] in an effort to stem the piracy. The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1784)|second time]], [[Antonio Barceló|Admiral Barceló]] damaged the city so severely that the Algerian [[Dey]] asked Spain to negotiate a peace treaty. From then on, Spanish vessels and coasts were safe for several years.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Until the American [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] treaties with the [[Northwest Africa|North African]] states protected American ships from the [[Barbary]] corsairs. [[Morocco]], which in 1777 was [[Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship|the first independent nation to recognize the United States publicly]], became, in 1784, the first Barbary power to seize an American vessel after independence. While the United States managed to secure peace treaties, these obliged it to pay tribute for protection from attack. Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual expenditures in 1800,<ref>{{cite web|last=Oren|first=Michael B.|title=The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815|date=November 3, 2005|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html|access-date=February 18, 2007|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715201453/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html|url-status=live}}</ref> leading to the [[Barbary Wars]] that ended the payment of tribute. Algiers broke the 1805 peace treaty after only two years and refused to implement the 1815 treaty until Britain compelled it to do so in 1816.

In 1815, the sacking of Palma on the island of [[Sardinia]] by a Tunisian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation. Britain had, by this time, [[Slave Trade Act 1807|banned the slave trade]] and was seeking to induce other countries to do likewise. This led to complaints from states that were still vulnerable to the corsairs that Britain's enthusiasm for ending the trade in [[Atlantic slave trade|enslaved Africans]] did not extend to stopping the enslavement of Europeans and Americans by the Barbary States.

[[File:Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|U.S. naval officer [[Stephen Decatur]] boarding a Tripolitan gunboat during the [[First Barbary War]], 1804]]
To neutralise this objection and further the anti-slavery campaign, in 1816 [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Lord Exmouth]] was sent to secure new concessions from [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripoli]], [[Beylik of Tunis|Tunis]], and [[Ottoman Algeria|Algiers]], including a pledge to treat Christian captives in any future conflict as [[prisoners of war]] rather than enslaved people and the imposition of peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of [[Piedmont-Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Sicily]]. On his first visit, he negotiated satisfactory treaties and sailed for home. While he was negotiating, some Sardinian fishermen who had settled at [[Annaba|Bona]] on the Tunisian coast were brutally treated without his knowledge. As [[Sardinians]], they were technically under British protection, and the government sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On August 17, in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral Van de Capellen, he bombarded Algiers.<ref name=EB1911/> Both Algiers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result.

Securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, which was traditionally of central importance to the North African economy, presented difficulties beyond those faced in ending attacks on ships of individual nations, which had left slavers able to continue their accustomed way of life by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers renewed its slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Measures to be taken against the city's government were discussed at the [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)|Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1818. In 1820, another British fleet under Admiral Sir Harry Neal again bombarded Algiers. Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until its [[French Algeria#French conquest of Algeria|conquest by France in 1830]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Barbary Pirates|inline=1}}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
{{See also|Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia|Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas|Piracy in the Strait of Malacca|Piracy in Indonesia}}
[[File:The Iranun (Ilanun) Moro 'pirate'.jpg|upright|thumb|A 19th-century illustration of an [[Iranun]] pirate]]
In [[thalassocratic]] [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian cultures]] in [[Island Southeast Asia]], maritime raids for enslaved people and resources against rival polities have ancient origins. It was associated with prestige and prowess and often recorded in tattoos. Early European cultures recorded reciprocal raiding traditions as being prevalent throughout Island Southeast Asia.<ref name="warren"/><ref name="warren2"/><ref name="turbulent waters">{{cite journal |last1=Antony |first1=Robert J. |title=Turbulent Waters: Sea Raiding in Early Modern South East Asia |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=February 2013 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=23–38 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2013.766996|s2cid=162926825 }}</ref><ref name="Lobato">{{cite book|editor1-last=Sim |editor1-first=Y.H. Teddy |title=Piracy and surreptitious activities in the Malay Archipelago and adjacent seas, 1600–1840 |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-287-085-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTwNBQAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="junker">{{cite book |last1=Junker |first1=Laura Lee |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC}}</ref>
[[File:Iban Prahu.jpg|thumb|left|Iban war [[Perahu|prahu]] in Skerang river]]
[[File:Iranun lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|left|thumb|1890 illustration by [[Rafael Monleón]] of a late 18th-century [[Iranun]] ''[[lanong]]'' warship. The [[Malay language|Malay]] word for "pirate", ''lanun'', originates from an [[exonym]] of the Iranun people]]
[[File:Double-barelled Lantaka of artistic design and Moro arms (c. 1900, Philippines).jpg|thumb|upright|Double-barrelled ''[[lantaka]]'' cannons, ''[[kalasag]]'' shields, armor, and various swords (including ''[[kalis]]'', ''[[panabas]]'', and ''[[kampilan]]'') used by [[Moro pirates]] in the Philippines (c. 1900)]]
With the advent of [[Islam]] and the [[Colonial Era|colonial era]], enslaved people became a valuable resource for trading with European, Arab, and Chinese slavers, and the volume of piracy and slave raids increased significantly.<ref name="junker"/> Numerous native peoples engaged in sea raiding; they include the [[Iranun]] and [[Balanguingui]] slavers of [[Sulu]], the [[Iban people|Iban]] [[headhunting|headhunter]]s of [[Borneo]], the [[Bugis]] sailors of [[South Sulawesi]], and the [[Malay people|Malays]] of western Southeast Asia. Piracy was also practiced on a smaller scale by foreign seafarers, including Chinese, Japanese, and European traders, as well as renegades and outlaws.<ref name="turbulent waters"/> The volume of piracy and raids was often dependent on the ebb and flow of trade and [[monsoon]]s, with pirate season (known colloquially as the "Pirate Wind") starting from August to September.<ref name="warren2"/>

Slave raids were of high economic importance to the Muslim Sultanates in the [[Sulu Sea]]: the [[Sultanate of Sulu]], the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]], and the Confederation of Sultanates in Lanao (the modern [[Moro people]]). It is estimated that from 1770 to 1870, around 200,000 to 300,000 people were enslaved by [[Iranun]] and [[Banguingui]] slavers.<ref name="warren"/><ref name="warren2"/> David P. Forsythe put the estimate much higher, at around 2 million people abducted and enslaved within the first two centuries of Spanish rule of the [[Philippines]] after 1565.<ref>David P. Forsythe (2009). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081028/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC |date=December 26, 2022 }}''". Oxford University Press. p. 464. {{ISBN|0195334027}}</ref>

[[File:Bombardment Balanguingui.jpg|thumb|left|Spanish warships bombarding the [[Moro Pirates]] of the southern Philippines in 1848]]
These enslaved people were taken from piracy on passing ships as well as coastal raids on settlements as far as the [[Malacca Strait]], [[Java]], the southern coast of China, and the islands beyond the [[Makassar Strait]]. Most of the slaves were [[Tagalogs]], [[Visayans]], and "Malays" (including [[Bugis]], [[Mandarese people|Mandarese]], [[Iban people|Iban]], and [[Makassar people|Makassar]]). There were also occasional European and Chinese captives, usually ransomed through [[Tausug people|Tausug]] intermediaries of the [[Sulu Sultanate]]. Enslaved people were the primary indicators of wealth and status, and they were the source of labor for the farms, fisheries, and workshops of the sultanates. While enslaved people were rarely sold, they were trafficked extensively in enslaved people purchased from the Iranun and Banguingui [[slave market]]s. By the 1850s, enslaved people constituted 50% or more of the population of the Sulu archipelago.<ref name="warren">{{cite book|author=James Francis Warren|title =The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State|publisher =NUS Press|year =2007|pages=257–258|isbn =978-9971-69-386-2}}</ref><ref name="turbulent waters"/><ref name="warren2">{{cite book|author =James Francis Warren|title =Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity|publisher =NUS Press|year =2002|pages =53–56|isbn =978-9971-69-242-1|url =https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/iranun-and-balangingi|access-date =July 9, 2019|archive-date =July 4, 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190704132211/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/iranun-and-balangingi|url-status =live}}</ref>

The scale was so massive that the word for "pirate" in [[Malay language|Malay]] became ''lanun'', an [[exonym]] of the Iranun people. Slaves and the slave trade largely ran the economy of the Sulu sultanates. Male captives of the Iranun and the Banguingui were treated brutally; even fellow Muslim captives were not spared. They were usually forced to serve as [[galley slave]]s on the ''[[lanong]]'' and ''[[garay (ship)|garay]]'' warships of their captors. Female captives, however, were usually treated better. There were no recorded accounts of rapes, though some were starved for discipline. Within a year of capture, most of the captives of the Iranun and Banguingui would be bartered off in [[Jolo, Sulu|Jolo]] usually for rice, opium, bolts of cloth, iron bars, brassware, and weapons. The buyers were usually Tausug ''[[datu]]'' from the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] who had preferential treatment, but buyers also included European ([[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] and [[Portuguese empire|Portuguese]]) and Chinese traders as well as [[Visayan]] pirates (''renegados'').<ref name="warren2"/>
[[File:Top view Baluarte Watch Tower.jpg|thumb|236x236px|[[La Union Watchtowers|Baluarte Watchtower]], [[La Union]]. A 400-year-old Spanish-era structure built to guard against pirates, later used in [[World War II]] as a communication tower for the [[United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon|USAFIP-NL]] airfield.]]
[[File:Curimao Watchtower, Curimao, Ilocos Norte.jpg|thumb|237x237px|Currimao Watchtower, [[Ilocos Norte]]. '[[Currimao]]' comes from the [[Ilocano language|Iloco]] term ''cumaws'' (pirates) and the Spanish word ''correr'' (to run), reflecting the warnings given by watchmen during pirate attacks.]]
Spanish authorities and native Christian Filipinos responded to the Moro slave raids by building watchtowers and forts across the Philippine archipelago, many of which are still standing today. In [[Northern Luzon]], particularly in the [[Pangasinan]], [[Ilocos Region|Ilocos]] and [[Cagayan]], the coastal villages and towns were frequently raided by Moro and Chinese pirates, locally known as ''tírong or cumaw'' (raiders, attackers or pirates). These pirates looted and burned villages (''[[Barrio|barrios]]'') and captured women and children for enslavement. To counter these threats, Spanish authorities constructed circular adobe [[Watchtower|watchtowers]], or ''baluartes'', measuring 6 to 7 meters high. These structures, built strategically along the coastline using coral blocks bonded with a mixture of lime and egg whites, served as both lookout points and defensive fortifications, protecting villages from pirate attacks.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Meimban |first=Adriel Obar |title=La Union: The Making of a Province 1850-1921 |date=1997 |publisher=A.O. Meimban |isbn=971-91832-1-7 |edition=18 |series=La Union Before its Creation: Muslim Tirongs |location=Quezon City |publication-date=1997 |pages=22–23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=de los Reyes |first=Isabelo |title=History of Ilocos |date=1890 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-971-542-729-6 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Go |first=Antonio Calipjo |date=December 24, 2015 |title=Ghost towns and pirates |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/91426/ghost-towns-and-pirates |access-date=January 14, 2025 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:A Fight with Buginese perahu, watercolour by J.E. van Heemskerck van Beest, 1820.jpg|thumb|A fight between Filipino pirates, Bugis trading ship, and Dutch mariners.|left|240x240px]]
Some provincial capitals were also moved further inland. Major command posts were built in [[Manila]], [[Cavite City|Cavite]], [[Cebu City|Cebu]], [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]], [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], and [[Iligan]]. Defending ships were also built by local communities, especially in the [[Visayas Islands]], including the construction of war "''barangayanes''" (''[[balangay]]'') that were faster than the Moro raiders and could give chase. As resistance against raiders increased, ''[[Lanong]]'' warships of the Iranun were eventually replaced by the smaller and faster ''[[garay (ship)|garay]]'' warships of the Banguingui in the early 19th century. The Moro raids were eventually subdued by several major naval expeditions by the Spanish and local forces from 1848 to 1891, including retaliatory bombardment and capture of Moro settlements. By this time, the Spanish had also acquired [[steamship|steam gunboat]]s (''vapor''), which could easily overtake and destroy the native Moro warships.<ref name="warren" /><ref name="non">{{cite journal |last1=Non |first1=Domingo M. |title=Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and Its Impact |journal=Southeast Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=1993 |pages=401–419 |doi=10.20495/tak.30.4_401 }}</ref><ref name="barrows">{{cite book|author =David P. Barrows|title =A History of the Philippines|publisher =American Book Company|year =1905|url =https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm|access-date =July 9, 2019|archive-date =February 8, 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190208005625/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm|url-status =live}}</ref>

Several famous pirates, such as ''Intjeh Cohdja'' and ''Wassingrana'', were hunted by the VOC for hijacking their merchant ships in the [[Eastern salient of Java]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anwar |first=H |date=2017 |title=TIGA ZAMAN SUKU BAJO MENGUASAI PERAIRAN NUSANTARA (Sejak Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Majaphit, sampai Republik Indonesia dan dari Selat Malaka sampai Mindanao) |url=https://conference.unsri.ac.id/index.php/sns/search/search?simpleQuery=TIGA+ZAMAN+SUKU+BAJO+MENGUASAI+PERAIRAN+NUSANTARA&searchField=query |journal=Seminar Nasional Sejarah III |volume=1 |page=1 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Aside from the Iranun and Banguingui pirates, other polities were also associated with maritime raiding. The Bugis sailors of [[South Sulawesi]] were infamous as pirates who used to range as far west as Singapore and as far north as the Philippines in search of targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.on-the-edge.com/articles/raja_ampat.php|title=The Buginese of Sulawesi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927102743/http://www.on-the-edge.com/articles/raja_ampat.php|archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> The [[Orang laut]] pirates controlled shipping in the Straits of Malacca and the waters around Singapore,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thingsasian.com/story/pirates-east|title=Pirates of the East | ThingsAsian|website=thingsasian.com|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-date=October 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024015434/http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1997|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] and [[Sea Dayak]] pirates preyed on maritime shipping in the waters between Singapore and Hong Kong from their haven in [[Sarawak|Borneo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213932/http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html|archive-date=June 9, 2008|title=Wanderings Among South Sea Savages And in Borneo and the Philippines by H. Wilfrid Walker}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2564/2564-h/2564-h.htm Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211540/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2564/2564-h/2564-h.htm |date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref>

===East Asia===
In East Asia, by the ninth century, populations centered mostly around merchant activities in coastal [[Shandong]] and [[Jiangsu]]. Wealthy benefactors including [[Chang Pogo]] established [[Silla]] Buddhist temples in the region. Chang Pogo had become incensed at the treatment of his fellow citizens, who in the unstable milieu of late Tang often fell victim to coastal pirates or inland bandits. After returning to Silla around 825, and in possession of a formidable private fleet headquartered at Cheonghae ([[Wando County|Wando]]), Chang Pogo petitioned the Silla king Heungdeok ({{reign|826|836}}) to establish a permanent maritime garrison to protect Silla merchant activities in the [[Yellow Sea]]. Heungdeok agreed and, in 828, formally established the Cheonghae ({{lang|ko-Hani|淸海}}, "clear sea") Garrison ({{lang|ko|청해진}}) at what is today Wando island off Korea's South Jeolla province. Heungdeok gave Chang an army of 10,000 men to establish and man the defensive works. The remnants of Cheonghae Garrison can still be seen on Jang islet just off Wando's southern coast. Chang's force, though nominally bequeathed by the Silla king, was effectively under his own control. Chang became the arbiter of Yellow Sea commerce and navigation.<ref>Chong Sun Kim, "Slavery in Silla and its Sociological and Economic Implications", in Andrew C. Nahm, ed. ''Traditional Korea, Theory and Practice'' (Kalamazoo, MI: Center for Korean Studies, 1974)</ref>

From the 13th century, the Wokou, based in Japan, made their debut in East Asia, initiating invasions that would persist for 300 years. The wokou raids [[Jiajing wokou raids|peaked in the 1550s]], but by then the wokou were mostly Chinese smugglers who reacted strongly against the [[Ming dynasty]]'s strict prohibition on private sea trade.

[[File:Wokou.jpg|thumb|right|Sixteenth century [[Wokou|Japanese]] pirate raids]]

During the [[Qing]] period, Chinese pirate fleets grew increasingly large. The effects of large-scale piracy on the Chinese economy were immense. They preyed voraciously on China's junk trade, which flourished in [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] and was a vital artery of Chinese commerce. Pirate fleets exercised [[hegemony]] over villages on the coast, collecting revenue by exacting tribute and running [[extortion]] rackets. In 1802, the menacing [[Zheng Yi (pirate)|Zheng Yi]] inherited the fleet of his cousin, captain Zheng Qi, whose death provided Zheng Yi with considerably more influence in the world of piracy. Zheng Yi and his wife, [[Zheng Yi Sao]] (who would eventually inherit the leadership of his pirate confederacy), then formed a pirate coalition that, by 1804, consisted of over ten thousand men. Their military might alone was sufficient to combat the Qing navy. However, a combination of famine, Qing naval opposition, and internal rifts crippled piracy in China around the 1820s, and it has never again reached that level.

In the 1840s and 1850s, [[United States Navy]] and Royal Navy forces campaigned together against Chinese pirates. Major battles were fought such as those at [[Battle of Ty-ho Bay|Ty-ho Bay]] and the [[Battle of Tonkin River|Tonkin River]] though pirate [[junks]] continued operating off China for years more. However, some British and American individual citizens also volunteered to serve with Chinese pirates to fight against European forces. The British offered rewards for the capture of Westerners serving with Chinese pirates. During the [[Second Opium War]] and the [[Taiping Rebellion]], piratical junks were again destroyed in large numbers by British naval forces, but ultimately it was not until the 1860s and 1870s that fleets of pirate junks ceased to exist.
[[File:4ChinesePirates.jpg|thumb|Four Chinese pirates who were hanged in Hong Kong in 1863]]
Chinese Pirates also plagued the Tonkin Gulf area.<ref name="KleinenOsseweijer2010">{{cite book|author1=John Kleinen|author2=Manon Osseweijer|title=Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEgb15isFZkC&pg=PA60|year= 2010|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4279-07-9|page=60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Peterson magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA578|year=1896|page=578}}</ref>
[[File:Chinese Pirate Flag.svg|thumb|Chinese pirate flag with the [[bagua]] and [[taijitu]], captured by George Henry Preble. Circa 1871<ref>https://warontherocks.com/prebles-flag-emerging-navy-fights-chinese-pirates/</ref>]]

==== Piracy in the Ming dynasty ====
Pirates in the [[Ming]] era tended to come from populations on the geographic periphery of the state.<ref>MacKay, Joseph. "Pirate Nations: Maritime Pirates as Escape Societies in Late Imperial China." ''Social Science History'' ''37'', no. 4 (2013): 551–g573. {{doi|10.1017/S0145553200011962}}. p. 554</ref> They were recruited largely from the lower classes of society, including poor fishermen, and many were fleeing from obligatory labor on state-building projects organized by the dynasty. These lower-class men, and sometimes women, may have fled taxation or conscription by the state in search of better opportunities and wealth, and willingly joined local pirate bands.<ref>MacKay. 2013. p. 553</ref><ref>MacKay. 2013. p. 555</ref> These local, lower-class individuals seem to have felt unrepresented, and traded the small amount of security afforded them from their allegiance to the state for the promise of a relatively improved existence engaging in smuggling or other illegal trade.

Originally, pirates in the coastal areas near Fujian and Zhejiang may have been Japanese, as suggested by the Ming government referring to them as "''[[wokou]]'' (倭寇)", but piracy was probably a multi-ethnic profession by the 16th century, although coastal brigands continued to be referred to as ''wokou'' in many government documents.<ref>Higgins, Roland L. "Pirates in Gowns and Caps: Gentry Law-Breaking in the Mid-Ming." ''Ming Studies Volume 1980'', Issue #1. pp. 30–37 [31]</ref> Most pirates were probably [[Han Chinese]], but Japanese and even Europeans engaged in pirate activities in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=David M. |title=Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450–1525) |journal=Journal of Social History |date=2000 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=527–563 |id={{Gale|A61372233}} {{Project MUSE|17725}} |jstor=3789210 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2000.0035 |s2cid=144496554 }}</ref>

==== Illegal trade and authority ====
Pirates engaged in many different schemes to make a living. Smuggling and illegal trade overseas were major sources of revenue for pirate bands, both large and small.<ref name="Higgins. 1980. p. 31">Higgins. 1980. p. 31</ref> As the Ming government mostly outlawed private trade overseas, at least until the overseas silver trade contributed to a lifting of the ban, pirates could, by default, control the market for any number of foreign goods.<ref name="Higgins. 1980. p. 31"/><ref>Von Glahn, Richard. ''The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century''. Cambridge, UK. {{ISBN|9781107030565}}. {{OCLC|919452147}}. p. 307</ref><ref name="Von Glahn. 2016. p. 308">Von Glahn. 2016. p. 308</ref> The geography of the coastline made chasing pirates quite difficult for the authorities, and private overseas trade began to transform coastal societies by the 15th century, as nearly all aspects of the local society benefitted from or associated with illegal trade.<ref>Higgins. 1980. p. 32</ref> The desire to trade for silver eventually led to open conflict between the Ming and illegal smugglers and pirates. This conflict, along with local merchants in southern China, helped persuade the Ming court to end the [[haijin]] ban on private international trade in 1567.<ref name="Von Glahn. 2016. p. 308"/>

Pirates also projected local political authority.<ref name=":1">MacKay. 2013. p. 558</ref> Larger pirate bands could act as local governing bodies for coastal communities, collecting taxes and engaging in "protection" schemes. In addition to illegal goods, pirates ostensibly offered security to communities on land in exchange for a tax.<ref name=":2">MacKay. 2013. p. 557</ref> These bands also wrote and codified laws that redistributed wealth, punished crimes, and protected the taxed community.<ref name=":1" /> These laws were strictly followed by the pirates, as well.<ref name=":3">MacKay. 2013. p. 567</ref> The political structures tended to look similar to the Ming structures.<ref name=":3" />

==== Hierarchy and structure ====
Pirates did not tend to stay pirates permanently. It seems to have been relatively easy both to join and leave a pirate band, and these raiding groups were more interested in maintaining a willing force.<ref name=":4">MacKay. 2013. pp. 564, 568</ref> Members of these pirate groups did not tend to stay for more than a few months or a year.<ref name=":4" />

There appears to have been a hierarchy in most pirate organizations. Pirate leaders could become very wealthy and powerful, especially when working with the Chinese dynasty, and, consequently, so could those who served under them.<ref name=":2" /> These pirate groups were organized similarly to other "escape societies" throughout history, and maintained a redistributive system to reward looting; the pirates directly responsible for looting or pillaging got their cut first, and the rest was allocated to the rest of the pirate community.<ref name=":2" /> There seems to be evidence that there was an egalitarian aspect to these communities, with the capability to do the job being rewarded explicitly. The pirates themselves had some special privileges under the law when they interacted with communities on land, mostly in the form of extra allotments of redistributed wealth.<ref name=":2" />

==== Clientele ====
Pirates, of course, had to sell their loot. They had trade relations with local communities and foreign traders in southeastern China. [[Zhu Wan]], who held the office of Grand Coordinator for Coastal Defense, documented that pirates in the region to which he had been sent had the support of the local elite gentry class.<ref>Higgins. 1980. p. 30</ref> These "pirates in gowns and caps" directly or indirectly sponsored pirate activity and certainly directly benefitted from the illegal private trade in the region. When Zhu Wan or other officials from the capital attempted to eliminate the pirate problem, these local elites fought back, having Zhu Wan demoted and eventually even sent back to Beijing to possibly be executed.<ref>Higgins. 1980. p. 34</ref> The gentry who benefitted from illegal maritime trade were too powerful and influential, and they were clearly very invested in the smuggling activities of the pirate community.<ref>Robinson. 2000. p. 547</ref>

In addition to their relationships with the local elite on the coast, pirates also had complex, often friendly relationships and partnerships with the dynasty itself and with international traders.<ref>MacKay. 2013. pp. 552, 557</ref> When pirate groups recognized the authority of the dynasty, they would often be allowed to operate freely and even profit from the relationship. There were also opportunities for these pirates to ally themselves with colonial projects from Europe or other overseas powers.<ref name="MacKay. 2013. p. 559">MacKay. 2013. p. 559</ref> Both the dynasty and foreign colonial projects would employ pirates as mercenaries to establish dominance in the coastal region.<ref>MacKay. 2013. p. 551</ref> Because of how difficult it was for established state powers to control these regions, pirates seem to have had a lot of freedom to choose their allies and their preferred markets.<ref>Szonyi, Michael. ''The Art of Being Governed: Everyday Politics in Late Imperial China''. Princeton. {{ISBN|9781400888887}}. {{OCLC|1007291604}}. pp. 101, 102</ref> Included in this list of possible allies, sea marauders and pirates even found opportunities to bribe military officials as they engaged in illegal trade.<ref>Szonyi. 2017. pp. 101–102</ref> They seem to have been incentivized mostly by money and loot, and so could afford to play the field concerning their political or military allies.

Because pirate organizations could be so powerful locally, the Ming government made concerted efforts to weaken them. The presence of colonial projects, however, complicated this, as pirates could ally with other maritime powers or local elites to stay in business. The Chinese government was clearly aware of the power of some of these pirate groups, as some documents even refer to them as "sea rebels," a term that underscores the political nature of piracy.<ref name="MacKay. 2013. p. 559"/> Pirates like [[Zheng Zhilong]] and [[Zheng Chenggong]] accrued tremendous local power, eventually even being hired as naval commanders by the Chinese dynasties and foreign maritime powers.<ref>MacKay. 2013. pp. 559, 561</ref>

===South Asia===
[[Bawarij]] were [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] pirates named for their distinctive [[Dhow|barja warships]]<ref>"Indian Pirates: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day", by Rajaram Narayan Saletore, page 18</ref> who were active between 251 and 865 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agius |first=Dionisius A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RP2uHT06zYgC&dq=bawarij&pg=PA385 |title=Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15863-4 |language=en |page=385 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072223/https://books.google.com/books?id=RP2uHT06zYgC&dq=bawarij&pg=PA385 |url-status=live }}</ref> Their frequent piracy and the incident in which they looted two treasure ships coming from Ceylon became the [[casus belli]] for the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saletore |first=Rajaram Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&dq=bawarij&pg=PA18 |title=Indian Pirates |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en |page=21 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&dq=bawarij&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pirates who accepted the Royal Pardon from the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola Empire]] would get to serve in the [[Chola Navy]] as "Kallarani". They would be used as coast guards, or sent on recon missions to deal with Arab piracy in the [[Arabian Sea]]. Their function is similar to that of the 18th-century [[privateers]], used by the Royal Navy.

Starting in the 14th century, the [[Deccan]] (Southern Peninsular region of India) was divided into two entities: on the one side stood the Muslim [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and on the other stood the [[Hindu king]]s rallied around the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Ongoing wars demanded frequent resupply of fresh horses, which were imported via sea routes from Persia and Africa. This trade was frequently raided by thriving bands of pirates based in the coastal cities of Western India. One of such was [[Timoji]], who operated off [[Anjadip Island]] both as a privateer (by seizing horse traders, that he rendered to the [[raja]] of [[Honavar]]) and as a pirate who attacked the Kerala merchant fleets that traded pepper with [[Gujarat]].

During the 16th and 17th centuries, there was frequent European piracy against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Indian merchants, especially those [[Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet|en route to Mecca]] for [[Hajj]]. The situation came to a head when the Portuguese attacked and captured the vessel ''[[Rahīmī|Rahimi]]'' which belonged to [[Mariam Zamani]] the Mughal queen, which led to the Mughal seizure of the Portuguese town Daman.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Findly |first1=Ellison B. |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1988 |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 }}</ref> In the 18th century, the famous [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] privateer [[Kanhoji Angre]] ruled the seas between Mumbai and Goa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Risso |first1=Patricia |title=Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Piracy: Maritime Violence in the Western Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf Region during a Long Eighteenth Century |journal=Journal of World History |date=2001 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=293–319 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2001.0039 |s2cid=162191347 |id={{Project MUSE|18418}} }}</ref> The Marathas attacked British shipping and insisted that [[East India Company]] ships pay taxes if sailing through their waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/soldiersSeahawks/page2.shtml|title=Soldiers, Seahawks and Smugglers|access-date=July 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906064531/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/soldiersSeahawks/page2.shtml|archive-date=September 6, 2008}}</ref>

===Persian Gulf===
{{Main|Piracy in the Persian Gulf}}
The southern coast of the [[Persian Gulf]] was known to the British from the late 18th century as the ''[[Pirate Coast]], ''where control of the seaways of the Persian Gulf was asserted by the Qawasim ([[Al Qasimi]]) and other local maritime powers. Memories of the privations inflicted on the coast by Portuguese raiders under Albuquerque were long-lasting, and local powers were antagonistic as a consequence of Christian powers asserting dominance over their coastal waters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates|last = Heard-Bey|first = Frauke|publisher = Longman|year = 1996|isbn = 0-582-27728-0|location = UK|pages = 282–284}}</ref> Early British expeditions to protect the Imperial [[Trade route|Indian Ocean trade]] from competitors, principally the Al Qasimi from [[Ras Al Khaimah]] and [[Lingeh]], led to campaigns against those headquarters and other harbours along the coast in [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1809|1809]] and then, after a relapse in raiding, again in [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|1819]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197306/from.pirate.coast.to.trucial.htm|title=From Pirate Coast To Trucial|access-date=July 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829143613/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197306/from.pirate.coast.to.trucial.htm|archive-date=August 29, 2008}}</ref> This led to the signing of the first formal treaty of [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820|maritime peace]] between the British and the rulers of several coastal sheikhdoms in 1820. This was cemented by the Treaty of Maritime Peace in Perpetuity in 1853, resulting in the British label for the area, 'Pirate Coast', being softened to the 'Trucial Coast', with several emirates being recognised by the British as [[Trucial States]].<ref name=":0" />

===Madagascar===
[[File:Pirates Cemetery Ile Ste Marie Madagascar.jpg|thumb|The cemetery of past pirates at Île Ste-Marie (St. Mary's Island)]]
At one point, there were nearly 1,000 pirates located in Madagascar.<ref>Gemma Pitcher, Patricia C. Wright. " ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=m2eLhe7CpMMC&pg=PA178 Madagascar & Comoros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081051/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2eLhe7CpMMC&pg=PA178 |date=December 26, 2022 }} ''" p. 178.</ref> [[Île Sainte-Marie]] was a popular base for pirates throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous [[pirate utopia]] is that of the probably fictional Captain Misson and his pirate crew, who allegedly founded the free colony of [[Libertatia]] in northern Madagascar in the late 17th century, until it was destroyed in a surprise attack by the island natives in 1694.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=869187%7ctitle=Libertatia|title=Libertatia|work=everything2.com|date=December 9, 2000 |access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710091804/https://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=869187%7ctitle=Libertatia|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Caribbean===
{{Main|Piracy in the Caribbean|Golden Age of Piracy}}
[[File:Jacquesdesores.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Jacques de Sores]] looting and burning Havana in 1555]]
[[File:Puerto del Príncipe - being sacked in 1668 - Project Gutenberg eText 19396.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Camagüey|Puerto del Príncipe]] being sacked in 1668 by Henry Morgan]]
[[File:Bok om sjörövare De Americaensche Zee-Roovers publicerades första gången 1678 i Amsterdam - Skoklosters slott - 102633.tif|thumb|Book about pirates "De Americaensche Zee-Roovers" was first published in 1678 in Amsterdam]]
The classic era of piracy in the [[Caribbean]] lasted from circa 1650 until the mid-1720s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lucie-Smith|first=Edward|title=Outcasts of the Sea: Pirates and Piracy|publisher=Paddington Press|year=1978|isbn=978-0-448-22617-0|url=https://archive.org/details/outcastsofseapir0000luci}}</ref> By 1650, France, England and the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] began to develop their colonial empires. This involved considerable seaborne trade, and a general economic improvement: there was money to be made{{snd}}or stolen{{snd}}and much of it traveled by ship.

French [[buccaneer]]s were established on northwestern part of [[Hispaniola]] after the [[devastations of Osorio]] as early as 1625,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/history-of-piracy/tortuga.php|title=Tortuga – Pirate History – The Way Of The Pirates|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=March 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314032603/http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/history-of-piracy/tortuga.php|url-status=live}}</ref> but lived at first mostly as hunters rather than robbers; their transition to full-time piracy was gradual and motivated in part by Spanish efforts to wipe out both the buccaneers and the prey animals on which they depended. The buccaneers' migration from Hispaniola's mainland to the more defensible offshore island of [[Tortuga (Haiti)|Tortuga]] limited their resources and accelerated their piratical raids. According to [[Alexandre Exquemelin]], a buccaneer and historian who remains a major source for this period, the Tortuga buccaneer [[Pierre le Grand (pirate)|Pierre Le Grand]] pioneered attacks on galleons returning to Spain.

The growth of buccaneering on Tortuga was augmented by the English capture of Jamaica from Spain in 1655. The early English governors of Jamaica freely granted letters of marque to buccaneers in Tortuga and to their own fellow citizens. At the same time, the growth of [[Port Royal]] provided these raiders with a far more profitable and enjoyable place to sell their booty. In the 1660s, the new French governor of Tortuga, [[Bertrand d'Ogeron]], similarly issued privateering commissions to both his own colonists and English cutthroats from Port Royal. These conditions brought Caribbean buccaneering to its zenith.

[[File:Pg 003 - Engraving (bw).jpg|thumb|left|[[Henry Every]] is shown selling his loot in this engraving by Howard Pyle. Every's capture of the Grand Mughal ship ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]'' in 1695 stands as one of the most profitable pirate raids ever perpetrated.]]
A new phase of piracy began in the 1690s as English pirates looked beyond the Caribbean for treasure. The fall of Britain's Stuart kings had restored the traditional enmity between Britain and France, thus ending the profitable collaboration between English Jamaica and French Tortuga. The devastation of Port Royal by an [[1692 Jamaica earthquake|earthquake in 1692]] further reduced the Caribbean's attractions by destroying the pirates' chief market for fenced plunder.<ref>Nigel Cawthorne (2005), ''Pirates: An Illustrated History,'' Arturus Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 65.</ref> Caribbean colonial governors began to discard the traditional policy of "no peace beyond the Line," under which it was understood that war would continue (and thus letters of marque would be granted) in the Caribbean regardless of peace treaties signed in Europe; henceforth, commissions would be granted only in wartime, and their limitations would be strictly enforced. Furthermore, much of the Spanish Main had simply been exhausted; [[Maracaibo]] alone had been sacked three times between 1667 and 1678,<ref>Cawthorne, pp. 34, 36, 58</ref> while [[Rio de la Hacha|Río de la Hacha]] had been raided five times and [[Tolú]] eight.<ref>Peter Earle (2003), ''The Pirate Wars'', {{ISBN|0-312-33579-2}}, p. 94.</ref>
[[File:Bartholomew Roberts.jpg|thumb|Bartholomew Roberts was the pirate with the most captures during the Golden Age of Piracy. He is now known for hanging the governor of [[Martinique]] from the yardarm of his ship.]]
At the same time, England's less favored colonies, including [[Bermuda]], New York, and [[Rhode Island]], had become cash-starved by the [[Navigation Acts]], which restricted trade with foreign ships. Merchants and governors eager for coin were willing to overlook and even underwrite pirate voyages; one colonial official defended a pirate because he thought it "very harsh to hang people that brings in gold to these provinces."<ref>Earle, p. 148.</ref> Although some of these pirates operating out of New England and the Middle Colonies targeted Spain's remoter Pacific coast colonies well into the 1690s and beyond, the Indian Ocean was a richer and more tempting target. India's economic output was large during this time, especially in high-value luxury goods like silk and calico which made ideal pirate booty;<ref>Geoffrey Parker, ed. (1986), ''The World: An Illustrated History'', Times Books Ltd., p. 317.</ref> at the same time, no powerful navies plied the Indian Ocean, leaving both local shipping and the various East India companies' vessels vulnerable to attack. This set the stage for the famous pirates, [[Thomas Tew]], [[Henry Every]], [[Robert Culliford]], and (although his guilt remains controversial) [[William Kidd]].

In 1713 and 1714, a series of peace treaties ended the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. As a result, thousands of seamen, including European [[privateer]]s who had operated in the West Indies, were relieved of military duty, at a time when cross-Atlantic colonial shipping trade was beginning to boom. In addition, European sailors who had been pushed by unemployment to work onboard [[merchantmen]] (including [[slave ship]]s) were often enthusiastic to abandon that profession and turn to pirating, giving pirate captains a steady pool of recruits from various coasts across the Atlantic.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kuhn, Gabriel |title= Life Under the Jolly Roger: Reflections on Golden Age Piracy|publisher= PM Press|date= 2010}}</ref>

In 1715, pirates launched a major raid on Spanish divers who were trying to recover gold from a sunken treasure galleon off the coast of Florida. The nucleus of the pirate force was a group of English ex-privateers, all of whom would soon be enshrined in infamy: [[Henry Jennings]], [[Charles Vane]], [[Samuel Bellamy]], and [[Edward England]]. The attack was successful, but contrary to their expectations, the governor of Jamaica refused to allow Jennings and their cohorts to spend their loot on his island. With Kingston and the declining Port Royal closed to them, Jennings and his comrades founded a new pirate base at [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], on the island of [[New Providence]] in the Bahamas, which had been abandoned during the war. Until the arrival of governor [[Woodes Rogers]] three years later, Nassau would be home for these pirates and their many recruits.

Shipping traffic between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe began to soar in the 18th century, following a model known as the [[triangular trade]], and became a rich target for piracy. Trade ships sailed from Europe to the African coast, trading manufactured goods and weapons in exchange for enslaved people. The traders would then sail to the Caribbean to sell the enslaved people, and return to Europe with goods such as sugar, tobacco, and cocoa. Another triangular trade saw ships carry raw materials, preserved cod, and rum to Europe, where a portion of the cargo would be sold for manufactured goods, which (along with the remainder of the original load) were transported to the Caribbean, where they were exchanged for sugar and molasses, which (with some manufactured articles) were borne to New England. Ships in the triangular trade made money at each stop.<ref>Mark Kurlansky, ''Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World.'' Penguin, 1998.</ref>
[[File:Pirata Cofresi.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Born to a noble family in [[Puerto Rico]], [[Roberto Cofresí]] was the last notably successful pirate in the Caribbean.]]
As part of the peace settlement of the [[War of the Spanish succession]], Britain obtained the ''[[asiento]]'', a Spanish government contract, to [[History of slavery|supply slaves]] to Spain's new world colonies, providing British traders and smugglers more access to the traditionally closed Spanish markets in America. This arrangement also contributed heavily to the spread of piracy across the western Atlantic at this time. Shipping to the colonies boomed simultaneously with the flood of skilled mariners after the war. Merchant shippers used the surplus of sailors' labor to drive wages down, cut corners to maximize profits, and create unsavory conditions aboard their vessels. Merchant sailors suffered from mortality rates as high or higher than those of the enslaved people being trafficked (Rediker, 2004). Living conditions were so poor that many sailors began to prefer a freer existence as a [[pirate]]. The increased volume of shipping traffic also could sustain a large body of brigands preying upon it. Among the most infamous Caribbean pirates of the time were [[Edward Teach]] or ''Blackbeard'', [[John Rackham (pirate)|John Rackham]], and [[Bartholomew Roberts]]. Most of these pirates were eventually hunted down by the Royal Navy and killed or captured; several [[Action of 20 October 1720|battles]] were [[Battle of Cape Lopez|fought]] between the brigands and the colonial powers, both on land and at sea.

Piracy in the Caribbean declined over the next several decades after 1730, but by the 1810s, many pirates still roamed the waters, though they were not as bold or successful as their predecessors. The most successful pirates of the era were [[Jean Lafitte]] and [[Roberto Cofresi]]. Lafitte is considered by many to be the last [[buccaneer]] due to his army of pirates and fleet of pirate ships, which held bases in and around the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. Lafitte and his men participated in the [[War of 1812]] [[battle of New Orleans]]. Cofresi's base was on [[Mona Island]], Puerto Rico, from which he disrupted commerce throughout the region. He became the last major target of the international anti-piracy operations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wombwell |first=A. James |title=The Long War Against Piracy: Historical Trends |year=2010 |ref=Wombell |publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |page=204 |isbn=978-0-9823283-6-1}}</ref>

[[File:Hanging of William Kidd.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Hanging of [[Captain Kidd]]; illustration from ''The Pirates Own Book'' (1837)]]
The elimination of piracy from European waters expanded to the Caribbean in the 18th century, and to West Africa and North America by the 1710s. By the 1720s, even the Indian Ocean was a difficult location for pirates to operate.

England began to strongly turn against piracy at the turn of the 18th century, as it was increasingly damaging to the country's economic and commercial prospects in the region. The [[Piracy Act 1698]] for the "more effectual suppression of Piracy"<ref>''[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=46966 William III, 1698–99: An Act for the more effectual suppression of Piracy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623163139/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp590-594 |date=June 23, 2020 }}'' [Chapter VII. Rot. Parl. 11 Gul. III. p. 2. n. 5.]', Statutes of the Realm: volume 7: 1695–1701 (1820), pp. 590–594. Date accessed: February 16, 2007.</ref> made it easier to capture, try and convict pirates by lawfully enabling acts of piracy to be "examined, inquired of, tried, heard and determined, and adjudged in any place at sea, or upon the land, in any of his Majesty's islands, plantations, colonies, dominions, forts, or factories." This effectively enabled admirals to hold court sessions to try pirates wherever they deemed necessary, rather than requiring that trials be held in England. Commissioners of these vice-admiralty courts were also vested with "full power and authority" to issue warrants, summon the necessary witnesses, and "to do all thing necessary for the hearing and final determination of any case of piracy, robbery, or felony." These new and faster trials provided no legal representation for the pirates; and ultimately led in this era to the execution of 600 pirates, which represented approximately 10 percent of the pirates active at the time in the Caribbean region.<ref name="Max 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Boot |first1=Max |title=Pirates, Then and Now: How Piracy Was Defeated in the Past and Can Be Again |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=2009 |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=94–107 |jstor=20699624 }}</ref> Being an accessory to piracy was also criminalised under the statute.

[[File:The Capture of the Pirate Blackbeard 1718 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (retouched).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|''Capture of the Pirate Blackbeard, 1718'' depicting the battle between [[Blackbeard]] and [[Robert Maynard]] in Ocracoke Bay; romanticized depiction by [[Jean Leon Gerome Ferris]] from 1920]]
Piracy saw a brief resurgence between the end of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in 1713 and around 1720, as many unemployed seafarers turned to piracy to make ends meet amid a postwar surplus of sailors that led to declining wages and working conditions. At the same time, one of the terms of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] that ended the war gave to Great Britain's [[Royal African Company]] and other British slavers a thirty-year asiento, or contract, to furnish enslaved Africans to the Spanish colonies, providing British merchants and smugglers potential inroads into the traditionally closed Spanish markets in America and leading to an economic revival for the whole region. This revived Caribbean trade provided rich new pickings for a wave of piracy. Also contributing to the increase in Caribbean piracy at this time was Spain's breakup of the English logwood settlement at [[Campeche]] and the allure of a newly sunken silver fleet off the southern Bahamas in 1715. Fears over the rising levels of crime and piracy, political discontent, concern over crowd behaviour at public punishments, and an increased determination by [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] to suppress piracy, resulted in the [[Piracy Act 1717]] and [[Piracy Act 1721]]. These established seven-year [[penal transportation]] to North America as a possible punishment for those convicted of lesser felonies, or as a possible sentence to which capital punishment might be commuted by [[royal pardon]]. In 1717, a [[1717–1718 Acts of Grace|pardon was offered to pirates]] who surrendered to British authorities.

After 1720, piracy in the classic sense became extremely rare as the Royal Navy implemented increasingly effective anti-piracy measures, making it impossible for any pirate to sustain a career for long. By 1718, the British Royal Navy had approximately 124 vessels, and by 1815, 214; a significant increase from the two vessels England had in 1670.<ref name="Max 2009"/> British Royal Navy warships tirelessly hunted down pirate vessels, and almost always won these engagements.

[[File:Blackbeard head bow.gif|thumb|right|upright=0.95|[[Blackbeard]]'s severed head hanging from Maynard's bowsprit; illustration from ''The Pirates Own Book'' (1837)]]
Many pirates did not surrender and were killed at the point of capture; notorious pirate Edward Teach, or "Blackbeard", was hunted down by Lieutenant [[Robert Maynard]] at [[Cape Lookout National Seashore|Ocracoke Inlet]] off the coast of [[North Carolina]] on November 22, 1718, and killed. His flagship was a captured French slave ship known originally as ''La Concorde''; he renamed the frigate ''[[Queen Anne's Revenge]]''. Captain [[Chaloner Ogle]] of HMS ''Swallow'' cornered Bartholomew Roberts in 1722 at Cape Lopez, and a fatal broadside from the ''Swallow'' killed the pirate captain instantly. Roberts' death shocked the pirate world, as well as the Royal Navy. The local merchants and civilians had thought him invincible, and some considered him a hero.<ref name="Pike1876">{{cite book|last=Pike|first=Luke Owen|title=A History of Crime in England: From the accession of Henry VII to the present time|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorycrimein03pikegoog|year=1876|publisher=Smith, Elder & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorycrimein03pikegoog/page/n286 266]|isbn=978-0-87585-019-1}}</ref> Roberts' death was seen by many historians as the end of the Golden Age of Piracy. Also crucial to the end of this era of piracy was the loss of the pirates' last Caribbean haven at Nassau.

In the early 19th century, piracy along the East and Gulf Coasts of North America, as well as in the Caribbean, increased again. Jean Lafitte was just one of hundreds of pirates operating in American and Caribbean waters between 1820 and 1835. The United States Navy repeatedly engaged pirates in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Mediterranean. Cofresí's ''El Mosquito'' was disabled in [[Capture of the El Mosquito|a collaboration]] between Spain and the United States. After fleeing for hours, he was ambushed and captured inland. The United States landed shore parties on several Caribbean islands in pursuit of pirates; Cuba was a major haven. By the 1830s, piracy had died out again, and the navies of the region focused on the slave trade.

About the time of the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1846, the United States Navy had grown strong and numerous enough to eliminate the pirate threat in the West Indies. By the 1830s, ships had begun to convert to steam propulsion, so the [[Age of Sail]] and the classical idea of pirates in the Caribbean ended. Privateering, similar to piracy, continued as a wartime asset for a few more decades and proved important during the naval campaigns of the [[American Civil War]].

Privateering would remain a tool of European states until the mid-19th century, with the [[Declaration of Paris]]. But [[letters of marque]] were given out much more sparingly by governments and were terminated as soon as conflicts ended. The idea of "no peace beyond the Line" was a relic that had no meaning by the more settled late 18th and early 19th centuries.

=== Canary Islands ===
[[File:La Gomera church M.jpg|thumb|250px|Mural representing the attack of [[Charles Windon]] to [[San Sebastián de La Gomera]] (1743)]]
Due to the strategic situation of this Spanish archipelago as a crossroads of maritime routes and commercial bridge between Europe, Africa and [[Americas|America]],<ref name=A>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gevic.net/info/contenidos/mostrar_contenidos.php?idcat=1&idcap=187&idcon=675|title=La piratería – Historia – (GEVIC) Gran Enciclopedia Virtual Islas Canarias|website=www.gevic.net|access-date=August 3, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303213748/http://www.gevic.net/info/contenidos/mostrar_contenidos.php?idcat=1&idcap=187&idcon=675|url-status=live}}</ref> this was one of the places on the planet with the greatest pirate presence.

In the [[Canary Islands]], the following stand out: the attacks and continuous looting of [[Barbary pirates|Berber]], English, French and Dutch corsairs sometimes successful and often a failure;<ref name=A/> and on the other hand, the presence of pirates and corsairs from this archipelago, who made their incursions into the [[Caribbean]]. Pirates and corsairs such as [[François Le Clerc]], [[Jacques de Sores]], [[Francis Drake]] defeat in [[Gran Canaria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gran-canaria-info.com/en/content/history/sir-francis-drake-s-epic-failure-at-las-palmas |title=The Gran Canaria Mistake That Cost Sir Francis Drake His Life |work=Gran-Canaria-Info.com |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509034136/https://gran-canaria-info.com/en/content/history/sir-francis-drake-s-epic-failure-at-las-palmas |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pieter van der Does]], [[Murat Reis the Elder|Murat Reis]] and [[Horacio Nelson]] attacked the islands and was defeated in the [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://etenerifeholidays.co.uk/tenerife-island/history/the-defeat-of-nelson-at-the-battle-of-santa-cruz-de-tenerife-1797|title=The Defeat of Nelson at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1797|first=Peter|last=Allan|website=etenerifeholidays.co.uk|access-date=October 6, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023241/https://etenerifeholidays.co.uk/tenerife-island/history/the-defeat-of-nelson-at-the-battle-of-santa-cruz-de-tenerife-1797|url-status=live}}</ref> Among those born in the archipelago stands out above all [[Amaro Pargo]], whom the monarch [[Felipe V of Spain]] frequently benefited in his commercial incursions and corsairs.<ref name="ColFar">{{cite news|last = Fariña González|first = Manuel|title = La evolución de una fortuna indiana: D. Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (Amaro Pargo).|access-date = June 10, 2016|url = http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/coloquios/id/1321|archive-date = March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001809/http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/coloquios/id/1321}}</ref><ref name="AmaroHeroe">{{cite book | title=Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, I. Héroe y forrajido | date=2017 | publisher=Ediciones Idea | isbn=978-84-16759-81-1 | pages=520 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321110986 | access-date=March 20, 2018 | archive-date=March 17, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317143401/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321110986_Amaro_Pargo_documentos_de_una_vida_I_Heroe_y_forajido | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] was, especially during the first half of the 18th century, the most important corsair center in the [[Macaronesian]] region.<ref name=B>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321110986|title=Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, I. Héroe y forajido}}</ref><ref>[https://www.elescobillon.com/2018/08/%E2%80%9Csanta-cruz-de-tenerife-fue-la-capital-corsaria-de-la-macaronesia-la-primera-mitad-del-siglo-xviii%E2%80%9D/ "Santa Cruz de Tenerife fue la capital corsaria de la Macaronesia la primera mitad del siglo XVIII"] El Escobillón, 06/08/2018</ref> The recent discovery of abundant documentary evidence of significant corsair activity, carried out primarily by natives, residents, and islanders, confirms this fact. At the same time, the numerous pirate ships that frequented the Canary Islands' waters used landing places along the coast. Such was the case of Valle de Salazar or [[San Andrés, Santa Cruz de Tenerife|San Andrés]], which had acquired a reputation as a "pirate port" until the construction of its castle or defensive tower.<ref>[https://www.elblogoferoz.com/2013/04/15/piratas-en-santa-cruz-de-tenerife-por-jose-manuel-ledesma/ Piratas en Santa Cruz de Tenerife] El Blog Feroz, 15/04/2013</ref>

===North America===
[[File:Dan Seavey around 1920 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Dan Seavey]] was a pirate on the [[Great Lakes]] in the early 20th century.]]

Piracy on the east coast of North America first became common in the early seventeenth century, as English privateers discharged after the end of the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585–1604) turned to piracy.<ref>Clive Malcolm Senior, [https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34506574/544142.pdf An Investigation of the Activities and Importance of English Pirates, 1603–40] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531144419/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34506574/544142.pdf |date=May 31, 2022 }} (University of Bristol, PhD thesis, 1973)</ref><ref>Clive Senior, ''A Nation of Pirates: English Piracy in its Heyday'' (Newton Abbot, 1976)</ref> The most famous and successful of these early pirates was [[Peter Easton]].

[[River pirate|River piracy]] in late 18th-mid-19th century America was primarily concentrated along the [[Ohio River]] and [[Mississippi River]] valleys. In 1803, at [[Grand Tower, Illinois|Tower Rock]], the [[U.S. Army]] [[Cavalry|dragoons]], possibly, from the frontier army post upriver at [[Fort Kaskaskia]], on the [[Illinois]] side opposite St. Louis, raided and drove out the river pirates.

[[Stack Island (Mississippi River)|Stack Island]] was also associated with river pirates and [[counterfeit money|counterfeiters]] in the late 1790s. In 1809, the last major river pirate activity took place on the Upper Mississippi River, and river piracy in this area came to an abrupt end when a group of [[flatboat]]men raided the island, wiping out the river pirates. From 1790 to 1834, [[Cave-In-Rock, Illinois|Cave-In-Rock]] was the principal [[outlaw]] lair and headquarters of river pirate activity in the Ohio River region, from which [[Samuel Mason]] led a gang of river pirates on the Ohio River.

River piracy continued on the lower Mississippi River, from the early 1800s to the mid-1830s, declining as a result of direct military action and local [[law enforcement]] and [[vigilante|regulator-vigilante]] groups that uprooted and swept out pockets of outlaw resistance.

[[Dan Seavey|"Roaring" Dan Seavey]] was a pirate active in the early 1900s in the [[Great Lakes]] region who joined the [[United States Marshals Service]] in later life, working to curb poaching, smuggling, and piracy on [[Lake Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandusky |first=Trent |date=February 14, 2008 |title=Great Lakes Piracy: Pirates Thrived on the Great Lakes Long After Their Golden Age |url=http://voices.yahoo.com/great-lakes-piracy-pirates-thrived-great-lakes-893177.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729042052/http://voices.yahoo.com/great-lakes-piracy-pirates-thrived-great-lakes-893177.html |archive-date=July 29, 2014 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Yahoo}}</ref>

==Culture and social structure==

===Rewards===
{{see also|No purchase, no pay}}
Pirates had a hierarchical system on board their ships that determined how captured money was distributed. However, pirates were more [[egalitarian]] than any other area of employment at the time. In fact, pirate [[quartermaster]]s were a counterbalance to the captain and had the power to veto his orders. The majority of plunder was in the form of cargo and the ship's equipment, with medicines the most highly prized. A vessel's doctor's chest would be worth anywhere from £300 to £400, or around $470,000 in today's values. Jewels were common plunder but not popular, as they were hard to sell, and pirates, unlike the public of today, had little concept of their value. There is one recorded case in which a pirate was given a large diamond worth far more than the handful of small diamonds he gave his crewmates as a share. He felt cheated and had it broken up to match what they received.<ref name="Vallar">{{cite web|url=http://www.cindyvallar.com/treasure.html|title=Treasure|access-date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213656/http://www.cindyvallar.com/treasure.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Morgan,Henry.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Henry Morgan]] who sacked and burned the city of [[Panama City|Panama]] in 1671 – the second most important city in the Spanish New World at the time; engraving from 1681 Spanish edition of [[Alexandre Exquemelin]]'s ''The Buccaneers of America'']]

[[Spanish dollar|Spanish pieces of eight]] minted in Mexico or Seville were the standard trade currency in the American colonies. However, every colony still used the monetary units of pounds, shillings, and pence for bookkeeping, while Spanish, German, French, and Portuguese money were all standard mediums of exchange, as British law prohibited the export of British silver coinage. Until exchange rates were standardised in the late 18th century, each colony legislated its own exchange rates. In England, 1 piece of eight was worth 4s 3d while it was worth 8s in New York, 7s 6d in [[Pennsylvania]], and 6s 8d in [[Virginia]]. One 18th-century English shilling was worth about $58 in modern currency, so a piece of eight could be worth between $246 and $465. As such, the value of pirate plunder could vary considerably, depending on who recorded it and where.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hudsonrivervalley.net/AMERICANBOOK/18.html|title=The Hudson River Valley Institute|access-date=April 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302075626/http://www.hudsonrivervalley.net/AMERICANBOOK/18.html|archive-date=March 2, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/CurrencyIntros/IntroValue.html|title=University of Notre Dame|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=May 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523063918/https://coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/CurrencyIntros/IntroValue.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ordinary seamen received a part of the plunder at the captain's discretion, but usually a single share. On average, a pirate could expect the equivalent of a year's wages as his share from each ship captured while the crew of the most successful pirates would often each receive a share valued at around £1,000 ($1.17 million) at least once in their career.<ref name="Vallar"/> One of the larger amounts taken from a single ship was that by captain [[Thomas Tew]] from an Indian merchantman in 1692. Each ordinary seaman on his ship received a share worth £3,000 ($3.5 million), while officers received proportionally larger amounts according to the agreed-upon shares, with Tew himself receiving 2½ shares. It is known that there were actions involving the capture of multiple ships, in which a single share was worth almost double this.<ref name="Vallar"/><ref name="Gosse">{{Cite book |last= Gosse|first= Philip |title= The Pirates' Who's Who|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4346-3302-6}} p. 251.</ref>

By contrast, an ordinary seaman in the Royal Navy received 19s per month, paid in a lump sum at the end of a tour of duty, which was around half the rate paid in the [[Merchant Navy]]. However, corrupt officers would often "tax" their crews' wages to supplement their own, and the Royal Navy of the day was infamous for its reluctance to pay. From this wage, 6d per month was deducted for the maintenance of [[Greenwich Hospital (London)|Greenwich Hospital]], with similar amounts deducted for the [[Chatham Chest]], the chaplain, and surgeon. Six months' pay was withheld to discourage desertion. That this was an insufficient incentive is revealed in a report on proposed changes to the RN, written by [[Admiral Nelson]] in 1803; he noted that since 1793, more than 42,000 sailors had deserted. Roughly half of all RN crews were [[Impressment|pressganged]], and these not only received lower wages than volunteers but were shackled while the vessel was docked and were never permitted to go ashore until released from service.<ref name="Hill">{{Cite book |last= Hill|first= J. R. |title= The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002 |isbn=0-19-860527-7}} p. 157.</ref>

Although the Royal Navy suffered from many morale issues, it addressed the question of prize money through the [[Cruizers and Convoys Act 1708]], which transferred the share previously held by the Crown to the ship's captors. Technically, it was still possible for the Crown to get the money or a portion of it, but this rarely happened. The condemnation of a captured vessel, its cargo, and its men was submitted to the High Court of the Admiralty, and this process remained in force, with minor changes, throughout the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic War]]s.

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; vertical-align: top;"
|+ Ship prize shares
|-
! scope="col" | Rank !! scope="col" | Pre 1808 !! scope="col" | Post 1808
|-
| [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]||3/8||2/8
|-
| [[Admiral]] of fleet||1/8||1/8
|-
| [[Sailing Master]]<br />& Lieutenants<br />& [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]] of [[Royal Marines|Marine]]s||1/8||1/8
|-
| [[Warrant Officers]]||1/8||1/8
|-
| Wardroom Warrant officers<br />& Petty Officers||1/8||1/8
|-
| [[Sailor|Gunner]]s, Sailors||1/8||2/8
|}
[[File:BartRobCrew.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Bartholomew Roberts]]' crew carousing at the [[Calabar River]]; illustration from ''The Pirates Own Book'' (1837). Roberts is estimated to have captured over 470 vessels.]]
Even the flag officer's share was not quite straightforward; he would only get the full one-eighth if he had no junior flag officer beneath him. If this were the case, then he would get a third share. If he had more than one, then he would take one-half while the rest was shared out equally.

There was a great deal of money to be made in this way. The record breaker was the capture of the [[Spanish frigate Hermione|Spanish frigate ''Hermione'']] in 1762, which was carrying treasure. The value of this was so great that each seaman netted £485 ($1.4 million in 2008 dollars).<ref>[http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/ Current value] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218073541/https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/ |date=December 18, 2017 }} is based on the average annual income for the respective years.</ref> The two captains responsible, Evans and Pownall, received £65,000 each ($188.4 million). In January 1807, the frigate ''Caroline'' took the Spanish ''San Rafael'', which brought in £52,000 for her captain, Peter Rainier (who had been only a midshipman some thirteen months before). All through the wars, there are examples of this kind of luck falling on captains. Another famous 'capture' was that of the Spanish frigates ''Thetis'' and ''Santa Brigada'', which were loaded with gold [[Coin|specie]]. They were taken by four British frigates, who shared the money, each captain receiving £40,730. Each lieutenant got £5,091, the Warrant Officer group £2,468, the midshipmen £791, and the individual seamen £182.

It should also be noted that it was usually only the frigates that took prizes; the ships of the line were far too ponderous to be able to chase and capture the smaller ships that generally carried treasure. Nelson always bemoaned that he had done badly out of prize money and that, even as a flag officer, he received little. This was not that he had a bad command of captains, but rather that British mastery of the seas was so complete that few enemy ships dared to sail.<ref>[http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavyprize.htm Nelson and His Navy – Prize Money] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621024038/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavyprize.htm |date=June 21, 2008 }} Historical Maritime Society.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align: top;"
|+ Comparison chart using the share distribution known for three pirates against the shares for a Privateer and wages as paid by the Royal Navy.
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Bartholomew Roberts
! scope="col" | [[George Lowther (pirate)|George Lowther]]
! scope="col" | William Phillips
! scope="col" | Privateer<br />([[William Monson (Royal Navy officer)|Sir William Monson]])
! scope="col" | Royal Navy<br />(per month)
|-
| [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
| 2 shares
| 2 shares
| 1.5 shares
| 10 shares
| £8, 8s
|-
| [[Master-at-arms|Master]]
| 1.5 shares
| 1.5 shares
| 1.25 shares
| 7 or 8 shares
| £4
|-
| [[Boatswain]]
| 1.5 shares
| 1.25 shares
| 1.25 shares
| 5 shares
| £2
|-
| [[Sailor|Gunner]]
| 1.5 shares
| 1.25 shares
| 1.25 shares
| 5 shares
| £2
|-
| [[Quartermaster]]
| 2 shares
|
|
| 4 shares
| £1, 6s
|-
| Carpenter
|
|
| 1.25 shares
| 5 shares
| £2
|-
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Mate]]
|
| 1.25 shares
|
| 5 shares
| £2, 2s
|-
| Doctor
|
| 1.25 shares
|
| 5 shares
| £5 +2d per man aboard
|-
| "Other Officers"
| 1.25 shares
|
|
| various rates
| various rates
|-
| [[Able Seamen]] (2 yrs experience)<br />[[Ordinary seaman|Ordinary Seamen]] (some exp)<br />[[Landman (rank)|Landsmen]] ([[Impressment|pressganged]])
|<br />1 share
|<br />1 share
|<br />1 share
|
| 22s<br />19s<br />11s
|}

===Loot===
[[File:Whydah-gold.jpg|thumb|right|Pirate treasure looted by [[Samuel Bellamy]] and recovered from the wreck of the ''Whydah''; exhibit at the [[Houston Museum of Natural Science]], 2010]]
Even though pirates raided many ships, few, if any, buried their treasure. Often, the "treasure" that was stolen was food, water, alcohol, weapons, or clothing. Other things they stole were household items like bits of soap and gear like rope and anchors, or sometimes they would keep the ship they captured (either to sell off or keep because it was better than their ship). Such items were likely to be needed immediately, rather than saved for future trade. For this reason, the pirates did not need to bury these goods. Pirates tended to kill a few people aboard the ships they captured; usually, they would kill no one if the ship surrendered, because if it became known that pirates took no prisoners, their victims would fight to the last breath, making victory both very difficult and costly in lives. In contrast, ships would quickly surrender if they knew they would be spared. In one well-documented case, 300 heavily armed soldiers on a ship attacked by Thomas Tew surrendered after a brief battle with none of Tew's 40-man crew being injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://piratesofamerica.com/Pirates_of_America/Thomas_Tew.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927040642/http://piratesofamerica.com/Pirates_of_America/Thomas_Tew.html|title=Piratesofamerica.com|archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref>

===Punishment===
[[File:Henszlein.jpg|thumb|A contemporary flyer depicting the [[public execution]] of 16th-century pirate [[Klein Henszlein]] and his crew in 1573]]
During the 17th and 18th centuries, once pirates were caught, justice was meted out in a summary fashion, and many ended their lives by "dancing the hempen jig", a euphemism for [[hanging]]. Public executions were a form of entertainment at the time, and people came out to watch them as they would at a sporting event today. Newspapers reported details such as condemned men's last words, the prayers said by the priests, and descriptions of their final moments on the gallows. In England, most of these executions took place at [[Execution Dock]] on the [[River Thames]] in London.

In the cases of more famous prisoners, usually captains, their punishments extended beyond death. Their bodies were enclosed in [[gibbeting|iron cages (gibbet)]] (for which they were measured before their execution) and left to swing in the air until the flesh rotted off them- a process that could take as long as two years. The bodies of captains such as William "Captain" Kidd, Charles Vane, [[William Fly]], and [[John Rackham (pirate)|John Rackham]] were all treated this manner.<ref name="Pirates by John Matthews">Pirates by John Matthews</ref>

===Role of women===
{{Main|Women in piracy}}
[[File:Ann Bonny, Cole 1724.jpg|thumb|1724 engraving of Bonny from ''[[A General History of the Pyrates]]'']]
While piracy was predominantly a male occupation throughout history, a minority of pirates were female.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantherbay.com/bio_womenpirates.php|title=Were there really women pirates?|website=www.pantherbay.com|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428233752/http://www.pantherbay.com/bio_womenpirates.php|archive-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref> Pirates did not allow women onto their ships very often. Additionally, women were often regarded as bad luck among pirates. It was feared that the male members of the crew would argue and fight over the women. On many ships, women (as well as young boys) were prohibited by the [[Pirate code|ship's contract]], which all crew members were required to sign.<ref name="Pennell">Pennell, C. R. 2001. Bandits at sea : A pirates reader. New York: New York University Press.</ref> {{rp|303}}

Only four female pirates are known to have been active during the Golden Age of Piracy. They were [[Anne Bonny]] and [[Mary Read]], women who served under [[John Rackham]] in 1720, [[Mary Critchett]], an escaped prisoner in 1729, and [[Martha Farley]], the wife of a minor pirate in 1727.

===Democracy among Caribbean pirates===
{{See also|Pirate code|distribution of justice}}
Unlike traditional Western societies of the time, many Caribbean pirate crews of European descent operated as limited [[democracies]]. Pirate communities were among the first to establish a system of checks and balances similar to that used by present-day democracies. The first record of such a government aboard a pirate sloop dates to the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leeson |first1=Peter T. |title=An- arrgh -chy: The Law and Economics of Pirate Organization |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=December 2007 |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=1049–1094 |doi=10.1086/526403 |s2cid=16692227 }}</ref>

==Known pirate shipwrecks==
To date, the following identifiable pirate [[shipwrecks]] have been discovered:

*''[[Whydah Gally]]'' (discovered in 1984), a former [[slave ship]] seized on its maiden voyage from Africa by the pirate captain [[Samuel Bellamy]]. The wreck was found off the coast of [[Cape Cod]], Massachusetts, buried under {{convert|10|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|50|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} feet of sand, in depths ranging from {{convert|16|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} feet deep, spread for four miles, parallel to the Cape's easternmost coast. With the discovery of the ship's bell in 1985 and a small brass placard in 2013, both inscribed with the ship's name and maiden voyage date, the ''Whydah'' is the only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck ever discovered.<ref>{{cite book|title=Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Maritime Underwater Surveys, Inc. ''403 Mass. 501.''|publisher=Massachusetts Supreme Court|date=1988|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2602674804977561500&hl=en|access-date=October 6, 2019|archive-date=June 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624043754/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2602674804977561500&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2007, the ''Wydah'' collection has been touring as part of the exhibit "Real Pirates" sponsored by [[National Geographic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/travel/12-amazing-sunken-treasure-discoveries-20130816?pageno=3|title=Sunken Treasures: The World's Most Valuable Shipwreck Discoveries|author=Burlingame, Liz|date=August 23, 2013|website=weather.com|publisher=The Weather Channel|access-date=December 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826223843/http://www.weather.com/travel/12-amazing-sunken-treasure-discoveries-20130816?pageno=3|archive-date=August 26, 2013}}</ref>
*''[[Queen Anne's Revenge]]'' (discovered in 1996), the flagship of the infamous pirate [[Blackbeard]]. He used the ship for less than a year, but it was an effective tool in his prize-taking. In June 1718, Blackbeard ran the ship aground at [[Topsail Inlet]], now known as Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. Intersal,<ref>{{cite web|title=Intersal|url=http://www.lat3440.com/|website=Intersal, Inc.|access-date=April 17, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125820/http://lat3440.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> a private firm working under a permit with the state of North Carolina, discovered the remains of the vessel<ref name="D. Moore. 1997 pp. 31"/> in 28 feet (8.5m) of water about one mile (1.6 km) offshore of [[Fort Macon State Park]], [[Atlantic Beach, North Carolina]]. Thirty-one cannons have been identified to date, and more than 250,000 artifacts have been recovered.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.islandgazette.net/news-server1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9534:250000-pieces-|title=250,000 Pieces of Blackbeard from Shipwreck|editor-last=Killough III|editor-first=Willard H.|work=Island Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709054722/http://www.islandgazette.net/news-server1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9534%3A250000-pieces-|archive-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The cannons are of different origins (such as English, Swedish, and possibly French) and different sizes, as would be expected with a colonial pirate crew.<ref name="D. Moore. 1997 pp. 31">{{cite journal|author= Moore, D. | title=A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate, the Queen Anne's Revenge and the Adventure| journal= Tributaries| volume =VII|date= 1997|pages= 31–35|publisher=North Carolina Maritime History Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110829-blackbeard-shipwreck-pirates-archaeology-science/|title=Blackbeard's Ship Confirmed off North Carolina|work=National Geographic News|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=September 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925015850/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110829-blackbeard-shipwreck-pirates-archaeology-science}}</ref>
*''[[Golden Fleece (pirate ship)|Golden Fleece]]'' (discovered in 2009), the ship of the notorious English pirate [[Joseph Bannister]], which was found by the American shipwreck hunters [[John Chatterton]] and [[John Mattera]] in the [[Dominican Republic]], at [[Samaná Bay]]. The discovery is recounted in [[Robert Kurson]]'s book ''Pirate Hunters'' (2015).<ref>{{cite book|author=Kurson, Robert| title= Pirate Hunters| year= 2015|location= New York|publisher= Random House|isbn=978-1-4000-6336-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Calendar of State Papers, America and West Indies|publisher= British National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Buisseret, David |date=2000|title= Port Royal Jamaica|location= Kingston|publisher= University of the West Indies Press|isbn=976-640-098-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Buisseret, David |date= 2009|title=Jamaica in 1687|location= Kingston| publisher= University of the West Indies Press|isbn=978-976-640-236-5}}</ref>

==Privateers==
{{Main|Privateer}}
[[File:Rekonstruierter Schaedel.jpg|thumb|upright|Modern reconstruction of skull alleged to have belonged to 14th century pirate [[Klaus Störtebeker]]. He was the leader of the privateer guild [[Victual Brothers]], who later turned to piracy and roamed European seas.]]
A '''privateer''' or '''corsair''' used similar methods to a pirate, but acted under orders of the state while in possession of a commission or [[letter of marque and reprisal]] from a government or monarch authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation. For example, the [[United States Constitution]] of 1787 specifically authorized [[United States Congress|Congress]] to issue letters of marque and reprisal. The letter of marque and reprisal was recognized by international convention and meant that a privateer could not technically be charged with piracy while attacking the targets named in his commission. This nicety of law did not always save the individuals concerned, however, since whether one was considered a pirate or a legally operating privateer often depended on whose custody the individual found himself in—that of the country that had issued the commission, or that of the object of attack. Spanish authorities were known to execute foreign privateers with their letters of marque hung around their necks to emphasize Spain's rejection of such defenses. Furthermore, many privateers exceeded the bounds of their letters of marque by attacking nations with which their sovereign was at peace (Thomas Tew and William Kidd are notable alleged examples). They thus made themselves liable to conviction for piracy. However, a letter of marque did provide some cover for such pirates, as plunder seized from neutral or friendly shipping could be passed off later as taken from enemy merchants.

[[File:Confiance Kent fight.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kent (1799 ship)|''Kent'']] battling ''[[Confiance (1797 ship)|Confiance]]'', a privateer vessel commanded by French corsair [[Robert Surcouf]] in October 1800, as depicted in a painting by [[Ambroise Louis Garneray|Garneray]]]]
The famous [[Barbary corsairs]] of the Mediterranean, authorized by the [[Ottoman Empire]], were privateers, as were the Maltese corsairs, who were authorized by the [[Knights of St. John]], and the [[Dunkirkers]] in the service of the [[Spanish Empire]]. In the years 1626–1634 alone, the Dunkirk privateers captured 1,499 ships, and sank another 336.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gbU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229 The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years' War, 1609–48/49] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081027/https://books.google.com/books?id=gbU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229 |date=December 26, 2022 }}''". J. P. Cooper (1979). p. 229. {{ISBN|0-521-29713-3}}</ref> From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates, and Algerians captured 160 British ships between 1677 and 1680.<ref>Rees Davies, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml British Slaves on the Barbary Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425235016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |date=April 25, 2011 }}, [[BBC]], July 1, 2003.</ref> One famous privateer was [[Sir Francis Drake]]. His patron was [[Queen Elizabeth I]], and their relationship ultimately proved to be quite profitable for England.<ref name=Kelsey>Kelsey, Harry, ''Sir Francis Drake; The Queen's Pirate'', Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998, {{ISBN|0-300-07182-5}}.</ref>

Privateers constituted a large proportion of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. During the [[Nine Years War]], the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers ([[French corsairs]]), including the famous [[Jean Bart]], to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war.<ref name=Privateer>[http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n1/cj11n1-8.pdf Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211221516/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n1/cj11n1-8.pdf |date=December 11, 2003 }}, ''Gary M. Anderson and Adam Gifford Jr.''</ref> In the following [[War of Spanish Succession]], privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships.<ref>Brewer, John. ''The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783.'' New York.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. p. 197.</ref> During the [[War of Austrian Succession]], Britain lost 3,238 merchant ships, and France lost 3,434 merchant ships to the British.<ref name=Privateer/>

During [[King George's War]], approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another.<ref name=Privateer/> During the [[American Revolution]], about 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers.<ref>[http://www.usmm.org/revolution.html Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604160444/http://www.usmm.org/revolution.html |date=June 4, 2019 }}.</ref> The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Between the end of the Revolutionary War and 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France, Naples, the [[Barbary states]], Spain, and the Netherlands seized approximately 2,500 American ships.<ref>[http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/usa/usn1812.html US Navy Fleet List War of 1812] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109000731/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/usa/usn1812.html |date=January 9, 2009 }}.</ref> Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of the United States government's annual revenues in 1800.<ref>{{cite web|last=Oren|first=Michael B.|title=The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815|date=November 3, 2005|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html|access-date=February 18, 2007|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715201453/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the American Civil War, [[Confederate privateer]]s successfully harassed Union merchant ships.<ref>[http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/1994/3005.html The Confederate Privateers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206094201/http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/1994/3005.html |date=December 6, 2008 }}.</ref>

Privateering lost international sanction under the [[Declaration of Paris]] in 1856.

==Commerce raiders==
{{See also|Ruse de guerre}}
A wartime activity similar to piracy involves disguised [[warship]]s called [[commerce raiders]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Roger A. |date=December 19, 2012 |title=Commerce Raiders |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/commerce-raiders |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en-US |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604223618/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/commerce-raiders |url-status=live }}</ref> or [[merchant raider]]s, which attack enemy shipping commerce, approaching by stealth and then opening fire. Commerce raiders operated successfully during the American Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Privateers in the American Revolution|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/privateers-in-the-american-revolution.htm|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Militia of the Sea|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/militia-sea|publisher=American Battlefield Trust|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> During the American Civil War, the Confederacy sent out several commerce raiders, the most famous of which was the CSS Alabama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Confederate Commerce Raiders and Privateers|url=https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/confederate-commerce-raiders-and-privateers.html|publisher=Essential Civil War Curriculum|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CSS Alabama Wreck Site (1864)|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/underwater-archaeology/sites-and-projects/ship-wrecksites/css-alabama.html|publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> During World War I and World War II, Germany also made use of these tactics, both in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Since commissioned naval vessels were openly used, these commerce raiders should not be considered even privateers, much less pirates, although the opposing combatants were vocal in denouncing them as such.

==Contemporary piracy{{anchor|1990s–2010s|1990s–2020s}}==
{{Further|Piracy in the 21st century}}
{{See also|Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea|Piracy in Somalia|Piracy in the Strait of Malacca|Piracy on Falcon Lake|List of ships attacked by Somali pirates}}
{{terrorism}}

Seaborne piracy against transport vessels is a significant issue, with estimated worldwide losses of US$16 billion per year in 2004,<ref name="foreignaffairs.org"/> increased to US$25 billion over the next 20 years.<ref name="Assessment of global shipping risk"/> Waters between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, off the Somali coast, and also in the [[Strait of Malacca]] and Singapore, which are used by over 50,000 commercial ships a year. In the Gulf of Guinea, maritime piracy has also put pressure on offshore oil and gas production, and the security of offshore installations and supply vessels is often paid for by oil companies rather than the respective governments.<ref>{{cite news | title=Nigeria, Angola and beyond – unlocking offshore potential requires a safe environment | url=https://www.academia.edu/9519102 | access-date=September 27, 2015 | work=Ship&Offshore | first=Dirk | last=Siebels | date=November 1, 2014 | archive-date=March 27, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327190710/https://www.academia.edu/9519102 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 2000s,<ref>{{cite news | title=U.S. Navy warships exchange gunfire with suspected pirates off Somali coast | url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002874180_websomalia19.html?syndication=rss | access-date=January 18, 2007 | work=The Seattle Times | first=Jim | last=Krane | date=March 19, 2006 | archive-date=May 25, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525094000/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002874180_websomalia19.html?syndication=rss | url-status=live }}</ref> the emergence of piracy off the coast of Somalia spurred a multi-national effort led by the United States to patrol the waters near the [[Horn of Africa]]. In 2011, Brazil also created an anti-piracy unit on the [[Amazon River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/17/brazil-amazon-pirates |title=Brazil creating anti-pirate force after spate of attacks on Amazon riverboats |work=The Guardian |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=June 17, 2011 |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308174851/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/17/brazil-amazon-pirates |url-status=live }}</ref> Sir [[Peter Blake (sailor)|Peter Blake]], a New Zealand world champion yachtsman, was killed by pirates on the Amazon river in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/world/americas/brazil-amazon-pirates-riverboats-rain-forest.html|title='There's No Law on the Amazon': River Pirates Terrorize Ships by Night|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=November 18, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=November 20, 2016|archive-date=February 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221071836/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/world/americas/brazil-amazon-pirates-riverboats-rain-forest.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[European Union]], vessels suffer [[River pirate|river piracy]], with attacks [[Piracy in Serbia|on the Serbian]] and Romanian stretches of the [[Danube river]], an [[international waterway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/crna-kronika/rijecni-gusari-u-srbiji-pljackaju-hrvatske-brodove-sa-sloge-ukrali-opremu-vrijednu-60-tisuca-eura/1724961/|title=Riječni gusari u Srbiji pljačkaju hrvatske brodove: Sa 'Sloge' ukrali opremu vrijednu 60 tisuća eura! – Jutarnji List|website=www.jutarnji.hr|date=October 12, 2011|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104000458/https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/crna-kronika/rijecni-gusari-u-srbiji-pljackaju-hrvatske-brodove-sa-sloge-ukrali-opremu-vrijednu-60-tisuca-eura/1724961/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://un.ua/eng/article/369989.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114032713/http://un.ua/eng/article/369989.html|archive-date=January 14, 2012|title=Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently In Romanian Part of River Danube |work=Ukrainian News Agency|access-date=October 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-korabli-vse-chastishe-stayut-zhertvami-rumunskih-pirativ/419063|title=Українські кораблі все частіше стають жертвами румунських піратів|date=January 20, 2012|website=Gazeta.ua|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104000456/https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-korabli-vse-chastishe-stayut-zhertvami-rumunskih-pirativ/419063|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Somalian Piracy Threat Map 2010.png|thumb|left|Map showing the extent of Somali pirate attacks on shipping vessels between 2005 and 2010]]

Modern pirates favor small boats and exploit the limited crew sizes on modern cargo vessels. They also use large vessels to supply the smaller attack/boarding vessels. Modern pirates can be successful because a large share of international commerce occurs by sea. Major shipping routes take cargo ships through narrow bodies of water such as the [[Gulf of Aden]] and the Strait of Malacca making them vulnerable to be overtaken and boarded by small [[motorboat]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2008/03/080303_pirates_prog2.shtml |title=Pirates – Part Two |publisher=BBC Radio World Service |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623101649/https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2008/03/080303_pirates_prog2.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ar120/somalia.html |title=Pirates, Warlords and Rogue Fishing Vessels in Somalia's Unruly Seas |last=Coffen-Smout |first=Scott |website=chebucto.ns |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515090636/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ar120/somalia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other active areas include the [[South China Sea]] and the [[Niger Delta]]. As usage increases, many of these ships have to lower cruising speeds to allow for navigation and traffic control, making them prime targets for piracy.

Also, pirates often operate in regions of poor, developing, or struggling countries with small or nonexistent navies and along major [[trade route]]s. Pirates sometimes evade capture by sailing into waters controlled by their pursuer's enemies. With the end of the [[Cold War]], navies have decreased in size and patrol less frequently, while trade has increased, making organized piracy far easier. Modern pirates are sometimes linked to organized crime syndicates, but are often small, individual groups.

The [[International Maritime Bureau]] (IMB) maintains statistics regarding pirate attacks dating back to 1995. Their records indicate hostage-taking overwhelmingly dominates the types of violence against seafarers. For example, in 2006, there were 239 attacks, 77 crew members were kidnapped and 188 taken hostage but only 15 of the pirate attacks resulted in murder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.securitymanagement.com/article/eastern-inscrutability-piracy-high-seas |website=Security Management |title=Piracy on the high seas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103062657/http://www.securitymanagement.com/article/eastern-inscrutability-piracy-high-seas |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |access-date=October 23, 2007}}</ref> In 2007 the attacks rose by 10 percent to 263 attacks. There was a 35 percent increase in reported attacks involving guns. Crew members who were injured numbered 64 compared to just 17 in 2006.<ref name=ICC_piracy_report>{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-ccs.org/main/news.php?newsid=102 |publisher=ICC Commercial Crime Services |title=IBM Piracy Report 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325194942/http://www.icc-ccs.org/main/news.php?newsid=102 |archive-date=March 25, 2008}}</ref> That number does not include instances of hostage taking and kidnapping where the victims were not injured.

[[File:STS61C-42-72.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial photograph of the [[Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea|Niger Delta]], a center of piracy]]

The number of attacks from January to September 2009 had surpassed the previous year's total due to the increased pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden and off Somalia. Between January and September, the number of attacks rose from 293 to 306. Pirates boarded the vessels in 114 cases and hijacked 34. Gun use in pirate attacks increased to 176 cases from 76 in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hvd4QSDb-PaSYhIQlkyM8gcykpLgD9BFC6880|title=World pirate attacks surge in 2009 due to Somalia}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Rather than cargo, modern pirates have targeted the crew's personal belongings and the contents of the [[safe|ship's safe]], which may contain large amounts of cash needed for payroll and port fees. In other cases, the pirates force the crew off the ship and then sail it to a port to be repainted and given a new identity through false papers purchased from corrupt or complicit officials.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Anarchy at Sea |magazine=Atlantic Monthly |date=September 2003}}</ref>

Modern piracy can occur amid political unrest. For example, following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, Thai piracy was aimed at the many Vietnamese who [[Vietnamese boat people|took to boats]] to escape. Further, following the disintegration of the government of Somalia, [[warlord]]s in the region have attacked ships delivering UN food aid.<ref>{{cite news | title=Pirates Open Fire on Cruise Ship off Somalia | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/05/AR2005110500622.html?nav=hcmodule | access-date=November 14, 2005 | newspaper=The Washington Post | agency=Reuters | date=November 5, 2005 | archive-date=September 23, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923022109/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/05/AR2005110500622.html?nav=hcmodule | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Somali Pirates.jpg|thumb|right|A collage of Somali pirates armed with [[AKM]] [[assault rifles]], [[RPG-7]] [[rocket-propelled grenade]] launchers and [[semi-automatic pistol]]s in 2008]]

The attack against the German-built cruise ship the ''[[Seabourn Spirit]]'' offshore of Somalia in November 2005 is an example of the sophisticated pirates mariners face. The pirates carried out their attack more than {{convert|100|mi|km}} offshore with speedboats launched from a larger mother ship. The attackers were armed with automatic firearms and an [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Piracy is still troubling the shipping industry: report; Industry fears revival of attacks though current situation has improved |work=The Business Times Singapore |date=August 14, 2006}}</ref>

Since 2008, Somali pirates centered in the [[Gulf of Aden]] made about $120 million annually, reportedly costing the shipping industry between $900 million and $3.3 billion per year.<ref>"{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/03/the-economics-of-somali-piracy/ |title=The economics of Somali piracy |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Plumer |first=Brad |date=March 3, 2013 |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902095813/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/03/the-economics-of-somali-piracy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By September 2012, the heyday of piracy in the Indian Ocean was reportedly over. Backers were now reportedly reluctant to finance pirate expeditions due to the low success rate, and pirates were no longer able to repay their creditors.<ref name="Apipsofsp">{{cite news|first1=Abdi |last1=Guled|first2=Jason |last2=Straziuso|title= Party seems over for Somali pirates|url=http://www.charter.net/news/read.php?id=17645239&ps=926&srce=news_class&action=1&lang=en&_LT=UNLC_NKNWU00L1_UNEWS|access-date=October 3, 2012|newspaper=AP Impact|date=September 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729141738/http://www.charter.net/news/read.php?id=17645239&ps=926&srce=news_class&action=1&lang=en&_LT=UNLC_NKNWU00L1_UNEWS|archive-date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> According to the International Maritime Bureau, pirate attacks had by October 2012 dropped to a six-year low.<ref name="Bspftsylagds">{{cite news|first1=Alaric|last1=Nightingale|first2=Michelle Wiese|last2=Bockmann|title=Somalia Piracy Falls to Six-Year Low as Guards Defend Ships|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-22/somalia-piracy-attacks-plunge-as-navies-secure-trade-route|access-date=October 25, 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=October 22, 2012|archive-date=June 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602052602/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-22/somalia-piracy-attacks-plunge-as-navies-secure-trade-route}}</ref> Only five ships were captured by the end of the year, representing a decrease from 25 in 2011 and 27 in 2010,<ref name="Hhgfssp">{{cite news|last=Apps|first=Peter|title=Have hired guns finally scuppered Somali pirates?|url=https://news.yahoo.com/hired-guns-finally-scuppered-somali-pirates-090535971.html|access-date=March 16, 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=February 10, 2013|via=Yahoo! News|archive-date=February 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223171354/http://news.yahoo.com/hired-guns-finally-scuppered-somali-pirates-090535971.html}}</ref> with only one ship attacked in the third quarter compared to 36 during the same period in 2011.<ref name="Bspftsylagds"/> However, pirate incidents off the West African seaboard increased to 34 from 30 the previous year, and [[Piracy in Indonesia|attacks off the coast of Indonesia]] rose from 2011's total of 46 to 51.<ref name="Bspftsylagds" />

Many nations forbid ships from entering their territorial waters or ports if the crew is armed, in an effort to deter piracy.<ref>{{cite web |website=Maritimesecurity.com |url=http://www.maritimesecurity.com/gunsonboard.htm |title=Guns On Board |access-date=January 20, 2007 |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423074542/http://www.maritimesecurity.com/gunsonboard.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Shipping companies sometimes hire private armed security guards.

Modern definitions of piracy include the following acts:

* [[Boarding (attack)|Boarding]] without permission.
* [[Extortion]]
* [[Hostage taking]]
* [[Kidnapping]] of people for [[ransom]]
* Murder
* Cargo theft
* Robbery and seizure of items on the ship
* [[Sabotage]] resulting in the ship subsequently sinking
* [[Shipwreck]]ing done intentionally to a ship

Together with [[treason]] and [[counterfeiting]];<ref name="FindLaw"/> piracy, including acts against the [[law of nations]],<ref>{{cite web |title=ArtI.S8.C10.1 Historical Background on Maritime Crimes |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C10-1/ALDE_00001070/ |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=United States Congress |quote=[The Congress shall have Power . . . ] To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations|access-date=April 20, 2024}}</ref> is one of three criminal offenses against which the [[United States Congress]] is delegated power to enact penal legislation by the [[Constitution of the United States]].<ref name="FindLaw">{{cite web |title=Which 3 Crimes Are in the U.S. Constitution? |url=https://www.findlaw.com/legalblogs/criminal-defense/which-3-crimes-are-in-the-us-constitution/ |website=FindLaw |date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=April 20, 2024}}</ref>

In modern times, ships and airplanes are [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] for political reasons as well. The perpetrators of these acts could be described as pirates (for instance, the French term for ''plane hijacker'' is ''pirate de l'air'', literally ''air pirate''), but in English are usually termed ''hijackers''. An example is the hijacking of the Italian civilian passenger ship {{MS|Achille Lauro||2}} by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] in 1985, which is regarded as an act of piracy. A 2009 book entitled ''International Legal Dimension of Terrorism'' called the attackers "terrorists".<ref>Sánchez, Pablo Antonio Fernandez. ''International Legal Dimension of Terrorism''. Brill, 2009. p. 231</ref>

Modern pirates also use a great deal of technology. It has been reported that crimes of piracy have involved the use of mobile phones, [[satellite phone]]s, [[GPS]], [[machete]]s, [[AK74]] rifles, [[sonar]] systems, modern [[speedboat]]s, shotguns, [[pistol]]s, mounted machine guns, and even [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPGs]] and [[grenade launcher]]s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

In 2020, piracy increased by 24% after being at its lowest 21st-century level in 2019. The Americas and Africa have been identified by the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] as the most vulnerable to piracy due to less-wealthy governments in these regions being unable to combat it effectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global sea piracy ticks upward, and the coronavirus may make it worse|url=http://theconversation.com/global-sea-piracy-ticks-upward-and-the-coronavirus-may-make-it-worse-137586|last=Prins|first=Brandon|website=The Conversation|date=May 5, 2020 |language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020|archive-date=May 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528023123/https://theconversation.com/global-sea-piracy-ticks-upward-and-the-coronavirus-may-make-it-worse-137586|url-status=live}}</ref>

IMB Piracy Reporting Centre keeps a live piracy map to help keep track of all recent piracy and armed robbery incidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-map |title=Live piracy map |publisher=Commercial Crime Services |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616100031/https://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-map |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2026, Israel intercepted the [[Global Sumud Flotilla]], a group of 70 boats carrying humanitarian aid to [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], in international waters near Greece, kidnapping around 200 activists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=‘Act of piracy’: World reacts to Israeli interception of Gaza aid flotilla |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/30/act-of-piracy-world-reacts-to-israeli-interception-of-gaza-aid-flotilla |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamel |first=Ahmed |date=2026-04-30 |title=Israel Intercepts Gaza Flotilla in International Waters |url=https://egyptdailynews.com/israel-intercepts-gaza-flotilla-in-international-waters-triggering-accusations-of-piracy-and-diplomatic-fallout/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Israel detains nearly 200 activists after intercepting Gaza aid flotilla near Crete |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-sumud-flotilla-crete-b2968056.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==Anti-piracy measures==
{{anchor|Anti-piracy measures}}
[[File:Pipvangulgui.png|thumb|right|Incidents of pipeline vandalism by pirates in the [[Gulf of Guinea]], 2002–2011]]

{{see also|Anti-piracy measures in Somalia|Combined Task Force 151|Operation Atalanta|European Maritime Force|Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa|Operation Ocean Shield|Danish counter-piracy strategy|West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States|Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States|Operation Prosperity Guardian|Operation Aspides|Indian Ocean Commission|Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region|Indian Armed Forces#Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions|Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia|Anti-Piracy Act of 1819}}

Under a principle of international law known as the "universality principle", a government may "exercise jurisdiction over conduct outside its territory if that conduct is universally dangerous to states and their nationals."<ref>Thomas Buergenthal & Sean D. Murphy, ''Public International Law in a Nutshell'', p. 211, West Group (3d ed. 2002).</ref> The rationale behind the universality principle is that states will punish certain acts "wherever they may occur as a means of protecting the global community as a whole, even absent a link between the state and the parties or the acts in question." Under this principle, the concept of "universal jurisdiction" applies to the crime of piracy.<ref>Thomas Buergenthal & Sean D. Murphy, ''Public International Law in a Nutshell'', pp. 211–212, West Group (3d ed. 2002), citing generally K. Randall, ''Universal Jurisdiction Under International Law'', 66 Tex. L. Rev. 785 (1988).</ref> For example, the United States has a statute (section 1651 of title 18 of the United States Code) imposing a sentence of life in prison for piracy "as defined by the law of nations" committed anywhere on the high seas, regardless of the nationality of the pirates or the victims.<ref>"Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards brought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life." See {{usc|18|1651}}.</ref>

The goal of maritime security operations is "actively to deter, disrupt and suppress piracy to protect global maritime security and secure freedom of navigation for the benefit of all nations",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-piracy-off-the-coast-of-somalia/2010-to-2015-government-policy-piracy-off-the-coast-of-somalia |title=2010 to 2015 government policy: piracy off the coast of Somalia |website=UK Government |date=May 8, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2016 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322173329/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-piracy-off-the-coast-of-somalia/2010-to-2015-government-policy-piracy-off-the-coast-of-somalia |url-status=live }}</ref> and pirates are often detained, interrogated, disarmed, and released. With millions of dollars at stake, pirates have little incentive to stop. In Finland, one case involved pirates who had been captured and whose boat was sunk. As the pirates attacked a vessel of Singapore, not Finland, and are not themselves EU or Finnish citizens, they were not prosecuted. A further complication in many cases, including this one, is that many countries do not allow the extradition of people to jurisdictions where they may be sentenced to death or torture.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122757123487054681 | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Bret | last=Stephens | title=Why Don't We Hang Pirates Anymore? | date=November 25, 2008 | access-date=August 8, 2017 | archive-date=August 24, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824124602/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122757123487054681 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Dutch are using a 17th-century law against ''sea robbery'' to prosecute.<ref>{{cite book |author= |title=Verzameling Nederlandse Wetgeving-539a WvSv |page=105}}</ref> Warships that capture pirates have no jurisdiction to try them, and NATO does not have a detention policy in place. Prosecutors have a hard time assembling witnesses and securing translators, and countries are reluctant to imprison pirates because they would be saddled with the pirates upon their release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090418/ap_on_re_af/af_piracy |agency=Associated Press |date=April 18, 2009 |title=NATO frees 20 hostages; pirates seize Belgian ship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422004203/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090418/ap_on_re_af/af_piracy |archive-date=April 22, 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:US Navy 111219-N-ZZ999-070 A visit, board, search and seizure team from the guided-missile destroyer USS Pinckney (DDG 91) approaches a suspected p.jpg|thumb|Suspected [[Somali pirates]] keep their hands in the air]]

The [[Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia]] was formed in November 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About ReCAAP – Information Sharing Centre – combating maritime robbery, sea piracy|url=https://www.recaap.org/about_ReCAAP-ISC|access-date=April 21, 2024|website=www.recaap.org}}</ref>

Since the 2010s, the U.S. Navy and others have been developing [[artificial intelligence]] (AI)-based systems that generate piracy alerts based on surveillance data.<ref>{{cite news |title=The US Navy Is Working on AI That Can Predict a Pirate Attack |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/the-us-navy-is-working-on-ai-that-can-predict-a-pirate-attack |access-date=April 23, 2024 |work=Science Alert}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Steering with artificial intelligence to combat maritime piracy |url=https://safety4sea.com/steering-with-artificial-intelligence-to-combat-maritime-piracy/ |website=safety4sea.com |date=October 21, 2020 |publisher=Safety4Sea |access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>

===Self-defense===
The fourth volume of the handbook: ''Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy off the Coast of Somalia and in the Arabian Sea Area'' (known as BMP4)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocimf.org/publications/|title=Publications|website=www.ocimf.org|access-date=August 28, 2022|archive-date=August 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828021920/https://www.ocimf.org/publications/|url-status=live}}</ref> is the current authoritative guide for merchant ships on self-defense against pirates. The guide is issued and updated by ''Oil Companies International Marine Forum'' (OCIMF), a consortium of interested international shipping and trading organizations including the EU, NATO and the International Maritime Bureau.<ref name="bmp3">{{cite book|url=http://www.mschoa.org/docs/public-documents/bmp4-low-res_sept_5_2011.pdf|title=Best Management Practices for Protection against Somalia Based Piracy|publisher=Witherby Seamanship International, London|access-date=September 10, 2016|date=2011|author=Consortium of International Organizations|isbn=978-1-85609-505-1|location=Livingston|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909191819/http://www.mschoa.org/docs/public-documents/bmp4-low-res_sept_5_2011.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> It is distributed primarily by the [[Maritime Security Centre – Horn of Africa]] (MSCHOA), the planning and coordination authority for EU naval forces (EUNAVFOR).<ref name="bmp3"/>

The BMP4 encourages vessels to register their voyages through the region with MSCHOA, as this registration is a key component of the International Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC), the navy-patrolled route through the Gulf of Aden. The BMP4 contains a chapter entitled "Self-Protective Measures" that lays out steps a merchant vessel can take to make itself less of a target for pirates and better able to repel an attack if one occurs. This list includes rigging the deck of the ship with [[razor wire]], rigging fire-hoses to spray sea-water over the side of the ship to hinder boardings, having a distinctive pirate alarm, hardening the bridge against gunfire, and creating a "[[safe room|citadel]]" where the crew can retreat if pirates get on board.<ref name="bmp3"/> Other unofficial self-defense measures that can be found on merchant vessels include the setting up of mannequins posing as armed guards or firing flares at the pirates.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2011/01/12/verjee.pirate.proof.pre.cnn |title=2011: Pirate-proof ships? |date=February 22, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-date=August 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831124519/http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2011/01/12/verjee.pirate.proof.pre.cnn }}</ref>

Though it varies by country, generally, peacetime law in the 20th and 21st centuries has not allowed merchant vessels to carry weapons. In response to the rise in modern piracy, however, the U.S. government changed its rules, allowing [[flag state|U.S.-flagged vessels]] to deploy a team of armed private security guards. The [[US Coast Guard]] leaves it to the ship owners' discretion whether those guards will be armed.<ref name="John W. Miller">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126265833983415885|title=Loaded: Freighters Ready to Shoot Across Pirate Bow|author=John W. Miller|date=January 6, 2010|work=WSJ|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710034856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126265833983415885|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maritimeaccident.org/2009/11/maersk-alabama-followed-best-practice/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709012108/http://maritimeaccident.org/2009/11/20/maersk-alabama-followed-best-practice/|title=Maersk Alabama "Followed Best Practice" |archive-date=July 9, 2012|website=Maritime Accident Casebook }}</ref> The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) in 2011 changed its stance on private armed guards, accepting that operators must be able to defend their ships against pirate attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/somaliaNews/idAFLDE71E1F520110215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220020757/http://af.reuters.com/article/somaliaNews/idAFLDE71E1F520110215 |archive-date=February 20, 2011 |title=Shippers back private armed guards to beat pirates |publisher=Reuters Africa |date=February 15, 2011 |first1=Henning |last1=Gloystein |editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Jukwey |access-date= June 8, 2016}}</ref>

This has given rise to a new breed of [[private security companies]] that provide training for crew members and operate [[Floating armoury|floating armouries]] to protect crew and cargo. This has proved effective in countering pirate attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/29/spain.pirate.attack/ |title=Spanish fishing boat repels pirate attack |publisher=CNN |date=November 29, 2009 |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202149/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/29/spain.pirate.attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584604.stm |title='Pirate' dies as ship's guards repel attack off Somalia |work=BBC News |date=March 24, 2010 |access-date=March 27, 2011}}</ref> The use of floating armouries in international waters allows ships to carry weapons in international waters, without having arms within coastal waters where they would be illegal. [[Seychelles]] has become a central hub for international anti-piracy operations, hosting the Indian Ocean Anti-Piracy Operation Center. In 2008, VSOS became the first authorized armed maritime security company to operate in the Indian Ocean region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vsos.sc/about-vsos/|title=VSOS – Securing Indian Ocean Shipping, Yachts & Offshore Operations|work=vsos.sc|access-date=December 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208124219/http://vsos.sc/about-vsos/|archive-date=December 8, 2013}}</ref>

With safety trials complete in the late 2000s, [[laser dazzler]]s have been developed for defensive purposes on super-yachts.<ref name="mental_dazer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/75433|title=How Lasers Can Protect You From Pirates|last=DiSalvo|first=David|date=December 6, 2010|publisher=mental floss|access-date=September 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119171513/http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/75433|archive-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> They can be effective up to {{convert|4|km}} with the effects going from mild disorientation to [[flash blindness]] at closer range.<ref>{{cite web|title=SeaLase Offers Shipping Companies Effective Counter to Pirates|url=http://www.handyshippingguide.com/shipping-news/sealase-offers-shipping-companies-effective-counter-to-pirates_1164|publisher=Handy Shipping Guide|access-date=January 19, 2010|archive-date=January 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123185411/http://www.handyshippingguide.com/shipping-news/sealase-offers-shipping-companies-effective-counter-to-pirates_1164|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2012, [[San Marco Regiment|Italian Marines]] based on the tanker ''[[Enrica Lexie]]'' [[2012 Italian shooting in the Arabian sea|allegedly fired on an Indian fishing trawler]] off [[Kerala]], killing two of her eleven crew. The Marines allegedly mistook the fishing vessel for a pirate vessel. The incident sparked a diplomatic row between India and Italy. ''Enrica Lexie'' was ordered into [[Kochi]] where her crew were questioned by [[Indian Police Service|officers of the Indian Police]].<ref name=BBC17071474>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17071474 |title=India police open murder case against Italian ship crew |work=BBC News |access-date=February 21, 2012 |date=February 17, 2012 |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219223304/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17071474 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fact is still ''sub juris'' and its legal eventual outcome could influence future deployment of VPDs, since states will be either encouraged or discouraged to provide them depending on whether [[Immunity from prosecution (international law)#Functional immunity|functional immunity]] is ultimately granted or denied to the Italians.<ref name=R.L.Phillips>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Roger L.|title=The Enrica Lexie Incident – Private Security Counterpoint|url=http://piracy-law.com/2012/03/09/the-enrica-lexie-incident-private-security-counterpoint/|access-date=January 3, 2013|newspaper=piracy Law|date=March 9, 2012|archive-date=May 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514064422/http://piracy-law.com/2012/03/09/the-enrica-lexie-incident-private-security-counterpoint/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another similar incident has been reported to have happened in the [[Red Sea]] between the coasts of Somalia and Yemen, involving the death of a Yemeni fisherman allegedly at the hands of a Russian Vessel Protection Detachment (VPD) on board a Norwegian-flagged vessel.<ref name=piracy-law>{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Roger L.|title=Private Security Liability under the Alien Tort Statute|url=http://piracy-law.com/2012/11/25/private-security-liability-under-the-alien-tort-statute/|publisher=piracy-law.com|access-date=December 22, 2012|date=November 25, 2012|archive-date=December 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204235742/http://piracy-law.com/2012/11/25/private-security-liability-under-the-alien-tort-statute/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Russian-Yemeni incident">{{cite news|last=Alan|first=Katz|title=Fighting Piracy Goes Awry With Killings of Fishermen|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-16/fighting-piracy-goes-awry-with-killings-of-fishermen.html|access-date=December 22, 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=September 17, 2012|archive-date=October 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030195455/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-16/fighting-piracy-goes-awry-with-killings-of-fishermen.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite VPD deployment being controversial because of these incidents, according to the [[Associated Press]],<ref name="AP UN SC">{{cite news|last=Spielmann|first=Peter James|title=UN Security Council debates piracy for first time|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/un-security-council-debates-spread-piracy|access-date=December 9, 2012|newspaper=Associated Press|date=November 19, 2012|archive-date=November 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119180535/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/un-security-council-debates-spread-piracy|url-status=live}}</ref> during a [[United Nations Security Council]] conference about piracy "U.S. Ambassador [[Susan Rice]] told the council that no ship carrying armed guards has been successfully attacked by pirates" and "French Ambassador [[Gerard Araud]] stressed that private guards do not have the deterrent effect that government-posted marine and sailors and naval patrols have in warding off attacks".

===Self protection measures===
[[File:Armed guard escort on a merchant ship.jpg|thumb|A private guard escort on a merchant ship providing security services against [[Piracy in Somalia|piracy in the Indian Ocean]]]]
[[File:LRAD.JPG|thumb|right|An LRAD [[sound cannon]] mounted on {{RMS|Queen Mary 2}}]]
The best protection against pirates is to avoid encountering them. This can be accomplished by using tools such as [[radar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/09/09/bae-systems-reveal-anti-sea-piracy-systems/|title=Anti-piracy radar|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=August 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191134/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/09/09/bae-systems-reveal-anti-sea-piracy-systems/}}</ref> or by using specialised systems that use shorter wavelengths, as small boats are not always picked up by radar. An example of a specialised system is WatchStander.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229714.700-pirates-incoming-ship-radar-keeps-watch-and-hits-back.html#.VHJslWelhki |title=Pirates incoming! Ship radar keeps watch and hits back |work=New Scientist |last=Hodson |first=Hal |date=May 28, 2014 |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522143432/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229714.700-pirates-incoming-ship-radar-keeps-watch-and-hits-back.html#.VHJslWelhki |url-status=live }}</ref>

While the non-wartime 20th-century tradition has been for merchant vessels not to be armed, the U.S. Government has recently changed the rules so that it is now "best practice" for vessels to embark a team of armed private security guards.<ref name="John W. Miller"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maritimeaccident.org/2009/11/20/maersk-alabama-followed-best-practice/ |title="Maersk Alabama "Followed Best Practice"", by Bob Couttie, November 20, 2009, Maritime Accident Casebook |access-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709012108/http://maritimeaccident.org/2009/11/20/maersk-alabama-followed-best-practice |archive-date=July 9, 2012 }}</ref> The guards are usually supplied from ships intended specifically for training and supplying such armed personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbo.com/vice/episodes/04/44-afghan-womens-rights-and-floating-armories/index.html|title=VICE on HBO, Ep. 408: Afghan Women's Rights and Floating Armories – VICE on HBO|website=HBO|access-date=August 17, 2016|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817183518/http://www.hbo.com/vice/episodes/04/44-afghan-womens-rights-and-floating-armories/index.html}}</ref> The crew can be given weapons training,<ref>{{YouTube|FlPsHBUZ4_E|Weapons training for crew }}</ref> and warning shots can be fired legally in international waters.

Other measures vessels can take to protect themselves against piracy are air-pressurised boat stopping systems which can fire a variety of vessel-disabling projectiles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37257236|title=Do you have an AK-47 and can you swim?|first=Padraig|last=Belton|date=September 9, 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=June 23, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193547/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37257236|url-status=live}}</ref> implementing a high freewall<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/05/piracy.hearing/index.html |title=Shipping company head wants to arm vessels against pirates |work=CNN |date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024022926/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/05/piracy.hearing/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and vessel boarding protection systems (e.g., hot water wall, electricity-charged water wall, automated fire monitor, slippery foam).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secure-marine.com/Waters/BROCHURE_Secure-Waters.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5o95MMMRO?url=http://www.secure-marine.com/Waters/BROCHURE_Secure-Waters.pdf|archive-date=March 11, 2010|title=Secure-Waters |website=secure-marine.com|access-date=January 7, 2010}}</ref> Ships can also attempt to protect themselves using their Automatic Identification Systems (AIS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18889594 |title=Ahoy! Your ship is being tracked from orbit |work=BBC News |last=Amos |first=Jonathon |date=July 20, 2012 |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616091547/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18889594 |url-status=live }}</ref> Every ship over 300 tons carries a transponder supplying both information about the ship itself and its movements. Any unexpected change in this information can attract attention.

Previously, this data could only be picked up if there was a nearby ship, rendering single ships vulnerable. Specialised satellites have recently been launched to detect and retransmit this data. Large ships cannot, therefore, be hijacked without being detected. This can deter attempts to hijack the entire ship or steal large portions of cargo with another ship, since an escort can be sent more quickly.

===Patrol===
In an emergency, warships can be called upon. In some areas, such as near Somalia, patrolling naval vessels from different nations are available to intercept vessels attacking merchant vessels. For patrolling dangerous coastal waters, or keeping costs down, [[robotic]] or [[remote-controlled]] [[Unmanned surface vehicle|USV]]s are also sometimes used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/robotics/4229443.html|title=Robotic/remote-controlled USVs|work=Popular Mechanics|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130061106/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/robotics/4229443.html|archive-date=January 30, 2010}}</ref> Shore- and vessel-launched [[UAV]]s are used by the U.S. Navy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/features/feature62615/ |title=The Tortoise in the Air |work=naval-technology.com |date=August 27, 2009 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902131123/http://www.naval-technology.com/features/feature62615/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=64448|title=Shore-launched UAVs|work=Stars and Stripes|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=September 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902160328/http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=64448}}</ref> A British former [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|British chief of defence staff]] ([[David Richards, Baron Richards of Herstmonceux|David Richards]]), questioned the value of expensive kit procured by successive governments, saying "We have £1bn destroyers trying to sort out pirates in a little [[dhow]] with [[rocket-propelled grenade launchers|RPG]]s [rocket-propelled grenade launchers] costing US$50, with an outboard motor [costing] $100".

==Legal aspects==

===United Kingdom laws===
[[File:Target practice.jpg|thumb|right|A merchant seaman aboard a fleet oil tanker practices target shooting with a [[Remington 870]] 12 gauge shotgun as part of training to repel [[Piracy in the Strait of Malacca|pirates in the Strait of Malacca]], 1984]]
Section 2 of the [[Piracy Act 1837]] creates a statutory offence of aggravated piracy. See also the [[Piracy Act 1850]].

In 2008, the British [[Foreign Office]] advised the Royal Navy not to detain pirates of certain nationalities as they might be able to claim asylum in Britain under [[Human Rights Act 1998|British human rights legislation]], if their national laws included execution, or mutilation as a judicial punishment for crimes committed as pirates.<ref>{{cite news |first=Marie |last=Woolf |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/pirates-can-claim-uk-asylum-x9vzxzv2m6g |title=Pirates can claim UK asylum |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=April 13, 2008 |access-date=February 26, 2021 |location=London |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517213935/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pirates-can-claim-uk-asylum-x9vzxzv2m6g |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Definition of piracy jure gentium====
See section 26 of, and Schedule 5 to, the [[Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act 1997]]. These provisions replace the Schedule to the [[Tokyo Convention Act 1967]]. In ''Cameron v HM Advocate'', 1971 SLT 333, the [[High Court of Justiciary]] said that the Schedule supplemented the existing law and did not seek to restrict the scope of the offence of piracy jure gentium.

See also:
* ''Re Piracy Jure Gentium'' [1934] AC 586, [[Privy Council|PC]]
* ''Attorney General of Hong Kong v Kwok-a-Sing'' (1873) LR 5 PC 179

====Jurisdiction====
See section 46(2) of the [[Senior Courts Act 1981]] and [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/41-42/73/section/6 section 6] of the [[Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878]]. See also ''R v Kohn'' (1864) 4 F & F 68.

====Piracy committed by or against aircraft====
See section 5 of the [[Aviation Security Act 1982]].

====Sentence====
The book ''[[Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice|Archbold]]'' says that in a case that does not fall within section 2 of the Piracy Act 1837, the penalty appears to be determined by the [[Offences at Sea Act 1799]], which provides that offences committed at sea are liable to the same penalty as if they had been committed upon the shore.<ref>''[[Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice]]'', 1999, para. 25–46 at p. 1979</ref>

====History====
William Hawkins said that under [[common law]], piracy by a subject was esteemed to be [[petty treason]]. The [[Treason Act 1351]] provided that this was not petty treason.<ref>William Hawkins, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vZc0AAAAIAAJ ''Treatise of Pleas of the Crown''] (1824 ed.), vol. 1, chapter XIV. See also 40 Ass. 35</ref>

In English [[admiralty law]], piracy was classified as petty treason during the medieval period, and offenders were accordingly liable to be [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] on conviction. Piracy was redefined as a [[felony]] during the reign of [[Henry VIII]]. In either case, piracy cases were cognizable in the courts of the Lord High Admiral. English judges in [[admiralty court]]s and [[vice admiralty court]]s emphasized that "neither Faith nor Oath is to be kept" with pirates; i.e., contracts with pirates and oaths sworn to them were not legally binding. Pirates were legally subject to [[summary execution]] by their captors if captured in battle. In practice, instances of summary justice and annulment of oaths and contracts involving pirates do not appear to have been common.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

===United States laws===
In the United States, criminal prosecution of piracy is authorized in the [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 8: Powers of Congress|U.S. Constitution, Art. I Sec. 8 cl. 10]]:
{{blockquote|To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;}}

The Founding Fathers were at loggerheads over piracy.<ref name=rubin88>{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Alfred P. |date=January 1, 1988 |title=The Law of Piracy. By Alfred P. Rubin. Newport, R.I.: Naval War College Press, 1988. Pp. xiv, 444. Indexes. $22. |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=620–622 |doi=10.2307/2203491 |jstor=2203491 |s2cid=246010971 |issn=0002-9300 |via=Digital Commons}}</ref> and the [[Marshall Court]] (1801-1835) dealt with many cases of piracy.<ref name=ziegler39>Benjamin Munn Ziegler. International Law of John Marshall; a Study of First Principles (1939)</ref><ref name=white89>G. Edward White, The Marshall Court and International Law: The Piracy Cases, 83 AM. J. INT'l L. 727 (October 1989)</ref> In 1820 the penalty for piracy was death.<ref name=usvsmith/> By 1909, the penalty was life imprisonment.<ref name="p1909">{{cite news |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=35&page=1145 |title=Piracy under the law of nations }}</ref> Title {{USC|18|1651}} now states:

{{blockquote|
Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards brought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life.
}}

Citing the United States Supreme Court decision in the 1820 case of ''[[United States v. Smith (1820)]]'',<ref name=usvsmith>18 U.S. 153 (1820).</ref> a U.S. District Court ruled in 2010 in the case of ''[[United States v. Said]]'' that the definition of piracy under section 1651 is confined to "robbery at sea". The piracy charges (but not other serious federal charges) against the defendants in the ''Said'' case were dismissed by the Court.<ref>Memorandum Opinion and Order, August 17, 2010, docket entry 94, ''United States v. Said'', 2:10-cr-00057-RAJ-FBS, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Norfolk Div.).</ref>

The U.S. District Court for the E.D.Va. has since been overturned: "On May 23, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit issued an opinion vacating the Court's dismissal of the piracy count. ''United States v. Said'', 680 F.3d 374 (4th Cir.2012). See also ''United States v. Dire'', 680 F.3d 446, 465 (4th Cir.2012) (upholding an instruction to the jury that the crime of piracy includes 'any of the three following actions: (A) any illegal acts of violence or detention or any act of depredation committed for private ends on the high seas or a place outside the jurisdiction of any state by the crew or the passengers of a private ship and directed against another ship or against persons or property on board such ship; or (B) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship; or (C) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in (A) or (B) above").{{'"}} The case was remanded to E.D. Va., see ''US v. Said'', 3 F. Supp. 3d 515 – Dist. Court, ED Virginia (2014).

===International law===
{{main|International piracy law}}

====Effects on international boundaries====
During the 18th century, the British and the Dutch controlled opposite sides of the [[Straits of Malacca|Strait of Malacca]]. The British and the Dutch drew a line separating the Strait into two halves. The agreement was that each party would be responsible for combating piracy in their respective half. Eventually, this line became the border between Malaysia and Indonesia in the Straits.

====Law of nations====
[[File:Imoconfsom.jpg|thumb|[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) conference on capacity-building to counter piracy in the Indian Ocean]]
Piracy is of note in [[international law]] because it is widely regarded as the earliest invocation of the concept of [[universal jurisdiction]]. The crime of piracy is considered a breach of {{lang|la|[[jus cogens]]}}, a conventional peremptory international norm that states must uphold. Those committing thefts on the high seas, inhibiting trade, and endangering maritime communication are considered by sovereign states to hold the status of {{lang|la|[[hostis humani generis]]}} (an enemy of humankind).<ref name=HK-2001>{{cite magazine|author-link=Henry Kissinger|last=Kissinger|first=Henry|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html|title=The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=July–August 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024521/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html|archive-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref>

Because of universal jurisdiction, action can be taken against pirates without objection from the flag state of the pirate vessel. This represents an exception to the principle {{lang|la|[[extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur]]}} ("One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory is disobeyed with impunity").<ref>''Black's Law Dictionary'', p. 528 (5th ed. 1979).</ref>

A [[Convention on Piracy]] was adopted by the [[League of Nations]] in 1932. To this day, the Harvard Draft adds to the debate of what constitutes piracy.<ref name=birnie87>{{Cite journal |last=Birnie |first=P.W. |date=July 1987 |title=Piracy Past, Present, Future |journal=Marine Policy |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=163–183 |doi=10.1016/0308-597x(87)90054-6 |bibcode=1987MarPo..11..163B |issn=0308-597X |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

====International conventions====

=====Articles 101 to 103 of UNCLOS=====
[[File:Commodore Bob Mansergh at MAST.jpg|thumb|right|British [[Royal Navy]] [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] gives a presentation on piracy at the MAST 2008 conference]]
Articles 101 to 103 of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS) (1982) contain a definition of piracy ''[[iure gentium]]'' (i.e., according to international law).<ref name="Archbold Criminal Pleading 1999">''[[Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice]]''. 1999. Paragraph 25–39 at p. 1976.</ref> They read:

{{quote|style=font-size:initial|'''Article 101'''

''Definition of piracy''

Piracy consists of any of the following acts:
*(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and {{nowrap|directed—}}
**(i) on the [[high seas]], against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;
**(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons, or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;
*(b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;
*(c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).

'''Article 102'''

''Piracy by a warship, government ship, or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied.''

The acts of piracy, as defined in article 101, committed by a warship, government ship, or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to acts committed by a private ship or aircraft.

'''Article 103'''

''Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft''

A ship or aircraft is considered a pirate ship or aircraft if it is intended by the persons in dominant control to be used for the purpose of committing one of the acts referred to in article 101. The same applies if the ship or aircraft has been used to commit any such act, so long as it remains under the control of the persons guilty of that act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part7.htm|title=Preamble to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the sea|publisher=United Nations|access-date=June 29, 2017|archive-date=June 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620050654/http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part7.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

This definition was formerly contained in articles 15 to 17 of the [[Convention on the High Seas]] signed at Geneva on April 29, 1958.<ref>''[[Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice]]''. 1999. Paragraph 25–39 at p. 1976 refers to the Schedule to the [[Tokyo Convention Act 1967]]. That Schedule, and section 4 of that Act, refer to the said articles of Convention on the High Seas.</ref> It was drafted<ref>''Yearbook of the ILC'' [1956] Vol 2, 282</ref> by the [[International Law Commission]].<ref name="Archbold Criminal Pleading 1999"/>

A limitation of Article 101 above is that it confines piracy to the High Seas. As most piratical acts occur within territorial waters, some pirates go free because certain jurisdictions lack the resources to monitor their borders adequately.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

====IMB definition====
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) defines piracy as:

{{blockquote|the act of boarding any vessel with an intent to commit theft or any other crime, and with an intent or capacity to use force in furtherance of that act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html#what_piracy%7ctitle=cargolaw.com|title=Modern High Seas Piracy|work=cargolaw.com|access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109054924/http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html#what_piracy%7ctitle=cargolaw.com|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

====Uniformity in maritime piracy law====
Given the divergent definitions of piracy in international and municipal legal systems, some authors argue that greater uniformity in the law is required to strengthen anti-piracy legal instruments.<ref>{{cite journal |ssrn=1682624 |last=Bento |first=Lucas |title=Toward An International Law of Piracy Sui Generis: How the Dual Nature of Maritime Piracy Law Enables Piracy to Flourish |journal=Berkeley Journal of International Law |volume=29 |number=2 |date=2011 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682624 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124122947/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682624 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cultural perceptions==
{{Main|List of fictional pirates|Pirates in popular culture}}

[[File:Black-Beard.jpg|thumb|upright|"Mic the Scallywag" of the Pirates of Emerson Haunted Adventure, Fremont, California]]
Pirates are a frequent topic in fiction and, in their Caribbean incarnation, are associated with certain [[stereotypical]] manners of speaking and dress, some of them wholly fictional: "nearly all our notions of their behavior come from the golden age of fictional piracy, which reached its zenith in 1881 with the appearance of [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[Treasure Island]]''."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adams |first=Cecil |title=Why are pirates depicted with a parrot on their shoulder? What's the origin of the skull and crossbones pirate flag? |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/071012.html |work=The Straight Dope |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226162010/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/071012.html |archive-date=December 26, 2007 }}</ref> Hugely influential in shaping the popular conception of pirates, [[Captain Charles Johnson]]'s ''[[A General History of the Pyrates]]'', published in London in 1724, is the prime source for the biographies of many well known pirates of the Golden Age.<ref name="Cordingly">{{cite book |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ou7Bm11IgEC&pg=PR7 |contribution=Introduction and commentary |first=Charles |last=Johnson |title=[[A General History of the Pyrates]] |contributor-link=David Cordingly |contributor-first=David |contributor-last=Cordingly |page=viii |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |year=2002 |orig-date=first pub. 1724}}</ref> The book gives an almost mythical status to pirates, with naval historian [[David Cordingly]] writing: "it has been said, and there seems no reason to question this, that Captain Johnson created the modern conception of pirates."<ref name="Cordingly"/>

[[File:Dale Clark poses as Johnny Depp, in Pirates of the Caribbean, 24391.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A person costumed in the character of captain [[Jack Sparrow]], [[Johnny Depp]]'s lead role in the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' film series]]
In the 1830s, [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] received material relating to piracy for an annual for which she was responsible; she produced two Pirate Songs, the first in 1831, {{ws|"[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Tiger Island|The Pirate's Song off Tiger Island]]"|ps=no}} and the second, {{ws|"[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837/Bona|Bona, the Pirate's Song]]"|ps=no}} in 1837. This last was reproduced many times as "The Pirate's Song", often uncredited. Bona is now the city of Annaba in Algeria.

Some inventions of pirate culture, such as "[[walking the plank]]"—in which a bound captive is forced to walk off a board extending over the sea—were popularized by [[J. M. Barrie]]'s 1911 novel, ''[[Peter and Wendy|Peter Pan]]'', where the fictional pirate [[Captain Hook]] and his crew helped define the fictional pirate [[archetype]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |last=Bonanos |first=Christopher |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2167567/?GT1=10135 |title=Did pirates really say 'arrrr'? |date=June 5, 2007 |work=Slate |access-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006064725/http://www.slate.com/id/2167567/?GT1=10135 |url-status=live }}</ref> English actor [[Robert Newton]]'s portrayal of [[Long John Silver]] in [[Treasure Island (1950 film)|Disney's 1950 film adaptation]] also helped define the modern rendition of a pirate, including the stereotypical [[West Country English#Social stigma and future of West Country dialect|West Country]] "[[Pirates in popular culture#Appearance and mannerisms of Caribbean pirates|pirate accent]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Angus |last=Konstam |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA313 |title=Piracy: The Complete History |page=313 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84603-240-0 |access-date=October 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Dan |last=Parry |year=2006 |title=Blackbeard: The Real Pirate of the Caribbean |page=174 |publisher=National Maritime Museum}}</ref> Other influences include ''[[Sinbad the Sailor]]'', and the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' [[Pirates of the Caribbean films|films]] have helped rekindle modern interest in piracy and have performed well at the box office. The video game ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' revolves around pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy.

The classic 1879 [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] comic opera ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'' focuses on The Pirate King and his hapless band of pirates.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gsarchive.net/pirates/pirates_lib.pdf |title=The Pirates of Penzance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065225/https://www.gsarchive.net/pirates/pirates_lib.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2012 |year=1879 |via=The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive |access-date=May 1, 2014}}</ref>

Many sports teams use "pirate" or a related term, such as "[[Raider (piracy)|raider]]" or "buccaneer", as their nickname, based on the popular stereotypes of pirates. The earliest such example was probably the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] of [[Major League Baseball]] that acquired their nickname in 1891 after allegedly "pirating" a player from another team.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Pittsburgh Pirates: Early Years |url=https://www.mlb.com/pirates/history/timeline/early-years |publisher=Major League Baseball |language=en |access-date=October 13, 2021 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016094034/https://www.mlb.com/pirates/history/timeline/early-years |url-status=live }}</ref> Many amateur and school-based sports programs along with several professional sports franchises have also adopted pirate-related names, including the [[Las Vegas Raiders]] and [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] of the [[National Football League]]. In turn, the Buccaneer's name was inspired by the [[Gasparilla Pirate Festival]], a large community parade and related events in [[Tampa, Florida]] centered around the legend of [[José Gaspar]], a mythical pirate who supposedly operated in the area.

== Economics of piracy ==

Sources on the economics of piracy include Cyrus Karraker's 1953 study ''Piracy was a Business'',<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Karraker
| first1 = Cyrus Harreld
| title = Piracy was a Business
| url = https://archive.org/details/piracywasabusiness
| location = Rindge, New Hampshire
| publisher = Richard R. Smith, Publisher, Inc.
| date = 1953
| isbn = 978-0-598-22777-5
| access-date = August 29, 2022
}}
</ref>
in which the author discusses pirates in terms of contemporary [[racketeering]]. Patrick Crowhurst researched French piracy, and [[David Starkey]] focused on British 18th-century piracy. Note also the 1998 book ''The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates'' by [[Peter T. Leeson]].<ref name ="Pennell 89">{{cite journal |url=http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol08/nm_8_2_61-79.pdf |last=Pennell |first=C.R. |date=1998 |title=Who Needs Pirate Heroes? |journal=The Northern Mariner |volume=8 |number=2 |pages=61–79 |publisher=Canadian Nautical Research Society |doi=10.25071/2561-5467.660 |access-date=August 26, 2014 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205109/http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol08/nm_8_2_61-79.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Piracy and entrepreneurship ===

Some 2014 research examines the links between piracy and [[entrepreneurship]]. In this context, researchers take a nonmoral approach to piracy as a source of inspiration for 2010s-era [[entrepreneurship education]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Daina |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/disruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism/article21443149/ |title=Disruptors are just pirates on the high seas of capitalism |work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 5, 2014 |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624124536/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/disruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism/article21443149/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and to research in entrepreneurship<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |first=S. |year=2014 |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/41226/1/ssoar-ijesb-2014-4-roth-Booties_bounties_business_models_a.pdf |title=Booties, bounties, business models: a map to the next red oceans |journal=International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business |volume=22 |number=4 |pages=439–448|article-number=64272 |doi=10.1504/IJESB.2014.064272 |s2cid=53140269 }}</ref> and in [[business model|business-model]] generation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |first=S. |year=2014 |url=http://works.bepress.com/roth/8/ |title=The eye-patch of the beholder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114118/http://works.bepress.com/roth/8/ |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |journal=International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business |volume=22 |number=4 |pages=399–407|doi=10.1504/IJESB.2014.064271 |s2cid=53131826 }}</ref>

In this respect, analysis of piracy operations may distinguish between planned (organised) and [[opportunistic]] piracy.<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
| last1 = Eklöf
| first1 = Stefan
| chapter = Opportunistic Piracy
| title = Pirates in Paradise: A Modern History of Southeast Asia's Maritime Marauders
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SlDe_cmh3mgC
| series = Nias Monographs: Studies in contemporary Asian history
| volume = 101
| issue = 6
| location = Copenhagen
| publisher = Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS)
| date = 2006
| page = 35
| isbn = 978-87-91114-37-3
| access-date = July 13, 2018
| quote = [...] it is useful to distinguish between organised and non-organised (or opportunistic) piracy, with the latter type being by far the most common in South-east Asia today and over the past decades. Opportunistic piracy is mostly perpetrated by quite small groups [...]. The attacks require little detailed information or planning ahead [...].
}}
</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Piracy|Oceans}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[A General History of the Pyrates]]'', an historical book on pirates
* [[Air pirate]]
* [[Aircraft hijacking]], a.k.a. air piracy
* [[Carjacking]] a.k.a. car piracy
* [[Copyright infringement]]
* [[International Talk Like a Pirate Day]]
* [[List of pirates]]
* [[Piracy in the Atlantic World]]
* [[Piracy kidnappings]]
* [[Pirate code]]
* [[Pirate game]]
* [[Pirate Party]]
* [[Pirate Round]]
* [[Pirate studies]]
* [[Pirate utopia]]
* [[Pirates World]]
* [[Republic of Pirates]]
* [[Raid (military)]]
* [[Space pirate]]
*''[[The Successful Pyrate]]'', an historical play
* [[Train robbery]], a.k.a. railroad piracy
* [[Women in piracy]]
* [[Violent non-state actors at sea]]
* [[Private maritime security companies]]

{{div col end}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web | title=bonaventure.org.uk – Pirate Ranks | url=http://www.bonaventure.org.uk/ed/ranks.htm | access-date=April 24, 2008 | archive-date=March 20, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320132900/http://www.bonaventure.org.uk/ed/ranks.htm | url-status=live }}


* {{cite book | first=Clifford| last=Beal| year=2007| title=Quelch's Gold: Piracy, Greed, and Betrayal in Colonial New England | page=243 | publisher=Praeger| isbn=978-0-275-99407-5 }}
* {{cite book | first=John | last=Burnett | year=2002 | title=Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas | page=346 | publisher=Plume | isbn=0-452-28413-9 }}
* {{cite book | first=David| last=Cordingly | year=1997 | title=Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates | publisher=Harvest Books | isbn=0-15-600549-2 }}
* Hanna, Mark G. ''Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570–1740'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2015). xvi, 448 pp.
* {{cite book | first=Samuel | last=Menefee | year=1996 | title=Trends in Maritime Violence | publisher=Jane's Information Group | isbn=0-7106-1403-9 }}
* {{cite book | first=Geoffrey| last=Girard| year=2006 | title=Tales of the Atlantic Pirates | publisher=Middle Atlantic Press | isbn=0-9754419-5-7 }}
* {{cite book | first=William | last=Langewiesche | year=2004 | title=The Outlaw Sea: A World of Freedom, Chaos, and Crime | publisher=North Point Press | isbn=0-86547-581-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/outlawseaworld00lang }}
* Rediker, Marcus. ''[[Outlaws of the Atlantic: Sailors, Pirates, and Motley Crews in the Age of Sail]]'' (Boston: Beacon, 2014). xii, 241 pp.
* {{cite book | first=Marcus | last=Rediker | year=1987 | title=Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-37983-0 }}
* {{cite book | first=Steve | last=Kimball | year=2006 | title=The Pyrates Way Magazine | page=64 | publisher=The Pyrates Way, LLC | url=http://www.pyratesway.com | access-date=June 26, 2021 | archive-date=March 9, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309123753/http://pyratesway.com/ }}
* {{cite book | last = Heller-Roazen | first = Daniel | title = The Enemy of All: Piracy and the Law of Nations | publisher=Zone Books | year = 2009 | isbn =978-1-890951-94-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lucie-Smith | first = Edward | title = Outcasts of the Sea: Pirates and Piracy | publisher = Paddington Press | year = 1978 | url = https://archive.org/details/outcastsofseapir0000luci | isbn = 978-0-448-22617-0 }}
*Earle, Peter (2003) ''The Pirate Wars'' Methuen, London. {{ISBN|0-413-75880-X}}
*Guilmartin, John Francis, ''Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century.'' Cambridge University Press, London. 1974. {{ISBN|0-521-20272-8}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Piracy}}
{{Wikisource index|Pirates}}
* [http://www.eunavfor.eu European Union Naval Force Somalia] Official website.
* {{cite web| url=http://www.icc-ccs.org/prc/piracyreport.php |title=Live Piracy & Armed Robbery Report|publisher=Commercial Crime Services|website= [[International Chamber of Commerce]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011013534/http://www.icc-ccs.org/prc/piracyreport.php|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/MaritimeSecurity.aspx |title=Maritime Security and Piracy|website= [[International Maritime Organization]]}}
* [[Operation Atalanta]] (EU NAVFOR Somalia), the ongoing EU military operation to combat piracy in the Gulf of Aden.
* [http://www.piracy-studies.org Piracy-Studies.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814161251/http://piracy-studies.org/ |date=August 14, 2020 }} — academic research portal on modern-day piracy and maritime security
* [https://www.fayobserver.com/news/20191111/nc-supreme-court-revives-lawsuit-over-blackbeards-ship-and-lost-spanish-treasure-ship N.C Supreme Court revives lawsuit over Blackbeard's ship and lost Spanish treasure ship], Fayetteville Observer
* [https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/783303277/episode-955-pirate-videos Episode 955: Pirate Videos], Planet Money, ''NPR''

{{International Criminal Law}}
{{Pirates}}
{{Pirates of the Modern Age}}
{{Treasure}}
{{Terrorism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Piracy| ]]
[[Category:Criminal occupations]]
[[Category:International criminal law]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Property crimes]]
[[Category:Terrorism tactics]]

James Bond

2026-09-20T15:38:52Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Media franchise about a British spy}}
{{Italic title}}
{{About|the series|the character in the novels |James Bond (literary character)|the character in the films|Portrayal of James Bond in film|other uses|James Bond (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|007|other uses|007 (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Mr. Bond|other uses|Mr. Bond (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = James Bond
| image = Fleming007impression.jpg
| caption = Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the ''[[Daily Express]]'' comic strip artists
| creator = [[Ian Fleming]]
| origin = ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'' (1953)
| years = 1953–present
| books =
| novels = [[List of James Bond novels and short stories|List of novels]]
| short_stories = See list of novels
| comics = [[List of James Bond comics|List of comic books]]
| graphic_novels =
| strips = ''[[James Bond (comic strip)|James Bond]]'' (1958–1983)
| magazines =
| films = [[List of James Bond films|List of films]]
| shorts = ''Happy and Glorious'' (2012)
| tv = "[[Casino Royale (1954 film)|Casino Royale]]" (''[[Climax!]]'' season 1 – episode 3) (1954)
| atv = ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'' (1991)
| tv_specials =
| tv_films =
| dtv =
| plays =
| musicals =
| games = Various
| rpgs = ''[[James Bond 007 (role-playing game)|James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''
| vgs = [[James Bond in video games|List of video games]]
| radio = [[#Radio|Radio dramas]]
| soundtracks =
| music = [[James Bond music|Music]]
| toys = Various
| otherlabel1 = Portrayers
| otherdata1 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pierce Brosnan]]
* [[Sean Connery]]
* [[Daniel Craig]]
* [[Timothy Dalton]]
* [[Bob Holness]]
* [[Michael Jayston]]
* [[George Lazenby]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Barry Nelson (actor)|Barry Nelson]]
* [[David Niven]]
* [[Toby Stephens]]
}}
| otherlabel2 =
| otherdata2 =
| otherlabel3 =
| otherdata3 =
}}

The '''''James Bond''''' franchise focuses on [[James Bond (literary character)|the titular character]], a fictional [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Secret Service]] agent created in 1953 by writer [[Ian Fleming]], who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, nine other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]], [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]], [[Raymond Benson]], [[Sebastian Faulks]], [[Jeffery Deaver]], [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]], [[Anthony Horowitz]] and [[Charlie Higson]]. The latest novel is ''On His Majesty's Secret Service'' by Charlie Higson, published in May 2023. Charlie Higson wrote a series on [[Young Bond|a young James Bond]], and [[Samantha Weinberg|Kate Westbrook]] wrote three novels based on the [[The Moneypenny Diaries|diaries of a recurring series character]], [[Miss Moneypenny|Moneypenny]].

The character—also known by the code number '''007''' (pronounced "double-oh-seven")—has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strips, video games and film. The ''James Bond'' franchise is one of the [[List of highest-grossing media franchises|highest-grossing media franchises of all time]]. The films constitute one of the longest continually running film series and have grossed over US$7.04 billion in total at the box office, making ''James Bond'' the [[List of highest-grossing franchises and film series|fifth-highest-grossing film series]] to date. It started in 1962 with ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'', starring [[Sean Connery]] as Bond. {{As of|2021}}, there have been twenty-five films in the [[Eon Productions]] [[James Bond in film|series]]. The most recent Bond film, ''[[No Time to Die]]'' (2021), stars [[Daniel Craig]] in his fifth and final portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent Bond film productions: ''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (a 1967 [[Parody|spoof]] starring [[David Niven]]) and ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, 1965's ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'', both starring Connery). ''Casino Royale'' has also been adapted for television, as a one-hour show in 1954 as part of the CBS series ''[[Climax!]]''.

The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including [[James Bond music|their soundtracks]]; three of the movies' theme songs have received [[Academy Award|Academy Awards]] and others have received nominations. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by [[Q (James Bond)|Q Branch]]. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are popularly referred to as "[[Bond girl]]s".

== Publication history ==
=== Creation and inspiration ===
{{Main|James Bond (literary character)|Inspirations for James Bond}}
[[File:Ian Fleming c. 1958 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|upright|''James Bond'' creator [[Ian Fleming]] in 1958]]
[[Ian Fleming]] created the fictional character of [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as [[MI6]]. Bond is known by his code number, 007, and was a [[Royal Naval Reserve]] [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]]. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of people he came across during his time in the [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] and [[30 Assault Unit]] during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" /> Among those types were his brother, [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter]], who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in [[Norway in World War II|Norway]] and [[Greece in World War II|Greece]] during the war.<ref name="PF Obit (1971)">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer|newspaper= The Times|date=20 August 1971|page=14}}</ref> Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including [[Conrad O'Brien-ffrench]], [[Patrick Dalzel-Job]], [[Wilfred Dunderdale|Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale]] and [[Duško Popov]].<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Chris |title=From the archive: the real James Bond, 1973 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/mar/22/from-the-archive-the-real-james-bond-1973-dusko-popov-ian-fleming |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 February 2023 |date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

The name James Bond came from that of the American [[ornithologist]] [[James Bond (ornithologist)|James Bond]], a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive [[field guide]] ''[[Birds of the West Indies]]''. Fleming, a keen [[Birdwatching|birdwatcher]] himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".<ref>{{cite news |title=James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |access-date=22 August 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 February 1989 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502204215/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He further explained that:

{{Blockquote|text= When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard.|sign= Ian Fleming|source=''[[The New Yorker]]'', 21 April 1962<ref name="Hellman (1962)">{{cite magazine |last= Hellman |first= Geoffrey T. |title= Bond's Creator |url= https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062 |id= section "Talk of the Town" |magazine= The New Yorker |access-date= 9 September 2011 |author-link= Geoffrey T. Hellman |page= 32 |date= 21 April 1962 |archive-date= 21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121095936/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062 |url-status= live }}</ref>}}

On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=112}}

[[File:Hoagy Carmichael - 1947.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hoagy Carmichael]]—Fleming's view of James Bond]]

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer [[Hoagy Carmichael]] and himself{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=67}} and in [[Casino Royale (novel)|''Casino Royale'']], [[Vesper Lynd]] remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in [[Moonraker (novel)|''Moonraker'']], [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=67}}

Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs, and using the same brand of toiletries.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,<ref name="Cook (2004)">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=William |title=Novel man |newspaper=[[New Statesman]] |date=28 June 2004|page=40}}</ref> with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his career in espionage and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" />

It was not until the penultimate novel, ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'', that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of [[Dr. No (film)|''Dr. No'']] in cinemas, and [[Sean Connery]]'s depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, henceforth giving Bond both a dry sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=205}} In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in ''[[The Times]]'', Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of [[Glencoe, Highland|Glencoe]], [[Scotland]], and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of [[Vaud]], Switzerland.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=59}} Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]]'s fictional biography of Bond, ''[[James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007]]'', gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,{{sfn|Pearson|2008|p=21}} while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.{{sfn|Griswold|2006|p=27}}

Historical research following the 2020 declassifications by the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) has identified [[Bronisław Urbański]] (known as the "White Ghost") as a physical and operational model for Bond. Urbański, a "liquidator" for the Polish elite Unit 99/3 ''Wapiennik'', was introduced to Fleming in 1951 by [[Krystyna Skarbek]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnard |first1=G. |last2=Wroblewski |first2=C. |title=Sabotage! |publisher=Grub Street Publications |year=2024 |isbn=978-1911714156}}</ref> While historians such as [[Norman Davies]], Stewart Egerton, and Peter Zablocki focus on Urbański’s role in the 1943 [[Gibraltar air crash]] and [[General Sikorski's death]], the personal connection to Fleming is further detailed in the 2024 biography ''Living with James Bond''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Urbanski |first=P. J. |title=Living with James Bond |publisher=Amazon/Independent |year=2024 |isbn=979-8335900591}}</ref> According to this account, Skarbek provided Fleming with details from Urbański's 1949 passport, including specific physical identifiers and scars sustained at [[Stalag VB]], which align with Fleming's definitive sketch of Bond. The operational links have been further examined through BBC-funded investigative research that makes it almost impossible to be anyone else. These findings align Urbański's movements with Fleming's intelligence circles and the wartime "GoldenEye" operations in Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zablocki |first=Peter |title=The Death of General Sikorski |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2024}}</ref>

=== Novels and related works ===
{{Main|List of James Bond novels and short stories}}

==== Ian Fleming novels ====
[[File:GoldeneyeEstate.jpg|thumb|right|[[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye]], in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=208}}]]

Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author;<ref name="Lycett (DNB)">{{cite ODNB|last= Lycett |first=Andrew|title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) (subscription needed)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33168|access-date=7 September 2011|author-link=Andrew Lycett|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33168|year=2004}}</ref> he had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)">{{cite news|last=Macintyre|first=Ben|title= Bond – the real Bond|newspaper=[[The Times]]|page=36|date=5 April 2008|ref={{harvid|Macintyre (2008b)}}}}</ref> On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, ''Casino Royale'', at his [[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye estate]] in [[Oracabessa]], Jamaica,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=4}} where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=5}} He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.{{sfn|Bennett|Woollacott|2003|p=1|loc=ch 1}}

After completing the manuscript for ''Casino Royale'', Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) [[William Plomer]] to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, [[Jonathan Cape]], who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=5}} Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books—''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' and ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]''—published posthumously.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=75}} All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.

{| class="wikitable"
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* 1953 ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Casino Royale |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=56 |work=The Books |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100519/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=56 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1954 ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Live and Let Die |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100551/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1955 ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Moonraker |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=58 |work=The Books |publisher= Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916133924/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=58 |archive-date= 16 September 2011 }}</ref>
* 1956 ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Diamonds are Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=59 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100356/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=59 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1957 ''[[From Russia, with Love (novel)|From Russia, with Love]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=From Russia, with Love |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=60 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401031119/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=60 |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref>
* 1958 ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. No |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=61 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227054058/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=61 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1959 ''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Goldfinger |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=62 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055724/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=62 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1960 ''[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|For Your Eyes Only]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=For Your Eyes Only |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=63 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055343/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=63 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> (short stories)
* 1961 ''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Thunderball |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=64 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055120/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=64 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1962 ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spy Who Loved Me |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=65 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227054837/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=65 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1963 ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=174 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227052813/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=174 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1964 ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=You Only Live Twice |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=67 |work= The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111111/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=67 |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1965 ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man with the Golden Gun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227060115/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1966 ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Octopussy and The Living Daylights |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=69 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004806/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=69 |archive-date=7 September 2011 }}</ref> (short stories; "The Property of a Lady" added to subsequent editions)
|}

==== Post-Fleming novels ====
After Fleming's death, a continuation novel, ''[[Colonel Sun]]'', was written by [[Kingsley Amis]] (as [[Robert Markham]]) and published in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonel Sun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81 |work=The Books |publisher= Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071453/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work ''[[The James Bond Dossier]]''.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=32}} Although [[novelisation]]s of two of the [[Eon Productions]] Bond films appeared in print, ''[[James Bond, the Spy Who Loved Me]]'' and ''[[James Bond and Moonraker]]'', both written by screenwriter [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]],<ref name="IFP, Novelizations">{{cite web|title=Film Novelizations |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=163 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918184837/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=163 |archive-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref> the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981, the thriller writer [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]] picked up the series with ''[[Licence Renewed]]''.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=58}} Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name: ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' and ''[[GoldenEye]]''. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=149}} In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ripley|first=Mike|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/02/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|title=Obituary: John Gardner: Prolific thriller writer behind the revival of James Bond and Professor Moriarty|access-date=14 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2007|page=41|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415133341/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/02/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
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| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1981 ''[[Licence Renewed]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Licence Renewed |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=141 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092749/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=141 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1982 ''[[For Special Services]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=For Special Services |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=211 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092955/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=211 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1983 ''[[Icebreaker (novel)|Icebreaker]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Breaker |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=142 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092651/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=142 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1984 ''[[Role of Honour]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Role Of Honour |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=143 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092007/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=143 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1986 ''[[Nobody Lives for Ever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobody Lives Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=144 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092102/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=144 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1987 ''[[No Deals, Mr. Bond]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=No Deals Mr Bond |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092157/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1988 ''[[Scorpius (novel)|Scorpius]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Scorpius |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092157/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1989 ''[[Win, Lose or Die]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Win, Lose Or Die |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=147 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092427/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=147 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1989 ''Licence to Kill''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1990 ''[[Brokenclaw]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Brokenclaw |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=148 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092455/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=148 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1991 ''[[The Man from Barbarossa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man From Barbarossa |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=149 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092554/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=149 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1992 ''[[Death Is Forever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Death is Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=150 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202437/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=150 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 1993 ''[[Never Send Flowers]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Never Send Flowers |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=151 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093052/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=151 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1994 ''[[SeaFire]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Seafire |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=152 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093233/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=152 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1995 ''GoldenEye''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1996 ''[[Cold (novel)|Cold]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cold |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=153 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093337/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=153 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
|}

In 1996, the American author [[Raymond Benson]] became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of ''[[The James Bond Bedside Companion]]'', first published in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Books – At a Glance|url=http://www.raymondbenson.com/books/|work=RaymondBenson.com|access-date=3 November 2011|author=Raymond Benson|author-link=Raymond Benson|archive-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127115953/http://www.raymondbenson.com/books/|url-status=live}}</ref>
By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelisations and three short stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raymond Benson |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=176 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071253/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=176 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
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| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1997 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Blast from the Past"|Blast From the Past]]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=62}} (short story)
* 1997 ''[[Zero Minus Ten]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Zero Minus Ten |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=210 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093949/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=210 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1997 ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1998 ''[[The Facts of Death]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Facts Of Death |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=134 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093647/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=134 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1999 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Midsummer Night's Doom"|Midsummer Night's Doom]]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=63}} (short story)
* 1999 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Live at Five"|Live at Five]]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=64}} (short story)
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1999 ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1999 ''[[High Time to Kill]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=High Time To Kill |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=135 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093753/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=135 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2000 ''[[DoubleShot]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Doubleshot |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=136 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093445/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=136 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2001 ''[[Never Dream of Dying]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Never Dream Of Dying |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=137 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093544/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=137 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2002 ''[[The Man with the Red Tattoo]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man With The Red Tattoo |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=138 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093615/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=138 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2002 ''[[Die Another Day]]''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
|}

After a gap of six years, [[Sebastian Faulks]] was commissioned by [[Ian Fleming Publications]] to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Faulks pens new James Bond novel|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=11 July 2007|archive-date=12 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212225504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The book—titled ''[[Devil May Care (Faulks novel)|Devil May Care]]''—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.<ref name="Faulks">{{cite web|title=Sebastian Faulks |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=177 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071357/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=177 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> American writer [[Jeffery Deaver]] was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce [[Carte Blanche (novel)|''Carte Blanche'']], which was published on 26 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond book called Carte Blanche|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12204547|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 January 2011|archive-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12204547|url-status=live}}</ref> The book turned Bond into a post-[[September 11 attacks|9/11]] agent, independent of [[MI5]] or MI6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeffery Deaver |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=268 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123737/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=268 |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> On 26 September 2013, ''[[Solo (Boyd novel)|Solo]]'' by [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]], set in 1969, was published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solo Published Today |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/solo-published-today/ |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=1 October 2013 |date=26 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234832/http://www.ianfleming.com/solo-published-today/ |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> In October 2014, it was announced that [[Anthony Horowitz]] was to write a ''Bond'' continuation novel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/11133873/James-Bonds-secret-mission-to-save-Stirling-Moss.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/11133873/James-Bonds-secret-mission-to-save-Stirling-Moss.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=James Bond's secret mission: to save Stirling Moss |first=Anita |last=Singh |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of ''Goldfinger'', it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. ''[[Trigger Mortis]]'' was released on 8 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32899911 |title=James Bond: Pussy Galore returns in new novel |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513215956/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32899911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alison |last=Flood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/28/new-james-bond-novel-trigger-mortis-pussy-galore-anthony-horowitz |title=New James Bond novel Trigger Mortis resurrects Pussy Galore |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608035412/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/28/new-james-bond-novel-trigger-mortis-pussy-galore-anthony-horowitz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11634404/Pussy-Galore-returns-for-new-James-Bond-novel-Trigger-Mortis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11634404/Pussy-Galore-returns-for-new-James-Bond-novel-Trigger-Mortis.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Pussy Galore returns for new James Bond novel ''Trigger Mortis'' |first=Hannah |last=Furness |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Horowitz's second Bond novel, ''[[Forever and a Day (novel)|Forever and a Day]]'', tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of ''Casino Royale''. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/forever-and-a-day/ |title=Forever and a Day |work=IanFleming.com |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218042318/http://www.ianfleming.com/forever-and-a-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/books/james-bond-forever-and-a-day-anthony-horowitz.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/books/james-bond-forever-and-a-day-anthony-horowitz.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New James Bond Novel Is a Prequel to Fleming's First |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Horowitz's third Bond novel, ''With a Mind to Kill'', was published on 26 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ianfleming.com/new-horowitz-bond-title-and-cover-revealed/ |title=New Horowitz Bond Title and Cover Revealed |work=IanFleming.com |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216190241/https://www.ianfleming.com/new-horowitz-bond-title-and-cover-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charlie Higson|Charlie Higson's]] first adult Bond novel, ''On His Majesty's Secret Service'', was published on 4 May 2023 to celebrate the [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|Coronation of King Charles III]] and support the [[National Literacy Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/james-bond-king-charles-coronation-on-his-majestys-secret-service-1235569901/ |title=New James Bond Story 'On His Majesty's Secret Service' Commissioned to Celebrate King Charles' Coronation |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |date=31 March 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505181215/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/james-bond-king-charles-coronation-on-his-majestys-secret-service-1235569901/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2008 ''[[Devil May Care (Faulks novel)|Devil May Care]]''
* 2011 ''[[Carte Blanche (novel)|Carte Blanche]]''
* 2013 ''[[Solo (Boyd novel)|Solo]]''
* 2015 ''[[Trigger Mortis]]''
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2018 ''[[Forever and a Day (novel)|Forever and a Day]]''
* 2022 ''With a Mind to Kill''
* 2023 ''On His Majesty's Secret Service''
* 2026 ''King Zero''
|}

==== Young Bond ====
{{Main|Young Bond}}

The ''[[Young Bond]]'' series of novels was started by Charlie Higson<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Neil|title=The name's Bond – Junior Bond|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4293323.stm|access-date=1 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=3 March 2005|archive-date=30 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530161026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4293323.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Higson|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,Author_1000066902,00.html|work=Puffin Books – Authors|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=9 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309024638/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,Author_1000066902,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first Young Bond novel, ''[[SilverFin]]'' was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by [[Puffin Books]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SilverFin: The Graphic Novel|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144944/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that [[Stephen Cole (writer)|Stephen Cole]] would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Young Bond Series in 2014 |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/new-young-bond-series-in-2014/ |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=11 October 2013 |date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014031316/http://www.ianfleming.com/new-young-bond-series-in-2014/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2005 ''[[SilverFin]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: SilverFin |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318592,00.html?/Young_Bond:_SilverFin_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318592,00.html?/Young_Bond:_SilverFin_Charlie_Higson |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
* 2006 ''[[Blood Fever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Blood Fever |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318608,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Blood_Fever_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318608,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Blood_Fever_Charlie_Higson |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
* 2007 ''[[Double or Die]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Double or Die |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322032,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Double_or_Die_Charlie_Higson |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101150520/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0%2C%2C9780141322032%2C00.html?%2FYoung_Bond%3A_Double_or_Die_Charlie_Higson |archive-date= 1 November 2012 }}</ref>
* 2007 ''[[Hurricane Gold]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Hurricane Gold |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322049,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Hurricane_Gold_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322049,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Hurricane_Gold_Charlie_Higson |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
* 2008 ''[[By Royal Command]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: By Royal Command |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141384511,00.html?/Young_Bond:_By_Royal__Command_Charlie_Higson |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> & ''SilverFin''<ref>{{cite web|title=SilverFin: The (Graphic Novel)|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144944/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> (graphic novel)
* 2009 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"A Hard Man to Kill"|A Hard Man to Kill]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141327709,00.html?%2FDanger_Society%3A_The_Young_Bond_Dossier_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144906/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141327709,00.html?%2FDanger_Society%3A_The_Young_Bond_Dossier_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> (short story)
|}

==== ''The Moneypenny Diaries'' ====
{{Main|The Moneypenny Diaries}}

''The Moneypenny Diaries'' are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of [[Miss Moneypenny]], [[M (James Bond)|M]]'s personal secretary. The novels are written by [[Samantha Weinberg]] under the [[pseudonym]] Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".<ref>{{cite news|title=Miss Moneypenny|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=14 October 2005|page=10}}</ref> The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel|Guardian Angel]]'', was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Connell|first=John|title=Books – Review – The Moneypenny Diaries – Kate Westbrook (ed) – John Murray GBP 12.99|newspaper=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=12 October 2005|page=47}}</ref> A second volume, subtitled ''[[Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries|Secret Servant]]'' was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Weinberg|first=Samantha|title=Licensed to thrill|newspaper=The Times|date=11 November 2006|author-link=Samantha Weinberg|page=29}}</ref> A third volume, subtitled ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling|Final Fling]]'' was released on 1 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saunders|first=Kate|title=The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling|newspaper=The Times|date=10 May 2008|page=13}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2005 ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Guardian Angel |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=228 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204241/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=228 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 2006 ''[[Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Secret Servant |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=229 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204340/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=229 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 2008 ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Fling |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=230 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227051129/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=230 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
=== Television ===
In 1954, [[CBS]] paid Ian Fleming $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1000|1954}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US|df=y}}) to adapt his novel ''Casino Royale'' into a one-hour television adventure, [[Casino Royale (1954 film)|"Casino Royale"]], as part of its ''[[Climax!]]'' series.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=14}} The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred [[Barry Nelson (actor)|Barry Nelson]] as "Card Sense" James Bond and [[Peter Lorre]] as [[Le Chiffre]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=11}} The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character [[Felix Leiter]]—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed Clarence Leiter.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=101}}

In 1964 Roger Moore appeared as James Bond in an extended comedy sketch opposite [[Millicent Martin]] as Sonia Sekova in her [[ATV Network|ATV]] TV series ''Mainly Millicent'', which also makes reference to 007. It was written by [[Dick Hills and Sid Green]]. Undiscovered for several years, it reappeared as an extra in the DVD and Blu-ray release of ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Mainly Millicent: Roger Moore's First Appearance as James Bond''|date=16 January 2015|url=https://www.bondsuits.com/mainly-millicent-roger-moores-first-appearance-james-bond/|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821190636/https://www.bondsuits.com/mainly-millicent-roger-moores-first-appearance-james-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1973, a [[BBC]] documentary ''[[Omnibus (UK TV series)|Omnibus]]: The British Hero'' featured [[Christopher Cazenove]] playing a number of such title characters (e.g. [[Richard Hannay]] and [[Bulldog Drummond]]). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from [[Goldfinger (novel)|''Goldfinger'']]—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the [[Goldfinger (film)|film]]'s laser beam—and ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''.<ref>{{citation |title=Radio Times|date=6–12 October 1973|pages=74–79}}</ref>

In 1991, a spin-off animated series, ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'', was produced with [[Corey Burton]] in the role of Bond's nephew, James Bond Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last=Svetkey|first=Benjamin|title=Sweet Baby James|url=https://ew.com/article/1992/05/29/looking-james-bond-jr-franchise/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=29 May 1992|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094034/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310606,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, a [[Reality television|reality competition show]] based on the franchise, ''[[007: Road to a Million]]'', was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rantala |first1=Hanna |title=New TV show ''007: Road To A Million'' brings Bond-like tasks to screens |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/new-tv-show-007-road-million-brings-bond-like-tasks-screens-2023-11-02/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111221436/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/new-tv-show-007-road-million-brings-bond-like-tasks-screens-2023-11-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Radio ===
In 1958, the novel ''Moonraker'' was adapted for broadcast on [[South Africa]]n radio, with [[Bob Holness]] providing the voice of Bond.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamesbondradio.com/book-review-the-many-lives-of-james-bond/|title=Book Review: The Many Lives of James Bond|date=18 November 2019|website=James Bond Radio|language=en-GB|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204002740/https://jamesbondradio.com/book-review-the-many-lives-of-james-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Many Lives of James Bond: How the Creators of 007 Have Decoded the Superspy|last=Edlitz|first=Mark|publisher=Lyons Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1493041565|page=148}}</ref> According to ''[[The Independent]]'', "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=The Bond bunch|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=8 November 2006|page=14}}</ref>

The [[BBC]] have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 ''You Only Live Twice'' was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for [[BBC Radio 4]] with [[Michael Jayston]] playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond – You Only Live Twice|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fbzkg|work=BBC Radio 4 Extra|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 October 2011|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fbzkg|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of ''Dr. No''. The actor [[Toby Stephens]], who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of ''[[Die Another Day]]'', played Bond, while Dr. [[Julius No]] was played by [[David Suchet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=007 villain to play Bond on radio|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7380086.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 October 2011|date=2 May 2008|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316215211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7380086.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast ''Goldfinger'' with Stephens again playing Bond.<ref>{{cite web|author= Hemley, Matthew|date= 13 October 2009|url= https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/james-bond-to-return-to-radio-as-goldfinger-is-adapted-for-bbc|title= James Bond to return to radio as Goldfinger is adapted for BBC|publisher= The Stage Online|access-date= 19 March 2010|archive-date= 11 June 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611123625/http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/25870/james-bond-to-return-to-radio-as-goldfinger|url-status= live}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]] was [[Auric Goldfinger]] and Stephens' ''Die Another Day'' co-star [[Rosamund Pike]] played [[Pussy Galore]]. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by [[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Goldfinger|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rq1w3|work=Saturday Play|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 October 2011|archive-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112033433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rq1w3|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the novel [[From Russia, with Love (novel)|''From Russia, with Love'']] was dramatised for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday Drama: From Russia With Love|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kxzr6|work=[[BBC Radio 4]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219090509/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kxzr6|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', with [[Alfred Molina]] as [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], and [[Joanna Lumley]] (who appeared in the 1969 [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|film adaptation]]) as Irma Bunt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday Drama: On Her Majesty's Secret Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b042cq8f|website=[[BBC]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506000607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b042cq8f|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Comics ===
{{Main|James Bond (comic strip)|James Bond comic books}}

[[File:McLusky007.jpg|thumb|upright|right|John McLusky's rendition of James Bond]]

In 1957, the ''[[Daily Express]]'' approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=6}} After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=316}} To aid the ''Daily Express'' in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, [[John McLusky]], however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=21}} The first strip, ''Casino Royale'' was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958{{sfn|Fleming|Gammidge|McLusky|1988|p=6}} and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=7}}

Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, including Kingsley Amis's ''Colonel Sun''. The works were written by [[Henry Gammidge]] or Jim Lawrence, except for the adaptation of ''Dr. No'' which was written by the future [[Modesty Blaise]] creator [[Peter O'Donnell]]. Following John McLusky's tenure as the original artist, [[Yaroslav Horak]] took over illustration duties in 1966.{{sfn|Fleming|Gammidge|McLusky|1988|p=6}} After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the ''Daily Express'' and ''[[Sunday Express]]'' until May 1977.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=21}}

Several [[comic book]] adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of ''Dr. No'''s release in October 1962, a [[comic book]] adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the ''[[Classics Illustrated]]'' anthology series.{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}} It was later reprinted in the United States by [[DC Comics]] as part of its ''[[Showcase (comic book)|Showcase]]'' anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsfromme.com/archives/2006_12_03.html |title=Secrets Behind the Comics |first=Mark |last=Evanier |author-link=Mark Evanier |publisher=NewsFromme.com |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021094626/http://www.newsfromme.com/archives/2006_12_03.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 }}</ref>{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}}

With the release of the 1981 film [[For Your Eyes Only (film)|''For Your Eyes Only'']], [[Marvel Comics]] published a two-issue [[comic book]] adaptation of the film.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=131}}{{sfn|Thompson|Frankenhoff|Bickford|2010|p=368}} When ''[[Octopussy]]'' was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}} Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for ''Licence to Kill'', although [[Timothy Dalton]] refused to allow his likeness to be used.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bond Violence Gets Artistic 'Licence'|newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]]|date=28 July 1989}}</ref> New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, [[Eclipse Comics]], [[Dark Horse Comics]] and [[Dynamite Entertainment]].{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}}{{sfn|Thompson|Frankenhoff|Bickford|2010|p=368}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screencrush.com/james-bond-dynamite-comic-review/|title=How Dynamite's New James Bond Comic Creates a 007 We Haven't Seen Before|publisher=Screencrush|date=6 November 2016|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105004243/https://screencrush.com/james-bond-dynamite-comic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Films ===
{{Main|List of James Bond films|Portrayal of James Bond in film}}

==== Eon Productions films ====
[[File:007 logo.svg|thumb|Franchise logo, 1995–present]]

Eon Productions, the company of Canadian [[Harry Saltzman]] and American [[Albert R. Broccoli|Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli]], released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, ''Dr. No'' (1962), based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sutton |first=Mike |title=Dr. No (1962) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/455547/ |website=[[Screenonline]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233640/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/455547/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after [[You Only Live Twice (film)|''You Only Live Twice'']] (1967),<ref>{{cite web|title=You Only Live Twice|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/235281|website=TCM|publisher=Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc|access-date=2 August 2011|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206131511/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/235281%7C0/You-Only-Live-Twice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which was taken up by [[George Lazenby]] for ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (1969).<ref name="screenonline">{{cite web|title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/550393/credits.html|website=Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184421/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/550393/credits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film [[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|''Diamonds Are Forever'']].{{sfn| Feeney Callan |2002|p=217}}

Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for ''Live and Let Die'' (1973). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=81}} Irish actor [[Pierce Brosnan]] was cast as Bond in ''GoldenEye'' (1995); he remained in the role for a total of four films through 2002. In 2006, [[Daniel Craig]] was given the role for [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|''Casino Royale'']] (2006), which rebooted the series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robey|first=Tim|title=Sam Mendes may have problems directing new James Bond movie|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/8255072/Sam-Mendes-may-have-problems-directing-new-Bond-movie.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/8255072/Sam-Mendes-may-have-problems-directing-new-Bond-movie.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 November 2011|date=12 January 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Craig appeared for a total of five films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/media/daniel-craig-james-bond-stephen-colbert/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816074956/http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/media/daniel-craig-james-bond-stephen-colbert/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2017|title=Daniel Craig confirms return as James Bond|last=Pallotta|first=Frank|work=CNNMoney|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> The series has grossed well over $7 billion to date, making it the [[List of highest-grossing film series|fifth-highest-grossing film series]].<ref name="Numbers: Franchises">{{cite web|title=Movie Franchises|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World|website=The Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216183108/https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] purchased [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) for $8.5 billion, and the distribution rights to its library of films, including the James Bond movies. After creating the merged [[Amazon MGM Studios]], the company became involved in developing the next theatrical iteration of the character.<ref name="Merger_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/amazon-mgm-merger-1234981037/|work=Deadline|title=Amazon And MGM Close $8.5 Billion Merger|author=Goldsmith, Jill|date=17 March 2022|accessdate=27 February 2025|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317133832/https://deadline.com/2022/03/amazon-mgm-merger-1234981037/|url-status=live}}</ref> By February 2025, the studio paid an additional $1 billion to acquire creative control of the future of the franchise from producers [[Barbara Broccoli]] and [[Michael G. Wilson]]; with the duo officially retiring from their historical oversight career for James Bond feature films. As part of the deal, the family will receive a monetary "Bond dividend" for the foreseeable future. Amazon MGM commence the search for a studio executive to oversee the property (à la [[Marvel Studios]]' [[Kevin Feige]]), while also determining the next respective director and star of the franchise.<ref name="Future_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-deal-1236296104/|work=Deadline|title=James Bond and the Mad Dash for Franchise IP|author=Weprin, Alex & Borys Kit|date=26 February 2025|accessdate=27 February 2025|archive-date=8 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208235718/https://deadline.com/2025/02/james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-deal-1236296104/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2025, Amazon closed deals with [[Amy Pascal]] and [[David Heyman]] to take charge of the franchise and replace Broccoli and Wilson as producers on its next instalment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Pascal, David Heyman Close Deals to Produce Next James Bond Movie for Amazon MGM|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Mia|last=Galuppo|date=25 March 2025|access-date=25 March 2025|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amy-pascal-david-heyman-close-deals-james-bond-amazon-mgm-1236172332/|archive-date=25 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325172940/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amy-pascal-david-heyman-close-deals-james-bond-amazon-mgm-1236172332/|url-status=live}}</ref> By June of the same year, [[Denis Villeneuve]] was announced as the director,<ref name="Villeneuve_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/denis-villeneuve-james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-1236442917/|work=Deadline|title=Denis Villeneuve Directing Next James Bond Film|author=Grobar, Matt|date=25 June 2025|accessdate=28 August 2025|archive-date=4 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904120833/https://deadline.com/2025/06/denis-villeneuve-james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-1236442917/|url-status=live}}</ref> from a script written by [[Steven Knight]].<ref name="Knight_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/new-james-bond-movie-steven-knight-writer-1236475348/|work=Deadline|title=Next James Bond Pic At Amazon MGM Studios To Be Penned By Steven Knight|author=Kroll, Justin|date=31 July 2025|accessdate=28 August 2025|archive-date=9 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809142617/https://deadline.com/2025/07/new-james-bond-movie-steven-knight-writer-1236475348/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Sean Connery as James Bond at Switzerland 1964 (two thirds crop).jpg|{{center|[[Sean Connery]] <br /> (1962–1967; 1971)}}
File:On Her Majesty's Secret Service (17) (Lazenby crop).jpg|{{center|[[George Lazenby]] <br /> (1969)}}
File:Sir Roger Moore 3 b.jpg|{{center|[[Roger Moore]] <br /> (1973–1985)}}
File:Timothy Dalton 1987 b.jpg|{{center|[[Timothy Dalton]] <br /> (1987–1989)}}
File:PierceBrosnanCannesPhoto2 b.jpg|{{center|[[Pierce Brosnan]] <br /> (1995–2002)}}
File:Daniel Craig - Film Premiere "Spectre" 007 - on the Red Carpet in Berlin (22387409720) (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[Daniel Craig]] <br /> (2006–2021)}}
</gallery>



{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:240px;"|Title
!Year
! style="width:110px;"|Actor
! style="width:180px;"|Director
|-
|''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]''
|1962
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sean Connery]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]]
|-
|''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]''
|1963
|-
|''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''
|1964
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Guy Hamilton]]
|-
|''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]''
|1965
| style="text-align:center;"|Terence Young
|-

|''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]''
|1967
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Lewis Gilbert]]
|-
|''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''
|1969
| style="text-align:center;"|[[George Lazenby]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Peter R. Hunt]]
|-
|''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''
|1971
| style="text-align:center;"|Sean Connery
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Guy Hamilton
|-
|''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''
|1973
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|[[Roger Moore]]
|-
|''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]''
|1974
|-
|''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]''
|1977
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Lewis Gilbert
|-
|''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]''
|1979
|-
|''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]''
|1981
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[John Glen (director)|John Glen]]
|-
|''[[Octopussy]]''
|1983
|-

|''[[A View to a Kill]]''
|1985
|-
|''[[The Living Daylights]]''
|1987
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Timothy Dalton]]
|-
|''[[Licence to Kill]]''
|1989
|-
|''[[GoldenEye]]''
|1995
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[Pierce Brosnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Martin Campbell]]
|-
|''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''
|1997
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Roger Spottiswoode]]
|-
|''[[The World Is Not Enough]]''
|1999
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Michael Apted]]
|-
|''[[Die Another Day]]''
|2002
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Lee Tamahori]]
|-
|''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]''
|2006
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[Daniel Craig]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Martin Campbell
|-
|''[[Quantum of Solace]]''
|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Marc Forster]]
|-
|''[[Skyfall]]''
|2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sam Mendes]]
|-
|''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]''
|2015
|-
| ''[[No Time to Die]]''
|2021
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Cary Joji Fukunaga]]
|}

==== Non-Eon films ====
In 1967, [[Casino Royale (1967 film)|''Casino Royale'']] was adapted into a [[parody]] Bond film starring [[David Niven]] as Sir James Bond and [[Ursula Andress]] as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=202}} The result of a court case in the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] in London in 1963 allowed [[Kevin McClory]] to produce a remake of [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']] titled ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' in 1983.<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)">{{cite journal|last=Poliakoff |first=Keith |title=License to Copyright – The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond |journal=Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal |publisher=[[Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law]] |year=2000 |volume=18 |pages=387–436 |url=http://www.cardozoaelj.net/issues/00/Poliakoff.pdf |access-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331161856/http://www.cardozoaelj.net/issues/00/Poliakoff.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> The film, produced by [[Jack Schwartzman]]'s Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997, the [[Sony|Sony Corporation]] acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)" /> which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to ''Never Say Never Again'' from Taliafilm.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. announces acquisition of Never Say Never Again James Bond assets | publisher = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | date = 4 December 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505213137/http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=47&printable|archive-date=5 May 2008| url = http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=47&printable | access-date =4 November 2011}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of [[List of James Bond novels and short stories|Fleming's Bond novels]].<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Shprintz|first=Janet|title=Big Bond-holder|url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/big-bond-holder-1117492814/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|quote=Judge Rafeedie ... found that McClory's rights in the "Thunderball" material had reverted to the estate of Fleming|date=29 March 1999|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109023433/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117492814?refCatId=13|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Title
! Year
! Actor
! Director(s)
|-
|''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]''
|1967
|[[David Niven]]
|[[Ken Hughes]]<br />[[John Huston]]<br />[[Joseph McGrath (film director)|Joseph McGrath]]<br />[[Robert Parrish]]<br />[[Val Guest]]<br />[[Richard Talmadge]]
|-
|''[[Never Say Never Again]]''
|1983
|[[Sean Connery]]
|[[Irvin Kershner]]
|}

==== Music ====
{{Main|James Bond music}}

{{quote box|align=right|width=25em|quote="…cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable."|source=—[[David Arnold]]|on the "[[James Bond Theme]]"<ref name="Burlingame" />}}
[[File:Sound007RAH041022 (42 of 69) (52406381295).jpg|thumb|[[Hans Zimmer]] (composer of the 2021 film ''No Time to Die'') with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London in 2022 during ''The Sound of 007 in Concert'' to mark 60 years of the Bond series.]]

The "[[James Bond Theme]]" was written by [[Monty Norman]] and was first orchestrated by the [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] Orchestra for 1962's ''Dr. No'', although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=122}} In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1229406.stm |title= Monty Norman sues for libel |work= Bond theme writer wins damages |access-date= 4 November 2011 |date= 19 March 2001 |publisher= BBC News |archive-date= 19 July 2004 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040719045328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1229406.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, [[David Arnold]], as "[[bebop]]-[[Swing music|swing]] vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of [[Rock and roll|rock 'n' roll]] ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."<ref name="Burlingame">{{cite news|last=Burlingame|first=Jon|title=Bond scores establish superspy template|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Daily Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/john-barry-invented-the-spy-movie-score-1117995119/|date=3 November 2008|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109012425/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117995119?refcatid=3313&printerfriendly=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Barry composed the [[Film score|scores]] for eleven Bond films{{sfn|Chapman|2009|pp=97–98}} and had an uncredited contribution to ''Dr. No'' with his arrangement of the "James Bond Theme".<ref name="Burlingame" />

A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their [[title sequence]]s sung by well-known popular singers.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=224}} [[Shirley Bassey]] performed three Bond theme songs, with her 1964 song "[[Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)|Goldfinger]]" inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]] in 2008.<ref>[http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#g "Grammy Hall of Fame Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707235113/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |date=7 July 2015 }}. ''Grammy.org''. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref> Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for [[Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Original Song]], including [[Paul McCartney]]'s "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974|work=Oscar Legacy|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003953/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carly Simon]]'s "[[Nobody Does It Better]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1978|work=Oscar Legacy|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/50th-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheena Easton]]'s "[[For Your Eyes Only (song)|For Your Eyes Only]]",<ref name="54th Oscars">{{cite web|title=The 54th Academy Awards (1982)|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982|work=Oscar Legacy|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111072059/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adele]]'s "[[Skyfall (Adele song)|Skyfall]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oscar.go.com/nominees |title=2013 Oscars Nominees |date=January 2013 |publisher=oscars |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229222408/http://oscar.go.com/nominees |archive-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Sam Smith (singer)|Sam Smith]]'s "[[Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)|Writing's on the Wall]]",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-complete-list-855398 |title=Oscar Nominations: The Complete List |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121121016/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-complete-list-855398 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Billie Eilish]]'s "[[No Time to Die (song)|No Time to Die]]".<ref name="Eilish"/> Adele won the award at the [[85th Academy Awards]], Smith won at the [[88th Academy Awards]], and Eilish won at the [[94th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Eilish">{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |title=The 94th Academy Awards {{!}} 2022 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325152056/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-wins-oscar-for-his-james-bond-spectre-theme-song-writings-on-the-wall__13954/|title=Sam Smith wins Oscar for his James Bond Spectre theme song|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=29 February 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302011319/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-wins-oscar-for-his-james-bond-spectre-theme-song-writings-on-the-wall__13954/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the non-Eon produced ''Casino Royale'', [[Burt Bacharach]]'s score included "[[The Look of Love (1967 song)|The Look of Love]]" (sung by [[Dusty Springfield]]), which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.<ref name="40th Oscars">{{cite web|title=The 40th Academy Awards (1968)|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968|work=Oscar Legacy|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003842/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Video games ===
{{Main|James Bond in video games}}

In 1983, the first Bond video game ''[[James Bond 007 (1984 video game)|James Bond 007]]'', developed and published by [[Parker Brothers]], was released for the [[Atari 2600]], [[Atari 5200]], [[Atari 8-bit computers]], [[Commodore 64]], and [[ColecoVision]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Backe|first=Hans-Joachim|title=Narrative Feedback: Computer games, comics, and the James Bond Franchise|url=http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/hans-joachim.backe/docs/Backe_Narrative%20Feedback_online.pdf|publisher=[[Ruhr University Bochum]]|access-date=14 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214600/http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/hans-joachim.backe/docs/Backe_Narrative%20Feedback_online.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997, the [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] [[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|''GoldenEye 007'']] was developed by [[Rare (company)|Rare]] for the [[Nintendo 64]], based on ''GoldenEye''.<ref name="Gaming Age review">{{cite web |access-date=4 November 2011|url=http://www.gaming-age.com/reviews/archive/old_reviews/n64/goldeneye/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065421/http://www.gaming-age.com/reviews/archive/old_reviews/n64/goldeneye/|archive-date=6 October 2010 |title=GoldenEye 007 review |publisher=Gaming Age Online |author=Greg Sewart}}</ref> The game received highly positive reviews,<ref>{{cite web|title=GoldenEye 007 Reviews|publisher=gamerankings.com|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/197462.asp|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=29 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129201452/http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/197462.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> won the [[BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards|BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award]] for UK Developer of the Year in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare: Company |url=http://rare.co.uk/company |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216184326/http://www.rare.co.uk/company |archive-date=16 December 2011 }}</ref> and sold over eight million copies worldwide,<ref name="hollis-speech">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php |title=The Making of GoldenEye 007 |publisher=Zoonami |author=Martin Hollis |date=2 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160021/http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php |archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=usurped |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Microsoft-Rare">{{cite web |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2002/09/24/microsoft-acquires-video-game-powerhouse-rare-ltd/ |title=Microsoft Acquires Video Game Powerhouse Rare Ltd. |date=24 September 2002 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] News Center |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221113108/http://news.microsoft.com/2002/09/24/microsoft-acquires-video-game-powerhouse-rare-ltd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> grossing $250 million,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crandall |first1=Robert W. |last2=Sidak |first2=J. Gregory |title=Video Games: Serious Business for America's Economy |url=http://theesa.com/newsroom/seriousbusiness.pdf |publisher=[[Entertainment Software Association]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |pages=39–40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203134407/http://www.theesa.com/newsroom/seriousbusiness.pdf |archive-date= 3 February 2013 }}</ref> making it the third-[[List of best-selling Nintendo 64 video games|best-selling Nintendo 64 game]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/86590/10-game-changing-facts-about-nintendo-64 |title=10 Game-Changing Facts About the Nintendo 64 |last=Serafino |first=Jay |work=[[Mental Floss]] |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425030131/http://mentalfloss.com/article/86590/10-game-changing-facts-about-nintendo-64 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is frequently cited as one of the [[List of video games considered the best|greatest video games of all time]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/livewire/the-50-best-games/2005/10/04/1128191720699.html |title=The 50 best games |date=6 October 2005 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135541/https://www.theage.com.au/news/livewire/the-50-best-games/2005/10/04/1128191720699.html |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Games Of All Time|date=2009|url=http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/|publisher=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|website=www.empireonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515221956/http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=We rank the 100 greatest videogames|date=13 May 2003|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120251/http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, [[Electronic Arts]] acquired the licence and released [[Tomorrow Never Dies (video game)|''Tomorrow Never Dies'']] on 16 December 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=007: Tomorrow Never Dies |url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/002/002310.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701202801/http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/002/002310.html |archive-date= 1 July 2011 }}</ref> In October 2000, they released [[The World Is Not Enough (Nintendo 64 video game)|''The World Is Not Enough'']]{{sfn|King|Krzywinska|2002|p=183}} for the [[Nintendo 64]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Is Not Enough |url=http://www.eurocom.co.uk/index.php/video-games/the-world-is-not-enough |work=Video Games |publisher=[[Eurocom|Eurocom Developments]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930054908/https://www.eurocom.co.uk/index.php/video-games/the-world-is-not-enough |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref> followed by ''[[007 Racing]]'' for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] on 21 November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=007 Racing Review |url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/014/014712.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404055912/http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/014/014712.html |archive-date= 4 April 2012 }}</ref> In 2003, the company released ''[[James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing |url=http://uk.xbox.ign.com/objects/566/566595.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092431/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/objects/566/566595.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Heidi Klum]], [[Judi Dench]] and [[John Cleese]], amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Review|url=http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html|website=IGN|access-date=4 November 2011|date=18 February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092437/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of ''[[007: From Russia with Love]]'',<ref name="FRWL IGN">{{cite web|title=From Russia With Love Review|url=http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/726/726488.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816013614/http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/726/726488.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2009|website=IGN|access-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.<ref name="FRWL IGN" /> In 2006, Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film ''Casino Royale'': the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was moved from EA to [[Activision]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/2006/digital/features/action-traction-1200506308/ | title=Bond, Superman games on the move | access-date=4 November 2011 | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | first=Ben | last=Fritz | date=3 May 2006 | archive-date=20 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120222547/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117942524?categoryid=18&cs=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> Activision subsequently released the ''[[007: Quantum of Solace]]'' game on 31 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond: Quantum of Solace Reviews |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/quantum-of-solace/reviews/james-bond-quantum-of-solace-review-6200423?tag=summary%3Bread-review |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718161848/http://uk.gamespot.com/quantum-of-solace/reviews/james-bond-quantum-of-solace-review-6200423?tag=summary;read-review |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2012 |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref>

A new version of [[GoldenEye 007 (2010 video game)|''GoldenEye 007'']] featuring Daniel Craig was released for the [[Wii]] and a handheld version for the [[Nintendo DS]] in November 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html |title=GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii |last=Harris |first=Craig |website=IGN |access-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618125726/http://wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A year later, a new version was released for [[Xbox 360]] and [[PlayStation 3]] under the title ''GoldenEye 007: Reloaded''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/goldeneye-reloaded/news/6324521/goldeneye-007-reloaded-first-impressions?sid=6324521&mode=previews|title=GoldenEye 007: Reloaded First Impressions|first=Mark|last=Walton|website=[[GameSpot]]|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Andy |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/312335/goldeneye-hd-is-official-move-online-confirmed-trailer/ |title=News: GoldenEye HD is official: Move, Online Confirmed – Trailer |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=19 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922122744/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/312335/goldeneye-hd-is-official-move-online-confirmed-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2012, ''[[007 Legends]]'' was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Leif |title=007 Legends Review |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/007-legends/reviews/007-legends-review-6398765/ |work=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=10 November 2012 |date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028081511/http://uk.gamespot.com/007-legends/reviews/007-legends-review-6398765/ |archive-date=28 October 2012 }}</ref> ''007 Legends'' was a critical and commercial failure, resulting in Activision having its licence revoked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2013|title=Activision loses James Bond licence?|url=https://metro.co.uk/2013/01/04/activision-loses-james-bond-licence-3338164/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607195237/https://metro.co.uk/2013/01/04/activision-loses-james-bond-licence-3338164/|archive-date=7 June 2025|website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|language=en-GB|access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref> In November 2020, [[IO Interactive]] announced it would develop a new Bond game, centering on the origin story of the titular agent.<ref name="FirstLight_IGN">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/james-bond-game-from-hitman-dev-has-a-new-title-007-first-light-official-reveal-this-week|work=IGN|title=James Bond Game From Hitman Dev Has a New Title, 007 First Light, Official Reveal This Week|author=Valentine, Rebekah|date=2 June 2025|accessdate=28 August 2025|archive-date=2 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602155908/https://www.ign.com/articles/james-bond-game-from-hitman-dev-has-a-new-title-007-first-light-official-reveal-this-week|url-status=live}}</ref> The studio worked closely with MGM and Eon Productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/hitman-developer-announces-new-bond-game-project-007 |title=Hitman Developer Announces New Bond Game, Project 007 |first=Joe |last=Skrebels |date=19 November 2020 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119140855/https://www.ign.com/articles/hitman-developer-announces-new-bond-game-project-007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-11-19-hitman-developer-io-reveals-fresh-project | title = Hitman developer IO is making a James Bond game | first = Tom | last = Phillips | date = 19 November 2020 | access-date = 19 November 2020 | work = [[Eurogamer]] | archive-date = 19 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201119141134/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-11-19-hitman-developer-io-reveals-fresh-project | url-status = live }}</ref> The game, titled ''[[007 First Light]]'', was released in May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole|first1=Wesley|title=007 First Light Release Date Confirmed During Sony State of Play|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/007-first-light-release-date-confirmed-during-sony-state-of-play|website=IGN|access-date=4 September 2025|language=en|date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Role-playing game ===
From 1983 to 1987, a licensed [[tabletop role-playing game]], ''[[James Bond 007 (role-playing game)|James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', was published by [[Victory Games (Avalon Hill)|Victory Games]] (a branch of [[Avalon Hill]]) and designed by [[Gerard Christopher Klug]]. It was the most popular espionage role-playing game for its time.<ref name="Bond game">{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Schick|title=Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games|publisher=Prometheus Books |year=1991|isbn= 978-0879756536| location=New York|page=63}}</ref> In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios, the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations, albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond's actions in the stories.<ref name="Bond game"/>

== Guns, vehicles and gadgets ==
{{Main|List of James Bond vehicles|List of James Bond gadgets}}

=== Guns ===
For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a [[Beretta 418]]{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}} until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, [[Geoffrey Boothroyd]], criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=160}} calling it "a lady's gun—and not a very nice lady at that!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Bond's unsung heroes: Geoffrey Boothroyd, the real Q|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/5320024/Bonds-unsung-heroes-Geoffrey-Boothroyd-the-real-Q.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/5320024/Bonds-unsung-heroes-Geoffrey-Boothroyd-the-real-Q.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=21 May 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his [[Beretta]] for a [[.32 ACP|7.65mm]] [[Walther PP#PPK|Walther PPK]] and this exchange of arms made it to ''Dr. No''.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=132}} Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the [[Berns-Martin]] triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by [[SMERSH]] and other villains.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=15}} In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name [[Q (James Bond)|Major Boothroyd]] and, in ''Dr. No'', M, the [[Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service]], introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=132}} Bond also used a variety of [[rifle]]s, including the [[Savage Model 99]] in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights".{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}} Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the [[Colt Detective Special]] and a long-barrelled [[Colt Single Action Army|Colt .45 Army Special]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}}

The first Bond film, ''Dr. No'', saw M ([[Bernard Lee]]) ordering Bond (Sean Connery) to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,{{sfn|Black|2005|p=94}} which Bond used in eighteen films.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=265}} In ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the [[Walther P99]] [[semi-automatic pistol]].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=265}}

=== Vehicles ===
[[File:Aston.db5.coupe.300pix.jpg|thumb|left|An [[Aston Martin DB5]] as seen in ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'']]

In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey [[Bentley 4½ Litre|Bentley {{frac|4|1|2}} Litre]] with an [[Amherst Villiers]] [[supercharger]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|pp=62–63}} After Bond's car was written off by [[Hugo Drax]] in ''Moonraker'', Fleming gave Bond a [[Bentley Continental|Mark II Continental Bentley]], which he used in the remaining books of the series.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=63}} During ''Goldfinger'', Bond was issued an [[Aston Martin DB Mark III]] with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=63}}

The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the [[Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage]],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=183}} during the 1980s, the [[V12 Vanquish]]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=183}} and [[Aston Martin DBS V12|DBS]]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=182}} during the 2000s, as well as the [[Lotus Esprit]];{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=202}} the [[BMW Z3]],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} [[BMW 750iL]]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} and the [[BMW Z8]].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a [[Citroën 2CV]] to a [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] Bus, amongst others.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=175}}

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey [[Aston Martin DB5]], first seen in ''Goldfinger'';{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=180}} it later featured in ''Thunderball'', ''GoldenEye'', ''Tomorrow Never Dies'', ''Casino Royale'', ''[[Skyfall]]'' and ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]''.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|pp=180–181}}<ref name="Obs: french">{{cite news|last=French|first=Philip|title=Skyfall – review|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/28/skyfall-james-bond-review|date=28 October 2012|author-link=Philip French|location=London|page=32|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119010218/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/28/skyfall-james-bond-review|url-status=live}}</ref> The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2.1 million to an unnamed European collector.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond car sold for over £1m|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4633986.stm|access-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=21 January 2006|archive-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518142832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4633986.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, another DB5 used in ''Goldfinger'' was sold at auction for $4.6m million (£2.6 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/classiccars/8092441/James-Bond-Aston-Martin-DB5-sells-for-2.6m.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/classiccars/8092441/James-Bond-Aston-Martin-DB5-sells-for-2.6m.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=James Bond Aston Martin DB5 sells for 拢2.6m|author=Andrew English|date=28 October 2010|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Gadgets ===
[[File:Little Nellie.jpg|alt=Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.|thumb|right|The ''Little Nellie'' autogyro with its creator and pilot, [[Ken Wallis]]]]

Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped [[attaché case]] in ''From Russia, with Love'', although this situation changed dramatically with the films.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Tricia|title=James Bond's "Pussy" and Anglo-American Cold War Sexuality|journal=The Journal of American Culture|date=September 2005|volume=28|issue=3|pages=309–317|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.2005.00215.x|issn = 1542-7331 }}</ref> However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films ''Dr. No'' and ''From Russia with Love'' had an effect on the novel ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=234}}

For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=112}} ''Dr. No'' provided no spy-related gadgets, but a [[Geiger counter]] was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'', which he described as "a classic 007 product".<ref name="Davey">{{cite journal|last=Davey|first=Andy|title=Left to his own devices|format=abridged from print copy|journal=[[Design Week]]|date=3 October 2002|url=http://www.designweek.co.uk/news/left-to-his-own-devices/1103407.article|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film ''Goldfinger''. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=169}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!"
| source = —Q, to Bond, ''Licence to Kill''
| width = 20em|
| align = left
}}

Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the [[zeitgeist]] more closely than any other ... nuance in the films"<ref name="Davey" /> as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.<ref name="Davey" /> It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the [[Wallis WA-116 Agile|Little Nellie]] [[autogyro]],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|pp=200–201}} a [[Jet pack#Bell Textron Rocket Belt|jet pack]]{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=128}} and the exploding attaché case,{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=221}} the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,<ref name="Davey" /> including [[Francisco Scaramanga]] ([[Christopher Lee|Chistopher Lee]])'s golden gun,{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=77}} [[Rosa Klebb]] ([[Lotte Lenya]])'s poison-tipped shoes,{{sfn|Griswold|2006|p=41}} [[Oddjob]] ([[Harold Sakata]])'s steel-rimmed bowler hat{{sfn|Black|2005|p=117}} and Blofeld ([[Telly Savalas]])'s communication devices in his agents' vanity case.<ref name="Davey" />

== Cultural impact ==
{{See also|List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs}}
[[File:James Bond Island.JPG|thumb|James Bond Island ([[Khao Phing Kan]], Thailand)]]

Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of ''Dr. No'' in 1962,{{sfn|Smith|Lavington|2002|p=21}} with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise's popularity and success.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moniot|first=Drew|title=James Bond and America in the Sixties: An Investigation of the Formula Film in Popular Culture|journal=Journal of the University Film Association|date=Summer 1976|volume=28|issue=3|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|jstor=20687331|pages=25–33}}</ref> The first parody was the 1964 film ''[[Carry On Spying]]'', which shows the villain Dr. Crow ([[Judith Furse]]) being overcome by agents who included James Bind ([[Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1914)|Charles Hawtry]]) and Daphne Honeybutt ([[Barbara Windsor]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|title=Carry On Spying (1964)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/|work=BFI Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000556/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the [[Harry Palmer]] series, whose first film, [[The Ipcress File (film)|''The Ipcress File'']], starring [[Michael Caine]], was released in 1965. The eponymous hero is a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy, and was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond",{{sfn|Packer|2009|p=26}} or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond".{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=128}} The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer [[Ken Adam]], editor [[Peter R. Hunt]] and composer John Barry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ipcress File, The (1965)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/459866/credits.html|work=Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=10 November 2011|archive-date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804154450/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/459866/credits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The four [[Matt Helm]] films starring [[Dean Martin]] (released between 1966 and 1969),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allegretti|first=Joseph|title=James Bond and Matt Helm: The Moral Universe of Literature's Most Famous Spy and His Chief American Rival|journal=The Mid-Atlantic Almanack|url=http://www.mapaca.net/almanack/archive/2008/jamesNmatt.pdf |access-date=5 November 2011|publisher=Mid-Atlantic Popular/American Culture Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108042418/http://www.mapaca.net/almanack/archive/2008/jamesNmatt.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Flint series starring [[James Coburn]] (comprising two films, one each in [[Our Man Flint|1966]] and [[In Like Flint|1967]]),{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=210}} while ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]'' also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.{{sfn|Chapman|2009|pp=97–98}} More recently, the ''[[Austin Powers]]'' series by writer, producer and comedian [[Mike Myers]],{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=76}} and other parodies such as the ''[[Johnny English (film series)|Johnny English]]'' trilogy of films,<ref>{{cite news|last=Howell|first=Peter|title=Thunderbollocks|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=21 October 2011|page=E2}}</ref> have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.

[[File:Goldfinger - Aston Martin DB5 & Sean Connery.jpg|thumb|left|Model of Connery next to an Aston Martin DB5 at the [[London Film Museum]]]]

Following the release of the film ''Dr. No'' in 1962, the line "Bond ... James Bond", became a [[catch phrase]] that entered the [[lexicon]] of Western popular culture: writers [[John Cork]] and Bruce Scivally said of the introduction in ''Dr. No'' that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever".{{sfn|Cork|Scivally|2002|p=6}} In 2001, it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers,<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond tops motto poll|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1383350.stm|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 June 2001|archive-date=5 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1383350.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the [[American Film Institute]] as part of their [[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes|100 Years Series]].<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Years Series: "Movie Quotes" |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/quotes100.pdf?docID=242 |work=AFI 100 Years Series |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070844/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/quotes100.pdf?docID=242 |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> A 2024 survey by online [[Financial adviser|investment advisor]] and digital [[wealth management]] company [[MoneyFarm]] found that 70 per cent of Brits said they associated the word "bond" with James Bond, rather than the savings product of [[Savings bond|the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cityam.com/the-names-bond-savings-bond-but-most-brits-still-think-of-007/|title=The name's bond. Savings bond. But most Brits still think of 007|last=Gulliver-Needham|first=Elliot|date=28 August 2024|work=[[City A.M.]]|accessdate=25 November 2024|archive-date=1 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201185314/https://www.cityam.com/the-names-bond-savings-bond-but-most-brits-still-think-of-007/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2005 [[AFI 100 Years... series|American Film Institute's 100 Years series]] recognised the character of James Bond himself as the [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains|third greatest film hero]].<ref>{{cite web|title=100 years series: 100 heroes and villains |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 |work=AFI 100 Years Series |publisher=American Film Industry |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807135547/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref> He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Movie Characters: 11. James Bond|url=https://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=11|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011020449/http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=11|url-status=live}}</ref> and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by [[Premiere (magazine)|''Premiere'']].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time|url=http://www.filmsite.org/100characters4.html|magazine=[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413135948/http://www.filmsite.org/100characters4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine observed "James Bond has developed into the biggest mass-cult hero of the decade".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chapman |first1=James |title=Licence to Thrill A Cultural History of the James Bond Films |date=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=92}}</ref>

[[File:James Bond (Daniel Craig) figure at Madame Tussauds London (30318318754) b.jpg|thumb|upright|Waxwork of [[Daniel Craig]], the most recent 007, at [[Madame Tussauds]], London]]

The 25 James Bond films produced by Eon are the longest continually running film series of all time, and including the two non Eon produced films, the 27 Bond films have grossed over $7.04 billion in total, making it the [[List of highest-grossing franchises and film series|sixth-highest-grossing franchise]] to date. It is estimated that since ''Dr. No'', a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Klaus|title=Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)|journal=Geopolitics|year=2005|volume=10|issue=2|pages=266–289|doi=10.1080/14650040590946584|s2cid=144363319}}</ref> The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".<ref>{{cite news|title=British film classics: Dr No|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2787017.stm|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=21 February 2003|archive-date=16 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216162228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/2787017.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the [[NBC]] series ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grigg|first=Richard|title=Vanquishing Evil without the Help of God: The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and a World Come of Age|journal=Journal of Communication & Religion|date=November 2007|volume=30|issue=2|pages=308–339|doi=10.5840/jcr200730210 }}</ref> which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Worland|first=Rick|title=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. and TV espionage in the 1960s|journal=[[Journal of Popular Film & Television]]|date=Winter 1994|volume=21|issue=4|pages=150–162|doi=10.1080/01956051.1994.9943983}}</ref> largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character played by [[Robert Vaughn]] the name [[Napoleon Solo]].{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=209}} Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include ''[[I Spy (1965 TV series)|I Spy]]'',{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=210}} and ''[[Get Smart]]''.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=211}}

Considered a British cultural icon, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] as Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s escort.<ref name="brown20120727">{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Nic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666|title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Action & Mystery exhibition inspired by GREAT British icons|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/action-mystery-exhibition-inspired-by-great-british-icons|agency=Gov.uk|date=1 November 2016|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103222307/https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/action-mystery-exhibition-inspired-by-great-british-icons|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1968 to 2003, and since 2016, the [[Cadbury]] chocolate box [[Milk Tray]] has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough James Bond–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Cadbury's Milk Tray Man returns, which other TV ad characters are ripe for a makeover? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2019 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Milk Tray man to swing back into action for new Cadbury campaign |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/09/milk-tray-man-cadbury-campaign |access-date=8 August 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Bond has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the [[Royal Mail]], most recently in their [[Great Britain commemorative stamps 2020–2029#2020|March 2020 series]] to mark the 25th Bond film release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51533469|title=Royal Mail: James Bond stamps released for new movie|website=[[BBC]]|date=18 February 2020|accessdate=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102726/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51533469|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the life of the film series, a number of [[Merchandising|tie-in products]] have been released.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=273}} "Bondmania", a term deriving from the adjacent "[[Beatlemania]]" and initiated in 1964 following the enormous success of ''Goldfinger'', described the clamour for Bond films and their related products, from soundtrack LPs to children's toys, board games, alarm clocks playing the Bond theme, and 007-branded shirts.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=127}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Glynn |title=The British Pop Music Film The Beatles and Beyond |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=100}}</ref> In 2018, a James Bond museum opened atop the [[Central Eastern Alps|Austrian Alps]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.com/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|title=James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps|work=TODAY.com|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718051746/https://www.today.com/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[futuristic]] museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in [[Sölden]] at 10,000 ft (3,048 m) above sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/new-james-bond-museum-007-elements-to-open-in-austrian-alps/|title='Die Another Day', As This New James Bond Museum On The Austrian Alps Is Too Good To Be Missed|last=TravelTriangle|date=15 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144756/https://traveltriangle.com/blog/new-james-bond-museum-007-elements-to-open-in-austrian-alps/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|title=James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps|work=NBC News|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805043145/https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|url-status=live}}</ref>

The real MI6 has an ambiguous relationship with Bond. The films may attract job applicants who may be unsuited for espionage, while dissuading more-qualified candidates.{{r|warren20211220}} While serving as Chief of SIS, [[Alex Younger]] said that were Bond to apply for an MI6 job "he would have to change his ways". Younger said, however, that the franchise had "created a powerful brand for MI6 ... Many of our counterparts envy the sheer global recognition of our acronym",<ref name="macaskill20161208">{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=8 December 2016 |title=James Bond would not get job with real MI6, says spy chief |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/08/james-bond-would-not-get-job-with-real-mi6-says-spy-chief |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> and that being depicted to global audiences as a "ubiquitous intelligence presence" was "quite a force multiplier". The Russian [[Federal Security Service]] so envied Bond that it created an annual award for fictional depictions of Russian spies.<ref name="warren20211220">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Helen |date=20 December 2021 |title=The spies who struggle to love James Bond |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/18ded85b-557e-4380-8d5f-4d50fa3f5881 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215202408/https://www.ft.com/content/18ded85b-557e-4380-8d5f-4d50fa3f5881 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public reception ==
{{main|James Bond fandom}}

The James Bond franchise enjoys widespread popularity across the world. In 2014, it was estimated that approximately 20% of the world's population has watched at least one Bond film.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lewis|first=Noah Jacoby|magazine=Liberated Arts: A Journal for Undergraduate Research|publisher=Western University|title=Shaken Not Stirred: The Cold War Politics of James Bond, From Novel to Film|volume=4|issue=1|page=7|date=2018}}</ref>

In 2012, the polling organisation [[YouGov]] conducted a survey of American Bond fans, categorising responses by age, sex and political affiliation. All groups selected Sean Connery as their favourite Bond actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=He Last Played James Bond In 1983, But Americans Say Sean Connery Is Still The Best|url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2012/11/15/he-last-played-james-bond-1983-americans-say-sean-|work=YouGov|date=15 November 2012|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004932/https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2012/11/15/he-last-played-james-bond-1983-americans-say-sean-|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2018 poll found that 47% of American adults had seen at least one Bond film, with 27% having seen every film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share of adults who have ever watched the James Bond movie franchise in the United States as of November 2018|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/946911/james-bond-movie-franchise-viewers/|work=Statisa|date=5 January 2023|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004931/https://www.statista.com/statistics/946911/james-bond-movie-franchise-viewers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Queen Elizabeth II met the first six actors to play James Bond on the screen. She met Connery at the world premiere of ''You Only Live Twice'' in 1967, and, according to the royal biographer [[Gyles Brandreth]]: "She really did love all the early James Bond films", preferring the earlier films, "before they got so loud".<ref>{{cite news |author=MI6 Staff |title=For Queen & Country |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/movies-queen-elizabeth-ii-ties-to-james-bond?id=05113 |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=14 March 2023 |agency=MI6 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222217/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/movies-queen-elizabeth-ii-ties-to-james-bond?id=05113 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several prominent politicians have also been fans of the franchise, including [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Kim Jong Il]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=JFK and Reagan Were Both Bond Fans|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/presidential-bond/|work=[[Time Magazine]]|date=25 September 2015|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004932/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/presidential-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Blitzer|first=Wolf|title=North Korean leader loves Hennessey, Bond movies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/08/wbr.kim.jong.il/|work=[[CNN]]|date=8 January 2003|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004931/https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/08/wbr.kim.jong.il/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Criticisms ===
The James Bond character and related media have received a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and are still highly debated in [[popular culture studies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x9-1QY5boUsC&q=james%2520bond%2520criticism&pg=PA6|publisher = Manchester University Press|year= 2003|isbn = 978-0-7190-6541-5|first = Christoph|last = Lindner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Ian Fleming & James Bond: The Cultural Politics of 007|url={{Google books|MzWajYxgfOkC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher = Indiana University Press|year= 2005|isbn = 978-0-253-34523-3|first1 = Edward P.|last1 = Comentale|first2 = Stephen|last2 = Watt|first3 = Skip|last3 = Willman}}</ref> Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of [[misogyny]] and [[sexism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why I'm Still Shaken and Stirred by James Bond |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/why-im-still-shaken-and-stirred-by-james-bond |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=Vogue |quote=I understand the criticisms levied at the franchise. Bond is a caveman with an Omega, a misogynist with gadgets, a brute in a tux. |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113200414/https://www.vogue.com/article/why-im-still-shaken-and-stirred-by-james-bond |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shaking and Stirring James Bond: Age, Gender, and Resilience in Skyfall (2012)|journal = Journal of Popular Film and Television|date = 3 July 2014|issn = 0195-6051|pages = 116–130|volume = 42|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/01956051.2013.858026|first = Klaus|last = Dodds|s2cid = 145499529}}</ref> In September 2021, ''[[No Time to Die]]'' director [[Cary Joji Fukunaga|Cary Fukunaga]] described Sean Connery's version of Bond as 'basically a rapist'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2021|title=James Bond was 'basically' a rapist in early films, says No Time to Die director|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/sep/23/james-bond-no-time-to-die-cary-fukunaga-thunderball|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The franchise has on occasion also been a target of religious criticism. In 1962, [[Vatican City]]'s official newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' condemned the film ''Dr. No'', referring to it as "a dangerous mixture of violence, vulgarity, sadism and sex".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/109137216/ |title=Shame, James |date=18 May 1965 |work=The Courier-Journal |location=Louisville |page=16 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233639/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/109137216/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref> However, in 2012, the newspaper went on to give positive reviews to the film ''Skyfall''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9645296/Vatican-lauds-human-James-Bond-licence-to-cry.html|title=Vatican lauds 'human' James Bond, 'licence to cry'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 October 2012|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227195837/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9645296/Vatican-lauds-human-James-Bond-licence-to-cry.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the [[Cold War]], with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)|journal = Geopolitics|date = 1 July 2005|issn = 1465-0045|pages = 266–289|volume = 10|issue = 2|doi = 10.1080/14650040590946584|first = Klaus|last = Dodds|s2cid = 144363319}}</ref> Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect [[Nostalgia|imperial nostalgia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Müller|first=Timo|chapter=The Bonds of Empire: (Post-)Imperial Negotiations in the 007 Film Series |editor1-first=Barbara |editor1-last=Buchenau |editor2-first=Virginia |editor2-last=Richter |title=Post-Empire Imaginaries? Anglophone Literature, History, and the Demise of Empires|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|year=2015|pages=305–326|doi=10.1163/9789004302280_014|isbn=978-9004302280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Skyfall, James Bond's Resurrection, and 21st-Century Anglo-American Imperial Nostalgia|journal = Communication Quarterly|date = 20 October 2014|issn = 0146-3373|pages = 569–588|volume = 62|issue = 5|doi = 10.1080/01463373.2014.949389|first = Marouf Jr.|last = Hasian|s2cid = 143363641}}</ref>

==Censorship and alterations==
===Bans and censorship by country===
Several James Bond novels, films, and video games have been banned, censored, or altered in several countries.

{|width=75% class="wikitable sortable""
! Release year
! Title
! Country
! Notes
|-
!colspan="4"| Novels
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]''
| [[Republic of Ireland]]
| Banned in 1954.<ref>{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Craig|title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=25 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1957
| ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]''
| [[Francoist Spain]]
| Under Francoist Spain, the final pages of ''Dr. No'' were cut entirely, due to sexual references. The censored editions are still sometimes reproduced in Spain today, often unknowingly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain fails to turn page on Franco's legacy of censorship|url=https://www.ft.com/content/dbb4f3d6-80e6-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=23 September 2016|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000719/https://www.ft.com/content/dbb4f3d6-80e6-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Various
| All titles
| [[Soviet Union]]
| All Bond novels were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union. Russian newspaper the ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' condemned the series, describing it as being set in a "nightmarish world where laws are written at the point of a gun, where coercion and rape is considered valour and murder is a funny trick".<ref name="Soviet">{{cite news|last=Connik|first=Michael|url=https://literary007.com/2017/09/14/james-bond-vs-the-ussr/|title=James Bond vs. the USSR|date=14 September 2007|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192659/https://literary007.com/2017/09/14/james-bond-vs-the-ussr/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" | Films
|-
| Various
| All titles
| [[Soviet Union]]
| All Bond films were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Soviet"/>
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''
| [[Israel]]
| In December 1965, shortly after its release in the country, Israel banned the film ''Goldfinger'', after discovering actor [[Gert Fröbe|Gert Fröbe's]] past association with the [[Nazi Party]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Feron|first=James|title=Israel Bans 'Goldfinger' Movie Because of Frobe's Nazi Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/15/archives/israel-bans-goldfinger-movie-because-of-frobes-nazi-past.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=15 December 1995|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192243/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/15/archives/israel-bans-goldfinger-movie-because-of-frobes-nazi-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was lifted two months later, in February 1966, after the [[Censorship in Israel|Israel Film Censorship Board]] found evidence that Fröbe had quit the Nazi Party in 1937. Additionally, the film's producers were believed to have made appeals to Israel to lift the ban, and because Israeli public demand to see the popular film was high, the reversal on the ban was made.<ref>{{cite news|title='Goldfinger' Allowed To Play in Israel; Ban on Actor Lifted|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/13/archives/goldfinger-allowed-to-play-in-israel-ban-on-actor-lifted.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=13 February 1966|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192244/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/13/archives/goldfinger-allowed-to-play-in-israel-ban-on-actor-lifted.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Skyfall]]''
| [[China|People's Republic of China]]
| In 2007, China gave permission for the 2006 film ''Casino Royale'' to play uncensored in the nation. It was the first Bond film to gain a release unaltered in the country,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=James Bond ban lifted in China|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/james-bond-ban-lifted-in-china/|magazine=Games Radar|date=22 January 2007|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194025/https://www.gamesradar.com/james-bond-ban-lifted-in-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by ''Quantum of Solace''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese censors give 007 a 'Quantum of Solace' and no cuts though|url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=6930|work=MI6-HQ|date=28 October 2008|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194026/https://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=6930|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, ''Skyfall'' was released in an edited version, after cutting a torture scene, altering subtitles, and removing references to prostitution in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Censored Bond film Skyfall opens in China|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-21115987|work=[[BBC]]|date=21 January 2013|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626175834/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-21115987|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]''
| [[India]]
| In 2015, ''Spectre'' was released censored in India, after the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] ordered kissing scenes in the film be trimmed by 50%.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Li|first=Shirley|title=India censors James Bond's kisses in 'Spectre'|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/11/19/spectre-kisses-censored-india/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=19 November 2015|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227232238/https://ew.com/article/2015/11/19/spectre-kisses-censored-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" | Video games
|-
| 1997
| ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|GoldenEye 007]]''
| [[Germany]]
| In 1997, Germany banned the video game ''GoldenEye 007'', with the German Federal Review Board placing it on their ''List of Media Harmful to Minors''. The ban was lifted in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bankhurst|first=Adam|title=Goldeneye 007 German Ban Removal Raises Some Interesting Questions About Its Future On Switch Online|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/goldeneye-007-german-ban-removal-raises-some-interesting-questions-about-its-future-on-switch-online|work=[[IGN]]|date=30 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227193114/https://www.ign.com/articles/goldeneye-007-german-ban-removal-raises-some-interesting-questions-about-its-future-on-switch-online|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===2023 changes===
In February 2023, Ian Fleming Publications (which administers all Fleming's literary works), edited the Bond series as part of a sensitivity review. The April 2023 re-releases of the series are planned to tie into the 70th anniversary of ''Casino Royale''. The new editions remove a number of references to race, including some slurs, along with some disparagements of women and homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simpson |first1=Craig |date=25 February 2023 |title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They include a disclaimer added at the beginning of each book, reading:

<blockquote>This book was written at a time when terms and attitudes which might be considered offensive by modern readers were commonplace. A number of updates have been made in this edition, while keeping as close as possible to the original text and the period in which it is set.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haring |first1=Bruce |title=James Bond Books Edited To Avoid Offense To Modern Audiences – Report |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228050958/https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

The decision was met with strong criticism by media outlets and public commentators, who condemned the changes as [[book censorship|literary censorship]].{{refn|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerridge|first=Jake|title='Sensitivity' be damned – James Bond is a killer|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/james-bond-cold-blooded-killer-should-never-written-sensitivity/|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/james-bond-cold-blooded-killer-should-never-written-sensitivity/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lowry|first=Rich|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/dont-rewrite-books/|title=Don't Rewrite Books|work=[[National Review]]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012405/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/dont-rewrite-books/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Crow|first=David|title=Rewriting Ian Fleming's James Bond Books: What Is Even the Point?|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/rewriting-ian-fleming-james-bond-books-what-is-the-point/|work=[[Den of Geek]]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231554/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/rewriting-ian-fleming-james-bond-books-what-is-the-point/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chilton|first=Louis|title=Censoring Roald Dahl and Ian Fleming has nothing to do with 'sensitivity'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/james-bond-censored-offensive-roald-dahl-b2290856.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012401/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/james-bond-censored-offensive-roald-dahl-b2290856.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ladan|first=Luke|title=I've read all the James Bond books and write for a living. Censoring them is just plain wrong|url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/read-james-bond-books-write-living-censoring-wrong|work=[[Fox News]]|date=2 March 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231553/https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/read-james-bond-books-write-living-censoring-wrong|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ''[[The View (talk show)|The View]]'' host [[Whoopi Goldberg]] expressed her opposition, arguing that offensive historical literature should be left unaltered;<ref>{{cite news|last=Nungesser|first=Samantha|title=Whoopi Goldberg Says She's Against Editing Offensive Books on 'The View': "Kids Should Have the Right to Read How People Thought"|url=https://decider.com/2023/02/27/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-sunny-hostin-clash-censorship/|work=[[New York Post#Decider|Decider]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225524/https://decider.com/2023/02/27/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-sunny-hostin-clash-censorship/|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''[[National Review]]'' contributors [[Charles C. W. Cooke]] and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]] attacked the changes as excessive [[political correctness]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooke|first=Charles C. W.|title=Why Not Censor Shakespeare Next?|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/why-not-censor-shakespeare-next/|work=[[National Review]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227230528/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/why-not-censor-shakespeare-next/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murray|first=Douglas|title=Sensitivity Readers Are Distorting the Pages of the Past|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/05/01/sensitivity-readers-are-distorting-the-pages-of-the-past/|work=[[National Review]]|date=13 April 2023|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419032424/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/05/01/sensitivity-readers-are-distorting-the-pages-of-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fleming's biographer [[Andrew Lycett]] also opposed the changes, writing that "what an author commits to paper is sacrosanct and shouldn't be altered ...The only changes to the text should come from the author."<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Andrew Lycett|Lycett, Andrew]]|title=I'm Ian Fleming's biographer – there's no way James Bond can be made 'PC'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/james-bond-ian-fleming-books-edited-b2290563.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012405/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/james-bond-ian-fleming-books-edited-b2290563.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Main|Outline of James Bond}}

* [[9007 James Bond]], asteroid named after the character
* [[Spy music]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bennett|first1=Tony|last2=Woollacott|first2=Janet|contribution=The Moments of Bond|editor-last=Lindner|editor-first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader|year=2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benson|first=Raymond|author-link=Raymond Benson|title=[[The James Bond Bedside Companion]]|year=1988|publisher=Boxtree Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-85283-233-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Black|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen|url={{Google books|g4-sFrU8Xw0C|page=PA101|keywords=|text=Clarence Leiter|plainurl=yes}}|year=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chancellor|first= Henry|title=James Bond: The Man and His World|year=2005|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-6815-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chapman|first=James|title=Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=New York|isbn=978-1-84511-515-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Conroy|first=Mike|title=500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes|url={{Google books|t7XB6pkvISAC|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2004|publisher=Chrysalis Books Group|location=London|isbn=978-1-84411-004-9}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cork |first1=John |author1-link=John Cork |last2=Scivally |first2=Bruce |year=2002 |title=James Bond: The Legacy |publisher=Boxtree |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-6498-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbondlegacy0000cork }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cork |first1= John|last2= Stutz |first2=Collin |title=James Bond Encyclopedia|year=2007 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |isbn=978-1-4053-3427-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Feeney Callan|first=Michael|title=Sean Connery|year=2002|publisher=Virgin Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85227-992-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/seanconnery0000call}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fleming|first1=Ian|author-link1=Ian Fleming|last2=Gammidge|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Gammidge|last3= McLusky|first3=John|author-link3=John McLusky|title=Octopussy|year=1988|publisher=Titan Books|location=London|isbn=1-85286-040-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Griswold|first=John|title=Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming%27s%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming%27s%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4259-3100-1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323205738/https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming%27s%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming%27s%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last= Jütting |first= Kerstin |title= "Grow Up, 007!" – James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation |url= {{Google books|MzuVat9N7bQC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= GRIN Verlag |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-3-638-85372-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last1= King|first1= Geoff|last2= Krzywinska|first2= Tanya|title= Screenplay: cinema/videogames/interfaces|url= {{Google books|qruZ2UOp_WAC|page=PR1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher= Wallflower Press|year= 2002|isbn= 978-1-903364-23-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lindner|first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader|url={{Google books|x9-1QY5boUsC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last= Lycett|first= Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lycett|title= Ian Fleming|year=1996|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn= 978-1-85799-783-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macintyre|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Macintyre|title=For Your Eyes Only|year=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Packer|first=Jeremy|title=Secret agents: popular icons beyond James Bond|url={{Google books|5BxRm5cnUU8C|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8204-8669-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pearson|first=John|author-link=John Pearson (author)|title=James Bond: The Authorized Biography|url={{Google books|WdBHOXLA6hYC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=978-0-09-950292-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1= Pfeiffer |first1= Lee |last2= Worrall |first2=Dave |title=The Essential Bond |year=1998 |publisher=Boxtree Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-2477-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last= Simpson |first= Paul |title= The Rough Guide to James Bond |url= {{Google books|BikCz7XZijEC|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= Rough Guides |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-1-84353-142-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jim |last2=Lavington |first2=Stephen |title=Bond Films |year=2002 |publisher=Virgin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-0709-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit }}
* {{Cite book |last1= Thompson |first1= Maggie |last2= Frankenhoff |first2= Brent |last3= Bickford |first3= Peter |title= Comic Book Price Guide 2010 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=thFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2 |year= 2010 |publisher= Krause Publications |isbn= 978-1-4402-1399-1 |access-date= 26 February 2023 |archive-date= 24 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230424004414/https://books.google.com/books?id=thFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2 |url-status= live }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|James Bond}}
{{Wikivoyage|James Bond tourism}}
* [http://www.ianfleming.com/ Ian Fleming publications website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819171646/http://www.ianfleming.com/ |date=19 August 2020 }}
* [http://www.youngbond.com/ Young Bond official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731070232/http://www.youngbond.com/ |date=31 July 2008 }}
* [http://www.007stage.com/ Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160508/http://www.007stage.com/ |date=30 September 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170223154113/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000007/ James Bond] on [[IMDb]]

{{James Bond}}
{{James Bond books}}
{{James Bond films}}
{{James Bond characters}}
{{James Bond music}}
{{James Bond video games}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:James Bond| ]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1953]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Culture of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Media franchises]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:British novels adapted for radio]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Gakhars

2026-09-20T15:38:42Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Muslim Punjabi clan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2011}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Gakhars
| caste_name_in_local =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| varna =
| jati =
| gotra =
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Pothwari]]
| country = {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| region = [[Punjab]]
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis|Punjabi]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related =
}}

The '''Gakhar''' ({{langx|pa|{{nq|گکھڑ}}|translit=Gakkhaṛ}}) is a historical [[List of Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribe]], originating in the [[Pothohar Plateau]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. They predominantly adhere to [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHxsWspxGIIC&pg=PA106 |page=106 |title=Islamic Desk Reference |editor-first=E. J. |editor-last=Van Donzel |publisher=BRILL |year=1994 |isbn=978-9-00409-738-4}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |page=3|quote=The story of most of the Gakhars is that they conquered Kashmir and ruled in that region for many generations but were eventually driven back to Kabul whence they entered the Punjab. They professed the Hindu faith and were converted to Islam, probably after the Ghori rule.}}</ref><ref name="Singha">{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Atara |title=Socio-cultural Impact of Islam on India |date=1976 |publisher=Panjab University |page=46 |quote=After this period, we do not hear of any Hindu Gakhars or Khokhars, for during the next two or three centuries they had all come to accept Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA45|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-8-12411-066-9|edition=Revised, 2nd|volume=2|page=45}}</ref>

==History==
In the Muslim historiography, the Gakhars have been frequently confused with the [[Khokhar]]s, who inhabited the same region, and it has been challenging to separate the events of both tribes. Gakhars formed an important part of the army of [[Hindu Shahis|Shāhis]] of [[Gandhāra]]. Around 30,000 Gakhars fought against [[Mahmud Ghaznavi|Maḥmūd of Ghazna]] in 1008 CE near [[Peshawar]] but were defeated.{{sfn|Ansari|2012}} By the time of Sultan [[Muhammad Ghori|Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad Ghūrī]] Gakhars had converted to Islam.{{sfn|Ansari|2012}}

In the following centuries, Gakhars engaged in a long-running struggle for sovereignty over the [[Salt Range]] with the neighbouring tribes:<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Pakistan Historical Society|Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society]], Volume 54, Issues 1–2|date=2006|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|The history of this region (the Salt Range) from the thirteenth century onward had been a sickening record of wars between various dominant landowning and ruling clans of Punjabi Muslims including the [[Janjua]]s, Gakhars, Thathals and [[Bhatti]]s for political ascendancy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRg5NSW1BisC&pg=PA142 |page=142 |title=Advanced History of Medieval India |first=S. R. |last=Bakshi |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1995 |isbn=978-8-17488-028-4 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}

For a period, Gakhars were superseded by the Khokhars who under their chieftain [[Jasrat]] gained control of most of upper Punjab in the 15th century. However, by the time of Mughal emperor [[Babur|Bābur]]'s invasion of subcontinent, Gakhars had regained power. Under their chief Hātī Khān, Gakhars attacked Babūr in 1525 when he marched against the Delhi Sultanate. Babūr seized Gakhar fortress of [[Pharwala Fort|Phaŕwāla]] and Hātī Khān fled, but when Hātī Khān offered his submission to Babūr and provided supplies for the Mughal army, he compensated Hātī Khān well and conferred on him the title of Sultan.{{sfn|Ansari|2012}}
[[File:Kamal Khan Ghakkar defeats Sultan Adam Ghakkar.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Kamāl Khān defeats Ādam Khān]]
During the reign of [[Humayun|Humāyūn]], [[Sultan Sarang Khan|Sulṭān Sārang Khān]] gained much prominence. He refused to acknowledge [[Sher Shah Suri|Shēr Shāh Sūr]] as new emperor when the latter defeated Humāyūn, as a result Shēr Shāh led an expedition against Sārang Khān who was defeated and executed. His tomb is in [[Rawat Fort|Rawāt]].{{sfn|Ansari|2012}}

Sārang Khān's brother, Ādam Khān succeeded him. In 1552, Humāyūn's rebel brother prince [[Kamran Mirza|Kamrān]] sought shelter with Ādam Khān but he was betrayed and given up to Humāyūn, who rewarded Ādam Khān with the insignia of nobility for the treachery.{{sfn|Ansari|2012}}

In 1555, Ādam Khān was defeated and killed by his nephew Kamāl Khān, a son of Sārang Khān, possibly on the instigation by emperor [[Akbar]] to strengthen his hold over the Gakhars. Further a daughter of Kamāl Khān's brother, Sayd Khān was married to prince [[Jahangir|Salim]].{{sfn|Ansari|2012}}

[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|right|Topographical map of Punjab]]

In 1738 Nader Shah [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invaded India]], during this invasion the city of [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] was sacked and after Shah returned to Persia, the city was then taken over by Gakhar chief Mukarrab Khan.<ref>[https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume20/12-Reeta%20Sharma%2020.pdf Urban Patterns in the Punjab Region
since Protohistoric Times]</ref>

==Kayani==
'''Kayani''' ({{Langx|fa|کیانی}}), also spelled '''Kiyani''' or '''Kiani''', is a title used by Gakhars, a northwestern [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] tribe based in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] region of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] originally from [[Iran]]. Ethnic present day Persians who have settled in Pakistan. Tied to the legendary [[Kayanian dynasty]]. The name means 'royal' or 'kingly',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiyani Name Meaning - Kiyani Meaning & Definition|url=https://hamariweb.com/names/muslim/arabic/boy/kiyani-meaning_49290|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Hamariweb.com|language=en-us}}</ref> similar to the name ''[[Raja]]'' or ''Prince''.

==See also==
* [[Sarang Gakhar]], Chief of Gakhars
* [[List of Punjabi tribes]]
* [[Gakhar Mandi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{EI2|last= Ansari|first=A.S. Bazmee |authorlink=|year=2012|title=Gakkhaŕ|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2415|ISSN=1573-3912}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|author=Khan, Chaudhary Muhammad Afzal (1357 [[Hijri year|H]])|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/rajpoot-gotain-mohammad-afzal-khan-ebooks|via=Rekhta.org|title=Rajpūt Gotaīñ|language=Ur|date=}}

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Hanoi

2026-09-20T15:38:32Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Capital municipality of Vietnam}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hanoi
| official_name = Hanoi Municipality<br />{{nobold|{{lang|vi|Thành phố Hà Nội}}}}<hr/>Hanoi Capital<br />{{nobold|{{lang|vi|Thủ đô Hà Nội}}}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Capital city|Capital]] [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipality (special)]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1/2/2/2

| image1 = Hanoi skyline with Ba Vi Mountain.jpg
| caption1 = Hanoi skyline with [[Ba Vì mountain range]]
| image2 = Hoan Kiem Lake1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Turtle Tower]]
| image3 = Hanoi Temple of Literature.jpg
| caption3 = [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]]
| image6 = Hanoi_Opera_House,_24_December_2016.jpg
| caption6 = [[Hanoi Opera House]]
| image7 = Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg
| caption7 = [[Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long|Imperial Citadel]]
| image8 = P20230910AS-1839.jpg
| caption8 = [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]]
| image9 = Hanoi sjc b.jpg
| caption9 = [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]
| image10 = Hanoi Skyline - NKS.jpg
| caption10 = Hanoi skyline with [[Nhật Tân Bridge]]
}} 
| motto =
| nicknames = City of soaring dragon<br />(''Thành phố rồng bay'')<ref name="tuoitre.vn/">[https://tuoitre.vn/thang-long---ha-noi---thanh-pho-rong-bay-404906.htm Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605052739/https://tuoitre.vn/thang-long---ha-noi---thanh-pho-rong-bay-404906.htm |date=5 June 2022 }}, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10.</ref><br />Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation<br />(''Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình|url=https://anninhthudo.vn/tu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd|date=20 July 2019|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194348/https://anninhthudo.vn/tu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-point = none
| image_flag = 
| image_seal = Emblem of Hanoi.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_map1 = Ha Noi in Viet Nam.svg
| mapsize1 = 150px
| pushpin_map = Vietnam#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Vietnam##Location in Asia
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.00|N|105.85|E|type:city(8,600,000)_region:VN-HN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Vietnam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of Vietnam|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Red River Delta]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| governing_body = Hanoi People's Council
| parts_type = [[List of districts of Vietnam|Subdivisions]] ([[List of administrative divisions of Hanoi|list]])
| parts = {{unbulleted list|51 [[Ward (Vietnam)|wards]]|75 [[Commune (Vietnam)|communes]]}}
| leader_title1 = Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Party Committee]]
| leader_name1 = Nguyễn Duy Ngọc
| total_type = Total
| leader_title2 = Chairwoman of People's Council
| leader_name2 = Phùng Thị Hồng Hà
| leader_title3 = Chairman of People's Committee
| leader_name3 = [[Vũ Đại Thắng]]
| leader_title4 = Chairman of [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front|Fatherland Front]]
| leader_name4 = Bùi Huyền Mai
| area_footnotes = <ref name="area_2022">{{Cite act|date=18 October 2023|type=Decision|index=3048/QĐ-BTNMT|legislature=[[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)]]|title=Biểu số 4.2: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng năm 2022|trans-title=Table 4.2: Current land use status in the Red River Delta in 2022|language=vi|url=https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/b4.2_Signed.pdf}} – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 3,359.84
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Phạm |first=Đình Tuyển |date=2019 |title=Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội |url=https://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/chuyen-muc/khu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html |journal=Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine) |issue=9 |publisher=Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects) |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050557/https://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/chuyen-muc/khu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_urban_km2 = 319.56
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nguyễn |first=Tố Lăng |date=2021-01-28 |title=Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1) |work=Tạp chí Cộng sản |url=https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/media-story/-/asset_publisher/V8hhp4dK31Gf/content/nhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1 |issn=2734-9071 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050157/https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/media-story/-/asset_publisher/V8hhp4dK31Gf/content/nhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Trần">{{Cite news |last=Trần |first=Hoàng |date=2022-03-01 |title=Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố' |work=Tiền Phong |url=https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050447/https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 24,314.7
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_max_m = 1296
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Quang Thái |date=2008-09-20 |title=Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô |work=An ninh Thủ đô |url=https://www.anninhthudo.vn/song-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730070004/https://www.anninhthudo.vn/song-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="p105">{{cite book | author = [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] | year = 2023 | url = https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf | title = Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 | trans-title= Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022 | publisher = Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) | access-date = 2024-04-03 | archive-date = 2024-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf|url-status=live| page=105 }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_total = 8,807,523
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Vietnam|2nd]]
| population_demonym = Hanoian
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2023 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf |title=Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022 |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |access-date=2024-04-03 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf |url-status=live |page=115}}</ref>
| population_urban = 4,238,500
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2023 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf |title=Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022 |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |access-date=2024-04-03 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf|url-status=live| page=117}}</ref>
| population_rural = 4,348,600
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Trần" />
| population_metro = 19,795,805
| demographics_type1 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2019">{{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2020 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |title=Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 |trans-title=Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |isbn=978-604-75-1532-5 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045640/https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2020/11/ket-qua-toan-bo-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]{{Efn|Also called Kinh people}}
| demographics1_info1 = 98.66%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Muong people|Mường]]
| demographics1_info2 = 0.77%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Tày people|Tày]]
| demographics1_info3 = 0.24%
| demographics1_title4 = [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]]
| demographics1_info4 = 0.09%
| demographics1_title5 = [[Nùng people|Nùng]]
| demographics1_info5 = 0.08%
| demographics1_title6 = Others
| demographics1_info6 = 0.16%
| demographics_type2 = [[GDP]] {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2025)}}<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_vnm.pdf|publisher=Tellusant Public Service Series|title=TelluBase—Viet Nam Fact Sheet| access-date = 31 July 2024}}</ref>
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[US$]]58.6 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = US$6,823
| blank1_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank1_info = {{increase}} 0.845<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/px-web/?pxid=E1438&theme=Health%2C%20Culture%2C%20Sport%20and%20Living%20standard |access-date=September 28, 2025 |website=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]]}}</ref><br />([[List of administrative divisions of Vietnam by Human Development Index|1st]])
| timezone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]]
| utc_offset = +07:00
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Vietnam|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 10xxx–14xxx
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|Area codes]]
| area_code = 24
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:VN|VN-HN]]
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Vietnam|License plate]]
| registration_plate = 29–33, 40
| established_title = Capital establishment
| established_date = 1010
| established_title1 = French occupation
| established_date1 = [[Battle of Hanoi (1873)|20 November 1873]]
| established_title2 = Colonial liberation
| established_date2 = [[1954 in Vietnam#October|10 October 1954]]
| module =
| website = {{URL|www.hanoi.gov.vn|hanoi.gov.vn}}
}}

'''Hanoi''' ({{IPAc-en|h|æ|ˈ|n|ɔɪ}} {{respell|han|OY}}; {{langx|vi|Hà Nội}}, {{IPA|vi|haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ|pron}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and second-most populous municipality of [[Vietnam]]. It encompasses an area of {{Convert|3,358.6|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Nien-giam-Tom-Tat-2020Ban-quyen.pdf |title=Statistical Summary Book of Vietnam |language=vi,en |publisher=Statistical Publishing House |year=2020 |editor1=Đỗ Văn Chiến |editor2=Nguyễn Thúy Quỳnh |others=Presentation by Anh Tú; Dũng Thắng |page=59 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523.<ref name="p105"/> Hanoi had the second-highest [[gross regional domestic product]] of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$48 billion in 2023,<ref>{{cite book |author=Statistics Office of Hanoi |year=2023 |url=https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf |title=Niên giám Thống kê thành phố Hà Nội năm 2022 |trans-title= Statistical Yearbook of Hanoi 2022 |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429074643/https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf |url-status=live |page=162}}</ref> behind [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Đóng góp của các tỉnh, thành phố về một số chỉ tiêu chủ yếu |url=http://kinhtetrunguong.vn/web/guest/thong-tin-dia-phuong/dong-gop-cua-cac-tinh-thanh-pho-ve-mot-so-chi-tieu-chu-yeu.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=kinhtetrunguong.vn |language=vi |last1=Trang |first1=Huyền}}</ref> It hosts [[List of diplomatic missions in Vietnam|78 foreign embassies]], the headquarters of the [[People's Army of Vietnam|Vietnam People's Army (VPA)]], its [[Vietnam National University, Hanoi|Vietnam National University system]], and other governmental organizations. Hanoi has 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thương |first=Báo Công |date=2022-12-31 |title=Năm 2022: Hà Nội đón 18,7 triệu lượt du khách {{!}} Báo Công Thương |url=https://congthuong.vn/nam-2022-ha-noi-don-187-trieu-luot-du-khach-233173.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Báo Công Thương điện tử, kinh tế, chính trị, xã hội |language=vi}}</ref> It hosts the [[Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long]], [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]], [[West Lake (Hanoi)|West Lake]], and [[Ba Vì National Park]] near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has [[architectural style]]s, including [[French colonial architecture]], [[Brutalist architecture|brutalist apartments]] and disorganized [[alley]]s and [[tube house]]s stemming from the city's growth in the [[20th century]].

In 1010, under the [[Lý dynasty]], king [[Lý Thái Tổ]] established the capital of the imperial nation [[Đại Việt]] in what later is central Hanoi, naming the city '''Thăng Long''' {{IPA|vi|tʰɐŋ loŋ|}}, 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, King [[Lê Lợi]] renamed the city to '''Đông Kinh''' {{IPA|vi|ɗoŋ kīŋ̟|}}, 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. The [[Nguyễn dynasty]] in 1802 moved the national capital to [[Huế]] and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. Hanoi served as the capital of [[French Indochina]] from 1902 to 1945 and French protectorate of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] from 1883 to 1949. After the [[August Revolution]] and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. From 1949 to 1954, Hanoi was part of the [[State of Vietnam]]. It was again part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, Hanoi became the capital of the unified [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]].

== Names ==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
| align = left
| image1 = ThăngLong昇竜.png
| caption1 = {{lang|vi|Thăng Long}} ({{lang|vi|昇竜}})
| image2 = KẻChợ仉𢄂.png
| caption2 = {{lang|vi|Kẻ Chợ}} ({{lang|vi|仉𢄂}})
| footer = Excerpts from ''{{lang|vi|Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca}}''
}}

Hanoi was known as Long Biên ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍編}}, {{Literal translation|dragons interweaving}}), then Tống Bình ({{lang|vi-Hani|宋平}}, {{Literal translation|[[Song dynasty|Song]] pacification}}) and Long Đỗ ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍肚}}, {{Literal translation|dragon belly}}). ''Long Biên'' later gave its name to the [[Long Biên Bridge]], built during [[French Indochina|French colonial]] times. Some older names of Hanoi feature ''long'' ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍}}, {{Translation|dragon}}), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lands named "dragon"|url=http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152322/http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|archive-date=23 April 2017|publisher=[[Tuổi Trẻ]]|access-date=23 April 2017|author=Con Giang|date=9 January 2012}}</ref>

In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ({{lang|vi-Hani|大羅}}, {{Literal translation|big net}}). This gave it the nickname La Thành ({{lang|vi-Hani|羅城}}, {{Literal translation|''La'' citadel}}). When [[Lý Thái Tổ]] established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long ({{lang|vi-Hani|昇龍}}).<ref>Anh Thư Hà, Hồng Đức Trần A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History 2000– Page 40 "Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thăng Long (City of the Soaring Dragon), now Hanoi. Lý Thái Tổ reorganized the administration"</ref><ref>Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past'' 2002– Page 213 "When Lý Thái Tổ relocated the capital in 1010."</ref>

Arab manuscripts between the [[9th century|9th]] and [[12th century]] referred to Hanoi as {{lang|ar-Latn|Luqin}} ({{lang|ar|لوكين}}), a term derived from ''[[Long Biên|Longbian]]'' ([[Middle Chinese]]: {{lang|ltc-Latn|Ljowng-pen}}), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Formichi |first1=Chiara |title=Islam and Asia: A History |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-10612-3 |page=27 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA27 |volume = 21 of New Approaches to Asian History}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=George F. |last2=Carswell |first2=John |editor1-last=Carswell |editor1-first=John |title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-00032-8 |page=72 |edition=illustrated, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDh2KKSlQg4C&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA72 |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book Princeton paperbacks: Ancient history}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasimin |first1=Amran |title=Religion and Social Change Among the Indigenous People of the Malay Peninsula |date=1991 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia |isbn=983-62-2265-0 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJzXAAAAMAAJ&q=luqin+colonies+muslims}}</ref>

==Environment==
Hanoi sometimes ranks among the "most polluted cities", with days each year when it is the most air-polluted city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-06 |title=Hôm nay Hà Nội lại là thành phố ô nhiễm không khí nhất thế giới: Chỉ số AQI lên tới 190, vượt xa cả Bắc Kinh lẫn Jakarta! |url=https://cafef.vn/hom-nay-ha-noi-lai-la-thanh-pho-o-nhiem-khong-khi-nhat-the-gioi-chi-so-aqi-len-toi-190-vuot-xa-ca-bac-kinh-lan-jakarta-20190906115245515.chn |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=cafef |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=TUOI TRE |date=2019-09-26 |title=Sáng nay, không khí Hà Nội ô nhiễm nhất thế giới |url=https://tuoitre.vn/sang-nay-khong-khi-ha-noi-o-nhiem-nhat-the-gioi-20190926112030454.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PHÓNG |first=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI |date=2019-03-06 |title=Hà Nội là một trong hai thành phố ô nhiễm bụi nặng nề nhất Đông Nam Á |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/ha-noi-la-mot-trong-hai-thanh-pho-o-nhiem-bui-nang-ne-nhat-dong-nam-a-post510794.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}}</ref> According to the 2018 Global Air Quality Report, Hanoi's fine dust concentration was four times higher than the [[World Health Organization|WHO]]'s recommended limit (40.8 μg/m<sup>3</sup> compared to the recommended 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-12 |title=Hà Nội ô nhiễm không khí thứ 2 ở Đông Nam Á |url=https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-o-nhiem-khong-khi-thu-2-o-dong-nam-a-post1096489.tpo |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Báo điện tử Tiền Phong |language=vi}}</ref> A report by Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment stated that Hanoi is the most air-polluted city in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Dân |date=2019-09-22 |title=Ảnh Hà Nội trong báo động đỏ về ô nhiễm không khí |url=https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/anh-ha-noi-trong-bao-dong-do-ve-o-nhiem-khong-khi-20190921005146059.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}}</ref> The rivers flowing through Hanoi (Nhuệ River, [[Tô Lịch River|Tô Lịch]] River, Kim Ngưu River, Lừ River, and Sét River) and some lakes are polluted, as 78% of Hanoi's wastewater is discharged directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. Each of these rivers receives tens of thousands of cubic meters of wastewater daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Những dòng sông 'chết' ở Hà Nội |url=https://vnexpress.net/nhung-dong-song-chet-o-ha-noi-3996497.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=vnexpress |language=vi |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Hanoi, [[Vietnam]]
|14.4|19.4|22.5
|15.8|20.4|24.6
|18.4|23.2|47.0
|21.9|27.7|91.8
|24.8|31.9|185.4
|26.4|33.4|253.3
|26.5|33.4|280.1
|26.1|32.6|309.4
|25.2|31.5|228.3
|22.8|29.2|140.7
|19.3|25.7|66.7
|15.8|22.0|20.2
|float=right
|clear=none
|source = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |title=Vietnam Building Code: Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction |publisher=ibst.vn |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25|archive-date=22 July 2018 }}</ref>
}}
When using the [[Köppen climate classification]], Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''[[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]])''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/vietnam/hanoi-822/ |title=Climate Hanoi: Temperature, Climate Graph, Climate Table for Hanoi |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2023-12-07}}</ref> with precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn=1027-5606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221133515/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |title=KHÁI QUÁT VỀ HÀ NỘI |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |language=vi |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with more rainfall, and fewer dry days.<ref name="vietnamUNEP">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/dtie/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113054646/http://www.roap.unep.org/pub/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2011 |title=Viet Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change (VARCC) |publisher=Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment |page=31 |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>{{rp|40}}<ref name="climate"/> Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rarer.<ref name="vietnamUNEP"/>{{rp|40}} From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.<ref name="climate"/> Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is characterized with some amounts of drizzle and less sunshine due to the activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.<ref name="climate" /><ref name="vietnamUNEP"/>{{rp|40}}

The region has a positive [[water balance]] (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the [[potential evapotranspiration]]).<ref>{{cite report |author1=Chuc, N |author2=Singh, Piara |author3=Komuravelly, Srinivas |author4=Akkinapally, Ramakrishna |author5=Chinh, N |author6=Thang, N |author7=Wani, Suhas |author8=Long, T|date=2006 |title=Yield Gap Analysis of Major Rainfed Crops of Northern Vietnam Using Simulation Modeling. Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report No. 26 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277220863 |publisher=[[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thi Phuong Quynh Le |author2=Christina Seidler |author3=Matthias Kändler |author4=Thi Bich Nga Tran |date=19 September 2011 |title=Proposed methods for potential evapotranspiration calculation of the Red River basin (North Vietnam) |journal=Hydrological Processes |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=2782–2790 |doi=10.1002/hyp.8315|s2cid=140693137 }}</ref> Hanoi averages {{convert|1612|mm|1|abbr=}} of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.<ref name="climate"/> The average annual temperature is {{convert|23.6|°C|0|abbr=on}}, with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|16.4|C|F}} and the hottest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|29.2|C|F}}. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|42.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.7|°C|0|abbr=on}} on 12 January 1955.<ref name="climate"/> During a [[January 2016 East Asia cold wave|January 2016 cold wave]], snow was seen to appear on the nearby [[Ba Vì mountain range]], where the temperature fell to {{Convert|0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 24 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=VnExpress |title=Tuyết rơi trên núi Ba Vì, Hà Nội |url=https://vnexpress.net/tuyet-roi-tren-nui-ba-vi-ha-noi-3347444.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429071742/https://vnexpress.net/tuyet-roi-tren-nui-ba-vi-ha-noi-3347444.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = downtown Hanoi ([[Đống Đa district]] and [[Hoàn Kiếm district]])
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.3
| Feb record high C = 35.1
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 41.5
| May record high C = 42.8
| Jun record high C = 41.8
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 40.3
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 36.6
| Nov record high C = 36.0
| Dec record high C = 31.9
| year record high C = 42.8
| Jan high C = 19.8
| Feb high C = 20.6
| Mar high C = 23.2
| Apr high C = 27.7
| May high C = 31.9
| Jun high C = 33.4
| Jul high C = 33.4
| Aug high C = 32.6
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Oct high C = 29.2
| Nov high C = 25.7
| Dec high C = 22.0
| year high C = 27.6
| Jan mean C = 16.6
| Feb mean C = 17.7
| Mar mean C = 20.3
| Apr mean C = 24.2
| May mean C = 27.6
| Jun mean C = 29.3
| Jul mean C = 29.4
| Aug mean C = 28.7
| Sep mean C = 27.7
| Oct mean C = 25.3
| Nov mean C = 21.9
| Dec mean C = 18.3
| year mean C = 23.9
| Jan low C = 14.5
| Feb low C = 15.8
| Mar low C = 18.4
| Apr low C = 21.9
| May low C = 24.8
| Jun low C = 26.4
| Jul low C = 26.5
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 25.2
| Oct low C = 22.8
| Nov low C = 19.3
| Dec low C = 15.8
| year low C = 21.5
| Jan record low C = 2.7
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 7.0
| Apr record low C = 9.8
| May record low C = 15.4
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 21.0
| Aug record low C = 20.9
| Sep record low C = 16.1
| Oct record low C = 12.4
| Nov record low C = 6.8
| Dec record low C = 5.1
| year record low C = 2.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 22.5
| Feb rain mm = 24.6
| Mar rain mm = 47.0
| Apr rain mm = 91.8
| May rain mm = 185.4
| Jun rain mm = 253.3
| Jul rain mm = 280.1
| Aug rain mm = 309.4
| Sep rain mm = 228.3
| Oct rain mm = 140.7
| Nov rain mm = 66.7
| Dec rain mm = 20.2
| year rain mm = 1670.1
| Jan rain days = 9.5
| Feb rain days = 11.4
| Mar rain days = 15.9
| Apr rain days = 13.7
| May rain days = 14.6
| Jun rain days = 14.8
| Jul rain days = 16.6
| Aug rain days = 16.5
| Sep rain days = 13.2
| Oct rain days = 9.7
| Nov rain days = 6.8
| Dec rain days = 5.2
| year rain days = 147.9
| Jan humidity = 79.9
| Feb humidity = 82.5
| Mar humidity = 84.5
| Apr humidity = 84.7
| May humidity = 81.1
| Jun humidity = 80.0
| Jul humidity = 80.7
| Aug humidity = 82.7
| Sep humidity = 81.0
| Oct humidity = 78.5
| Nov humidity = 77.1
| Dec humidity = 76.2
| year humidity = 80.7
| Jan sun = 68.7
| Feb sun = 48.1
| Mar sun = 45.5
| Apr sun = 87.4
| May sun = 173.7
| Jun sun = 167.0
| Jul sun = 181.1
| Aug sun = 163.0
| Sep sun = 162.4
| Oct sun = 150.3
| Nov sun = 131.6
| Dec sun = 113.0
| year sun = 1488.5
| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref name="IBST1">{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}</ref>
| source 2 = Extremes{{efn|All-time record high;Vietnamnet.vn (May record high and January record low only),<ref name="climate"/> Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://m.danviet.vn/tin-tuc/nong-425-do-c-nhiet-do-tai-hn-lien-tiep-pha-ky-luc-776199.html
| title = Hà Nội nóng kỷ lục 41,5 độ
| website = danviet.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 4 June 2017 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170603030816/http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-3-6-ha-noi-nong-ky-luc-41-5-do-376336.html
| archive-date = 3 June 2017 }}</ref> nchmf.gov.vn (August record high only),<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kttv.gov.vn/kttvsite/vi-VN/1/tin-du-bao-nang-nong-o-khu-vuc-dong-bang-bac-bo-thanh-hoa-den-da-nang-phia-dong-cac-tinh-tu-quang-ngai-den-dak-lak-va-khanh-hoa-post50562.html
| title = TIN DỰ BÁO NẮNG NÓNG Ở KHU VỰC ĐỒNG BẰNG BẮC BỘ, THANH HÓA ĐẾN ĐÀ NẴNG, PHÍA ĐÔNG CÁC TỈNH TỪ QUẢNG NGÃI ĐẾN ĐẮK LẮK VÀ KHÁNH HÒA
| website = nchmf.gov.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 4 August 2025 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250804133701/https://kttv.gov.vn/kttvsite/vi-VN/1/tin-du-bao-nang-nong-o-khu-vuc-dong-bang-bac-bo-thanh-hoa-den-da-nang-phia-dong-cac-tinh-tu-quang-ngai-den-dak-lak-va-khanh-hoa-post50562.html
| archive-date = 4 August 2025}}</ref> Nchmf.gov.vn,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/Web/vi-VN/62/19/58/map/Default.aspx
| title = THỜI TIẾT HÀ NỘI
| website = nchmf.gov.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 30 September 2018
| archive-date = 29 September 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929163138/http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/Web/vi-VN/62/19/58/map/Default.aspx
}}</ref> January record high, November record high, April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf|title=VIỆT NAM NIÊN GIÁM THỐNG KÊ|website=Southeast Asian Development|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510221613/https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-247_No-01.PDF The Yearbook of Indochina (1932-1933)]</ref>}}
| source =
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = [[Hà Đông District]]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 32.4
| Feb record high C = 34.9
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 39.9
| May record high C = 41.3
| Jun record high C = 42.5
| Jul record high C = 40.0
| Aug record high C = 39.6
| Sep record high C = 37.5
| Oct record high C = 35.7
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 30.7
|year record high C = 42.5
| Jan high C = 19.9
| Feb high C = 20.8
| Mar high C = 23.3
| Apr high C = 27.5
| May high C = 31.5
| Jun high C = 33.4
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 31.3
| Oct high C = 29.2
| Nov high C = 25.8
| Dec high C = 22.1
|year high C = 27.5
| Jan mean C = 16.5
| Feb mean C = 17.8
| Mar mean C = 20.3
| Apr mean C = 24.0
| May mean C = 27.1
| Jun mean C = 29.0
| Jul mean C = 29.1
| Aug mean C = 28.4
| Sep mean C = 27.2
| Oct mean C = 24.9
| Nov mean C = 21.6
| Dec mean C = 18.0
|year mean C = 23.7

| Jan low C = 14.3
| Feb low C = 15.8
| Mar low C = 18.4
| Apr low C = 21.7
| May low C = 24.3
| Jun low C = 26.0
| Jul low C = 26.3
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 22.7
| Nov low C = 18.7
| Dec low C = 15.3
|year low C = 21.1
| Jan record low C = 5.4
| Feb record low C = 6.1
| Mar record low C = 7.3
| Apr record low C = 13.3
| May record low C = 16.5
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 22.5
| Aug record low C = 21.9
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 12.0
| Nov record low C = 8.4
| Dec record low C = 3.6
|year record low C = 3.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 28.2
| Feb rain mm = 26.5
| Mar rain mm = 45.0
| Apr rain mm = 83.1
| May rain mm = 189.4
| Jun rain mm = 232.5
| Jul rain mm = 254.6
| Aug rain mm = 293.5
| Sep rain mm = 228.8
| Oct rain mm = 184.8
| Nov rain mm = 87.4
| Dec rain mm = 36.9
|year rain mm = 1687.6

| Jan rain days = 9.6
| Feb rain days = 11.7
| Mar rain days = 15.2
| Apr rain days = 13.6
| May rain days = 14.5
| Jun rain days = 14.4
| Jul rain days = 15.6
| Aug rain days = 16.3
| Sep rain days = 13.7
| Oct rain days = 10.8
| Nov rain days = 7.6
| Dec rain days = 6.2
|year rain days = 149.8
| Jan humidity = 83.3
| Feb humidity = 85.3
| Mar humidity = 86.8
| Apr humidity = 88.1
| May humidity = 85.5
| Jun humidity = 82.5
| Jul humidity = 82.5
| Aug humidity = 85.7
| Sep humidity = 86.1
| Oct humidity = 82.9
| Nov humidity = 81.2
| Dec humidity = 80.2
|year humidity = 84.2
| Jan sun = 65.7
| Feb sun = 49.7
| Mar sun = 50.1
| Apr sun = 87.8
| May sun = 170.2
| Jun sun = 167.1
| Jul sun = 181.9
| Aug sun = 167.0
| Sep sun = 162.4
| Oct sun = 146.1
| Nov sun = 133.2
| Dec sun = 110.3
| year sun = 1477.8
| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref name="IBST"/>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 31.4
| Feb record high C = 34.0
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 40.4
| May record high C = 40.5
| Jun record high C = 41.6
| Jul record high C = 40.1
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 37.6
| Oct record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 34.0
| Dec record high C = 31.2
|year record high C = 41.6
| Jan high C = 19.7
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 23.4
| Apr high C = 27.7
| May high C = 31.8
| Jun high C = 33.2
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.5
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Oct high C = 29.3
| Nov high C = 25.8
| Dec high C = 22.1
|year high C = 27.6
| Jan mean C = 16.3
| Feb mean C = 17.6
| Mar mean C = 20.2
| Apr mean C = 24.0
| May mean C = 27.2
| Jun mean C = 28.9
| Jul mean C = 28.9
| Aug mean C = 28.4
| Sep mean C = 27.3
| Oct mean C = 25.0
| Nov mean C = 21.5
| Dec mean C = 17.9
|year mean C = 23.6
| Jan low C = 14.1
| Feb low C = 15.6
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 24.2
| Jun low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 26.0
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.7
| Oct low C = 22.3
| Nov low C = 18.5
| Dec low C = 15.3
|year low C = 21.1
| Jan record low C = 4.6
| Feb record low C = 5.4
| Mar record low C = 4.5
| Apr record low C = 13.0
| May record low C = 17.3
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 19.5
| Aug record low C = 19.8
| Sep record low C = 17.2
| Oct record low C = 14.4
| Nov record low C = 9.2
| Dec record low C = 5.1
|year record low C = 4.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 25.6
| Feb rain mm = 24.6
| Mar rain mm = 43.3
| Apr rain mm = 96.1
| May rain mm = 216.6
| Jun rain mm = 262.9
| Jul rain mm = 311.8
| Aug rain mm = 314.6
| Sep rain mm = 224.3
| Oct rain mm = 158.4
| Nov rain mm = 63.0
| Dec rain mm = 22.0
|year rain mm = 1751.2
| Jan rain days = 9.7
| Feb rain days = 11.1
| Mar rain days = 14.6
| Apr rain days = 13.5
| May rain days = 15.5
| Jun rain days = 15.6
| Jul rain days = 16.9
| Aug rain days = 16.5
| Sep rain days = 13.1
| Oct rain days = 9.7
| Nov rain days = 6.9
| Dec rain days = 6.0
|year rain days = 149.1
| Jan humidity = 83.8
| Feb humidity = 85.0
| Mar humidity = 86.7
| Apr humidity = 87.2
| May humidity = 84.6
| Jun humidity = 82.9
| Jul humidity = 83.6
| Aug humidity = 85.4
| Sep humidity = 84.6
| Oct humidity = 82.4
| Nov humidity = 81.3
| Dec humidity = 80.4
|year humidity = 84.0
| Jan sun = 65.5
| Feb sun = 48.8
| Mar sun = 49.3
| Apr sun = 91.6
| May sun = 172.4
| Jun sun = 165.4
| Jul sun = 181.1
| Aug sun = 173.4
| Sep sun = 170.5
| Oct sun = 151.3
| Nov sun = 130.5
| Dec sun = 108.9
| year sun = 1494.7
| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,<ref name="IBST"/> Nchmf.gov.vn (August record high)<ref name="NCHMF"/>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Ba Vì District]]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 31.9
| Feb record high C = 34.8
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 41.2
| May record high C = 41.6
| Jun record high C = 40.8
| Jul record high C = 39.6
| Aug record high C = 39.5
| Sep record high C = 37.3
| Oct record high C = 35.5
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 32.4
|year record high C = 41.6
| Jan high C = 19.4
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 23.3
| Apr high C = 27.6
| May high C = 31.5
| Jun high C = 33.1
| Jul high C = 32.9
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 31.4
| Oct high C = 29.0
| Nov high C = 25.5
| Dec high C = 21.8
|year high C = 27.4
| Jan mean C = 16.0
| Feb mean C = 17.6
| Mar mean C = 20.2
| Apr mean C = 24.0
| May mean C = 27.1
| Jun mean C = 28.7
| Jul mean C = 28.7
| Aug mean C = 28.1
| Sep mean C = 27.0
| Oct mean C = 24.5
| Nov mean C = 21.0
| Dec mean C = 17.4
|year mean C = 23.4
| Jan low C = 13.7
| Feb low C = 15.5
| Mar low C = 17.9
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 24.0
| Jun low C = 25.6
| Jul low C = 25.7
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 21.7
| Nov low C = 17.9
| Dec low C = 14.4
|year low C = 20.6
| Jan record low C = 4.0
| Feb record low C = 6.1
| Mar record low C = 7.0
| Apr record low C = 12.4
| May record low C = 17.1
| Jun record low C = 20.1
| Jul record low C = 19.9
| Aug record low C = 21.0
| Sep record low C = 17.3
| Oct record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 6.7
| Dec record low C = 2.8
|year record low C = 2.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 27.4
| Feb rain mm = 32.8
| Mar rain mm = 51.9
| Apr rain mm = 97.2
| May rain mm = 263.4
| Jun rain mm = 276.1
| Jul rain mm = 328.0
| Aug rain mm = 344.9
| Sep rain mm = 245.4
| Oct rain mm = 189.9
| Nov rain mm = 56.2
| Dec rain mm = 22.4
|year rain mm = 1935.6
| Jan rain days = 11.0
| Feb rain days = 12.0
| Mar rain days = 15.5
| Apr rain days = 14.6
| May rain days = 16.5
| Jun rain days = 16.5
| Jul rain days = 17.4
| Aug rain days = 17.0
| Sep rain days = 13.2
| Oct rain days = 10.6
| Nov rain days = 7.1
| Dec rain days = 5.9
|year rain days = 157.6
| Jan humidity = 84.7
| Feb humidity = 86.0
| Mar humidity = 86.6
| Apr humidity = 86.8
| May humidity = 84.2
| Jun humidity = 82.5
| Jul humidity = 83.7
| Aug humidity = 85.8
| Sep humidity = 84.5
| Oct humidity = 83.0
| Nov humidity = 81.6
| Dec humidity = 81.3
|year humidity = 84.3
| Jan sun = 63.2
| Feb sun = 50.3
| Mar sun = 48.2
| Apr sun = 78.9
| May sun = 157.0
| Jun sun = 160.8
| Jul sun = 173.3
| Aug sun = 170.9
| Sep sun = 175.1
| Oct sun = 151.8
| Nov sun = 134.4
| Dec sun = 115.0
| year sun = 1477.2
|source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,<ref name="IBST">{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}</ref> Nchmf.gov.vn (August record high)<ref name="NCHMF">{{cite web
| url = https://thoitietvietnam.gov.vn//upload/khihau/2025/8/15/dbqg_kthm_20250815_1200-1.pdf
| title = BẢN TIN DỰ BÁO, CẢNH BÁO KHÍ HẬU THỜI HẠN MÙA TRÊN PHẠM VI TOÀN QUỐC (Từ tháng 9/2025-02/2026)
| website = nchmf.gov.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 18 August 2025 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250818094917/https://thoitietvietnam.gov.vn//upload/khihau/2025/8/15/dbqg_kthm_20250815_1200-1.pdf
| archive-date = 18 August 2025}}</ref>
}}

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|History of Vietnam}}

=== Pre-Thăng Long ===
Vestiges of human habitation from the [[Palaeolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of [[Sơn Vi Culture]], dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<ref name="cl">{{cite web|title=Prehistoric Co Loa|work=Imperial Citadel of Thang Long |date=3 August 2013|url=https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082820/https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Phan|Nguyễn|Nguyễn|1997|p=27}} In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (later is [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]]) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of {{Interlanguage link|Đồng Mô Lake|lt=Đồng Mô Lake|vi|Hồ Đồng Mô}} ([[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]], Hanoi), finding relics and objects belonging to the [[Sơn Vi culture|Sơn Vi Culture]] dating back to the [[Paleolithic age]] around 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay|date=28 February 2014|url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015101321/http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was inundated and was located near Hanoi.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=12}} Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.<ref name="cl"/> It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=159}}

==== Cổ Loa and Nanyue ====
In around third century BC, a fortified citadel, later named as [[Cổ Loa]], is constructed in what later is Hanoi,{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14}} and is the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=111}} with an outer embankment covering 600 [[hectares]]. In 179 BC, the area was annexed by [[Nanyue]]. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his [[Nanyue]] domain, and left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.{{sfn|Jamieson|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=93}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1958|p=92}} For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=69}}

==== Chinese rule ====
In 111 BC, the Han dynasty [[Han conquest of Nanyue|conquered Nanyue]] and ruled it.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Đào Duy Anh|2016|p=42}} [[Han dynasty]] organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=72}}

In March{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}} of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of an aristocratic family of [[Lac Viet|Lac]] ethnicity{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} in [[Mê Linh district|Mê Linh]] district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}} It began at the [[Red River Delta]], and spread south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}} Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=38}} In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}} The rebellion was defeated in the next year as [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in [[Luoyang]].{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=80}}

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of what later was Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Liu Song Dynasty|Liu Song]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasty]] as the [[county seat|seat]] of a new district called [[Tống Bình]] (Songping) within [[Jiaozhi Commandery|Giao Chỉ]] [[commandery (China)|commandery]].{{sfnp|Tran|1977|p=16}} The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.{{sfnp|Loewe|2004|p=60}} The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (later is [[Từ Liêm District|Từ Liêm]] and [[Hoài Đức District|Hoài Đức]] districts) with a metropolis in what later was inner Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmed in 1902: The Earliest Known Footage of Hanoi, Vietnam |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/04/12/filmed-1902-earliest-known-footage-hanoi-vietnam/ |website=The Vintage News |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

By the year 679, the [[Tang dynasty]] changed the region's name to [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annan]] ({{Cjkv|c={{linktext|安南}}|p=|v=An Nam|l=pacified south}}), with [[Songping]] as its capital.<ref name="en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn">{{cite web|url=http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |title=Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi – 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus) |publisher=En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062703/http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the [[Tang dynasty]], built Luocheng ({{Cjkv|c=羅城|v=La Thành}}) to suppress uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what later was [[Ba Đình district]]. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ({{CJKV|v=Kim Thành}}). In 863, the kingdom of [[Nanzhao]], and local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.<ref name="ZZTJ250">''Tư trị thông giám'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷250|quyển 250]].</ref>{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} In 866, Chinese [[jiedushi]] [[Gao Pian]] recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} He renamed the city to Daluocheng ({{Cjkv|c=大羅城|v=Đại La Thành}}). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=106}} Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and [[Church of the East|Nestorian Christians]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China|chapter=Merchants of an Imperial Trade |series=New Approaches to Asian History|date=1 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=12–50 |doi=10.1017/9780511998492.002 |isbn=978-1-107-01268-4|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220140357/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|url-status=live}}</ref> It became a trading center of the [[Tang dynasty]] due to the ransacking of [[Guangzhou]] by the [[Huang Chao Rebellion]].<ref name="ZZTJ250" /> By tenth century AD, what later was Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as '''Luqin'''.{{sfn|Park|2012|p=62}}

=== Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh ===
In 1010, [[Lý Thái Tổ]], the first ruler of the [[Lý dynasty]], moved the capital of [[Đại Việt]] to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍). Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to [[Thanh Hóa]], then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".
<gallery>
File:Bản đồ kinh thành Thăng Long, theo Hồng Đức bản đồ sách 洪德版圖冊 (1490).jpg|Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 17th century with [[Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long]] located in the north.
File:Samuel Baron - The City of CHA-CHO, the Metropolis of TONQUEEN.jpg|A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from ''[[Royal Society]]''{{'}}s archive.
</gallery>
In 1408, the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan ({{CJKV|c=東關|v=Đông Quan|l=eastern gate}}). In 1428, the [[Lam Sơn uprising]], under the leadership of [[Lê Lợi]], overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the [[Lê dynasty]] and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or [[Tonkin]]. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.{{sfn|Boudarel|Nguyen|Nguyễn|2002|p=19}}

=== Nguyễn dynasty, and French colony ===
<gallery>
File:Bản vẽ thành Hà Nội.jpg|Map of Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.
File:Capture of hanoi 1873.jpg|French troops attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.
File:Evacuation of French troops from Hanoi.jpg|French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874.
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 386890201-700231668290362-6321874136485636046-n-1696671806.jpg|Ô Quan Chưởng or Đông Hà môn (東河門), built in 1749.
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- trie-n-la-m-a-nh-tha-nh-xu-a-pho-cu-1696679091.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Gai street).
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 384832613-1098962017740420-8654642600285663600-n-1696671808.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Bông street).
File:9343761968 c113c08f8d o-768x575.jpg|Hanoi street before French colonisation, Hàng Chiếu street in 1870s.
File:Pho-Cau-Go-1-1727691706.jpg|Rue du Point en Bois (later is Cầu Gỗ street).
File:Pho-Hang-Dao-1-1727770693.jpg|Hàng Đào street and tram railway in 1890s.
File:Cua-Bac-Hoang-thanh-1-1727770085.jpg|Northern gate of Hanoi citadel.
</gallery>

When the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] was established in 1802, [[Gia Long]] moved the capital to [[Huế]]. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its [[chữ Hán]] was changed from 昇龍 ({{Literal translation|ascending dragon}}) to the homophone 昇隆 ({{Literal translation|ascent and prosperity}}), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Đặng Việt Thủy |last2=Đặng Thành Trung |title=54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân |place=Hà Nội |year=2008 | pages=286–287}}</ref> In 1831, the Nguyễn king [[Minh Mạng]] renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was [[Battle of Hanoi (1873)|conquered and occupied]] by the [[French Third Republic|French]] military in 1873 and passed to them [[Battle of Hanoi (1882)|ten years later]]. As Hanoi, it was located in the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|protectorate of Tonkin]] and became the capital of [[French Indochina]] in 1902. Nominally it still belonged to the sovereignty of Vietnam ([[Nguyễn dynasty]]) under French protectorate in Tonkin, and since 1888 it had been a French concession and had directly been ruled by the French like [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Đà Nẵng trở thành thành phố nhượng địa của thực dân Pháp |url=http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 |work=Lịch sử thành phố Đà Nẵng |agency=Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, 2001 |access-date=29 April 2013 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725095350/http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 }}</ref>

=== WWII, First Indochina War, and Vietnam War ===
[[File:HA 52-140 R5 Foule assistant à la cérémonie de présentation du nouveau gouvernement d'Union nationale à Hanoï.jpg|thumb|250px|A crowd gathers in Hanoi for the presentation of a new [[State of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] cabinet, July 1952]]
[[File:HA 53-8 R28 Le portique d'entrée de la pagode Ly Trieu Quoc Su le jour des élections municipales d'Hanoï.jpg|thumb|Municipal election in Hanoi, Vietnam, 25 January 1953.]]
French Indochina including Hanoi was occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]] in September 1940, after the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]]. Japan [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|overthrew]] the French rule in Hanoi and formed the [[Empire of Vietnam]] in March 1945. After the [[August Revolution|fall]] of the Empire of Vietnam, it became the capital of the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (DRV) when [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. The French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. After France recognized Vietnam's nominal and partial independence with the [[Élysée Accords]] on 14 June 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the [[State of Vietnam]] from 1949 to 1954, a unified [[associated state]] within the [[French Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maury |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Cochinchine, Vietnam, 1945, Digithèque MJP |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217195421/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=mjp.univ-perp.fr |language=fr-fr |url-status=live }}</ref> This state gained full independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954.{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=93}} In January 1953, Hanoi held the free municipal elections of the State of Vietnam. After eight years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of [[North Vietnam]] when this territory became a [[sovereign state|sovereign country]] and Vietnam became [[1954 Geneva Conference|divided]] at 17th parallel on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew to the South that year and the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] of the DRV and [[International Control Commission]] occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the [[1954 Geneva Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ELECTION IN VIETNAM (Published 1953) | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=26 January 1953 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/26/archives/election-in-vietnam.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Vietnam: an Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-06-240566-1 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper |oclc=1001744417}}</ref>

During the [[Vietnam War]] between North and South (1955–1975), North Vietnam (including Hanoi) was attacked by the United States and [[South Vietnam]]ese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the [[fall of Saigon]] in 1975, Hanoi became the capital of the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.<ref>{{cite news
| last = The Associated Press
| title = 2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited; Leadership Chosen
| pages = 1–2
| newspaper = The Independent
| location = Bangkok
| date = 3 July 1976
| url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360
| id = {{ProQuest|122960360}}
| access-date = 26 October 2021
| archive-date = 30 July 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220730094825/https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Socialist Republic ===
[[File:Police station Hoan Kiem.jpg|thumb|A local police station in a [[French Colonial]] building by [[Hoàn Kiếm lake]].]]
After the [[Đổi Mới]] economic policies were approved in 1986, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for [[Urban planning|urban development]] projects in Hanoi.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575">{{Cite journal |last=Logan |first=William S. |date=2005 |title=The Cultural Role of Capital Cities: Hanoi and Hue, Vietnam |jstor=40022968 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=559–575 |doi=10.5509/2005784559}}</ref> High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> Urban development and rising costs displaced some residential areas in central Hanoi.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> Following a period of economic stagnation after the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], Hanoi resumed its economic growth.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" />

On 29 May 2008, it was decided that [[Hà Tây Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]'s [[Mê Linh District]] and four communes in [[Lương Sơn District]], [[Hòa Bình Province]] be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |access-date=6 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web
|url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
|title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội
|work=Dantri
|access-date=29 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924063714/http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
|archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref> with the new population being 6,232,940.<ref name="dantri.com.vn" />

Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]].<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> The [[Ba Đình District]] is also protected from commercial redevelopment.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" />

== Demographics ==
During the French colonial period, as the capital of [[French Indochina]], Hanoi attracted a number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.<ref>Baron & La Salle. ''Dictionnaire des Communes administratif et militaire, France métropolitaine et France d'outre-mer''. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie, 1949.</ref> In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km<sup>2</sup>. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km<sup>2</sup>, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, [[National Assembly (Vietnam)]] decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km<sup>2</sup>, with a population of 2.5 million people.<ref name="papin">{{cite book
| last = Papin
| first = Philippe
| title = Histoire de Hanoi
| publisher = Fayard
| year = 2001
| isbn = 2-213-60671-4
| pages = 381–386}}</ref> By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to {{cvt|924|km2}}, and the population was still over 2 million people. Hanoi's population reached 2,672,122 people in 1999.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://hanoi.gov.vn/bomaychinhquyen/-/hn/n5xfywjC3UDf/1102/30229/dan-so-va-dien-tich.html
| title = Dân số và diện tích
| access-date = 21 February 2021
| archive-date = 25 June 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625014158/https://hanoi.gov.vn/bomaychinhquyen/-/hn/n5xfywjC3UDf/1102/30229/dan-so-va-dien-tich.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> After the expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.<ref name="morong">{{cite news
| author = Hong Khanh
| title = Địa giới Hà Nội chính thức mở rộng từ 1/8
| publisher = [[VnExpress]]
| date = 29 May 2008
| access-date = 1 October 2010
| url = https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/dia-gioi-ha-noi-chinh-thuc-mo-rong-tu-1-8-2105260.html
| archive-date = 4 January 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190104124124/https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/dia-gioi-ha-noi-chinh-thuc-mo-rong-tu-1-8-2105260.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.<ref name="TK2009">{{cite book
| url = https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/
| author = [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]]
| title = The 2009 vietnam population and housing census: completed results
| publisher = National Statistics Office of Vietnam
| year = 2009
| access-date = 21 February 2021
| archive-date = 15 June 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163023/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females.<ref name="census2019" /> There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the [[Kinh people|Viet]] (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by [[Muong people|Mường]] at 0.77% and [[Tày people|Tày]] at 0.24%.<ref name="census2019" />

In the [[Old Quarter, Hanoi|Old Quarter]], where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, some of the street-front stores are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hanoi to scrap its own conditions for residency registration|url=http://hanoitimes.vn/hanoi-to-scrap-its-own-conditions-for-residency-registration-313351.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Hanoi Times |language=en|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518015227/http://hanoitimes.vn/hanoi-to-scrap-its-own-conditions-for-residency-registration-313351.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Ngân hàng Nhà nước - 2022-09-02 01.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the [[State Bank of Vietnam]].|215x215px]]
According to a ranking by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], Hanoi and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://visaexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/global-city-gdp-rankings-2008-2025-2.pdf
|title=Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are topping the world's highest economic growth cities in 2008–2025
|publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers
|date=10 November 2009
|access-date=22 April 2018
|archive-date=23 April 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423165954/https://visaexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/global-city-gdp-rankings-2008-2025-2.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf |title=Gross domestic product at current prices by economic sector |access-date=6 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106202603/http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref> Industrial production in the city has an average annual growth of 19.1% from 1991 to 1995, 15.9% from 1996 to 2000, and 18.7% during 2001–2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Công nghiệp Hà Nội thời kỳ đổi mới: Những thành tựu và phương hướng phát triển |url=https://tapchicongthuong.vn/cong-nghiep-ha-noi-thoi-ky-doi-moi-nhung-thanh-tuu-va-phuong-huong-phat-trien-3594.htm |website=Tạp chí Công Thương |date=12 April 2006 |language=vi |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Newone - Vincom Mega Mall Times City.jpg|thumb|A shopping center in Hanoi owned by [[Vingroup]].|215x215px]]

Agriculture has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying more modern farming techniques.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6906e/x6906e0d.htm |title=CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAM – Nguyen van Luat |access-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028035053/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6906e/x6906e0d.htm |archive-date=28 October 2016 }}</ref>

Infrastructure is being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hanois-four-key-infrastructure-projects-put-into-use-37183.html|title=Hanoi's four key infrastructure projects put into use|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517185320/http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hanois-four-key-infrastructure-projects-put-into-use-37183.html|archive-date=17 May 2017|access-date=18 April 2017|date=5 January 2015}}</ref> Hanoi has allowed fast-food chains into the city, such as [[McDonald's]], [[Lotteria]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[KFC]], [[Popeyes]], [[Domino's|Domino's Pizza]], [[Jollibee|Jolibee]] and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "[[Fast food|fast-food]]" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265">{{Cite journal|last=Lincoln |first=Martha |date=2008 |title=Report from the field: street vendors and the informal sector in Hanoi |jstor=29790838 |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=261–265 |doi=10.1007/s10624-008-9062-9 |s2cid=143731865}}</ref> City officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wertheim-Heck |first1=Sigrid |last2=Raneri |first2=Jessica Evelyn |last3=Oosterveer |first3=Peter |date=1 October 2019 |title=Food safety and nutrition for low-income urbanites: exploring a social justice dilemma in consumption policy |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=397–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247819858019 |pmid=32704235 |pmc=7340485 |bibcode=2019EnUrb..31..397W |issn=0956-2478|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Hanoi Stock Exchange (18780216822).jpg|thumb|215x215px|The [[Hanoi Stock Exchange]] in downtown Hanoi.]]
Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84">{{Cite journal |last=Forbes |first=Dean |date=2001 |title=Socio-Economic Change and the Planning of Hanoi |jstor=23287513 |journal=Built Environment |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=68–84}}</ref> The structure of employment has been changing as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills to Hanoi's economy.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "[[microbusiness]]" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> Some foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of Hanoi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Shoenberger |first1=Sarah |first2=Laura |date=June 2011 |title=Street Vendor Livelihoods and Everyday Politics in Hanoi, Vietnam: The Seeds of a Diverse Economy? |journal=Urban Studies |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1027–1044 |doi=10.1177/0042098011408934|s2cid=54092556}}</ref>

Hanoi is part of the [[Maritime Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast through the [[Strait of Malacca]] towards the [[South India|southern tip of India]] to [[Mombasa]], from there through the [[Red Sea]] via the [[Suez Canal]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], there to the Upper [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] region to the [[Northern Italy|northern Italian]] hub of [[Trieste]] with its rail connections to [[Central Europe]] and the [[North Sea]].<ref>Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp. 112.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Map |url=https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/Chinas-trillion-dollar-sharp-power-play/src/interactives/map/routes.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620223730/https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/Chinas-trillion-dollar-sharp-power-play/src/interactives/map/routes.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jianglin Zhao "21st-century Maritime Silk Road Initiative" (2020), pp. 204.</ref>

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=the-shiv |date=2024-08-15 |title=Doing Business in Hanoi, Vietnam 2024 |url=https://the-shiv.com/doing-business-in-hanoi-vietnam/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=the-shiv |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Development ==

=== Infrastructure ===
A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by [[Ernest Hébrard|Ernest Hebrard]] in 1924, and was partially implemented.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The previous relationship between the [[Soviet Union]] and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of [[Gosplan|Soviet planners]] between 1981 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiem |first=Nguyen Manh |date=1996 |title=Strategic Orientation for Construction and Development of Hanoi, Vietnam |jstor=4314433 |journal=Ambio |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=108–109}}</ref> It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

Two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the [[Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)|Ministry of Construction]].<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the [[Gia Lâm District]], and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to [[Hà Đông District|Hà Đông]] and the [[Thanh Trì District]].<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

In the 1980s, the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the [[Commune (Vietnam)|communes]] and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

=== Civil society ===
Part of the goals of the [[Đổi Mới]] economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced poverty alleviation as a result of the market reforms and civil society movements.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=j.ctt2jbjk6.22 |journal=Viet Nam – A Transition Tiger? |date=2004 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-0-7315-3750-1 |editor-last=Van Arkadie |editor-first=Brian |pages=224–234 |editor-last2=Mallon |editor-first2=Raymond |last1=Van Arkadie |first1=Brian |title=Poverty Alleviation |last2=Mallon |first2=Raymond }}</ref> Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate slower than in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |journal=Asian Survey |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=867–889 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |language=en |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |last1=Wischermann |first1=Joerg |title=VIETNAM IN THE ERA OF DOI MOI: Issue-Oriented Organizations and Their Relationship to the Government |year=2003 |s2cid=59469399}}</ref> Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> This marked difference from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh's]] civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Some of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from [[statism]], a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

== Landmarks ==
[[File:One Pillar Pagoda Hanoi.jpg|thumb|[[One Pillar Pagoda]] (''Chùa Một Cột'').|215x215px]]
While some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has other cultural and historic monuments. The French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an aesthetic to the city's heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71
|publisher=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism
|title=The quick look at Hanoi
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209081652/https://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71
|archive-date=9 February 2007 }}</ref> and has more than 1,000 years of history; that of several hundred years had been preserved.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html
|work=The New York Times from Frommer's
|title=Introduction to Hanoi
|access-date=4 May 2010 |date=20 November 2006 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119165747/http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html
|archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref>

=== Old Quarter ===
{{Main|Old Quarter, Hanoi{{!}}Old Quarter}}

[[File:Old Quarter, Hanoi (12) (38496654951).jpg|thumb|A street in [[Old Quarter, Hanoi|Hanoi's Old Quarter]].|215x215px]]The Old Quarter, near [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]], maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of older Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which later are part of Hoàn Kiếm district.{{sfn|Logan|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}} Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or bamboo. The street names reflect these specializations, while some of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.{{sfn|Forbes|Henley|2012|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}

The city's more than six decades of French colonization, and centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vuong |first1=Quan-Hoang |last2=Bui |first2=Quang-Khiem |last3=La |first3=Viet-Phuong |last4=Vuong |first4=Thu-Trang |last5=Ho |first5=Manh-Toan |last6=Nguyen |first6=Hong-Kong T. |last7=Nguyen |first7=Hong-Ngoc |last8=Nghiem |first8=Kien-Cuong P. |last9=Ho |first9=Manh-Tung |date=2019-01-01 |title=Cultural evolution in Vietnam's early 20th century: A Bayesian networks analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs |journal=Social Sciences & Humanities Open |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=100001 |doi=10.1016/j.ssaho.2019.100001 |s2cid=203239554 |issn=2590-2911 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1903.00817 }}</ref>

=== Imperial sites ===
[[File:Temple of Literature - main gate.jpg|thumb|Front gate of the Temple of Literature.]]
Imperial sites are mostly in [[Ba Đình District]] and a bit of [[Đống Đa District]]. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]] (''Văn Miếu''), site of the oldest university in [[Vietnam]] which was started in 1010, the [[One Pillar Pagoda]] (''Chùa Một Cột'') which was built based on the dream of king [[Lý Thái Tông]] (1028–1054) in 1049, and the [[Flag Tower of Hanoi]] (''Cột cờ Hà Nội''). In 2004, a part of the 900-year-old [[Hanoi Citadel]] was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of [[Ba Đình Square]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|title=Thăng Long the ancient city underneath Hanoi
|access-date=22 October 2007 |first=Jennifer
|last=Pinkowski
|date=16 October 2007 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417102217/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin
|archive-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref>

=== Colonial sites ===
[[File:Hanoi, Vietnam (12036416576).jpg|thumb|The [[Tonkin Palace]] used to host the French Governor of [[Tonkin]].]]
[[File:Hanoï - Théâtre rue Paul Bert.jpg|thumb|The [[Hanoi Opera House]], taken in the 20th century, from rue [[Paul Bert]].]]
Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for [[French Indochina]] for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The [[French colonial architecture|French colonial architectural style]] became dominant,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Mark |date=2012-02-22 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |title= The Paris-ification of Hanoi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-21/the-paris-ification-of-hanoi |access-date=18 October 2022 }}</ref> and examples remained: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]], the [[Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts]] and the old [[Indochina Medical College]]. Gouveneur-Général [[Paul Doumer]] (1898–1902) played a role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning.<ref>Michael G. Vann, "Building Whiteness on the Red River: Race, Power, and Urbanism in Paul Doumer's Hanoi, 1897–1902," ''Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques'', 2007</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Old and French quarters hanoi.png|thumb |Approximation of Hanoi's Old Quarter and French Quarters.|215x215px]]
According to [[Mastercard]]'s 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel/places/mastercard-lists-hanoi-hcmc-among-top-20-asia-pacific-travel-destinations-3982199.html|title=Mastercard lists Hanoi, HCMC among top 20 Asia-Pacific travel destinations|work=[[VNExpress]]|access-date=13 November 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022012813/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel/places/mastercard-lists-hanoi-hcmc-among-top-20-asia-pacific-travel-destinations-3982199.html|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref> Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "[[Paris of the East (disambiguation)|Paris of the East]]" for its French influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/julia-plevin/notes-on-hanoi-vietnam_b_269307.html |title=Notes on Hanoi, Vietnam |last=Plevin |first=Julia |date= 26 September 2009|website=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042452/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-plevin/notes-on-hanoi-vietnam_b_269307.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2017 }}</ref>

[[File:Hanoi Train Street (20231225b) (53489076293).jpg|thumb|215x215px|[[Hanoi Train Street]], a tourist destination in Hanoi.]]

South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has French colonial landmarks, including the [[Hanoi Opera House]], the [[Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi]] hotel, the [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]] (formerly the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]), and the [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are later used as foreign embassies. Northwest of the historic center, the [[Vietnam Museum of Ethnology]] opened in 1997, and consists of two exhibition halls and an Architecture Garden. Since 2014, Hanoi has been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op%3D1 |title=The 25 Most Popular Travel Destinations in the World |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113350/http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op=1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> fourth in 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015/ |title=TripAdvisor's picks: World's top 25 destinations |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624133909/http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> and eighth in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-21 |title=TripAdvisor picks world's top 10 destinations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2016-feat/index.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Indochina Medical College.jpg|thumb|The [[Hanoi Medical University]] was established in 1902 during French colonial rule.|215x215px]]

After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, new universities were built, including the [[Hanoi University of Science and Technology]]. ULIS ([[University of Languages and International Studies]]) was rated as "one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |title=Vietnam National University, Hanoi |publisher=Top Universities |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015184420/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> Other universities that are not part of [[Vietnam National University, Hanoi|Vietnam National University]] or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, [[Electric Power University]] and [[University of Transport and Communications]]. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm
|publisher=Hanoi City People's Committee
|title=Hanoi – The capital of Vietnam: Preface
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183943/https://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm
|archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, while in years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University was founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France.<ref>{{cite web |work=Viet Nam News |title=Growing university reflects VN's progress |date=2006-01-29 |url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105524/https://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |archive-date=14 December 2009 }}</ref>

Education levels are higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

== Transportation{{anchor|Transportation}} ==
{{See also|Buses in Hanoi}}
[[File:Ga Hà Nội - NKS.jpg|thumb|[[Hanoi railway station]].]]
Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over {{convert|2300|km|0|abbr=on}}; 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and seven main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including nine main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city has {{convert|63|km|0|abbr=on}} of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.<ref name="Figure1">{{cite web|title=Hanoi is about to start many traffic projects|url=https://vnexpress.net/ha-noi-sap-khoi-cong-nhieu-du-an-giao-thong-4509920.html |work=[[VnExpress]] |access-date=11 September 2022|author=Võ Hải |date=11 September 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911160054/https://vnexpress.net/ha-noi-sap-khoi-cong-nhieu-du-an-giao-thong-4509920.html |archive-date=11 September 2022 }}</ref>

Hanoi is the origin or departure point for [[Vietnam Railways]] train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of {{convert|162|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Figure1" /> The [[North–South Railway (Vietnam)|Reunification Express]] (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to [[Ho Chi Minh City]] from [[Hanoi railway station|Hanoi station]] (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains depart Hanoi for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period from 1899 to 1936.<ref>{{cite web|title=Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project |url=http://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf |work=Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Project Number: 39175: Asian Development Bank |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=4 November 2012 |date=November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724102722/https://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2012 }}</ref> The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of {{convert|1726|km|0|abbr=on}} and takes approximately 33 hours.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fast, vast steel spine |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=4 November 2012 |author=Mark Smith |date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107062812/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html |archive-date=7 January 2013 }}</ref>

In decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Imminent gridlock |author1=Hans-Heinrich Bass |author2=Thanh Trung Nguyen |website=dandc.eu |date=March 2013 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105182238/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40498052|title=Hanoi plan to ban motorbikes by 2030 to combat pollution|date=4 July 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 July 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704235050/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40498052|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.<ref name="Figure1" />
[[File:Cat_Linh_station_with_train.jpg|thumb|[[Cát Linh station]] with train.|244x244px]]
People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route may use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Around Hanoi |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html |work=Frommer's |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106001620/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html |archive-date=6 January 2013 }}</ref>

There are two [[Hanoi Metro|metro lines]] in Hanoi, as part of the master plan for the future [[Hanoi Metro]] system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peel |first=Michael |date=22 January 2016 |title=Tale of two metro lines shows battle for business in Vietnam |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302030048/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> [[Line 2A (Hanoi Metro)|Line 2A]] opened on 6 November 2021,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Dat |title=Hanoi gets country's first metro service |work=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106015237/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=VnExpress}}</ref> while [[Line 3 (Hanoi Metro)|Line 3]] began operations on 8 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Nhổn - ga Hà Nội dự kiến vận hành đoạn trên cao dịp 30/4 |url=https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119233502/https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-16 |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref>

[[File:Panorama view of Line 3, Hanoi Metro, passing over Xuan Thuy road.jpg|thumb|463x463px|Elevated section of [[Hanoi Metro Line 3|Line 3 of Hanoi Metro]] passing over Xuan Thuy road in 2024.|center]]

== Sports ==
[[File:My Dinh National Stadium - 31st SEA Games Men's Football Final.jpg|alt=|thumb|241x241px|[[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]].]]
There are gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi, including [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]] (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), [[Quần Ngựa Sports Palace]] (Văn Cao Avenue), [[Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex]], [[Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium]], [[Hàng Đẫy Stadium]], [[Hà Đông Stadium]] and [[Thanh Trì Stadium]]. [[2009 Asian Indoor Games|The third Asian Indoor Games]] were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are [[Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium]], [[Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium]], [[Vạn Bảo Sports Complex]]. Some of these venues held events at the [[2003 SEA Games|2003]] and [[2021 SEA Games]], both hosted in Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chi tiết địa điểm tổ chức các môn thi đấu SEA Games 2021 tại Việt Nam |url=https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/chi-tiet-dia-diem-to-chuc-cac-mon-thi-dau-sea-games-2021-tai-viet-nam-20210326200624727.htm |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511024125/https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/chi-tiet-dia-diem-to-chuc-cac-mon-thi-dau-sea-games-2021-tai-viet-nam-20210326200624727.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA [[Formula 1]] [[Vietnamese Grand Prix]] on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city. The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to {{F1|2021}}.<ref name="cancelled">{{cite web |url=https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/en/post/15373 |title=Vietnam Grand Prix 2020 cancelled |website=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman [[Nguyễn Đức Chung]] on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-09 |title=Formula 1 calendar: Vietnamese Grand Prix dropped from 2021 F1 schedule |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/54879815 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== UNESCO recognition ==
On 16 July 1999, the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vietnamnet.vn |title=Hanoi suffer because of "City for Peace" title - News VietNamNet |url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/2840/hanoi-suffer-because-of--city-for-peace--title.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125185747/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/2840/hanoi-suffer-because-of--city-for-peace--title.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=english.vietnamnet.vn |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Twin towns – sister cities ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#Vietnam|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam}}
Hanoi is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |website=Phnompenh.gov.kh |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<ref>{{cite web|title="Sister City" Jakarta-Hanoi berbagi pengalaman kelola perkotaan|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/697447/sister-city-jakarta-hanoi-berbagi-pengalaman-kelola-perkotaan|website=antaranews.com|publisher=ANTARA News|language=id|date=31 March 2018|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721131411/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/697447/sister-city-jakarta-hanoi-berbagi-pengalaman-kelola-perkotaan|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture]], Japan<ref>{{cite web|title=International Exchange|url=https://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/site/english/en-about-international-organization-a5.html|website=pref.fukuoka.lg.jp|publisher=Fukuoka Prefecture|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916093223/https://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/site/english/en-about-international-organization-a5.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=9 October 2014 }}</ref>{{New archival link needed|date=April 2026}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister and Friendship Cities|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-cities/|website=seoul.go.kr|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045307/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref>{{cite web|title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy?page=0,1|website=um.warszawa.pl|publisher=Warsaw|language=pl|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142707/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy?page=0,1|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilateral cooperation between Seychelles and Vietnam takes new heights|url=https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/2173/bilateral-cooperation-between-seychelles-and-vietnam-takes-new-heights|website=statehouse.gov.sc|publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles|date=2013-08-28|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916092641/https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/2173/bilateral-cooperation-between-seychelles-and-vietnam-takes-new-heights|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref>{{cite web|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|website=beijing.gov.cn|publisher=Beijing|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024900/http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China<ref>{{Cite web|title=元首外交{{pipe}}盛情迎贵宾，在河内感受中越友好特殊情谊-新华网|url=http://www.news.cn/world/2023-12/12/c_1130020819.htm|website=news.cn|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri|url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi1/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/|website=ankara.bel.tr|publisher=Ankara|language=tr|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095330/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi1/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin towns of Minsk|url=https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|website=minsk.gov.by|publisher=Minsk|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909212350/https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Palermo]], Italy<ref>{{cite web|title=Comune di Palermo|url=https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html|website=comune-italia.it|publisher=Comune Italia|language=it|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201100129/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pretoria]], South Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=SA grows ties with Vietnam as ally|url=https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally|website=vukuzenzele.gov.za|publisher=Vuk'uzenzele|date=September 2013|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916075733/https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Old Quarter street scene, Hanoi (4) (37610074295).jpg|Life on the streets of the [[Old Quarter, Hanoi|Old Quarter]].
File:Thiên Trù Pagoda.jpg|Thiên Trù Pagoda in the [[Perfume Pagoda]] complex.
File:Pen Tower in Hanoi.jpg|''Tháp Bút'' (Pen Tower) with a phrase "''Tả thanh thiên''" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).
File:Cau The Huc (Pont du soleil levant).jpg|Thê Húc Bridge on [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]].
File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|[[Presidential Palace, Hanoi]] (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina).
File:Opera House, Hanoi (4855950685).jpg|[[Hanoi Opera House]], modelled on the [[Palais Garnier]] in Paris.
File:Tran Quoc Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam, 20240123 1217 3314.jpg|[[Trấn Quốc Pagoda]].
File:Bâtiments 172.jpg|[[National Museum of Vietnamese History|Museum of Vietnamese History]] in Hanoi, formerly the first ''[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]].''
File:Bacbophu.jpg|[[Tonkin Palace]] serves as State Guest House.
File:Bao tang my thuat.jpg|[[Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts]].
File:Vietnam national convention center.jpg|[[Vietnam National Convention Center]].
File:Nhat Tan Bridge at night 2016.jpg|[[Nhật Tân Bridge]].
File:Lotte Tower Hanoi - NKS (9 to 16).jpg|[[Lotte Center Hanoi]] in western [[Ba Dinh District|Ba Đình]].
File:Tòa nhà Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower, Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội 001.jpg|[[Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower|AON Landmark 72]] in [[Nam Từ Liêm]].
File:The Garden, Hanoi 07.JPG|Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's buildings.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{See also|Timeline of Hanoi#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Hanoi}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|title=Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon|last=Boudarel|first=Georges|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hanoicityofrisin0000boud}}
* {{citation| surname = Bielestein | given = Hans | chapter = Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han | pages = 223–290| title = The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220| editor-given1 = Denis C. | editor-surname1 = Twitchett | editor-given2 = John King | editor-surname2 = Fairbank| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1986 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Dodd |first2=Mark |last2=Lewis |title=Rough Guide to Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WvOSgCHrOoC&pg=PA408 |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-095-4}}
*{{cite book |first1=Lisa |last1=Drummond |first2=Mandy |last2=Thomas |title=Consuming Urban Culture in Contemporary Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZgyNiX7vI4C&pg=PA125 |date=5 June 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-98794-0}}
*{{cite book |title=Understanding Vietnam |last1=Jamieson |first1=Neil L. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-20157-6}}
*{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Buttinger |title =The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1958}}
*{{cite book|last=Brindley|first=Erica|year=2015|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08478-0}}
*{{cite book|title=The Origins of Ancient Vietnam|author=Nam C. Kim|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-998089-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Keith Weller |year=1983 |title=The Birth of Vietnam |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07417-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=2013|title=A History of the Vietnamese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8}}
* {{cite book| title=Ancient Southeast Asia |first1=John Norman |author1-link=John N. Miksic|last1=Miksic |first2=Go Geok |last2=Yian |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-27903-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|year=2019|title=Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-005379-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Purton |first= Peter Fraser |title=A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220|date=2009 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-448-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Park|first=Hyunhee|year=2012|title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01868-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boudarel |first1=Georges |last2=Nguyen |first2=Van Ky |last3=Nguyễn |first3=Văn Ký |editor-last1=Duiker |editor-first1=Claire |year=2002 |title=Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Loewe |first=Michael |contribution=Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the ''Shi ji'' to the ''Chen shu'', a Preliminary Survey |pages=51–80 |isbn=3-447-05060-8 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |date=2004 |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=Shing |editor2-last=Höllmann |editor2-first=Thomas O. |editor3-last=Gui |editor3-first=Putao |display-editors=0 |title=Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0zZPMlu0L0C&pg=PA60 }}.
* {{cite book |first1=Scott |last1=Rutherford |title=Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi_BKq60OgC&pg=PA380 |date=1 December 2002 |publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group |isbn=978-981-234-984-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Tran |first=Quoc Vuong |author2-last=Nguyen |author2-first=Vinh Long |author-mask=Tran Quoc Vuong & al. |ref={{harvid|Tran|1977}} |title=Hanoi: From the Origins to the 19th Century |editor-last=Nguyen |editor-first=Khac Vien |display-editors=0 |display-authors=1 |date=1977 |publisher=Xunhasaba |location=Hanoi |number=48 |series=Vietnamese Studies }}.
* {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Robert F. |title=Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development |publisher=[[Hoover Institution|Hoover Institution Publications]] |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8179-1431-8 |location=Stanford}}
* {{cite book |last1=Phan|first1=Huy Lê|author-link1=Phan Huy Lê|last2=Nguyễn|first2=Quang Ngọc|last3=Nguyễn|first3=Đình Lễ|title=The Country Life in the Red River Delta|year=1997}}
* {{cite book |author=Đào Duy Anh |author-link=Đào Duy Anh |title=Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam |publisher=Nha Nam |year=2016 |orig-date=1964 |isbn=978-604-94-8700-2 |language=vi}}
* {{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Andrew |last2=Henley |first2=David |chapter=A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets |title=Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin) |place=Chiang Mai |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |year=2012 |asin=B006DCCM9Q}}
* {{cite book |last=Yü |first=Ying-shih |chapter=Han foreign relations |pages=377–463| title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220| editor-first1=Denis C. |editor-last1=Twitchett |editor-first2=John King |editor-last2=Fairbank| location= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1986}}
* {{Cite book |title=Hanoi: Biography of a City |last=Logan |first=William S. |year=2000 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98014-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Vann |first=Michael G. |author-link=Michael G. Vann |title=The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |url=https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt-9780190602697?cc=us&lang=en&
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=2021 |title=Việt Nam |chapter=Hà Nội |pages=14–51 |url=https://www.britishcouncil.vn/sites/default/files/city_profile_vietnam.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Hà Nội |publisher=[[British Council|British Council Vietnam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428111540/https://www.britishcouncil.vn/sites/default/files/city_profile_vietnam.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2025}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn/ Official site of Hanoi Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520020052/https://english.hanoi.gov.vn/ |date=20 May 2020 }}
*[http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/travel/18hanoi.html An article in ''New York Times'' about Hanoi]
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*{{osmrelation-inline|1903516}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Hanoi
|list =
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Cities in Viet Nam}}
{{Districts of Red River Delta}}
{{Hanoi}}
{{Asian Games Host Cities}}
{{Hanoi Tourism}}
{{Largest cities of Vietnam}}
{{Subdivisions of Vietnam|collapsed=yes}}
{{Most populous cities in Vietnam}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hanoi
|North = [[Thái Nguyên Province]]
|Northeast = [[Bắc Giang Province]]
|East = [[Bắc Ninh Province]]
|Southeast = [[Hưng Yên Province]]
|South = [[Hà Nam Province]]
|Southwest = [[Hòa Bình Province]]
|West = [[Phú Thọ Province]]
|Northwest = [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]
}}

[[Category:1010 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:5th-century establishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Cities in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Hanoi| ]]
[[Category:Hong River Delta]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Populated places in Hanoi]]

Portal:Current events/News Browser/styles.css

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Yeh Hai Chahatein

2026-09-20T15:38:12Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = YHCAllGens.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer =
| writer = [[Dheeraj Sarna]]
| story = Sonali Jaffar
| screenplay = Shilpa Jathar
| director = {{ubl|Neeraj Baliyan|Rishi Tyagi |Khwaja Mughal|Vishwankar Pathania|Amar Varpe|Ranjan Kumar Singh|Vikas Rai|Aashiesh Paatil | Nitesh Mishra}}
| creative_director = {{ubl|Shivangi Babbar|Dhruv G Umrania}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sargun Kaur Luthra]]|[[Abrar Qazi]]|[[Shagun Sharma]]|[[Pravisht Mishra]]}}
| theme_music_composer = {{ubl|Lalit Sen|Nawab Arzoo}}
| opentheme = ''Yeh Hai Chahatein''
| composer = Pamela Jain
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Nilesh Mishra|Shailesh Sharma|Ranjan Jena}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Maneesh Malik|Ashish Sharma|Avinash Mahagaavkar}}
| editor = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|Vishal Sharma|Manas Majumdar}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|09|18}}
| related = ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
}}

'''''Yeh Hai Chahatein''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] for [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/divyanka-tripathi-introduces-characters-from-yeh-hai-chahatein-1626772-2019-12-09|title=Divyanka Tripathi introduces characters from Yeh Hai Chahatein|website=India Today|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref> It streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and is a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-mohabattein-spin-off-ye-hai-chahatein-to-launch-on-december-19-6140087/|title=Yeh Hai Mohabattein's spin-off Ye Hai Chahatein to launch on December 19|date=27 November 2019|website=Indian Express}}</ref> The show aired from 19 December 2019 to 18 September 2024. It starred [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]], [[Abrar Qazi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-sargun-kaur-abrar-qazi-to-star-in-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahatein/story-oToONZHwyU9XU1YPQaK18L.html|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to go off air, Sargun Kaur, Abrar Qazi to star in spin-off Yeh Hai Chahatein|date=26 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Shagun Sharma]] and [[Pravisht Mishra]] as the leads.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-23 |title=Exclusive - Shagun Sharma on joining Yeh Hai Chahatein after the leap: There is pressure but more than that it is a privilege to be a part of the show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shagun-sharma-on-joining-yeh-hai-chahatein-after-the-leap-there-is-pressure-but-more-than-that-it-is-a-privilege-to-be-a-part-of-the-show/articleshow/100447566.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
A passionate love story between a famous rockstar, Rudraksh Khurana, and a gynaecologist, Dr Preesha Srinivasan, who fall in love after raising their respective siblings' son together. They die promising one another to always be soulmates who will reunite in each lifetime.

Twenty years later, Destiny brings a reserved physiotherapist, Dr Nayantara and a famous rockstar Samrat together.

After twenty more years, Destiny offers Nayantara and Samrat a second chance in love. Their daughter, Kaashvi is in love with her childhood friend Arjun, who in turn loves Mahima, making way for a twisted love triangle. Circumstances force Kaashvi to marry Arjun and eventually Arjun falls in love with Kaashvi after realising the true meaning of love but insecurities jeopardise their marriage.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] as
** Dr. Preesha Khurana (née Srinivasan): Gopal and Vasudha's younger daughter; Venkatesh and Mahima's sister; Rudraksh's wife; Ruhi and Samrat's mother; Saaransh's adoptive mother; Kashvi's great grandmother; Karun and Chahat's great great grandmother (2019–2022)
** Dr. Nayantara "Nayan" Choudhary (née Iyer): Govind and Malati's daughter; Ishaani and Chintu's sister; Samrat's wife; Kashvi's mother; Karun and Chahat's grandmother (2022–2023)
* [[Abrar Qazi]] as
** Rudraksh "Rudra" Khurana (2019–2022)
** Samrat "Sam" Choudhary (2022–2023)
** Bhuvan Garg (2021)
* [[Shagun Sharma]] as IAS Kashvi "Kashu" Bajwa (née Sabharwal) (2023–2024)
* [[Pravisht Mishra]] as IAS Arjun Bajwa (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
* Raanav Sharma as Karun Bajwa (2023–2024)
* Muskaan Kataria as Mahima "Mahi" Thapur (née Sabharwal) (2023–2024)
* [[Shireen Mirza]] as Nitya Bajwa (2023–2024)
* Dipali Sharma as Meera Bakshi (2024)
* Rohit Mehta / [[Ashu Sharma]] as IAS Jagdish Bajwa (2023)/(2023–2024)
* Radhika Chavan as Toshi Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Ritu Vashisht as Romila Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Shubh Karan as Pradyuman Thapur (2023–2024)
* Radhika Chhabra as Neelam Thapur (2024)
* Ronik Sharma as Micky Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Saran Tiwari as Monty Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Ajay Kumar Singh as Kewal Sabharwal (2023–2024)
* Aishana Singh as Isha Sabharwal (2024)
* Suraj Sonik as Mohan (2024) (Dead)
* Simran Gangwani as Sushma Arora (2024)
* Manas Shah as
** IAS Aditya "Adi" Arora (2023–2024)
** Aman Singh Arora / Nikhil Desai (2024)
* Shivanshi Das as Shanti (2024)
* Krutika Khira as Nisha (2024)
* Hitul Pujara as Suraj Khanna (2023)
* Viplove Sharma as Pankaj Khanna (2023)
* Aarati Kandpal as Aruna Bajwa Khanna (2023)
* V S Prince Ratan as
** [[Motorcycling|Biker]] (2023)
** Ramesh: Lab assistant (2024)
* Ishika Makhija as Veera (2023)
* Anny Rana Bhatt (2023)
* Suneel Nagar as Police Commissioner (2023)
* Arpita Sethia as Raj's mother (2023)
* Gagan Mishra as Chief Minister (2023)
* Avinn Tyagi as Shivansh (2023)
* Krish Chugh as Saransh Khurana (2021–2022)
** Vidhaan Sharma / [[Yagya Bhasin]] / Ali Dhuru as Child Saransh Khurana (2019–2020) / (2020–2021) / (2021)
* Swarna Pandey as Ruhi Khurana (2021–2022)
* Mallika Nayak as Sharda Khurana (2019–2022)
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Vasudha Srinivasan (2019–2022)
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] / Gulshan Pandey as Gopal "GPS" Srinivasan (2019–2020)/(2020–2022)
* Siddharth Shivpuri as Advocate Yuvraj Pillai (2019–2022)
* [[Aishwarya Khare]] as Mahima Srinivasan (2019–2021)
* Prince Mahajan as Venkatesh "Venky" Srinivasan (2021)
* Krutika Desai as Advocate Vaijayanti Srinivasan (2021–2022)
* Nitin Bhatia as Bhairavnath "Bunty" Gupta (2019–2022)
* Jyoti Negi as Ankita "Bubble" Gupta (2019–2022)
* [[Anjali Mukhi]] as Sulochana Khurana (2019–2021)
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Balraj Khurana (2019–2021)
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Rajeev Khurana (2019–2020)
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as Ahana Singhania Khurana (2019–2021)
* [[Tanu Khan]] as Mishka "Mish" Singhania (2019–2021)
* Altamash Faraz as Armaan Thakur (2021–2022)
* Puvika Gupta as Anvi Thakur (2021)
* Himani Sahani as Devika Thakur (2021)
* [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Sanya Dubash (2021)
* Karan Sharma as Digvijay Thakur (2021–2022)
* Unknown as Kanchan Thakur (2022)
* Pragati Chourasiya as Pihu Thakur (2022)
* Jeevansh Chadha as Vidyut Rohira (2022)
* Milind Manek as Raj Bansal (2022)
* Priyanka Choudhary as Keerti "Kittu" Jain (2020)
* Khatija Iqbal as Kaveri Dubey (2019–2020)
* Rupesh Kataria as Suryadhar "Surya" Raina (2019–2020)
* Mridula Oberoi as Inspector Sanchi Chautala (2021–2022)
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Niketan Singhania (2020)
* Upen Chauhan as Rahul Arora: Neerja's husband (2020)
* Melanie Pais as Neerja Arora (2020)
* Shabaaz Abdullah Badi as Arjun Verma (2020)
* Trupti Mishra as Sonia Garg (2021)
* Khushank Arora as Kabir "Kabby" Khurana (2021)
* Saksham Vasu as Sunny Bhattacharya (2021)
* Ankur Verma as Param Aneja (2021)
* Preeti Chaudhary as Vanshikha Chaudhary (2022)
* [[Poorva Gokhale]] as Commissioner Revati Choudhary (2022–2023)
* Jayati Narula as Aliya Choudhary (2022–2023)
** Maisha Dixit as Child Aliya Choudhary (2022)
* Yajuvendra Singh as Rakesh Choudhary (2022)
* Yash Acharya as Dev Choudhary (2022)
* Juhi Singh Bajwa as Nalini Sinha (2022)
* Pratichi Mishra as Malati Iyer (2022–2023)
* Syed Zafar Ali as Govind Iyer (2023)
* Anjali Ujawane as Shanti Iyer (2022–2023)
* Swati Sharma as Ishaani Iyer Shukla (2022–2023)
* Bharat Ahlawat as Mohit Shukla (2022–2023)
* Meera Sarang as Seema Shukla (2022–2023)
* Runav Shah as Chintu Iyer (2022–2023)
* Shaurya Vijayvargiya as Prem Khurana (2023)
* Akshita Vatsayan as Kiara (2022–2023)
* [[Ishita Ganguly]] as Manasi Khanna (2023)
* Kushagre Dua as Raghav Rathore (2023)
* Pratham Kunwar as Siddharth Rathore (2023)
* Jigruksha Chaudhary as Rucha (2024)

===Guests===
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] as Dr. Ishita Bhalla from ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' (2019)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/karan-patel-and-divyanka-tripathi-to-be-seen-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-1620915-2019-11-20|title=Karan Patel and Divyanka Tripathi to be seen in Yeh Hai Chahatein|website=India Today|date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Karan Patel]] as Raman Bhalla from ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' (2019)<ref name=":3" />
* Abhishek Verma as Yug Sharma from ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
* [[Sunny Kaushal]] as Sunny to promote his film ''[[Shiddat]]'' (2021)
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Commissioner Deepali Handa from ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]'' (2022)
* [[Swati Rajput]] as Diya Mathur from ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]'' (2022)
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Mayuri Ahuja (2022)

==Production==
===Development and premiere===
In June 2017, producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] revealed her plan for a spin-off of ''Yeh Hai Mohabbatein'' however stated, "I wanted to make a spin off of ''Yeh Hai Mohabbatein'' but it's not working out with the story line."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kundali Bhagya: Ekta Kapoor reveals the reason behind doing a spinoff of Kumkum Bhagya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-ekta-kapoor-reveals-the-reason-behind-doing-a-spinoff-of-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/59364745.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 June 2017 }}</ref> The reports of the [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] in making was then announced in April 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-get-a-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahatein-shoot-to-begin-in-june/articleshow/63878483.cms|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to get a spin-off Yeh Hai Chahatein; Shoot to begin in June|website=The Times of India|date=23 April 2018 }}</ref> It was supposed to premiere in the same year but was delayed as the story was not finalized.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://dbpost.com/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-featuring-divyanka-tripathi-ekta-kapoor-looking-for-new-faces/|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, featuring Divyanka Tripathi & Karan Patel, likely to get its spin-off; Ekta Kapoor looking for new faces|website=DB Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225224958/https://dbpost.com/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-featuring-divyanka-tripathi-ekta-kapoor-looking-for-new-faces/|archive-date=25 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then, it was reported to premiere in June 2019 and the casting for it was going on while [[Aakanksha Singh]] and Karan Vohra were reported as the leads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathis-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahatein-to-go-on-floors-in-june-995895|title=Here's when 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' spin off 'Yeh Hai Chahatein' to go on floors!|date=22 May 2019|website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> But it was scrapped in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/spin-off-is-off/802778.html|title=Spin-off is off|website=Tribune India}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In September 2019, the series was revived and fresh casting sessions began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-karan-wahi-to-play-male-lead-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-1082207|title='Yeh Hai Chahatein': THIS Popular Actor To Play Male LEAD In 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' SPIN-OFF?|date=27 September 2019|website=ABP Live}}</ref> [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] was cast as Dr. Preesha Srinivasan and [[Abrar Qazi]] was cast as Rudraksh Khurana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-karan-wahi-but-abrar-qazi-to-play-the-hero-in-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/71692782.cms|title=Not Karan Wahi, but Abrar Qazi to play the hero in 'Yeh Hai Chahatein'|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2019 }}</ref>

Talking about the series, producer Ekta Kapoor said "''Yeh Hai Chahatein'' deals with another social issue. It's often said that it's easier for men with children to get married again, but very tough for a woman with a child to find a suitable groom."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-bids-adieu-to-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-introduces-ishimas-niece-in-spin-off-yeh-hai-chahtein/articleshow/72271952.cms|title=Ekta Kapoor bids adieu to Yeh Hai Mohabbatein; introduces Ishima's niece in spin-off Yeh Hai Chahtein|website=The Times of India|date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo of the series was released on 27 November 2019 where Sargun Kaur Luthra and Vidhaan Sharma were introduced by [[Divyanka Tripathi]] and [[Karan Patel]] as Dr. Preesha Srinivasan and Saransh Khurana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/yeh-hai-chahatein-promo-divyanka-tripathi-karan-patel-introduce-prisha-from-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off/520193|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein promo: Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel introduce Prisha from Yeh Hai Mohabbatein spin-off|date=27 November 2019|website=Times Now News|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> The next promo was released on 16 December 2019 featuring [[Abrar Qazi]], Luthra and Vidhaan Sharma. The series premiered on 19 December 2019 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahatein-promo-alert-trisha-and-rudraksh-get-into-a-banter-show-to-go-on-air-on-this-date/articleshow/72767023.cms|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein promo alert: Trisha and Rudraksh get into a banter; show to go on-air on this date|website=The Times of India|date=16 December 2019 }}</ref>

===Casting===
Sargun Kaur Luthra was selected to play Dr. Preesha Srinivasan's character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/yeh-hai-chahatein-sargun-kaur-luthra-shares-her-first-look-as-dr-prisha-srinivasan-1629042-2019-12-17|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Sargun Kaur Luthra shares her first look as Dr Prisha Srinivasan|website=India Today|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Karan Wahi]] was approached to play Rudraksh Khurana, but Abrar Qazi was signed by the production team.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bizasialive.com/abrar-qazi-replaces-karan-wahi-in-yhm-spin-off-series/|title=Abrar Qazi replaces Karan Wahi in 'YHM' spin-off series |first=Baddhan|last=Raj|website=BizAsia|date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> Zebby Singh was potentially going to play Yuvraj Pillai before the role went to Siddharth Shivpuri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-kasautii-zindagii-kay-actor-siddharth-shivpuri-to-play-negative-lead-replaces-zebby-singh-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-1117511/amp|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Siddharth Shivpuri To Play Negative Lead; Replaces Zebby Singh In 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Spin-Off!|website=ABPLive}}</ref> [[Parul Chauhan]] was supposed to play Ahana, but [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] replaced her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-parul-chauhan-out-of-show-aishwarya-sakhuja-to-play-main-vamp-1111481/amp|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Yeh Rishta Actress Parul OUT Of Show, Aishwarya To Play MAIN Vamp?|website=ABPLive}}</ref> When the shooting resumed after the COVID-19 outbreak, in early July 2020, Vidhaan Sharma was replaced by Yagya Bhasin as Saaransh and Gulshan Pandey replaced [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Gopal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2020|title=Child Artist Replacement in Yeh Hai Chahatein TV Show|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/yagya-bhasin-kangana-ranaut-panga-son-replace-vidhaan-sharma-as-saransh-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-tv-show/301868|website=Times Now}}</ref>

Luthra stated that she took inspiration from [[Neena Gupta]] for her role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sargun-kaur-takes-inspiration-from-neena-gupta-for-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/72614816.cms|title=Sargun Kaur takes inspiration from Neena Gupta for 'Yeh Hai Chahatein'|website=The Times of India}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Talking about playing a mother for the first time, she said, "''When I was told that I will be playing a mother, I wasn't apprehensive at all. My only worry was that i am very young and I had to look mature on the screen which was a challenge. The team has helped me a lot to help me look a certain age and moreover with my body language to portray this character. Even Vidhaan (my on-screen son), has helped bring out the best in me. More than mother-son, we are like friends off the screen.''"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-chahatein-sargun-kaur-luthra-on-playing-single-mother-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-spin-off-1127987/amp|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Sargun Kaur Luthra OPENS UP On Playing Single Mother In 'YHM' Spin-off|website=ABP Live|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>

Sakhuja was hired to portray Ahana, her first negative role. Speaking about it she said, "''I have auditioned for a lot of Balaji shows and whenever I auditioned for negative roles I was told I look very positive. So, when I bagged this role, I asked them why now? They said eventually you will get to know as to why we have chosen you, and I understand because they like to surprise their audience and that's exactly what they are doing. I was figuring how to go about it, but my team is helping. After every two sentences out of habit, I go into the positive zone but I have people to handhold me and help me.''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/aishwarya-sakhuja-to-play-a-negative-role-for-the-first-time-in-the-show-1629407-2019-12-18|title=Aishwarya Sakhuja to play a negative role for the first time in the show|website=India Today|date=18 December 2019 }}</ref>

In May 2021 [[Mister Supranational]] India Altamash Faraz was cast as Armaan Thakur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mr-supranational-asia-oceania-2017-altamash-faraz-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-a-tv-show/articleshow/83371978.cms|title=Mr Supranational Asia & Oceania 2017 Altamash Faraz to make his acting debut with a TV show|work=The Times of India|quote="I will be entering as the male lead as there will be some changes in the storyline of the show," says Altamash, adding that he is getting used to shooting for long hours, as is usual for daily soaps.|date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

In July 2023, [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] and [[Abrar Qazi]], who had portrayed the leads roles for two generations, exited the series, making way for the new generation.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=Yeh Hai Chahatein will take another 20-year leap, lead pair Sargun Kaur Luthra and Abrar Qazi will not be part of it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahatein-will-take-another-20-year-leap-lead-pair-sargun-kaur-luthra-and-abrar-qazi-will-not-be-part-of-it/articleshow/99237091.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Filming===
Set in [[Delhi]], the series is mainly filmed in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]]. On 3 August 2020, heavy rains caused the shoot to be cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein's shoot cancelled due to excessive rains in Mumbai; actress Aishwarya Sakhuja returns halfway from her route|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahateins-shoot-cancelled-due-to-excessive-rains-in-mumbai-actress-aishwarya-sakhuja-returns-halfway-from-her-route/articleshow/77349995.cms|website=The Times of India|date=4 August 2020 }}</ref>

On 13 April 2021, Chief Minister [[Uddhav Thackeray]] announced a sudden curfew effective from 15 April. On 14 April, Ekta Kapoor and [[Balaji Telefilms]] decided to move all their shows' shooting to their sets at [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-shoots-stalled-in-mumbai-for-next-15-days-shows-to-be-shot-in-goa-hyderabad-1790779-2021-04-14|title=TV Shoots halted in Mumbai due to sudden curfew, shows to shift shoot to Hyderabad, Goa, Bikaner, Delhi and several other locations|work=India Today|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Broadcast===
The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 outbreak in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> The series was expected to resume on 1 April 2020 but could not and the series was last broadcast on 24 March 2020 airing its remaining episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|website=India Today|date=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|date=23 March 2020|website=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612101237/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|archive-date=12 June 2020|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> After three months, the filming of the series resumed on 27 June 2020 while the broadcast resumed on 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television shoots resume with COVID-19 precautionary measures; here are the shows which are back on track|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-television-shoots-resume-with-covid-19-precautionary-measures-here-are-the-shows-which-are-back-on-track-2829858|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2020|title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2: After Karan Singh Grover, Another Actor To Get REPLACED In Parth Samthaan & Erica Fernandes' Show|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-after-karan-singh-grover-akash-jagga-to-replace-kunal-thakur-in-erica-fernandes-show-1278060|website=ABP News}}</ref>

==Television special==
=== ''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar'' (2022) ===
{{main|Ravivaar With Star Parivaar}}
The cast of ''Yeh Hai Chahatein'' went on to participate in ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]'', a musical competition wherein eight [[StarPlus]] shows competed against each other to win the title of "Best Parivaar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dynamic Star Parivaar face each other in a series of battles, including dancing, and other fun activities, and the winning family will be crowned 'The Best Parivaar'. |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/pushpa-fever-gets-to-anupamaa-403242 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> ''Yeh Hain Chahatein'' was eliminated at 8th position and was the first show to be eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-12 |title=The lead stars of Anupamaa, Imlie, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin and Pandya Store give their best shot! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/ravivaar-star-parivaar-first-episode-review-anupamaa-imlie-akshara-show-their-real-strong-avatars-1141949 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Abrar Qazi]]
| rowspan="3" {{nominated}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theita2021.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 November 2021|title=List of Nominees: 21st ITA Awards, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]]
|-
| Best Television Show - Fiction (Popular)
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
|2023
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Fan Favorite Show
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html|title=Indian Telly Awards 2023|language=en|archive-date=11 May 2023|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511042508/https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt11349960}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/yeh-hai-chahatein/s-2423 Yeh Hai Chahatein] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230145959/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/yeh-hai-chahatein/s-2423 |date=30 December 2019 }} on [[Hotstar]]

{{SP Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Siyal (caste)

2026-09-20T15:38:02Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{short description|South Asian social group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
'''Siyal''' (also known as Chandravanshi,Nagvanshi,Sayalkulam,Sial, Shiyal, Siyol,Raisial, Sialjatt,Siala,सियाल '''[https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18120/IN]''')<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 1950 |title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/CONSTITUTION%20(SC)%20ORDER%201950%20dated%2010081950.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnZCAAAAYAAJ&q=siyal+chamara |title=Adibasi |date=1969 |publisher=Tribal Research Bureau, Orissa |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> is a community found in western [[Odisha]].<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1992 p.">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHeuC65ii6wC&q=siyal+khajuria |title=People of India: Odisha (2 pts.) |author2=Anthropological Survey of India |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7046-294-1 |page=1408 |access-date=2023-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Orissa (India). Tribal Research Bureau 1969 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India). Tribal Research Bureau | title=Adibasi | publisher=Tribal Research Bureau, Orissa | issue=v. 10 | year=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnZCAAAAYAAJ&q=siyal+chamara | access-date=2023-08-03 | page=}}</ref>
[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyal_people]
[[File:Genealogy.png|left|thumb|Genealogy of Sial community of odisha ]]

==Social status==
According to the [[1981 census of India|1981 census]], their population in Odisha is 18,677. The Siyals are an [[Endogamy|endogamous]] community and are divided into a number of totemic clans, like Kencho, Magoro, Salasa, Baraha and Sarpa.<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1998 p. ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | author2=Anthropological Survey of India | title=India's Communities | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | issue=v. 6 | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=siyalo+jackal | access-date=2023-08-06 | page=}}</ref> They comes under [[List of Scheduled Castes in Odisha|Scheduled caste]] of the state.<ref name="Alte 1992 p. 58">{{cite book | last=Alte | first=I.D. | title=Rural Employment of Scheduled Castes | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7100-378-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjZpYISpSgIC&pg=PA58 | access-date=2023-08-05 | page=58}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]

R. N. Ravi

2026-09-20T15:37:52Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Governor of West Bengal since 2026}}
{{Indian name|Ravi|Ravindra Narayana}}
{{confuse|R. N. Kao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. N. Ravi
| image = R. N. Ravi.png
| caption = Official portrait, 2026
| office = Governor of West Bengal
| order = 22nd
| term_start = 12 March 2026
| predecessor = [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br>[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| office1 = Governor of Tamil Nadu
| order1 = 15th
| term_start1 = 18 September 2021
| term_end1 = 11 March 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| successor1 = [[Rajendra Arlekar]] {{small|''(additional charge)''}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office2 = [[Governor of Nagaland]]
| term_start2 = 1 August 2019
| term_end2 = 17 September 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Padmanabha Acharya]]
| successor2 = [[Jagdish Mukhi]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| office3 = [[Governor of Meghalaya]]
| term_start3 = 18 December 2019
| term_end3 = 26 January 2020
| predecessor3 = [[Tathagata Roy]]
| successor3 = Tathagata Roy
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| office4 = [[Deputy National Security Advisor of India]]
| term_start4 = 5 October 2018
| term_end4 = 31 July 2019
| 1blankname4 = National Security Advisor
| 1namedata4 = [[Ajit Doval]]
| predecessor4 = [[Arvind Gupta (administrator)|Arvind Gupta]]
| successor4 = [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]]
| office5 = Interlocutor of [[Naga Peace Accord]]
| term_start5 = September 2014
| term_end5 = March 2022
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
| successor5 = A. K. Mishra
| office6 = Special Director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
| term_start6 = 2010
| term_end6 = 2012
| birth_name = Ravindra Narayana Ravi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|4|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| spouse =
| party =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[bureaucrat]]|[[spymaster]]}}
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ravindra Narayana Ravi''' (born 3 April 1952) is an Indian politician serving as [[governor of West Bengal]] since 2026. Earlier, he served as the [[Governor of Nagaland]], [[Governor of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]], and [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]. He was a former bureaucrat and a [[List of spymasters|spymaster]], who held various positions with the [[Government of India]].

Born in [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]], Ravi joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1976 after a brief stint as a journalist. He served in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]. He was appointed as the chairman of the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (India)|Joint Intelligence Committee]] in 2014. In October 2018, he became the deputy [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]].

After retiring from his bureaucrat career, Ravi was appointed as the governor of Nagaland in August 2019 and served till September 2021. He also held additional responsibility as the governor of Meghalaya from December 2019 to January 2020 when then governor [[Tathagata Roy]] went on a leave. On 18 September 2021, Ravi took charge as the governor of Tamil Nadu. In March 2026, he was transferred as the governor of West Bengal.

Ravi's tenure as the governor of Tamil Nadu has seen repeated face-offs with the elected government headed by [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]]. He was criticised as being dictatorial by Stalin, due to his reluctance and delay in giving assent to various bills passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state assembly]]. The assembly later passed a resolution urging the [[Government of India|union government]] to set time limits for governors to give assent to bills. In April 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] mandated time limits for governors in a [[Landmark decision|landmark judgement]] in the case brought by the state against the governor. However, in August 2025, a [[constitutional bench]] of the court, in a reply to the questions raised by the [[President of India|president]], affirmed that no time limit is mandated for the president or governor in the [[Constitution of India]].

==Early life and career==
[[File:RN Ravi.jpg|thumb|Ravi in 2019]]
Ravindra Narayana Ravi was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] on 3 April 1952.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Honorable Governor |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/profile_form_governor.php?id=MjY=&back_type=bWVudV9iYWNr |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> He completed his [[Master of Science|masters degree]] in physics in 1974.<ref name="Assembly">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Shri. R. N. Ravi Governor of Tamil Nadu |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110150322/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |url-status=live }}</ref> After a brief stint in [[journalism]], he joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1976 and was allotted to Kerala cadre, where he served for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor |work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |access-date=1 June 2025 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604190848/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ravi was later appointed to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], and led anti-corruption cases against organised criminal gangs, including mining mafias. He later served in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], where he was involved in theatres of insurgency in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[Northeast India]], and [[red corridor|Naxal-affected regions]].<ref name="Assembly"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |title=IB Special Director and spymaster R N Ravi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-your-governor-r-n-ravi-an-officer-and-tough-gentleman/articleshow/86135573.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> He also served as the special director of the Intelligence Bureau from 2010 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile: R. N. Ravi |url=https://policeuniversity.ac.in/univ_uploads/Intro_rn_ravi.pdf |work=Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> After retiring from government service in 2012, he wrote opinion columns in newspapers.<ref name="Assembly"/>

== Political career ==
In 2014, Ravi was appointed as the chairman of the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (India)|Joint Intelligence Committee]]. He was appointed as the deputy [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]] on 5 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Prabin |title=Meet your governor: R N Ravi, an officer, and tough gentleman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-your-governor-r-n-ravi-an-officer-and-tough-gentleman/articleshow/86135573.cms |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-your-governor-r-n-ravi-an-officer-and-tough-gentleman/articleshow/86135573.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also served as the interlocutor for the talks between the [[Government of India]] and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) from 2014 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=RN Ravi resigns as Modi govt's interlocutor for Naga peace talks |url=https://theprint.in/india/rn-ravi-resigns-as-modi-govts-interlocutor-for-naga-peace-talks/738197/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[The Print]] |date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327012348/https://theprint.in/india/rn-ravi-resigns-as-modi-govts-interlocutor-for-naga-peace-talks/738197/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Utpal |title=NSCN-IM wants Nagaland Governor removed as interlocutor for peace talks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nscn-im-wants-nagaland-governor-removed-as-interlocutor-for-peace-talks/story-DNT3uPGzv5bIEJkAX1a4TO.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=11 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327012348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nscn-im-wants-nagaland-governor-removed-as-interlocutor-for-peace-talks/story-DNT3uPGzv5bIEJkAX1a4TO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeta |title=Finally, Centre's Naga Talks Interlocutor Makes Way For Replacement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-centres-naga-talks-interlocutor-makes-way-for-replacement-2549911 |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327012348/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-centres-naga-talks-interlocutor-makes-way-for-replacement-2549911 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Governor of Nagaland (2019- 2021)===
Ravi was appointed as the [[Governor of Nagaland]] on 20 July 2019 by the [[President of India|president]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-sworn-in-as-nagaland-governor-2078810|title=RN Ravi Sworn In As Nagaland Governor|date=1 August 2019|work=[[NDTV]]|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811225949/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-sworn-in-as-nagaland-governor-2078810|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure, the [[Nagaland Peace Accord]] was signed between the Indian government and NSCN in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=15 July 2017|title=Meet R.N. Ravi, who is mediating peace with the Nagas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meet-rn-ravi-who-is-mediating-peace-with/article19285361.ece|access-date=17 October 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017142227/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meet-rn-ravi-who-is-mediating-peace-with/article19285361.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nagas will never join Indian Union nor accept India s constitution : NSCN (I-M) Chief|url=https://thewire.in/politics/exclusive-nagas-indian-constitution-thuingaleng-muivah-nscn-im|access-date=17 October 2020|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020185733/https://thewire.in/politics/exclusive-nagas-indian-constitution-thuingaleng-muivah-nscn-im|url-status=live}}</ref> He had a fallout with NSCN in 2020 after an alleged misunderstanding and subsequent manipulation of the agreement by him. Later, the NSCN asked for his removal as an interlocutor.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 September 2021|title=Uncertainty regarding Naga peace process prevails as guv RN Ravi shifts to TN|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/uncertainty-regarding-naga-peace-process-prevails-as-guv-rn-ravi-shifts-to-tn-101631279220828.html|access-date=15 September 2021|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915130535/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/uncertainty-regarding-naga-peace-process-prevails-as-guv-rn-ravi-shifts-to-tn-101631279220828.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to media reports, Ravi was perceived to be targeting the NSCN while being soft on its rival [[Naga people|Naga]] political outfit, consisting of seven [[extremism|extremist]] groups.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|date=10 September 2021|title=Relief in Nagaland after R.N. Ravi's transfer|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/relief-in-nagaland-after-rn-ravis-transfer/article36396565.ece|access-date=15 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/relief-in-nagaland-after-rn-ravis-transfer/article36396565.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

After his proposed appointment as the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] in 2021, the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] president [[Chingwang Konyak]] said the Nagaland government was not happy with the way Ravi functioned and said he interfered in the affairs of a popular government.<ref name="Hindu"/> The Kohima Press Club boycotted the state farewell organised for Ravi to show resentment since Ravi had refused to interact with the media several times.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ambrocia|first=Medolenuo|date=14 September 2021|title=Nagaland journalists boycott Guv RN Ravi's state farewell ceremony|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/top-news/2021/09/14/nagaland-journalists-boycott-guv-rn-ravis-state-farewell-ceremony/|access-date=15 September 2021|work=East Mojo|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915043618/https://www.eastmojo.com/top-news/2021/09/14/nagaland-journalists-boycott-guv-rn-ravis-state-farewell-ceremony/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Governor of Meghalaya (2019- 2020)===
Ravi was given additional charge as the [[Governor of Meghalaya]], after the incumbent governor [[Tathagata Roy]] went on a temporary leave.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-to-hold-additional-charge-of-meghalaya/article30319105.ece|title=Nagaland Governor R.N. Ravi to hold additional charge of Meghalaya|date=16 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He was in charge for 39 days from 18 December 2019 to 26 January 2020, and handed the reigns back to Roy, who came back and took charge on 27 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/tathagata-roy-resumes-charge-as-meghalaya-governor-after-long-leave.html|title=Tathagata Roy resumes charge as Meghalaya governor after long leave|date=27 January 2020|access-date=1 March 2026|work=Northeast Now}}</ref>

===Governor of Tamil Nadu (2021- 2026)===
On 9 September 2021, Ravi was appointed as the governor of Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland Governor R.N. Ravi shifted to Tamil Nadu; Banwarilal Purohit moved to Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-shifted-to-tamil-nadu-banwarilal-purohit-moved-to-punjab/article36391293.ece |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-shifted-to-tamil-nadu-banwarilal-purohit-moved-to-punjab/article36391293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Nagaland Governor RN Ravi transferred to Tamil Nadu|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1005054/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-transferred-to-tamil-nadu|access-date=15 September 2021|work=[[Scroll.in]]|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915070954/https://scroll.in/latest/1005054/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-transferred-to-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> and he took charge on 18 September 2021.<ref name="Stalin">{{cite news|title=Stalin greets RN Ravi, says TN welcomes him|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/stalin-greets-rn-ravi-says-tn-welcomes-him/2157243|access-date=15 September 2021|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915065104/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/stalin-greets-rn-ravi-says-tn-welcomes-him/2157243|url-status=live}}</ref> While he was welcomed by [[Chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu chief minister]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) chief [[M. K. Stalin]],<ref name="Stalin" /> his appointment was questioned by allies of the DMK such as the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], who claimed an ulterior motive in his appointment.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2021|title=TN political leaders question former IB officer RN Ravi's appointment as Governor|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-political-leaders-question-former-ib-officer-rn-ravis-appointment-governor-155169|access-date=15 September 2021|work=News Minute|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915064634/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-political-leaders-question-former-ib-officer-rn-ravis-appointment-governor-155169|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DMK allies oppose R N Ravi's appointment as Tamil Nadu Governor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-allies-oppose-r-n-ravi-s-appointment-as-tamil-nadu-governor-1029648.html |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=12 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912155727/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-allies-oppose-r-n-ravi-s-appointment-as-tamil-nadu-governor-1029648.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his tenure, Ravi had multiple face-offs with the Tamil Nadu government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=D. Suresh |date=8 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/five-big-controversial-actions-of-tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi/article69426378.ece |title=Five big controversial actions of Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408110447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/five-big-controversial-actions-of-tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi/article69426378.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, he had kept 21 bills passed in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu assembly]] on hold.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-two-bills-to-take-away-governors-powers-to-pick-vcs/cid/1862428| title=Tamil Nadu government seeks right to pick vice-chancellors| access-date=8 September 2022| work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172653/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-two-bills-to-take-away-governors-powers-to-pick-vcs/cid/1862428 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/there-are-21-bills-pending-tn-governor-what-experts-think-164645 |title=There are 21 Bills pending before the TN Governor: What experts think |date=3 June 2022 |work=News Minute |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He was criticised by politicians in Tamil Nadu for his delay in approving the bills and interference in the functioning of the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/27/why-scs-observation-on-governors-role-is-significant-in-tamil-nadu.html |title=Why SC's observation on governor's role is significant in Tamil Nadu |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172654/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/27/why-scs-observation-on-governors-role-is-significant-in-tamil-nadu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 February 2022, he returned the bill seeking exemption from [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] to the speaker of the Tamil Nadu assembly, 142 days after it was passed in the assembly.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor returns Bill against NEET |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-returns-bill-against-neet/article38370726.ece |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The assembly subsequently re-adopted the bill, and forwarded it to the governor, who then reserved it for the consideration of the president.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu's anti-NEET Bill to be sent to President: Governor RN Ravi tells CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadus-anti-neet-bill-be-sent-president-governor-rn-ravi-tells-cm-161949 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jesudasan |first=Dennis S. |date=8 February 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly re-adopts Bill against NEET |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-re-adopts-bill-against-neet/article38395952.ece |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1= Sreedevi Jayarajan |author2=Azeefa Fathima |date=8 February 2022 |title=TN Assembly re-adopts NEET Bill returned by Guv, all eyes now on President |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-re-adopts-neet-bill-returned-guv-all-eyes-now-president-160737 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=NEET row: Tamil Nadu assembly re-adopts bill returned by Governor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-assembly-neet-bill-governor-7762544/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The president later declined assent to the bill.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu knocks SC door against President's refusal to approve NEET exemption bill |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-knocks-sc-door-against-presidents-refusal-to-approve-neet-exemption-bill/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=The South First}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2025 |title=Anti-NEET bill: President withholds assent; T.N. CM Stalin to hold all-party meeting on April 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/president-withholds-assent-for-tn-neet-exemption-bill-cm-stalin-to-hold-all-party-meeting-on-april-9/article69411915.ece |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 2022, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] questioned Ravi's action to refer the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] convict [[A. G. Perarivalan]]'s remission plea to the president as threatening the federal structure of government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/law/dangerous-precedent-for-federalism-sc-on-tn-governor-referring-perarivalan-plea-to-president |title='Dangerous Precedent for Federalism': SC on TN Governor Referring Perarivalan Plea to President |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908174605/https://thewire.in/law/dangerous-precedent-for-federalism-sc-on-tn-governor-referring-perarivalan-plea-to-president |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/supreme-court-glare-on-tn-governor-move-to-bypass-govt-740224 |title=Supreme Court glare on TN Governor move to bypass govt |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908174553/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/supreme-court-glare-on-tn-governor-move-to-bypass-govt-740224 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2023, Ravi suggested that [[Tamilakam]] would be a more suitable name for the state of Tamil Nadu and criticised that the ruling political parties in the state have been regressive in the past fifty years.<ref>{{cite news|author=Varsha Sriram|title=Tamil Nadu vs 'Tamizhagam': Why Governor RN Ravi's latest remarks have sparked a row with DMK|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamilagam-governor-rn-ravi-row-dmk-8368892/|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109163203/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamilagam-governor-rn-ravi-row-dmk-8368892/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="Thamizhagam More Appropriate Than Tamil Nadu": Row Over Governor RN Ravi's Remark|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/thamizhagam-more-appropriate-than-tamil-nadu-row-over-governor-rn-ravis-remark-3667864|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109190911/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/thamizhagam-more-appropriate-than-tamil-nadu-row-over-governor-rn-ravis-remark-3667864|url-status=live}}</ref> His remarks were condemned by leaders of various political parties including the ruling DMK, the opposition [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], and other regional parties,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-tamizhagam-governor-dmk-tussle-8369036/ |title=Tamizhagam or Tamil Nadu? Lost in translation in Governor-DMK tussle |date=8 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080854/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-tamizhagam-governor-dmk-tussle-8369036/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/political-leaders-disapprove-of-governors-tamizhagam-remark/article66346735.ece |title=Political leaders disapprove of Governor's 'Tamizhagam' remark |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/political-leaders-disapprove-of-governors-tamizhagam-remark/article66346735.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> while being welcomed by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamizhagam-governor-ravi-stirs-up-political-storm-in-dmk-ruled-state/1306151/ |title=Tamil Nadu vs Tamizhagam — Governor Ravi stirs up political storm in DMK-ruled state |work=[[The Print]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080846/https://theprint.in/politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamizhagam-governor-ravi-stirs-up-political-storm-in-dmk-ruled-state/1306151/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests were organised by some college students against his remarks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malaimurasu.com/posts/tamilnadu/College-students-protested-against-the-governor |title=ஆளுநருக்கு எதிராக போராட்டத்தில் குதித்த கல்லூரி மாணவர்கள்...பதாகைகளில் குறிப்பிட்டிருந்த வார்த்தைகள் என்னென்ன? |trans-title=College student protest against the governor |work=[[Malai Murasu]] |lang=ta |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119074350/https://www.malaimurasu.com/posts/tamilnadu/College-students-protested-against-the-governor |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the governor's speech in the assembly on 9 January 2023, the state government claimed that Ravi omitted select words such as [[women empowerment]], [[secularism]], [[self-respect]], and portions on [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and Dravidian leaders from the speech submitted by the state government to the governor's office.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Divya|title=உரையில் தவிர்த்த வார்த்தைகள், கொதித்த திமுகவினர், வெளியேறிய ஆளுநர்|trans-title=Governor avoided words during his speech, DMK members object|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/tamilnadu/the-governor-who-left-the-assembly-in-half-131673246449356.html|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|language=ta|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110722/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/tamilnadu/the-governor-who-left-the-assembly-in-half-131673246449356.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fathima |first1=Azeefa |last2=Ahmed |first2=Shabbir |date=9 January 2023 |title=TN Governor skips portions on Dravidian leaders and Ambedkar in speech, CM objects |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-governor-skips-portions-dravidian-leaders-and-ambedkar-speech-cm-objects-171717 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=News Minute |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110719/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-governor-skips-portions-dravidian-leaders-and-ambedkar-speech-cm-objects-171717 |url-status=live }}</ref> As per convention, the governor was to read the speech prepared by the state government. Chief minister Stalin moved a resolution requesting that the [[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|speaker]] to relax the state assembly rules to record only the speech prepared by the state administration and strike out any passages that the governor inserted or omitted. The motion was passed by the assembly, and the original speech prepared by the state government was documented.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=TamilNadu: What does rule 17 of the TNLA say? |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/09/what-does-rule-17-of-the-tnla-say |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=[[DT Next]] |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126163155/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/09/what-does-rule-17-of-the-tnla-say |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=வாசிக்கப்படாத 'வார்த்தைகள்' முதல் ஆர்.என்.ரவி வெளிநடப்பு வரை - ஆளுநர் உரை நிகழ்வின் 'சம்பவங்கள்'|trans-title=Unstated words to Ravi's exit|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/926871-top-20-events-of-tamil-nadu-legislative-assembly-session.html|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 January 2023|lang=ta|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109145120/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/926871-top-20-events-of-tamil-nadu-legislative-assembly-session.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ravi walked off from the assembly in the middle of the chief minister's speech on the resolution, before the assembly proceedings were closed.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 January 2023|title=முதல்வர் பேசிக்கொண்டிருக்கும்போதே விறுவிறுவென வெளியேறிய ஆளுநர் ஆர்.என். ரவி|trans-title=Governor Ravi exits when chief minister was speaking|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/politics/tamil-nadu-chief-ministers-speech-governor-r-n-ravi-left-hurry|access-date=10 January 2023|work=Nakkheeran|lang=ta|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110759/https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/politics/tamil-nadu-chief-ministers-speech-governor-r-n-ravi-left-hurry/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stalin |first1=J Sam Daniel |last2=Kumar |first2=Akhil |title=Tamil Nadu Governor Walks Out Amid Row With MK Stalin Over His Speech |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi-walks-out-of-assembly-in-row-with-chief-minister-mk-stalin-over-his-speech-3675640 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109214859/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi-walks-out-of-assembly-in-row-with-chief-minister-mk-stalin-over-his-speech-3675640 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 February 2024, Ravi again declined to read the entire customary address provided by the state government, except for the introductory parts, and walked off from the assembly as the speaker recited the Tamil rendition of the prepared address.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=12 February 2024 |title=TN Governor Ravi refuses to read customary address in assembly, walks out before session ends |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Feb/12/tn-governor-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-address-in-assembly-walks-out-before-session-ends |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506152803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Feb/12/tn-governor-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-address-in-assembly-walks-out-before-session-ends |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in the day, a press release from the governor state that he cannot abide by the speech provided by the state government since he did not agree with many of its excerpts on "moral and factual reasons", and stated it would be "constitutional travesty" if he accepted and orated the speech.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi refuses to read Governor's address at T.N. Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-n-ravi-refuses-to-read-governors-address-at-tn-legislative-assembly-says-it-would-be-constitutional-travesty/article67837317.ece |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212055303/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-n-ravi-refuses-to-read-governors-address-at-tn-legislative-assembly-says-it-would-be-constitutional-travesty/article67837317.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TN Guv RN Ravi refuses to read customary speech in Assembly on 'moral grounds' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-guv-rn-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-speech-in-assembly-on-moral-grounds |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=12 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506152803/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-guv-rn-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-speech-in-assembly-on-moral-grounds |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2023, Ravi issued a communique that dismissed [[V. Senthil Balaji]] from the state's [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], after Balaji's arrest by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] in a [[money laundering]] case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Governor Ravi dismisses Senthilbalaji from Council of Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-backtracks-on-dismissal-of-senthilbalaji-from-cabinet/article67023986.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630040833/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-backtracks-on-dismissal-of-senthilbalaji-from-cabinet/article67023986.ece |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> His announcement was criticised by several political parties, and chief minister Stalin responded that the governor does not have the authority to dismiss a minister without the recommendation of the elected government and indicated that the decision would be challenged legally.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2023 |title=After dismissing minister Senthil Balaji, Tamil Nadu governor R N Ravi hits pause following outrage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-dismissing-minister-tamil-nadu-governor-hits-pause-following-outrage/articleshow/101376841.cms |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the governor withdrew the order on the same day, and stated that he was advised by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|union home ministry]] to seek the opinion of the [[Attorney General of India|attorney general]] and acted accordingly.<ref>{{cite news |title=TN Governor R N Ravi 'dismisses' jailed minister Senthil Balaji; puts decision on hold within hours |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tn-governor-r-n-ravi-dismisses-jailed-minister-senthil-balaji-puts-decision-on-hold-within-hours-1232431.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=30 June 2023}}</ref> In April 2025, Balaji resigned from the cabinet after an ultimatum by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/senthilbalaji-ponmudy-resign-as-tamil-nadu-ministers-after-strong-remarks-from-courts/article69498381.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Ministers Senthilbalaji, Ponmudy quit after strong court remarks|date=28 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Ravi has been criticised as being dictatorial by Stalin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/governor-should-not-think-he-is-a-great-dictator-says-chief-minister-stalin/article66707666.ece |title=The Governor should not think he is a great dictator, says Chief Minister |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 April 2023 |access-date=24 November 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522181850/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/governor-should-not-think-he-is-a-great-dictator-says-chief-minister-stalin/article66707666.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to his reluctance and delay in giving assent to various bills passed by the state assembly, the assembly passed a resolution urging the union government to set time limits for governors to give assent to bills.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/politics/hours-after-tn-assembly-resolution-criticising-governor-r-n-ravi-passes-long-pending-bill |title=Hours After TN Assembly Resolution Criticising Governor, R.N.Ravi Passes Long-Pending Bill |work=The Wire |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629063336/https://thewire.in/politics/hours-after-tn-assembly-resolution-criticising-governor-r-n-ravi-passes-long-pending-bill |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 April 2025, Ravi stated that if the governor does not approve a bill, it indicates that the "bill is dead".<ref>{{cite news |title=If Governor withholds nod, it means Bill is dead: Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-governor-withholds-assent-to-bill-it-is-dead-says-rn-ravi/article66708016.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413225020/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-governor-withholds-assent-to-bill-it-is-dead-says-rn-ravi/article66708016.ece |archive-date=13 April 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2023 |title='When you say withhold, it means the Bill is dead,' says Tamil Nadu governor RN Ravi |url=https://theprint.in/politics/withholding-means-bill-is-dead-a-decent-language-for-rejected-says-tamil-nadu-guv-cm-stalin-slams-remark/1503362/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=The Print}}</ref> The statement drew criticism from Stalin and [[P. Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Parliamentary Democracy Is Dead": P Chidambaram Slams Governor's Remark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliamentary-democracy-is-dead-p-chidambaram-slams-governors-remark-3928655 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241009101754/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliamentary-democracy-is-dead-p-chidambaram-slams-governors-remark-3928655 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=8 April 2023 |title=TN CM Stalin calls governor Ravi 'dictator' for 'kill bill' comment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Apr/07/tn-cm-stalin-calls-governor-ravidictatorfor-kill-billcomment-2563458.html |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In April 2025, in the case of ''The State of Tamil Nadu v. The Governor of Tamil Nadu,'' the Supreme Court delivered a [[Lists of landmark court decisions|landmark judgement]] mandating time limits for governors to act on bills passed by state legislatures. The court ruled that the prolonged inaction on the ten bills by governor Ravi before referring them to the president, after their re-passage by the legislature, was unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=8 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-finds-tamil-nadu-governors-conduct-arbitrary-puts-governors-on-the-clock/article69426799.ece |title=Supreme Court finds Tamil Nadu Governor's conduct on 10 re-passed Bills was 'unconstitutional', puts Governors on the clock |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408213144/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-finds-tamil-nadu-governors-conduct-arbitrary-puts-governors-on-the-clock/article69426799.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/article-200-governor-cant-reserve-bill-for-presidents-assent-after-it-was-re-enacted-by-assembly-supreme-court-288851 |title=Governor Can't Reserve Bill For President's Assent After It Was Re-Enacted By Assembly : Supreme Court |work=Live Law |author=Gursimran Kaur Bakshi |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409141218/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/article-200-governor-cant-reserve-bill-for-presidents-assent-after-it-was-re-enacted-by-assembly-supreme-court-288851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=G |first=Ananthakrishnan |date=8 April 2025 |title='Must act with due deference to conventions of parliamentary democracy': Supreme Court sets aside TN Governor's reservation of 10 Bills |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-tamil-nadu-governor-bills-assent-president-reservation-9931457/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409175153/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-tamil-nadu-governor-bills-assent-president-reservation-9931457/ |archive-date=9 April 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> The court also cleared the pending bills under the provisions of Article 142.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vats |first=Aparna |date=8 April 2025 |title=How Supreme Court cleared 10 Bills using extraordinary powers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/supreme-court-cleared-bills-using-extraordinary-powers-article-142-tamil-nadu-rn-ravi-governors-judicial-overreach-2706035-2025-04-08 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> However, on 20 November 2025, a five-judge [[constitutional bench]] of the Supreme Court issued an advisory on the April 2025 case. The advisory was based on the 14 constitutional questions raised by the president to the court.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=20 November 2025 |title=Presidential Reference hearings saw SC repeat it is not expected to 'overrule' T.N. Governor case verdict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/presidential-reference-hearings-saw-sc-repeat-it-is-not-expected-to-overrule-tn-governor-case-verdict/article70301754.ece |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bench confirmed that no timeline is stipulated in the [[Constitution of India]] for the president or governors to take action on the bills. It further opined that the governors cannot sit on the bills indefinitely, and the governor has three options: to grant assent, to reserve it for the consideration of the president, or to withhold assent and return the bill to the assembly for reconsideration.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2025 |title=No timeline, but Governors can't sit on Bills indefinitely, says Supreme Court |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/no-timeline-but-governors-cant-sit-on-bills-indefinitely-says-supreme-court |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref>

On 12 April 2025, Ravi reportedly asked students to chant ''Jai Shri Ram'' during an event held at [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2025|title='Say Jai Shri Ram': Tamil Nadu governor Ravi sparks row; Congress terms his 'BJP, RSS's propaganda master' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/say-jai-shri-ram-tamil-nadu-governor-ravi-sparks-row-congress-terms-his-bjp-rsss-propaganda-master/articleshow/120254629.cms |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2025 |title=TN Governor RN Ravi triggers controversy by urging students to chant 'Jai Shri Ram' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-governor-r-n-ravi-controversy-students-chant-e937fc3e |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The State Platform for Common School System, an association of educationists and activists,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spcss-tn-launches-website-outlining-reasons-for-rejecting-nep-2020/article69313699.ece |title=SPCSS-TN launches website outlining reasons for rejecting NEP 2020 |date=11 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025| work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> wrote to the president [[Droupadi Murmu]] demanding Ravi's removal from office based on the allegation that his actions violated Article 159 of the Indian Constitution, which pertains to the oath of office taken by governors.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2025 |title=TN Governor asks college students to chant 'Jai Shri Ram' during event, educationists demand his removal from office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Apr/13/tn-governor-asks-college-students-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-during-event-educationists-demand-his-removal-from-office |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=14 April 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu educationists demand Governor RN Ravi's removal over 'Jai Shri Ram' row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-educationists-body-demand-governor-rn-ravi-sack-president-murmu-jai-shri-ram-chant-students-2708600-2025-04-14 |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Leaders from the ruling DMK and its allies also condemned the incident, stating that it was inappropriate for a constitutional authority to make religious exhortations at an educational institution.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2025 |title='Jai Shri Ram' slogan row: 'Governor RN Ravi flexing majoritarian muscle, not acceptable in Tamil Nadu, says DMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/this-is-flexing-majoritarian-muscle-not-acceptable-in-tamil-nadu-dmk-hits-back-at-governor-rn-ravi/articleshow/120271477.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20April,Silver%20Rates%20Today%20in%20Chennai |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=T.N. Governor Ravi's Jai Sri Ram chant: Educational forums condemn, seek his removal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-ravi-jai-sri-ram-chant-educational-forums-condemn-seek-his-removal/article69446661.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720095946/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-ravi-jai-sri-ram-chant-educational-forums-condemn-seek-his-removal/article69446661.ece |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi Under Fire For Urging Students To Chant 'Jai Shri Ram' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/tamil-nadu-governor-r-n-ravi-under-fire-for-urging-students-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-2885812.html |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

On 20 January 2026, Ravi declined to deliver the customary address provided by the state government and walked out of the assembly. The governor's office later released a statement citing that not being allowed to speak, not playing the National Anthem at the beginning of the session, and falsified claims in the address prepared by the state government as the reasons for the governor's walkout. Chief minister Stalin condemned the governor's move and said that it violates the house protocol and is a disrespect to the assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/drama-in-tn-assembly-guv-ravi-walks-out-over-insult-to-national-anthem-lok-bhavan-says-mic-was-switched-off-11768886216111.html|title=Drama in TN Assembly: Guv Ravi walks out over 'insult' to national anthem; Lok Bhavan says 'mic was switched off'|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=20 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi-walks-out-of-assembly-without-reading-customary-address/article70528041.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi again declines to read out customary address to Assembly, walks out|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Governor of West Bengal (2026– present) ===
On 6 March 2026, Ravi was appointed as the [[Governor of West Bengal]] succeeding [[C. V. Ananda Bose]], while [[Rajendra Arlekar]], the [[Governor of Kerala]], was given additional charge of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-governors-in-states-ut-tns-ravi-replaces-bose-in-bengal-ahead-of-polls-hasnain-for-bihar-sandhu-gets-delhi-10566960/|title=New Governors in states, UT: TN's Ravi replaces Bose in Bengal ahead of polls, Hasnain for Bihar, Sandhu gets Delhi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
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{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, R. N.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Governors of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Governors of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
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{{Current Indian governors}}
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{{Authority control}}

Pratihara dynasty

2026-09-20T15:37:42Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Northern Indian dynasty (730–1036)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Gurjara Pratihara dynasty
| common_name = Gurjara Pratihara
| continent =
| region =
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| status = Empire
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader =
| leader1 = [[Nagabhata I]] (first)
| year_leader1 = {{circa|730}}–{{circa|760}}
| leader2 = [[Yasahpala (king)|Yasahpala]] (last)
| year_leader2 = {{circa|1024}}–{{circa|1036}}
| year_start = {{circa|730}}
| year_end = 1036
| event2 = [[Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj|Conquest of Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| date_event2 = 1018
| p1 = Chavda dynasty
| p2 = Varman dynasty of Kannauj
| s1 = Pala Empire
| s2 = Chandela dynasty
| s3 = Paramara dynasty
| s4 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s5 = Tomara dynasty
| s6 = Chavda dynasty
| s7 = Chahamanas of Shakambhari
| s8 = Ghaznavid Empire
| s9 = Guhila dynasty
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image= Map of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (circa 800-950 CE).png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|230|5|[[800|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">South-Asia<br>800–950 CE</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|125|180|[[Pallava dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PALLAVAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|115|225|[[Pandyan dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|125|200|[[Chola dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|105|210|[[Chera dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHERAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|70|34|[[Hindu Shahis|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HINDU<br>SHAHIS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|150|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KALINGAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|40|[[Utpala dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">UTPALAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|170|45|[[Tibetan Empire|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TIBETAN<br/>EMPIRE</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|2|[[Tang dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">TANG DYNASTY</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|230|110|[[Pala Empire|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PALAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|145|135|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KALACHURIS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|60|65|[[Emirate of Multan|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">MULTAN<br>EMIRATE</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|35|100|[[Habbari dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">HABBARI<br>EMIRATE</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|165|[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">RASHTRAKUTAS</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|5|45|[[Saffarid dynasty|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">SAFFARID<br>SULTANATE</span>]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span>]][[Template:South Asia in 1000|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Extent of the Pratihara Empire at its peak ({{circa|800—950}} CE) and neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (i)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_map_alt = Extent of the Pratihara Empire
| image_map_caption =
| map_width = 300px
| image_coat = Pratihara_bhoja.JPG
| coa_size = 250px
| symbol_type = Gurjara-Pratihara coinage of [[Mihira Bhoja]], King of [[Kanauj]]. Obv: Boar, incarnation of [[Vishnu]], and solar symbol. Rev: Traces of [[Indo-Sasanian coinage|Sasanian type]]. Legend: ''Srímad Ādi Varāha'' "The fortunate primaeval boar".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |last2=Edwardes |first2=S. M. (Stephen Meredyth) |title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great |date=1924 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |page=Plate 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76}}</ref><ref name="HPR164">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000227932 |pages=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |language=en}}</ref>
| capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Ujjain|Avanti]]
*[[Kannauj]]
}}
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]]
| today = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]|[[Nepal]]}}
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
}}

The '''Pratihara dynasty''', also called the '''Gurjara-Pratiharas''', the '''Pratiharas of Kannauj''' or the '''Imperial Pratiharas''', was a prominent [[medieval India]]n [[dynasty]] which initially ruled the [[Gurjaradesa]] until its victory in the [[Tripartite Struggle]] in 816 which secured its right to the throne of Kannauj. [[Cadet branch]]es of the dynasty ruled other minor states in the subcontinent.

The Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries |first=André |last=Wink |location=Leiden |publisher=BRILL |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA284 |page=284}}</ref> [[Nagabhata I]] defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin in the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]]. Under [[Nagabhata II]], the Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India. He was succeeded by his son [[Ramabhadra]], who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son, [[Mihira Bhoja]]. Under Bhoja and his successor [[Mahendrapala I]], the Pratihara dynasty reached its peak of prosperity and power. By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivalled that of the [[Gupta Empire]] stretching from the border of [[Sindh]] in the west to [[Bengal]] in the east and from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to areas past the [[Narmada]] in the south.{{sfn|Avari|2007|p=303}}{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=146}} The expansion triggered a [[Tripartite Struggle|tripartite power struggle]] with the [[Rashtrakuta]] and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] empires for control of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. During this period, Imperial Pratihara took the title of ''[[Maharaja]]dhiraja of [[Āryāvarta]]'' (''Great King of Kings of [[Aryan]] Lands'').

Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Partha Mitter pp. 66">Partha Mitter, Indian art, Oxford University Press, 2001 pp. 66</ref>

The power of the Pratihara dynasty was weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Indra III]] who, in about 916, sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure rulers, the dynasty never regained its former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until, by the end of the tenth century, the dynasty controlled little more than the Gangetic [[Doab]]. Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1018.{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=146}}

== Etymology and origin ==
{{Main|Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas}}
[[File:A panel depicting the Saptamatrikas , Kannauj,9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|A panel depicting the [[Saptamatrikas]], [[Kannauj]], 9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty]]
The origin of the dynasty and the meaning of the term "Gurjara" in its name is a topic of debate among historians. The rulers of this dynasty used the self-designation "Pratihara" for their clan, and never referred to themselves as Gurjaras.{{sfn|Sanjay Sharma|2006|p=188}} They claimed descent from the legendary hero [[Lakshmana]], who is said to have acted as a ''pratihara'' ("door-keeper") for his brother [[Rama]].{{sfn|Tripathi|1959|p=223}}{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=7}} <ref>{{cite book |last=Agnihotri |first=V. K. |year=2010 |title=Indian History |volume=26 |page=B8 |quote=Modern historians believed that the name was derived from one of the kings of the line holding the office of Pratihara in the Rashtrakuta court}}</ref>

Multiple inscriptions of their neighbouring dynasties describe the Pratiharas as "Gurjara".{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=9-13}} The term "Gurjara-Pratihara" occurs only in the Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva, who describes himself as a "Gurjara-Pratihara". According to one school of thought, Gurjara was the name of the territory (see [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara-desha]]) originally ruled by the Pratiharas; gradually, the term came to denote the people of this territory. An opposing theory is that [[Gurjar]]a was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged, and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe.{{sfn|Majumdar|1981|pp=612–613}}

Among those who believe that the term Gurjara was originally a tribal designation, there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or foreigners.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=1-2}} The proponents of the foreign origin theory point out that the Pratihars suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the [[Hunas]] invasion of that region.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=2}} According to them Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the [[Alchon Huns]] ("White Huns") and native Indian elements, and can probably be considered as a [[Hunas|Hunnic state]], although its precise origins remain unclear.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1 |pages=62–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |language=en|quote="Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, may had a powerful [[Hephthalite|White Hunnic]] element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref> Critics of the foreign origin theory argue that there is no conclusive evidence of their foreign origin: they were well-assimilated in the Indian culture. Moreover, if they invaded India through the north-west, it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present-day Rajasthan, rather than the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Puri|1957|pp=4–6}} While scholars such as R.K. Gupta and S.R Bakshi who have doubted the theory of foreign origin for Gurjaras have also opined that Gurjara-Pratiharas were among the first Rajput dynasties.<ref name="heritageofrajputs" >{{cite book|series=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages|title=The Heritage Of Rajputs|volume=1|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2= Bakshi|publication-place=New Delhi|isbn=9788176258418|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC|chapter=Origin of Rajputs|quote=The Gurjara-Pratiharas were chronologically the earliest, and historically the most important of the Rajput dynasties.|page=3}}</ref>

The [[Agnivansha]] legend first recorded in the 11th century ''Navasahananka charita'' by [[Padmagupta]] narrates the official origin for the Parmara dynasty. This legend was later appropriated by other dynasties including Chaulukyas, eventually making its way into Prithviraj Raso.<ref name="heritageofrajputs"/>{{rp|6-8}}According to the legend, the Pratiharas, Parmar, Chauhan and Chaulukya dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire-pit (agnikunda) at [[Mount Abu]]. Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties. According to this theory, the foreigners were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of ''Prithviraj Raso''. It is based on a [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] legend composed when the threat of Muslim invasions was not considered serious by Rajput states of North West and Central India.<ref name="heritageofrajputs"/>{{rp|9-10}} This legend was utilised in the 16th century by [[bard]]s to claim a heroic descent of clans in order to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughals]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=17–18}}

== History ==
[[File:Pashupatinath, uttar pradesh, 9th -10th century ,pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|Pashupatinath, Uttar Pradesh, 9th -10th century, Pratihara dynasty]] [[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi bronze, 10th-11th Century, Pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] bronze, 10th-11th century, Pratihara dynasty]]
[[File:Map of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (circa 800-950 CE).png|thumb|300x300px|Extent of the Pratihara Empire at its peak ({{circa|800—950}} CE) and neighbouring polities.]]
The original centre of Pratihara power is a matter of controversy. R. C. Majumdar, on the basis of a verse in the Harivamsha-Purana, 783 CE, the interpretation of which he conceded was not free from difficulty, held that Vatsaraja ruled at Ujjain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=R.C.|title=The Age of Imperial Kanauj|date=1955|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Bombay|pages=21–22|edition=First}}</ref> Dasharatha Sharma, interpreting it differently located the original capital in the Bhinmala Jalor area.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Dasharatha|title=Rajasthan through the Ages|date=1966|publisher=Rajasthan State Archives|location=Bikaner|pages=124–30}}</ref> M. W. Meister<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meister|first1=M.W|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900|date=1991|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|location=Delhi|isbn=0195629213|page=153|edition=first}}</ref> and Shanta Rani Sharma<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Shanta Rani|title=Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Chang|date=2017|publisher=University of Rajasthan|location=Jaipur|isbn=978-93-85593-18-5|pages=77–78|edition=First}}</ref> concur with his conclusion since the writer of the Jaina narrative ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'' states that it was composed at Jalor in the time of Vatsaraja in 778 CE, which is five years before the composition of Harivamsha-Purana.

=== Early rulers ===
[[File:Trivikrama, Pratihara, 11th c. CE, Kashipur- UP.jpg|thumb|Trivikrama, Pratihara, 11th c. CE, Kashipur- UP]] Nagabhata I (739–760), was originally perhaps a feudatory of the [[Chavda dynasty|Chavdas]] of Bhillamala. He gained prominence after the downfall of the Chavda kingdom in the course of resisting the invading forces led by the Arabs who controlled Sindh. [[Nagabhata I|Nagabhata Pratihara I]] (730–756) later extended his control east and south from Mandor, conquering [[Malwa]] as far as [[Gwalior]] and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat. He established his capital at [[Ujjain|Avanti]] in Malwa, and checked the expansion of the Arabs, who had established themselves in [[History of Sindh|Sind]]. In this battle (738 CE), Nagabhata led a confederacy of Pratiharas to defeat the Muslim Arabs who had till then been pressing on victorious through [[West Asia]] and [[Iran]]. An inscription by [[Mihira Bhoja]] ascribes Nagabhata with having appeared like [[Vishnu]] "in response to the prayers of the oppressed people to crush the large armies of the powerful [[Mleccha]] ruler, the destroyer of virtue".<ref>A New History of Rajasthan, Rima Hooja pg – 270–274 University of Rajasthan</ref> Nagabhata I was followed by two weak successors, his nephews Devraj and Kakkuka, who were in turn succeeded by [[Vatsraj]]a (775–805).

=== Resistance to the Caliphate ===
{{Main|Caliphate campaigns in India|Caliphal province of Sind}}

In the Gwalior inscription, it is recorded that Pratihara emperor Nagabhata "crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha king." This large army consisted of cavalry, infantry, siege artillery, and probably a force of camels. Since Tamin was a new governor he had a force of [[Syria]]n cavalry from [[Damascus]], local Arab contingents, converted Hindus of Sindh, and foreign mercenaries like the [[Turkic peoples|Turkics]]. All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10 and 15,000 cavalry, 5000 infantry, and 2000 camels.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE, "The ruler of Gurjara maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers. Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous."<ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book |title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. |first=Radhey Shyam |last=Chaurasia |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |page=207 |isbn=978-81-269-0027-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207}}</ref>

===Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion===
[[File:Indian Kanauj triangle map.svg|thumb|300px|The Kanauj triangle.]]
After bringing much of [[Rajasthan]] under his control, Vatsaraja embarked to become "master of all the land lying between the two seas." Contemporary Jijasena's ''Harivamsha Purana'' describes him as "master of western quarter".<ref name="8129108909_p274-278">{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan |pages=274–278 |isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

According to the Radhanpur Plate and [[Prithviraja Vijaya]], Vatsaraja led an expedition against the Palas under Dharmapala of Bengal As such, the Palas came into conflict from time to time with the Imperial Pratiharas. According to the above inscription [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]], was deprived of his two white Royal Umbrellas, and fled, followed by the Pratihara forces under general [[Durlabharaja I|Durlabharaja Chauhan]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]. The Prithviraja Vijaya mentions Durlabhraj I as having "washed his sword at the confluence of the river Ganga and the ocean, and savouring the land of the Gaudas". The [[Baroda]] Inscription (AD 812) states [[Nagabhata II|Nagabhata]] defeated the Dharmapala. Through vigorous campaigning, [[Vatsraj]] had extended his dominions to include a large part of northern India, from the [[Thar Desert]] in the west up to the frontiers of [[Bengal]] in the east.<ref name="8129108909_p274-278"/>

The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of [[Harsha]] without an heir, which resulted in the disintegration of the [[Empire of Harsha]]. This space was eventually filled by [[Yashovarman]] around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]]. When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman, a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed, involving the Pratiharas, whose territory was at that time to the west and north, the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] of [[Bengal]] in the east and the [[Rashtrakutas]], whose base lay at the south in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA194|year=2003 |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |pages=194–195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author2-link=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA114 |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |publisher=Routledge |orig-year=1986 |year=2004 |edition=4th |page=114}}</ref> [[Vatsraja|Vatsaraja]] successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] and [[Dantidurga]], the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj.

Around 786, the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva (c. 780–793) crossed the [[Narmada River]] into Malwa, and from there tried to capture Kannauj. Vatsraja was defeated by the [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] of the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 800. Vatsaraja was succeeded by [[Nagabhata II]] (805–833), who was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Govinda III]] (793–814), but later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas, conquered Kannauj and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] as far as [[Bihar]] from the Palas, and again checked the [[Muslim]]s in the west. He rebuilt the great [[Shiva]] temple at [[Somnath]] in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from [[Sindh]]. Kannauj became the center of the Pratihara state, which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power, c. 836–910.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

=== Mihira Bhoja ===
{{Main|Mihira Bhoja}}

[[File:Teli ka mandir fort Gwalior - panoramio - Gyanendrasinghchauha… (1).jpg|thumb|[[Teli ka Mandir]] is a Hindu Temple built by [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=31 December 1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |pages=429–430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA429 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=K. V. Soundara |title=Early Kalinga Art and Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=Sundeep |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydojAAAAMAAJ |language=en|quote="When we have to compare a khākhärä temple of Kalinga with anything outside its borders, the most logical analogue coming to our mind will be that of Teli ka Mandir at Gwalior of the time of Pratihara Mihira Bhoja."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Dr Shiv |title=India – A Travel Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-284-0067-4 |page=531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA531 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Mihira Bhoja first consolidated his territories by crushing the rebellious feudatories in Rajasthan, before turning his attention against the old enemies the Palas and Rastrakutas.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285">{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |pages=277–280|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

After consolidating his rule, he stepped into a [[war of succession]] for the throne of Gujarat between [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty#Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat)|Dhruva II]] of the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty#Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat)|Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and his younger brother. Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat against the Dhruva while supporting his Dhruva's younger brother. Although the raid was repulsed by Dhruva II, Bhoja was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|pages=187|quote=Perhaps after initially consolidating his inheritance, Bhoja I then turned towards Central India, the Deccan and Gujarat. Stepping into a struggle for the throne of Gujarat between Dhruva Il of the Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty and his younger brother, Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat, with the stated objective of supporting the claim of the latter. The raid was repulsed by Dhruva II. Amoghavarsha's army may also have taken up arms against the Imperial Pratiharas at this point. Bhoia I was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa, but further expansion in that direction was effectively checked. This may have led Bhoja to concentrate on the lands other than those under the Rashtrakutas for the time being.|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

Bhoja's feudatory, the‌ [[Sisodia dynasty|Guhilas]] [[Samanta]] named Harsha of [[Chaksu|Chatsu]], is described as :
{{blockquote|“defeating the northern rulers with the help of the mighty elephant force”, and “loyally presenting to Bhoja the special ‘Shrivamsha’ breed of horses, which could easily cross seas of sand."<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>}}
Besides being a conqueror, Bhoja was a great diplomat.<ref name="RSC_207">{{cite book
| title =History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.
| author = Radhey Shyam Chaurasia
| publisher =Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| year =2002
| page =207
| isbn=978-81-269-0027-5| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207
| quote=He was undoubtedly one of the outstanding political figures of India in ninth century and ranks with Dhruva and Dharmapala as a great general and empire builder.
}}</ref> The kingdoms which were conquered and acknowledged his suzerainty includes Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujaratra, Lata Parvarta and [[Chandela]]s of [[Bundelkhand]]. Bhoja's [[Daulatpura]]-[[Dausa]] Inscription (AD 843), confirms his rule in Dausa region. Another inscription states that,"Bhoja's territories extended to the east of the [[Sutlej]] river." [[Kalhana]]'s [[Rajatarangini]] states that the territories of Bhoja extended to [[Kashmir]] in the north, and Bhoja had conquered [[Punjab]] by defeating ruling 'Thakkiyaka' dynasty .<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/><ref>[[Dasharatha Sharma]], Rajasthan Through the Ages "a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan" Bikaner, Rajasthan State Archives 1966, pp.144–54</ref> After Devapala's death, Bhoja defeated the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] emperor [[Narayanapala]] and expanded his boundaries eastward into Pala-held territories near [[Gorakhpur]].

In the early 8th century, [[Abbasid Caliphate|Arabs]] fought on and off to take over [[Sindh]]. Imran ibn-Musa, who governed Sindh, tried to expand Arab rule to nearby areas. When Bhoja became powerful the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] fought back repulsed them from fort of Sindan, pushing the Arabs out of Kutch between 833 and 842 AD. Later on, the Arabs lost a best part of [[Sindh]]. This was the major conflict between the forces of Mihirbhoja and Imran ibn-musa <ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1WgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Age of Imperial Kanauj |date=1955 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=xi-xii |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Hem Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period) |date=1973 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=12–13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards |title=early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards |pages=96 |language=English}}</ref>

Around 880, the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]] were defeated in large battle in [[Ujjain]] by Krishna II, the Rastrakuta king of Gujarat. However, retribution likely soon followed on the part of the Pratiharas, as by the end of his reign, Bhoja had successfully exterminated the Gujarat Rashtrakuta line.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|pages=187|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

Hudud-ul-Alam, a tenth-century [[Persian language|Persian]] geographic text, states that most of the kings of India acknowledged the supremacy of the powerful 'Rai of Qinnauj', ([[Kannauj]] was the capital of the Imperial Pratiharas) whose mighty army had 150,000 strong cavalry and 800 war elephants.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>

===Decline===
{{See also|Pratihara War of Succession}}
{{South Asia in 1000||Much reduced territory of the Gurjara-Pratihara in 1000, and neighbouring South Asian polities, on the eve of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] invasions of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=32, 146|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069}}</ref>|{{Annotation|128|86|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
[[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (910–912) was overthrown by [[Mahipala I]] (912–944). Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of Malwa, the [[Chandela]]s of [[Bundelkhand]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]] of [[Mahakoshal]], the [[Tomaras]] of [[Haryana]], and the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]].<ref name="SC19" /> The south Indian Emperor [[Indra III]] (c. 914–928) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty briefly captured Kannauj in 916, and although the Pratiharas regained the city, their position continued to weaken in the tenth century, partly as a result of the drain of simultaneously fighting off [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] attacks from the west, the attacks from the Rashtrakuta dynasty from the south and the Pala advances in the east.<ref name="SC19" /> The Pratiharas lost control of Rajasthan to their feudatories, and the Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior in central India around 950.<ref name="SC19" /> By the end of the tenth century the Pratihara domains had dwindled to a small state centered on Kannauj.<ref name="SC19">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>

[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] captured [[Kannauj]] in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled. He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 |page=72 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 |pages=72–73 }}</ref><ref name="SC19" /> The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy. Jasapala, the last Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, died in 1036.<ref name="SC19" />

The Imperial Pratihara dynasty broke into several small states after the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions. These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled Mandore till the 14th century. This Pratihara branch had marital ties with [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]] of the Rathore clan and gave [[Mandore]] in dowry to Chunda. This was specifically done to form an alliance against the Turks of the [[Tughlaq Empire]].<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref>

==Pratihara art==
There are notable examples of architecture from the Pratihara era, including sculptures and carved panels.<ref>{{cite book|title=Epic scenes in Indian plastic art|first=Jayantika |last=Kala|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-81-7017-228-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLcGKezqdDIC&pg=PA5|page=5}}</ref> Their temples, constructed in an open pavilion style. One of the most notable Pratihara style of architecture was [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], built by their vassals, the [[Chandelas]] of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name="Partha Mitter pp. 66"/>

=== Māru-Gurjara architecture ===
[[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] was developed during Pratihara Empire.

* [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]] temple was constructed in 783 CE,{{Sfn|Kalia|1982|p=2}} making it the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=112}}
* [[Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh]] was constructed during the Pratihara Empire between 8th to 11th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/asi-to-resume-restoration-of-bateshwar-temple-complex-in-chambal/story-kBaxGfcRWVsrNbw3Vw8dLN.html |title=ASI to resume restoration of Bateshwar temple complex in Chambal |date=21 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Baroli Temples|Baroli temples complex]] are eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Teli ka Mandir (15702266503).jpg|One of the four entrances of the [[Teli ka Mandir]]. This Hindu temple was built by the Pratihara emperor [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Bajpai2006"/>
File:Jain statues, Gwalior.jpg|Jainism-related cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside [[Siddhachal Caves]], Gwalior Fort.
File:Baroli Temple Complex1.jpg|Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at [[Baroli Temples|Baroli Temples complex]]. The complex of eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.
File:Bateshwar Temples (15695822503).jpg|[[Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh|Bateshwar Hindu temples]] in Madhya Pradesh was built by the Pratiharas.
</gallery>

==Legacy==
{{Continental Asia in 800 CE|right|{{center|The Gurjara-Pratihara and contemporary Asian polities, circa 800.}}|{{Annotation|119|114|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}} }}
Historians of India, since the days of [[Lord Elphinstone|Elphinstone]], have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. The Arabs possibly only stationed small invasions independent of the Caliph. Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon. Currently it is believed that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years. In the light of later events this might be regarded as the "Chief contribution of the Pratiharas to the history of India".<ref name="Chaurasia"/>

== List of rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Imperial Pratihara dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Nagabhata I]]
|730–760
|-
|2
|[[Kakustha (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Kakustha]] and [[Devaraja (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Devaraja]]
|760–780
|-
|3
|[[Vatsaraja]]
|780–800
|-
|4
|[[Nagabhata II]]
|800–833
|-
|5
|[[Ramabhadra]]
|833–836
|-
|6
|[[Mihira Bhoja]] or Bhoja I
|836–885
|-
|7
|[[Mahendrapala I]]
|885–910
|-
|8
|[[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
|910–913
|-
|9
|[[Mahipala I]]
|913–944
|-
|10
|[[Mahendrapala II]]
|944–948
|-
|11
|Devapala
|948–954
|-
|12
|Vinayakapala
|954–955
|-
|13
|Mahipala II
|955–956
|-
|14
|Vijayapala II
|956–960
|-
|15
|Rajapala
|960–1018
|-
|16
|Trilochanapala
|1018–1027
|-
|17
|[[Yasahpala (king)|Yasahpala]]
|1024–1036
|-
|}

== Mandavyapura branch ==
{{main|Pratiharas of Mandavyapura}}
[[File:Copper plate inscription Pratiharas.jpg|thumb|Copper plate inscription Pratiharas]]

== Baddoch branch ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
Known Baddoch rulers are-

*Dhaddha I (600 – 627 CE)
*Dhaddha II (627 – 655 CE)
*Jaibhatta (655 – 700 CE)

== Rajogarh branch ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh

*Parmeshver Manthandev, (885 – 915 CE)
*No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev

== See also ==
* [[History of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=India: The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200|first=Burjor |last=Avari |author-link=Burjor Avari |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-203-08850-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmB_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Sircar|first1=Dineschandra|title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India|date=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC|language=en }}
* {{citation |first=D. C. |last=Ganguly |title=Origin of the Pratihara Dynasty |editor=Narendra Nath Law |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=XI |publisher=Caxton |year=1935 |pages=167–168 }}
* {{citation |first=R. C. |last=Majumdar |chapter=The Gurjara-Pratiharas |editor=R. S. Sharma and K. K. Dasgupta |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=3 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
*Majumdar, R.C. (1955). The Age of Imperial Kanauj (First ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
* {{citation |first=V. B. |last=Mishra |title=Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras? |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=35 |number=¼ |year=1954 |pages=42–53 |jstor=41784918 }}
*Meister, M.W (1991). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900 (first ed.). Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153. {{ISBN|0195629213}}
* {{citation |first=Baij Nath |last=Puri |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] }}
** {{citation |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=Delhi |year=1986 |orig-year=first published 1957}}
*Sharma, Dasharatha (1966). Rajasthan through the Ages. Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |title=Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj |journal=Studies in History |volume=22 |number=22 |year=2006 |pages=181–220 |doi=10.1177/025764300602200202 |s2cid=144128358 |ref={{sfnref|Sanjay Sharma|2006}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Shanta Rani |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 |ref={{sfnref|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012}}}}
* {{citation |title=History of the Chāhamānas |first=R. B. |last=Singh |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ }}
*Sharma, Shanta Rani (2017). Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Change (First ed.). Jaipur: University of Rajasthan. p. 77–78. {{ISBN|978-93-85593-18-5}}.
* {{cite book |first=Rama Shankar |last=Tripathi |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC&pg=PA231 |year=1959 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0478-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Yadava |first=Ganga Prasad |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}
{{Refend}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC|title=Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D.|first=Asha |last=Kalia|date=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 9780391025585}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC|title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History|first=John E. |last= Cort | author-link=John E. Cort |date=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn= 9780791437865}}

{{Gurjara-Pratihara kings}}
{{Middle Kingdoms of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pratihara Empire| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 8th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1036]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1036 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Peddi

2026-09-20T15:37:32Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Buchi Babu Sana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Peddi
| image = Peddi Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Buchi Babu Sana]]
| producer = Venkata Satish Kilaru
| writer = Buchi Babu Sana
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ram Charan]]
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Jagapathi Babu]]
* [[Divyenndu]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = Vriddhi Cinemas
| distributor = [[Peddi#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|06|04}}
| runtime = 189 minutes<ref name=BH>{{cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |access-date=23 May 2026 |title=BREAKING: CBFC censors ‘Rajasthan’, ‘M***r C**d’, middle finger visuals in Ram Charan-Janhavi Kapoor starrer Peddi |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-cbfc-censors-rajasthan-mr-cd-middle-finger-visuals-in-ram-charan-janhavi-kapoor-starrer-peddi/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|300{{ndash}}350}} crore<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 June 2026 |title=Peddi ‘పెద్ది’ కోసం ఎంత ఖర్చు చేశారో తెలుసా .. రామ్ చరణ్ రెమ్యూనరేషన్ హాట్ టాపిక్ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/ram-charan-remuneration-for-peddi-2410987 |website=Namaste Telangana |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 July 2025 |title=Ram Charan's PEDDI To Cost Rs300 Crore? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/ram-charans-peddi-to-cost-rs350-crore-1891061 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=12 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 July 2025 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi becomes one of the costliest Telugu films, See the budget |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ram-charan-s-peddi-becomes-one-of-the-costliest-telugu-films-see-the-budget-article-13277979.html |website=MoneyControl |archive-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811063614/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ram-charan-s-peddi-becomes-one-of-the-costliest-telugu-films-see-the-budget-article-13277979.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/peddi-box-office-collection-day-3-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoors-film-to-cross-rs-200-crore-mark-11602526/ |title=Peddi Box Office Collection Day 4: Ram Charan-Janhvi Kapoor's Film To Cross Rs 200 Crore Mark |website=NDTV |date=2026-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-07}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|340}} crore{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2026 |title=Box Office: Ram Charan movie 'Peddi' sees a sharp drop on Monday as domestic gross collection hits the Rs 200 crore mark |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/06/09/peddi-ram-charan-box-office-day-5-drop.html |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisht |first=Bhumi |date=9 June 2026 |title=Peddi Box Office Collection Day 5: Ram Charan’s Blockbuster Inches Closer To The Rs 300 Crore Milestone In Worldwide Run Success |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/peddi-box-office-collection-day-5-ram-charans-blockbuster-inches-closer-to-the-rs-300-crore-milestone-in-worldwide-run-success-203610/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=9 June 2026 |title=Peddi 5 Days Collections: సోమవారం ఊహించని కలెక్షన్లు, ఐదో రోజు పెద్ది ఎంత వసూలు చేసిందంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/peddi-movie-5-days-box-office-collections-ram-charan-film-monday-huge-drop-umf5lne |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te |quote=ఈ సినిమాకి ఇండియాలో రూ.201.92కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. ఇక ఓవర్సీస్‌లో రూ.47కోట్లు రాబట్టింది. ఐదు రోజుల్లో దీనికి రూ.248.92కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. |trans-quote=The movie grossed ₹201.92 crore in India and ₹47 crore overseas. It collected a total of ₹248.92 crore in five days.}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Peddi''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]]<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-calls-peddi-his-most-challenging-film-yet-says-buchi-babu-sana-has-written-it-so-beautifully/articleshow/131373441.cms</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-28 |title=Ram Charan’s Peddi completes sports movie legacy Chiranjeevi left behind in 1985 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charan-film-peddi-completes-the-sports-movie-legacy-chiranjeevi-left-behind-in-1985-10712317/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> written and directed by [[Buchi Babu Sana]]. Produced by Venkata Satish Kilaru under Vriddhi Cinemas and co-produced by Ishan Saksena under IVY Entertainment and presented by [[Mythri Movie Makers]] and [[Sukumar Writings]], it stars [[Ram Charan]] in the titular role, alongside [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Divyenndu]] and [[Boman Irani]].

The film was announced under the working title of ''RC16'' in March 2024, with the official title being announced as ''Peddi'' in March 2025. Principal photography commenced in [[Mysuru]] on 22 November 2024, with filming taking place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Colombo]], [[Kanyakumari]], and [[Pune]]. Filming concluded by the end of April 2026. The original score and soundtrack are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].

The film was released theatrically on 4 June 2026 in standard, [[IMAX]], [[4DX]], [[D-Box]], [[ScreenX]], [[PVR INOX#PVR ICE|ICE]], PCX, PXL, [[MX4D]], [[Dolby Cinema]], and [[Qube Cinema Technologies|EPIQ]] formats to mixed reviews, with praise for Ram Charan and Jagapathi Babu's performances and criticism for some obscene scenes featuring Janhvi Kapoor, the screenplay, and the film's runtime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=2026-06-07 |title=India’s ‘Peddi’ Faces Backlash Over Depiction Of Female Lead, Director Agrees To Modify Scenes — Specialty Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/indie-film-box-office-peddi-controversy-female-lead-india-1236949376/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-09 |title=Peddi row: Janhvi's sexualised scenes removed, Buchi Babu says people misread them |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/peddi-row-janhvi-kapoor-hypersexualised-scenes-removed-buchi-babu-sana-says-people-misread-them-2923893-2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 2016, a [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|National Sports Ministry]] official is reprimanded by the minister following India's poor performance at the [[Olympic Games]]. While touring a town in [[Andhra Pradesh]], the official observes local youth demonstrating an exceptional dedication to athletics, all attributing their inspiration to an individual named Peddi. Intrigued, the official embarks on an arduous trek through forests and hills to reach a remote, nameless hilltop village to uncover Peddi's history.

The narrative shifts to the late 1980s in a marginalized and undocumented tribal hamlet in the [[Vizianagaram]] region. The villagers face systemic social discrimination, economic exploitation, and violence from neighboring upper-caste landlords. Appalasoori, a resident of the hamlet, has spent three decades petitioning the government to have the village legally recognized, named, and granted a railway station to establish connectivity with the outside world. Peddi, another villager and Appalasoori’s companion, works as an ''aata coolie'' (sports laborer) possessing unmatched cricketing skills. He participates in regional tournaments for wages and maintains an undefeated record. During this period, he develops a romantic relationship with Achiyamma, the daughter of a local politician. When Rambujji, the nephew of her father's political rival, attempts to publicly humiliate Achiyamma by disrobing her, Peddi intervenes, leading to a violent altercation. In retaliation, Rambujji orchestrates Peddi's public humiliation during a local tournament, ensuring his defeat. Despite the loss, Peddi retains the admiration of the local public. Gournaidu, a veteran wrestler seeking to revive Vizianagaram's endangered traditional wrestling, recognizes Peddi's athletic potential and offers to train him, though Peddi initially declines.

The village suffers a severe setback when a child dies in the forest while the community is trekking back to work. A devastated Appalasoori presents his petitions to the local minister, only to be harshly rebuffed and humiliated. Driven to despair, Appalasoori commits suicide by stepping in front of a speeding train. Outraged by his death, Peddi and the villagers vandalize the railway tracks by setting them on fire, resulting in a brutal police intervention. Recognizing the systemic helplessness of his community, Peddi resolves to secure a legal identity for the village and approaches Gournaidu for training. Undergoing rigorous preparation, Peddi successfully advances through local and state-level wrestling competitions.

As he positions himself for a national victory, an envious rival inflicts a severe, career-threatening leg injury upon him. Despite the impairment, Peddi wins the tournament semi-finals before collapsing into unconsciousness. Upon awakening, he learns that the injury has rendered him permanently unfit for wrestling. Refusing a compensatory government desk job, Peddi separates from Achiyamma and travels to [[Delhi]] to meet the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|National Railways Minister]]. The minister dismisses his appeals, mocking his physical condition and labeling his injury an excuse.

Desperate to force a bureaucratic resolution, Peddi deliberately amputates his damaged leg, acquires a running blade prosthetic, and undergoes a grueling physical transition into a [[Para-athletics|para-track athlete]]. He enters and wins a national track race, using his post-match victory speech to publicize his village's lack of legal recognition and the ongoing hardships of his people. The broadcast is watched tearfully by his villagers, Achiyamma - who has publicly proclaimed herself his wife - and a reformed Rambujji, who was moved by Peddi's determination.

Confronted with widespread public pressure, the central government officially recognizes the village and commissions a railway station. Although the government offers to name the station after him, Peddi requests that the village be renamed "Appalavalasa" in honor of Appalasoori. He returns home to a celebratory welcome, reconciling with his mother and Achiyamma. In the present day, the inspired government official resolves to implement a national initiative to identify and nurture grassroots sports talent in remote villages across India.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ram Charan]] as Peddi
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as Achiyamma, Peddi's love interest
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Gournaidu, Peddi's wrestling coach and mentor
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Appalasoori
* [[Divyenndu]] as Ram Bujji
* [[Boman Irani]] as Kiran Singh Baiswal, a National Sports Ministry Official
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Ranadheer Sisodia, Gournaidu's rival
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Peddi's mother
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Subhadra Rao, Achiyamma's father
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as a Police officer
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Peddi's friend
* [[John Vijay]] as Babu
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Paidappa
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as a villager
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Vishnukant Tiwari, Youth Affairs and Sports Minister
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Ram Bujji's uncle
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as a Sports official
* Tarak Ponnappa as Veerabhadra
* Mahesh Achanta as a locomotive pilot
* Srinivas Vadlamani
* Yash Puri
* Nandagopal
* Prashanth Natana
* [[Shruti Haasan]] in a special appearance in the [[item number]] "Hellallallo"
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In late-November 2022, [[Ram Charan]] confirmed his collaboration with [[Buchi Babu Sana]] for his next film.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=28 November 2022 |title=Ram Charan's next is with 'Upenna' director Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-charans-next-is-with-upenna-director-buchi-babu-sana/article66194926.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was produced by Venkata Satish Kilaru's Vriddhi Cinemas and [[Sukumar|Sukumar Writings]], [[Mythri Movie Makers]] to be the distributors.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 November 2022 |title=RC 16: Ram Charan announces new pan-India film, a sports drama directed by Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-announces-new-film-a-sports-drama-directed-by-buchi-babu-sana-101669619327279.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128080124/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-announces-new-film-a-sports-drama-directed-by-buchi-babu-sana-101669619327279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's crew and actors who were playing pivotal characters in the film were announced through individual publicity posters shared through the social media handles of the production house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2024 |title=Ram Charan To Resume Shooting For His New Movie #RC16 Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-to-resume-shooting-for-his-new-movie-rc16-soon-article-116106390 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503115621/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-to-resume-shooting-for-his-new-movie-rc16-soon-article-116106390 |url-status=live }}</ref> Accordingly, [[R. Rathnavelu]] was announced as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=24 February 2024 |title=Rathnavelu comes on board for Ram Charan-Buchibabu film |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rathnavelu-comes-on-board-for-ram-charan-buchibabu-film-860659 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=The Hans India |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106055459/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rathnavelu-comes-on-board-for-ram-charan-buchibabu-film-860659 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, [[A. R. Rahman]] was brought onboard to compose the background score and music to the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=OnlineNews |first=The Hindu |date=6 January 2024 |title=AR Rahman to compose for director Buchi Babu Sana's film with Ram Charan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-to-compose-for-director-buchi-babu-sanas-film-with-ram-charan/article67712794.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806101616/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-to-compose-for-director-buchi-babu-sanas-film-with-ram-charan/article67712794.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The production house scheduled auditions in Vizianagaram, Salur, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam to rope in additional actors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2024 |title=Makers of 'RC16' talent hunt for aspiring actors to get a chance to be featured in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc16-talent-hunt-be-featured-in-the-film-ram-charan/articleshow/107313706.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was launched under the working title RC16 on 20 March 2024 by [[Chiranjeevi]] in [[Hyderabad]]. The film was described as a "rural, emotional and rustic journey" for the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=20 March 2024 |title='RRR' Star Ram Charan's 16th Film Launched by Chiranjeevi |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/rrr-ram-charans-rc16-chiranjeevi-1235947008/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=4 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204052956/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/rrr-ram-charans-rc16-chiranjeevi-1235947008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Charan underwent a physical transformation under fitness coach Shivoham Bhatt<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Ram Charan Transforming Into Beast Mode; Preps Up For Macho Look In #RC 16 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-transforming-into-beast-mode-preps-up-for-macho-look-in-rc-16-article-113402698 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917180156/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-transforming-into-beast-mode-preps-up-for-macho-look-in-rc-16-article-113402698 |url-status=live }}</ref>, and learnt the [[Vizianagaram]] dialect for his role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=9 April 2025 |title=Makers of Ram Charan's 'Peddi' promise epic film after overwhelming response to first glimpse |url=https://telanganatoday.com/makers-of-ram-charans-peddi-promise-epic-film-after-overwhelming-response-to-first-glimpse |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505065222/https://telanganatoday.com/makers-of-ram-charans-peddi-promise-epic-film-after-overwhelming-response-to-first-glimpse |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Ram Charan]] was announced as the main lead.<ref name=":0"/> [[Shiva Rajkumar]] confirmed joining the film in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 January 2024 |title=Shiva Rajkumar confirms joining the cast of Ram Charan's RC 16 with Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/shiva-rajkumar-confirms-joining-the-cast-of-ram-charan-s-rc-16-with-buchi-babu-sana-101704467077091.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107014513/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/shiva-rajkumar-confirms-joining-the-cast-of-ram-charan-s-rc-16-with-buchi-babu-sana-101704467077091.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Janhvi Kapoor|Jahnavi Kapoor]] was announced as the female lead alongside Charan on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=Janhvi Kapoor joins Ram Charan in her second Telugu film RC 16: Mythri Movie Makers announces on her 27th birthday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/janhvi-kapoor-ram-charan-in-her-second-telugu-film-rc-16-27th-birthday-101709702395849.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106144540/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/janhvi-kapoor-ram-charan-in-her-second-telugu-film-rc-16-27th-birthday-101709702395849.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Divyenndu]] joined the film in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 January 2025 |title=Jagapathi Babu elated about his role in RC 16 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jagapathi-babu-elated-about-his-role-in-rc-16-1854701 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 January 2025 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118072905/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jagapathi-babu-elated-about-his-role-in-rc-16-1854701 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Ram Charan starrer 'RC16' team welcomes THIS 'Mirzapur' star aboard in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-starrer-rc16-team-welcomes-this-mirzapur-star-aboard-in-the-film/articleshow/115834227.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=1 May 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305163349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-starrer-rc16-team-welcomes-this-mirzapur-star-aboard-in-the-film/articleshow/115834227.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was offered a role but declined it, as he preferred to play a diversive role in subsequent films rather than reprising a father figure again as he did in Sana's ''[[Uppena]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi declined a role in 'RC16' due to THIS reason: reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-declined-a-role-in-rc16-due-to-this-reason-reports/articleshow/112851114.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918064146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-declined-a-role-in-rc16-due-to-this-reason-reports/articleshow/112851114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] joined the cast in December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 December 2025 |title=Boman Irani Joins the Cast Of Ram Charan's 'Peddi' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/boman-irani-joins-the-cast-of-ram-charans-peddi |work=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230125347/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/boman-irani-joins-the-cast-of-ram-charans-peddi |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2026, [[Shruti Haasan]] was roped in for a special appearance in a song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2026 |title=Peddi: Shruti Haasan shoots with Ram Charan for a special song; her gold-clad look gets leaked sparking buzz |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/peddi-shruti-haasan-shoots-with-ram-charan-for-a-special-song-her-gold-clad-look-gets-leaked-sparking-buzz |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 April 2026 |archive-date=1 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501063400/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/peddi-shruti-haasan-shoots-with-ram-charan-for-a-special-song-her-gold-clad-look-gets-leaked-sparking-buzz/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced in Mysuru on 22 November 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=OnlineNews |first=The Hindu |date=23 November 2024 |title='RC 16': Ram Charan-Janhvi Kapoor film goes on floors in Mysuru; Jagapathi Babu joins the cast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-film-goes-on-floors-in-mysuru-jagapathi-babu-joins-the-cast/article68901661.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220175050/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-film-goes-on-floors-in-mysuru-jagapathi-babu-joins-the-cast/article68901661.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The director posted his picture with the film’s script in front of the [[Chamundeshwari Temple]].<ref name=":2" /> Aalim Hakim was roped in to design the look for Charan.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 August 2025 |title=Ram Charan spotted with Stylist Aalim Hakim: Could Peddi feature multiple looks? |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/ram-charan-spotted-stylist-aalim-hakim-peddi-feature-multiple-looks/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 August 2025 |archive-date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818134755/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/ram-charan-spotted-stylist-aalim-hakim-peddi-feature-multiple-looks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapoor stayed in Hyderabad through December 2024 to prepare for her character in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Janhvi Kapoor takes a break from shooting RC 16; visits Hanuman temple in Hyderabad. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/janhvi-kapoor-takes-a-break-from-shooting-rc-16-visits-hanuman-temple-in-hyderabad-watch-101730996896487.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A few scenes were filmed at the Bhoot Bungalow in Hyderabad for 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 December 2024 |title=Ram Charangears up for 'RC16'shoot resumption after a small break |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ram-charangears-up-for-rc16shoot-resumption-after-a-small-break-927858 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119101226/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ram-charangears-up-for-rc16shoot-resumption-after-a-small-break-927858 |url-status=live }}</ref> An action sequence was filmed near [[Moula Ali hill|Moula Ali]] through five days in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=7 April 2025 |title=Ram Charan Resumes PEDDI Shoot with Intense Scenes in Moula Ali |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-charan-resumes-peddi-shoot-with-intense-scenes-in-moula-ali-1871441 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, production designer Avinash Kolla and his team have built village resembling [[Vizianagaram|Vizianagram]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Makers of Ram Charan's Peddi Recreate Vizianagaram Town {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/makers-of-ram-charans-peddi-recreate-vizianagaram-town-75577.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724062618/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/makers-of-ram-charans-peddi-recreate-vizianagaram-town-75577.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in the outskirts of Hyderabad, where stunt and dramatic sequences were filmed.<ref name=":3" /> The team has recreated the 1980s coastal town with detailed sets and period-specific props.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2025 |title=BTS of Ram Charan's cliff-edge dance in Peddi film goes viral, fans react |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bts-of-ram-charans-cliff-edge-dance-in-peddi-film-goes-viral-fans-react/articleshow/124492613.cms#:~:text=It%20is%20said%20that%20nearly,sets%20and%20period-specific%20props. |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112043831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bts-of-ram-charans-cliff-edge-dance-in-peddi-film-goes-viral-fans-react/articleshow/124492613.cms#:~:text=It%20is%20said%20that%20nearly,sets%20and%20period-specific%20props. |url-status=live }}</ref> 30% of the filming was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=22 May 2025 |title=Peddi: Filming For Ram Charan's Movie Begins On Massive Village Set In Hyderabad |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/filming-for-ram-charan-movie-peddi-begins-on-massive-village-set-in-hyderabad-enn25052204667 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106083941/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/filming-for-ram-charan-movie-peddi-begins-on-massive-village-set-in-hyderabad-enn25052204667 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 2025, the crew filmed a romantic number in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Charan and Janhvi Kapoor Head to Sri Lanka for a Song Shoot {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ram-charan-and-janhvi-kapoor-head-to-sri-lanka-for-a-song-shoot-78656.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024173857/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ram-charan-and-janhvi-kapoor-head-to-sri-lanka-for-a-song-shoot-78656.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Pune schedule, a dance number titled "Chikiri" choreographed by Jani Master<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan Travels To Pune, To Shoot A Grand Song Sequence For Peddi |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-travels-to-pune-to-shoot-a-grand-song-sequence-for-peddi-ws-l-9623032.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008134201/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-travels-to-pune-to-shoot-a-grand-song-sequence-for-peddi-ws-l-9623032.html |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> was filmed at Savalya Ghat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor, Ram Charan Trek 45 Minutes for 'Chikiri Chikiri' Song {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/janhvi-kapoor-ram-charan-trek-45-minutes-for-chikiri-chikiri-song-79631.html |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130085029/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/janhvi-kapoor-ram-charan-trek-45-minutes-for-chikiri-chikiri-song-79631.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2025, it was announced that nearly 60% of the filming was completed, with the film's first half already finished with editing.<ref name=":4" /> In December 2025, an action sequence choreographed by Sham Kaushal was filmed in a steel factory in Hyderabad.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=2020-07-26 |title=Sham Kaushal Roped For Action Sequence In 'Peddi' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/29/a-massive-set-erected-for-a-crucial-fight-sequence-in-ram-charans-peddi |journal=Cinema Express |volume= |issue= |doi= |issn= |access-date=December 7, 2025 |archive-date=9 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209233841/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/29/a-massive-set-erected-for-a-crucial-fight-sequence-in-ram-charans-peddi |url-status=live }}</ref> The sequence was said to be a face-off between Charan and Rajkumar's characters.<ref name=":6" /> In March 2026, Charan suffered a minor injury while filming an action sequence.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 March 2026 |title=Ram Charan's team, Peddi unit confirm actor sustained injury while shooting action sequence; takes no break |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charans-team-confirms-actor-sustained-injury-while-shooting-action-sequence-for-peddi-takes-no-break-101774415681669.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 March 2026 }}</ref> In April 2026, a special song featuring [[Shruti Haasan]] was filmed in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 April 2026 |title=Shruti Haasan Joins Ram Charan for Special Dance Number |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/peddi-update-shruti-haasan-joins-ram-charan-for-special-dance-number-83403.html |website=Filmfare.com |archive-date=22 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422184355/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/peddi-update-shruti-haasan-joins-ram-charan-for-special-dance-number-83403.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography for the film concluded by the end of April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title='Peddi' update: Ram Charan starrer sports drama wraps up shoot; cinematographer hails working with 'RRR' star 'truly special' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-update-ram-charan-starrer-sports-drama-wraps-up-shoot-cinematographer-hails-working-with-rrr-star-truly-special/articleshow/130671978.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{infobox album
| name = Peddi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| caption =
| released = 28 May 2026
| recorded = 2024{{ndash}}2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:30
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = A. R. Rahman
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
}}
The [[original score]] and [[soundtrack album]] are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. He finished composing three tracks for the film by March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2024 |title=RC 16: AR Rahman finished composing three songs for the Ram Charan starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-16-ar-rahman-finished-composing-three-songs-for-the-ram-charan-starrer/articleshow/108875075.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414065242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-16-ar-rahman-finished-composing-three-songs-for-the-ram-charan-starrer/articleshow/108875075.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The music rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|35|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan's Peddi Audio Rights Set a New Record |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-audio-rights-set-a-new-record-1870435 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402111844/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-audio-rights-set-a-new-record-1870435 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first single titled "[[Chikiri Chikiri]]" was released on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2025 |title='Peddi' song: 'Chikiri Chikri' decoded; AR Rahman and Buchi Babu Sana reveal how Ram Charan's love song was born |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-song-chikiri-chikri-decoded-ar-rahman-and-buchi-babu-sana-reveal-how-ram-charans-love-song-was-born/articleshow/125103166.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2025 }}</ref> The second single titled "Rai Rai Raa Raa" was released on 2 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=Ram Charan sets screen ablaze with graceful moves in 'Rai Rai Raa Raa' from Peddi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/03/ram-charan-sets-screen-ablaze-with-graceful-moves-in-rai-rai-raa-raa-from-peddi |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single titled "Hellallallo" was released on 24 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2026 |title=Ram Charan-starrer Peddi’s third song Hellallallo out; Janhvi Kapoor, Shruti Haasan steal the show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charan-starrer-peddis-third-song-hellallallo-out-janhvi-kapoor-shruti-haasan-steal-the-show-10705292/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Chikiri Chikiri]]
| length1 = 4:33
| lyrics1 = Balaji
| extra1 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| title2 = Rai Rai Raa Raa
| length2 = 4:27
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| extra2 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| title3 = Hellallallo
| lyrics3 = Anantha Sreeram
| extra3 = [[Rakshita Suresh]]
| length3 = 3:49
| title4 = Massa Massa
| extra4 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Rakshita Suresh]], [[Deepthi Suresh]]
| lyrics4 = Anantha Sreeram
| length4 = 3:42
| total_length = 16:30
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Peddi'' was released worldwide on 4 June 2026, in [[Movie theater#Premium large format (PLF)|premium large formats]], including [[IMAX]], [[4DX]], [[D-Box]], [[ScreenX]], [[PVR INOX#PVR ICE|ICE]], PCX, PXL, [[MX4D]], [[Dolby Cinema]], and [[Qube Cinema Technologies|EPIQ]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi finally locks a release date in June. Read details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charans-peddi-finally-locks-a-release-date-to-hit-theatres-in-june-2904385-2026-05-01 |website=India Today |date=May 2026 }}</ref> Originally, it was scheduled to release on 27 March 2026, coinciding with Charan's birthday,<ref name=":1"/> however it was postponed due to unfinished production work.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2026 |title='Peddi': Ram Charan and Janhvi Kapoor starrer's release to be postponed again - Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-ram-charan-and-janhvi-kapoor-starrers-release-to-be-postponed-again-reports/articleshow/128806488.cms |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331082057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-ram-charan-and-janhvi-kapoor-starrers-release-to-be-postponed-again-reports/articleshow/128806488.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the release date got shifted to 30 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2026 |title=Ram Charan's 'Peddi' to now hit screens on April 30! |url=https://www.indiatribune.com/public/index.php/ram-charans-peddi-to-now-hit-screens-on-april-30 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[India Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> However, director Sana revealed at the Telugu pre-release event of ''[[Kara (film)|Kara]]'' that it will be postponed to 25 June 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2026 |title=Buchi Babu Sana Locks Peddi Release Date for June 25 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/buchi-babu-sana-locks-peddi-release-date-for-june-25-1953023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=27 April 2026 |archive-date=28 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428055449/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/buchi-babu-sana-locks-peddi-release-date-for-june-25-1953023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 April 2026 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi Postponed Once Again, Now Eyeing June Release |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-postponed-once-again-now-eyeing-june-release-11361505 |website=NDTV |archive-date=16 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416145319/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-postponed-once-again-now-eyeing-june-release-11361505 |url-status=live }}</ref> before preponing to its current release date.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi locks June 4 release hours after Mythri's Jetlee boycott statement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charans-peddi-locks-june-4-release-mythris-jetlee-boycott-statement-10666332/ |website=The Indian Express |date=May 2026 |archive-date=18 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518083718/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charans-peddi-locks-june-4-release-mythris-jetlee-boycott-statement-10666332/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in Telugu, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-review-will-ram-charan-deliver-one-of-the-biggest-blockbusters-of-his-career-after-rrr/articleshow/131484291.cms |title='Peddi': Will Ram Charan deliver one of the biggest blockbusters of his career after 'RRR'? |website=The Times of India |date=3 June 2026}}</ref> The film received a rating of 12A from the [[British Board of Film Classification]] and a U/A 16+ certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] after some cuss words were removed.<ref name="BH"/>

=== Distribution ===
The film was distributed by [[Mythri Movie Makers|Mythri Movie Distributors LLP]] in Nizam for ₹63 crore.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 May 2026 |title=After Three Big Blows, Mythri Puts Huge Hopes on Peddi |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/412026/after-three-big-blows-mythri-puts-huge-hopes-on-peddi |website=Gulte}}</ref> [[Jio Studios]] distributed the film in [[North India]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 May 2026 |title=Jio Studios to distribute Peddi across North India in Telugu and Hindi |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jio-studios-to-distribute-peddi-across-north-india-in-telugu-and-hindi |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> while Kishore Films will distribute it in [[Karnataka]].<ref>https://x.com/i/status/2052314657764073517</ref> Think Studios distributed the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>https://x.com/i/status/2057026481578967453</ref> The film was distributed across international territories by [[Hombale Films]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 May 2026 |title='Peddi': Hombale Films to Handle Overseas Distribution For The Ram Charan Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/peddi-hombale-films-to-handle-overseas-distribution-for-the-ram-charan-film |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
In March 2025, the title of the film was announced as ''Peddi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title='RC 16': Ram Charan's film titled 'Peddi'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rc-16-ram-charan-peddi-first-look-poster-janhvi-kapoor-shivarajkumar/article69380307.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519072500/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rc-16-ram-charan-peddi-first-look-poster-janhvi-kapoor-shivarajkumar/article69380307.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The first official poster was released on that day. Additionally, a one-minute [[Teaser trailer|video teaser]] released on 6 April 2025, which introduces Charan in a rugged look, sporting long beard and nose ring.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2025 |title='Peddi' makers thank fans for overwhelming response to Ram Charan's first glimpse; confirm March 2026 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-makers-thank-fans-for-overwhelming-response-to-ram-charans-first-glimpse-confirm-march-2026-release/articleshow/120118589.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723093508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-makers-thank-fans-for-overwhelming-response-to-ram-charans-first-glimpse-confirm-march-2026-release/articleshow/120118589.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The official trailer was launched on 18 May 2026 at a special event in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 May 2026 |title=Peddi trailer: Ram Charan takes on not 1 or 2 but 3 different sports in film with Janhvi Kapoor. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/peddi-trailer-ram-charan-takes-on-not-1-or-2-but-3-different-sports-in-film-with-janhvi-kapoor-watch-101779091031817.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Home media===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2025 |title=Ram Charan-Janhvi Kapoor's RC16 Faces Delay As Netflix Bags Streaming Rights: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ram-charan-janhvi-kapoors-rc16-faces-delay-as-netflix-bags-streaming-rights-report-9271497.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323081422/https://www.news18.com/movies/ram-charan-janhvi-kapoors-rc16-faces-delay-as-netflix-bags-streaming-rights-report-9271497.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Subhash K. Jha of ''BollySpice'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and described Ram Charan's performance as "an astonishing performance, unequalled by anything I've seen by an upfront superstar of cinema", while praising the film's blend of entertainment and social commentary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|date=6 June 2026|title=“Peddi, Ram Charan Is The Real Dhurandhar“ – A Subhash K Jha Review|url=https://bollyspice.com/peddi-ram-charan-is-the-real-dhurandhar-a-subhash-k-jha-review/|access-date=7 June 2026|website=BollySpice.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said that despite its predictable story and flaws, ''Peddi'' is worth watching for Ram Charan's powerful performance, strong emotions, and impressive visuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=4 June 2026 |title=Peddi Review: Ram Charan Carries This Ambitious Sports Drama Across The Finish Line |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/peddi-review-ram-charan-carries-this-ambitious-sports-drama-across-the-finish-line-3-stars-11589902 |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Buchi Babu Sana comes into his second film with a genuinely interesting idea at its core, and Ram Charan makes the most of it but the film carries too much weight in the wrong places, and not enough where it counts".<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddi movie review: Ram Charan carries a worthy but uneven sports drama on his shoulders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/peddi-movie-review-ram-charan-carries-a-worthy-but-uneven-sports-drama-on-his-shoulders-10723215/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and stated, "On one hand, when Malayalam cinema is telling progressive stories that have the power to stand the test of time, a film like this flaunts its puerile and problematic telling like second skin".<ref>{{cite web |title='Peddi' Movie Review: Ram Charan's muddled sports drama suffers from too many subplots and an objectified Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/peddi-movie-review-ram-charans-muddled-sports-drama-suffers-from-too-many-subplots-and-an-objectified-janhvi-kapoor-14018616.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref>

BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Despite a strong performance from Ram Charan and a touching climax, Peddi fails to realize its potential due to a weak screenplay, forced commercial elements, and lack of emotional engagement".<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddi Review: A Lacklustre Sports Drama Barring Shocking Climax |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/peddi-movie-review-a-lacklustre-sports-drama-barring-shocking-climax-1961234 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> Sreeju Sudhakaran of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "the film buries its powerful story about caste identity and social inequality beneath hero worship, regressive romance and exhausting excesses".<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddi Review: Ram Charan's Aura-Show In A Messy Sports Drama |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/peddi-review-ram-charan-shines-in-overlong-sports-drama/20260604.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Chirag Sehgal of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Overall, Peddi can be skipped. Watch it at your own risk and only if you are a Ram Charan fan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddi Review: Ram Charan Impresses In Otherwise Average Movie That Does Not Understand 'No Means No' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/peddi-review-ram-charan-impresses-in-otherwise-average-movie-that-does-not-understand-no-means-no-ws-l-10129590.html |website=News 18 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
The film faced controversy for its alleged [[objectification]] of [[Janhvi Kapoor]]'s character, Achiyamma, specifically citing lingering camera shots and a scene depicting a non-consensual kiss.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Janhvi Kapoor objectification uproar, 'Peddi' director apologises; Ram Charan movie to be re-edited and released |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/06/06/janhvi-kapoor-film-objectification.html |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=@theweek |language=en}}</ref> In response to the criticism, director [[Buchi Babu Sana]] issued a public apology stating that it was never their intention to disrespect women and confirming that the production team would actively modify and edit out the controversial portions in the theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-05 |title=Peddi director Buchi Babu addresses intense backlash over Janhvi Kapoor scenes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/peddi-director-buchi-babu-addresses-intense-backlash-over-janhvi-kapoor-scenes-10725881/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film made {{INR|112.49}} crore globally on its opening day including {{INR|82.49}} crore domestically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amrita |date=5 June 2026 |title=Peddi Box Office Collection Day 1: Ram Charan, Janhvi Kapoor Starrer Opens With Rs. 100 Crore World; Check |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/peddi-box-office-collection-day-1-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-opens-with-rs-100-crore-world-ilqc9q1 |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet Newsable]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chetupelli |first=Sanjiv Kumar |date=5 June 2026 |title=Peddi Box Office: పెద్ది ఆటతో కొట్టుకుపోయిన బాలీవుడ్ మెగాహిట్స్- టాప్ 3లో రామ్ చరణ్ మూవీ- తొలి రోజు కలెక్షన్స్ ఎంతంటే? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/peddi-movie-box-office-collection-day-1-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-sports-drama-peddi-worldwide-1st-day-collection-261780618682319.html |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te}}</ref> By the end of two days, the worldwide gross stood at {{INR|150}} crore which also include domestic gross collection of {{INR|114.50}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=6 June 2026 |title=Peddi worldwide box office collection day 2: Ram Charan film unfazed by row over Janhvi Kapoor's role, mints ₹150 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/peddi-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-2-ram-charan-film-unfazed-by-row-over-janhvi-kapoor-role-mints-150-crore-101780721048923.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> It is estimated to have grossed over {{INR|290}} crore within its first three days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Nancy |date=8 June 2026 |title=Peddi Box Office Collection Day 4: Ram Charan's Film Earns Rs 32 Crore, Crosses Rs 340 Crore |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/peddi-box-office-collection-day-3-ram-charans-film-earns-rs-28-85-crore-crosses-rs-125-crore-in-india-5agyibb |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet Newsable]] |language=en |quote=Worldwide, Peddi is estimated to have grossed over ₹190 crore within its first three days, while the makers have claimed an even higher figure exceeding ₹236 crore globally.}}</ref> The total worldwide extended-weekend gross collection was {{INR|233}} crore including {{INR|187}} crore from domestic markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Niharika |date=8 June 2026 |title=ఆదివారం బాక్సాఫీస్‌లో 'పెద్ది'గాడి ఊచకోత... రామ్ చరణ్ నయా రికార్డు... నాలుగు రోజుల కలెక్షన్స్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/peddi-day-4-collections-sunday-boost-pushes-ram-charan-sports-drama-first-weekend-ww-box-office-numbers-249812 |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisht |first=Bhumi |date=8 June 2026 |title=Peddi Box Office Collection Day 4: Ram Charan–Janhvi Kapoor Film Surges Past Rs 340 Crore Worldwide Milestone |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/peddi-box-office-collection-day-4-ram-charanjanhvi-kapoor-film-surges-past-rs-233-crore-worldwide-milestone-203072/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=8 June 2026 |title=Peddi 4 Days Collections: పెద్ది 4 రోజుల్లో రాబట్టింది ఇంతే, ఆదివారం ర్యాంపేజ్‌.. హిట్‌ కావాలంటే ఇంకా ఎంత రావాలంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/peddi-movie-4-days-collections-sunday-rampage-how-much-needs-to-be-ram-charan-film-get-success-tkekpfz |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwivedie |first=Jaya |date=8 June 2026 |title=Peddi Vs Bandar: राम चरण के आगे हवा हुई बॉबी देओल की भौकाल, कमाई में दिखा जमीन आसमान का फर्क, 'पेड्डी' की 233 करोड़ी कमाई ने बदला खेल |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/peddi-vs-bandar-bobby-deol-swag-fades-before-ram-charan-massive-gap-in-box-office-collection-peddi-collects-game-changing-340-crore-2026-06-08-1223676 |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=[[India TV]] |language=hi}}</ref> After the first Monday, the domestic and international gross collections were {{INR|201.92}} crore and {{INR|47}} crore respectively. Thus the five-day worldwide gross collection stood at {{INR|248.92}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2026 |title=Box Office: Ram Charan movie 'Peddi' sees a sharp drop on Monday as domestic gross collection hits the Rs 200 crore mark |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/06/09/peddi-ram-charan-box-office-day-5-drop.html |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisht |first=Bhumi |date=9 June 2026 |title=Peddi Box Office Collection Day 5: Ram Charan’s Blockbuster Inches Closer To The Rs 300 Crore Milestone In Worldwide Run Success |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/peddi-box-office-collection-day-5-ram-charans-blockbuster-inches-closer-to-the-rs-300-crore-milestone-in-worldwide-run-success-203610/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=9 June 2026 |title=Peddi 5 Days Collections: సోమవారం ఊహించని కలెక్షన్లు, ఐదో రోజు పెద్ది ఎంత వసూలు చేసిందంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/peddi-movie-5-days-box-office-collections-ram-charan-film-monday-huge-drop-umf5lne |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te |quote=ఈ సినిమాకి ఇండియాలో రూ.201.92కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. ఇక ఓవర్సీస్‌లో రూ.47కోట్లు రాబట్టింది. ఐదు రోజుల్లో దీనికి రూ.248.92కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. |trans-quote=The movie grossed ₹201.92 crore in India and ₹47 crore overseas. It collected a total of ₹248.92 crore in five days.}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|23865918}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|Peddi}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
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Border 2

2026-09-20T15:37:22Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Anurag Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Border 2
| image = Border 2 Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = The theatrical release poster for the film Border 2. The top half features four protagonists in profile and three-quarter views, appearing battle-worn with visible facial injuries. From right to left, the lineup includes Sunny Deol in an army uniform, Varun Dhawan in an army uniform, Diljit Dosanjh in an air force uniform, and Ahan Shetty in a navy uniform. The background depicts fighter jets and missiles streaking across a smoky sky, with a frigate positioned at sea. In the bottom right, an inset image shows Sunny Deol in army fatigues leading a charge of soldiers, framed by the folds of the Indian tricolour flag.
| director = [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
| writer = 
| screenplay = {{ubl|[[Sumit Arora]]|Anurag Singh}}
| story = Nidhi Dutta
| based_on =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhushan Kumar]]
* [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
* [[J. P. Dutta]]
* Nidhi Dutta
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Varun Dhawan]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Ahan Shetty]]
* [[Mona Singh]]
* [[Sonam Bajwa]]
* Medha Rana
* [[Anya Singh]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anshul Chobey
| editing = Manish More
| music = {{ubl|'''Score''':|John Stewart Eduri|'''Songs''':|[[Anu Malik]]|[[Mithoon]]|[[Sachet–Parampara]]|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]|Gurmoh}}
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]|J. P. Films}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 201 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-clears-border-2-no-dialogue-action-cuts-warship-name-changed-kavach-flag-visuals-removed-war-plane-scenes/|title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC clears Border 2 with NO dialogue or action cuts; warship name changed to Kavach; flag visuals removed in war plane scenes|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|275 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |title=
Border 2 Day 1 Estimate: Sunny Deol and Varun Dhawan film takes a solid start at the box office with approx. Rs 33 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/border-2-day-1-estimate-sunny-deol-and-varun-dhawan-film-takes-a-solid-start-at-the-box-office-with-approx-rs-33-crores/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|464.5 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2026 |title=Border 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/box-office/ |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
}}

'''''Border 2''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[war film|action war film]] co-written and directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]. A sequel to [[J. P. Dutta]]'s 1997 film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'', it was produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], J. P. Dutta, and Nidhi Dutta under the banners of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] and J. P. Films.

Set in [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]], the film features the operations of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The film stars [[Sunny Deol]] in the leading role, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Ahan Shetty]].<ref name="SDU">{{cite news |title=Border 2 buzz rises as Col. Bharwan praises Sunny Deol: "Only he can carry that uniform" |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-buzz-rises-as-col-bharwan-praises-sunny-deol-only-he-can-carry-that-uniform-article-13715658.html |work=[[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]] |date=8 December 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208093427/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-buzz-rises-as-col-bharwan-praises-sunny-deol-only-he-can-carry-that-uniform-article-13715658.html |archive-date=8 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Fees">{{Cite news |date=13 December 2025 |title=Border 2 Star Cast Fees: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan Earned THIS Much; Check|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/border-2-cast-salaries-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-fees-revealed-oqp73nr|access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> The film also features [[Mona Singh]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], Medha Rana and [[Anya Singh]] in pivotal roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 December 2025 |title=Sunny Deol to Varun Dhawan meet the star cast of border 2|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/sunny-deol-to-varun-dhawan-meet-the-star-cast-of-border-2-and-their-roles-2mokzfy?photo=1 |access-date=17 December 2025|work=[[Asianet News]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Sunny Deol announces 'Border 2', back as 'fauji' after 29 years. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-deol-announces-border-2-watch-video-2552577-2024-06-13 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol To Reprise 'Fauji' Role In Border 2 After 27 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sunny-deol-announces-border-2-5879635 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Border 2 announcement video: Sunny Deol fulfils his promise after 27 years. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-announcement-video-sunny-deol-fulfils-his-promise-after-27-years-watch-9389435/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Sunny Deol announces Border 2 as the cult classic turns 27 years old: deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-announces-border-2-as-the-cult-classic-turns-27-years-old-deets-inside/articleshow/110957090.cms |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The project was officially announced on June 13, 2024, on the 27th anniversary of the first film. Filming took place in early 2025 across [[military]] locations including [[Jhansi Cantonment]], [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina Cantonment]], the [[National Defence Academy]] (NDA) in [[Khadakwasla]], and undisclosed [[Air base|air]] and [[Naval base|naval]] bases. The INS Vikrant was used in filming.<ref name="FS">{{cite news|title=Border 2 Filming Locations Across India: Jhansi, NDA Pune, Dehradun, Halduwala, Rishikesh, Almora, Amritsar, Rajasthan, And Jammu And Kashmir|work=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/border-2-filming-locations-across-india-jhansi-nda-pune-dehradun-halduwala-rishikesh-almora-amritsar-rajasthan-and-jammu-and-kashmir-article-153387817|access-date=2026-01-03}}</ref>

''Border 2'' was theatrically released on 23 January 2026, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend. It received positive reviews from critics. Commercially, it has earned {{INRConvert|464.5|c}} to rank the [[List of Indian films of 2026#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Indian film of 2026]] as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 2026#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Hindi film of 2026]].

==Plot==
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}
During the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]], an [[Indian Army]] battalion, led by [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Fateh Singh Kaler, is deployed in the western front. Reports of an enemy attack reach the battalion, they fight returns and the enemy's troops launch an assault with [[artillery]], [[tank]]s, and [[air strike]]s. The army officer, the [[Indian Air Force]], and the [[Indian Navy]] work together to terrorist defeat the crowd enemy.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]] as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Lt Col]] Fateh Singh Kaler — [[Indian Army]] officer from [[Sikh Regiment|6 Sikh]] (loosely based on [[Brigadier (India)|Brig.]] [[Hardev Singh Kler]], {{Post-nominals|commas=on|country=IND|MVC|AVSM}})<ref name="SDU"/><ref name=Fees/><ref name=Kaler>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2026|title=Border 2 Cast: Real-Life Inspirations Behind The Film's Characters|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/border-2-cast-real-life-inspirations-behind-the-films-characters-ws-l-9849042.html|access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[News18 India|News18]]}}</ref>
* [[Varun Dhawan]] as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Major]] [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]], {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVC}} — Indian Army officer from [[The Grenadiers|3 Grenadiers]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Varun Dhawan gears up to portray war hero Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya in 'Border 2' – reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-gears-up-to-portray-war-hero-major-hoshiar-singh-dahiya-in-border-2-reports/articleshow/121075075.cms |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=Fees/>
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as [[Indian_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia#Commissioned_Officers|Fg Offr]] [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon]], {{resize|85%|PVC}} — [[Indian Air Force]] officer from [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diljit in Amritsar for Border 2 shooting, plays role of Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/diljit-in-amritsar-for-border-2-shooting-plays-role-of-flying-officer-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon/ |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Fees/>
* [[Ahan Shetty]] as [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia#Commissioned officers|Lt Cdr]] Mahendra Singh Rawat — [[Indian Navy]] officer from [[INS Khukri (F149)|14th Frigate Squadron]] (based on [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla]], {{resize|85%|MVC}})<ref name=Fees/>
* [[Mona Singh]] as Simi Kaler — Fateh's wife
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Manjit Sekhon — Nirmal's wife<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=Exclusive: Sonam Bajwa joins Sunny Deol, Rohit Chaudhary, Diljit Dosanjh and Ahan Shetty in Border 2 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-sonam-bajwa-joins-sunny-deol-Rohit-chaudhary-diljit-dosanjh-and-ahan-shetty-in-border-2-1391357 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=PinkVilla |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Medha Rana as Dhanwanti Dahiya — Hoshiar's wife
* [[Anya Singh]] as Sudha Rawat — Mahendra’s wife
* Paramvir Cheema as [[Subedar|Sub.]] Nishan Singh — Indian Army [[Junior commissioned officer|JCO]] from 3 Grenadiers<ref name=Fees/>
* Anurag Arora as Sub. Ram Singh — Indian Army JCO from 6 Sikh
* Vansh Bhardwaj as Sub. Santram — Indian Army JCO from 3 Grenadiers
* [[Alihassan Turabi|Ali Hassan]] as [[Pakistan Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned officer ranks|Lt Col]] Zaheer Khan — CO of Pakistani army at the Battle of Manawar Tawi
* Vaquar Shaikh as Lt Col Khalid — CO of Pakistani army at the Battle of Basantar
* Behzaad Khan as [[Gilgit Scouts|Pakistani Scout]] Leader Subedar Ashfaque Ali
* Ali Mughal as Maj. Akram Khan — 2i/c of Pakistani army at the Battle of Basantar
* Ishika Gagneja as Sukhminder Kaur — Nirmal's sister
* Hardip Gill as [[Flight lieutenant|Flt Lt]] Tarlochan Singh Sekhon ({{small|ret'd}}) — Nirmal's father
* Neeta Mohindra as Harbans Kaur Sekhon — Nirmal's mother
* Guneet Sandhu as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Captain]] Angad Singh Kaler — Fateh's son, Indian Army officer from [[Sikh Regiment|7 Sikh]]
* Karan Mann as [[Pakistan Army]] officer
* Madhur Arora as [[General (Pakistan)|Gen.]] [[Yahya Khan]]
* Tejashwar Singh as Fg Offr Baldhir Singh Ghumman — Nirmal's wingman
* Sanjiv Chopra as [[Brigadier (India)|Brig.]] Gurbachan Singh Cheema — Fateh's [[Commanding officer|CO]]
* Ujjwal Gaurahha as Pashtun Rouhani — Pakistan Army soldier
* Pranav Vashisht as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Former ranks|2nd Lt]] Ajit Singh — Fateh's 2i/c
* Angad Singh as Sampooran Singh — JCO in 6 Sikh
* Azad Chauhan as Balam Singh — JCO in 3 Grenadiers
* Bhushan Vikas as Beniram Rao — JCO in 3 Grenadiers
* Kartik Phogat as Ashfaq Ali — Pakistan Army soldier
* Saad Baba as Lt Col [[Ved Prakash Airy]]
* Imran Farooq as Rasheed Gul
* Harwinder Aujla as Gurjeet Singh — Fateh's 3rd in command
* Pali Sandhu as Jagat Singh — JCO in 6 Sikh
* Bashir Lone as Basheer Sheikh — War refugee from Chak Peeran village
* Ajay Sharma as Sajjad Rashid
* Aadarsh Barik as Saurav Nathuram Pingle
* Sandeep Sharma as Hoshiar's father-in-law
* Ashwani Oberoi as Hoshiar's uncle
* Amit Bhardwaj as Rajnish Singh
* Sushil Singh as Ustaad Mangal Singh
* Atharva Bangale as [[Air traffic controller|ATC]] Officer
* Sabyasachi Misra as [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Commander|CO]]
* Jasmine Khuranna as Sushma
* Harman Singh Lakhia as Cousin Billo
* Abhinav Ranga as Sagar Ranga — Rawat's junior officer
* Asif Rehman as Rawat's [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
* Atul Singh as Ramesh Vijayan
* Variksh Mehta as Ajay Sinha
* Shahid Latif as [[Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia|Cdr]] [[Ahmad Tasnim]] — CO of [[Pakistan Navy]] submarine [[PNS Hangor (S131)|PNS Hangor]]
* Gaurav Puri as Sailor Rifat Jawed on PNS Hangor
* [[Vimarsh Roshan]] as Viper Pilot V. Mangate
* Ujjwal Gaurahha as Shamsheer
* Umar Sharif as Pashtun — Nirmal's opponent in the dogfight
* Heeral Bhojwani as Ameeta Rawat, Rawat's daughter
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Raza]] as Rawat's father
* [[Namrata Joshi]] as Rawat's mother
* Ajay Mehra as [[Air marshal (Pakistan)|Air Marshal]] [[Zafar Chaudhry|Zafar Ahmad Chaudhry]]
* Karan Chibber as [[Vice admiral (Pakistan)|Vice Admiral]] [[Muzaffar Hassan]]
* Soumyarka Gupta as [[General (Pakistan)|General]] [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hameed Khan]]
* Hari Om Kalra as [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt. Gen.]] Sher Khan
* Umedh Singh as Randhir Singh — [[Army Postal Service (India)|Army Postman]]
* [[Karan Jotwani]] as Venkatesh
* [[Suniel Shetty]] ({{small|cameo}}) as [[Border Security Force#Officers|AC]] Bhairon Singh Rathore, {{Post-nominals|country=IND|SM}} — [[Border Security Force|BSF]] officer attached to the [[Punjab Regiment (India)#Units|Unit]] that fought the [[Battle of Longewala]]<ref name=cameo >{{Cite news |date=23 December 2025 |title=Akshaye Khanna, Suniel Shetty to make cameos in Border 2? Here's what we know!|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-suniel-shetty-make-cameos-border-2-heres-know/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
* [[Akshaye Khanna]] ({{small|cameo}}) as 2nd Lt Dharamvir Bhakhri — [[Second-in-command|2i/c]] in the Unit that fought the Battle of Longewala<ref name=cameo />
* [[Puneet Issar]] ({{small|cameo}}) as Sub. Ratan Singh, {{Post-nominals|country=IND|VrC}} — [[Platoon#India|Platoon leader]] in Alpha Company<ref name=cameo />
* [[Sudesh Berry]] ({{small|cameo}}) as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Junior commissioned officer and non-commissioned ranks|Nb. Sub.]] Mathura Das, {{resize|85%|SM}} — [[Section (military unit)|Section leader]] in the Unit that fought the Battle of Longewala<ref name=cameo />
}}

== Production==
===Development===
''Border 2'' was officially announced by [[J. P. Dutta]], [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Sunny Deol]] on 13 June 2024 on the 27th anniversary of the [[Border (1997 film)|original film]]. Deol was retained from the original cast, although the makers did not reveal the other cast members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Deol officially announces Border 2, will return as fauji after 27 years.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-officially-announces-border-2-will-return-as-fauji-after-27-years-watch-101718256995777.html|work=HindustanTimes.com|date=13 June 2024|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{Multiple image
|perrow = 4
|direction = horizontal
|align = right
|total_width = 500
|image1 = Sunny Paaji 2024.jpg
|image2 = Varun Dhawan at Mehboob Studios in 2025 (cropped).jpg
|image3 = Diljit Dosanjh.jpg
|image4 = Ahan-Shetty snapped-promoting-Tadap-at-the-GM-Modular-store-3 (cropped).jpg
|image5 = Mona Singh at the premiere of The Archies (cropped).jpg
|image6 = Sonam Bajwa.png
|image7 = Medha Rana at T-Series office 2026 (cropped).jpg
|image8 = Anya Singh launch I Am India song (03) (cropped).jpg
|footer = (L-R) Top row: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh and Ahan Shetty; Bottom row: Mona Singh, Sonam Bajwa, Medha Rana and Anya Singh
}}
[[Sunny Deol]] was offered the lead role following the success of [[Gadar 2|''Gadar 2'']] (2023). While [[J. P. Dutta]] proposed the sequel to Deol back in 2015, the project was put on hold due to several of Deol’s films underperforming at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Deol reveals why Border 2 was shelved in 2015|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sunny-deol-says-border-2-was-shelved-in-2015-because-of-this-reason-2429002-2023-08-31|work=IndiaToday.com|date=2023-08-31|access-date=2025-08-12}}</ref> Deol was also cautious about the sequel, wanting to ensure the story provided a natural evolution for the beloved original characters. He felt the script needed to justify a comeback to avoid disappointing fans who expect the same level of impact seen in ''Gadar 2''. Following the success of his recent films, Deol agreed to star in the project.<ref name=Fees/> He plays the role of [[Indian Army]] officer [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Fateh Singh Kaler (loosely based on [[Hardev Singh Kler|Brigadier Hardev Singh Kler]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Kaler>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2026|title=Border 2 Cast: Real-Life Inspirations Behind The Film's Characters|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/border-2-cast-real-life-inspirations-behind-the-films-characters-ws-l-9849042.html|access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[News18 India|News18]]}}</ref>

[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] was rumoured to have been offered the role of [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]]. However, media reports indicated he was no longer part of the cast. There was no official confirmation as to whether he opted out or was dropped by the producers, leaving his exit a subject of speculation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayushmann Khurrana out of Border 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayushmann-khurrana-opts-out-of-sunny-deol-starrer-border-2-as-he-felt-unsure-of-his-positioning-report/articleshow/112336462.cms#|work=Indiatoday.com|access-date=2025-08-12}}</ref> [[Varun Dhawan]] was then cast to play the role. The makers announced his casting alongside Deol, Diljit Dosanjh, and Ahan Shetty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Deol starts the 3rd schedule of Border 2 at NDA; Diljit Dosanjh and Ahan Shetty join the war drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-starts-the-3rd-schedule-of-border-2-at-nda-diljit-dosanjh-and-ahan-shetty-join-the-war-drama-directed-by-anurag-singh/articleshow/121903848.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, his role was cemented in the public eye as behind-the-scenes footage from the shoot emerged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Ahan Shetty joins cast of Border 2 with Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/watch-ahan-shetty-joins-cast-of-border-2-with-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-2610489-2024-10-03 |work=India Today |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> [[Diljit Dosanjh]] was signed to play the role of the [[Indian Air Force]] officer, [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon|Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Diljit Dosanjh, Ahan Shetty start shooting Border 2 with Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/diljit-dosanjh-ahan-shetty-start-shooting-border-2-with-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-2741891-2025-06-17 |work=India Today |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> However, rumors surfaced that he had opted out of the film due to external project controversies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diljit Dosanjh dropped from Border 2 amid casting row?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/diljit-dosanjh-dropped-from-border-2-amid-row-over-casting-pakistani-actor-hania-amir-in-sardaar-ji-3-sources-2747180-2025-06-27|work=India Today |access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref> Despite the ambiguity that surrounded his status, it was later confirmed Dosanjh was firmly back on board and was set to star as one of the film's lead characters. [[Ahan Shetty]] joined the cast as a new recruit, a move that was officially announced by lead actor Deol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Ahan Shetty joins cast of Border 2 with Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/watch-ahan-shetty-joins-cast-of-border-2-with-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-2610489-2024-10-03 |work=India Today |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> Ahan played the role of the [[Indian Navy]] officer, [[Lieutenant Commander]] Mahendra Singh Rawat (character based on [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=After Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh, Sunny Deol welcomes Ahan Shetty onboard Border 2 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/border-2-after-varun-dhawan-and-diljit-dosanjh-sunny-deol-welcomes-ahan-shetty-onboard-6707351 |work=NDTV |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>

[[Mona Singh]] was cast opposite Deol. She portrays the wife of Fateh Singh Kaler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2: Cast additions revealed as shooting progresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-diljit-dosanjhs-fierce-first-look-unveiled-netizens-call-air-force-avatar-a-sardar/articleshow/125687907.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> [[Sonam Bajwa]] was cast opposite Dosanjh. She portrays Manjit Kaur Sekhon, the wife of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonam Bajwa reveals 'Border' is one of her favourite films: 'Holds so many childhood memories'|url=https://ianslive.in/sonam-bajwa-reveals-border-is-one-of-her-favourite-films-holds-so-many-childhood-memories--20251223104559|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|access-date=2025-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Border 2' cast fees revealed: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh, or Ahan Shetty - know who took home the highest amount among these actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-cast-fees-revealed-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-or-ahan-shetty-know-who-took-home-the-highest-amount-among-these-actors/articleshow/126065116.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 December 2025}}</ref> Several media outlets reported actress [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was offered one of the other two female lead roles for a rumored ₹2–3 crore fee, although the casting was not confirmed.<ref name="Fees" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Border 2 Full Cast Fee, Release Date: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh To Rashmika Mandanna's Whopping Salaries In Crores|url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/border-2-full-cast-fee-release-date-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-to-rashmika-mandannas-whopping-salaries-in-crores-report-2994869|website=zeenews.india.com|date=2025|access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref> Medha Rana was cast opposite Dhawan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2: Diljit Dosanjh debuts first look as fighter pilot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-diljit-dosanjh-debuts-first-look-as-fighter-pilot-in-sunny-deol-and-varun-dhawan-starrer/articleshow/125686515.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> She portrays Dhano Devi, the wife of Hoshiar Singh Dahiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2: Diljit Dosanjh's fierce first look unveiled; more cast members join |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-diljit-dosanjhs-fierce-first-look-unveiled-netizens-call-air-force-avatar-a-sardar/articleshow/125687907.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> [[Anya Singh]] was cast opposite Ahan, portraying the role of Sudha, the wife of Mahendra Singh Rawat.<ref name=":0" />

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in early 2025. To portray military environments, the crew filmed at several Indian defense installations as well as on constructed sets. During the first phase in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in January 2025, the production kicked off in [[Jhansi#Jhansi Cantonment|Jhansi Cantonment]] in UP and its adjoining bordering areas in MP, before proceeding to [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina Cantonment]] in UP. During this period, Sunny Deol and Varun Dhawan filmed pivotal sequences within these cantonment areas to establish a realistic setting for the film.<ref name=FS>{{cite news|title=Border 2 Filming Locations Across India: Jhansi, NDA Pune, Dehradun, Halduwala, Rishikesh, Almora, Amritsar, Rajasthan, And Jammu And Kashmir|work=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/border-2-filming-locations-across-india-jhansi-nda-pune-dehradun-halduwala-rishikesh-almora-amritsar-rajasthan-and-jammu-and-kashmir-article-153387817|access-date=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Dhawan starts filming for Border 2 in Madhya Pradesh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-starts-filming-for-border-2-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/117288161.cms}}</ref> In the second phase, which took place in [[Maharashtra]] from early to June 2025, a major portion of the film was filmed at the [[National Defence Academy]] (NDA) in [[Khadakwasla]] near [[Pune]]. This filming schedule focused on the protagonists' introductory sequences and training. Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Ahan Shetty]] filmed scenes involving staged military drills, which included [[National_Cadet_Corps_(India)|NCC]] cadets as background extras.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border 2 shooting at NDA: Sunny Deol, Diljit Dosanjh, Varun Dhawan spotted in Pune |work=The Indian Express |date=2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-shooting-at-nda-video-shows-sunny-deol-diljit-dosanjh-and-other-stars-in-pune-10073407/}}</ref>

As production entered its third phase in [[Uttarakhand]] during mid - 2025, the focus shifted to the rugged terrain of Uttarakhand, which served as the primary backdrop for the film's combat sequences. Sunny Deol participated in this leg of the shoot, which combined constructed sets with natural landscapes to depict [[land warfare|land]] and [[mountain warfare|mountain]] warfare. In Halduwala, a village in [[Dehradun]] [[Dehradun district|district]], the production team built sets to replicate Kashmiri villages for the film's battle scenes. Additional filming occurred at Kimadi village and Santala Devi Temple. The production then expanded into [[Almora]] [[Almora district|district]], where scenes were filmed at historic sites including [[Jageshwar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol shoots for Border 2 in Uttarakhand |work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sunny-deol-shoots-for-border-2-in-uttarakhand-meets-uttarakhand-film-development-council-ceo-banshidhar-tiwari/articleshow/121289278.cms}}</ref> The fourth phase took place in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] from mid – late 2025, where filming was done in the state, primarily in [[Amritsar]] [[Amritsar district|district]]. Scenes were shot in local villages and on sets built to resemble [[military camp]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Dhawan wraps Amritsar shoot of Border 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-wraps-amritsar-shoot-of-border-2-visits-golden-temple-shares-village-moments-and-diljit-bond/articleshow/123140912.cms}}</ref> After individual character arcs were completed by mid-2025, a final production phase occurred in December 2025. This period focused on the film's climax, which featured several large-scale action sequences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border 2 climax gets bigger with December shoot planned |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-climax-gets-bigger-sunny-deol-returns-to-battlefield-december-shoot-planned-for-high-octane-finale-reports/articleshow/125199232.cms}}</ref> Additional filming was done in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Military base|Military Bases]], following the initial schedule. In [[Srinagar]], scenes were filmed at the [[Khanqah-e-Moula]] shrine. The Rajasthan portion of the shoot utilized [[Thar desert|desert]] terrain for [[desert warfare]] conditions. Production also took place at undisclosed [[Air base|air]] and [[Naval base|naval]] bases for the sequences involving those military branches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Deol's 'Border 2' to go on floors in November in Jammu and Kashmir|work=[[Mid-Day]]|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sunny-deol-diljit-dosanjh-varun-dhawan-border-2-november-jammu-and-kashmir-23402377|date=2024-09-30}}</ref><ref name="FS" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Border 2 (soundtrack)}}

The film's [[Film score|background score]] is composed by John Stewart Eduri. The songs are composed by [[Anu Malik]], [[Mithoon]], [[Sachet–Parampara]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] and Gurmoh, with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Kausar Munir]], [[Kumaar]] and [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]].

The songs' rollout began with the lead single, "Ghar Kab Aaoge", on 2 January 2026,<ref name=GKA>{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2026|title=Whistles, cheers and kids on tiptoes: Inside BSF Jawans' love for Sunny Deol at Border 2's Ghar Kab Aaoge song launch. Sunny Deol's emotional connection with BSF jawans took centre stage, blending nostalgia and pride.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/whistles-cheers-and-kids-on-tiptoes-inside-bsf-jawans-love-for-sunny-deol-at-border-2s-ghar-kab-aaoge-song-launch-101767509777303.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> followed by "Ishq Da Chehra" on 9 January<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title=Border 2 song 'Ishq Da Chehra' out: Diljit Dosanjh and Sachet-Parampara's track offers an emotional glimpse into soldiers' lives|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/border-2-song-ishq-da-chehra-diljit-dosanjh-sachet-paramparas-track-offers-emotional-glimpse-soldiers-lives/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> and "Jaate Hue Lamhon" on 12 January.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=Border 2 unveils Jaate Hue Lamhon at special event with naval officers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jaate-hue-lamhon-song-launch-border-2-patriotism-soldier-sacrifice-2850844-2026-01-12 |work=India Today}}</ref> The remaining tracks in the collection were released on 14 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 January 2026|title=Border 2: Sunny Deol, team honour Indian Navy at Karwar Naval Base|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/border-2-sunny-deol-team-honour-indian-navy-at-karwar-naval-base-articleshow-co9w8kp|work=AsiaNetNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=15 January 2026|title=Border 2: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Ahan Shetty honour Indian forces at Karwar Naval Base, launches film's music with real heroes|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-border-2-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-ahan-shetty-honour-indian-forces-at-karwar-naval-base-launches-film-s-music-with-real-heroes-3197156|work=DNA India}}</ref>

The songs "Ghar Kab Aaoge", "Jaate Hue Lamhon", "Hindustan Meri Jaan", and "Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hai" are remixed versions of "[[Sandese Aate Hai]]", "To Chalun", "Hindustan Hindustan", and "Hamen Jab Se Mohabbat", respectively, from the [[Border (1997 film)|first film]].<ref name=GKA/><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 December 2025 |title=Scoop: 'Sandese Aate Hain' gets retitled as 'Ghar Kab Aaoge' in Sunny Deol starrer Border 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-sandese-aate-hain-gets-retitled-ghar-kab-aaoge-sunny-deol-starrer-border-2/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2026 |title=Suniel Shetty to launch 'Jaate Hue Lamhon' from Border 2 at Mumbai's Navy Nagar|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/suniel-shetty-launch-jaate-hue-lamhon-border-2-mumbais-navy-nagar-report/ |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Border 2'' was theatrically released on 23 January 2026, aligning with India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border 2 release date gets locked; Sunny Deol starrer to hit the theatres in January 2026 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/border-2-release-date-gets-locked-sunny-deol-starrer-hit-theatres-january-2026/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol's 'Border 2' release date out, film to hit the screens in 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-deol-border-2-release-date-january-2026-2553201-2024-06-14 |work=India Today |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> The first poster and the release date were unveiled on the 79th [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]], with the film's tagline "Hindustan ke liye ladenge... phir ek baar!" (We will fight for India… once again!) prominently featured to evoke patriotic sentiment.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 August 2025 |title='Border 2' first look reactions: Sunny Deol's soldier avatar sparks fan frenzy; netizens hail it as an all-time blockbuster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-first-look-reactions-sunny-deols-soldier-avatar-sparks-fan-frenzy-netizens-hail-it-as-an-all-time-blockbuster/articleshow/123318420.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

The film was banned in various [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] countries as it was perceived as having 'anti-Pakistan' content.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 January 2026 |title=After Dhurandhar, Sunny Deol's Border 2 Release Banned In Gulf Countries |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-dhurandhar-sunny-deols-border-2-release-banned-in-gulf-countries-10827329 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] for a reported {{INR|225}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amena |first1=Rasti |title=Border 2 OTT release date: Netflix buys Sunny Deol's film for Rs... |url=https://www.siasat.com/border-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sunny-deols-hit-3336827/ |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=5 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 20 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border 2 OTT release: When and where to watch Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh's ₹400 crore hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-400-crore-hit-ahan-shetty-101773900159372.html |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Border 2'' received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike, with many hailing it as a thunderous war epic that perfectly honours the legacy of the 1997 original. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|69||13|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-url=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/border_2 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] gave ''Border 2'' a highly positive review, awarding the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and labelling it "OUTSTANDING". Writing for his social media platform upon its release on January 23, 2026, Adarsh described the film as a "thunderous, emotionally charged war epic" that successfully honors the legacy of the 1997 original. He praised director Anurag Singh for balancing large-scale spectacle with deep sentiment. Adarsh lauded Sunny Deol as the "beating heart" of the film, noting his "commanding and righteous" presence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran|authorlink=Taran Adarsh|url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/2014397165154840920|title=#OneWordReview... #Border2: OUTSTANDING|website=[[X (social network)|X]]|date=22 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5, praising the writing, direction, emotional quotient, performances and action sequences, while feeling some visual effects could have been better and the length, a little shorter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/critic-review/border-2-movie-review/border-2-delivers-a-stirring-big-screen-war-spectacle/|title=Border 2 Movie Review: BORDER 2 delivers a stirring, bigscreen war spectacle|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Simran Singh from [[Daily News and Analysis]] similarly gave it 4.5 stars out of 5 and described it as one of the best war films. She wrote "The makers of ''Border 2'' are in sync with the sentiments of the audience, and thus, they delivered one of the best war dramas of this decade. A film that will become a classic, and a textbook for future generations on how to up the ante and deliver the next-to-impossible task."<ref>{{cite web|first=Simran|last=Singh|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-ahan-shetty-s-epic-exceeds-expectations-give-out-best-war-film-of-the-deacde-3197956|title=Border 2 Movie Review: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh, Ahan Shetty's epic exceeds expectations, give out best war film of the decade|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> [[CNN-News18|News18]] gave the film 4 out of 5 stars. Grace Cyril, writing for the news channel, praised the film's pacing, noting its refusal to "rush into war" allowed for significant character development. She highlighted the focus on the soldiers' domestic lives, training, and interpersonal bonds, arguing this emotional groundwork prevents the characters from appearing as "faceless soldiers" and heightens the narrative impact of the ensuing conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-diljit-dosanjh-varun-dhawan-make-this-patriotic-ride-totally-worth-it-ws-kl-9851584.html|title=Border 2 Movie Review: Sunny Deol, Diljit Dosanjh, Varun Dhawan, Make This Patriotic Ride Totally Worth It|website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]|date=22 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of [[Filmfare]] rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Ultimately, Border 2 works best as a tribute, not a reinvention. It honours real heroes, celebrates inter-service unity, delivers rousing action and solid performances, and provides audiences with the comforting familiarity of patriotic spectacle".<ref>{{cite web|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/border-2-review-patriotism-revisited-81130.html|title=Border 2 Review: Patriotism Revisited|website=Filmfare|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of [[Rediff.com]] rated it 3.5/5 stars and observed "''Border 2'' stands out because it treats soldiers not as killing machines, but as human beings first."<ref>{{cite web|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/border-2-review/20260123.htm|title=Border 2 Review: Overdramatic But Watchable|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of [[Hindustan Times]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said "Overall, ''Border 2'' is not content with being just another sequel. It wants to make you sit up and salute. While its excesses are hard to ignore, so is its sincerity."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rishabh|last=Suri|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-s-gripping-war-drama-entertains-despite-its-length-101769161778028.html|title=Border 2 review: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh's gripping war drama entertains, despite its length|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and said "''Border 2'' is a solid, emotionally resonant, and technically accomplished war film that honours its legacy without being shackled by it. It may not redefine the genre, but it confidently reinforces the enduring power of big-screen patriotic cinema. Watch it for Sunny Deol’s roaring presence, its rousing spirit, and the emotion it wears proudly on its sleeve."<ref>{{cite web|first=Archika|last=Khurana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/border-2/movie-review/127259423.cms|title=Border 2 Movie Review: Sunny Deol roars while Diljit Dosanjh shines in a war drama that doesn't redefine the genre|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Border 2'' makes sure our intrepid soldiers let the enemy jawans off when the latter remind them of their humanity even if that humanity is reserved only for ‘our’ men, theirs are full of bombast and pettiness, and only capable of using words like ‘[[Halal|halaal]]’, and calling Indians ‘[[wikt:बुज़दिल|buzdil]]’.<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-film-keeps-the-flag-flying-high-10490696/|title=Border 2 movie review: Sunny Deol-Varun Dhawan-Diljit Dosanjh film keeps the flag flying high|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] awarded 3 stars out of 5 and commented that "''Border 2'' has come at a time when Hindi movies embrace jingoism with all their might. Although clearly mindful of what might work and what might not in the current climate, the film walks a tightrope that is often in danger of flying off its tether. If it doesn't, it is solely because ''Border 2'' retains some remnants of the principles of yore".<ref>{{cite web|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/border-2-review-sunny-deols-war-film-lies-between-dhurandhar-and-ikkis-3-stars-10856783|title=Border 2 Review: Sunny Deol's War Film Lies Between Dhurandhar And Ikkis|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of [[Firstpost]] gave 2 stars out of 5 and said "''Border 2'' could have emphasised on the inner battles that each of the soldiers’ fight, but I guess it relies entirely on its previous glory. Out of due respect to each of the soldiers who fought for our country, I sat through the entire film."<ref>{{cite web|first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/border-2-movie-review-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-thats-it-13971714.html|title='Border 2' Movie Review: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh & Ahaan Shetty's film thrives on pure nostalgia; that's it|website=Firstpost|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Border 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|406.79|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|57.71|c}} in other territories for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|464.5|c}}.<ref name="bo"/>

==Sequel==
Following the film's commercial success, producer [[Bhushan Kumar]] announced that a sequel, ''Border 3'', will soon enter development. A joint production between [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and J. P. Films, the film will be directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |authorlink=Taran Adarsh |date=27 January 2026 |title=Bhushan Kumar - Nidhi Dutta join forces for 'Border 3' |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/2016126613986091366 |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=[[X (social network)|X]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhushan-kumar-confirms-border-3-t-series-continue-franchise-nidhi-duttas-jp-films/|title=Bhushan Kumar confirms Border 3: T-Series to continue franchise with JP Films|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 January 2026|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> and star [[Sunny Deol]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/border-3-update-bhushan-kumar-gives-update-on-sunny-deol-starrer-lar4d1r|title=Border 3 update: Bhushan Kumar gives update on Sunny Deol starrer|website=[[Asianet News]]|date=13 February 2026|access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|30387012}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/ ''Border 2''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Anurag Singh (director)}}
{{T-Series (company)}}

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2026 Indian Premier League

2026-09-20T15:37:12Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2026 Indian Premier League
| image = 2026 IPL logo.jpg
| fromdate = 28 March
| todate = 31 May 2026
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Group stage]] and [[playoffs]]
| participants = 10
| matches = 74
| champions = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| count = 2
| runner up = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| most valuable player = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] ([[Rajasthan Royals]])
| most runs = Vaibhav Sooryavanshi (Rajasthan Royals) (776)
| most wickets = [[Kagiso Rabada]] ([[Gujarat Titans]]) (29)
| website = {{URL|iplt20.com}}
| previous_year = 2025
| previous_tournament = 2025 Indian Premier League
| next_year = 2027
| next_tournament = 2027 Indian Premier League
}}
{{2026 Indian Premier League Teams|main=y}}

The '''2026 Indian Premier League''', also known as '''IPL 19''' and branded as '''TATA IPL 2026''', was the 19th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]], a professional [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] league. The tournament featured 10 teams competing in 74 matches which continued from 28 March to 31 May across 13 venues.

Defending champions [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] defeated [[Gujarat Titans]] by 5 wickets in [[2026 Indian Premier League final|the final]] to secure their second consecutive IPL title. [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] of [[Rajasthan Royals]] scored the most runs (776) while [[Kagiso Rabada]] of [[Gujarat Titans]] took the most wickets (29) respectively. Sooryavanshi was also awarded as the most valuable player of the tournament.

== Background ==
The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). It has held annually since the [[2008 Indian Premier League|first edition in 2008]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] are the defending champions, having won their maiden title in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|previous season]] after defeating [[Punjab Kings]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League final|final]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-03 |title=RCB and Virat Kohli end 18-year wait for IPL glory with six-run defeat of Punjab Kings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jun/03/rcb-and-virat-kohli-end-18-year-wait-for-ipl-glory-with-six-run-defeat-of-punjab-kings |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Format ===
The group format has been reversed to be similar to that of [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 IPL]]. Each team will play once against the teams in their group and twice against the teams in the other group. After the [[#League stage|group stage]], the top four teams, based on aggregate points, would advance to the [[#Playoffs|playoffs]]. In this stage, the top two teams compete with each other (in a match titled "[[#Qualifier 1|qualifier 1]]"), as do the remaining two teams (in a match titled "[[#Eliminator|eliminator]]"). While the winner of Qualifier 1 would directly qualify for the final match, the losing team had another chance to qualify for the final match by competing against the winning team of the Eliminator (in a match titled "[[#Qualifier 2|qualifier 2]]"). The winner of this subsequent Qualifier 2 match advanced to the final match. Teams were seeded into groups based on the number of titles they have won.<ref name="sch2">{{Cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=Mumbai to face CSK and RCB twice as IPL releases full league stage schedule |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-full-league-stage-schedule-1529214 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=26 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327093618/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-full-league-stage-schedule-1529214 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="faq">{{Cite web |first=Hemant |last=Brar |title=IPL 2026 FAQs: New venue, big trades, and the million dollar Thala question |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-faqs-new-venues-big-trades-and-the-age-old-dhoni-question-1529084 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=25 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2023 to be played from March 31 to May 28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-to-begin-on-march-31-1359430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805213000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-to-begin-on-march-31-1359430 |archive-date=5 August 2025 |access-date=2026-03-27 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Indian Premier League#Organization|IPL Governing Council]] had initially announced that the IPL would expand to 84 matches for 2026 and 2027,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025: No increase in the number of matches as BCCI wary of India's workload |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-with-player-workload-in-mind-no-increase-in-number-of-matches-played-1452783 |access-date=2024-10-01 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525221102/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-with-player-workload-in-mind-no-increase-in-number-of-matches-played-1452783 |url-status=live}}</ref> with it expected to expand to 94 matches from 2028 onwards with the return of the complete [[double round-robin]] format that was used until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Dhumal hints at expanded 94-match IPL in 2028 but without new teams |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-could-expand-to-94-matches-in-2028-with-csk-dc-mi-rcb-kkr-gt-pbks-srh-rr-and-lsg-as-the-ten-teams-1483410 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429015210/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-could-expand-to-94-matches-in-2028-with-csk-dc-mi-rcb-kkr-gt-pbks-srh-rr-and-lsg-as-the-ten-teams-1483410 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=2025-12-23 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the number of matches was kept as 74 for one more edition as it was in the previous four seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026 Not Expanding Yet: 74 Matches Confirmed |url=https://www.ipl.com/cricket/news/ipl-2026-not-expanding-yet-74-matches-confirmed-full-schedule-coming-soon/ |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026 Full Schedule Release: BCCI Confirms 74-Game Format |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/bcci-ipl-2026-full-schedule-release-no-expansion-to-84-matches-full-fixtures-expected-shortly-1832535 |work=[[ABP Live]] |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:50%;" | Group A || style="width:50%;" | Group B
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| [[Punjab Kings]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|}

=== Schedule ===
According to [[ESPNcricinfo]], the dates of the tournament window for the three seasons between 2025 and 2027 were sent to franchises ahead of the [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025 auction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025 to begin on March 14; dates for next three seasons revealed |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-begin-on-march-14-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-1460927 |access-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122030301/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-begin-on-march-14-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-1460927 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2024, the tentative dates for the three seasons were announced, with the 2026 edition set to take place from 15 March to 31 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces dates for IPL 2025, 2026 and 2027 all at once in never-before-heard move |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-to-start-on-march-14-as-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-101732247112302.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122040833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-to-start-on-march-14-as-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-101732247112302.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2025, it was announced that the 2025 season would commence on 26 March to allow for a three-week gap after the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup final]] scheduled to take place on 8 March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 to be held between March 26 and May 31 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-be-held-between-march-26-and-may-31-1515758 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004319/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-be-held-between-march-26-and-may-31-1515758 |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2026, it was announced that the 2026 season would commence 2 days later on 28 March.<ref name="sch0">{{Cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=IPL 2026 to begin on March 28, final scheduled for May 31 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-begin-on-march-28-and-the-final-is-scheduled-for-may-31-1526195 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=27 February 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> This led to a clash with the [[2026 Pakistan Super League]] for the second consecutive year taking place from 26 March to 3 May 2026, which was again moved from its typical February–March window for the same reason.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=PSL 2026 Set To Clash With IPL Again As PCB Courts Global Investors Ahead Of Franchise Expansion |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/hbl-pakistan-super-league/cricket-news/psl-2026-set-to-clash-with-ipl-again-as-pcb-courts-global-investors-ahead-of-franchise-expansion |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Wisden |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, it was announced that the fixtures for that season would be announced in two parts due to the [[2026 elections in India#State Assembly elections|state assembly elections]] in [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]], [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]], and [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]];<ref name="sch0"/><ref>{{Cite web |first=Shayan |last=Acharya |title=Assembly elections force BCCI to delay IPL 2026 schedule announcement |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2026-schedule-announcement-date-postponed-elections-west-bengal-tamil-nadu-bcci/article70699371.ece |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=3 March 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> for which the dates were not announced till 15 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Assam Election Date 2026: Assam to vote on April 9; results on May 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/assam/assam-election-2026-result-date-when-will-votes-be-counted-in-assembly-polls-set-on-april-9-counting-on-may-4/articleshow/129588073.cms |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2026: full schedule |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-full-schedule-poll-date-counting-date-nominations-date/article70746432.ece |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=West Bengal assembly elections on April 23 and April 29, results on May 4 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-voting-date-nominations-results-date-time-phases-full-schedule-101773569374988.html |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The first part of the schedule comprising the first twenty matches was announced on 11 March, with the inaugural match being hosted at [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] between the defending champions Royal Challengers Bengaluru and [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] on 28 March.<ref name="sch1">{{Cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=RCB vs SRH to kick off IPL 2026 in Bengaluru on March 28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-kick-off-with-rcb-vs-srh-game-on-march-28-at-m-chinnaswamy-stadium-in-bengaluru-1527318 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=11 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> The complete fixtures for the league stage were announced on 26 March.<ref name="sch2"/> On 6 May the playoff fixtures were confirmed<ref name="pos1">{{cite web |access-date=6 May 2026 |title=Schedule for TATA IPL 2026 Playoffs announced; Ahmedabad to Host Grand Finale |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4332/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2026-playoffs-announced-ahmedabad-to-host-grand-finale |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref> with the qualifier 1 at [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]] on 26 May, the eliminator and qualifier 2 at [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]] on 27 and 29 May,<ref name="pos3">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivam |date=2026-04-03 |title=IPL 2026 Playoffs & Final: Complete Schedule With Dates And Venues |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-playoffs-and-final-complete-schedule-with-dates-and-venues-1834490 |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref> and the final at [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] on 31 May, with the venue hosting its fourth final after [[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]], [[2023 Indian Premier League final|2023]] and 2025.<ref name="pos2">{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Uzma |date=2026-05-06 |title=Why BCCI Shifted IPL 2026 Final From Bengaluru's M Chinnaswamy to Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad? Check Playoffs Venues And Schedule |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/sports/why-bcci-shifted-ipl-2026-final-from-bengalurus-m-chinnaswamy-to-narendra-modi-stadium-in-ahmedabad-check-playoffs-venues-and-schedule-189619/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 May 2026 |title=BCCI announces schedule for IPL 2026 Playoffs: Bengaluru loses out; Ahmedabad gets fourth final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-announces-schedule-for-ipl-2026-playoffs-bengaluru-lose-out-ahmedabad-gets-fourth-final-101778050230401.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Exclusion of Mustafizur Rahman ===
{{see also|2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Withdrawal of Bangladesh}}
Bangladeshi fast bowler [[Mustafizur Rahman]] was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for {{INRConvert|9.2|c}} in the auction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2026 Auction: Mustafizur Rahman sold to KKR for Rs. 9.20 crore|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/mustafizur-rahman-ipl-2026-auction-kkr-kolkata-knight-riders-920-crore/article70403422.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|language=en|date=16 December 2025|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> Following [[2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh during 2025]] and the [[lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]] in [[December 2025 Bangladesh violence|December 2025]], there were calls for the exclusion of Bangladeshi players from the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR And Mustafizur Rahman Controversy Explained: What Is It About?|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/kkr-and-mustafizur-rahman-controversy-explained-what-is-it-about-ws-kln-9804495.html|work=[[News18]]|language=en|date=2 January 2026|access-date=3 January 2026|archive-date=1 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101185309/https://www.news18.com/cricket/kkr-and-mustafizur-rahman-controversy-explained-what-is-it-about-ws-kln-9804495.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2026, the BCCI requested that the franchise release Rahman from the squad and permitted them to select a replacement player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR release Mustafizur from IPL 2026 squad following BCCI instructions|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-bcci-asks-kkr-to-release-mustafiqur-rahman-from-their-squad-because-of-recent-developments-1517878|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|access-date=3 January 2026|archive-date=3 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103060823/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-bcci-asks-kkr-to-release-mustafiqur-rahman-from-their-squad-because-of-recent-developments-1517878|url-status=live}}</ref> This move was criticized by former Indian cricketer [[Madan Lal]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=V. M. Suriya |date=2026-01-03 |title=Former Indian cricketer blames political influence for BCCI's decision on Mustafizur Rahman |url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/former-indian-cricketer-blames-political-influence-for-bccis-decision-on-mustafizur-rahman/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Crictoday |language=en-US |archive-date=12 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112161727/https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/former-indian-cricketer-blames-political-influence-for-bccis-decision-on-mustafizur-rahman/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] politician [[Shashi Tharoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title=Who are we punishing? Shashi Tharoor after KKR releases Bangladesh's Mustafizur Rahman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-kkr-mustafizur-rahman-bangladesh-unrest-hindu-atrocities-dipu-das-khokon-das-2846070-2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103174125/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-kkr-mustafizur-rahman-bangladesh-unrest-hindu-atrocities-dipu-das-khokon-das-2846070-2026-01-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> and former Bangladeshi captains [[Khaled Mahmud]] and [[Mohammad Ashraful]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title='Totally shocked': Ex-Bangladesh captains voice concern over Mustafizur's IPL exclusion |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/totally-shocked-ex-bangladesh-captains-voice-concern-over-mustafizurs-ipl-exclusion-4072191 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104221707/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/totally-shocked-ex-bangladesh-captains-voice-concern-over-mustafizurs-ipl-exclusion-4072191 |url-status=live}}</ref> while former Indian cricketer [[Aakash Chopra]] and<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=What Is Mustafizur Rahman's Fault? Ex-KKR Star Responds With Epic 'Pakistan' Example |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/what-is-mustafizur-rahmans-fault-ex-kkr-star-responds-with-epic-pakistan-example-10247560 |work=[[NDTV Sports]] |language=en |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104045114/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/what-is-mustafizur-rahmans-fault-ex-kkr-star-responds-with-epic-pakistan-example-10247560 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician [[Sangeet Singh Som]] defended the BCCI's move.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title='Win for Hindus': BJP leaders, spiritual gurus hail Bangladeshi player Mustafizur Rahman's KKR exit |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/south-asia/win-hindus-bjp-leaders-spiritual-gurus-hail-bangladeshi-player-mustafizur-rahmans |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105063307/https://www.tbsnews.net/world/south-asia/win-hindus-bjp-leaders-spiritual-gurus-hail-bangladeshi-player-mustafizur-rahmans |url-status=live}}</ref>

This led the BCCI to put the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2026|Indian tour of Bangladesh]] on hold due to tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Like with Pakistan, India-Bangladesh cricket ties could snap after BCCI asks IPL franchise Shahrukh Khan's KKR, to eject Mustafizur Rahman from team |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-puts-indias-bangladesh-tour-on-hold-amid-political-uncertainty-10453303/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103102254/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-puts-indias-bangladesh-tour-on-hold-amid-political-uncertainty-10453303/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] requested the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) to shift their matches at the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] which was to be co-hosted by India and Sri Lanka, out of India, similar to that of Pakistan's.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> But the request was rejected by the ICC, and Bangladesh ultimately withdrew from the T20 World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=25 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125091831/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bangladeshi government also banned the broadcast of IPL in their country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2026-01-05 |title=Bangladesh bans IPL telecast, cites 'hurt sentiments' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bangladesh-bans-ipl-broadcast-in-another-retaliatory-move/article70473655.ece |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105165042/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bangladesh-bans-ipl-broadcast-in-another-retaliatory-move/article70473655.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]], the newly elected government clarified that the broadcast of the IPL is not banned anymore in their country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh opens door to IPL broadcast |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/138165/bangladesh-opens-door-to-ipl-broadcast-cricbuzzcom |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=28 March 2026 |access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh clears IPL broadcast; government lifts restrictions |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/bangladesh-clears-ipl-broadcast-government-lifts-restrictions/ |work=News on Air |date=28 March 2026 |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The [[Tata Group]] renewed their contract as the title sponsors of the IPL for a tenure of 5 years (2024–2028) for {{INRConvert|2500|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=TATA Group secures title sponsorship rights for IPL 2024-28|website=[[IPLT20.com]]|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3986/tata-group-secures-title-sponsorship-rights-for-ipl-2024-28|access-date=1 March 2024|date=20 January 2024|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221053306/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3986/tata-group-secures-title-sponsorship-rights-for-ipl-2024-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The advertising campaign for the 2026 IPL consisted of 27 sponsors including – [[Google AI Mode]], Campa Energy, [[Havells|Havells & Lloyd]], [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Opus]], [[Hero MotoCorp]] and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-26 |title=IPL 2026 advertisement gold rush: JioStar locks in 27 sponsors, big tech to FMCG pile in |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/ipl-2026-advertisement-gold-rush-jiostar-locks-in-27-sponsors-big-tech-to-fmcg-pile-in/articleshow/129818441.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Broadcasting ===
[[JioStar]]'s [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]] and [[JioHotstar]], currently holds the satellite and digital broadcasting rights for the remainder of the 2023–2027 cycle respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCaskill |first=Steve |date=2025-12-08 |title=JioStar seeks exit from US$3bn ICC cricket deal |url=https://www.sportspro.com/news/broadcast-ott/jiostar-icc-cricket-india-rights-deal-december-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[SportsPro]] |language=en-GB |quote=JioStar also owns the domestic broadcast and streaming rights to the IPL [...] |archive-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208131607/https://www.sportspro.com/news/broadcast-ott/jiostar-icc-cricket-india-rights-deal-december-2025/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the opening weekend of two matches, Linear Television reported 7.84 million viewership, with a 18.8% drop in the average television viewership rating compared to last season, while JioHotstar reported 515 million viewership, with a 26% increase in total watch time to 32.6 billion minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=IPL 2026 Viewership slump: Linear TV ratings drop 18.8%, advertiser participation declines by 31% |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/ipl-2026-viewership-slump-linear-tv-ratings-drop-18-percent-advertiser-participation-falls-31-percent/4231472/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Balaram |date=2026-04-02 |title=IPL 2026 opening weekend shatters viewership records |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-opens-to-massive-audiences-setting-new-engagement-benchmarks-1.500493910 |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref>{{bsn|date=May 2026}}

== Teams ==
[[File:2026 Indian Premier League captains.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Team captains during a promotional event for the 2026 IPL.|alt=Ten team captains posing with the IPL trophy]]
The same 10 teams from the previous season returned.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Group || Team || [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] performance<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series-sub|id=ipl-2025-1449924|sub=points table|event=2025 Indian Premier League|access-date=22 December 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250816101807/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|archive-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> || Head coach<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-18 |title=IPL 2026: List of coaches for all 10 teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-list-of-coaches-for-all-10-teams/articleshow/129660608.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> || Captain<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-18 |title=IPL 2026 captains: All skippers leading Indian Premier League teams - full list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-captains-list-cricket-indian-premier-league |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="5" | A
| [[2026 Chennai Super Kings season|Chennai Super Kings]] || {{center|10th}} || [[Stephen Fleming]] || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
|-
| [[2026 Kolkata Knight Riders season|Kolkata Knight Riders]] || {{center|8th}} || [[Abhishek Nayar]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Abhishek Nayar appointed Kolkata Knight Riders head coach | date=26 October 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/abhishek-nayar-appointed-kolkata-knight-riders-head-coach-10327578/lite/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> || [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
|-
| [[2026 Punjab Kings season|Punjab Kings]] || {{center|Runners-up}} || [[Ricky Ponting]] || [[Shreyas Iyer]]
|-
| [[2026 Rajasthan Royals season|Rajasthan Royals]] || {{center|9th}} || [[Kumar Sangakkara]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Kumar Sangakkara back to helm Rajasthan Royals' coaching staff|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kumar-sangakkara-back-to-helm-rajasthan-royals-coaching-staff-1504458 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=25 September 2025}}</ref> || [[Riyan Parag]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 February 2026 |title=Riyan Parag named Rajasthan Royals' new captain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-riyan-parag-named-rajasthan-royals-new-captain-1523698 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>{{efn|name=Jaiswal|[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] captained [[Rajasthan Royals]] against [[Gujarat Titans]] when [[Riyan Parag]] was unavailable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-09 |title=IPL 2026: Why has Yashasvi Jaiswal replaced Riyan Parag as captain in RR vs GT? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/rr-vs-gt-ipl-2026-yashasvi-jaiswal-riyan-parag-rajasthan-royals-captain-replaced-reason-latest-news/article70959275.ece |access-date=2026-05-29 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[2026 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || {{center|Champions}} || [[Andy Flower]] || [[Rajat Patidar]]{{efn|name=Jitesh|[[Jitesh Sharma]] captained [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] against [[Punjab Kings]] when [[Rajat Patidar]] was unavailable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-17 |title=Jitesh Sharma stands in as RCB captain against Punjab Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/jitesh-sharma-rcb-captain-rajat-patidar-injury-news-pbks-royal-challengers-bengaluru-ipl-2026/article70989981.ece |access-date=2026-05-27 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="5" | B
| [[2026 Delhi Capitals season|Delhi Capitals]] || {{center|5th}} || [[Hemang Badani]] || [[Axar Patel]]
|-
| [[2026 Gujarat Titans season|Gujarat Titans]] || {{center|4th}} || [[Ashish Nehra]] || [[Shubman Gill]]
|-
| [[2026 Lucknow Super Giants season|Lucknow Super Giants]] || {{center|7th}} || [[Justin Langer]] || [[Rishabh Pant]]
|-
| [[2026 Mumbai Indians season|Mumbai Indians]] || {{center|3rd}} || [[Mahela Jayawardene]] || [[Hardik Pandya]]{{efn|name=SKY|[[Suryakumar Yadav]] captained [[Mumbai Indians]] against [[Lucknow Super Giants]] and [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] when [[Hardik Pandya]] was unavailable.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Suryakumar Yadav leading MI vs LSG in Mumbai; here's why |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-suryakumar-yadav-leading-mi-vs-lsg-in-mumbai-here-s-why-126050401428_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Bumrah|[[Jasprit Bumrah]] captained [[Mumbai Indians]] against [[Punjab Kings]] when both [[Hardik Pandya]] and [[Suryakumar Yadav]] were unavailable.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Jasprit Bumrah Is Not Leading Mumbai Indians In IPL 2026 Match Against KKR? |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/why-jasprit-bumrah-is-not-leading-mumbai-indians-in-ipl-2026-match-against-kkr-10102285.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260526191445/https://www.news18.com/cricket/why-jasprit-bumrah-is-not-leading-mumbai-indians-in-ipl-2026-match-against-kkr-10102285.html |archive-date=2026-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-27 |work=[[News18]] |language=en-US}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[2026 Sunrisers Hyderabad season|Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || {{center|6th}} || [[Daniel Vettori]] || [[Pat Cummins]]{{efn|name=Kishan|[[Ishan Kishan]] captained [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for the first half of the season (first 7 matches) when [[Pat Cummins]] was unavailable.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 March 2026 |title=Kishan to lead Sunrisers Hyderabad in Cummins' absence |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-srh-ishan-kishan-to-lead-sunrisers-hyderabad-in-pat-cummins-absence-1528345 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=18 March 2026 |archive-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319083222/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-srh-ishan-kishan-to-lead-sunrisers-hyderabad-in-pat-cummins-absence-1528345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2026 |title=Cummins cleared for IPL return, targeting late April comeback |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pat-cummins-cleared-for-ipl-return-targeting-late-april-comeback-1532080 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=16 April 2026}}</ref>}}
|}{{notelist}}

=== Personnel changes ===
{{Main|List of 2026 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 15 November 2025,<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=IPL 2026 retention rules explained: How many players can a franchise retain or release before auction? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113035257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and a total of 173 players were retained ahead of the auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATA IPL 2026 Player Retentions Announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4247/tata-ipl-2026-player-retentions-announced |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref> The auction was held on 16 December 2025 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2025 |title=IPL auction set to take place on December 16 in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105022626/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the auction purse for each franchise set at {{INRConvert|125|c}}.<ref name="retain1">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026: How the squads stack up ahead of the auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116181308/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 1,355 players registered for the auction, of which 369 players were shortlisted to feature in the auction and 77 were sold in the auction.<ref name="sold1">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|auction-sub|id=ipl-2026-auction-1515016|sub=sold players|event=2026 IPL auction|access-date=20 May 2026|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107180511/https://www.espncricinfo.com/auction/ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|archive-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="sold2">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 player list - full squads of each team |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-teams-squads-list-player-prices |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref> [[Cameron Green]] became the most expensive overseas player and the third most expensive player in the history of IPL when he was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for {{INRConvert|25.20|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL auction 2026: Australia's Cameron Green becomes most expensive overseas player in tournament's history |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12040/13484111/ipl-auction-2026-australias-cameron-green-becomes-most-expensive-overseas-player-in-tournaments-history |access-date=23 December 2025|work=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> [[Prashant Veer]] and [[Kartik Sharma]] became the joint-most expensive uncapped players in the history of IPL when they were both bought by [[Chennai Super Kings]] for {{INRConvert|14.20|c|lk=on}} each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Kartik Sharma and Prashant Veer - the costliest uncapped buys? |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136917/who-are-kartik-sharma-and-prashant-veer-the-costliest-uncapped-buys-cricbuzzcom |access-date=23 December 2025|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Meanwhile the 79 unsold players notably included [[Jake Fraser-McGurk]], [[Jonny Bairstow]], [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]], [[Devon Conway]], [[Alzarri Joseph]], [[Gus Atkinson]], [[Deepak Hooda]] and [[Karn Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsold players at IPL 2026 auction: Jake Fraser-McGurk, Deepak Hooda among big names - get full list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-auction-unsold-player-list-indian-premier-league |access-date=23 December 2025|website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>

== Venues ==
The league stage was played at 13 stadiums across India. 12 venues from the previous season returned as respective home grounds with HPCA Cricket Stadium and [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]] as secondary home venues for three Punjab Kings matches and three [[Rajasthan Royals]] matches respectively.<ref name="sch1"/><ref name="sch2"/> [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] was dropped as [[Delhi Capitals]] secondary home venue<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=IPL first phase schedule out: No matches in Vizag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ipl-first-phase-schedule-out-no-matches-in-vizag/article70731748.ece |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> while [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]] which had previously served as secondary home venue for [[Delhi Daredevils]] until 2016, was added as secondary home venue for two Royal Challengers Bengaluru matches.<ref name="faq"/><ref name="sch2"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-13 |title=Treat for Kohil fans: Raipur to host 2 RCB matches this IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/treat-for-kohil-fans-raipur-to-host-2-rcb-matches-this-ipl/articleshow/126508201.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The opening match was played at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium.<ref name="sch1"/> The playoffs were played at HPCA Cricket Stadium and Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium with the final at Narendra Modi Stadium.<ref name="pos3"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:85%;"
! [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Bengaluru]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Delhi]] || [[Dharamshala]]
|-
| [[Gujarat Titans]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 132,000 || Capacity: 40,000 || Capacity: 39,000 || Capacity: 35,200 || Capacity: 21,200
|-
| [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] || [[File:Chinnaswamy Stadium.jpg|alt=M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in 2017|150px]] || [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] || [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] || [[File:Dharamshala stadium,himachal pradesh.jpg|alt=HPCA Cricket Stadium in 2015|150px]]
|-
! [[Guwahati]] || colspan="3" rowspan="10" | {{location map+ |India |float=center|caption=|width=500|alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Indian Premier League venues|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.05 |long=72.35 |label=[[Ahmedabad]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.96 |long=77.56 |label=[[Bengaluru]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08 |long=80.27 |label=[[Chennai]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label=[[Delhi]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=32.20 |long=76.33 |label=[[Dharamshala]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=26.13 |long=91.73 |label=[[Guwahati]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=17.40 |long=78.45 |label=[[Hyderabad]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.92 |long=75.82 |label=[[Jaipur]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.5646 |long=88.3433 |label=[[Kolkata]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.84 |long=80.94 |label=[[Lucknow]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=30.7789 |long=76.7242 |label=[[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97 |long=72.82 |label=[[Mumbai]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.16 |long=81.78 |label={{nobr|[[Raipur]]}} |position=right}}
}} || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 46,000 || Capacity: 55,000
|-
| [[File:Barsapara Cricket Stadium match under floodlights.jpg|alt=ACA Cricket Stadium in 2018|150px]] || [[File:Uppal stadium Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium.jpg|alt=Rajiv Gandhi Stadium in 2024|150px]]
|-
! [[Jaipur]] || [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || [[Eden Gardens]]
|-
| Capacity: 30,000 || Capacity: 68,000
|-
| [[File:Sawai-Mansingh-Stadium-Jaipur.jpg|alt=Sawai Mansingh Stadium in 2013|150px]] || [[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2023|150px]]
|-
! [[Lucknow]] || [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Raipur]]
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[Punjab Kings]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]] || [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 50,000 || Capacity: 38,000 || Capacity: 33,108 || Capacity: 65,000
|-
| [[File:Ekana cricket stadium .jpg|alt=Ekana Cricket Stadium in 2018|150px]] || [[File:Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium.png|alt=Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium in 2026|100px]] || [[File:Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] || [[File:Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium, Raipur.jpg|alt=Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium in 2021|150px]]
|}

== League stage ==
=== Points table ===
<section begin="pt"/>{{#invoke:Sports table |main |style=CricketRR |show_tie=no |show_groups=yes |title=League stage standings |update=complete
|source=[[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name=pts>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series-sub|id=ipl-2026-1510719|sub=points table|event=2026 Indian Premier League|access-date=1 June 2026|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601175149/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2026-1510719/points-table-standings|archive-date=1 June 2026}}</ref> |class_rules=1) Points; 2) Wins; 3) [[Net run rate]]; 4) [[Wicket]]s taken per [[Delivery (cricket)|fair deliveries]]; 5) [[Drawing lots (decision making)|drawing lots]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=TATA IPL 2026 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/bcci/documents/1774265031558_TATA_IPL_2026_Match_Playing_Conditions.pdf |date=10 March 2026 |journal=[[Indian Premier League#Rules and format|Indian Premier League, playing conditions]] |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |access-date=3 June 2026 }}</ref>

|team_order=RCB, GT, SRH, RR, PBKS, DC, KKR, CSK, MI, LSG

|group_CSK=A |win_CSK=6 |loss_CSK=8 |nr_CSK= |nrr_CSK=-0.345
|group_DC=B |win_DC=7 |loss_DC=7 |nr_DC= |nrr_DC=-0.651
|group_GT=B |win_GT=9 |loss_GT=5 |nr_GT= |nrr_GT=0.695 |status_GT=R
|group_KKR=A |win_KKR=6 |loss_KKR=7 |nr_KKR=1 |nrr_KKR=-0.147
|group_LSG=B |win_LSG=4 |loss_LSG=10 |nr_LSG= |nrr_LSG=-0.740
|group_MI=B |win_MI=4 |loss_MI=10 |nr_MI= |nrr_MI=-0.584
|group_PBKS=A |win_PBKS=7 |loss_PBKS=6 |nr_PBKS=1 |nrr_PBKS=0.309
|group_RR=A |win_RR=8 |loss_RR=6 |nr_RR= |nrr_RR=0.189
|group_RCB=A |win_RCB=9 |loss_RCB=5 |nr_RCB= |nrr_RCB=0.783 |status_RCB=C
|group_SRH=B |win_SRH=9 |loss_SRH=5 |nr_SRH= |nrr_SRH=0.524

|name_CSK=[[Chennai Super Kings]] |name_DC=[[Delhi Capitals]] |name_GT=[[Gujarat Titans]] |name_KKR=[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] |name_LSG=[[Lucknow Super Giants]] |name_MI=[[Mumbai Indians]] |name_PBKS=[[Punjab Kings]] |name_RR=[[Rajasthan Royals]] '''(3rd)''' |name_RCB=[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] |name_SRH=[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] '''(4th)'''

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=A |result4=A |result5=E |result6=E |result7=E |result8=E |result9=E |result10=E

|col_Q=green1 |col_A=yellow1 |res_col_header=Q
|text_Q={{nobr|Advanced to the}} [[#Qualifier 1|qualifier 1]] |text_A={{nobr|Advanced to the}} [[#Eliminator|eliminator]] |text_E=Eliminated
|status_text_C=Champions |status_text_R=Runners-up
}}<section end="pt" />

=== Match summary ===
{{Indian Premier League results summary|mode=progression/summary|dls=Y
| Home team | Away team | result | margin | DLS

| RCB | SRH | H | 6W |
| MI | KKR | H | 6W |
| RR | CSK | H | 8W |
| PBKS | GT | H | 3W |
| LSG | DC | A | 6W |
| KKR | SRH | A | 65R |
| CSK | PBKS | A | 5W |
| DC | MI | H | 6W |
| GT | RR | A | 6R |
| SRH | LSG | A | 5W |

| RCB | CSK | H | 43R |
| KKR | PBKS | N | |
| RR | MI | H | 27R |
| DC | GT | A | 1R |
| KKR | LSG | A | 3W |
| RR | RCB | H | 6W |
| PBKS | SRH | H | 6W |
| CSK | DC | H | 23R |
| LSG | GT | A | 7W |
| MI | RCB | A | 18R |

| SRH | RR | H | 57R |
| CSK | KKR | H | 32R |
| RCB | LSG | H | 5W |
| MI | PBKS | A | 7W |
| GT | KKR | H | 5W |
| RCB | DC | A | 6W |
| SRH | CSK | H | 10R |
| KKR | RR | H | 4W |
| PBKS | LSG | H | 54R |
| GT | MI | A | 99R |

| SRH | DC | H | 47R |
| LSG | RR | A | 40R |
| MI | CSK | A | 103R |
| RCB | GT | H | 5W |
| DC | PBKS | A | 6W |
| RR | SRH | A | 5W |
| CSK | GT | A | 8W |
| LSG | KKR | A | SO |
| DC | RCB | A | 9W |
| PBKS | RR | A | 6W |

| MI | SRH | A | 6W |
| GT | RCB | H | 4W |
| RR | DC | A | 7W |
| CSK | MI | H | 8W |
| SRH | KKR | A | 7W |
| GT | PBKS | H | 4W |
| MI | LSG | H | 6W |
| DC | CSK | A | 8W |
| SRH | PBKS | H | 33R |
| LSG | RCB | H | 9R | Y

| DC | KKR | A | 8W |
| RR | GT | A | 77R |
| CSK | LSG | H | 5W |
| RCB | MI | H | 2W |
| PBKS | DC | A | 3W |
| GT | SRH | H | 82R |
| RCB | KKR | H | 6W |
| PBKS | MI | A | 6W |
| LSG | CSK | H | 7W |
| KKR | GT | H | 29R |

| PBKS | RCB | A | 23R |
| DC | RR | H | 5W |
| CSK | SRH | A | 5W |
| RR | LSG | H | 7W |
| KKR | MI | H | 4W |
| GT | CSK | H | 89R |
| SRH | RCB | H | 55R |
| LSG | PBKS | A | 7W |
| MI | RR | A | 30R |
| KKR | DC | A | 40R |

| P1W = RCB | P1L = GT
| P2W = RR | P2L = SRH
| P3W = GT | P3L = RR
| P4W = RCB | P4L = GT
}}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
<section begin=match1/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 201/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 80 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Jacob Duffy]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 203/4 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 69[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[David Payne (cricketer)|David Payne]] 2/35 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527674.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jacob Duffy]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Abhinandan Singh]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) made his T20 debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 28 March 2026 |work= [[Business Standard]] |url= https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/who-is-abhinandan-singh-rcb-pacer-who-makes-ipl-debut-vs-srh-in-bengaluru-126032800715_1.html |title= Who is Abhinandan Singh? RCB pacer who makes IPL debut vs SRH in Bengaluru |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[Jacob Duffy]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) and [[David Payne (cricketer)|David Payne]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite news | date = 28 March 2026 |work= [[Mathrubhumi]] |url= https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/cricket/duffy-magic-rcb-debutant-wrecks-srh-top-order-in-ipl-opening-clash-tpgl7cdq |title= Duffy magic! RCB debutant wrecks SRH top order in IPL opening clash |access-date= 29 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date = 29 March 2026 |work= [[Gloucestershire Live]] |url= https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/gloucestershire-star-david-payne-makes-10891961 |title= Gloucestershire star David Payne makes Indian Premier League debut for Sunrisers Hyderabad hours aft-er flying in as an injury replacement |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match1/>
----
<section begin=match2/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match2}}'''Match 2'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 220/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 67 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 224/4 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ryan Rickelton]] 81 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Narine]] 1/30 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527675.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Saidarshan Kumar (Ind) and Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind)
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Mumbai Indians played their 300th T20 match.<ref>{{cite news | date = 29 March 2026 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/mumbai-indians-hit-300-match-mark-first-franchise-to-reach-t20-milestone/articleshow/129877681.cms |title= Mumbai Indians hit 300-match mark, first franchise to reach T20 milestone |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Allah Ghazanfar]] (Mumbai Indians), [[Finn Allen]] and [[Blessing Muzarabani]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) all made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite news | date = 28 March 2026 |work= [[Cricket Country]] |url= https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/who-is-allah-ghazanfar-afghanistans-young-mystery-spinner-makes-ipl-debut-for-mumbai-indians-1333908/ |title= Who is Allah Ghazanfar? Afghanistan’s young mystery spinner makes IPL debut for Mumbai Indians |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date = 2 April 2026 |work= [[NDTV Sports]] |url= https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/who-is-blessing-muzarabani-kkr-pacer-who-shone-with-four-wicket-haul-in-ipl-2026-11303727 |title= Who Is Blessing Muzarabani? KKR Pacer Who Shone With Four-Wicket Haul In IPL 2026 |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Narendra Chaudhary | date = 3 April 2026 |work= Gyanhi Gyan |url= https://gyanhigyan.com/sports/cricket/finn-allen-sets-new-record-in-ipl-debut-for-kkr/cid18460552.htm |title= Finn Allen Sets New Record in IPL Debut for KKR |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) played his 200th IPL match.<ref>{{cite news | date = 2 April 2026 |work= [[NewsX]] |url= https://www.newsx.com/sports/kkr-vs-srh-ipl-2026-ajinkya-rahane-hits-special-double-century-at-eden-gardens-192926/ |title= Ajinkya Rahane Hits Special ‘Double Century’ At Eden Gardens |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref>
* This was Mumbai Indians' highest successful run chase in the IPL.<ref>{{cite news | date = 30 March 2026 |work= [[News 18]] |url= https://www.news18.com/cricket/mumbai-indians-break-record-of-their-highest-successful-run-chase-in-ipl-10004169.html |title= Mumbai Indians Break Record Of Their Highest Successful Run Chase In IPL |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref>
* For the first time since [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]], [[Mumbai Indians]] won their opening match.<ref>{{cite news | date = 29 March 2026 |work= [[ESPNcricinfo]] |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2026-1510719/mumbai-indians-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-2nd-match-1527675/match-report |title= Rickelton, Rohit, Shardul break Mumbai's first-game jinx |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match2/>
----
<section begin=match3/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match3}}'''Match 3'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|30|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 127 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jamie Overton]] 43 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| score2 = 128/2 (12.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 52 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 2/27 (3 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527676.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Nandre Burger]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Brijesh Sharma (Rajasthan Royals) made his T20 debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 30 March 2026 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/who-is-brijesh-sharma-jk-pacer-making-his-ipl-debut-for-rr-against-csk/articleshow/129902816.cms |title= Who is Brijesh Sharma? J&K pacer making his IPL debut for RR against CSK |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Kartik Sharma]] (Chennai Super Kings) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 3 April 2026 |work= Be Right News |url= https://berightnews.com/2026/04/03/kartik-sharma/ |title= Kartik Sharma Shines in IPL Debut with Chennai Super Kings |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match3/>
----
<section begin=match4/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match4}}'''Match 4'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 162/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 39 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 165/7 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Cooper Connolly]] 72[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527677.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Cooper Connolly]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Cooper Connolly]] (Punjab Kings) and Ashok Sharma (Gujarat Titans) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite news |date= 1 April 2026 |work= [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-01/ipl-cooper-connolly-stars-in-debut-for-punjab-kings/106519488 |title= Australia's Cooper Connolly makes stunning IPL debut with Punjab Kings |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 31 March 2026 |work= [[ESPNcricinfo]] |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-pbks-vs-gt-ashok-sharma-and-cooper-connolly-debut-as-pbks-choose-to-bowl-1529967 |title= PBKS bowl against GT, Ashok and Connolly make IPL debut |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Gujarat Titans) took his 300th wicket in T20s.<ref>{{cite news |date= 1 April 2026 |work= IPL T20 Players |url= https://iplt20players.com/news/kagiso-rabada-reaches-300-t20-wickets-milestone-in-ipl-2026-clash |title= Kagiso Rabada Reaches 300 T20 Wickets Milestone in IPL 2026 Clash |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match4/>
----
<section begin=match5/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match5}}'''Match 5'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|01|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 141 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] 36 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Lungi Ngidi]] 3/27 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 145/4 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sameer Rizvi]] 70[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 2/20 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527678.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sameer Rizvi]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Pathum Nissanka]] (Delhi Capitals) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 4 April 2026 |work= Emsekflol |url= https://www.emsekflol.com/2026/04/pathum-nissanka-fails-at-ipl-debut.html |title= Pathum Nissanka fails at IPL debut |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match5/>
----
<section begin=match6/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match6}}'''Match 6'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|02|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 226/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 52 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Blessing Muzarabani]] 4/41 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 52 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 3/21 (3 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 65 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527679.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 54,585
| umpires = Vinod Seshan (Ind) and Saidarshan Kumar (Ind)
| motm = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Abhishek Sharma]] became the second player after [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] to hit 100 sixes for Sunrisers Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |title= Abhishek Sharma Becomes First Indian Cricketer To Hit 100 Sixes In IPL For Sunrisers Hyderabad |work= [[News18]] |url= https://www.news18.com/amp/cricket/abhishek-sharma-becomes-first-indian-cricketer-to-hit-100-sixes-in-ipl-for-sunrisers-hyderabad-ws-no-10011908.html | date=3 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match6/>
----
<section begin=match7/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match7}}'''Match 7'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 209/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ayush Mhatre]] 73 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 2/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 210/5 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 50 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 2/43 (3.4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527680.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Priyansh Arya]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= match7/>
----
<section begin=match8/>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match8}}'''Match 8'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| score1 = 162/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 51 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| score2 = 164/4 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sameer Rizvi]] 90 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 1/20 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527681.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Sameer Rizvi]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= match8/>
----
<section begin=match9/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match9}}'''Match 9'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 210/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 75 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 204/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 73 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 4/41 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527682.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end= match9/>
----
<section begin=match10/>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 10'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = true
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 156/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 62 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 68[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Harsh Dubey]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527683.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Saidarshan Kumar (Ind) and Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohammed Shami]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] and [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] posted the [[List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records#Highest partnerships by wicket|highest fifth-wicket partnership for Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (116).<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaasen and Reddy Forge Historic Partnership to Revive Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://iplt20players.com/news/klaasen-and-reddy-forge-historic-partnership-to-revive-sunrisers-hyderabad |work=IPL T20 Players |date=5 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match10" />
----
<section begin="match11" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match11}}'''Match 11'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 250/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tim David]] 70[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 1/30 (2 overs)
| score2 = 207 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] 50 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/41 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 43 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527684.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Tim David]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Tim David]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) scored his 400th six in T20s.{{Cn| date = April 2026}}
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) took his 200th wicket in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bhuvneshwar Kumar becomes first fast bowler to take 200 wickets in IPL |url= https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/48404430/bhuvneshwar-kumar-becomes-first-fast-bowler-take-200-wickets-ipl |work= [[ESPN]] |access-date= 5 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match11" />
----
<section begin="match12" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match12}}'''Match 12'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 25/2 (3.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 8[[not out|*]] (6)
| wickets1 = [[Xavier Bartlett]] 2/9 (1.4 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
|report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527685.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) | motm =
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
}}<section end= "match12" />
----
<section begin="match13" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match13}}'''Match 13'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|07|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
|score1 = 150/3 (11 overs)
|runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 77[[not out|*]] (32)
|wickets1 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/20 (2 overs)
|score2 = 123/9 (11 overs)
|runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 25 (8)
|wickets2 = [[Nandre Burger]] 2/21 (2 overs)
|result = Rajasthan Royals won by 27 runs
|report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527686.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
|umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
|toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
|notes = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals) scored his 100th six in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |title= RR Star Jaiswal Enters 'Century Of Maximums' Club With Six Against MI |url= https://www.news18.com/cricket/rr-star-jaiswal-enters-century-of-maximums-club-with-six-against-mi-10020219.html |work= [[News 18]] |access-date= 7 April 2026}}</ref>
|rain = The match was reduced to 11 overs per side due to rain.<ref>{{cite web |title= Rain-Shortened Thriller: RR vs MI Clash Reduced to 11 Overs After Delay |url= https://www.newkerala.com/news/a/ipl-2026-match-13-between-rajasthan-royals-mumbai-916.htm |work= New Kerala |access-date= 15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match13" />
----
<section begin="match14" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match14}}'''Match 14'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|08|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| score1 = 210/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 70 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 2/55 (4 overs)
| score2 = 209/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 92 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 1 run
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527687.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Jos Buttler]] (Gujarat Titans) scored his 600th six in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jos Buttler Makes History with 600th Six in IPL 2026 |url=https://dailykiran.com/jos-buttler-makes-history-with-600th-six-in-ipl-2026/ |work=Daily Kiran |date=9 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match14" />
----
<section begin="match15" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match15}}'''Match 15'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 181/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 45 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Digvesh Rathi]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 182/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mukul Choudhary]] 54[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[Anukul Roy]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527688.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 28,805
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Mukul Choudhary]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match15" />
----
<section begin="match16" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match16}}'''Match 16'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 201/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 63 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 202/4 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 81[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527689.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Swaroopanand Kannur (Ind)
| motm = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match16" />
----
<section begin="match17" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match17}}'''Match 17'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 219/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 74 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Shashank Singh]] 2/20 (3 overs)
| score2 = 223/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 69[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = Shivang Kumar 3/33 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527690.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match17" />
----
<section begin="match18" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match18}}'''Match 18'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 212/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 115[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 60 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Overton]] 4/18 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 23 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527691.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Saidarshan Kumar (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings) recorded his 400th six in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanju Samson Enters Rare 400 Club, Outpowers Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli In Elite T20 List |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/sanju-samson-enters-rare-400-club-outpowers-rohit-sharma-virat-kohli-in-elite-t20-list-11344370 |work=[[NDTV Sports]] |date=11 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match18" />
----
<section begin="match19" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match19}}'''Match 19'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 164/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 30 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 165/3 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 60 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 1/31 (4 overs)<br>[[Digvesh Rathi]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527692.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind)
| motm = [[Prasidh Krishna]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match19" />
----
<section begin="match20" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match20}}'''Match 20'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 240/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Phil Salt]] 78 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 1/32 (2 overs)
| score2 = 222/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 71[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Suyash Sharma]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 18 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527693.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Swaroopanand Kannur (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Phil Salt]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match20" />
----
<section begin="match21" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match21}}'''Match 21'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 216/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 91 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 159 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Donovan Ferreira]] 69 (44)
| wickets2 = Sakib Hussain 4/24 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 57 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529264.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = Praful Hinge (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Praful Hinge]] and [[Sakib Hussain]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite web |title=From debut dreams to dominance: Praful Hinge and Sakib Hussain spark a new dawn for Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://www.sportsyaari.com/cricket/from-debut-dreams-to-dominance-praful-hinge-and-sakib-hussain-spark-a-new-dawn-for-sunrisers-hyderabad-24680/ |work=Sports Yaari |date=15 April 2026 |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref>
* Praful Hinge (Sunrisers Hyderabad) became the first bowler to take 3 wickets in his debut over and also became the first bowler to take 3 wickets in the opening over of an innings in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |date= 13 April 2026 |work= [[ESPNcricinfo]] |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/srh-vs-rr-ipl-2026-who-is-praful-hinge-who-started-his-ipl-career-with-a-triple-wicket-over-1531840 |title= Meet Praful Hinge, who started his IPL career with a triple-wicket over |access-date= 14 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match21" />
----
<section begin="match22" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match22}}'''Match 22'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 192/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 48 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Kartik Tyagi]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] 35 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 32 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529265.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and Saidharshan Kumar (Ind)
| motm = [[Noor Ahmad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Rovman Powell]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored his 6,000th run in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rovman Powell completes 6,000 runs in T20s: 6 key stats behind the milestone |url=https://www.el-balad.com/16912929 |work=El Balad |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match22" />
----
<section begin="match23" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match23}}'''Match 23'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 146 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 40 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Rasikh Salam]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 149/5 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 49 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 3/32 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529266.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Krunal Pandya]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) took his 100th wicket in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krunal Pandya achieves huge career milestone, completes 100 IPL wickets |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/stats-krunal-pandya-achieves-huge-career-milestone-completes-100-ipl-wickets/ |work=Cric Tracker |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match23" />
----
<section begin="match24" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match24}}'''Match 24'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|16|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 195/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 112[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 198/3 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 80[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529267.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Arshdeep Singh]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match24" />
----
<section begin="match25" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match25}}'''Match 25'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 180 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Cameron Green]] 79 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 181/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 86 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529268.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Jos Buttler]] (Gujarat Titans) took 300 catches in T20s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jos Buttler Becomes 4th Cricketer In The World To Take 300 Catches In T20s |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/jos-buttler-becomes-4th-cricketer-the-world-after-pollard-miller-and-de-kock-to-take-300-catches-in-t20s-10041873.html |work=[[News 18]] |date=18 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match25" />
----
<section begin="match26" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match26}}'''Match 26'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 175/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Phil Salt]] 63 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| score2 = 179/4 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 60[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529269.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm = [[Tristan Stubbs]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was Royal Challengers Bengaluru's 100th game at this venue.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2026: RCB to play 100th match at Chinnaswamy, first team to achieve home ground landmark|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-rcb-100th-match-chinnaswamy-first-team-home-ground-landmark-10642933/ |work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match26" />
----
<section begin="match27" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match27}}'''Match 27'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 194/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 59 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 3/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 184/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matthew Short]] 34 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 10 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529270.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Eshan Malinga]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match27" />
----
<section begin="match28" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match28}}'''Match 28'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 46 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/6 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 53[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/8 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529271.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 51,593
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end= "match28" />
----
<section begin="match29" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match29}}'''Match 29'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 254/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Priyansh Arya]] 93 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Prince Yadav]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 200/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 43 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Marco Jansen]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529272.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Priyansh Arya]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match29" />
----
<section begin="match30" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match30}}'''Match 30'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|20|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 199/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 101[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 100 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 26 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 99 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529273.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tilak Varma]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Krish Bhagat and Danish Malewar (Mumbai Indians) both made their T20 debuts.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2026: Who are Danish Malewar and Krish Bhagat? Mumbai Indians unveil new debutants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2026-gt-vs-mi-danish-malewar-krish-bhagat-debut-2899084-2026-04-20 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Hardik Pandya]] scored 2000 runs in IPL for Mumbai Indians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hardik Pandya, the seventh cricketer to score 2000 runs in IPL for Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/hardik-pandya-joins-rohit-sharma-in-elite-list-becomes-7th-cricketer-to-10046107.html |work=[[News 18]] |date=20 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Tilak Varma]] (Mumbai Indians) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tilak Varma slams maiden IPL hundred; rescues MI from collapse vs GT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/tilak-varma-slams-maiden-ipl-hundred-rescues-mi-from-collapse-vs-gt-126042001166_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match30" />
----
<section begin="match31" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match31}}'''Match 31'''
| date = 21 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 242/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 135[[not out|*]] (68)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/23 (2 overs)
| score2 = 195/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 57 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 4/32 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 47 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529274.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sherya |date=22 April 2026 |title=Who is Dilshan Madushanka, who made his IPL debut against the Delhi Capitals? |url=https://kalamtimes.com/news/who-is-dilshan-madushanka-who-made-his-ipl-debut-against-the-delhi-capitals |work=Kalam Times |access-date=10 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match31" />
----
<section begin="match32" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match32}}'''Match 32'''
| date = 22 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| score1 = 159/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 43[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 55 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 40 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529275.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match32" />
----
<section begin="match33" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match33}}'''Match 33'''
| date = 23 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night =
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 207/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 101[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets1 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 104 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 37 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Akeal Hosein]] 4/17 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 103 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529276.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Parashar Joshi (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was Mumbai Indians' [[List of Mumbai Indians records#Greatest loss margin (by runs)|biggest defeat by a margin of runs]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 April 2026 |title=103-run hammering: CSK hand MI their biggest IPL defeat as Sanju Samson, spinners lead rout|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/103-run-hammering-csk-hand-mi-their-biggest-ipl-defeat-as-sanju-samson-spinners-lead-rout/articleshow/130477148.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match33" />
----
<section begin="match34" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match34}}'''Match 34'''
| date = 24 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 205/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 100 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 206/5 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 81 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/49 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529277.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and Amit Rana (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match34" />
----
<section begin="match35" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match35}}'''Match 35'''
| date = 25 April 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 264/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 152[[not out|*]] (67)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 1/49 (4 overs)
| score2 = 265/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 76 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 2/46 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529278.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[KL Rahul]] (Delhi Capitals) made the highest individual score by an Indian player in the history of IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2026 |title=The V-King: KL Rahul breaks Virender Sehwag's record, hits 47-ball century for Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/dc-vs-pbks-ipl-2026-punjab-kings-kl-rahul-fastest-century-delhi-capitals-2901505-2026-04-25 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match35" />
----
<section begin="match36" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match36}}'''Match 36'''
| date = 25 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 228/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 103 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 2/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 229/5 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 74 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529279.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals) became the fastest batsman to score 1,000 runs in men's T20s, in terms of deliveries faced (473).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/13536583/ipl-vaibhav-sooryavanshi-becomes-fastest-to-reach-1-000-t20-runs-as-15-year-old-hits-36-ball-ton-for-rajasthan-royals |title=Vaibhav Sooryavanshi becomes fastest to reach 1,000 T20 runs |work=[[Sky Sports]] |date=25 May 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match36" />
----
<section begin="match37" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match37}}'''Match 37'''
| date = 26 April 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 158/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 74[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/2 (16.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 87 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 1/29 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529280.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This match was initially scheduled at [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], but was moved to [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] due to the [[2026 Gujarat local elections]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2026 |title=Venues for both matches between CSK and GT in IPL 2026 swapped |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-venues-for-both-matches-between-csk-and-gt-swapped-1531807 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match37" />
----
<section begin="match38" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match38}}'''Match 38'''
| date = 26 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 83[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 5/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 42 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Vaibhav Arora]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = Match tied<br/>(Kolkata Knight Riders won the [[Super Over]])
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529281.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and Keyur Kelkar (Ind)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Super Over: Lucknow Super Giants 1/2 (0.3 overs), Kolkata Knight Riders 4/0 (0.1 overs)
}}<section end= "match38" />
----
<section begin="match39" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match39}}'''Match 39'''
| date = 27 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 75 (16.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abishek Porel]] 30 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 4/12 (3.3 overs)
| score2 = 77/1 (6.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 34[[not out|*]] (13)
| wickets2 = [[Kyle Jamieson]] 1/42 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529282.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) scored 9000 runs in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 April 2026 |title=Virat Kohli in a league of his own, completes 9000 IPL runs in style|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/virat-kohli-first-batter-9000-ipl-runs-rcb-vs-delhi-capitals-2902419-2026-04-27 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* Sahil Parakh (Delhi Capitals) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 May 2026 |title=Who is Sahil Parakh? Maharashtra teenager makes IPL debut for Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2026-sahil-parakh-debut-delhi-capitals-maiden-cap-dc-vs-rcb-2902379-2026-04-27 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match39" />
----
<section begin="match40" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match40}}'''Match 40'''
| date = 28 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 222/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Marcus Stoinis]] 62[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets1 = Yash Raj Punja 2/41 (4 overs)
| score2 = 228/4 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Donovan Ferreira]] 52[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529283.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Donovan Ferreira]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match40" />
----
<section begin="match41" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match41}}'''Match 41'''
| date = 29 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 243/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ryan Rickelton]] 123[[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets1 = [[Praful Hinge]] 2/54 (4 overs)
| score2 = 249/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Travis Head]] 76 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/51 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529284.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Ryan Rickelton]] (Mumbai Indians) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ankit Borkar |date=29 April 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Ryan Rickelton Creates History with Maiden IPL Century vs SRH |url=https://cricketgully.com/cricket-news/ipl-2026-ryan-rickelton-creates-history-with-maiden-ipl-century-vs-srh-14751 |work=Cricket Gully |access-date=10 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match41" />
----
<section begin="match42" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match42}}'''Match 42'''
| date = 30 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 155 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 40 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]] 3/22 (3.2 overs)
| score2 = 158/6 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 43 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529285.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Jason Holder]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match42" />
----
<section begin="match43" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match43}}'''Match 43'''
| date = 1 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 225/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 90 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 3/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 226/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 75 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 1/33 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529286.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end="match43" />
----
<section begin="match44" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match44}}'''Match 44'''
| date = 2 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Naman Dhir]] 57 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 67[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 1/20 (3 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529287.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] (Chennai Super Kings) and [[Raghu Sharma (cricketer)|Raghu Sharma]] (Mumbai Indians) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Who is Ramakrishna Ghosh? CSK’s new all-rounder handed IPL debut vs MI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-who-is-ramakrishna-ghosh-csks-new-all-rounder-handed-ipl-debut-vs-mi/articleshow/130719004.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Who is Raghu Sharma? MI’s surprise pick in high-stakes clash vs CSK|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-who-is-raghu-sharma-mis-surprise-pick-in-high-stakes-clash-vs-csk/articleshow/130718518.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match44" />
----
<section begin="match45" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match45}}'''Match 45'''
| date = 3 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 165 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Travis Head]] 61 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 169/3 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 59 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Sakib Hussain]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529288.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = Ravichandran Smaran (Sunrisers Hyderabad) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=Who is Smaran Ravichandran? Karnataka batter replaces Nitish Kumar Reddy to make IPL debut during SRH vs KKR|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/who-is-smaran-ravichandran-karnataka-batter-replaces-nitish-kumar-reddy-to-make-ipl-debut-during-srh-vs-kkr/11777800969830.html|work=Mint}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Narine]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) took his 200th wicket in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=Sunil Narine etches his name in IPL folklore, becomes first overseas player to achieve monumental feat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sunil-narine-etches-his-name-in-ipl-folklore-becomes-first-overseas-player-to-achieve-monumental-feat-101777807581777.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match45" />
----
<section begin="match46" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match46}}'''Match 46'''
| date = 3 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 163/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryansh Shedge]] 57 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 167/6 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 57 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529289.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Parashar Joshi (Ind)
| motm = [[Jason Holder]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Nishant Sindhu]] (Gujarat Titans) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Gujarat Titans opt to bowl vs Punjab Kings; Nishant Sindhu handed debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-gujarat-titans-opt-to-bowl-vs-punjab-kings-nishant-sindhu-handed-debut/articleshow/130733618.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match46" />
----
<section begin="match47" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match47}}'''Match 47'''
| date = 4 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 228/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 63 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| score2 = 229/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 84 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Manimaran Siddharth]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529290.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ryan Rickelton]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Akshat Raghuwanshi]] (Lucknow Super Giants) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Who is Akshat Raghuwanshi? MP batter makes IPL debut against idol Rohit Sharma debut |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2026-mi-vs-lsg-rohit-sharma-akshat-raghuwanshi-ipl-debut-2906581-2026-05-04 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match47" />
----
<section begin="match48" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match48}}'''Match 48'''
| date = 5 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sameer Rizvi]] 40[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 159/2 (17.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanju Samson]] 87[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529291.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end="match48" />
----
<section begin="match49" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match49}}'''Match 49'''
| date = 6 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 235/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 69 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 202/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Cooper Connolly]] 107[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 33 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529292.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Pat Cummins]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Cooper Connolly]] (Punjab Kings) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2026 |title=SRH Crush PBKS by 33 Runs Despite Connolly's Stunning Maiden IPL Century |url=https://openthemagazine.com/sports/srh-crush-pbks-by-33-runs-despite-connollys-stunning-maiden-ipl-century |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open The Magazine]] |access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match49" />
----
<section begin="match50" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match50}}'''Match 50'''
| date = 7 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 209/3 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 111 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 203/6 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 61 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 9 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529293.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 19 overs per side due to rain.
* Royal Challengers Bengaluru were set a revised target of 213 runs from 19 overs due to rain.
}}<section end="match50" />
----
<section begin="match51" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match51}}'''Match 51'''
| date = 8 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 142/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 50 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Kartik Tyagi]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/2 (14.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Finn Allen]] 100[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529294.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Finn Allen]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Finn Allen]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 May 2026 |title=Finn Allen blazes maiden IPL century to power KKR to 4th consecutive win |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/finn-allen-blazes-maiden-ipl-century-to-power-kkr-to-4th-consecutive-win-10680131 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
}}<section end="match51" />
----
<section begin="match52" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match52}}'''Match 52'''
| date = 9 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 229/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 84 (44)
| wickets1 = Brijesh Sharma 2/47 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 38 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 77 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529295.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match52" />
----
<section begin="match53" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match53}}'''Match 53'''
| date = 10 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 203/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Josh Inglis]] 85 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Jamie Overton]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 208/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Urvil Patel]] 65 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 2/30 (3 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529296.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar (Ind) and Amit Rana (Ind)
| motm = [[Jamie Overton]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Lucknow Super Giants were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 May 2026 |title=CSK vs LSG, IPL 2026: Urvil, Overton help Chennai Super Kings eliminate Lucknow Super Giants|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/csk-vs-lsg-ipl-2026-chennai-super-kings-v-lucknow-super-giants-score-result-match-report/article70962300.ece/|work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match53" />
----
<section begin="match54" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match54}}'''Match 54'''
| date = 10 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 166/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 57 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 167/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 73 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529297.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Mumbai Indians were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Mumbai Indians become second team to be eliminated after loss to Royal Challengers Bengaluru|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/mumbai-indians-eliminated-ipl-2026-mi-lucknow-super-giants-points-table/article70962842.ece/ |access-date=11 May 2026|work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match54" />
----
<section begin="match55" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match55}}'''Match 55'''
| date = 11 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 210/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 59[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets1 = Madhav Tiwari 2/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 216/7 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Axar Patel]] 56 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529298.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm = Madhav Tiwari (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Ben Dwarshuis]] (Punjab Kings) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bassyonni |date=11 May 2026 |title=Ben Dwarshuis Makes IPL Debut in PBKS vs DC Clash |url=https://www.el-balad.com/17008006 |access-date=11 May 2026 |website=El-Balad}}</ref>
}}<section end="match55" />
----
<section begin="match56" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match56}}'''Match 56'''
| date = 12 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 168/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 61 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Praful Hinge]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 86 (14.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 19 (9)
| wickets2 = [[Jason Holder]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 82 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529299.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match56" />
----
<section begin="match57" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match57}}'''Match 57'''
| date = 13 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 192/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 71 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 194/4 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 105[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets2 = [[Kartik Tyagi]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529300.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Saurabh Dubey (Maharashtra cricketer)|Saurabh Dubey]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB vs KKR, IPL 2026: Who is Saurabh Dubey, Vidarbha fast bowler who is set to make his debut against Royal Challengers Bengaluru? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/saurabh-dubey-vidarbha-pacer-ipl-debut-stats-rcb-vs-kkr-ipl-2026-kolkata-knight-riders/article70975108.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) scored 14,000 runs in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stats - Kohli the first Indian to 10 T20 tons and the fastest ever to 14000 runs|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-rcb-vs-kkr-virat-kohli-the-first-indian-to-10-t20-tons-and-the-fastest-ever-to-14000-runs-1536676 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match57" />
----
<section begin="match58" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match58}}'''Match 58'''
| date = 14 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 200/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 57 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 205/4 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 75[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = [[Azmatullah Omarzai]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529301.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm = [[Tilak Varma]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match58" />
----
<section begin="match59" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match59}}'''Match 59'''
| date = 15 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| score1 = 187/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kartik Sharma]] 71 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 188/3 (16.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 90 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 1/24 (3 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529302.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and Tony Ematty (Ind)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match59" />
----
<section begin="match60" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match60}}'''Match 60'''
| date = 16 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 247/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Finn Allen]] 93 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Sai Kishore]] 1/38 (3 overs)
| score2 = 218/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 85 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 29 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529303.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm = [[Sunil Narine]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was Kolkata Knight Riders's 100th game at this venue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata Knight Riders create IPL history, become only second team after RCB to play 100 IPL matches at a single venue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/kkr-create-ipl-history-become-only-second-team-after-rcb-to-play-100-ipl-matches-at-a-single-venue/articleshow/131139229.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2026 |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Narine]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) played in his 200th IPL match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunil Narine Becomes First Overseas Cricketer To Play 200 Matches In IPL |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/sunil-narine-becomes-first-overseas-cricketer-to-play-200-matches-in-ipl-ws-no-10094793.html |work=[[News18]] |date=16 May 2026 |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref>
* [[Cameron Green]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored 1,000 runs in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |title=KKR's Cameron Green completes 1,000 runs in IPL |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/kkrs-cameron-green-completes-1000-runs-in-ipl20260517101658 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=17 May 2026 |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match60" />
----
<section begin="match61" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match61}}'''Match 61'''
| date = 17 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 222/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 73[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets1 = [[Harpreet Brar]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 199/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shashank Singh]] 56 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Rasikh Salam]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 23 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529304.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Punjab Kings) played in his 100th IPL match as captain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shreyas Iyer becomes fifth player to captain in 100 IPL games|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/shreyas-iyer-100-ipl-games-as-captain-most-matches-record-list/article70989963.ece/|work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref>
* Royal Challengers Bengaluru qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru become first team to qualify for Playoffs|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/playoffs-top-four-qualification-ipl-2026-royal-challengers-bengaluru-pbks-vs-rcb/article70990343.ece/|work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match61" />
----
<section begin="match62" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match62}}'''Match 62'''
| date = 17 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| score1 = 193/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 53 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 4/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 197/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 56 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529305.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Amit Rana (Ind) and Keyur Kelkar (Ind)
| motm = [[Mitchell Starc]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Ravi Singh (Rajasthan Royals) and Tripurana Vijay (Delhi Capitals) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Ravi Singh? RR hand Railways batter debut against DC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-who-is-ravi-singh-rr-hand-railways-batter-debut-against-dc/articleshow/131156237.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Tripurana Vijay? 24-year-old making his IPL debut in DC vs RR IPL 2026 clash |url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/ipl/story/who-is-tripurana-vijay-24-year-old-making-his-ipl-debut-in-dc-vs-rr-ipl-2026-clash-3257158-2026-05-17 |work=Sports Tak |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match62" />
----
<section begin="match63" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match63}}'''Match 63'''
| date = 18 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 180/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 44 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 181/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 70 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529306.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026 playoffs: Sunrisers Hyderabad, Gujarat Titans confirm top-4 finish|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-playoffs-sunrisers-hyderabad-gujarat-titans-confirm-top-4-finish-126051801783_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]] |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SRH And GT Qualify For Playoffs As Sunrisers Hyderabad Defeat Chennai Super Kings By 5 Wickets |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-srh-and-gt-qualify-for-playoffs |work=[[Outlook India]] |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match63" />
----
<section begin="match64" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match64}}'''Match 64'''
| date = 19 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 220/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 96 (57)
| wickets1 = Yash Raj Punja 2/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 225/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 93 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529307.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Parashar Joshi (Ind)
| motm = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Sushant Mishra]] (Rajasthan Royals) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal wins toss, elects to bowl against Lucknow Super Giants |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/ipl-2026-yashasvi-jaiswal-wins-toss-elects-to-bowl-first-against-lucknow-super-giants-23631224 |work=[[Mid Day]] |date=20 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match64" />
----
<section begin="match65" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match65}}'''Match 65'''
| date = 20 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 147/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 32[[not out|*]] (18)
| wickets1 = [[Cameron Green]] 2/23 (3 overs)
| score2 = 148/6 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Manish Pandey]] 45 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 3/30 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529308.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm = [[Manish Pandey]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Tejasvi Singh Dahiya]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) made his IPL debut. He replaced [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] as a concussion substitute after the batter got injured during the first innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Tejasvi Singh Dahiya? KKR's Rs 3 crore concussion substitute vs Mumbai Indians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/who-is-tejasvi-singh-dahiya-kkrs-rs-3-crore-concussion-substitute-vs-mumbai-indians/articleshow/131234404.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match65" />
----
<section begin="match66" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match66}}'''Match 66'''
| date = 21 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 229/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 84 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 1/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 140 (13.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Dube]] 47 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/18 (2 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 89 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529309.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This match was initially scheduled at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]], but was moved to [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] due to the [[2026 Gujarat local elections]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2026 |title=IPL 2026: BCCI announces venue change for both the CSK vs GT matches |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-bcci-announces-venue-change-for-both-the-csk-vs-gt-matches-126041301112_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
* Chennai Super Kings were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2026 |title=CSK fail to qualify for IPL 2026 Playoffs, GT eliminate 5-time champions |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/chennai-super-kings-can-csk-qualify-for-ipl-2026-playoffs-check-all-scenarios/ |work=[[Inside Sport]] |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match66" />
----
<section begin="match67" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 67'''
| date = 22 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 255/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 79 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Rasikh Salam]] 2/52 (4 overs)
| score2 = 200/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 56 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 55 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529310.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and Amit Rana (Ind)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Rajat Patidar]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) hit his 100th six in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2026 |title=Rajat Patidar Becomes Fastest Indian Batter In IPL History To Hit 100 Sixes|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/rajat-patidar-becomes-fastest-indian-batter-to-hit-100-sixes-in-ipl-10107291.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=23 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match67" />
----
<section begin="match68" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match68}}'''Match 68'''
| date = 23 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 196/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Josh Inglis]] 72 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 200/3 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 101[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/45 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529311.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Punjab Kings) scored his 7,000th run in T20s and maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2026 |title=Maiden IPL ton from Shreyas Iyer guides PBKS past LSG by 7-wickets|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/maiden-ipl-ton-from-shreyas-iyer-guides-pbks-past-lsg-by-7-wickets20260523232319/ |work=[[Asian News International|ANI News]] |access-date=23 May 2026}}</ref>
* Delhi Capitals were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026: Delhi Capitals eliminated after Punjab Kings defeats Lucknow Super Giants|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/delhi-capitals-eliminated-from-ipl-2026-punjab-kings-rajasthan-royals-playoffs-qualification-race/article71014369.ece/|work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=23 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match68" />
----
<section begin="match69" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 69'''
| date = 24 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 205/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 38 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/41 (4 overs)
| score2 = 175/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 60 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 30 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529312.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Tony Ematty (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jofra Archer]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Dasun Shanaka]] (Rajasthan Royals) became the first Sri Lankan to hit 300 sixes in T20s.{{cn|date=May 2026}}
* Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoffs while Punjab Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026: Rajasthan Royals seals last Playoffs spot; PBKS, KKR knocked out|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/rajasthan-royals-qualifies-for-playoffs-eliminator-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-pbks-kkr-knocked-out/article71017388.ece/|work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=24 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match69" />
----
<section begin="match70" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match70}}'''Match 70'''
| date = 24 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 203/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 60 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Saurabh Dubey (Maharashtra cricketer)|Saurabh Dubey]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 163 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 63 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Lungi Ngidi]] 3/27 (3.4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 40 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529313.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match70" />

== Playoffs ==
{{see also|#Format}}
=== Bracket ===
<section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px

| RD1 = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]]'''
| RD1-text1 = 26 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|Dharamshala]]
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''254/5 (20 overs)'''
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| RD1-score2 = 162 (19.3 overs)

| RD1b = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]]'''
| RD1b-text1 = 27 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Mullanpur]]
| RD1b-seed1 = 3
| RD1b-team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| RD1b-score1 = 196 (19.2 overs)
| RD1b-seed2 = '''4'''
| RD1b-team2 = '''[[Rajasthan Royals]]'''
| RD1b-score2 = '''243/8 (20 overs)'''

| RD2 = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]]'''
| RD2-text1 = 29 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Mullanpur]]
| RD2-seed1 = '''Q1L'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Gujarat Titans]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''219/3 (18.4 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = EW
| RD2-team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| RD2-score2 = 214/6 (20 overs)

| RD3 = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League final|Final]]'''
| RD3-text1 = 31 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]]
| RD3-seed1 = '''Q1W'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''161/5 (18 overs)'''
| RD3-seed2 = Q2W
| RD3-team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| RD3-score2 = 155/8 (20 overs)
}}
* Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name=IPL>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series-sub|id=ipl-2026-1510719|event=2026 Indian Premier League |sub=fixtures and results|access-date=31 May 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref><section end="bracket"/>

=== Qualifier 1 ===
<section begin="match71" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match71}} '''Qualifier 1'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|26|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 254/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 93[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 68 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Jacob Duffy]] 3/39 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 92 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535462.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rajat Patidar]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) becomes first batter to score 600 plus runs in four consecutive IPL seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virat Kohli becomes first batter to score 600+ runs in four consecutive IPL seasons|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/virat-kohli-ipl-600-runs-consecutive-seasons-list-rcb-vs-gt-qualifier/article71026296.ece/|work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref>
* This was the highest score in the history of IPL playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB create massive record, register highest total in IPL playoffs history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/rcb-create-massive-record-register-highest-total-in-ipl-playoffs-history/amp_articleshow/131332798.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 May 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref>
* Royal Challengers Bengaluru qualified for their fifth IPL final after [[2009 Indian Premier League final|2009]], [[2011 Indian Premier League final|2011]], [[2016 Indian Premier League final|2016]] and [[2025 Indian Premier League final|2025]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Harshit Bisht |date=27 May 2026 |title=Rajat Patidar Becomes 1st RCB & 5th Captain Overall To Qualify For Back-To-Back IPL Finals |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/rajat-patidar-becomes-5th-captain-to-qualify-for-back-to-back-ipl-finals-10114306.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match71" />

=== Eliminator ===
<section begin="match72" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match72}} '''Eliminator'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 243/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 97 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Praful Hinge]] 3/54 (4 overs)
| score2 = 196 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 38 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 3/58 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 47 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535463.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals) broke [[Chris Gayle]]’s record (59) of most sixes in a single IPL season.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2026 |title=Vaibhav Sooryavanshi scripts history, breaks Chris Gayle’s 14-year-old IPL record of Most sixes in an IPL season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/vaibhav-sooryavanshi-scripts-history-breaks-chris-gayles-14-year-old-ipl-record-to-hit-most-sixes-in-a-single-season/articleshow/131353114.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match72" />

=== Qualifier 2 ===
<section begin="match73" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match73}} '''Qualifier 2'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 214/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 96 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 219/3 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 104 (53)
| wickets2 = [[Nandre Burger]] 1/35 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535464.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals) became the fastest Indian batsman to score 1,000 runs in IPL, in terms of innings (23).<ref>{{cite web |last=Aditya Kaushik |date=29 May 2026 |title=Vaibhav Sooryavanshi becomes fastest Indian batter to score 1000 IPL runs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/vaibhav-sooryavanshi-becomes-fastest-indian-batter-to-score-1000-ipl-runs-126052901685_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref>
* Gujarat Titans qualified for their third IPL final after [[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]] and [[2023 Indian Premier League final|2023]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Suramya Kaushik |date=29 May 2026 |title=Gill ton steers Gujarat past Rajasthan into IPL final |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/gill-ton-steers-gujarat-past-rajasthan-into-ipl-final-2026-05-29/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match73" />

=== Final ===
{{Main|2026 Indian Premier League final}}
<section begin="match74" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match74}} '''Final'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 155/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 50[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Rasikh Salam]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/5 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 75[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535465.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won their second IPL title after [[2025 Indian Premier League final|2025]]. They also became the third team to win two consecutive IPL finals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-31 |title=IPL 2026 final: Virat Kohli's unbeaten 75 helps RCB beat Gujarat Titans to secure back-to-back titles |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cdxp0pne2nzo |access-date=2026-06-01 |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-01 |title=RCB's back-to-back titles built on foundations set by IPL mega-auction |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2026-rcb-back-to-back-titles-foundations-mega-auction-dinesh-karthik-2920110-2026-06-01 |access-date=2026-06-01 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match74" />

== Statistics and awards ==
[[File:Kingdom Kome co-founders Kagiso Rabada and Cameron Scott at the first private screening of The Ring of Beasts (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Kagiso Rabada]] (pictured in 2021) took the most wickets (29) in the season.|alt=Kagiso Rabada in 2021]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2 |tournament-rec |id=indian-premier-league-2026-17740 |rec=most runs |access-date=31 May 2026 |dynamic=y}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
! scope=row | 776
| [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
! scope=row | 732
| [[Shubman Gill]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
! scope=row | 722
| [[Sai Sudharsan]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
! scope=row | 675
| [[Virat Kohli]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
! scope=row | 624
| [[Heinrich Klaasen]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2 |tournament-rec |id=indian-premier-league-2026-17740 |rec=most wickets |access-date=31 May 2026 |dynamic=y}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
! scope=row | 29
| [[Kagiso Rabada]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
! scope=row | 28
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
! scope=row | 25
| [[Jofra Archer]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
! scope=rowgroup rowspan=2 | 21
| [[Rashid Khan]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| [[Anshul Kamboj]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most valuable player<ref name="mvp">{{cite web |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2026/playerPoints |title=IPL 2026 Stats – Most Valuable Player |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref>
! scope=col | Points
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
! scope=row | 436.5
| [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
! scope=row | 427.0
| [[Kagiso Rabada]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
! scope=row | 396.5
| [[Jofra Archer]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
! scope=row | 379.5
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
! scope=row | 369.5
| [[Shubman Gill]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|}

=== End of season awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ End of season awards<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 June 2026 |title=IPL 2026 award winners: Vaibhav Sooryavanshi sweeps top honours, wins Tata Sierra car at just 15 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-full-list-of-award-winners-vaibhav-sooryavanshi-most-valuable-player-emerging-player-orange-purple-cap/article71045050.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ball by Ball Commentary & Live Score – RCB vs GT, Final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2026-1510719/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-gujarat-titans-final-1535465/ball-by-ball-commentary |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=2026-05-31|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
! scope=col | Award
! scope=col | Prize
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
| Most Valuable Player || {{INRConvert|10|l}} and trophy || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| Orange Cap (most runs) || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| Purple Cap (most wickets) || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || [[Kagiso Rabada]] || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| Emerging player of the season || {{INRConvert|10|l}} and trophy || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| Most fours || {{INRConvert|10|l}} and trophy || [[Sai Sudharsan]] || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| Most sixes || {{INRConvert|10|l}} and trophy || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| Most dot balls || {{INRConvert|10|l}} and trophy || [[Mohammed Siraj]] || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| Highest batting strike rate || {{INRConvert|10|l}}, trophy and a car || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| Catch of the season || {{INRConvert|10|l}} and trophy || [[Manish Pandey]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| Best pitch || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || {{N/A}}
|-
| Team fairplay award || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || {{N/A}} || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| Runners-up || {{INRConvert|12.5|c}} and runners-up shield || {{N/A}} || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| Champions || {{INRConvert|20|c}} and IPL trophy || {{N/A}} || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== General references ===
* {{Cite journal |date=11 March 2026 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2026 Part 1 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/bcci/documents/1773233174530_TATA%20IPL%20Schedule%202026_Part%201.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=1}}
* {{Cite journal |date=26 March 2026 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2026 Complete |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202026%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.iplt20.com/}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2026-1510719}}

{{2026 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:2026 Indian Premier League|*]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2026]]

Zamindars of Bihar

2026-09-20T15:37:02Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{short description|Autonomous chiefs in the Mughal Suba of Bihar}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Political map of the Subah of Bihar in 1650 CE.png|thumb|Political map of the Subah of Bihar in 1650 CE showing the main chieftaincies/zamindaris in the region|350px]]
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Tekari Maharaj Mitrajeet Singh, 1763 - 1840 AD.JPG |caption1= Maharaja Mitrajeet Singh of [[Tekari Raj]]
| image2 = Rai Hari Prasad Lal Gaya.jpg|caption2= Rai Hariprasad Lal of Gaya
| image3 = Koer Singh, watercolour on ivory, c. 1857.png |caption3= [[Kunwar Singh]] of the [[Jagdishpur estate]]
| image4 = Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh, 1888.jpg|caption4=Maharaja [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] of [[Raj Darbhanga]] in 1888.
| image5 = Babu_Ras_Biharilal_Mandal.jpg|caption5=[[Rash Bihari Lal Mandal]]
| image6 = Rai_Bahadur_Keshav_Pd.jpg|caption6=Rai Bahadur Keshav Prasad Mandal
}}
The '''Zamindars of Bihar''' were the autonomous rulers and administrators of the [[Bihar Subah]] during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] and later during [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLane |first=John R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&q=zamindari+system |title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal |date=25 July 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52654-8 |language=en}}</ref> They formed the landed aristocracy that lasted until Indian independence in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zamindar {{!}} Definition, System, & Mughal Empire {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/zamindar |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The zamindars of Bihar were numerous and could be divided into small, medium and large depending on how much land they controlled.<ref name="Singh2012">{{cite book|author=Lata Singh|title=Popular Translations of Nationalism: Bihar, 1920–1922|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8jCrDbHtIMC&pg=PA5|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-13-9|pages=5–7}}</ref> Within Bihar, the zamindars had both economic and military power. Each zamindari would have its own standing army which was typically composed of the zamindar's own clansmen.{{sfn|Ansari|2019|p=2}}

The majority of these zamindars usually belonged to Hindu communities such as [[Kushwaha]],[[Ahir|Ahirs]], [[Bhumihar]]s, [[Rajput]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Kayastha]]s or [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jha |first1=Hetukar |title=Lower-Caste Peasants and Upper-Caste Zamindars in Bihar (1921–1925): An Analysis of Sanskritization and Contradiction between the Two Groups |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |date=1 October 1977 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=549–559 |doi=10.1177/001946467701400404 |s2cid=143558861 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946467701400404?journalCode=iera |accessdate=28 March 2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Militia+Kurmi</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfltAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+</ref>

==History==
===Mughal period===
Mughal rule in Bihar was characterised as turbulent and volatile as many of the region's zamindars made continuous efforts to defy the imperial authority. Unlike the Zamindars of neighbouring [[Bengal Subah]] who had experienced a reduction in their rights and powers, the zamindars of Bihar maintained increased autonomy with "fickle loyalties towards the Government".<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book|author=Kumkum Chatterjee|title=Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733–1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA31|year=1996|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10303-1|pages=31–32}}</ref>

The nineteenth-century British [[Civil service|civil servant]], [[John Beames]] noted about Mughal-ruled Bihar that "everyone who was powerful enough to rob the state or his neighbours, robbed to his heart's content".<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA88|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|pages=88–90}}</ref> Zamindars refusing to pay the state and gathering forces to attack neighbouring zamindars was a common practice in Bihar during this period.<ref name="Prakash2003" /> In a report to the Patna Committee of Revenue, the then Naib Dewan of Bihar, Shitab Rai, had admitted that due to the declining state of the empire in the late seventeenth century, the zamindars had become practically independent of the Mughals.{{sfn|Ansari|2019|p=207}}

This attitude to authority continued into the period when the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]] became the nominal governors of Bihar. Although Bihar had the potential to provide a large amount of revenue and tax, records show that the Nawabs were unable to extract any money from the chiefs of Bihar until 1748. And even following this, the amount gained was very low. This was again due to the rebellious nature of the zamindars who were "continually in arms".<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|author=P. J. Marshall|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C|date= 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02822-6|pages=58–60}}</ref>

===Colonia-era===
{{See also|1781 revolt in Bihar}}
After the collapse of the Mughal empire, the [[British East India Company]] held sway over much of [[South Asia]].<ref name="Marshall2006">{{cite book|author=P. J. Marshall|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA95|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02822-6|pages=95–}}</ref> The colonial power wanted the revenue system "to be simple in its principle and uniform in its operation," but the [[Zamindar|zamindari system]] was so ingrained that even the early British rulers, from the grant of [[Dewan]]i (1765) to the [[Permanent Settlement]] (1793), dared not challenge it fundamentally. The early British rulers did not want any "innovation" or "experimentation," even if the zamindars, taluqdars, and many estates were defaulters to the government for not paying the raised land fee. This was because such a radical measure would have violated the 'customary' rights and privilege.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shukla |first=P.K. |date=1996 |title=The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765–1793) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=507 |jstor=44133355 |issn=2249-1937 }}</ref> Some of the zamindars took part in a revolt against the British in 1781 following on from a revolt led by the Maharaja of [[Benares State|Benares]], however, this was swiftly put down.<ref>{{cite book |last1=James Marshall |first1=Peter |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521028226 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&q=bengal+the+british+bridgehead}}</ref>
[[File:Behar - "The Dancing Horse".png|thumb|19th century painting depicting a soldier for a zamindar in Bihar]]
With the exception of a few new men here and there, the old landed nobility formed the social cornerstone of the new establishment in 1793. One could claim that the early British emperors were dependent on a customary class of upper caste [[Aristocracy|aristocrats]]. Since the majority of zamindars involved in estate [[auction]]s were [[Brahmin]]s or members of upper caste families, [[Warren Hastings|Hastings]] was against the open selling of estates and instead supported giving them a higher position in the rural power structure. The zamindars of [[Bihar]] seem to have suffered far less than the old zamindars of [[Bengal]] and [[Odisha|Orissa]], who suffered considerably. The [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]], the [[Hathwa Raj]], the [[Tekari Raj]], the [[Bettiah Raj ]], and the [[Dumraon Raj|Dumraon]] families in [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] were among the prominent zamindars of Bihar who enjoyed prosperity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Shukla |first=P.K. |date=1996 |title=The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765–1793) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=508–509 |jstor=44133355 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

The goal behind the establishment of the revenue farms in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] was to obtain the highest possible share of the net produce and then fix it for all time under the Permanent Settlement. The colonial authority began to require the zamindars in place, including those who were established as landowners for all time, to make a regular, ongoing payment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shukla |first=P.K. |date=1996 |title=The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765–1793) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=513 |jstor=44133355 |issn=2249-1937 }}</ref>

==Social condition in Zamindari areas==
The [[Permanent Settlement]] act by the British East India Company did not significantly alter the landholding patterns in Bihar, leaving Rajputs and Bhumihars as the major ''Zamindars''. It curtailed some of their powers, but also took away the customary occupancy rights of the peasantry.<ref name="Damodaran1992" />

The British rule enabled Rajputs to continue their dominance by cementing their entitlements related to land and tax collection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=The Rise of the Other Backward Classes in the Hindi Belt |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=2000 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=86–108 |doi=10.2307/2658585 |jstor=2658585 |s2cid=162845558 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658585 |issn=0021-9118 |quote=But the upper castes remained politically dominant in the Hindi belt also because of the pattern of land ownership that enabled them, especially the Rajputs, to consolidate their grasp over the countryside as zamindars, jagirdars, or taluqdars under the British and to retain some of their influence in spite of the efforts toward land reform after 1947.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Exercise of coercive power by the dominant castes<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=F. G. |title=Tribe Caste and Nation |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press. |pages=258 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.504813/ |quote=The system works the way it does because the coercive sanctions are all in the hands of the dominant caste.}}</ref> over the vulnerable landless labourers took various forms such as forced labour, higher rents, lower wages, social restrictions, evictions and sexual harassment.<ref name="Damodaran1992" />{{rp|75|quote=Control of landless labour through coercive means added a new dimension to an older relationship}} [[Rape]] of women from lower caste by Rajput and Bhumihar landowners was common in the [[Shahabad district]],<ref name="Damodaran1992">{{cite book | author = Vinita Damodaran | date = 1992 | title = Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism, and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–1946 | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 75| isbn = 978-0-19-562979-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rNa1AAAAIAAJ|quote=The rape of lower-caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landowners was common in Shahabad where, by the 1930s, anger and resentment against the frequent violation of women were openly expressed on the platform of the Tribeni Sangh}}</ref> particularly in a couple of villages of [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] (modern name for Shahabad district), where sexual desire of the upper-castes was satisfied through arrogant and unrestricted access to the modesty of women belonging to [[Chamar]] and [[Musahar]] caste.<ref name="SharmaSinghKumar1994">{{cite book | author1 = Kaushal Kishore Sharma | author2 = Prabhakar Prasad Singh | author3 = Ranjan Kumar | date = 1994 | title = Peasant Struggles in Bihar, 1831–1992: Spontaneity to Organisation | publisher = Centre for Peasant Studies | pages = 247| isbn = 9788185078885 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ|quote=According to them, before the emergence of Naxalism on the scene and consequent resistance on the part of these hapless fellows, "rape of lower caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords used to cause so much anguish among the lower cates, who, owing to their hapless situation, could not dare oppose them. In their own words, "within the social constraints, the suppressed sexual hunger of the predominant castes often found unrestricted outlet among the poor, lower caste of Bhojpur-notably Chamars and Mushars.}}</ref><ref name="Franco2002">{{cite book | author = Fernando Franco | date = 2002 | title = Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh | publisher = Indian Social Institute | isbn = 9788187218463 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ|quote=Even as late as the 1970s, the rape of lower caste women by Rajputs and Bhumihars had almost become a tradition, 'an accepted social evil, a fate which many bore unquestioningly', in parts of central Bihar|page=52}}</ref> Emerging organisations of middle peasant castes like [[Triveni Sangh]]<ref name="Damodaran1992" /> and [[Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)|Kisan Sabha]]s took up the issues of exploitation,<ref name="UN">{{cite book |last=Kelkar |first=Govind |chapter=Women and Land Rights Movements |title=Case Studies on Strengthening Co-ordination Between Non-governmental Organizations and Government Agencies in Promoting Social Development |publisher=United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |year=1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73 |at=Sec. "Kisan Sabha and Kisan Samiti: Peasant Movements and Women (India)", pp.  72–73}}</ref> with the [[Naxalism|Naxal threat]] also acting as a check.<ref name="SharmaSinghKumar1994" />

==Abolition and decline in political presence of Zamindars==

Following independence in 1947, there was large-scale support in Bihar for the abolition of [[zamindari]] especially among [[peasants]], agricultural labourers and the urban middle-class who stood to gain the most from this.<ref name="KHarihar2018">{{cite book|author1=Mitra Subrata K|author2=Bhattacharyya Harihar|title=Politics And Governance In Indian States: Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|date= 2018|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|isbn=978-981-320-824-7|pages=155–158}}</ref> This culminated in a large-scale movement in support of abolition led by lower-castes. The [[Bhumihar]] zamindars realised that abolition was going to occur and planned for abolition to be on their terms.<ref name="KHarihar2018" /> However, the [[Rajput]]-[[Kayastha]] zamindars strongly resisted this.
Eventually, the Bihar Abolition of Zamindaris Act was passed in 1949.<ref name="KHarihar2018" /> "The abolition of the zamindari system had a profound impact on the social landscape. Many upper-caste zamindars, who had long held power and privilege, were stripped of their land and influence. Meanwhile, descendants of [[Kayastha]] zamindars, who had historically wielded significant local influence, adapted to the new political landscape by engaging in local [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] politics. This shift allowed them to maintain their influence and shape the destiny of their communities, fostering a new era of grassroots leadership and social change."{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In the later period of time, when the abolition of Zamindari took place in Bihar and the castes like [[Yadav]], [[Kurmi]], [[Koeri|Koiri]] and [[Bhumihar]] became the prime movers of the emerging capitalist agriculture system of central Bihar. The new semi-feudal social order brought unintended benefits for these caste groups in which the question of dignity and minimum wages came to the fore. The [[Green Revolution]] further benefited these communities.<ref name="Ashwani2008">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA94 |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |pages=94 }}</ref> Hence, in later periods, many landed Other Backward Castes also emerged as zamindars, primarily from a group called [[Upper Backward Castes]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP4sAQAAIAAJ&q=ahir+zamindar |title=The National Geographical Journal of India |date=1975 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India. |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the independence of India, many [[Forward Castes|forward caste]] Zamindars like [[Kayastha]] & [[Brahmin]] zamindars started taking interest in politics, and they also participated in the [[Quit India Movement]], anticipating the end of British rule, which protected them. According to DM Diwakar, a former director of Patna's ''AN Sinha Institute of Social Sciences'', these feudal elites had a significant presence in the politics of the state in the first few decades of the post-independence period, but they started losing this significant position in the 1970s. In the first tenure of [[Nitish Kumar]], they staged a comeback in the politics of state, but in the next tenures, they were completely marginalised and according to Diwakar, were converted into "silent onlookers" by 2020.<ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-royal-zamindar-families-remain-a-marginal-force/story-bYa1K4rEBWaDenzOtcOksO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710063349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-royal-zamindar-families-remain-a-marginal-force/story-bYa1K4rEBWaDenzOtcOksO.html|archive-date=10 July 2022|url-status=live |title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: Royal, zamindar families remain a marginal force|website=Hindustan Times|date=23 October 2020 |accessdate=10 July 2022}}</ref>

==Notable zamindari estates==
Notable zamindaris and principalities in Bihar include:{{sfn|Ansari|2019|p=2}}
*[[Deo Raj]]
*[[Hathwa Raj]]
*[[Saran district|Bhatkeshri Estate]]
*[[Murho Estate|Muhro Estate]]
*[[Tekari Raj]]
*[[Bettiah Raj]]
*[[Kharagpur Raj]]
*[[Jagdishpur estate]]
*[[Dumraon Raj]]
*[[Raj Darbhanga]]
*[[:simple:Ranipatti_Estate|Ranipatti Estate]]
*[[Chero dynasty|Cheros of Palamu]]
*[[Gidhaur chieftaincy]]
*[[Khokhra Chieftaincy]]

==See also==
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats]]
* [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
* [[Zamindars of Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
** {{cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Tahir Hussain |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |publisher=Routledge |date=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&q=mughal+administration+and+the+zamindars+of+bihar|isbn=9781000651522}}

[[Category:Zamindars of Bihar| ]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]

User:Goodwise

2026-09-20T15:36:52Z

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International recognition of Israel

2026-09-20T15:36:42Z

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}}
[[file:Countries recognizing Israel.svg|thumb|400x450px|{{legend|Yellow|Israel}}
{{legend|Green|Countries that recognize Israel}}
{{Legend striped|#007f24|#b9b9b9|up=yes|States/territories whose recognition of Israel is disputed}}
{{legend|#501616|Countries that have withdrawn their recognition of Israel}}
{{legend|#c83737|Countries that have suspended or cut bilateral ties with Israel, but maintain recognition}}
{{legend|#b9b9b9|Countries that have never recognized Israel}}]]

As of February 2026, the [[State of Israel]] is recognized as a [[List of sovereign states|sovereign state]] by 163 of the other 192 [[member states of the United Nations]], or approximately 85% of all UN members. The State of Israel was formally established by the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] on 14 May 1948, and was admitted to the [[United Nations]] (UN) as a [[Member states of the United Nations|full member state]] on 11 May 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2006 |title=United Nations Member States |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207190946/http://www.un.org/en/members/ |archive-date=7 February 2011 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 May 1949|title=Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b|url-status=dead|publisher=The United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912101430/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b|archive-date=12 September 2007|access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> It also maintains bilateral ties with all of the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|UNSC Permanent Five]]. 29{{Efn|name=list|Non-Muslim states:{{unbulletedlist|1. [[Cuba]]|2. [[North Korea]]|3. [[Venezuela]]}}<br />Muslim-majority states:{{unbulletedlist|4. [[Afghanistan]]|5. [[Algeria]]|6. [[Bangladesh]]|7. [[Brunei]]|8. [[Comoros]]|9. [[Djibouti]]|10. [[Indonesia]]|11. [[Iran]]|12. [[Iraq]]|13. [[Kuwait]]|14. [[Lebanon]]|15. [[Libya]]|16. [[Malaysia]]|17. [[Maldives]]|18. [[Mali]]|19. [[Mauritania]]|20. [[Niger]]|21. [[Oman]]|22. [[Pakistan]]|23. [[Qatar]]|24. [[Saudi Arabia]]|25. [[Somalia]]|26. [[Syria]]|27. [[Tunisia]]|28. [[Yemen]]}}<br />Incomplete recognition:{{unbulletedlist|29. [[Sudan]]}}}} member states have either never formally recognized Israel or have withdrawn their recognition; others have severed diplomatic relations without explicitly withdrawing their recognition. Additionally, many non-recognizing countries have [[Legitimacy of the State of Israel|challenged Israel's existence]]—predominantly those in the [[Muslim world]]—due to significant animosity stemming from the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] and the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rossi |first1=Michael |last2=Pinos |first2=Jaume Castan |date=2020-02-17 |title=Introduction to Inconvenient Realities: The Emergence and Resilience of Parastates |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/introduction-to-inconvenient-realities-the-emergence-and-resilience-of-parastates/42154CA2D4E4AFF0FED70116F5947157 |journal=Nationalities Papers |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=12–23 |doi=10.1017/nps.2019.58 |issn=0090-5992 |quote=(p.12) Parastates are neither sovereign countries with limited recognition like Israel |s2cid=214574382 |access-date=2022-09-01 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831125425/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/introduction-to-inconvenient-realities-the-emergence-and-resilience-of-parastates/42154CA2D4E4AFF0FED70116F5947157 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|1948 Palestine war|1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight}}

On 14 May 1948, the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 1948 |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |archive-date=21 March 2012 |access-date=15 December 2013 |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> declared the establishment a [[Jewish state]] in part of the former [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], with borders formally established by the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] at the end of the [[1948 Palestine war]]. The [[Arab League]] was opposed to any partition and to the establishment of [[Israel]], and an [[Arab world|Arab coalition]] jointly invaded the territory of the newly formed country one day after its independence, sparking the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].

Following Israel's establishment, the [[provisional government of Israel|Israeli provisional government]] was established to govern the [[Yishuv]]; and while military operations were still in progress, it was promptly granted ''[[de facto]]'' recognition by the [[United States]],<ref>[http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1948-05-15-04-001&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1948-05-15-04 End of Palestine mandate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407021535/http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1948-05-15-04-001&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1948-05-15-04 |date=2010-04-07 }}, ''The Times'', 15 May 1948</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123950/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]] (which had voted against the Partition Plan), [[Guatemala]], [[Iceland]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], and [[Uruguay]]. The [[Soviet Union]] was the first country to grant ''[[de jure]]'' recognition to Israel on 17 May 1948,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Behbehani |first=Hashim S. H. |title=The Soviet Union and Arab nationalism, 1917–1966 |publisher=Routledge |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7103-0213-7 |page=69}}</ref> followed by Nicaragua, [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel |title=Israel International Relations: International Recognition of Israel |website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210135/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States extended ''de jure'' recognition after the [[1949 Israeli Constituent Assembly election|first Israeli election]],<ref>[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1949-01-31&documentid=1-15&collectionid=ROI&pagenumber=1 Press Release, 31 January 1949. Official File, Truman Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140829/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1949-01-31&documentid=1-15&collectionid=ROI&pagenumber=1 |date=2017-12-07 }} Truman Library</ref> on 31 January 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Recognition of the State of Israel: Introduction |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208195648/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/index.php |archive-date=2019-02-08 |website=Truman Library}}</ref>

By the late 1960s, Israel had established diplomatic relations with almost all of the countries of [[Western Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]], and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] combined.

To put additional diplomatic, economic, and military pressure on Israel in the wake of the [[Six-Day War|1967 Arab–Israeli War]], oil-producing Arab countries imposed [[1967 Oil Embargo|an oil embargo]] on countries that had bilateral relations with Israel. As a result, many African and Asian countries broke off their ties with Israel. The Soviet Union also [[Soviet anti-Zionism|shifted its support in favour of the Arab cause against Israel]] during this time, leading most countries of the [[Eastern Bloc]] to sever diplomatic ties in 1967; these included the Soviet Union itself, as well as Poland, Czechoslovakia, [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], and [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]. Other countries in the Soviet sphere of influence, such as the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]], also did not establish relations with Israel. Diplomatic relations with these countries were restored or established following the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in 1989. The Soviet Union restored relations in October 1991, and new countries that had gained independence after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] also recognised Israel in their own right. China established relations in January 1992.

On 1 September 1967, the then-eight members of the Arab League issued the [[Khartoum Resolution]], which included three pledges that forbade recognition, peace, and negotiations with Israel. However, [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|Egypt]], [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Jordan]], and [[Mauritania]] gradually recognized Israel, though Mauritania broke off ties and withdrew recognition in 2010. As part of the [[Abraham Accords|2020 Abraham Accords]], the [[Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement|United Arab Emirates]], [[Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement|Bahrain]], and [[Israel–Morocco normalization agreement|Morocco]] all established normalized bilateral ties with Israel, with [[Sudan]] announcing [[Israel–Sudan normalization agreement|its plan (never completed)]] to.<ref name="WSJ U.S. Israel Sudan Deal">{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Felicia |date=23 October 2020 |title=Israel, Sudan Agree to Normalize Ties in U.S.-Brokered Deal |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-agree-to-normalize-ties-in-u-s-brokered-deal-11603469178 |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023212501/https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-agree-to-normalize-ties-in-u-s-brokered-deal-11603469178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-10 |title=Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55266089 |access-date=2020-12-13 |archive-date=2020-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210222449/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55266089 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1973 oil crisis|Pressure was again exerted by the Arab League]] after the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab–Israeli War]], which led [[Cuba]], [[Mali]], and the [[Maldives]] to break off ties with Israel. [[Niger]] severed bilateral ties with Israel during the [[Second Intifada]], and [[Venezuela]] broke off ties after the [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|2008–2009 Gaza War]].

Following Israel's recognition of and entering into negotiations with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), many African, Asian, and Arab countries either restored or established diplomatic relations with Israel. The [[Vatican City|Vatican]] began a bilateral relationship with Israel in 1994. Some countries{{efn|
Countries that broke or suspended diplomatic relations with Israel in 2006 during the Lebanon War:
* Egypt maintained diplomatic relations despite condemning the war.<ref name="a1" >{{cite web |last=Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=2006 Lebanon War |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/2006-Lebanon-War#ref476911 |access-date=2025-05-25 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
* Jordan maintained diplomatic relations despite condemning the war.<ref name="a1" />
* Venezuela — withdrew its ambassador in protest against Israeli military actions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela pulls ambassador from Israel |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4784145.stm |date=2006-08-17 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=BBC News}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
}}{{efn|
Countries that broke or suspended diplomatic relations with Israel mainly in response to the 2007 blockade of the Gaza Strip and subsequent military operations:
* Bolivia severed diplomatic relations with Israel in January 2009, condemning the blockade and military actions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia ends diplomatic ties with Israel |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/01/14/Bolivia-ends-diplomatic-ties-with-Israel/19641231982027/ |date=2009-01-14 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=UPI}}</ref>
* Mauritania expelled the Israeli ambassador and suspended diplomatic relations in March 2009, protesting Israel's Gaza policies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mauritania cuts relations with Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Mauritania-cuts-relations-with-Israel |date=2009-03-12 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
* Venezuela, which had already protested Israel over Lebanon in 2006, further condemned the Gaza blockade and downgraded relations around 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela condemns Gaza blockade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13091872 |date=2011-04-15 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=BBC News}}</ref>}} broke or suspended relations during the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and after the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]]. Although [[Guinea]] broke diplomatic ties with Israel in 1967, Israel's extensive support for Guinea during [[Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea|its fight against an Ebola virus epidemic]] led to the re-establishment of bilateral relations in 2016.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.732319|title=Israel and Guinea renew diplomatic relations after 49 years|newspaper=Haaretz Israel News|access-date=2016-07-20|archive-date=2016-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721120914/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.732319|url-status=live}}</ref> Nicaragua restored relations in March 2017; [[Chad]] did likewise in January 2019.<ref name=Chad-Israel>{{cite news |last1=Landau |first1=Noa |title=Israel, Chad Renew Diplomatic Ties That Were Severed in 1972 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-set-to-arrive-in-chad-and-re-establish-the-ties-cut-in-1972-1.6852370 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120082708/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-set-to-arrive-in-chad-and-re-establish-the-ties-cut-in-1972-1.6852370 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recent country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel was [[Bhutan]], on 12 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2020|title=Israel and Bhutan establish diplomatic relations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/12/israel-and-bhutan-establish-diplomatic-relations|access-date=12 December 2020|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212191710/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/12/israel-and-bhutan-establish-diplomatic-relations|url-status=live}}</ref>

==United Nations membership==
On 15 May 1948, one day after [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|its independence]], [[Israel]] applied for membership with the [[United Nations]] (UN), but the application was not acted on by the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]]. Israel's second application was rejected by the Security Council on 17 December 1948 by a 5-to-1 vote, with 5 abstentions. [[First Syrian Republic|Syria]] was the sole negative vote; the [[United States]], [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]], the [[Soviet Union]], and the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] voted in favour; and [[Belgium]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], and [[France]] abstained.

Israel's application was renewed in 1949 after the [[1949 Israeli Constituent Assembly election|first Israeli election]]. By [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 69|Security Council Resolution 69]] on 4 March 1949, the UN Security Council voted 9-to-1 in favour of Israeli membership, with [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] voting against and the United Kingdom abstaining.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Britain's Abstention on Israeli Membership Vote at U.N. Criticized at Poale Zion Papley |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/britains-abstention-on-israeli-membership-vote-at-u-n-criticized-at-poale-zion-papley |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |archive-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210046/https://www.jta.org/archive/britains-abstention-on-israeli-membership-vote-at-u-n-criticized-at-poale-zion-papley |url-status=live }}</ref> Those voting in favour were China, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, Argentina, Canada, [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Cuba]], [[Norway]], and the Ukrainian SSR.

On 11 May 1949, the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]], by the requisite two-thirds majority of its then-58 members, approved the application to admit Israel to the UN by [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273|General Assembly Resolution 273]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Pike |first=John |title=Israeli War of Independence |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/israel-inde.htm |access-date=17 April 2016 |archive-date=18 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118072325/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/israel-inde.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Neff, Donald|title=Third Time's a Charm: Israel Admitted as U.N. Member in 1949|url=http://www.wrmea.com/component/content/article/370-2011-july/10548-third-times-a-charm-israel-admitted-as-un-member-in-1949.html|journal=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=24 May 2011 |issue=July 2011|page=24|publisher=American Educational Trust|access-date=2011-11-25|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405223644/http://www.wrmea.com/component/content/article/370-2011-july/10548-third-times-a-charm-israel-admitted-as-un-member-in-1949.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The vote in the General Assembly was 37 to 12, with 9 abstentions. Those that voted in favour of Israel were: Argentina, [[Australia]], Bolivia, the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], Canada, [[Chile]], China, Colombia, [[Costa Rica]], Cuba, [[Czechoslovakia]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ecuador]], France, [[Guatemala]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[Iceland]], [[Liberia]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], the [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], [[Nicaragua]], Norway, [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], the [[Philippines]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], the Ukrainian SSR, [[South Africa]], the Soviet Union, the United States, [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Those that voted against were six of the then-seven members of the [[Arab League]] (Egypt, [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Syria, and [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|Yemen]]) as well as [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)|Burma]], [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]], [[Dominion of India|India]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. Those abstaining were: Belgium, [[Fourth Brazilian Republic|Brazil]], [[Denmark]], El Salvador, [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Thailand|Siam]], [[Sweden]], [[Turkey]], and the United Kingdom.<ref name=UN11May1949>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/PV.207&Lang=E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050336/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FPV.207&Lang=E|url-status=dead|title=United Nations Official Document|archive-date=March 5, 2016|website=www.un.org}}</ref> Many of the countries that voted in favour or had abstained had already recognized Israel before the UN vote, at least on a ''de facto'' basis. Of these countries, Cuba and Venezuela have since withdrawn recognition.

==Present situation==
[[Image:Countries that reject Israeli passports.svg|thumb|300px|right|Legend: {{legend|#29b5e5|Israel}} {{legend|#47b52f|Countries that reject passports from Israel}} {{legend|#328021|Countries that reject passports from Israel and any other passport that contains Israeli stamps or visas}}]]
{{As of|2026|February}}, 163 of the 192 other [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) recognize Israel. 29 UN member states do not formally recognize Israel: 15 members of the [[Arab League]] ([[Algeria]], [[Comoros]], [[Djibouti]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]], and [[Yemen]]); 11 non-Arab members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] ([[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], and [[Pakistan]]); and 3 other members [[Cuba]], [[North Korea]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="usres">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2008 |title=H. RES. 1249 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres1249ih/pdf/BILLS-110hres1249ih.pdf |publisher=United States Congress |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316022934/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres1249ih/pdf/BILLS-110hres1249ih.pdf |url-status=live }} Since the publication of this document, Mauritania and Venezuela severed relations with Israel, and Bahrain, Chad, Guinea, the United Arab Emirates, and Morocco resumed or established relations.</ref> In 2002, the Arab League proposed the recognition of Israel by [[Arab world|Arab countries]] as a pathway towards a resolution of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] under the [[Arab Peace Initiative]]. Following the [[Abraham Accords]], which were signed in September 2020 between Israel and the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Bahrain]], the [[Palestinian National Authority]] condemned any Arab agreement with Israel as dishonourable, describing them as a betrayal to the [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian cause]] and a blow to their quest for an [[State of Palestine|independent Palestinian state]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/angered-by-arab-israel-ties-palestine-quits-chairing-arab-league-sessions-643144|title=Angered by Arab-Israel ties, PA quits chairing Arab League sessions|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=22 September 2020 |access-date=2020-09-22|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923090643/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/angered-by-arab-israel-ties-palestine-quits-chairing-arab-league-sessions-643144|url-status=live}}</ref>

The passports of some countries are not valid for travel to Israel, including Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan. Thirteen countries [[Israeli passport#Countries that do not accept Israeli passports|do not accept Israeli passport]]s: Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen.<ref name=visapol>{{visapol}}</ref> Some of these countries also do not accept passports of other countries whose holder has an Israeli visa or stamp on it. The stamp may be a visa stamp, or a stamp on entry or departure. Because of these issues, Israeli immigration controls do not stamp passports with an entry visa, instead issuing a separate insert which is discarded on departure. However, a stamp of another country which indicates that the person has entered Israel may frustrate that effort. For example, if an [[Egypt]]ian departure stamp is used in any passport at the [[Taba Border Crossing]], that is an indication that the person entered Israel, and a similar situation arises for land crossings into [[Jordan]]. Some countries also ban direct flights and overflights to and from Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ops.group/blog/countries-with-bans-on-flights-to-israel/ |title=Countries with bans on flights to Israel – International Ops 2020 – OPSGROUP |website=ops.group |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020054830/https://ops.group/blog/countries-with-bans-on-flights-to-israel/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2020, the United Arab Emirates permitted direct flights from Israel, and Saudi Arabia and Bahrain authorized overflights for such flights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53971256|title=Israel and UAE in historic direct flight following peace deal|work=BBC News|date=August 31, 2020|access-date=September 12, 2020|archive-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914031957/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53971256|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 October 2020, Israel and Jordan reached an agreement to allow flights to cross over both countries' airspace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/israel-and-jordan-sign-historic-aviation-agreement-645030|title=Israel and Jordan sign historic airspace agreement|last=Harkov|first=Lahav|date=8 October 2020|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213921/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/israel-and-jordan-sign-historic-aviation-agreement-645030|url-status=live}}</ref>

== States that recognize Israel ==

===UN member states===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col3center col4center" style="width:100%; margin:1em auto;"
! # !! State !! Date of ''de facto'' recognition !! Date of ''de jure'' recognition !! Notes
|- style="background:#ffe7d2"
|-
| {{Nts|1}} || {{ALB}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|04|16}}<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Govrin, Yosef|title=Annals of Israeli-Albanian Contacts on Establishing Diplomatic|url=http://www.jcpa.org/israel-europe/ier-guvrin-f05.htm|access-date=24 September 2011|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|volume=17|issue=3–4|year=2005|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315075340/http://www.jcpa.org/israel-europe/ier-guvrin-f05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || Diplomatic relations established on 20 August 1991.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Albania and Israel in Accord To Establish Diplomatic Ties|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/albania-and-israel-in-accord-to-establish-diplomatic-ties.html|access-date=4 August 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 August 1991|archive-date=11 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211091300/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/albania-and-israel-in-accord-to-establish-diplomatic-ties.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|2}} || {{AND}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|04|13}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia |url=http://www.exteriors.ad/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=395%3Aasia&catid=38&Itemid=56&lang=ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731180235/http://www.exteriors.ad/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=395:asia&catid=38&Itemid=56&lang=ca |archive-date=31 July 2012 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Government of Andorra}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|3}} || {{ANG}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|16}}<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Zionist Organization of America |author2=Jewish Agency for Israel|title=Israel yearbook and almanac|volume=47|year=1993|publisher=IBRT Translation/Documentation Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ttAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2024-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506131002/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ttAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|4}} || {{ATG}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|06|22}}<ref>{{Cite web|author=Permanent Representative of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations |title=Chronology of Antigua and Barbuda's bilateral relations |url=http://www.un.int/antigua/bilachro.htm |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180614/http://www.un.int/antigua/bilachro.htm |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|5}} || {{ARG}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|14}}<ref>Roth, Cecil (ed.). ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' (1972), Volume 3, p. 426.</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|6}} || {{ARM}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|4}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel |url=http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/il/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815184543/http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/il/ |archive-date=15 August 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Government of Armenia |df=dmy-all}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|7}} || {{AUS}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|29}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ben-Moshe |first1=Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bXETKMOI1cC&pg=PA262 |title=Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity |last2=Segev |first2=Zohar |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84519-189-4 |page=262 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506130952/https://books.google.com/books?id=1bXETKMOI1cC&pg=PA262 |url-status=live }}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|8}} || {{AUT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|03|15}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=Albrich |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7RbL-VjsHsC&pg=PA119 |title=Escape through Austria: Jewish refugees and the Austrian route to Palestine |last2=Zweig |first2=Ronald W. |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7146-5213-9 |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506130940/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7RbL-VjsHsC&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1956|05|08}} || Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to that, the two countries had maintained consular relations since 1950. Legations were upgraded to embassy status in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Austria|title=Bilateral Relations|url=http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/embassy/tel-aviv/bilateral-relations.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731143814/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/embassy/tel-aviv/bilateral-relations.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-31|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=2011-10-16}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|9}} || {{AZE}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|7}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=15th anniversary of Israel-Azerbaijan diplomatic relations |url=http://baku.mfa.gov.il/mfm/Data/113213.pdf |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Government of Israel |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141347/http://baku.mfa.gov.il/mfm/Data/113213.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established.
|-
| {{Nts|10}} || {{BAH}} || {{When|date=September 2020}} || 24 September 1974<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.dl1.en-us.nina.az |date=2026-02-10 |title=Foreign relations of Israel |url=https://www.dl1.en-us.nina.az/Foreign_relations_of_Israel.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.dl1.en-us.nina.az |language=en-us}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|11}} || {{BHR}} || align="center" |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|9|11}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=11 September 2020|title=Bahrain becomes latest Arab nation to recognize Israel|url=https://apnews.com/e21e371f1b406b209f93df5973d1fa46|access-date=2020-09-11|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=2020-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911172004/https://apnews.com/e21e371f1b406b209f93df5973d1fa46|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="center" |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|9|15}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last1=Holland|first1=Steve|last2=Spetalnick|first2=Matt|date=15 September 2020|title=In break with past, UAE and Bahrain sign U.S.-brokered deals with Israel|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-gulf-usa/in-break-with-past-uae-and-bahrain-sign-u-s-brokered-deals-with-israel-idUSKBN2660LF|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915195805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-gulf-usa/in-break-with-past-uae-and-bahrain-sign-u-s-brokered-deals-with-israel-idUSKBN2660LF|url-status=live}}</ref>|| On {{dts|format=dmy|2020|09|15}}, [[Abraham Accords|an agreement]] was signed to normalize relations.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{Nts|12}} || {{BAR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1967|08|29}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations |url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Lithuania.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174414/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Lithuania.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Government of Barbados}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|13}} || {{BLR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273">{{Cite web|title=A/RES/273(III): Admission of Israel to membership in the United Nations|url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=ARES273III|publisher=United Nations Bibliographic Information System|access-date=2011-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503094335/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=ARES273III|archive-date=2017-05-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|05|26}}<ref>{{Cite web|author=Embassy of Belarus in Tel Aviv|title=Belarus and Israel relations|url=http://www.israel.belembassy.org/rus/belisr/|access-date=4 August 2011|language=ru|archive-date=13 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213105451/http://www.israel.belembassy.org/rus/belisr/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|14}} || {{BEL}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|01|15}}<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Belgium|title=Diplomatic relations between Belgium and Israel|url=http://www.diplomatie.be/telaviv/default.asp?id=30&ACT=5&content=42&mnu=30|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=14 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114071811/http://www.diplomatie.be/telaviv/default.asp?id=30&ACT=5&content=42&mnu=30|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|15}} || {{BLZ}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1984|09|6}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica year book|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNUuAQAAIAAJ|quote=On September 6 the Foreign Ministry announced that Israel and Belize were establishing diplomatic relations.|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2024-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506131043/https://books.google.com/books?id=QNUuAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established. Relations suspended in 2023 during the [[Gaza war]].<ref name="CNN Belize">{{Cite news |last=Ehlinger |first=Maija |date=2023-11-14 |title=Belize suspends diplomatic ties with Israel, renews call for 'immediate ceasefire' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/world/belize-suspends-diplomatic-ties-israel-ceasefire/index.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |work=CNN |archive-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116022055/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/world/belize-suspends-diplomatic-ties-israel-ceasefire/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|16}} || {{BEN}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|12|05}}<ref name="mer61">{{Cite book |author=Oron |first=Yitzhak |title=Middle East Record |publisher=Moshe Dayan Center |year=1961 |volume=2 |page=335}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in July 1992.<ref name="abidjanemb">{{Cite web|title=Bilateral Relations: Historical Overview|url=http://abidjan.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=2010&MissionID=20&LanguageID=171&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|access-date=5 August 2011|language=fr|archive-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328132753/http://abidjan.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=2010&MissionID=20&LanguageID=171&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="curtis">{{Cite book|author=Curtis, Michael|author2=Gitelson, Susan Aurelia|title=Israel in the Third World|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1976|page=[https://archive.org/details/israelinthirdwor0000unse/page/312 312]|isbn=978-0-87855-603-8|url=https://archive.org/details/israelinthirdwor0000unse/page/312}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|17}} || {{BTN}}<ref name="usres"/> || — || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|12|12}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-12 |title=ישראל כוננה יחסים רשמיים עם בהוטן |trans-title=Israel established official relations with Bhutan |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-politics/2020_q4/Article-f04f75097975671027.htm |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=N12 |language=he |archive-date=2020-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212155135/https://www.mako.co.il/news-politics/2020_q4/Article-f04f75097975671027.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|18}}|| {{BOL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|22}}<ref name="denmark">{{Cite book|url=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC|title=273 (III). Admission of Israel to membership in the United Nations|publisher=United Nations. General Assembly|year=1949|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030122553/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|24}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Facts on file yearbook|year=1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voMYAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Facts on File Inc|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2024-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506131015/https://books.google.com/books?id=voMYAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> || Relations severed in January 2009,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff writers|title=Bolivia cuts Israel ties over Gaza|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/01/200911415461671162.html|date=15 January 2009|newspaper=Al Jazeera|access-date=2011-10-16|archive-date=2009-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115095343/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/01/200911415461671162.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and restored in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Landau |first=Noa |date=28 November 2019 |title=Bolivia Renews Diplomatic Relations With Israel After Over Decade of Severed Ties |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-bolivia-renews-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-after-over-decade-of-severed-ties-1.8196273 |access-date=2019-11-28 |newspaper=Haaretz |archive-date=2019-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128172244/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-bolivia-renews-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-after-over-decade-of-severed-ties-1.8196273 |url-status=live }}</ref> Relations severed in 2023 during the [[Gaza war]],<ref name="ReutersBolivia">{{Cite news |last=Ramos |first=Daniel |date=1 November 2023 |title=Bolivia severs ties with Israel, others recall envoys over Gaza |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031234549/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but restored again in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2025 |title=Israel and Bolivia renew diplomatic relations |url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/israel-and-bolivia-renew-diplomatic-relations-10-dec-2025 |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Israel}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|19}}|| {{BIH}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|09|26}}<ref>{{Cite web |author=Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina |title=Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa |trans-title=List of countries that have recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina and dates of establishment of diplomatic relations |url=http://www.mfa.ba/vanjska_politika_bih/bilateralni_odnosi/datumi_priznanja_i_uspostave_diplomatskih_odnosa/?id=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219021608/http://www.mfa.ba/vanjska_politika_bih/bilateralni_odnosi/datumi_priznanja_i_uspostave_diplomatskih_odnosa/?id=6 |archive-date=19 December 2010 |access-date=4 August 2011 |language=bs}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|20}}|| {{BWA}} || {{When|date=September 2011}} || {{dts|December 1972}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jacqueline |first1=Kalley |title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events |last2=Schoeman |first2=Elna |year=1999 |pages=124}}</ref> || After the war in 1973, Botswana was one of only five countries in Africa that did not break off relations with Israel.{{Efn|The others being Malawi, Eswatini, Lesotho, and South Africa.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's Diplomatic Offensive in Africa :: Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel :: Foundation for Strategic Research :: FRS |url=https://www.frstrategie.org/en/programs/observatoire-du-monde-arabo-musulman-et-du-sahel/israels-diplomatic-offensive-africa-2018 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=www.frstrategie.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|21}}|| {{BRA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|07}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vigevani |first1=Tullo |last2=Kleinas |first2=Alberto |year=1999 |title=Brasil-Israel: da partilha da Palestina ao reconhecimento diplomático (1947-1949) |trans-title=Brazil-Israel: from the partition of Palestine to diplomatic recognition (1947-1949) |url=http://www.cedec.org.br/files_pdf/CAD68.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cadernos Cedec |language=pt |publisher=CEDEC |issn=0101-7780 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035033/http://www.cedec.org.br/files_pdf/CAD68.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|22}}|| {{BUL}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|12|04}} || Relations severed on 10 June 1967, and restored on 3 May 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Bulgaria|title=Diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and Israel|url=https://www.mfa.bg/bg/3170|access-date=10 September 2020|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814120133/https://www.mfa.bg/bg/3170|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|23}}|| {{BUR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|07|05}}<ref name="mer61"/> || Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and re-established in October 1993.<ref name="abidjanemb"/><ref name="curtis"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Fact File|url=http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/BurkinaFaso/burkina_index.html|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|access-date=24 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402022345/http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/BurkinaFaso/burkina_index.html|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|24}}|| {{BDI}} || {{When|date=September 2011}} || {{When|date=September 2011}} || Relations severed in May 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and restored in March 1995.
|-
| {{Nts|25}}|| {{CAM}}|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|08|30}} || Date diplomatic relations established. Cambodia broke off relations in 1975; they were restored on 5 October 1993.<ref name="gabon"/><ref name="eritrea">{{Cite book |last=Yaacobi |first=Gad |author-link=Gad Yaacobi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWkzKAMOs88C&pg=PA215 |title=Breakthrough: Israel in a changing world |publisher=Associated University Presses |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8453-4858-1 |page=215 |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506131054/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=iWkzKAMOs88C&pg=PA215&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|26}}|| {{CMR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|09|15}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&pg=PA185 |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 |year=1960 |editor-last=Oron |editor-first=Yitzhak |page=309 |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502114957/https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&pg=PA185#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973 and restored in August 1986.<ref name="curtis"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=1986-08-27 |title=Israel, Cameroon Restore Ties After 13-Year Break |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html |access-date=2011-10-16 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210732/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-27/news/mn-14197_1_cameroon |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|27}}|| {{CAN}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV7roQDAs8C&pg=PA4 |title=Canada Israel Diplomatic Relations |publisher=Government of Canada |year=2009 |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115016/https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV7roQDAs8C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|28}}|| {{CPV}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|07|17}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronology of events, June 1992–December 1994|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1992-1994/CHRONOLOGY%20OF%20EVENTS-%20JUNE%201992-DECEMBER%201994|access-date=2011-08-05|archive-date=2012-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014024404/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1992-1994/CHRONOLOGY%20OF%20EVENTS-%20JUNE%201992-DECEMBER%201994|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|29}}|| {{CAF}} || {{When|date=September 2011}} || {{When|date=September 2011}} || Relations were severed in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> were resumed in January 1991.
|-
| {{Nts|30}}|| {{CHA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|01|10}} || Relations were established in 1961, but severed on 28 November 1972.<ref name="curtis"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mathews, K.|title=Tanzania, the Middle East and Afro-Arab co-operation|journal=Taamuli|volume=10|issue=2|year=1980|publisher=Department of Political Science, [[East African Literature Bureau]]|page=12}}</ref> In 2005, reports emerged of a mutual intention to renew diplomatic relations.<ref>See the following:
* {{Cite news|first=Yossi|last=Melman|title=Israel to renew ties with Chad after 33 years|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-to-renew-ties-with-chad-after-33-years-1.154060|date=25 March 2005|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=2011-10-16|archive-date=2014-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718085143/http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-to-renew-ties-with-chad-after-33-years-1.154060|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|author=Staff writers|title=Chad and Israel 'agree relations'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4382039.stm|date=25 March 2005|newspaper=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2011-10-16|archive-date=2012-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109002209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4382039.stm|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|author=WikiLeaks|title=Israel-Chad relations on hold; MFA denies any GOI meddling in Darfur|url=http://dazzlepod.com/cable/06TELAVIV454/|date=31 January 2010|publisher=Dazzlepod|access-date=2011-10-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407063954/http://dazzlepod.com/cable/06TELAVIV454/|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Relations restored on 20 January 2019.<ref name=Chad-Israel/>
|-
| {{Nts|31}}|| {{CHI}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref>General Assembly Resolution 273 (III), Admission of Israel to membership in the United Nations, A/RES/273 (III) (11 May 1949), available from https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030122553/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC |date=2020-10-30 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|32}}|| {{CHN}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|01|24}} || The [[Republic of China]] granted ''de jure'' recognition to Israel on 1 March 1949.<ref name="denmark"/> The two states maintained diplomatic relations until Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China on 8 January 1950. The PRC, however, did not formally reciprocate until the eventual establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Abadi, Jacob|title=Israel's quest for recognition and acceptance in Asia|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|pages=54–62|isbn=978-0-7146-5576-5}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|33}}|| {{COL}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|01}}<ref name="denmark"/> || On 1 May 2024, president [[Gustavo Petro]] announced Colombia would break diplomatic ties with Israel, describing Israel's siege of Gaza as a "[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]".<ref name="Cobb">{{Cite news |last=Cobb |first=Julia Symmes |date=May 1, 2024 |title=Colombia President Petro says will break diplomatic relations with Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/colombia-president-petro-says-will-break-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-2024-05-01/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2024-05-02 |archive-date=2024-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503092743/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/colombia-president-petro-says-will-break-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-2024-05-01/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|34}}|| {{CRI}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|19}}<ref name="panamacostarica">{{Cite web|title=Today in Costa Rica History|url=http://www.historyorb.com/countries/costa-rica|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=9 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109060323/http://www.historyorb.com/countries/costa-rica|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|35}}|| {{CRO}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|09|4}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of international treaties and international acts signed between the Republic of Croatia and the State of Israel|url=http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=99|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907042515/http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=99|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2012|access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|36}}|| {{CYP}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|1|21}} || Date diplomatic relations established. They had been agreed to on 17 August 1960, but final establishment was postponed due to pressure from Arab nations.<ref>{{cite book |author=Oron |first=Yitzhak |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0LooyExir7EC |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 |publisher=The Israel Oriental Society |year=1960 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0LooyExir7EC/page/n210 181]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|37}}|| {{CZE}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|18}}<ref name="yearbook"/> || Recognition extended under [[Czechoslovakia]]. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic were established 1 January 1993.<ref name="israel">{{cite web|title=Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/Diplomatic+missions/Israel-s+Diplomatic+Missions+Abroad.htm|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805075305/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About%20the%20Ministry/Diplomatic%20missions/Israel-s%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Abroad|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|38}}|| {{COD}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|06|26}} || Date diplomatic relations established. Ties severed on 4 October 1973, and restored on 13 May 1982.<ref name="curtis"/><ref>{{Cite book |author=Kisangani |first1=Emizet F. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |last2=Bobb |first2=F. Scott |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2 |page=29}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|39}}|| {{DEN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|02}}<ref name="denmark"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|07|12}}<ref name="jewishagency">{{Cite book|title=The Jewish Agency's digest of press and events, 2, Oplag 40–51|year=1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51gmAQAAIAAJ|access-date=28 August 2011|page=1697|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502114853/https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=51gmAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|40}}|| {{DMA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1978|01}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|41}}|| {{DOM}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|12|29}}<ref name="israeloftomorrow">{{cite book|title=Israel of tomorrow, 2|year=1949|publisher=Herald Square Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMqAQAAIAAJ|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502120112/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMqAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|42}}|| {{ETM}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited Embassies to Timor-Leste from overseas |url=http://www.mfac.gov.tp/ |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013181113/http://www.mfac.gov.tp/ |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}</ref> || — || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|08|29}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|43}}|| {{ECU}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|02}}<ref name="denmark"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|44}}|| {{EGY}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|11|19}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace|first=Shahin|last=Berenji|date=July 1, 2020|journal=International Security|volume=45|issue=1|pages=127–163|doi=10.1162/isec_a_00381|s2cid=220633972 |doi-access=free}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1979|03|26}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Camp David Accords |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Camp%20David%20Accords |access-date=2011-08-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903011255/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Camp%20David%20Accords |archive-date=2011-09-03 }}</ref> || Signatory to the [[Khartoum Resolution]].<ref name="kd"/> Later became the first Arab state to recognize Israel, with the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]].
|-
| {{Nts|45}}|| {{ELS}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|09|11}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jews in El Salvador|url=http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-M/el-salvador/EncJud_juden-in-El-Salvador-ENGL.html|access-date=2011-08-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929172208/http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-M/el-salvador/EncJud_juden-in-El-Salvador-ENGL.html|archive-date=2011-09-29}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|46}}|| {{EQG}} || {{When|date=October 2011}} || {{When|date=October 2011}} || Relations severed in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and resumed in January 1994.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa research bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series, 31|year=1994|publisher=Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbqMAAAAIAAJ|page=1348|quote=Equatorial Guinea re-established diplomatic relations with Israel on January 6th.|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2024-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502114934/https://books.google.com/books?id=XbqMAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|47}}|| {{ERI}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|5|6}}<ref name="eritrea"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Calling a state a state: Somaliland and international recognition|url=http://www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/eilr/24/24.2/Farley.pdf|access-date=2011-08-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325062323/http://www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/eilr/24/24.2/Farley.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-25}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|48}}|| {{EST}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|01|09}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Estonia and Israel |url=http://www.vm.ee/?q=en/node/64 |access-date=2011-08-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085539/http://www.vm.ee/?q=en%2Fnode%2F64 |archive-date=2014-04-07 }}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|49}}|| {{SWZ}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1968|9}}<ref name="israel"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|50}}|| {{ETH}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|10|24}}<ref name="greece">{{Cite web|author=Government of Israel |title=Greece's Relations with Israel, 1961–1967 |url=https://www.archives.gov.il/archivegov_eng/publications/electronicpirsum/greece/introduction1.htm |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Israel State Archives |access-date=2011-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006094718/http://www.archives.gov.il/archivegov_eng/publications/electronicpirsum/greece/introduction1.htm |archive-date=2011-10-06 }}</ref> || Prior to ''de jure'' recognition, Ethiopia maintained consular relations with Israel since 1956. Relations were broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and resumed in November 1989.
|-
| {{Nts|51}}|| {{FSM}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The FSM Supported Israel in the Approval of Red Crystal as Third Emblem for the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|url=http://www.fsmembassydc.org/pdf/RedCross.pdf|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816020132/http://fsmembassydc.org/pdf/RedCross.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|11|23}} || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|52}}|| {{FIJ}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1970|8}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|53}}|| {{FIN}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Finland and Israel|url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17220&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207021553/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeId=17220&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|11}}<ref name="palestine3"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|03|18}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|54}}|| {{FRA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|24}}<ref>Frédérique Schillo, ''La France et la création de l'État d'Israël: 18 février 1947-11 mai 1949'', Artcom, 1997, {{ISBN|978-2-912741-02-8}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|55}}|| {{GAB}}<ref name="gabon">{{cite book|title=Israel yearbook and almanac, 38-39|year=1994|publisher=IBRT Translation/Documentation Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAuAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2024-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502114829/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAuAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|09|29}}<ref name="recogn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel|title=International Recognition of Israel|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2018-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030503/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel|url-status=live}}</ref> || Relations severed in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and resumed in September 1993.
|-
| {{Nts|56}}|| {{GMB}} || — || {{When|date=January 2012}} || Relations severed in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and resumed in September 1992
|-
| {{Nts|57}}|| {{GEO}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|06|1}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Relations between Georgia and the State of Israel |url=http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=309&lang_id=ENG |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905180216/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=309&lang_id=ENG |archive-date=5 September 2011 }}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|58}}|| {{GER}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|09|10}} (West Germany before 3 October 1990)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reparations agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany|jstor=2195023 | volume=48 | pages=564–578|last1=Honig |first1=Frederick |journal=The American Journal of International Law |year=1954 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/2195023 }}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1965|05|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33808.pdf|title=Germany's relations with Israel|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2007-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206131300/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33808.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this, Germany signed the Reparations agreement with Israel. [[East Germany]] never [[East Germany–Israel relations|had diplomatic relations with Israel]] during its existence.
|-
| {{Nts|59}}|| {{GHA}} || — || {{When|date=January 2012}} || Relations broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and resumed in August 1994
|-
| {{Nts|60}}|| {{GRE}}<ref name="greece"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|03|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1990|05|21}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Skolnik |first1=Fred |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica 8 |last2=Berenbaum |first2=Michael |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. House |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2 |pages=845}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|61}}|| {{GRN}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1975|1}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|62}}|| {{GUA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|19}}<ref name="yearbook"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|63}}|| {{GIN}} || — || {{When|date=January 2012}}|| Broke diplomatic relations with Israel on 12 June 1967,<ref name="curtis"/> and restored relations on July 20, 2016.<ref name="haaretz.com"/>
|-
| {{Nts|64}}|| {{GNB}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|3}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|65}}|| {{GUY}} || — || {{When|date=January 2012}} || Broke off relations in March 1974, restored in March 1992.
|-
| {{Nts|66}}|| {{HAI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|26}}<ref name="denmark"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|1}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|67}}|| {{HON}}<ref name="israeloftomorrow"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Palestine affairs|year=1948|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8MMAQAAMAAJ|access-date=2015-12-15|archive-date=2024-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502114832/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=I8MMAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|09|11}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|11|8}}<ref name="recogn"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|68}}|| {{HUN}}<ref name="constitutions">{{cite book |author=Peaslee |first=Amos Jenkins |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionsofn02peas |title=Constitutions of Nations: France to Poland |publisher=Rumford Press |year=1950 |page=[https://archive.org/details/constitutionsofn02peas/page/269 269] |access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|24}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|01}}<ref name="palestine3">{{cite book|title=Palestine affairs, 3|year=1948|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8MMAQAAMAAJ|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502114832/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=I8MMAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref> || Relations broken in 1967, and restored on 19 September 1989.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hungary Restores Ties With Israel|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 September 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/19/world/hungary-restores-ties-with-israel.html|last1=Kamm|first1=Henry|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115551/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/19/world/hungary-restores-ties-with-israel.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|69}}|| {{ISL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|11}}<ref name="denmark"/> || {{When|date=January 2013}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|70}}|| {{IND}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|09|17}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=Abu-Lughod |first=Ibrahim A. |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationof00abul |title=The Transformation of Palestine: essays on the origin and development of the Arab-Israeli conflict |publisher=Northwestern University Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-8101-0345-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationof00abul/page/456 456] |url-access=registration}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|71}}|| {{IRL}}<ref name="ireland">{{Cite book |last=Eliash |first=Shulamit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRCAAgAAQBAJ |title=The Harp and the Shield of David: Ireland, Zionism and the State of Israel |date=2007-04-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35035-8 |pages=73}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|12}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1963|05}}<ref name="ireland"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|72}}|| {{ITA}}<ref name="denmark"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|08}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|01|19}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|73}}|| {{CIV}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|02|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1961|05|24}}<ref name="mer61"/> || Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this date, it had maintained trade relations since 15 February 1961. Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in February 1986.<ref name="abidjanemb"/><ref name="curtis"/>
|-
| {{Nts|74}}|| {{JAM}}<ref name="recogn"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1962|1}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1962|08|29}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations |url=http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040029/http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|75}}|| {{JAP}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|05|15}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan recognizes Israel|url=http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/event.php?eid=2702|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004113918/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/event.php?eid=2702|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|76}}|| {{JOR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|10|26}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Main+Points+of+Israel-Jordan+Peace+Treaty.htm|access-date=2012-01-02|archive-date=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731160749/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Main+Points+of+Israel-Jordan+Peace+Treaty.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || Signatory to the [[Khartoum Resolution]].<ref name="kd"/> Recognized Israel in the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]].
|-
| {{Nts|77}}|| {{KAZ}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan–Israeli relations|url=http://www.kazakhemb.org.il/?CategoryID=165&ArticleID=163|access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203600/http://www.kazakhemb.org.il/?CategoryID=165&ArticleID=163|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|78}}|| {{KEN}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1963|12}}<ref name="recogn"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Israel & Kenya: A History of Friendship|url=http://nairobi.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=2010&MissionID=44&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121926/http://nairobi.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=2010&MissionID=44&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|url-status=live}}</ref>|| Severed relations in November 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> resumed in December 1988.
|-
| {{Nts|79}}|| {{KIR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1984|05|21}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Keesing's record of world events, 33|year=1987|publisher=Longman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=styFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=5 August 2011|quote=On May 21, 1984, diplomatic relations were established between Kiribati and Israel}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|80}}|| {{KGZ}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|3}}<ref name="recogn"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|81}}|| {{LAO}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1957|2}} || Date diplomatic relations established. Laos broke off relations in 1973, and restored them on 6 December 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2 November 2007 |title=List of states which the Lao PDR has established diplomatic relations since 1950 |url=http://www.mofa.gov.la/List%20of%20staes%20which%20the%20lao%20PDR%20%20Diplomatic_relation%20since1950.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930124954/http://www.mofa.gov.la/List%20of%20staes%20which%20the%20lao%20PDR%20%20Diplomatic_relation%20since1950.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=2011-08-02 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Government of Laos}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|82}}|| {{LAT}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|01|6}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Latvia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Latvia.html|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=13 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051113062356/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Latvia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|83}}|| {{LSO}} || — || {{When|date=January 2012}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|84}}|| {{LBR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|11}}<ref name="constitutions"/> || {{When|date=January 2012}} || Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in August 1983.<ref name="abidjanemb"/><ref name="curtis"/>
|-
| {{Nts|85}}|| {{LIE}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|1}}<ref name="recogn"/> ||
|-
| {{Nts|86}}|| {{LIT}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|01|8}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia facts & figures annual, Volume 1|year=1993|publisher=Academic International Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnxpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2011|page=36|isbn=978-0-87569-172-5|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115444/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnxpAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|87}}|| {{LUX}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|01|16}}<ref name="benelux">{{cite web|title=Modern Israel & the Diaspora|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/time50s.html|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=28 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128084555/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/time50s.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|88}}|| {{MDG}} || — || {{When|date=January 2012}} || Relations severed in October 1973,<ref name="curtis"/> and resumed in January 1994.
|-
| {{Nts|89}}|| {{MWI}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1964|7}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|90}}|| {{MLT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1965|01}}<ref name="recogn"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1965|12}}<ref name="israel"/> || Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|91}}|| {{MHL}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|09|16}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries with which the Marshall Islands has Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.doi.gov/oia/pdf/RMIDipRelations.pdf |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035327/http://www.doi.gov/oia/pdf/RMIDipRelations.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{Nts|92}}|| {{MUS}}<ref name="gabon" />|| — || {{When|date=January 2012}} || Diplomatic relations severed July 1976, restored September 1993.
|-
| {{Nts|93}}|| {{MEX}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1952|04|04}}<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13765.html "Mexico"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111900/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13765.html |date=2016-03-04 }}, in [[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] (2008)</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|94}}|| {{MLD}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel and Moldova|url=http://www.mfa.gov.md/foreign-policy/il_en/|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004110038/http://www.mfa.gov.md/foreign-policy/il_en/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|06|22}}||
|-
| {{Nts|95}}|| {{MCO}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1964|1}}<ref name="israel" />||
|-
| {{Nts|96}}|| {{MNG}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Diplomatic relations of Mongolia|url=http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/141/133/|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426200708/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/141/133/|archive-date=26 April 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|2}}||
|-
| {{Nts|97}}|| {{MNE}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mip.gov.me/en/index.php/Bilateral/dates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417153150/http://www.mip.gov.me/en/index.php/Bilateral/dates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html |archive-date=17 April 2010}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|07|12}}||
|-
| {{Nts|98}}|| {{MAR}}<ref name="usres" /><ref name="kd" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1994|09|1}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel and Morocco: A Special Relationship|url=http://www.dayan.org/commentary/ISRAEL%20AND%20MOROCCO%20A%20SPECIAL%20RELATIONSHIP.pdf|access-date=5 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928225843/http://www.dayan.org/commentary/ISRAEL%20AND%20MOROCCO%20A%20SPECIAL%20RELATIONSHIP.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|12|10}}|| Closed Israeli office and suspended relations in October 2000.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations|url=https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/abouttheministry/pages/israel-s%20diplomatic%20missions%20abroad.aspx|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.mfa.gov.il|archive-date=2015-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204142343/https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/abouttheministry/pages/israel-s%20diplomatic%20missions%20abroad.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 December 2020, an agreement was announced to normalize relations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |title=Israel, Morocco agree to normalize relations in latest U.S.-brokered deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-usa-morocco/israel-morocco-agree-to-normalize-relations-in-latest-u-s-brokered-deal-idUSKBN28K2CN |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=Reuters |date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210162216/https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-usa-morocco/israel-morocco-agree-to-normalize-relations-in-latest-u-s-brokered-deal-idUSKBN28K2CN |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|99}}|| {{MOZ}}<ref name="gabon" /><ref name="eritrea" />|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|7|23}}||
|-
| {{Nts|100}}|| {{MYA}}<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Countries having Diplomatic Relations with the Union of Myanmar|url=http://www.mofa.gov.mm/foreignpolicy/Lists%20of%20Countries%20Having%20Diplomatic%20Relations.html|access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805213256/http://www.mofa.gov.mm/foreignpolicy/Lists%20of%20Countries%20Having%20Diplomatic%20Relations.html|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1953|07|13}}|| Date full diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|101}}|| {{NAM}}<ref name="eritrea" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Yaacobi |first=Gad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRQMAQAAMAAJ |title=Breakthrough: Israel in a changing world |publisher=Longman |year=1994 |quote=Israel and Namibia established diplomatic relations on Feb. 11. Namibia was the 12th country to establish relations with Israel since 1993 |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115439/https://books.google.com/books?id=nRQMAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|02|11}}||
|-
| {{Nts|102}}|| {{NRU}}<ref name="israel" />|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|12}}||
|-
| {{Nts|103}}|| {{NEP}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Diplomatic relations between Denmark and Nepal|url=http://www.mofa.gov.np/diplomaticRelation/index.php|access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829004749/http://www.mofa.gov.np/diplomaticRelation/index.php|archive-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|06|1}}|| Date diplomatic relations established. First South Asian nation to establish diplomatic ties with Israel.
|-
| {{Nts|104}}|| {{NED}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|01|16}}<ref name="benelux" />||
|-
| {{Nts|105}}|| {{NZL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|29}}<ref name="denmark" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|07|28}}<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Van Voorthuysen |first=Hannah |date=2011 |title="Just a Damned Nuisance": New Zealand's Changing Relationship with Israel from 1947 until May 2010 |type=MA thesis |page=27 |publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] |url=https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/2745/thesis.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521164911/http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/2745/thesis.pdf?sequence=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|106}}|| {{NIC}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|18}}<ref name="israeloftomorrow" />|| Diplomatic relations suspended June 2010 and restored in March 2017.<ref name="NicaraguaSuspend">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-will-renew-diplomatic-ties-with-nicaragua/|title=Israel to renew diplomatic ties with Nicaragua|date=March 29, 2017|newspaper=Times of Israel|access-date=March 29, 2017|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329015255/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-will-renew-diplomatic-ties-with-nicaragua/|url-status=live}}</ref> Relations suspended again in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=Nicaragua breaks diplomatic relations with Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/nicaragua-breaks-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-2024-10-11/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|107}}|| {{NGR}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilateral Relations: Israeli-Nigerian Bilateral Relations|url=http://abuja.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=107091&MissionID=20397&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225093112/http://abuja.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=107091&MissionID=20397&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1|url-status=live}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1960}}|| {{When|date=November 2011}} || Relations broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> were resumed in May 1992.
|-
| {{Nts|108}}|| {{MKD}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|12|07}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|109}}|| {{NOR}} || {{When|date=September 2020}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|04}}|| Date Norway recognized Israel
|-
| {{Nts|110}}|| {{PLW}}<ref name="gabon" /><ref name="eritrea" />|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|10|2}}||
|-
| {{Nts|111}}|| {{PAN}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|19}}<ref name="panamacostarica" />||
|-
| {{Nts|112}}|| {{PNG}} || — || 1978<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli mobile water purification and desalination unit arrives in Papua New Guinea |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2016/Pages/Israeli-mobile-water-purification-and-desalination-unit-arrives-in-Papua-New-Guinea-7-June-2016.aspx |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=mfa.gov.il |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102111533/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2016/Pages/Israeli-mobile-water-purification-and-desalination-unit-arrives-in-Papua-New-Guinea-7-June-2016.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|113}}|| {{PAR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|9|6}}<ref name="israeloftomorrow" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|9|7}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFg8AQAAIAAJ |title=Israel digest: a bi-weekly summary of news from Israel, Part 1 |publisher=Israel Office of Information |year=1950 |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115446/https://books.google.com/books?id=aFg8AQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2024-05-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|114}}|| {{PER}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|09}}<ref name="denmark" />||
|-
| {{Nts|115}}|| {{PHI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1957|05|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The ties that bind: Filipinos and Jews, the Philippines and Israel|url=https://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=57654|access-date=4 August 2011|date=4 February 2007|quote=Full diplomatic relations were established on May 13, 1957|archive-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024121229/http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=57654|url-status=live}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|116}}|| {{POL}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|18}}<ref name="yearbook">[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1950_14_Israel.pdf "American Jewish Year Book"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081427/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1950_14_Israel.pdf |date=2013-12-15 }}, 1950, p.</ref>|| Relations were broken in 1967, restored in February 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poland Resumes Full Diplomatic Ties With Israel|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 February 1990|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/28/world/poland-resumes-full-diplomatic-ties-with-israel.html|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025044951/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/28/world/poland-resumes-full-diplomatic-ties-with-israel.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|117}}|| {{POR}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Allen |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ5fnljllZ8C&pg=PA235 |title=European foreign policy-making and the Arab-Israeli conflict |last2=Pijpers |first2=Alfred |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=90-247-2965-3 |page=235 |access-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115443/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ5fnljllZ8C&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|05|12}}|| {{dts|12 May 1977}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel - Países |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/israel |website=Portal Diplomático |access-date=22 September 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|118}}|| {{COG}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|11|09}}|| Date diplomatic relations established. Broke relations on 31 December 1972, resumed in August 1991.
|-
| {{Nts|119}}|| {{ROM}}<ref name="ambasadaromaniei">{{cite web |title=AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Statul Israel |trans-title=EMBASSY OF ROMANIA in the State of Israel |url=http://telaviv.mae.ro/index.php?lang=ro&id=33957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224191959/http://telaviv.mae.ro/index.php?lang=ro&id=33957 |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=17 April 2016 |language=ro}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|11}}|| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|12}}<ref name="palestine3" />||
|-
| {{Nts|120}}|| {{RUS}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|17}}<ref name="yearbook" /><ref>Yoram Dinstein, ''Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1977, Volume 7; Volume 1977'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989, p. 273</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Philip Marshall |date=July 1948 |title=The Recognition of Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2193961 |url-status=live |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=620–627 |doi=10.2307/2193961 |issn=0002-9300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125213702/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2193961 |archive-date=2021-01-25 |jstor=2193961|url-access=subscription }}</ref>|| Recognition extended as part of the [[Soviet Union]]. Relations broken in 1967, restored on 19 October 1991.<ref>{{cite news|title = Israel and Soviets Restore Full Relations|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 19 October 1991|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/israel-and-soviets-restore-full-relations.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|last1 = Haberman|first1 = Clyde|access-date = 9 February 2017|archive-date = 26 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190826195156/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/israel-and-soviets-restore-full-relations.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|121}}|| {{RWA}} || — || {{When|date=December 2012}} || Relations severed in October 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> and restored in October 1994.
|-
| {{Nts|122}}|| {{KNA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1984|1}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|123}}|| {{LCA}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1979|1}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|124}}|| {{VCT}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1981|1}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|125}}|| {{SAM}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|6}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|126}}|| {{SMR}}<ref>{{cite web|title=San Marino: Bilateral Conventions – Bilateral agreements with other States|url=http://www.esteri.sm/on-line/en/Home/InternationalTreaties/BilateralConventions/BilateralConventions-BilateralagreementswithotherStates.html|access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727130211/http://www.esteri.sm/on-line/en/Home/InternationalTreaties/BilateralConventions/BilateralConventions-BilateralagreementswithotherStates.html|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|03|1}}||
|-
| {{Nts|127}}|| {{STP}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|11}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|128}}|| {{SEN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1960}}<ref name="recogn" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1960|11|10}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak |first=Oron |title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, issue 2 |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |pages=342}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established. Relations broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> and resumed in August 1994.
|-
| {{Nts|129}}|| {{SRB}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|01|31}}||Date diplomatic relations established<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12991|title=Пројекат Растко: Jovan Ćulibrk : The State of Israel and its Relations with the Successor States of the Former Yugoslavia during the Balkan Conflict in 1990s and in its Aftermath|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123200009/http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12991|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|130}}|| {{SEY}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|9}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|131}}|| {{SLE}} || — || {{When|date=December 2012}} || Relations broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> and resumed in May 1992.
|-
| {{Nts|132}}|| {{SIN}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Diplomatic missions of Israel|url=http://dipcon.mfa.gov.sg/sgportal/appmanager/web/dipcon?_nfpb=true&_windowLabel=pl_dipconFMLocator_1&pl_dipconFMLocator_1_actionOverride=%2Fportlets%2FDipConFM%2FDipConFMLocator%2FselectMission&pl_dipconFMLocator_1_mid=20&_pageLabel=pg_dipconFMLocator|access-date=4 August 2011}} {{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|05|11}}|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|133}}|| {{SVK}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|18}}<ref name="yearbook" />|| Recognition extended under [[Czechoslovakia]]. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with Slovakia were established 1 January 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovakia and Israel|url=http://www.foreign.gov.sk/servlet/content?MT=/App/WCM/main.nsf/vw_ByID/ID_DD6F67735A1B6F80C12576350033486B_SK&CCONT=Azia&OpenDocument=Y&LANG=SK&MENU=staty_sveta-staty_podla_abecedy&TG=BlankMaster&URL=/App/WCM/karta_statov.nsf/(vw_ByID)/ID_A91164F75917EE19C125707A00405D53#bookZaklInfo|access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726092603/http://www.foreign.gov.sk/servlet/content?MT=%2FApp%2FWCM%2Fmain.nsf%2Fvw_ByID%2FID_DD6F67735A1B6F80C12576350033486B_SK&CCONT=Azia&OpenDocument=Y&LANG=SK&MENU=staty_sveta-staty_podla_abecedy&TG=BlankMaster&URL=%2FApp%2FWCM%2Fkarta_statov.nsf%2F%28vw_ByID%29%2FID_A91164F75917EE19C125707A00405D53#bookZaklInfo|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|134}}|| {{SLO}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovene embassy in Tel Aviv|url=http://telaviv.embassy.si/en|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919125553/http://telaviv.embassy.si/en|url-status=live}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|28}}||
|-
| {{Nts|135}}|| {{SOL}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|1}}<ref name="israel" />||
|-
| {{Nts|136}}|| {{ZAF}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|24}}<ref name="yearbook" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|14}}<ref>Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. ''The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why'', 1988. Page 109-111.</ref><ref>Shimoni, Gideon. Community and conscience: the Jews in apartheid South Africa. p. 23.</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|137}}|| {{KOR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1962|04|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilateral relations between Republic of Korea and Israel |url=http://www.mofat.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24456.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906013531/http://www.mofat.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24456.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-06}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|138}}|| {{SSD}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-announces-full-diplomatic-ties-with-south-sudan-1.375746 | title=Israel announces full diplomatic ties with South Sudan | newspaper=[[Haaretz]] | date=28 July 2011 | access-date=28 July 2011 | archive-date=12 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512131214/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-announces-full-diplomatic-ties-with-south-sudan-1.375746 | url-status=live }}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|07|28}}|| Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Netanyahu's Remarks at the Start of the Weekly Cabinet Meeting|url=http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication/Spokesman/2011/07/spoekstart100711.htm|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318202739/http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication/Spokesman/2011/07/spoekstart100711.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|139}}|| {{ESP}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berdichevsky |first=Norman |date=February 2009 |title=Spain and Israel – A Tale of Many Turns |url=https://www.newenglishreview.org/articles/spain-and-israel-a-tale-of-many-turns/ |access-date= |website=New English Review |language=en-US}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1986|01|17}}|| {{When|date=January 2013}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|140}}|| {{SRI}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Current history 33-34 |year=1957 |publisher=Current History, inc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuwRAAAAIAAJ |access-date=5 August 2011 |page=311 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115608/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuwRAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|09|16}}|| {{When|date=January 2013}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|141}}|| {{SUR}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1976|2}}<ref name="israel" />||
|-
| {{Nts|142}}|| {{SWE}}<ref name="denmark" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|15}}|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|06|13}}<ref name="jewishagency" />||
|-
| {{Nts|143}}|| {{SUI}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilateral relations between Switzerland and Israel |url=http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/visr/bilisr.html |access-date=4 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128203658/http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/visr/bilisr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|28}}|| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|03|18}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D3411.php |title=Israel |first=Marc |last=Perrenoud |date=13 May 2008 |work=Historische Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403151818/http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D3411.php |url-status=live }}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|144}}|| {{TJK}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|4}}<ref name="israel" />||
|-
| {{Nts|145}}|| {{TZA}} || — || {{When|date=December 2012}} || Relations broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> and resumed in February 1995.
|-
| {{Nts|146}}|| {{THA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|09|26}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewish Agency's digest of press and events|year=1950|publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel, Zionist Organisation, Jewish Agency for Israel. Information Dept|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ0hAQAAIAAJ&q=Thailand|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115443/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ0hAQAAIAAJ&q=Thailand|url-status=live}}</ref>|| {{When|date=January 2013}} ||
|-
| {{Nts|147}}|| {{TGO}} || — || {{When|date=December 2012}} || Relations severed in September 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> and restored in June 1987.<ref name="abidjanemb" />
|-
| {{Nts|148}}|| {{TON}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|6}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|149}}|| {{TRI}}<ref name="israel" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1962|08}}|| {{dts|format=dmy|1962|08|31}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: A-Z |publisher=Encyclopaedia Judaica |year=1972 |pages=444}}</ref>|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|150}}|| {{TUR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|03|28}}<ref>Bülent Aras, ''Palestinian Israeli peace process and Turkey'', Nova Science Publishers, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-56072-549-7}}, p. 115</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|03|12}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewish Agency's digest of press and events 8|year=1950|publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel, Zionist Organisation, Jewish Agency for Israel. Information Dept|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k50hAQAAIAAJ|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502120120/https://books.google.com/books?id=k50hAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>||Downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level in September 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2011 |title=Turkey downgrades ties with Israel |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011927226423902.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008040946/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/09/2011927226423902.html |archive-date=2011-10-08 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> and restored full diplomatic relations in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reed |first=John |date=27 June 2016 |title=Israel and Turkey agree to restore full diplomatic relations |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a4ad3370-3c63-11e6-9f2c-36b487ebd80a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027161047/https://www.ft.com/content/a4ad3370-3c63-11e6-9f2c-36b487ebd80a |archive-date=2020-10-27 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|151}}|| {{TKM}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Yudelson |first=Larry |date=6 October 1993 |title=Israel firms ties with Turkmenistan |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2299232.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106075218/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2299232.html |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=5 August 2011 |newspaper=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|10|6}}|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|152}}|| {{TUV}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1984|7}}<ref name="israel" />|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|153}}|| {{UGA}} || — || {{When|date=December 2012}} || Broke relations on 30 March 1972,<ref name="curtis" /> and restored in July 1994.
|-
| {{Nts|154}}|| {{UKR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|11}}<ref name="res273" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|12|26}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Political relations between Israel and Ukraine|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/israel/en/1520.htm|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917013702/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/israel/en/1520.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>||
|-
| {{Nts|155}}|| {{ARE}} || align="center" |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|08|13}}<ref name=":1" />|| align="center" |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|9|15}}<ref name=":2" />|| On {{dts|format=dmy|2020|09|15}}, [[Abraham Accords|an agreement]] was signed to normalize relations.<ref name=":1">{{cite news | newspaper = Haaretz | title = 'Historic Diplomatic Breakthrough': Read the Full Statement on Israel-UAE Agreement | date = 13 August 2020 | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/historic-diplomatic-breakthrough-read-the-full-statement-on-israel-uae-agreement-1.9070792 | access-date = 14 August 2020 | archive-date = 11 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155443/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/historic-diplomatic-breakthrough-read-the-full-statement-on-israel-uae-agreement-1.9070792 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|156}}|| {{GBR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|05|13}}<ref>Abraham Mayer Heller, ''Israel's odyssey: a survey of Israel's renaissance, achievements, and problems'', Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959, p.83</ref>|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|04|28}}<ref name="benelux" />||
|-
| {{Nts|157}}|| {{USA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|14}}<ref name="auto" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|31}}<ref>[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/index.php The Recognition of the State of Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208195648/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/index.php |date=2019-02-08 }} ''Harry S. Truman Library & Museum''</ref>||First country to recognize Israel.
|-
| {{Nts|158}}|| {{URU}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1948|05|19}}<ref name="yearbook" />|| First Latin American country to recognize Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/americas/.premium-uruguay-s-dwindling-jewish-community-falls-victim-to-its-zionist-spirit-1.7248801|title=Uruguay's Dwindling Jewish Community Falls Victim to Its Zionist Spirit|work=Haaretz|date=2019-05-16|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502014220/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/americas/.premium-uruguay-s-dwindling-jewish-community-falls-victim-to-its-zionist-spirit-1.7248801|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Nts|159}}|| {{UZB}}<ref>{{cite web|title=List of States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations |url=http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/dipl_relat/ |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031024556/http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/dipl_relat/ |archive-date=31 October 2010 }}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1992|02|21}}|| Date full diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|160}}|| {{VAN}}<ref name="gabon" /><ref name="eritrea" />|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|12|16}}|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|161}}|| {{VIE}}<ref>{{cite web |title=List of countries that maintain diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam |url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/#csyB9kR4bIsh |access-date=4 August 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419005341/http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/#csyB9kR4bIsh |url-status=live}}</ref>|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|07|12}}|| Date diplomatic relations established
|-
| {{Nts|162}}|| {{ZMB}} || — || {{When|date=December 2012}} || Relations broken in October 1973,<ref name="curtis" /> and resumed in December 1991.
|-
| {{Nts|163}}|| {{ZIM}}<ref name="gabon" /><ref name="eritrea" />|| — || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|11|26}}|| Date diplomatic relations established
|}

===Non-UN member states===
{| class="wikitable sortable col2left" style="width:100%; margin:1em auto;"
|-
!#
! State !! Date of recognition !! Notes
|-
|{{nts|1}}
| {{COK}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli Ambassador visits the Cook Islands|url=http://ck.nykom.com/2011/05/24/israeli-ambassador-visits-the-cook-islands/|access-date=4 August 2011|archive-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331084629/http://ck.nykom.com/2011/05/24/israeli-ambassador-visits-the-cook-islands/|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|2008}} ||
|-
|{{nts|2}}
| {{flag|Holy See}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Britannica book of the year: 1995|year=1995|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|pages=[https://archive.org/details/1995britannicabo00trum/page/928 928]|isbn=978-0-85229-611-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/1995britannicabo00trum|url-access=registration|access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|06|15}} ||
|-
|{{nts|3}}
| {{flag|Kosovo}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|09|04}} || Kosovo recognised Israel as part of the [[Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements|Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements (2020)]].<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1301954419278450689|user=MelizaHaradinaj|title=תודה רבה ושבת שלום; Profoundly grateful to #IsraeliGov, its people & Pres. @realDonaldTrump for #Israel's historic recognition of the Republic of #Kosovo. Kosovo & Israel share historic ties, common values & prosperous future for our peoples. FWD to Kosovo Emb in #Jerusalem!|author-link=Meliza Haradinaj-Stublla|date=4 September 2020|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301042314/https://twitter.com/melizaharadinaj/status/1301954419278450689|archive-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live|link=https://twitter.com/MelizaHaradinaj/status/1301954419278450689|last=Haradinaj|first=Meliza}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bjelotomic |first1=Snezana |title=Double slap for Serbia: Israel recognizes Kosovo and Vucic in conflict with the EU |url=https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/double-slap-for-serbia-israel-recognizes-kosovo-and-vucic-in-conflict-with-the-eu/ |website=Serbian Monitor |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155552/https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/double-slap-for-serbia-israel-recognizes-kosovo-and-vucic-in-conflict-with-the-eu/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |date=22 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Osmani |first=Vjosa |author-link=Vjosa Osmani |user=VjosaOsmaniPRKS |number=1309048178084392960 |date=24 September 2020 |title=The people of @Israel & Kosovo are bound closely by historical ties & values. This is the {{sic|begg|ining|nolink=y}} of a great partnership. Letter to Israel counterpart, H.E. Yariv Levin below |access-date=14 August 2021 |link=https://twitter.com/VjosaOsmaniPRKS/status/1309048178084392960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814053303/https://twitter.com/VjosaOsmaniPRKS/status/1309048178084392960 |archive-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> Diplomatic relations established on February 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2021 |title=Kosova dhe Izraeli lidhin marrëdhënie diplomatike më 1 shkurt |trans-title=Kosovo and Israel establish diplomatic relations on February 1 |url=https://www.koha.net/arberi/256225/kosova-dhe-izraeli-lidhin-marredhenie-diplomatike-me-1-shkurt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129103933/https://www.koha.net/arberi/256225/kosova-dhe-izraeli-lidhin-marredhenie-diplomatike-me-1-shkurt/ |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=KOHA |language=sq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayyub |first1=Rami |title=Israel and Kosovo establish diplomatic relations in virtual ceremony |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-kosovo-relations/israel-and-kosovo-establish-diplomatic-relations-in-virtual-ceremony-idUSKBN2A12S0 |website=Reuters |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518093449/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-kosovo-relations/israel-and-kosovo-establish-diplomatic-relations-in-virtual-ceremony-idUSKBN2A12S0 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|{{nts|4}}
| {{NIU}}<ref name="mfaisrael">{{cite web |title=Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutTheMinistry/Pages/Israel-s%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Abroad.aspx |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel |access-date=2019-01-20 |archive-date=2021-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129170312/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutTheMinistry/Pages/Israel-s%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Abroad.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|2008}} ||
|-
|{{nts|5}}
| {{flag|Palestine}}<ref>[http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=357 Enhancement of Palestine's Status at the UN Position Paper (October 25, 2012)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220205057/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=357 |date=2014-02-20 }}: "The Palestinian step is consistent with the formal Palestinian recognition of Israel in 1993"</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|1993}} || Signatory to the [[Khartoum Resolution]].<ref name="kd"/> Recognized Israel as part of the [[Oslo I Accord]].{{fact|date=January 2026}}
|-
|{{nts|6}}
| {{flag|Somaliland}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2025 |title=Israel becomes first country to formally recognise Somaliland as independent state |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-recognises-somaliland-somalias-breakway-region-independent-state-2025-12-26/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|12|26}} || Israel became the first country and [[UN member state]] to formally recognize Somaliland as an [[independence|independent]] and [[sovereign state]]. Both states agreed to establish full diplomatic relations, including opening embassies in their respective capitals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=2025-12-26 |title=Before addressing attack: Netanyahu announces official recognition of Republic of Somaliland |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/dxt2vjv0o |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{nts|7}}
| {{flag|Taiwan}}|||| Israel and Taiwan maintain [[Israel–Taiwan relations|close relations]], though Israel does not recognize Taiwan as a country.<ref>{{cite web | title=Taiwan and Israel: Don't Recognize, but Collaborate | date=12 March 2020 | url=https://besacenter.org/taiwan-israel-collaboration/ }}</ref>
|}

== States that do not recognize Israel ==
Legend:
* <span style="background:#ffe6e0; border:1px solid #aaa;">   </span> - states that have never formally recognized Israel
* <span style="background:#fff4bf; border:1px solid #aaa;">   </span> - states that have withdrawn recognition of Israel

=== UN Member States ===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col3center col4center" style="width:100%; margin:1em auto;"
! # !! State !! Date of ''de facto'' recognition !! Date of ''de jure'' recognition !! Notes
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|1}} || {{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff writers|title=Kabul will forge Israel ties if Palestinians form State: Karzai|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?130728|newspaper=Pak Tribune|date=9 January 2006|publisher=Pakistan News Service|access-date=2011-08-05|archive-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120042109/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?130728|url-status=live}}</ref> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|2}} || {{ALG}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lederer, Edith M.|title=Israel signs condolence book to Algeria bombing victims despite no diplomatic relations|newspaper=The Associated Press|date=14 December 2007}} "Ambassador Dan Gillerman told ... 'Algeria does not recognize Israel and has not even made any steps towards normalizing its relations with Israel'."</ref><ref name="kd">[[Khartoum Resolution]] (1 September 1967), League of Arab States.</ref> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports.<ref name=visapol/>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|3}} || {{BGD}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Freund, Michael|title=Bangladeshi Muslim editor faces death penalty for moderate views|url=http://www.michaelfreund.org/9118/bangladeshi-muslim-editor-faces-death-penalty-for|date=21 September 2006|access-date=2011-10-16|archive-date=2012-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402161807/http://www.michaelfreund.org/9118/bangladeshi-muslim-editor-faces-death-penalty-for|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="imb">{{Cite news |author=Staff writers |date=21 August 2006 |title=Israeli troops shoot Hezbollah militants |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2006-08-21/world/mideast.main_1_litani-river-israeli-troops-hezbollah-militants?_s=PM:WORLD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121113527/http://articles.cnn.com/2006-08-21/world/mideast.main_1_litani-river-israeli-troops-hezbollah-militants?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=2011-10-16 |work=CNN |publisher=Cable News Network |quote=Israel has rejected the participation of three nations that have offered troops -- Indonesia, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Israel noted that the three do not recognize the existence of Israel.}}</ref>|| — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports, and Bangladeshi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.<ref name=visapol/>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|4}} || {{BRN}}<ref name="usres"/> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports, and Brunei passports are not valid for travel to Israel<ref name=visapol/>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|5}} || {{COM}}<ref name="usres"/> || — || — ||
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
| {{nts|6}} || {{CUB}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|14}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|04|18}}<ref>{{Cite book|author=Levinson, Jay|title=Jewish Community of Cuba: The Golden Age, 1906-1958|publisher=Westview Publishing Co|year=2006|page=150|isbn=978-0-9776207-0-8}}</ref> || Cuba severed relations in September 1973,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Metz |first=Allan |date=1993 |title=Cuban-Israeli Relations: From the Cuban Revolution to the New World Order |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487021 |journal=Cuban Studies |volume=23 |pages=113–134 |jstor=24487021 |issn=0361-4441 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315002154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487021 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the most recent government does not recognize it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-minister-visits-cuba-which-has-no-diplomatic-ties-to-israel-1.5455154|title=Israeli Minister Visits Cuba – a Country Without Diplomatic Ties to Israel|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=2022-03-15|archive-date=2022-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315002728/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-minister-visits-cuba-which-has-no-diplomatic-ties-to-israel-1.5455154|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0;"
| {{nts|7}} || {{DJI}}<ref name="usres"/> || — || — ||
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|8}} || {{IDN}}<ref name="imb"/> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passport holders without an invitation from the [[Directorate General of Immigration]]. Holders of passport can only enter Indonesia through airports in [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]] (DPS), Jakarta ([[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|CGK]]/[[Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport|HLP]]), and [[Juanda International Airport|Surabaya]] (SUB).<ref name=visapol/>
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
| {{nts|9}} || {{IRN}}<ref name="Menashri"/> || {{dts|format=dmy|1950|03|6}}<ref name="Menashri">{{citation|first=David|last=Menashri|entry=ISRAEL i. RELATIONS WITH IRAN|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/israel-i-relations-with-iran|volume=XIV|at=Fasc. 2, pp. 213–223|date=15 December 2007|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007205352/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/israel-i-relations-with-iran|url-status=live}}</ref> || —<ref name="Menashri"/> || Voted against the UN Partition Plan and voted against the admission of Israel's membership to the UN. Iranian government refrained from recognizing Israel ''de jure'' despite ''de facto'' recognition.<ref name="Menashri"/> Relations severed on 18 February 1979.<ref name="Lea">{{cite book |author=Lea |first=David |title=A Political Chronology of the Middle East |date=2001 |page=103 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-85743-115-5}}</ref> Does not accept Israeli passports,<ref name=visapol/> and the holders of Iranian passports are "not entitled to travel to the occupied Palestine"<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moaveni |first=Azadeh |author-link=Azadeh Moaveni |date=1 June 2009 |title=Roxana Saberi and How Journalism Works in Iran |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1902080,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611193912/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1902080,00.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |access-date=25 January 2010 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |quote=Israel also figures into the peculiar regulations Iranian journalists must contend with. The fine print of my Iranian passport clearly states that the bearer of this passport is forbidden from traveling to occupied Palestine.}}</ref> Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|10}} || {{IRQ}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Guttman, N|title=Bill Presses Iraq To Recognize Israel|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/13571/|date=12 June 2008|newspaper=Forward|publisher=The Jewish Daily|access-date=2011-11-01|archive-date=2012-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202054219/http://www.forward.com/articles/13571/|url-status=live}}</ref> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports, except for [[Kurdistan Region]] where visa is required for passengers without a signed and stamped letter issued by the Ministry of Interior of the Kurdistan Regional Government if arriving at [[Erbil International Airport|Erbil]] (EBL) and [[Sulaimaniyah International Airport|Sulaymaniyah]] (ISU).<ref name=visapol/> Iraqi passports are not valid for travel to Israel. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4182795,00.html|title=Iraqi bill to ban travels to Israel|work=ynet|date=30 January 2012|access-date=17 April 2016|last1=Kais|first1=Roi|archive-date=1 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201181303/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4182795,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|11}} || {{KWT}}<ref name="kd"/> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry. Maintains a state of hostility dating back to 1967.<ref name=visapol/><ref>{{cite web | last=Times | first=Vinay | title=Kuwait remains fully committed to the war decree against the Zionist gangs | website=TimesKuwait | date=2023-11-13 | url=https://timeskuwait.com/news/kuwait-remains-fully-committed-to-the-war-decree-against-the-zionist-gangs/ | access-date=2025-04-17}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|12}} || {{LBN}}<ref name="kd"/> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.<ref name=visapol/>{{efn|For a few months in 1983 and 1984, Lebanon did recognize Israel in the [[May 17 Agreement]]. However, Lebanon revoked the agreement in March 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook6/Pages/157%20Statement%20by%20the%20Prime%20Minister-s%20bureau%20on%20th.aspx |title=Statement by the Israeli Prime Minister's bureau on the Israel-Lebanon Agreement, 5 March 1984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305130823/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook6/Pages/157%20Statement%20by%20the%20Prime%20Minister-s%20bureau%20on%20th.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref>}}
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|13}} || {{LBY}}<ref name="kd"/> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.<ref name=visapol/>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|14}} || {{MYS}}<ref name="imb"/> || — || — || Does not admit Israeli passport holders without written permission from the government. Malaysian passports not valid for travel to Israel without permission from the government.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Yusof, Husna|title=Israelis allowed into Malaysia with conditions|newspaper=The Sun Daily|date=2 November 2011|publisher=The Sun}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
| {{nts|15}} || {{MDV}} || — || {{dts|format=dmy|1965|10|29}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of the countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established diplomatic relations with dates |url=https://www.foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/dipco?view=topic&id=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031012501/https://www.foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/dipco?view=topic&id=11 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Maldives}}</ref>|| Diplomatic relations suspended in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahren |first=Raphael |date=14 February 2012 |title=As regime changes in Maldives, Israel loses a rare Muslim ally |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-regime-changes-in-maldives-israel-loses-rare-muslim-ally/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222034223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-regime-changes-in-maldives-israel-loses-rare-muslim-ally/ |archive-date=2020-12-22 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> Cooperation agreements in 2009 did not develop into full diplomatic relations<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2009 |title=Israel and Maldives move to normalize relations |url=https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/pressroom/2009/pages/israel_maldives_normalize_relations_25-sep-2009.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104204912/https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/pressroom/2009/pages/israel_maldives_normalize_relations_25-sep-2009.aspx |archive-date=2020-11-04 |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2011 |title=Seeing eye to eye in the Maldives |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Aid/Pages/Eye_from_Zion_Maldives-March_2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630165721/https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Aid/Pages/Eye_from_Zion_Maldives-March_2011.aspx |archive-date=2016-06-30 |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=The Maldive Islands – Recommendation for travelers |url=https://mfa.gov.il/ConsularService/TravelAdvisory/Pages/Maldives_111115.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104015113/https://mfa.gov.il/ConsularService/TravelAdvisory/Pages/Maldives_111115.aspx |archive-date=2020-11-04 |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=he}}</ref> and were terminated in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/55834 |title=Maldives to ban Israeli goods, revoke 3 pacts |publisher=Haveeru |url-status=dead |date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003727/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/55834 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Since 15 April 2025, Maldives does not accept Israeli passports for entry into the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Mariyath |date=2025-04-15 |title=Parliament approves banning entry on Israeli passports |url=https://edition.mv/maldives/40532 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Edition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 April 2025 |title=Abbas: Banning Israel passport the best and harshest measure possible on a national level |url=https://en.sun.mv/95963 |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=Sun.mv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2025 |title=Maldives bans entry of Israelis in 'resolute solidarity' with Palestinians |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/maldives-bans-entry-of-israelis-in-resolute-solidarity-with-palestinians/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
| {{nts|16}} || {{MLI}}<ref name="usres"/> || — || — || Diplomatic relations severed 5 January 1973.<ref name="curtis"/>
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
|{{nts|17}}||{{MRT}}||—||{{dts|format=dmy|1999|10|28}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel and Mauritania to Establish Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/1999/Israel+and+Mauritania+to+Establish+Diplomatic+Rela.htm|access-date=5 August 2011|newspaper=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=27 October 1999|archive-date=23 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123103808/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/1999/Israel+and+Mauritania+to+Establish+Diplomatic+Rela.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Diplomatic relations suspended 6 March 2009,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2009 |title=Israel closes Mauritania embassy |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7928790.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7928790.stm |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=January 2, 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> severed 21 March 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5044807|title=Mauritania formally severs diplomatic ties with Israel|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184218/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5044807|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
| {{nts|18}}|| {{NER}}<ref name="usres" />|| — || — || Relations severed on 4 January 1973.<ref name="mer61" /><ref name="curtis" />
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|19}}|| {{PRK}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haggard|first=M|year=1965|title=North Korea's International Position|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=California|volume=5|issue=8|pages=375–388|issn=0004-4687|oclc=48536955|doi=10.2307/2642410|jstor=2642410}}</ref>|| — || — || North Korea and Israel held talks in 1993, but the talks were halted under pressure from the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cha |first=Victor D. |url=http://archive.org/details/impossiblestaten0000chav_j2c1 |title=The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future |publisher=Ecco |others=Internet Archive |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-06-199850-8 |location=New York |pages=229 |language=en |lccn=2012009517 |oclc=1244862785}}</ref> See [[Israel–North Korea relations]] for more details.
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|20}}|| {{OMA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|01}}<ref name=":4" />|| — || A degree of relations established in January 1996. Closed Israeli office and suspended relations in October 2000.<ref name=":4" /> Accepts Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.<ref name="visapol" />
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|21}}|| {{PAK}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff writers|title=Musharraf says Pakistan not to recognize Israel|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200509/02/eng20050902_206013.html|date=13 September 2005|newspaper=The People's Daily|access-date=2011-11-01|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210539/http://en.people.cn/200509/02/eng20050902_206013.html%20|url-status=live}}</ref>|| — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports, and Pakistani passports are not valid for travel to Israel.<ref name="visapol" />
|- style="background:#ffe6e0;"
| {{nts|22}}|| {{QAT}}<ref name="usres" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1996|4}}<ref name="israel" />|| —|| In April 1996, Qatar and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political risk yearbook: Middle East & North Africa, 2|year=1998|publisher=Frost & Sullivan. Political Risk Services, Political Risk Services (IBC USA (Publications) Inc.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxqOAAAAMAAJ|access-date=6 August 2011|page=56|isbn=978-1-85271-832-9|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502115442/https://books.google.com/books?id=JxqOAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Trade offices closed in February 2009.<ref name="israel" /><br />Does not accept Israeli passports for admission in Qatar, except during the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Israelis Welcome at Qatar World Cup |url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1476336/israelis-welcome-qatar-world-cup |website=aawsat.com |publisher=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |access-date=9 January 2020 |date=24 November 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124161315/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1476336/israelis-welcome-qatar-world-cup |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keyser |first1=Zachary |title=Qatar World Cup official to ESPN: Israelis can attend the 2022 tournament |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Qatar-World-Cup-official-to-ESPN-Israelis-can-attend-the-2022-tournament-612655 |website=jpost.com |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=9 January 2020 |date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131537/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Qatar-World-Cup-official-to-ESPN-Israelis-can-attend-the-2022-tournament-612655 |url-status=live }}</ref><br>Qatar has hosted Israeli delegations for negotiations between Israel and Hamas during the [[Gaza war]] to facilitate ceasefires in the war.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli delegation traveled to Qatar for hostage negotiation talks - report|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-israeli-delegation-traveled-to-qatar-for-hostage-negotiation-talks-report|date=June 20, 2024|publisher=[[i24News]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|23}}|| {{SAU}}<ref name="kd" /><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2023 |title=Saudi Arabia: 'No normalisation with Israel without Palestine state' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230121-saudi-arabia-no-normalisation-with-israel-without-palestine-state/ |website=Middle East Monitor |access-date=21 January 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121113710/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230121-saudi-arabia-no-normalisation-with-israel-without-palestine-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports, however there are some exceptions. Israeli Muslims may get a temporary [[Jordanian passport]] to enter the country for [[Hajj]] or [[Umrah]] purposes only and since 2020, Israeli businesspeople can obtain a special visa in order to enter the country.<ref name="visapol" />
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|24}}|| {{SOM}}<ref>American Universities Field Staff (1966). AUFS reports: Northeast Africa series. p. 5: "Somalia does not recognise Israel, and generally sides with the Arab cause in the Near Eastern controversy."</ref>|| — || — ||
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
|{{nts|25}}||{{SDN}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|23}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last1=Spetalnick|first1=Matt|last2=Holland|first2=Steve|date=23 October 2020|title=Israel and Sudan reach U.S.-brokered deal to normalize ties|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sudan-israel-idUSKBN278226|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101034906/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sudan-israel-idUSKBN278226|url-status=live}}</ref>
|—
|On 23 October 2020, an agreement was announced to normalize relations. However, this has not resulted in full recognition.<ref name=":3" />
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|26}}|| {{SYR}}<ref name="kd" />|| — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.<ref name="visapol" />
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|27}}|| {{TUN}}<ref name="kd" />|| {{dts|format=dmy|1994|10|3}}<ref name="eritrea" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Middle East: Abstracts and index|year=1999|publisher=Library Information and Research Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aptAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2011|quote=Tunisia and Israel announced on 10/3/1994 the establishment of low-level diplomatic relations, a move that both countries described as the first step in the normalization of ties. The two countries will establish economic liaison.|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502120112/https://books.google.com/books?id=5aptAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>|| —<ref>{{Cite web |author=Luxner |first=Larry |date=18 November 2010 |title=Envoy Determined to Protect Tunisia Against Extremism |url=http://washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6637:envoy-determined-to-protect-tunisia-against-extremism-&catid=1006:october-2007&Itemid=275 |access-date=2011-09-24 |work=The Washington Diplomat |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201161905/http://washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6637:envoy-determined-to-protect-tunisia-against-extremism-&catid=1006:october-2007&Itemid=275 |url-status=live }}</ref>||Joint declaration of relations made in January 1996. Closed the Israeli representative office and suspended relations in October 2000.<ref name=":4" />
|- style="background:#fff4bf;"
| {{nts|28}} || {{VEN}} ||—|| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|06|27}}<ref name="israeloftomorrow" />
|Relations severed in January 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKN14485069|title=Venezuela cuts ties with Israel over Gaza attacks|newspaper=Reuters|date=January 15, 2009|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=March 15, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315003423/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKN14485069|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffe6e0"
| {{nts|29}} || {{YEM}}<ref name="kd" /> || — || — || Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.<ref name="visapol" />
|}

==See also==
* [[Borders of Israel]]
* [[Foreign relations of Israel]]
* [[International recognition of Palestine]]
* [[Legitimacy of the State of Israel]]
* [[List of states with limited recognition]]
* [[Right to exist]]
* [[Self-determination]]
* [[Visa requirements for Israeli citizens]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{International recognition of states with limited recognition}}
{{Foreign relations of Israel}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of Israel]]
[[Category:Diplomatic recognition|Israel]]

Billboard Hot 100

2026-09-20T15:36:32Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|American song chart}}
{{Redirect|Hot 100}}
{{Italic title|string=Billboard}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Billboard Hot 100 logo (2025 March design).png|thumb|The current ''Billboard'' Hot 100 logo|240x240px]]

The '''''Billboard'' Hot 100''', also known as simply the '''Hot 100''', is the [[music industry]] standard [[record chart]] in the United States for songs, published weekly by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales (physical and [[Music download|digital]]), [[online streaming]], and [[radio airplay]] in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=May 1, 2018|title=Billboard Finalizes Changes to How Streams Are Weighted for Billboard Hot 100 & Billboard 200|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8427967/billboard-changes-streaming-weighting-hot-100-billboard-200|access-date=August 4, 2021|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=January 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129082928/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8427967/billboard-changes-streaming-weighting-hot-100-billboard-200|url-status=live}}</ref>

A new chart is compiled and released online to the public by ''Billboard''{{'}}s website on Tuesdays but post-dated to the following Saturday, when the printed magazine first reaches newsstands.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Billboard Charts Legend |url=https://www.billboard.com/billboard-charts-legend/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 27, 2023 |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031031911/https://www.billboard.com/p/billboard-charts-legend |url-status=live }}</ref> Since July 2015, the weekly tracking period for sales has been Friday–Thursday. It was initially Monday–Sunday when [[Nielsen Holdings PLC|Nielsen]] started tracking sales in 1991. This tracking period also applies to the compilation of online streaming data. Radio airplay is readily available in real time, unlike sales figures and streaming, but is also tracked on the same Friday–Thursday cycle, effective with the chart dated July 17, 2021.<ref name="Radio Airplay Friday to Thursday">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9599515/bts-butter-number-one-seventh-week-hot-100/|title=BTS' 'Butter' Leads Hot 100 for Seventh Week, Lil Nas X's 'Montero' Returns to Top Five|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=July 12, 2021|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-date=July 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712172956/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9599515/bts-butter-number-one-seventh-week-hot-100/|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, radio was tracked Monday–Sunday and, before July 2015, Wednesday–Tuesday.<ref name="tracking">{{cite magazine|date=June 24, 2015|title=Billboard to Alter Chart Tracking Week for Global Release Date|magazine=Billboard|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/billboard-alter-chart-tracking-week-global-release-date/|access-date=June 24, 2015|archive-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720083618/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6605842/billboard-alter-chart-tracking-week-global-release-date|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first number-one song of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 was "[[Poor Little Fool]]" by [[Ricky Nelson]], on August 4, 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.umgcatalog.com/news/ricky-nelson-rules-first-ever-hot-100-poor-little-fool|title = Ricky Nelson Rules First-Ever Hot 100 with 'Poor Little Fool'| work=UMe |date = August 4, 2019|access-date = August 3, 2021|archive-date = August 3, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210803223404/https://www.umgcatalog.com/news/ricky-nelson-rules-first-ever-hot-100-poor-little-fool|url-status = live}}</ref> As of the issue for the week ending on March 28, 2026, the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 has had 1,189 different number-one entries. The current number-one song on the chart is "[[Choosin' Texas]]" by [[Ella Langley]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/ella-langley-choosin-texas-number-1-hot-100-fourth-week/|title=Ella Langley Leaps Past Taylor Swift for Country History as 'Choosin' Texas' Tops Hot 100 for 4th Week|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=Billboard|date=March 23, 2026|access-date=March 23, 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Billboard Hot 100 logo.svg
| caption1 =
| image2 = 1958 Billboard Hot 100 logo.svg
| caption2 = Previous iterations of the logo
}}
The first chart published by ''Billboard'' was "Last Week's Ten Best Sellers Among the Popular Songs", a list of best-selling sheet music, in July 1913. Other charts listed popular song performances in theatres and recitals. In 1928, "Popular Numbers Featured by Famous Singers and Leaders" appeared, which added radio performances to in-person performances. On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published "Ten Best Records for Week Ending", which listed the 10 top selling records of three leading record companies, as reported by the companies themselves. In October 1938, a review list, "The Week's Best Records", was retitled "The Billboard Record Buying Guide" by incorporating airplay and sheet music sales, which would eventually become the first trade survey of record popularity.<ref name="chart history">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT149 |title=The Chart in Evolution: A Chronicle |magazine=Billboard |page=RS-110 |date=May 21, 1977 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101111027/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT149 |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to the full-page "Billboard Music Popularity Chart" for the week ending July 20, 1940, and published in the July 27 issue, with lists covering jukebox play, retail sales, sheet music sales, and radio play. Listed were 10 songs of the national "Best Selling Retail Records", which was the fore-runner of today's pop chart, with "[[I'll Never Smile Again]]" by [[Tommy Dorsey]] its first number one.<ref name="retail records">{{cite magazine |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1940/Billboard-1940-07-27.pdf |title=Billboard Music Popularity Chart |page=11 |magazine=Billboard |date=July 27, 1940 |access-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818125047/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/40s/1940/Billboard-1940-07-27.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting on March 24, 1945, ''Billboard''{{'}}s lead popularity chart was the ''Honor Roll of Hits''. This chart ranked the most popular songs regardless of performer (it combined different versions of the same song by different artists) based on record and sheet sales, disk jockey, and jukebox performances as determined by ''Billboard''{{'}}s weekly nationwide survey.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=April 24, 1954|title=Billboard Honor Roll of Hits Represents Culmination of Disk's Life on the Charts|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1954/Billboard%201954-04-24.pdf|magazine=Billboard|pages=34|access-date=September 18, 2019|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610051235/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1954/Billboard%201954-04-24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> At the start of the rock era in 1955, there were three charts that measured songs by individual metrics:<ref name="NPR">{{cite news|last1=Molanphy|first1=Chris|title=How The Hot 100 Became America's Hit Barometer|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2013/08/16/207879695/how-the-hot-100-became-americas-hit-barometer|access-date=March 14, 2018|work=All Things Considered|publisher=NPR|date=August 1, 2013|archive-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803093057/http://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2013/08/16/207879695/how-the-hot-100-became-americas-hit-barometer|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Best Sellers in Stores'' was the best seller chart first established in July 1940. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country (20 to 50 positions).
* ''Most Played by Jockeys'' was ''Billboard''{{'}}s original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio DJs and radio stations (20 to 25 positions).
* ''Most Played in Jukeboxes'' ranked the most played songs in [[jukebox]]es across the United States (20 positions). This was one of the main outlets of measuring song popularity with the younger generation of music listeners, as many radio stations resisted adding [[rock and roll]] music to their playlists for many years.

''Billboard''{{'}}s primary chart among these was the ''Best Sellers in Stores'' chart, and the magazine refers to that when discussing a song's performance before the creation of the Hot 100.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart Beat Chat |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60472/chart-beat-chat|magazine=Billboard|access-date=July 15, 2020|date=December 2, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928024313/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60472/chart-beat-chat|archive-date=September 28, 2015|quote=The main chart was Best Sellers in Stores, and that's the list Billboard uses as THE pre-Hot 100 chart.}}</ref> In its issue of November 12, 1955, ''Billboard'' published '''The Top 100''' for the first time (for the survey weeks ending October 26 and November 2).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Top 100 for survey week ending November 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCEEAAAAMBAJ&q=top+100+sides |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 22, 2023 |date=November 12, 1956 |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722174258/https://books.google.com/books?id=yCEEAAAAMBAJ&q=top+100+sides |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Top 100'' combined all aspects of a single's performance (sales, airplay and jukebox activity), based on a point system that typically gave sales (purchases) more weight than radio airplay. The first No. 1 in that chart was "[[Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (song)|Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing]]" by [[The Four Aces]].<ref name="chart history"/> The ''Best Sellers in Stores'', ''Most Played by Jockeys'' and ''Most Played in Jukeboxes'' charts continued to be published concurrently with the new ''Top 100'' chart.

On June 17, 1957, ''Billboard'' discontinued the ''Most Played in Jukeboxes'' chart, as the popularity of jukeboxes waned and radio stations incorporated more and more rock-oriented music into their playlists. The week of July 28, 1958, had the final ''Most Played by Jockeys'' and ''Top 100'' charts, both of which had [[Perez Prado]]'s instrumental version of "[[Patricia (Perez Prado song)|Patricia]]" ascending to the top.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Bvm2rnwUDIC&pg=PA879 |title=The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 9th Edition |first=Joel |last=Whitburn |date=2012 |isbn=9780307985125 |publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed |page=879 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110160037/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Bvm2rnwUDIC&pg=PA879 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 4, 1958, ''Billboard'' premiered one main all-genre singles chart: the ''Hot 100'', with "[[Poor Little Fool]]" by [[Ricky Nelson]] its first No. 1.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hot 100 55th Anniversary: Every No. 1 Song (1958–2013) |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/hot-100-55th-anniversary-every-no-1-song-1958-2013/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 26, 2021 |date=August 2, 2013 |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226144301/https://www.billboard.com/pro/hot-100-55th-anniversary-every-no-1-song-1958-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1958-08-02/ |title=Billboard Hot 100 |magazine=Billboard |date=August 4, 1958 }}</ref> The Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and ''Billboard'' discontinued the ''Best Sellers In Stores'' chart on October 13, 1958.

The Hot 100 was created by journalists Tom Noonan, [[Paul Ackerman]], and [[Seymour Stein]]; Stein did not recall who chose the name.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Gary|last=Trust|title=Seymour Stein on His Billboard Beginning & How the Hot 100 Was Born on Aug. 4, 1958|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/hot-100-co-creator-seymour-stein-interview/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 4, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2022|url-access=subscription|quote=Tom [Noonan] could have come up with the name. I certainly did not. It might have been one of the reporters, or Paul Ackerman. I just don't remember.|archive-date=October 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002004233/https://www.billboard.com/pro/hot-100-co-creator-seymour-stein-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Billboard'' Hot 100 is still the standard by which a song's popularity is measured in the United States. The Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by [[Nielsen Soundscan]] (both at retail and digitally) and streaming activity provided by online music sources.<ref name="NPR"/>

There are several component charts that contribute to the overall calculation of the Hot 100. They are:
* [[Radio Songs (chart)|Radio Songs]]: ''(per Billboard)'' approximately 1,000 stations, "composed of [[adult contemporary]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop]], [[Country music|country]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Gospel music|gospel]], [[Latin music (genre)|Latin]] and [[Christian music|Christian]] formats, digitally monitored twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with [[Arbitron]] listener data."
* [[Digital Song Sales]]: Digital sales are tracked by Nielsen SoundScan and are included as part of a title's sales points.
* [[Streaming Songs]]: a collaboration between ''Billboard'', Nielsen SoundScan and [[National Association of Recording Merchandisers]] which measures the top streamed radio songs, on-demand songs and videos on leading online music services.
* [[Hot Singles Sales]] (1984–2017): [[single (music)|physical single]] sales were tracked by Nielsen SoundScan.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ ''Billboard'' Hot 100 component charts
|-
! scope="col" | Period
! scope="col" | [[Hot Singles Sales]]<br>{{nobold|([[Record sales|physical single sales]])}}
! scope="col" | [[Radio Songs (chart)|Radio Songs]]<br>{{nobold|([[Airplay|song airplay]])}}
! scope="col" | [[Digital Song Sales]]<br>{{nobold|([[Music download|song downloads]])}}
! scope="col" | [[Streaming Songs]]<br>{{nobold|([[Music streaming service|song streams]])}}
|-
| 1984–2005 || {{active}} || {{active}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| 2005–2013 || {{active}} || {{active}} || {{active}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| 2013–2017 || {{active}} || {{active}} || {{active}} || {{active}}
|-
| 2017–present || {{n/a|Defunct}} || {{active}} || {{active}} || {{active}}
|}

== Compilation ==
The tracking week for sales, streaming and airplay begins on Friday and ends on Thursday (airplay used to have a tracking week from Monday to Sunday, but effective with the chart dated July 17, 2021, the week was adjusted to align with the other two metrics<ref name="Radio Airplay Friday to Thursday"/>). A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by ''Billboard'' on Tuesday. Each chart is post-dated with the "week-ending" issue date four days after the charts are refreshed online (i.e., the following Saturday).<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/billboard-chart-magazine-dates-release-week-change/|title=Billboard Chart & Magazine Dates Now to Align Closer to Release Week|magazine=Billboard|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=January 1, 2018|archive-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413064413/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8071011/billboard-chart-magazine-dates-release-week-change|url-status=live}}</ref> For example:
* Friday, January 1 – tracking-week begins for sales, streaming and airplay
* Thursday, January 7 – tracking-week ends for sales, streaming and airplay
* Tuesday, January 12 – new chart released, with issue post-dated Saturday, January 16

== Policy changes ==
The methods and policies by which this data is obtained and compiled have changed many times throughout the chart's history.

Although the advent of a singles music chart spawned chart historians and chart-watchers and greatly affected [[popular culture|pop culture]] and produced countless bits of trivia, the main purpose of the Hot 100 is to aid those within the music industry: to reflect the popularity of the "product" (the singles, the albums, etc.) and to track the trends of the buying public. ''Billboard'' has (many times) changed its methodology and policies to give the most precise and accurate reflection of what is popular. A very basic example of this would be the ratio given to sales and airplay. During the Hot 100's early history, singles were the leading way by which people bought music. At times, when singles sales were robust, more weight was given to a song's retail points than to its radio airplay.

=== Double-sided singles ===
''Billboard'' has also changed its Hot 100 policy regarding "two-sided singles" several times. The pre-Hot 100 chart "Best Sellers in Stores" listed popular A- and-B-sides together, with the side that was played most often (based on its other charts) listed first. One of these was [[Elvis Presley]]'s "Don't Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog". During the Presley single's chart run, top billing was switched back and forth between the two sides several times. But on the concurrent "Most Played in Juke Boxes", "Most Played by Jockeys" and the "Top 100", the two songs were listed separately, as was true of all songs. With the initiation of the Hot 100 in 1958, A- and-B-sides charted separately, as they had on the former Top 100.

Starting with the Hot 100 chart for the week ending November 29, 1969, this rule was altered; if both sides received significant airplay, they were listed together. This started to become a moot point by 1972, as most major record labels solidified a trend they had started in the 1960s by putting the same song on both sides of the singles provided to radio.

More complex issues began to arise as the typical A- and-B-side format of singles gave way to [[12 inch singles]] and maxi-singles, many of which contained more than one B-side. Further problems arose when, in several cases, a B-side would eventually overtake the A-side in popularity, thus prompting record labels to release a new single, featuring the former B-side as the A-side, along with a "new" B-side.

The inclusion of album cuts on the Hot 100 put the double-sided hit issues to rest permanently.

=== Album cuts ===
As many Hot 100 chart policies have been modified over the years, one rule remained constant for over four decades: songs were not eligible to enter the Hot 100 unless they were available to purchase as a single. This was discontinued on December 5, 1998, when the Hot 100 changed from being a "singles" chart to a "songs" chart.<ref name="NPR"/> During the 1990s, a growing trend in the music industry was to promote songs to radio without ever releasing them as singles. It was claimed by major record labels that singles were cannibalizing album sales, so they were slowly phased out.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |date=February 24, 2001 |title=Record Industry Says Napster Hurt Sales |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-24-fi-29694-story.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times }}</ref> During this period, accusations began to fly of [[chart manipulation]] as labels would hold off on releasing a single until airplay was at its absolute peak, thus prompting a top ten or, in some cases, a number-one debut. In many cases, a label would delete a single from its catalog after only one week, thus allowing the song to enter the Hot 100, make a high debut and then slowly decline in position as the one-time production of the retail single sold out.

It was during this period that several popular mainstream hits never charted on the Hot 100, or charted well after their airplay had declined. During the period that they were not released as singles, the songs were not eligible to chart. Many of these songs dominated the [[Radio Songs (chart)|Hot 100 Airplay]] chart for extended periods of time:
* 1995 [[The Rembrandts]]: "[[I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song)|I'll Be There for You]]" (number one for eight weeks)
* 1996 [[No Doubt]]: "[[Don't Speak]]" (number one for 16 weeks)
* 1997 [[Sugar Ray]] featuring [[Super Cat]]: "[[Fly (Sugar Ray song)|Fly]]" (number one for six weeks)
* 1997 [[Will Smith]]: "[[Men in Black (song)|Men in Black]]" (number one for four weeks)
* 1997 [[The Cardigans]]: "[[Lovefool]]" (number two for eight weeks)
* 1998 [[Natalie Imbruglia]]: "[[Torn (Ednaswap song)#Natalie Imbruglia version|Torn]]" (number one for 11 weeks)
* 1998 [[Goo Goo Dolls]]: "[[Iris (Goo Goo Dolls song)|Iris]]" (number one for 18 weeks)

As debate and conflicts occurred more and more often, ''Billboard'' finally answered the requests of music industry artists and insiders to include airplay-only songs (or "album cuts") in the Hot 100, while the retail component was reduced from 40% to 25%.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA129 |pages=3, 129 |title=A New Hot 100 Reflects Changes in Music Business |magazine=Billboard |date=December 5, 1998 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830211836/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA129 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== EPs ===
[[Extended play]] (EP) releases were listed by ''Billboard'' on the Hot 100 and in pre-Hot 100 charts (Top 100) until the mid-to-late 1960s. With the growing popularity of albums, it was decided to move EPs (which typically contain four to six tracks) from the Hot 100 to the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], where they are included to this day.

=== Digital downloads, online streaming and bundles ===
Since February 12, 2005, the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 tracks paid digital downloads from such internet services as [[iTunes Store|iTunes]], [[Musicmatch]], and [[Rhapsody (online music service)|Rhapsody]]. ''Billboard'' initially started tracking downloads in 2003 with the [[Hot Digital Tracks]] chart. However, these downloads did not count towards the Hot 100 and that chart (as opposed to [[Hot Digital Songs]]) counted each version of a song separately. This was the first major overhaul of the Hot 100's chart formula since December 1998.

The change in methodology has shaken up the chart considerably, with some songs debuting on the chart strictly with robust online sales and others making drastic leaps. In recent years, several songs have been able to achieve 80-to-90 position jumps in a single week as their digital components were made available at online music stores. Since 2006, the all-time record for the biggest single-week upward movement was broken nine times.

In the issue dated August 11, 2007, ''Billboard'' began incorporating weekly data from [[streaming media]] and on-demand services into the Hot 100. The first two major companies to provide their statistics to Nielsen BDS on a weekly basis were [[AOL]] Music and [[Yahoo! Music]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Geoff |last=Mayfield |title=Billboard Hot 100 To Include Digital Streams |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1050326/billboard-hot-100-to-include-digital-streams |magazine=Billboard |date=August 4, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2007 |archive-date=June 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614022316/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1050326/billboard-hot-100-to-include-digital-streams |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 24, 2012, Billboard premiered its On-Demand Songs chart, which ranks web radio streams from services such as [[Spotify]], as well as on-demand audio titles.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502020/hot-100-impacted-by-new-on-demand-songs-chart|magazine=Billboard|title=Hot 100 Impacted by New On-Demand Songs Chart|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=March 14, 2012|access-date=March 14, 2012|archive-date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323231310/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502020/hot-100-impacted-by-new-on-demand-songs-chart|url-status=live}}</ref> Its data was then incorporated into the equation that compiles the Hot 100, and this was expanded to a broader [[Streaming Songs]] chart in January 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1510640/new-danceelectronic-songs-chart-launches-with-william-britney-at-no-1|magazine=Billboard|title=New Dance/Electronic Songs Chart Launches With Will.i.am & Britney at No. 1|first=Silvio|last=Pietroluongo|date=January 17, 2013|access-date=February 19, 2012|archive-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110034638/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1510640/new-danceelectronic-songs-chart-launches-with-william-britney-at-no-1|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2013, U.S. views for a song on [[YouTube]] were added to the Hot 100 formula. "[[Harlem Shake (song)|Harlem Shake]]" was the first song to reach number one after the changes were made.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sisario|first=Ben|title=What's Billboard's No. 1? Now YouTube Has a Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/arts/music/billboard-makes-youtube-part-of-hot-100-formula.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2013|date=February 20, 2013|archive-date=March 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322101647/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/arts/music/billboard-makes-youtube-part-of-hot-100-formula.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2020, ''Billboard'' announced that they would no longer allow sales of physical/digital bundles to be reported as digital sales. This refers to songs being bought along with [[merchandising|merchandise]], either from an artists website or through another vendor. The magazine stated that this was a tactic generally used by certain artists to boost their chart positions. Instead, such physical releases are now only counted when they are shipped to the consumer, rendering the tactic "ineffectual".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9417842/billboard-new-chart-rules-no-more-merch-ticket-bundles|title=Billboard Announces New Chart Rules: No More Merch & Ticket Bundles|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=July 13, 2020|access-date=July 16, 2020|archive-date=July 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713233156/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9417842/billboard-new-chart-rules-no-more-merch-ticket-bundles|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Remixes ===
A growing trend early in the first decade of the 21st century was to issue a song as a "remix" that was so different in structure and lyrical content from its original version that it was essentially a whole new song. Under normal circumstances, airplay points from a song's album version, "radio" mix or [[dance music]] remix, etc. were all combined and factored into the song's performance on the Hot 100, as the structure, lyrics and melody remained intact. Criticisms began when songs were being completely re-recorded to the point that they no longer resembled the original recording. The first such example of this scenario is [[Jennifer Lopez]]'s "[[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real]]". Originally entering the Hot 100 in its album version, a "remix" was issued in the midst of its chart run that featured rapper [[Ja Rule]]. This new version proved to be more popular than the album version and the track was propelled to number one.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

To address this issue, ''Billboard'' now separates airplay points from a song's original version and its remix, if the remix is determined to be a "new song". Since administering this new chart rule, several songs have charted twice, normally credited as "Part 1" and "Part 2". The remix rule is still in place.

=== Recurrents ===
''Billboard'', in an effort to allow the chart to remain as current as possible and to give representation to new and developing artists and tracks, has (since 1991) removed titles that have reached certain criteria regarding its current rank and number of weeks on the chart. Recurrent criteria have been modified several times and (from 2015 up until October 25, 2025), a song was permanently moved to "recurrent status" if it had spent 20 weeks on the Hot 100 and fallen below position number 50. Additionally, descending songs were removed from the chart if ranking below number 25 after 52 weeks.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/adele-tops-hot-100-fourth-week-justin-bieber-alessia-cara/|magazine=Billboard|title=Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week; Justin Bieber, Alessia Cara Hit Top 10|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=November 23, 2015|access-date=November 23, 2015|archive-date=November 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124143342/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6770427/adele-tops-hot-100-fourth-week-justin-bieber-alessia-cara|url-status=live}}</ref> Exceptions were made to re-releases and sudden resurgence in popularity of tracks that had taken a very long time to gain mainstream success. These rare cases are still handled on a case-by-case basis and ultimately determined by ''Billboard''{{'}}s chart managers and staff. Older songs were allowed to re-enter the Hot 100 provided they charted higher than number 50.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Zellner |first1=Xander |title=Every Song to Re-Enter the Billboard Hot 100 in the Top 10 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/billboard-hot-100-top-10-re-entries/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 30, 2024 |date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> Christmas songs in particular started to become a regular presence on the Hot 100 each December since the relaxation of recurrent rules in 2015, culminating in [[Mariah Carey]]'s 1994 recording "[[All I Want for Christmas Is You]]" reaching No. 1 on the chart in December 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Wish Come True: Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100 After 25-Year Wait |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8546418/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-number-one |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216180915/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8546418/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-number-one |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stricter changes were made to the recurrent rules, however, effective with the chart dated October 25, 2025, the start of the 2026 chart year for ''Billboard''. While songs that fall below the top 50 with at least 20 weeks still go recurrent, if they are not making any gains in points, ''Billboard'' instituted new tiers for recurrency for the top 25 and top 50, introducing ones for the top 10 and top 5. Songs that fall below the top 25 and have at least 26 weeks (previously 52 weeks) go recurrent; those that fall below the top 10 with at least 52 weeks, as well as those that fall below the top five with at least 78 weeks, under the new rule, also go recurrent. Songs that are still gaining below those markers will be eligible to remain on the Hot 100 on a case-by-case basis. Plus, holiday songs will qualify to return above No. 50 regardless of total chart weeks, and then be subject to the rules noted above upon their descents. The same applies for newly-surging non-holiday catalog songs, with those without significant chart history eligible to debut at any rank, as considered individually.<ref name=Hot100Ophelia/>

This new recurrent rule was enacted due to the takeover of streaming, as the Hot 100 started reflecting repeat listening more than ever before, as well as radio stations keeping popular songs in heavy rotation for longer than ever before, as reflected in ''Billboard''{{'}}s airplay charts. That shift resulted in charts to move considerably slower than in the past. Upon this change in late 2025, ''Billboard'' informed that especially in recent years, songs have logged some of the longest Hot 100 runs to date, led by [[Teddy Swims]]' "[[Lose Control (Teddy Swims song)|Lose Control]]", which left the October 25 chart after a record 112-week stay.<ref name=Hot100Ophelia>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-hot-100-fate-of-ophelia-number-one-second-week/|title=Taylor Swift's 'The Fate of Ophelia' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=Billboard|date=October 20, 2025|access-date=October 20, 2025}}</ref>

=== Adjustment of tracking week ===
''Billboard'' altered its tracking-week for sales, streaming and radio airplay to conform to a new Global Release Date, which now falls on Fridays in all major-market territories (United States product was formerly released on Tuesdays before June 2015). This modified tracking schedule took effect in the issue dated July 25, 2015.<ref name="tracking"/>

== Year-end charts ==
''Billboard''{{'}}s "chart year" runs from the first week of December to the final week in November. This altered calendar allows for ''Billboard'' to calculate [[Billboard Year-End|year-end charts]] and release them in time for its final print issue in the last week of December.

Before Nielsen SoundScan, year-end singles charts were calculated by an inverse-point system based solely on a song's performance on the Hot 100 (for example, a song would be given one point for a week spent at position 100, two points for a week spent at position 99 and so forth, up to 100 points for each week spent at number one). Other factors including the total weeks a song spent on the chart and at its peak position were calculated into its year-end total.

After ''Billboard'' began obtaining sales and airplay information from Nielsen SoundScan, the year-end charts are now calculated by a very straightforward cumulative total of yearlong sales, streaming, and airplay points. This gives a more accurate picture of any given year's most popular tracks, as the points accrued by one song during its week at number one in March might be less than those accrued by another song reaching number three in January. Songs at the peak of their popularity at the time of the November/December chart-year cutoff many times end up ranked on the following year's chart as well, as their cumulative points are split between the two chart-years, but often are ranked lower than they would have been had the peak occurred in a single year.

== Use in media ==
The Hot 100 served for many years as the data source for the weekly radio countdown show ''[[American Top 40]]''. This relationship ended on November 30, 1991, as ''American Top 40'' started using the [[Billboard Hot 100 Airplay|airplay-only side of the Hot 100]] (then called '''Top 40 Radio Monitor'''). The ongoing splintering of [[Contemporary hit radio|Top 40 radio]] in the early 1990s led stations to lean into specific formats, meaning that practically no station would play the wide array of genres that typically composed each weekly Hot 100 chart.

An artist or band's ability to have hits in the Hot 100 across multiple decades is recognized as a sign of longevity and being able to adapt to changing musical styles. Only five artists had a Hot 100 Top 40 hit in each of the four decades from the 1980s through the 2010s: [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna]], [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], [[U2]], and [[Kenny G]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8542554/kenny-g-top-40-hits-four-decades-kanye-west-use-this-gospel | title = Thanks to Kanye, Kenny G Is Just the Fifth Act With Hot 100 Top 40 Hits in Each of the Last Four Decades | first = Gary | last = Trust | date = November 4, 2019 | access-date = November 6, 2019 | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | archive-date = November 12, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191112131002/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8542554/kenny-g-top-40-hits-four-decades-kanye-west-use-this-gospel | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Mariah Carey]] is the first artist to have a number-one single in four different decades.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547157/mariah-carey-number-one-hot-100-four-decades-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you | title = Mariah Carey Becomes First Artist at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 in Four Decades, Thanks to 'All I Want for Christmas' | first = Gary | last = Trust | date = December 30, 2019 | access-date = December 30, 2019 | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | archive-date = December 31, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191231213359/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547157/mariah-carey-number-one-hot-100-four-decades-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Pop2K|SiriusXM Pop2K]] uses the Hot 100 charts for the 2000s for the "Pop2Kountdown", where radio personality Rich Davis plays the top 30 songs on the Hot 100 from that specific week in a specific year from the 2000s. [['90s on 9]] also does a similar countdown show called the "Back in the Day Replay Countdown" hosted by [[Downtown Julie Brown]]; however, this focuses on the Hot 100 charts from the 1990s.

== Similar charts ==
A new chart, the [[Pop 100]], was created by ''Billboard'' in February 2005 to answer criticism that the Hot 100 at the time was too dominated by hip hop and R&B. It was discontinued in June 2009 due to the charts becoming increasingly similar.

The [[Canadian Hot 100]] was launched June 16, 2007. Like the Hot 100 chart, it uses sales and airplay tracking compiled by Nielsen SoundScan and [[Broadcast Data Systems]].<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Billboard Launches Canadian Hot 100 Chart | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1051685/billboard-launches-canadian-hot-100-chart | magazine = Billboard | date = June 7, 2007 | access-date = June 4, 2010 | archive-date = May 19, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170519122810/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1051685/billboard-launches-canadian-hot-100-chart | url-status = live }}</ref>

The [[Billboard Japan Hot 100|''Billboard'' Japan Hot 100]] was launched in the issue dated May 31, 2008, using the same methodologies as the Hot 100 charts for the U.S. and Canada, using sales and airplay data from SoundScan Japan and radio tracking service Plantech.<ref>{{cite magazine | first = Gary | last = Trust | title = Billboard Japan Hot 100 Finds Global Audience | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1045309/billboard-japan-hot-100-finds-global-audience | magazine = Billboard | date = May 21, 2008 | access-date = June 4, 2010 | archive-date = June 23, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130623023528/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1045309/billboard-japan-hot-100-finds-global-audience | url-status = live }}</ref>

The Vietnamese edition of Hot 100, [[Billboard Vietnam Hot 100|''Billboard'' Vietnam Hot 100]], was launched on January 14, 2022.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Billboard Vietnam Hot 100 | url = https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/ | magazine = Billboard | date = January 20, 2022 | access-date = January 19, 2022 | archive-date = May 5, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230505051239/https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[American Top 40]]''
* [[Bestseller (music)|Bestseller]]
* [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]]
* [[Billboard Global 200|''Billboard'' Global 200]]
* [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]]
* [[Chart-topper]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one in the United States]]
* [[List of best-selling music artists]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones|List of ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s|List of ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles|List of ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top-ten singles]]
* [[Lists of Billboard number-one singles|Lists of ''Billboard'' number-one singles]]
* [[Single certifications]]
* [[Rolling Stone Top 100|''Rolling Stone'' Top 100]]

{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Fred Bronson|Bronson, Fred]]. ''Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition'' ({{ISBN|0-8230-7677-6}})
* Feldman, Christopher G. ''The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles'' ({{ISBN|0-8230-7695-4}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''Top Pop Singles 1955–2008, 12 Edition'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-180-2}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Pop Charts, 1955–1959'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-092-X}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-074-1}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-076-8}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-079-2}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-137-3}})
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news |first=Tom |last=Breihan |title=The Number Ones |date=2018–2024 |work=Stereogum}} – retrospective reviews of every song to top the ''Billboard'' Hot 100

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100}}

{{Number-one singles in the United States}}
{{USTop10s}}
{{Billboard charts}}
{{Music industry}}
{{Hot 100 year-end charts}}

[[Category:Billboard charts|Hot 100]]
[[Category:Top lists]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles| ]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1958 introductions]]

Abraham in Islam

2026-09-20T15:36:22Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Islamic view of Abraham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Religious text primary|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| image = Ibrahim's sacrifice of Emsaeil is stopped by Jibril delivering a sheep instead cropped.jpg
| caption = Ibrahim's sacrifice of his son, Ismail, is stopped by Jibril delivering a sheep.
| honorific_prefix = [[prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]
| name = ʾIbrāhīm
| native_name = إِبْرَاهِيْمُ <br> [[Abraham]]
| native name lang = ar
| honorific_suffix = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| other_names = ''Khalīlullāh'' (Friend of God)
| birth_place = [[Ur of the Chaldees|Ur al-Chaldees]], [[Mesopotamia|Bilād
ar-Rāfidayn]]
| birth_date = 1996 [[Before the Common Era|BCE]]
| known_for = *Being an ancestor of the [[Ishmaelites]] and the [[Israelites]]
*Building the [[Kaaba]]
| death_place = 1821 [[Before the Common Era|BCE]] (aged 175) [[Hebron]], [[Syria (region)|Shaam]]
| resting_place = [[Cave of the Patriarchs#Islam|Ibrahimi Mosque]], Hebron
| children = [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]), [[Isaac in Islam|Isḥaq]] ([[Isaac]])
| parents = [[Terah#Islamic tradition|Tarakh]]<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[Tafsir al-Alusi|Roohul Ma'ani]]'', 7/194,95.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''[[Tafsir Ibn Kathir]],'' vol. 2, p. 100.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">''[[Al-Dur al-Manthur]],'' vol. 3, p. 43.</ref><ref name="Niazi">{{Cite web |last=Niazi |first=Yama |date=2022-10-06 |title=Will All Believers and Their Non-Muslim Parents Be Forgiven? |url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/islamic-belief/will-all-believers-and-their-non-muslim-parents-be-forgiven/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615104746/https://seekersguidance.org/answers/islamic-belief/will-all-believers-and-their-non-muslim-parents-be-forgiven/ |archive-date=2023-06-15 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Seekers Guidance |language=en |quote=The Prophet Ibrahim’s actual father was a Muslim. His name is given as Tarakh by historians.}}</ref><br>Mahalath (mother)
| office1 = [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet of Islam]]
| predecessor1 = [[Salih]]
| successor1 = [[Lot in Islam|Lut]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]),
* [[Sarah#Islam|Sarah]],
* [[Keturah]] }}
| relatives = [[Lot in Islam|Lut]] (nephew)
}}

'''Abraham''', in Islam,{{Efn|{{langx|ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}; {{IPA|ar|ʔɪbraːˈhiːm}}; the name appears in early Quranic manuscripts in two different spellings, either أبرهَم (Abraham) or إبرهيم (Ibrahim)}} is a [[prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet and messenger]]<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Sajjadi |author-first=Sadeq |year=2015 |orig-date=2008 |title=Abraham |translator-last=Negahban |translator-first=Farzin |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |volume=1 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0028 |isbn=978-90-04-16860-2 |issn=1875-9823}}</ref><ref>{{qref|87|19|b=y}}</ref> of [[God in Islam|God]] and is an ancestor to the [[Ishmaelites#Quran|Ishmaelite Arabs]] and [[Twelve Tribes of Israel#In Islam|Israelites]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015"/><ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Mona |author-link=Mona Siddiqui |title=Ibrahim – the Muslim view of Ibrahim |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ibrahim.shtml |work=Religions |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015"/> In [[Muslim]] belief, Abraham fulfilled all the commandments and trials wherein God nurtured him throughout his lifetime. As a result of his unwavering faith in [[God in Islam|God]], Abraham was promised by God to be a leader to all the nations of the world.<ref name="q2s124">{{qref|2|124|b=y}}</ref> The [[Quran]] extols Abraham as a model, an exemplar, obedient and not an idolater.<ref>{{qref|16|120|b=y}}</ref> In this sense, Abraham has been described as representing "primordial man in universal surrender to the Divine Reality before its fragmentation into religions separated from each other by differences in form".<ref name="Glasse" />{{rp|18}} Most Muslims believe that the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] was built by Abraham and his son [[Ishmael]] as the first house of worship on earth. The Islamic holy day '[[Eid ul-Adha]] is celebrated in commemoration of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son on God's command, as well as the end of the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to the Kaaba.<ref name="Glasse">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |title=Kaaba |encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]], Suhail Academy |year=1991 |chapter=Abraham |pages=18–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref>

Muslims believe that Abraham became the leader of the righteous in his time and that it was through him that [[Adnanite]]-[[Arabs]] and [[Israelites]] came. Abraham, in the belief of Islam, was instrumental in cleansing the world of [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]] at the time. [[Paganism]] was cleared out by Abraham in both the [[Arabian peninsula]] and [[Canaan]]. He spiritually purified both places as well as physically sanctifying the houses of worship. Abraham and [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) further established the rites of [[pilgrimage]],<ref>{{qref|2|128|b=y}}</ref> or ''[[Ḥajj]]'' ('Pilgrimage'), which are still followed by Muslims today. Muslims maintain that Abraham further asked God to bless both the lines of his progeny, of Isma'il and [[Isaac in Islam|Isḥaq]] ([[Isaac]]), and to keep all of his descendants in the protection of God.

{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}

== In the Quran==
The Quran repeatedly establishes Abraham's role as patriarch and mentions numerous important descendants who came through his lineage, including Isaac,<ref>{{qref|25|53|b=y}}</ref> Jacob<ref>{{qref|29|49|b=y}}, {{qref|21|72}}, {{qref|29|27}}, {{qref|6|84}}, {{qref|11|71}} and {{qref|38|45–47}}</ref> and Ishmael.<ref>{{qref|2|132–133|b=y}}</ref> In the later chapters of the Quran, Abraham's role becomes yet more prominent. The Quran mentions that Abraham and Ishmael were the reformers who set up the Ka‘bah in Mecca as a center of pilgrimage for monotheism<ref>{{qref|2|123–141|b=y}}, {{qref|3|65–68}}, {{qref|3|95–97}}, {{qref|4|125}}, {{qref|4|26–29}} and {{qref|22|78}}</ref> The Quran consistently refers to Islam as "the Religion of Abraham" (''millat Ibrahim'')<ref>{{qref|2|135|b=y}}</ref> and Abraham is given a title as ''[[Hanif]]'' (''The Pure'', "true in Faith" or "upright man").<ref>{{qref|3|67|b=y}}</ref> The Quran also mentions Abraham as one whom God took as a friend (''Khalil''),<ref>{{qref|4|125|b=y}}</ref> hence Abraham's title in Islam, ''Khalil-Allah'' (''Friend of God''). The term is considered by some to be a derivation of the patriarch's title, ''Qal El''.<ref>Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. {{ISBN|978-1-881927-32-7}}</ref><ref>World Jewish Digest (Aug 2006; posted online 25 July 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff Fleischer</ref> Other instances in the Quran which are described in a concise manner are the rescue of Abraham from the fire into which he was thrown by his people';<ref>{{qref|37|97|b=y}} and {{qref|21|68–70}}</ref><ref>{{qref|21|51–73|b=y}}</ref> his pleading for his father;<ref>{{qref|28|47|b=y}}</ref> his quarrel with an unrighteous and powerful king<ref>{{qref|2|58|b=y}}</ref> and the miracle of the dead birds.<ref>{{qref|2|260|b=y}}</ref>

All these events and more have been discussed with more details in Muslim tradition, and especially in the ''[[Stories of the Prophets]]'' and works of universal Islamic theology.<ref>''Stories of the Prophets'', Ibn Kathir, ''Ibrahim''; ''Tales of the Prophets'', Kisa'i, ''Ibrahim''</ref> Certain episodes from the life of Abraham have been more heavily detailed in Islamic text, such as the arguments between Abraham and the evil king, Nimrod, the near-sacrifice of his son, and the story of Hagar and Ishmael, which Muslims commemorate when performing [[pilgrimage]] in Mecca. An important [[Muslim holidays|Islamic religious holiday]], Eid al-Adha, commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael as an act of obedience to God, before God intervened to provide him with a sheep to sacrifice instead.<ref>[http://www3.kumc.edu/diversity/ethnic_relig/eid-al-adha.html Diversity Calendar: Eid al-Adha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040746/http://www3.kumc.edu/diversity/ethnic_relig/eid-al-adha.html |date=19 October 2012 }} University of Kansas Medical Center</ref> In some cases, some believe these legends in Islamic text may have influenced later Jewish tradition.<ref>J. Eisenberg, ''EI'', ''Ibrahim''</ref>

== Biography in Islamic scripture ==
===Youth===
{{See also|Akkadian Empire|Sumer|Sumerian religion}}
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=
|image1=Birthplace of Abraham (30644538800).jpg |caption1=Ruins in the [[ancient Iraq]]i city of [[Ur]], 2016, where Ibrahim is thought to have been born, and are thus named "Abraham's House" ({{coord|30|57|42.75|N|46|06|21.3|E}})
|image2=Operation Iraqi Freedom DVIDS284470.jpg |caption2=The [[Ziggurat of Ur]], in 2010.
}}

Ibrahim was born in a house of [[Idolatry|idolaters]] in the ancient city of [[Ur Kaśdim#Islamic|Ur of the Chaldees]], likely the place called '[[Ur]]' in present-day [[Iraq]], in which case, the idolaters would have been practitioners of the hypothesized [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} His father [[Azar (Quran)|Azar]] was a well-known [[Shirk (Islam)|idol-sculptor]] that his people worshiped. As a young child, Ibrahim used to watch his father sculpting these idols from stones or wood. When his father was finished with them, Ibrahim would ask his father why they could not move or respond to any request and then would mock them; therefore, his father would always scold him for not following his ancestors' rituals and mocking their idols.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.qtafsir.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=2637&Itemid=76|title=QTafsir Tafsir Ibn Kathir Mobile|website=m.qtafsir.com}}</ref>

Despite his opposition to [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]], his father Azar would still send Ibrahim to sell his idols in the marketplace. During one of the many festivals that would take place in the city, the people would gather in their temple and place offerings of food before their idols. Ur's most prominent temple is the [[Ziggurat of Ur|Great Ziggurat]], which can be seen today.<ref name="Zettler, R.L. 1998">{{citation |editor1-last=Zettler |editor1-first=R. L. |editor2-last=Horne |editor2-first=L. |year=1998 |title=Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]}}</ref> Ibrahim would ask them, "What are you worshipping? Do these idols hear when you call them? Can they help you or hurt you?" The people would reply, "It is the way of our forefathers." Ibrahim declared "I am sick of your gods! Truly I am their enemy."{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===The great fire===
The decision to have Abraham [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]] was affirmed by the temple priests and the king of Babylon, [[Nimrod]]. The news spread like fire in the kingdom and people were coming from all places to watch the execution. A huge pit was dug up and a large quantity of wood was piled up. Then the biggest fire people ever witnessed was lit. The flames were so high up in the sky that even the birds could not fly over it for fear of being burnt themselves. Ibrahim's hands and feet were chained, and he was put in a [[catapult]], ready to be thrown in. During this time, Angel [[Jibril|Gabriel]] came to him and said: "O Abraham! Is there anything you wish for?" Abraham could have asked to be saved from the fire or to be taken away, but Ibrahim replied, "God is sufficient for me, He is the best disposer of my affairs." The catapult was released and Ibrahim was thrown into the fire. God then gave an order to the fire, "O fire! Be coolness and safety for Ibrahim." A miracle occurred, the fire obeyed and burned only his chains. Abraham came out from it as if he was coming out from a garden, peaceful, his face illuminated, and not a trace of smoke on his clothes. People watched in shock and exclaimed: "Amazing! Abraham's God has saved him from the fire!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stories of the Prophets {{!}} Alim.org |url=https://www.alim.org//history/prophet-stories/6/13/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.alim.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{qref|21|69|b=y}}</ref>

===Confrontation with Nimrod===
The Quran discusses a very short conversation between an unrighteous ruler and Abraham.<ref>{{qref|2|258|b=y}}</ref> Although the king in the Quran is unnamed, and this fact has been recognized as being least important in the narrative, outside of the Quran, namely in some of the ''[[Tafsir|tafasir]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quranx.com/tafsirs/2.258|title=Tafsir Surah 2:258|website=quranx.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> this king has been suggested to be [[Nimrod]].<ref>''History of the Prophets and Kings'', [[Tabari]], Vol. I: ''Prophets and Patriarchs''</ref> This Tafsir by [[Ibn Kathir]], a 14th-century scholar, has many embellishments in the narrative like Nimrod claiming [[divinity]] for himself. The [[Tafsir]] describes Nimrod's quarrel with Ibrahim, how he (Nimrod) became extremely angry and in his 'utter disbelief and arrant rebellion' became a tyrant.<ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|2|258}}</ref>
[[File:Ibrahim_is_rescued_from_Nimrud's_fire_by_Jibril.jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of Ibrahim being rescued from Nimrod's fire by the angel Jibril from a Persian 1577 manuscript.]]
According to [[History of the Jews in Rome|Romano-Jewish]] historian [[Flavius Josephus]], Nimrod was a man who set his will against that of God. Nimrod proclaimed himself as a living god and was worshipped as such by his subjects. Nimrod's consort [[Semiramis]] was also worshipped as a goddess at his side.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Before Abraham was born, a portent in the stars tells Nimrod and his [[Astrology|astrologers]] of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to [[idolatry]]. Nimrod therefore orders the [[Infanticide|killing of all newborn babies]]. However, Abraham's mother escapes into the fields and gives birth secretly. Flavius Josephus mentions that Abraham confronts Nimrod and tells him face-to-face to cease his idolatry, whereupon Nimrod orders him [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]]. Nimrod has his subjects gather enough wood so as to burn Abraham in the biggest fire the world had ever seen. Yet when the fire is lit and Abraham is thrown into it, Abraham walks out unscathed. In Islam, it is debated whether the decision to have Ibrahim burned at the stake came from Nimrod and the temple priests or whether the people themselves became [[Vigilantism|vigilantes]] and hatched the plan to have him burned at the stake. According to Muslim commentators, after Abraham survived the great fire, notoriety in society grew bigger after this event. Nimrod, who was the King of [[Babylon]] felt that his throne was in danger, and that he was losing power because upon witnessing Ibrahim coming out of the fire unharmed, a large part of society started believing in God and Abraham being a [[Prophets in Islam|prophet of God]]. Up until this point, Nimrod was pretending that he himself was a god. Nimrod wanted to debate with him and show his people that he, the king is indeed the god and that Ibrahim was a liar. Nimrod asked Ibrahim, "What can your God do that I cannot?" Ibrahim replied, "My Lord is He who gives life and death." Nimrod then shouted, "I give life and death! I can bring a person from the street and have him executed, and I can grant my pardon to a person who was sentenced to death and save his life." Abraham replied, "Well, my lord God makes the sun rise from the East. Can you make it rise from the West?" Nimrod was confounded. He was beaten at his own game, on his own territory and in front of his own people. Abraham left him there speechless and went back to his mission of calling people to worship God.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicity.com/media/ancmts/docum1.htm|title=The Father of the Prophets|work=islamicity.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamawareness.net/Prophets/ibrahim.html|title=Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh)|work=islamawareness.net}}</ref>

This event has been noted as particularly important because, in the Muslim perspective, it almost foreshadowed the prophetic careers of future prophets, most significantly the career of Moses. Abraham's quarrel with the king has been interpreted by some to be a precursor to Moses's preaching to [[Fir'awn|Pharaoh]]. Just as the ruler who argued against Abraham claimed divinity for himself, so did the [[Pharaoh of the Exodus]], who refused to hear the call of Moses and perished in the [[Red Sea]]. In this particular incident, scholars have further commented on Abraham's wisdom in employing "rational, wise and target-oriented" speech, as opposed to pointless arguments.<ref>''Book 1: The Prophet Abraham'', Harun Yahya, ''The Unbeliever Advised By Abraham'', Online.</ref>

Abraham, in the eyes of many Muslims, also symbolized the highest moral values essential to any person. The Qur'an details the account of the [[angel]]s coming to Abraham to tell him of the birth of Ismael. It says that, as soon as Abraham saw the messengers, he "hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf."<ref name="q11s69">{{qref|11|69|b=y}}</ref> This action has been interpreted by all the scholars as exemplary; many scholars have commentated upon this one action, saying that it symbolizes Abraham's exceedingly high moral level and thus is a model for how men should act in a similar situation. This incident has only further heightened the "compassionate" character of Abraham in [[Islamic theology|Muslim theology]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Sacrifice===
[[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim's Sacrifice; Timurid Anthology, 1410–1411]]
The classical Quranic exegete and historian [[Tabari]] offered two versions, whom Abraham was ordered to sacrifice. According to the first strand, Abraham wished for a righteous son, whereupon an angel appeared to him informing him, that he will get a righteous son, but when he was born and reached puberty, he must be sacrificed for God. Later, the angel appeared to Hagar to inform her about the upcoming child. When Ishmael was grown, someone appeared to Abraham, invites him to keep his vow.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |last2=Knappert |first2=Jan |title=Textual Sources for the Study of Islam |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |date=15 October 1990 |isbn=978-0-2267-2063-0 |page=63}}</ref>
<blockquote> When Ishmael was grown, someone appeared to Abraham in a dream and said to him: "Keep your vow which you made! God bestowed upon you a boy by Hagar so that you may sacrifice him" So he said to Ishmael: "Let us go offer a sacrifice to God!" So he took a knife and some rope and went with him until they reached a place in the mountains. The boy said to him: "Oh father! Where is your sacrifice?" He replied: "Oh my son, I saw in a dream, that I will slaughter you. So pay attention to what you see". He said, "Oh my father, do what you have been commanded; you will find me, Insha-Allah (if God wills), one of the patient". Ishmael then said to him: "Make tight my bonds, so that I will not struggle to pull back your clothes so that none of my blood will be shed on them for Hagar will see it and be grieved. Hurry! Pass the knife over my throat so that death will be easy for me. When you come to Hagar, greet her'. Abraham began to approach him and, while crying, tied him up. Ishmael too was crying such that the tears gathered by the cheek of Ishmael. He then drew the knife along his throat but the knife did not cut, for God had placed a sheet of copper on the throat of Ishmael. When he saw that, he turned him on his forehead and nicked him on the back of the head just as God has said in Quran {{qref|37|103|pl=y}}: ''When they had both submitted and he flung on his forehead'', that is they had submitted the affair to God. A voice called out: 'Abraham, you have fulfilled the vision!" He turned around and behold, there was a ram. He took it and released his son and he bent over his son saying: "Oh my son, today you have been given to me". That comes in God's saying in Quran {{qref|37|107|pl=y}}: ''We ransomed him with a great sacrifice''.</blockquote>

The second strand, provided by Tabari, states that Abraham was about to sacrifice his son Ishmael, and [[Iblis]] appeared in form of a man to prevent the sacrifice.
<blockquote> Iblis (Satan), who had taken on the form of a man, said: "Where are you going, O Shaikh?" He replied: " I am going to these mountains because I must do something there'. Iblis said: "By God, I have seen that Shaytan has come to you in a dream and ordered you to slaughter this little son of yours. And you intend to do that slaughtering!" Thereupon Abraham recognized him and said: "Get away from me, enemy of God! By God, I will most certainly continue to do what my Lord has commanded". Iblis, the enemy of God, gave up on Abraham but then he encountered Ishmael, who was behind Abraham carrying the wood and the large knife. He said to him: "O young man, do you realize where your father is taking you?" He said: "To gather wood for our family from the mountains". He replied: "By God, his actual intention is to sacrifice you!" He said: "Why?!" Iblis replied: "He claims that his Lord has ordered him to do so!" Ishmael replied: "He must do what his Lord commands, absolutely!" When the young man had rebuffed him, Iblis went to Hagar, the mother of Ishmael who was still at home. Iblis said to her: "Oh mother of Ishmael! Do you realize where Abraham is going with Ishmael?" She replied: "They have gone to gather wood for us in the mountains". He said: "He has actually gone in order to sacrifice him!" She replied: "It cannot be! He is too kind and too loving towards him to do that!" Iblis said: "He claims that God has ordered him to do that!" Hagar said: "If his Lord has ordered him to do that then he must submit to the command of God!" So the enemy of God returned exasperated at not being able to influence the family of Abraham as he wished.</blockquote>

This great sacrifice denotes the importance of the ram that replaced Ibraheem's son. [[Ibn Kathir|Tafsir ibn Kathir]] records Ibn Abbas' explanation of the verse, according to Muhammad's teachings. The explanation is as follows:<ref name="Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107">{{Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice" (37:107). It was reported that Ibn `Abbas (may God be pleased with him) said, "A ram which had grazed in Paradise for forty years."|{{Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107}}}}

The Tafsir further goes on to say that the ram's horns were preserved until the time of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]:<ref name="Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107" />
<blockquote> Imam Ahmad recorded that Safiyyah bint Shaybah said, "A woman from Bani Sulaym, who was the midwife of most of the people in our household, told me that the Messenger of God sent for `Uthman bin Talhah, may God be pleased with him.<nowiki>''</nowiki> On one occasion she said, "I asked `Uthman, `Why did the Prophet call you' He said, `The Messenger of God said to me, I saw the horns of the ram when I entered the House (i.e., the Ka`bah), and I forgot to tell you to cover them up; cover them up, for there should not be anything in the House which could distract the worshipper.)<nowiki>'''</nowiki> Sufyan said, "The horns of the ram remained hanging in the House until it was burned, and they were burned too.<nowiki>''</nowiki> The Quraysh had inherited the horns of the ram that Abraham sacrificed, and they had been passed down from generation to generation, until the Messenger of God was sent. And God knows best.</blockquote>

From that day onwards, every [[Eid al-Adha]] once a year Muslims around the world slaughter an animal to commemorate Abraham's sacrifice and to remind themselves of self-abnegation in the way of God, and they would share the meat among friends, family, the poor and the needy. This is called [[Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)|Qurban]]i ("sacrifice").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mga/khutbahilhamiyya/khutbahilhamiyyadeepermeaningsacrifice.pdf|title=Deeper Meaning of Sacrifice in Islam|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809042827/https://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mga/khutbahilhamiyya/khutbahilhamiyyadeepermeaningsacrifice.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Miracles===
{{Abraham}}
Abraham encountered several miracles of God during his lifetime. The Quran records a few main miracles, although different interpretations have been attributed to the passages. Some of the miracles recorded in the Quran are:
* Abraham was shown the kingdom of the [[Heaven]]s and the [[Earth]].<ref>{{qref|6|75|b=y}}</ref>
* Abraham and the miracle of the birds.<ref name="q2s260">{{qref|2|260|b=y}}</ref>
* Abraham was thrown into a fire, which became "cool" and "peaceful" for him.<ref>{{qref|21|68–70|b=y}}</ref>
The first passage has been interpreted both literally, allegorically, and otherwise. Although some commentators feel that this passage referred to a physical miracle, where Abraham was physically shown the entire kingdom of Heaven ([[Jannah]]),<ref>''The Book of Certainty'', M. Lings, S. Academy Publishing</ref> others have felt that it refers to the spiritual understanding of Abraham; these latter scholars maintain that the [[Babylon|Chaldeans]] were skilled in the observance of the stars, but Abraham, who lived amongst them, saw beyond the physical world and into a higher spiritual realm. The second passage has one mainstream interpretation amongst the [[Tafsir|Quranic commentators]], that Abraham took four birds and cut them up, placing pieces of each on nearby hills; when he called out to them, each piece joined and four birds flew back to Abraham.<ref>''Stories of the Prophets'', Kisa'i/Kathir, ''Story of Abraham''</ref> This miracle, as told by the Quranic passage, was a demonstration by God to show Abraham how God gave life to the dead. As the physical cutting of the birds is not implied in the passage, some commentators have offered alternative interpretations, but all maintain that the miracle was for the same demonstrative purpose to show Abraham the power God has to raise the dead to life.<ref>Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, ''Abdullah Yusuf Ali'', note. 285</ref> The third passage has also been interpreted both literally and metaphorically, or in some cases both. Commentators state that the 'fire' refers to the main aspects. They maintained that, firstly, the fire referred to the physical flame, from which Abraham was saved unharmed. The commentators further stated that, secondly, the fire referred to the 'fire of persecution', from which Abraham was saved, as he left his people after this with his wife Sarah and his nephew Lot.<ref>Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, ''Abdullah Yusuf Ali'', note. 2703</ref>

==Title==
Abraham is given the title ''Khalilullah'' in Islam.<ref name=bbc /> The Quran says:
{{Blockquote|And who is better in faith than those who ˹fully˺ submit themselves to Allah, do good, and follow the Way of Abraham, the upright? Allah chose Abraham as a close friend.|{{qref|4|125|c=y}}}}
This particular title of Abraham is so famous in [[Islamic culture|Muslim culture]] and tradition that, in the areas in and around Mecca, Abraham is often referred to solely as ''The Friend''.<ref>''Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now'', M. Lings. Archetype Books</ref> This title of ''Friend of God'' is not exclusive to Islamic theology. Although the other religious traditions do not stress upon it, Abraham is called a ''Friend of God'' in the second [[Books of Chronicles|Book of Chronicles]] and the [[Book of Isaiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Old Testament]])<ref>{{Bibleverse||Isaiah|41:8}} and {{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|20:7}}</ref> as well as in the [[New Testament]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||James|2:23}}</ref>

==Relationship with Islamic shrines==
{{See also|List of mosques that are mentioned by name in the Quran|Qibla}}

One of Abraham's most important features in Islamic [[theology]] is his role as the constructor of the Kaaba. Although tradition recounts that [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] constructed the original Kaaba, which was demolished by the [[Flood myth|Great Flood]] at the time of Noah, Abraham is believed to have rebuilt it in its original form. The Quran, in the Muslim perspective, merely confirms or reinforces the laws of [[pilgrimage#Islam|pilgrimage]]. The rites were instituted by Abraham and for all Muslims, as they perform the pilgrimage, the event is a way to return to the perfection of Abraham's faith.<ref name="Lings">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=[[Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources]] |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0}}</ref> Just as [[Medina]] is referred to as the "City of the Prophet [Muhammad]" or simply the "City of Muhammad", Mecca is frequently cited as the "City of Abraham", because Abraham's reformation of the monotheistic faith is believed to have taken place in Mecca.<ref name="Glasse" /> Likewise, Islamic belief links the original [[Haram (site)|sanctuary]] of [[Al-Aqsa]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]] to Abraham.<ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book |author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies |editor1=Goss, V. P. |editor2=Bornstein, C. V. |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University |volume=21 |page=208 |isbn=0918720583 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ |year=1986}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|The [[holiest sites in Islam|most significant]] [[mosque]] in Islam, that is the [[Great Mosque of Mecca|Mosque]] of the [[Kaaba]] in the [[Hejaz]]i city of [[Mecca]], is believed to date to the time of Abraham and Ishmael<ref name="Michigan C 1986"/>
File:Maqam Ibrahim.JPG|The ''[[Maqam Ibrahim|Maqam]]'' (Station) of Abraham which is believed by Muslims to contain his footprints, near the Kaaba in ''[[Great Mosque of Mecca|Al-Masjid Al-Haram]]''
File:Temple Mount (Aerial view, 2007) 05.jpg|[[Temple Mount|Masjid Al-Aqsa]], also known as the [[Temple Mount]], [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]] in [[Shaam]], is also believed to date to the lifetime of Abraham<ref name="Michigan C 1986"/>
</gallery>

==''Suhuf''==
{{Main|Scrolls of Abraham}}

The Quran refers to certain [[Scrolls of Abraham]]. All Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of Abraham survive, and therefore this is a reference to a lost body of scripture.<ref>''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', B. M. Wheeler, ''Abraham''</ref> The Scrolls of Abraham are understood by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received, which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact contents of the revelation are not described in the Qur'an.

The 87th chapter of the Quran, Surah [[al-Ala]], concludes by saying the subject matter of the sura has been in the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures, according to Islam:
{{blockquote|<poem>So ˹always˺ remind ˹with the Quran˺—˹even˺ if the reminder is beneficial ˹only to some˺.
Those in awe ˹of Allah˺ will be mindful ˹of it˺.
But it will be shunned by the most wretched,
who will burn in the greatest Fire,
where they will not ˹be able to˺ live or die.
Successful indeed are those who purify themselves,
remember the Name of their Lord, and pray.
But you ˹deniers only˺ prefer the life of this world,
even though the Hereafter is far better and more lasting.
This is certainly ˹mentioned˺ in the earlier Scriptures—
the Scriptures of Abraham and Moses.</poem>|{{qref|87|9–19|c=y}}}}

''Surah [[an-Najm]]'' mentions some more subject matters of the earlier scriptures of Abraham and [[Moses in Islam|Musa]] ([[Moses]]):
{{blockquote|<poem>Or has he not been informed of what is in the [[Torah in Islam|Scripture of Moses]],
and ˹that of˺ Abraham, who ˹perfectly˺ fulfilled ˹his covenant˺?
˹They state˺ that no soul burdened with sin will bear the burden of another,
and that each person will only have what they endeavoured towards,
and that ˹the outcome of˺ their endeavours will be seen ˹in their record˺,
then they will be fully rewarded,
and that to your Lord ˹alone˺ is the ultimate return ˹of all things˺.
Moreover, He is the One Who brings about joy and sadness.
And He is the One Who gives life and causes death.
And He created the pairs—males and females—
from a sperm-drop when it is emitted.
And it is upon Him to bring about re-creation.
And He is the One Who enriches and impoverishes.
And He alone is the Lord of [[Sirius]].
And He destroyed the first ˹people of˺ [[ʿĀd]],
and ˹then˺ [[Thamud|Thamûd]], sparing no one.
And before ˹that He destroyed˺ the people of Noah, who were truly far worse in wrongdoing and transgression.
And ˹it was˺ He ˹Who˺ turned the cities ˹of Sodom and Gomorrah˺ upside down.
How overwhelming was what covered ˹them˺!
Now, which of your Lord’s favours will you dispute?
This ˹Prophet˺ is a warner like earlier ones.
The approaching ˹Hour˺ has drawn near.
None but Allah can disclose it.
Do you find this revelation astonishing,
laughing ˹at it˺ and not weeping ˹in awe˺,
while persisting in heedlessness?
Instead, prostrate to Allah and worship ˹Him alone˺!</poem>|{{qref|53|36–62|c=y}}}}

Yet some scholars{{By whom|date=March 2012}} suggested it to be a reference to the ''[[Sefer Yetzirah]]'', as [[Judaism|Jewish tradition]] generally ascribed its authorship to Abraham.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Other scholars, however, wrote of a certain ''[[Testament of Abraham]]'', which they explained was available at the time of [[Muhammad]].<ref>''Tafsir'' and Commentary on 87: 18–19 & 53: 36–37, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Muhammad Asad</ref>

The Quran contains numerous references to Abraham, his life, prayers, and traditions and has a dedicated chapter named [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]]. On a relevant note, surah [[al-Kahf]] was revealed as an answer from God to the [[Jews]] who inquired of Muhammad about past events. Here God directly instructed Muhammad in surah Al-Kahf, not to consult the Jews for verifying the three stories about which they inquired.
{{blockquote|Some will say, "They were three, their dog was the fourth," while others will say, "They were five, their dog was the sixth," ˹only˺ guessing blindly. And others will say, "They were seven and their dog was the eighth." Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ "My Lord knows best their ˹exact˺ number. Only a few people know as well." So do not argue about them except with sure knowledge,1 nor consult any of those ˹who debate˺ about them.|{{qref|18|22|c=y}}}}
The reason being God declaring He Himself is relating what needs to be verified in another verse of al-Kahf:
{{Blockquote|We relate to you ˹O Prophet˺ their story in truth. They were youths who truly believed in their Lord, and We increased them in guidance.|{{qref|18|13|c=y}}}}

Regarding consultation with the [[People of the Book]], it is also narrated by [[Abu Hurairah]] in hadith:
{{Blockquote|Narrated Abu Huraira: The people of the Scripture (Jews) used to recite the [[Torah]] in Hebrew and they used to explain it in Arabic to the Muslims. On that God's Apostle said, "Do not believe the people of the Scripture or disbelieve them, but say: 'We believe in God and what is revealed to us.'"|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|6|60|12}}}}
Therefore, relating to any ascription of the Scrolls of Abraham by the people of the book is not required.

==Significance as a patriarch==
{{Main|Ishmael in Islam|Isaac in Islam}}

{{Six Islamic Prophets}}

Abraham is also extremely important as a leader of Islam and as a patriarch of the Islamic faith. Muslims recognize Abraham as the ancestor through whom many other prophets and [[saint]]s (''[[Wali]]'') came, including Moses, [[Jesus]] ([[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]) and Muhammad. The Quran lists, in the sixth chapter, some of the greatest figures to have through Abraham's progeny:
{{blockquote|This was the argument We gave Abraham against his people. We elevate in rank whoever We please. Surely your Lord is All-Wise, All-Knowing.<br />And We blessed him with Isaac and Jacob. We guided them all as We previously guided Noah and those among his descendants: [[David]], [[Solomon]], [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]], [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]], Moses, and [[Aaron]]. This is how We reward the good-doers.<br />Likewise, ˹We guided˺ [[Zechariah in Islam|Zachariah]], [[John the Baptist in Islam|John]], Jesus, and [[Elijah|Elias]], who were all of the righteous.<br /> ˹We also guided˺ Ishmael, Elisha, [[Jonah]], and Lot, favouring each over other people ˹of their time˺.<br />And ˹We favoured˺ some of their forefathers, their descendants, and their brothers. We chose them and guided them to the Straight Path.|{{qref|6|83–87|b=y}} <ref>See also [[Islamic view of David]], [[Islamic view of Solomon]], [[Job (prophet)]] and [[Islamic view of Joseph]]</ref>}}

Abraham's narrative in the Quran indirectly refers to his role as one of the great patriarchs. The Quran says that God made Abraham "an [[Imam]] to the Nations"<ref name="q2s124"/> and father to Muslims,<ref>{{qref|22|78|b=y}}</ref> and his narrative records him praying for his offspring.<ref>{{qref|14|35|b=y}}</ref> The Quran further states that Abraham's descendants were given "the Book and Wisdom",<ref>{{qref|4|54|b=y}}</ref> and this fact is reinforced in a verse which states that Abraham's family was one of those in which the gift of [[prophecy]] was established as a generic trait.<ref>{{qref|19|58|b=y}}</ref> The Quran emphasizes upon Abraham's significance as it states that Abraham's family, Noah, Adam and the family of [[Amram]] were the four selected by God above all the worlds.<ref>{{qref|3|33|b=y}}</ref> As a result of his significance as a patriarch, Abraham is sometimes given the title ''Father of the Prophets.'' Of Abraham's immediate sons, the Quran repeatedly establishes the gifts God bestowed upon them. Ishmael, along with Elisha and [[Dhul-Kifl]] (possibly [[Ezekiel]]), is regarded as being "of the Company of the Good."<ref>{{qref|38|48|b=y}}</ref> and one of the men who was given "favour above the nations."<ref>{{qref|6|86|b=y}}</ref> In addition, Ishmael is described as being "true to what he promised, and he was a messenger (and) a prophet."<ref name="q19s54">{{qref|19|54|b=y}}</ref> Likewise, the Quran says of Isaac that he was "of the company of the Elect and the Good."<ref>{{qref|38|47|b=y}}</ref> and was "a prophet,- one of the Righteous."<ref name="q37s112">{{qref|37|112|b=y}}</ref> and further describes him as "of Power and Vision."<ref>{{qref|38|45|b=y}}</ref>

==Burial place==
{{Main|Sanctuary of Ibrahim}}

Muslims believe that Abraham was buried, along with his wife Sarah, at the Sanctuary of Ibrahim (Cave of the Patriarchs) in the [[Old City of Hebron]], in the [[Levant]]. Known in Arabic as ''al-Ḥaram al-Ibrāhīmī'' it is also thought to be the burial site of his son Isaac, his wife [[Rebecca (biblical figure)|Rebecca]], their son Jacob, and his wife [[Leah]].<ref name="Emmett2000">{{cite book |last=Emmett |first=Chad F. |editor1-last=Murphy |editor1-first=Alexander B. |editor2-last=Johnson |editor2-first=Douglas L. |editor3-last=Haarmann |editor3-first=Viola |chapter=Sharing Sacred Space in the Holy Land |title=Cultural encounters with the environment: enduring and evolving geographic themes |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=271–291 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WLmLRYxRZoC&q=hebron&pg=PA261 |isbn=978-0-7425-0106-5 |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="Gish2018">{{cite book |last=Gish |first=Arthur G. |title=Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7qCDwAAQBAJ&q=abraham |isbn=978-1-5326-6213-3 |date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

<gallery widths="180">
File:Abraham in the Mosque of Abraham IMG 2289.JPG|[[Cenotaph]] over Abraham's grave in his mosque at Hebron
File:Abraham cave.jpg|In the section of the cave which is a mosque, this grate allows visitors to look down into a shaft measuring {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=off}}, which leads to the ground level of the cave where Abraham and Sarah are buried
File:Hebron, Cave of Machpela (14393237461).jpg|Exterior view of the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in the [[Old City of Hebron]], the [[Holy Land]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Abraham (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ibrahim (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ibrahim (name)]]
* [[Islamic architecture]]
* [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]]
* [[List of legends in the Quran]]
* [[Muhammad in the Quran]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Saad Assel|first=Mary|title=25 Icons of Peace in the Qur'an: Lessons of Harmony|year=2010|publisher=iUniverse|isbn= 9781440169014|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwE06I3ID_IC}}
* {{cite book|last=Mehar|first=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion|year=2003|publisher=AL-ISLAM|isbn= 9781410732729|page=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0gypGNaj3kC}}
* {{cite book|author=Islam Kotob|title=Stories Of The Prophets By Ibn Kathir|publisher=Islamic Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ls1fKaZFYtAC}}
* {{cite book|last=Lalljee|first=compiled by Yousuf N.|title=Know your Islam|year=1993|publisher=Taknike Tarsile Quran|location=New York|isbn=978-0-940368-02-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowyourislam0000lall/page/255 255]|url=https://archive.org/details/knowyourislam0000lall|url-access=registration|edition=3rd}}

===Further reading===

==== General ====
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/alpha/a?s.start=240| editor1=P.J. Bearman | editor2=Th. Bianquis | editor3=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor4=E. van Donzel | editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |title=Ibrāhīm | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 }}

====Abraham and the Kaaba====
* [[Martin Lings]], ''Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now'', Archetype
* Leila Azzam, ''Lives of the Prophets'', ''Abraham and the Kaaba'', Suhail Academy

====Abraham's life====
* [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'', Vol. II: ''Prophets and Patriarchs''
* [[Ibn Kathir]], ''Stories of the Prophets'', Chapter VI: ''Story of Abraham''

==External links==
* [http://muslimways.com/library/islamic-history/stories-of-the-prophets/the-story-of-the-prophet-ibrahim-his-wife-hajar.html The Story of the Prophet Ibrahim & His Wife Hajar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128090616/http://muslimways.com/library/islamic-history/stories-of-the-prophets/the-story-of-the-prophet-ibrahim-his-wife-hajar.html |date=28 November 2017 }}
* [http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Contrad/MusTrad/sacrifice.html The Sacrifice Of Abraham: Isaac or Ishmael?]

{{Prophets in the Quran}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Adam to Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamic mythology]]
[[Category:Abraham in Islam| ]]

God in Islam

2026-09-20T15:36:13Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Islamic conception of God}}
{{Allah|[Allah]}}
{{Islam|beliefs}}
In [[Islam]], '''God''' ({{langx|ar|ٱللَّٰه|[[Allah|Allāh]]}}, contraction of {{lang|ar|ٱلْإِلَٰه}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Arabic definite article|al]]-[[Ilah|’Ilāh]]}}, {{Literal translation|the God}}, or {{langx|ar|رب|[[Rabb]]}}, {{Literal translation|Lord}})<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Gardet |author-first=Louis |year=1960 |title=Allāh |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0047 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Thomas Patrick Hughes |title=A Dictionary of Islam Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |date=1895 |publisher=Allen |page=531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_uMdHU3g-gC&dq=rabb+meaning+in+quran&pg=PA531 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> is seen as the [[Creator god|creator]] and [[God the Sustainer|sustainer]] of the universe,<ref>{{qref|21|30|c=y}}</ref><ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam" /><ref name="EoQ-Böwering">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Böwering |author-first=Gerhard |author-link=Gerhard Böwering |year=2006 |title=God and his Attributes |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=II |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075 |isbn=90-04-14743-8}}</ref><ref name="Schmidtke 2016">{{•}} {{cite book |last=Treiger |first=Alexander |year=2016 |orig-date=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=27–43 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001 |isbn=9780199696703}}<br />{{•}} {{cite book |last=Abrahamov |first=Binyamin |year=2016 |orig-date=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025 |isbn=9780199696703}}</ref><ref name="Esposito 2016">{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |year=2016 |orig-year=1988 |title=Islam: The Straight Path |title-link=Islam: The Straight Path |edition=5th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=22, 88 |isbn=9780190632151 |s2cid=153364691}}</ref> who [[God and eternity|lives eternally]].<ref>{{qref|29|19-20|c=y}}</ref> God is conceived as a perfect, [[Tawhid|singular]], immortal, [[omnipotent]], and [[omniscient]] deity, completely [[Infinity|infinite]] in all of [[Attributes of God in Islam|his attributes]].<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam" /><ref name="EoQ-Böwering" /><ref name="Esposito 2016" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Department of Philosophy, [[Ogun State University]] |author2=Department of Philosophy, [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]] |title=Journal of Philosophy and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ7PXYUpXUEC |volume=7 |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Philosophy, [[Ogun State University]] |page=132}}</ref> Islam further emphasizes that God is most merciful.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn 'Arabi]]|translator-first=Angela |translator-last=Jaffray|title=The Secrets of Voyaging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2VFDAAAQBAJ|year=2015 |publisher=Anqa|isbn=9781905937431 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Stefon |first1=Matt |last2=Mamun |first2=Mudasser |last3=Duignan |first3=Brian |last4=Tesch |first4=Noah |last5=Afsaruddin |first5=Asma |author-link5=Asma Afsaruddin |last6=Zeidan |first6=Adam |date=2022-08-26 |title=Allah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah |access-date=2023-05-09 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |archive-date=2008-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724153626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Simon |last1=Ockley|title=The History of the Saracens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6FCAAAAYAAJ|year=1757|publisher=|isbn=|page=xlix (49)}}</ref> The Islamic concept of God is variously described as [[monotheistic]], [[panentheistic]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |archive-date=7 November 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EoI" /><ref>Anawati, M. M. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam, Sa'd al Dīn al-Taftâzānī on the Creed of Najm al Din al Nasafi by Earl Edgar Elder." The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 14.2 (1951): xxiv</ref> and [[monistic]].<ref>Ahmadi, Fereshteh, and Nader Ahmadi. Iranian Islam: The concept of the individual. Springer, 1998.</ref><ref>Austin P. Evans ''A commentary on the Creed of Islam'' Columbia University Press New York 1950 p. xxiv</ref>

The Islamic concept of ''[[tawhid]]'' (unification) emphasises that God is absolutely pure and free from [[Shirk (Islam)|association or partnership with other beings]], which means attributing the powers and qualities of God to his creation, and vice versa. In Islam, [[Aniconism in Islam|God is never portrayed in any image]]. The Quran specifically forbids ascribing partners to share his singular sovereignty, as he is considered to be the absolute one without a second, indivisible, and incomparable being, who is similar to nothing, and nothing is comparable to him. Thus, God is absolutely [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]], unique and utterly other than anything in or of the world as to be beyond all forms of human thought and expression.<ref name="Abu Amina Elias">{{cite web|author=Abu Amina Elias (Justin Parrott)|url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/aqeedah-tahawiyyah/|title=Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah in English and Arabic|date=18 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210629025609/https://www.abuaminaelias.com/aqeedah-tahawiyyah/|archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori|url=http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|title=The Creed of Imam Tahawi|website=Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The briefest and the most comprehensive description of God in the Quran is found in [[Surat al-Ikhlas]].<ref name="Cenap Çakmak"/>

In [[Schools of Islamic theology|theology]], [[Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam|anthropomorphism ({{tlit|ar|tashbīh}}) and corporealism ({{tlit|ar|tajsīm}})]] refer to beliefs in the human-like and materially embedded form of God, an idea that has been classically described assimilating or comparing God to the creatures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_EnAAAAYAAJ |title=Language of Religion, Language of the People: Medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |year=2006 |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |isbn=9783770542819 |editor-first1=Ernst |editor-last1=Bremer |volume=11 |page=136 |editor-first2=Susanne |editor-last2=Röhl}}</ref> By contrast, belief in the [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendence]] of God is called {{tlit|ar|[[tanzih]]}}, which also rejects notions of [[incarnation]] and a [[personal god]]. Although {{tlit|ar|tanzih}} is widely accepted in Islam today, it stridently competed for orthodox status until the tenth century, especially during the [[Mihna]].{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} Besides that, beyond purpose, excessive emphasis on God's uniqueness and transcendence may also mean stripping some of his human connotating attributes and names ([[Ta'til]]). Because, in addition to metaphors such as King ([[Melik]])
<ref group="Note">All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read al-Fatiha-4 as ''King of the Day of Judgement''.</ref> and Master ([[Rabb]]), it may also clearly contradicts the image of a god who is arrogant (al-Mutakabbir), angry (al-Jalīl), avenger (al-Muntaqim) but also compassionate ([[Rahim|ar-Raḥīm]]), pardoner ([[Al-ʻAfūw]]) etc. and living [[Al-Ḥayy]], who, as in [[Sufism]], establishes a closeness with humans.<ref>"The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul."https://sufi.no/onewebmedia/innerlife.pdf</ref> (see; [[Sufi metaphysics]], and [[Ali-Illahism]]) In premodern times, corporealist views were said to have been more socially prominent among the common people, with more abstract and transcendental views more common for the elite.{{Sfn|Cook|2024|p=140–141}}

==Nomenclature==
{{Main|Allah|Names of God in Islam}}
{{See|Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
''Allāh'' is the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word referring to [[God in Abrahamic religions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|archive-date=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref name="gardet-allah">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|title=Allah|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|first=L.|last=Gardet|access-date=2 May 2007|editor1-first=P.|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|publisher=Brill Online|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403114258/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[English language]], the word generally refers to God in Islam. The Arabic word ''Allāh'' is thought to be derived by [[Contraction (grammar)|contraction]] from ''[[Arabic definite article|al]]-[[Ilah|ʾilāh]]'', which means "the god",<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam"/> (i.e., the ''only'' god) and is related to ''[[El (deity)|El]]'' and ''[[Names of God in Judaism#Elah|Elah]]'', the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] words for God.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah|author=Zeki Saritoprak|title=Allah|editor=Oliver Leaman|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=34|isbn=9780415326391|access-date=2020-11-11|archive-date=2024-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523101258/https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah#v=snippet&q=ilah&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=God: God in Islam|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|volume=5|year=2005|page=724}}</ref> It is distinguished from ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾilāh}}'' ({{langx|ar|إِلَٰه}}), the Arabic word meaning ''[[deity]]'', which could refer to any of the [[Pre-Islamic Arabian gods|gods worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia]] or to any other deity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS |access-date=2010-12-18 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It occurs in the [[Quran|Qur’an]] 2,697 times in 85 of its 114 [[Surah|suras]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation of the meanings Ayah 1 Surah Al-Fātihah – Dr. Waleed Bleyhesh Omary – English Translation|url=https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_waleed/1/1|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Noble Qur'an Encyclopedia|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201093634/https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_waleed/1/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Whether or not ''Allah'' can be considered as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship.<ref>Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London {{ISBN|978-0-19-870206-1}} p. 478</ref> In Islamic usage and indoctrination, [[Allah]] is God's most unique, proper name,<ref>It is generally accepted that the word is not derived from any root and does not carry a dictionary meaning and constitutes the proper name of the real god, or even if it has a dictionary meaning, it loses this meaning when it becomes the name of the real god./Kelimenin herhangi bir kökten türemiş olmayıp sözlük mânası taşımadığı ve gerçek mâbudun özel adını teşkil ettiği, yahut sözlükte bir anlamı olsa bile gerçek mâbuda ad olunca bu anlamı kaybettiği genellikle benimsenmektedir. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/allah</ref> and referred to as ''Lafẓ al-Jalālah'' (The Word of Majesty). Those who claimed that Allah was the personal name of God also denied that this name was a derivative name. [[Jahm bin Safwan]] claimed that ''Allah'' is a name God created for himself and that names belong to the things God created.<ref>Morris S. Seale ''Muslim Theology A study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers'' Great Russel Street, London 1964 p. 58</ref> Some Muslims may use different names as much as ''Allah'', for instance [[Rabb]], [[Rahmanan|Rahman]] and "God" in [[English language|English]]. The Quran refers to the attributes of God as "most beautiful names".<ref>{{cite quran|7|180|style=ns}}, {{cite quran|17|110|style=ns}}, {{cite quran|20|8|style=ns}}, {{cite quran|59|24|style=ns}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1708|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813080535/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1708|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 13, 2018|title=Names of God - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-13|quote=Encouraged by the Quran (7:180; 17:110; 20:8), Muslims selected ninety-nine attributes of God, describing his perfection, from the Quran and traditions. Referred to as "the most beautiful names of God," they describe a range of characteristics that balances the power of God (the Creator, the Sovereign, and the All-Knowing) with his love and mercy (the All-Loving, the Most Gracious, and the All-Forgiving). The names are frequently memorized and used in supplications. Preceded by the words Abd or Amat (male or female servant), they are often used in proper names (e.g., Abd al-Rahman, "servant of the Merciful").}}</ref> {{Blockquote|They are traditionally enumerated as 99 in number to which is added as the highest Name (al-ism al-ʾaʿẓam), the Supreme Name of God. The [[Wiktionary:locus classicus|locus classicus]] for listing the Divine Names in the literature of Qurʾānic commentary is [[Al-Isra|17:110]] "Call upon Allah, or call upon The Merciful; whichsoever you call upon, to Allah belong the most beautiful Names," and also [[Al-Hashr|59:22-24]], which includes a cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets."<ref name="EoQ">[[Gerhard Böwering|Böwering, Gerhard]] "God and God Attributes". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.</ref>}} Beside these Arabic names, Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God, such as [[#xoda|''Khuda'']] in [[Farsi|Persian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]]. {{Lang|ota|Tangri}} or ''[[Tengri]]'' was used in the [[Ottoman Turkish language]] as the equivalent of Allah.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Turks |volume=27 |page=472 |first=Charles Norton Edgcumbe |last=Eliot}}</ref> In [[Tasawwuf|Sufis]], often characterised as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, [[Hu (Sufism)|Hu]], {{tlit|ar|Huwa}} (depends on placement in the sentence), or ''[[Parvardigar]]'' in Persian are used as names of God. The sound {{tlit|ar|Hu}} derives from the last letter of the word [[Allah]], which is read as {{tlit|ar|Allahu}} when in the middle of a sentence. {{tlit|ar|Hu}} means 'Just He' or 'Revealed'. The word explicitly appears in many [[ayah|verse]]s of the [[Quran]]:
{{Blockquote|"{{tlit|ar|La ilaha illa Hu}}"|[[Al Imran]]:18}}

== The Divine Realm ==
In Early Islam, the concepts of the [[Throne of God in Islam|Throne (Arsh)]], Pulpit (Kursi), [[Al-Qalam|Pen (Qalam)]], and others [[Bearers of the Throne]] described as being in the immediate vicinity of Allah, who is considered a [[Personal God|personal deity]],<ref name="Wesley_2009">Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009</ref> [[Hayy|living in the heavens]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> along with concepts such as Allah's sitting on a Throne, His right, and His left, led to problems of understanding in later periods, when Islamic theology developed and adopted a transcendent understanding of God.{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} While these concepts were sometimes interpreted by theologians as [[metaphor|metaphorical expressions]] intended to emphasize transcendence, others approached them with the attitude of "[[Bila Kayf|we believe in the essence, but we don't investigate how it is]]" ; "It (al-Kursī) is the "seat" of God's power, but without God sitting on it with bones, since bones and body belong to the created things".<ref>al-Jawzi Zad al-Masir fi Ilm al-Tafsir</ref>

Many Muslim communities emphasize the [[tanzih|transcendence of God]] over local traditions and "allow...little room for [[myth]]ological stories", although tales about [[jinn]] exist in all of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Bolle |first1=Kees W. |author-link=Kees W. Bolle |last2=Smith |first2=Jonathan Z. |author-link2=Jonathan Z. Smith |last3=Buxton |first3=Richard G.A. |last4=Stefon |first4=Matt |date=2017-01-03 |title=myth |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth |access-date=2023-04-30 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913072251/https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Relationship with creation ==
{{See|Quranic cosmology|Seven heavens}}
[[File:Royal figure enthroned and surrounded by Jinn of the Earth.png|thumb|Kashan, Iran, late 12th–13th century mina'i-fritware bowl. The scene in this bowl is depicting the enthroned Sulaymān surrounded by jinn.<ref>On the Exercise of Coastal Control through
Observation and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in the XIIIth
Century</ref> In the Islamic belief, invisible beings ([[jinn]], [[Shayatin|devils]], [[angels]], [[Soul|spirit]]s, etc.) were as much a part of creation as the visible world.]]
In Islamic argumentation, while the existence of things is dependent, contingent, temporal, and dependent on a being beyond themselves, God is eternal, independent, self-sufficient, and does not require any other being for His existence, thus existing solely by Himself. The word used for God in Surah Ikhlas (al-Samad) is thought to imply this. This relationship also signifies that since God is the sustainer, he is in need of nothing, and even as he gives, nothing is diminished from his treasury.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hassan Hasan Sheikh Salim El-Yacoubi|author2=Jane Biddle Merritt El-Yacoubi|title=Islam: The Language of Oneness: Tawhid, the Islamic Paradigm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrkxAAAAMAAJ|date=1994|location=[[Colorado]]: [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]]|asin=B001YVOZR8|page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Thomas F. Michel|title=A Muslim Theologian's Response to Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATLYAAAAMAAJ|date=1984|publisher=Caravan Books|isbn=9780882060583|page=6}}</ref>

Purpose; It is believed that God created everything for a divine purpose; the universe governed by fixed laws that ensure the harmonious working of all things. Everything within the universe, including inanimate objects, praises God, and is in this sense understood as a ''Muslim''.<ref name="Gottlieb_2006">Roger S. Gottlieb''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology'' Oxford University Press, 9 Nov 2006 {{ISBN|9780199727698}} p. 210</ref> Humans and jinn have to live voluntarily in accordance with these laws to find peace and reproduce God's benevolence in their own society to live in accordance with the nature of all things, known as ''surrender'' to God in the Islamic sense.<ref name="Gottlieb_2006"/><ref>Rebecca Stein, Philip L. Stein ''The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft'' Routledge 2017 {{ISBN|9781315532158}} chapter: Islam</ref> Muslims believe that God is the sole source of all creation, and that everything, including its creatures, are just a derivative reality created out of love and mercy by God's command,<ref>Sachiko Murata ''The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought'' SUNY Press 1992 {{ISBN|978-0-791-40913-8}} page 77</ref> "[[Kun (Islamic term)|..."Be," and it is"]]<ref>{{Cite quran|2|117|style=ref}}</ref> and that the [[Meaning of life|purpose of existence]] is to [[worship]] or ''to know God''.<ref name="patheos1">{{cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html |title=Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence |publisher=Patheos.com |access-date=2011-01-29 |archive-date=2011-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829020001/http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">David Leeming ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology'' Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}} page 209</ref><ref>{{Cite quran|51|56|style=ref}}</ref>

=== Creation theories ===
{{Further|Predestination|Creationism|Quranic createdness}}
Muslim theologians and philosophers, with only a few exceptions, agree that God is the origin of the cosmos' existence. However, there is disagreement about how God creates the cosmos and what types of causalities exist; While [[Islamic philosophy|most philosophers]] adhered to a [[Emanationism|theory of emanation]] (''fayaḍān''),<ref>Husam Muhi Eldin al- Alousi The Problem of Creation in Islamic Thought, Qur'an, Hadith, Commentaries, and KalamNational Printing and Publishing, Bagdad, 1968 p. 179</ref> [[Schools of Islamic theology|theologians]] usually preferred [[occasionalism]] (''iḥdāth''). The third theory, often represented in [[Islamic mysticism]], understands the world as [[Tajalli|the manifestation]] (''maẓhar'') of a [[Wahdat al-wujūd|single reality]].<ref name="plato.stanford.edu">McGinnis, Jon and Rahim Acar, "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Religion", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/arabic-islamic-religion/.</ref>

"The emanation theory" states that the universe has emanated from God since [[eternity]] and assert a [[Causality|causal mediation]] between the lower and the higher things (i.e. the lower things do not come directly from God, but from the higher things). God is considered [[First principle|the only necessary existence]], the rest of creation as [[Contingency (philosophy)|contingent]]. Since God is described as "knowing" and "perfect," God must know Himself perfectly and know that He is the cause of all existence. But in order to have perfect knowledge of a cause, one must also know the effect of the cause. Therefore, God knows every form of existence in past, future, and present. Based on the model of [[ibn Sina]], God knows about the existence of x because of x, whereas humans know about a thing x from another thing x'. Therefore, God would create the universe in eternity. To further support this argument, emanationists point out against [[Creatio ex nihilo|Creation ex Nihilo]], that, if God were to decide to create the universe at a certain point in time, God would have a change of mind, affected by something external. Since God is the source of everything, something external could not have affected God.<ref name="plato.stanford.edu"/> This was contrary to the idea that God was eternal and unchanging (changing things would have a lifespan and could not be god). Theologians found the emanation theory to be unconvincing, because the theory equates God to much with nature, by that, restricting God's freedom. Instead, they propose, God created the world from nothing at a certain point ''t'' in time. In response to the emanationists' objection, that for [[Creatio ex nihilo|Creation ex Nihilo]], a change in the will of God would be required, [[al-Ghazali]] explains that God has willed from all eternity, to create the world at a certain time ''t''. Additionally, God would not only have created the universe at a time ''t'', but also continues to create the universe in any following moment.

In Islamic philosophical-theological discussions, a distinction between God and creatures is made based on the immutability of God and the change and mortality of creatures depending on time. A variant of the theory of [[Wahdat al-wujūd|the manifestation of a single reality]] can be found particularly in [[Mulla Sadra]], who was inspired by [[Ibn Arabi]]. According to Mulla Ṣadra, only God is eternal and perfect, the universe, including its inhabitants, is constantly changing. Because of that, everything is in a constant process of growth and decay. The prophets and the angels were also integrated into this universalistic understanding of God. According to [[Haydar Amuli]], who also builds on Ibn Arabi's metaphysics, the angels are the representatives of God's beautiful names (and devils of the "imperious names of God").<ref>Ayman Shihadeh: Sufism and Theology. Hrsg.: Edinburgh University Press. 21. November 2007, ISBN 978-0-7486-3134-6, pp. 54–56.</ref> Islamic philosophy asserts that God is eternal (''qadim'') and thus timeless. Islamic theology defines time as the subsequent change of things, making a contradiction between an originated "world" (dunya) which is subject to change, and God, who is without change.<ref name="auto">Kukkonen, Taneli, “Eternity”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 04 March 2024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26238
First published online: 2014
First print edition: 9789004269620, 2014, 2014-3</ref> Ghazali explains in his response to the question "what was God doing before creation?" that time does not coexist with God or the world. A contemporary of ibn Hanbal asserts an even more strict position, claiming that God transcends time, thus it cannot be said that God is "before things" or "the first cause".<ref name="auto"/> In Islamic philosophy, it is assumed that the "ayan-ı sabite", ([[Metaphysical necessity|The immutable knowledge of beings]]), existed in God's knowledge before beings came into existence;<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/48701</ref> with this assumption, it is argued that God is immutable in his knowledge as well as in his body. The other side of this theory involves discussions of predestination, human will, and responsibility. For if everything were predetermined, holding humans accountable for their actions would be absurd and contrary to divine wisdom.

===God and religion===
{{Main|Dawah|Tabligh}}
{{Further|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}
The claim that God communicates with humans is the foundation of the divine religion claim. Accordingly, God will communicate with humans on various levels and convey His wishes through them; this communication will take the form of divine inspiration, revelation ([[wahy]]), communication through angels, and finally, God's manifestation ([[tajalli]]) and direct face-to-face encounters with God. The possibility of these forms of communication, and if they are real, whether they are binding on others, are among the topics debated by Islamic philosophy and theologians.

Some Islamic theorists claim that there is only one religion of God called [[Islam]] and that all the prophets sent to every nation, numbering thousands in total, whome missions was [[dawah|to invite people to the same path]]; and they argue that every prophet preached the same core beliefs: the [[Tawhid|Unity of God]] and worshipping of that one God; avoidance of [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]] and the belief in the [[Last Judgment|Day of Judgement]]. The Islamic understanding of [[tawhid]] teaches that these prophets are merely messengers of the message, and the consideration of prophets or religious figures as mediators or intermediate forms between God and humans<ref name="ReferenceB"/> is strongly rejected ([[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]). However, it is not uncommon for various Islamic groups to attribute extraordinary powers over the universe ([[Karamat]]) to their religious-political leaders.

Muslims believe that the [[Quran]], like [[Islamic holy books|other holy books]], is the literal word of God revealed to Muhammad. However, they believe that other holy books are [[Naskh (tafsir)|outdated]] and [[tahrif|corrupted]], and that the Quran is under divine protection. Another divine word in Islam is the [[Hadith#Hadith Qudsi|hadith qudsi]]. According to [[al-Sharif al-Jurjani]], the statements of God in the hadith qudsi are "expressed through the words of Muhammad," while the Quran is the "direct word of God."<ref>[http://hadithqudsi.sacredhadith.com/about/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015050348/http://hadithqudsi.sacredhadith.com/about|date=2015-10-15}}, 3rd paragraph, October 2015</ref>

Muslims address/contact God directly in their prayers, [[Dua|supplications]] and [[dhikr]], and also seek [[Istighfar|forgiveness]] and [[Repentance in Islam|repentance]] from sins directly from God, as the Qur'an states: {{Cite Quran|2|186|q=And when My servants ask you about Me, then surely I am near: I answer the prayer of the suppliant when he prays to Me.}} In Islamic interpretations, it is believed that God will answer every prayer, but how this will happen depends on divine wisdom.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsJK_tPzh7YC|date=2008|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=9781597841443|page=86}}</ref> Therefore, no human being should lose hope in God and lose his devotion to Him.

While Muslims accept God as unquestionable due to his greatness and [[wisdom]], in theory everyone else, including the prophets, is questionable; {{Cite Quran|21|23|q=He shall not be questioned about what He does, but they shall be questioned.}}, however, in practice, in [[Madhab|traditional Islamic sects]], the Quran and [[Sahih Hadith|authentic hadith]] can only [[tafsir|be interpreted]], while [[Quranism]] takes a different path in this regard and rejects the authority of [[hadiths]].

== Attributes ==
{{Main|Attributes of God in Islam}}
[[Al-Bukhari]], in his ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī}}]]'', narrates a [[hadith qudsi]] that God says, "I am as My servant thinks (expects) I am."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hadithaday.org/hadith-qudsi/i-am-as-my-servant-thinks-expects-i-am/|title=I am as My Servant Thinks (expects) I am|publisher=hadithaday.org|access-date=2014-07-31|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113433/http://hadithaday.org/hadith-qudsi/i-am-as-my-servant-thinks-expects-i-am/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/qudsi.php|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|work=usc.edu|access-date=2014-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515112226/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/qudsi.php|archive-date=2017-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> When [[Sufi]]s claim union with God, it is not that they become one in essence, rather the will of the Sufi is fully congruent to God.<ref>Maha Elkaisy-Friemuth ''God and Humans in Islamic Thought: Abd Al-Jabbar, Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali'' Routledge 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-134-14676-5}} page 146</ref> The Sufis are in fact careful to say, no matter what degree of union is realized, "the slave remains the slave, and the Lord remains the Lord".<ref>{{cite book|author=Cyril Glassé|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC|date=2003|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|isbn=9780759101906|page=191}}</ref>

=== Oneness ===
{{main|Tawhid|Monotheism}}
Islam's most fundamental concept is a strict monotheism, affirming (''[[tawhid]]'') that God is one (wahdat). The [[Aqidah|fundamental teaching of Islam]], [[Shahada]] (recited in the [[oath]] taken for formal entry into Islam), is: {{lang|ar|لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ }}'' ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|āšhadu ānnā lā ʾilāha ʾilla llāh}})'', or "I testify there is no deity other than Allah (God).

In Islamist circles, Islam is often described as a struggle for monotheism against [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]] and constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession.<ref name="EoI">D. Gimaret, ''Tawhid'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]</ref><ref>Tariq Ramadan (2005), p.203</ref> In addition to their other religious and social uses, the terms tawhid and [[takbir]] are widely used in Islamic [[sloganeering]]. Although the term "shirk" is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex.<ref>Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.</ref><ref name="Mulia, Siti Musdah 2015">Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.</ref> The translation 'associating [with God]' has been suggested instead.<ref>Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.</ref> The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others<ref name="Mulia, Siti Musdah 2015"/> and associating attributes of God with a created being.<ref name="Faruki, Kemal 1965">Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.</ref>

According to Vincent J. Cornell,<ref>Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp.3561-3562</ref> the Quran also provides a [[monism|monist]] image of God by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."<ref>{{Cite Quran|57|3|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> Though Muslims believe Jesus to be a prophet, the [[Trinity]] and divinity doctrine of normative [[Christianity]] concerning [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] is [[Islamic view of the Trinity|rejected]] and often compared to [[polytheism]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-354?rskey=7ss6vw&result=351|title=The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Bowker, John, 1935-, Oxford University Press.|chapter=Allāh|isbn=9780191727221|location=Oxford|oclc=49508601|access-date=2018-08-17|archive-date=2018-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818020906/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-354?rskey=7ss6vw&result=351|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Uniqueness ===
{{Main|Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam|Tanzih}}
[[Islamic theology]] emphasises the absolute uniqueness and singularity of God in his essence, attributes, qualities, and acts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammad Rafi-ud-Din|title=The Manifesto of Islam: An Exposition of Islam as the Inevitable World Ideology of the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1014|date=1968|publisher=Din Muhammadi Press|page=145|isbn=9781597840002|quote=Islam emphasises the absolute oneness or uniqueness of the Creator in His person as well in His qualities and attributes...}}</ref> This emphasis was made despite a number of verses and hadiths that offer analogies for God, and it was gradually established over time.{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} Instead, the term "[[mutashabih]]" was used for these verses, and the approach of "believing in the essence, not searching for its meaning" ([[Bila Kayf]]) was adopted. Understandings and expressions contrary to these definitions ([[tanzih]]) were described as [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], which is considered one of the [[Islamic views on sin|greatest sins in Islam]], and it was said that those who did so would [[blasphemy|leave the religion]]. (See also; ([[Ta'til]]). Approach was based on certain verses and Quranic words like Ahad and Samad, -which were given meanings that pushed boundaries-;

As stated in [[Surat al-Ikhlas]]: God is [[Ahad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/1/|title=IslamAwakened [Qur'an 112:1]|website=IslamAwakened.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604214131/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/1/|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> (the unique one of absolute oneness, who is indivisible in nature, and there can be no other like him); God is ''As-Samad''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/2/|title=IslamAwakened [Qur'an 112:2]|website=IslamAwakened.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604205554/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/2/|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>(the ultimate source of all existence, the uncaused cause who created all things out of nothing, who is eternal, absolute, immutable, perfect, complete, essential, independent, and self-sufficient; who needs nothing while all of creation is in absolute need of him; the one eternally and constantly required and sought, depended upon by all existence and to whom all matters will ultimately return); he begets not, nor is he begotten (He is Unborn and Uncreated, has no parents, wife or offspring); and comparable/equal to him, there is none.<ref name="The Miraculous Quran">{{cite web |author=[[Ali Ünal]] |title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English [Qur'an 112:4] |url=http://mquran.org/content/view/6225/4/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604182054/http://mquran.org/content/view/6225/4/ |archive-date=4 June 2021 |website=mquran.org |publisher=Tughra Books}}</ref>

The Qur'anic verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/19/65/ 19:65]), "The Lord of the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them. So worship Him, and (endure) patiently, constantly in His worship. Do you know of any that is given His namesake" emphasizes that ([[Nurettin Uzunoğlu]]'s interpretetion) as [[Allah]] is Unique, also with His name.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|url=http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1403&menuId=264|title=The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 19:65]|publisher=Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association|website=Semazen.NET|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604170716/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1403&menuId=264|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=So, do not invent similitudes for God. Surely God knows and you do not know.|source={{Cite Quran|16|74|t=|s=ns}}}}

{{Blockquote|text=The Originator of the heavens and the earth: He has made for you, from your selves, mates, and from the cattle mates: by this means He multiplies you. There is nothing whatever like Him. He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.|source={{Cite Quran|42|11|t=|s=ns}}}}

For the disbelievers in the Hereafter, there is an evil description,({{qref|16|57-59}}) for their ascribing female gender to [[Angels in Islam|angels]] and claiming that the angels are the daughters of God while so preferring sons for themselves (this is also mentioned in the verses {{qref|37|149-155}}); whereas to God belong the highest attribute, namely, that there is no [[deity]] except him, immensely exalted beyond and above all comparison and likeness.<ref>{{cite web|author1=[[Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli]]|author2=[[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti]]|translator=Feras Hamza|url=https://www.greattafsirs.com/Tafsir_Library.aspx?MadhabNo=1&TafsirNo=74&SoraNo=16&AyahNo=60&LanguageID=2|title=Tafsir al-Jalalayn|website=www.greattafsirs.com|publisher=[[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210711110554/https://www.greattafsirs.com/Tafsir_Library.aspx?MadhabNo=1&TafsirNo=74&SoraNo=16&AyahNo=60&LanguageID=2|archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Gurdofarid Miskinzoda|editor2=[[Farhad Daftary]]|title=The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology and Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbeKDwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9780857723383|page=218}}</ref> The sentiment in the Qur'anic verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/103/ 6:103]) states:<ref name="The Miraculous Quran"/> "Vision perceives / comprehends Him not, and He perceives / comprehends all vision." In some interpretations, this verse also asserts that the senses and intellects cannot fully comprehend God.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Ibn Kathir]]|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=103&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir [Qur'an 6:103]|publisher=[[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]]|website=Altafsir.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210608125526/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=103&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|archive-date=8 Jun 2021|quote=وقيل المراد بقوله { لاَّ تُدْرِكُهُ ٱلأَبْصَـٰرُ } أي العقول، ...}}</ref> Likewise, the Qur'an also says: {{Cite Quran|20|110|q=whereas they cannot comprehend Him with their knowledge.}}

The [[Hanafi]] jurist and theologian, [[al-Tahawi]] (d. 321/933), wrote in his treatise on theology, commonly known as ''[[al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya]]'':<ref name="Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori">{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori|url=http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|title=The Creed of Imam Tahawi|website=Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK|pages=20–24|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Abu Amina Elias"/> Al-Tahawi refutes the [[anthropomorphist]] view that Allah has a humanoid physical body in a place (eg. [[Throne of God in Islam|arsh]]), direction or etc.<ref name="Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori"/>{{Blockquote|text="Whoever describes Allah even with a single human quality / attribute, has disbelieved / [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemed]]. So whoever understands this, will take heed and refrain from such statements as those of disbelievers, and knows that Allah in His attributes is utterly unlike human beings." / "He is exalted / transcendent beyond having limits, ends, organs, limbs and parts (literally: tools). The six directions do not encompass/contain Him like the rest of created things."}}

=== Creator ===
{{See|Sufi metaphysics|Wahdat al-wujūd}}
[[File:Scheme of things1475.gif|thumb|A wood carving from 1475, showing 7 celestial bodies. The 5 planets that can be seen with the naked eye, and the Sun and the Moon, each floating in a heavenly layer, the Arabic [[Felaq]] in ancient cosmology]]
According to the teachings of [[Islam]], God is the creator of the worlds and all the creatures therein. He has created everything in the worlds in accordance with a definite plan and for a particular purpose. There is no shortcoming or defect of any sort in any of his creations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Shahabuddin Nadvi|title=Holy Qur'an and the Natural World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jN3jAAAAMAAJ|date=1997|publisher=Furqania Academy Trust|page=60}}</ref> The Qur'an confirms this in the following verses:

Quran 39:62; "God is the Creator of all things, and He is the Guardian over all things."

Quran 54:49; "We have created each and every thing by measure."

Quran 21:30; "Do those who disbelieve ever consider that the heavens and the earth were at first one piece, and then We parted them as separate entities; and that We have made every living thing from water? Will they still not come to believe?"

The Qur'an also says in verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/25/2/ 25:2]): "and He has created everything and designed it in a perfect measure." And in another verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/25/59/ 25:59]) it is emphasized: "It is He who created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them."

The Qur'an states that God is the ''[[Rabb]] al-'Alamin''. When referring to God, the Arabic term "Rabb" is usually translated as "Lord" and can include all of the following meanings:<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Saheeh International]]|url=https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_saheeh/1#2|title=Saheeh International [Qur'an 1:2]|website=quranenc.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607195817/https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_saheeh/1%232|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|url=http://mquran.org/content/view/2/4/|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English [Qur'an 1:2]|publisher=Tughra Books|website=mquran.org|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607195112/http://mquran.org/content/view/2/4/|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> "owner, master, ruler, controller, creator, upbringer, trainer, sustainer, nourisher, cherisher, provider, protector, guardian and caretaker." The same term, ''Rabb'', is used in a limited sense for humans as in the "head" of the family, "master" of the house, or "owner" of the land or cattle. The Arabic word "al-'Alamin" can be translated as the "Worlds" or "Universes".<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Khwaja Kamaluddin]]|title=The Islamic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8vRAAAAMAAJ|date=1939|volume=27|publisher=[[Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust]]|page=169|quote=If the other Planets are inhabited the people there are as much the Creatures of Allah as those upon this Earth, and the Holy Qur-án speaks of "Alamien" (Worlds or Universes).}}</ref> There are many worlds, astronomical and physical worlds, worlds of thought, spiritual worlds, everything in existence including angels, jinn, devils, humans, animals, plants, and so on.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]|title=The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an: Complete Translation with Selected Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0wxCgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|page=19|isbn=9780860376118}}</ref> The "Worlds" may also be taken to refer to different domains or kingdoms within this earthly world, or other worlds beyond this earth. Thus, the Qur'anic expression ''Rabb al-'Alamin'' really means the "Creator of the Worlds",<ref>{{cite book|author=Syed Mahmud-un-Nasir|title=Islam, Its Concepts & History
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPvXAAAAMAAJ|date=1981|publisher=Kitab Bhavan|page=331|quote=The phrase "The Creator of the Worlds" is preceded by the word al-Hamd, which first means praise, eulogy and approbation; and, secondly, our submission to the ways of the Creator; for by saying "hamd" we express our willingness to submit to His laws and the literal interpretation of Islam is "submission".}}</ref> the "Ruler of the Universes",<ref>{{cite book|author=[[M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]]|title=Islam & World Peace: Explanations of a Sufi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8grB4SKJrXsC|date=2004|publisher=The Fellowship Press|page=159|isbn=9780914390657|quote=Rabb (A) God; the Lord; the Creator and Protector. Rabb al-'alamin (A) The Ruler of the universes.}}</ref> the "Creator and Sustainer of all the peoples and Universes".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hayim Gordon|author2=Leonard Grob|title=Education for Peace: Testimonies from World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGAcAAAAMAAJ|date=1987|publisher=[[Orbis Books]]|page=97|isbn=9780883443590}}</ref>

===Mercy===
The most commonly used names in the primary sources are ''[[R-Ḥ-M|Al-Rahman]]'', meaning "Most Compassionate" and ''Al-Rahim'', meaning "Most Merciful".<ref name="Bentley2">{{Cite book|last=Bentley |first=David |title=The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book |publisher=William Carey Library |date=September 1999 |isbn=0-87808-299-9 }}</ref> The former compasses the whole creation, therefore applying to God's mercy in that it gives every necessary condition to make life possible. The latter applies to God's mercy in that it gives favor for good deeds. Thus ''Al-Rahman'' includes both the believers and the unbelievers, but ''Al-Rahim'' only the believers.<ref>Prince Sorie Conteh ''Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue'' Cambria Press 2009 {{ISBN|978-1-604-97596-3}} page 80</ref><ref>Mahmoud Ayoub ''The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume 1'' SUNY Press 1984 {{ISBN|978-0-873-95727-4}} page 43</ref> God is said to love forgiving, with a hadith stating God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm|title=Allah would replace you with a people who sin|publisher=islamtoday.net|access-date=July 23, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174102/http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm|archive-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

God's mercy, according to Islamic theology, is what gets a person into paradise. According to a hadith in [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih Al Bukhari]] "No one's deeds will ever admit him to Paradise." They said, "Not even you, O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "No, not even me unless Allah showers me with His Mercy. So try to be near to perfection. And no one should wish for death; he is either doing good so he will do more of that, or he is doing wrong so he may repent."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=The Spiritual Season Part 3: Ramadan – Studio |url=https://www.almadina.org/studio/articles/the-spiritual-season-part-3-ramadan |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418093040/https://www.almadina.org/studio/articles/the-spiritual-season-part-3-ramadan |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

=== Omniscience ===
God's [[omniscience]] is the knowledge of all things,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Basic articles of faith|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> whether they are actual or possible or whether they are past, present, or future. It also includes his knowledge of people, places, events, circumstances, etc. God has full knowledge of everything, everywhere, always and from eternity past, and he is fully aware of whatever one thinks, intends, and does, and the reins of all things and events are in his power. He knows whatever happens in the universe, down to the fall of a leaf, and he knows all the deeds, thoughts, and intentions of humankind. His appointed [[Angels in Islam|angels]] record these, and people will be called to account for these acts in the other world.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsJK_tPzh7YC&pg=PA284|date=2008|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=9781597841443|page=284}}</ref> His knowledge is eternal in the sense of being timeless, i.e., atemporal. So, since God's knowledge is eternal and unchanging, it is likewise self‐existent and infinite. It is self‐existent in that it is not dependent on anything, not even [[time]]. According to the [[Qur'an]], God ([[Allah]]) is omniscient; he eternally knows whatever comes into being, be it universal or particular in character. He has known all things from before the creation of the world. His knowledge of things before their coming into existence and afterwards is exactly the same. Hence, there is no discovery or surprise with God. [[Muslim theologians]] therefore considered that "omniscience" is a necessary and "ignorance" is an impossible property for God. Various Qur'anic verses designate this basic intuition, such as: [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/5/ 3:5], [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/59/ 6:59], [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/65/12/ 65:12], and [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/24/35/ 24:35].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/35074/mod_resource/content/1/G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%20Deniz%20Al-Farabi%20On%20Divine%20Knowledge.pdf|title=Al-Farabi on Divine Knowledge|author=Gürbüz Deniz|date=December 2009|website=ankara.edu.tr|publisher=[[Islamic University of Europe]]|quote=According to the Qur’an, God (Allah) is omniscient; He eternally knows whatever can be known, be it universal or particular in character. Muslim theologians therefore considered that "omniscience" is a necessary and "ignorance" is an impossible property for God. Nothing can escape his knowledge. Various verses in the Qur’an such as "Allah truly knows everything" (4/179), "Nothing can be hidden from His knowledge" (34/3; 10/62), "He knows whatever in the Heavens and the Earth, even a leaf cannot fall without His awareness" (47/59) designate this basic intuition.|access-date=2021-08-27|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827131901/https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/35074/mod_resource/content/1/G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%20Deniz%20Al-Farabi%20On%20Divine%20Knowledge.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Concepts in Islamic theology ==
According to mainstream [[Islamic theology|Muslim theologians]], God is described as ''{{ill|Qadim (theology)|lt=Qadim|ar|قديم (مصطلح إسلامي)}}''<ref name="Abu Amina Elias"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori|url=http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|title=The Creed of Imam Tahawi|website=Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK|page=15|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ('ancient'), having no first, without beginning or end; absolute, not limited by time or place or circumstance, nor is subject to any decree so as to be determined by any precise limits or set times, but is the First and the Last. He is not a formed body, nor a [[Ousia|substance]] circumscribed with limits or determined by measure; neither does he resemble bodies as they are capable of being measured or divided. Neither do substances exist in him; neither is he an accident, nor do accidents exist in him. Neither is he like to anything that exists, nor is anything like to him; nor is he determinate in quantity, nor comprehended by bounds, nor circumscribed by differences of situation, nor contained in the heavens, and transcends spatial and temporal bounds, and remains beyond the bounds of human comprehension and perceptions.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Patrick |last=Hughes|title=Dictionary of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C|year=1995|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=9788120606722|pages=144–146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aslan |first=Reza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmSGOjiE2oC |title=No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam |date=30 August 2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780679643777 |edition=Updated |page=153}}</ref><ref name="Cenap Çakmak">{{cite book|editor-first=Cenap |editor-last=Çakmak |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781610692175 |pages=115–116}}</ref>

=== Sunnis ===
{{see also|Sunnis}}

==== Atharis ====
{{See also|Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Ahl al-Hadith}}
For [[Atharis]] the names and attributes of God are to be understood with the formula of [[bila kayfa]] (lit. "without how", i.e., "without modality",<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Philip K. Hitti]]|title=History of The Arabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ|date=2002|publisher=[[Macmillan International Higher Education]]|isbn=9781137039828|page=431}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan|title=Muslim Creed and Culture: An Interpretation of Fundamental Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36oEAQAAIAAJ|date=1962|publisher=Ideal Publications|page=276}}</ref> "without further enquiry"<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Farid Esack]]|title=The Qur'an: A User's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U18QAQAAIAAJ|date=2005|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=9781851683543|page=110}}</ref> or "without further specifying their manner or modality"),<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Groff|title=Islamic Philosophy A-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDAkDQAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=9780748629275|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=J. van Lent|editor2=Hakeem-Uddeen Qureshi|editor3=[[Peri J. Bearman]]|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Glossary and Index of Technical Terms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqhVAAAAYAAJ|date=1995|publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]|isbn=9789004097780|page=44}}</ref> which is to unquestioningly accept the Divine attributes of God without [[ta'wil]] (allegorical interpretation), or [[ta'til]] (lit. "suspension", i.e., "divesting God of His attributes"), or [[tashbih]] ([[anthropomorphism]], [[immanence]] or comparison, which is to believe that God resembles his creations, or attributing the attributes of human beings to God).<ref name="Zulfiqar Ali Shah">{{cite book|author=Zulfiqar Ali Shah|title=Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC|date=2012|publisher=[[International Institute of Islamic Thought]] (IIIT)|isbn=9781565645752|page=573}}</ref> Any anthropomorphic expressions of these names and attributes is negated using the admission that their meanings can never be known. The meaning is left to the knowledge of God himself, and they simply say that the meaning is as befits his majesty and perfection. This method of [[tafwid]] is that of [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] (eponymous founder of Atharism), [[al-Ash'ari]], [[Ibn Qudama]], and [[Ibn Kathir]].<ref name="Aaron Spevack">{{cite book|author=Aaron Spevack|title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Nx8BAAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=9781438453729|pages=129–130}}</ref>

Usually Atharis are vehemently opposed to engaging in ta'wil (allegorical interpretations) and reject [[Batin (Islam)|batin]] (inner meaning) or hidden/esoteric ([[Sufi]]) interpretations of the Qur'an and God's divine attributes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph J. Kaminski|title=The Contemporary Islamic Governed State: A Reconceptualization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDUyDwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=9783319570129|page=41}}</ref> In maintaining that one is not permitted to interpret the meaning of the Qur'anic verses or the Prophetic traditions that mention various attributes of God, [[Ibn Qudama]] (d. 620/1223) in his work ''{{ill|Lum'at al-I'tiqad|ar|لمعة الاعتقاد}}'' ("The Luminance of Creed") is endorsing the principle of bila kayfa ('without [asking or knowing] how') in [[Islamic theology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abdurrahman.org/category/book-study/lumatul-ittiqaad/|title=Sufficiency in Creed (Lum'at-ul-'Itiqaad) – Imaam Ibn Qudaamah|website=abdurrahman.org|date=October 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211007042635/https://abdurrahman.org/category/book-study/lumatul-ittiqaad/|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> According to this principle, one has to accept the sacred text as it is, indissolubly linked with [[tanzih]] (God's incomparability and transcendence), without trying to interpret its meaning. In other words, one must accept the sacred texts that refer to God without positively ascribing corporeal features to him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Imran Aijaz|title=Islam: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wx9WDwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317436591|page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Francis E. Peters]]|title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoV5f3U2PPoC|date=1990|volume=3|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=9780691020556|pages=303–305}}</ref>

[[Ibn al-Jawzi]] (d. 597/1201) took the question of people associating anthropomorphism with [[Hanbali school|Hanbalism]] so seriously that he wrote a book, ''[[Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih bi-Akaff al-Tanzih]]'' ("Rebuttal of the Insinuations of Anthropomorphism at the Hands of Divine Transcendence"), with the aim of refuting anthropomorphic views and arguing that Ahmad ibn Hanbal was not an anthropomorphist.<ref group="Note">Ibn al-Jawzi's [[Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih]] is a refutation of the historical anthropomorphic leanings of some of the Hanbali scholars.</ref> According to him, such words whose meanings could give the impression that God resembles his creations should not be understood literally, such as God's face, hands, eyes, and the like.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn al-Jawzi]]|translator=Abdullah bin Hamid 'Ali|others=[[Khalid Yahya Blankinship]] (Introduction)|title=The Attributes of God: Ibn al-Jawzi's Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih bi-Akaff al-Tanzih|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSfYAAAAMAAJ|date=2006|publisher=Amal Press|isbn=9780955235900}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub|page=226}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aliftaa.jo/Question2En.aspx?QuestionId=3451|title=Understanding Texts Giving the Impression that Allah Resembles His Creation|publisher=The General Fatwa Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|website=aliftaa.jo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211007212310/https://www.aliftaa.jo/Question2En.aspx?QuestionId=3451|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

Another book was written by the Shafi'i scholar, {{ill|Taqi al-Din al-Hisni|ar|تقي الدين الحصني}} (d. 829/1426), titled ''{{ill|Daf' Shubah man Shabbaha wa Tamarrad wa Nasaba dhalik ila al-Sayyid al-Jalil al-Imam Ahmad|ar|دفع شبه من شبه وتمرد ونسب ذلك إلى السيد الجليل الإمام أحمد (كتاب)}}'' ("Rebuttal of the Insinuations of him who makes Anthropomorphisms and Rebels, and Ascribes that to the Noble Master Imam Ahmad"), defending Ahmad ibn Hanbal against the innovated beliefs later ascribed to him by Ibn Taymiyya and those who claimed to follow his school.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub|page=323}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/29652|title=What is the beliefs of Imam Ahmed and ibn Taymiyya?|author=Zameelur Rahman|editor=[[Ebrahim Desai]]|publisher=[[Askimam]]|website=askimam.org|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211009194829/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/29652|archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Ibn Kathir]] (d. 774/1373) appears to offer a definition similar to that of [[al-Ash'ari]] (d. 324/936) when he discusses [[tafwid]] in his exegesis of the Qur'anic verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/7/54/ 7:54]) pertaining to God's istiwa'. He states:<ref name="Aaron Spevack"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Qur'an 7:54|website=altafsir.com|publisher=[[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]]|language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211007043322/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=People have said a great deal on this topic, and this is not the place to expound on what they have said. On this matter, we follow the good ancestors (i.e., the way of the earliest Muslims, dubbed the pious ancestors, in Arabic, [[al-salaf al-salih]]<ref group="Note">In religious usage, it refers to the earliest Muslim generations, the righteous ancestors, in Arabic [[al-salaf al-salih]].</ref>): [[Malik ibn Anas|Malik]], [[al-Awza'i]], [[al-Thawri]], [[al-Layth ibn Sa'd]], [[al-Shafi'i]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Ahmad]], [[Ishaq ibn Rahwayh]], and others among the imams of the Muslims, both ancient and modern—that is: to let it (the verse in question) pass as it has come, without saying how it is meant ([[Bila Kayf|min ghayr takyif]]), without likening it to created things (wa la [[tashbih]]), and without nullifying it (wa la [[ta'til]]). The external, literal meaning ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]])<ref group="Note">The Arabic word [[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]], meaning obvious, apparent, external or literal.</ref> that occurs to the minds of [[anthropomorphists]] (al-mushabbihīn) is negated of Allah, for nothing from his creation resembles him: "There is nothing whatsoever like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing" [Qur'an 42:11].}}

Here Ibn Kathir is diverting the meaning of the text from its apparent meaning, and implicitly affirming that one valid definition of the term zahir is its literal linguistic meaning, which is anthropomorphic. Nevertheless, some modern followers of [[Ibn Taymiyya]] claim that ''bi lā takyīf'' would only mean tafwid of modality but not of meaning (ma'na), but [[Ash'ari]]s/[[Maturidi]]s assert that modality (kayfiyya) is a part of meaning, and without detailing which aspect of meaning remains after de-anthropomorphizing a term, one ends up with tafwid. In addition to that the imams of the salaf (the righteous early generations of Muslims) used to say bila kayf (without how or modality at all). On the other hand, both Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) and his student [[Ibn al-Qayyim]] (d. 751/1350) argued that the anthropomorphic references to God, such as God's hands or face, are to be understood literally and affirmatively according to their apparent meanings.<ref name="Aaron Spevack"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Khaled El-Rouayheb|title=Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107042964|page=277|quote=Ibn Taymiyya thus insisted that the apparent (zāhir) sense of passages that state that God has eyes, hands, and feet, and that He occasionally descends to the lowest heavens, should simply be accepted – in the same way that one should accept passages that state that God knows or wills or speaks.}}</ref><ref name="Carl Sharif">{{cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004412866/BP000008.xml|title=Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation|author=Carl Sharif El-Tobgui|date=2020|series=Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004412866|pages=179–226|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211008235509/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004412866/BP000008.xml|archive-date=8 October 2021|quote=In diametric opposition to this tendency, Ibn Taymiyya insists that the true meanings of the revealed texts are, in one manner or another, entirely embedded in the language of those texts themselves. This obviates (or at least minimizes) the need to appeal, for a proper understanding of revelation, to any factors or considerations extrinsic to the texts, including—indeed, especially—the deliverances of abstract rational speculation as practiced by the philosophers and theologians.3 We have seen in previous chapters that Ibn Taymiyya's overriding concern in the Darʾ taʿāruḍ is to vindicate a plain-sense understanding and straightforward affirmation of the divine attributes predicated of God in revelation over against the rationalists’ negation (nafy) or nullification (taʿṭīl) of any of the said attributes. He insists that this way of affirmation was the consensus approach and understanding of the Salaf, and for that reason it remains uniquely authoritative throughout time. The kinds of rational objections (muʿāriḍ ʿaqlī) raised by various theological schools usually involve the claim that a given revealed attribute (such as the possession of a hand or face, or the act of descending or settling upon the throne), if affirmed of God in accordance with the obvious sense (ẓāhir) of the texts, would entail a "likening" (tamthīl) or "assimilation" (tashbīh) of God to created beings and thus infringe upon the radical uniqueness of God's divinity and His utter dissimilarity to anything tainted by creatureliness, contingency, or limitation of any kind.}}</ref> In their footsteps and following them come the [[Salafi]] groups of modern times such as the followers of [[Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]] (d. 1201/1787) who closely follow Ibn Taymiyya's approach regarding the Divine names and attributes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zulfiqar Ali Shah|title=Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC|date=2012|publisher=[[International Institute of Islamic Thought]] (IIIT)|isbn=9781565645752|page=578}}</ref>

The doctrine of the [[Salaf]]{{#tag:ref|"[[Salaf]]" is a contested term, but generally and quite literally means ancestor, and is usually used as part of the expression al-salaf al-salih, i.e., "the virtuous forefathers."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Frederic Volpi|title=Political Islam: A Critical Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UHhAQAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134722075|page=58|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010023245/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UHhAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Salaf included the companions of Muhammad and the early first three generations of Islam, conventionally ending with Ahmad ibn Hanbal in the ninth century, although a number of later Islamic scholars are included, such as [[al-Tahawi]] (d. 321/933), [[al-Ash'ari]] (d. 324/935) and [[al-Maturidi]] (d. 333/944). However, this is not to be confused with the [[Salafi movement]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammed Gamal Abdelnour|title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Ash'ari Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ|date=2021|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004461765|page=54|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010024011/https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=Note}} that Ibn Taymiyya derives from his traditionalist sources consists in describing God as he describes himself and as his messenger describes him, neither stripping the attributes away (ta'til) in the fashion of [[kalam]] (rational or speculative theology), nor likening (tamthil) them to the attributes of creatures because there is nothing like God [Q. 42:11]. For Ibn Taymiyya, this means that the Salaf knew the meanings of the Divine attributes, and they do not merely delegate them to God. However, certain formulaic statements attributed to them do not appear to support his position unequivocally. Ibn Taymiyya notes that al-Awza'i (d. 157/774), [[Sufyan al-Thawri]] (d. 161/778), and others said concerning the attributes, "Let them pass by as they came", and "Let them pass by as they came, without how". He explains that letting the attributes pass by (imrār) means leaving them intact and not stripping away their meanings, while affirming the attributes "without how" or "without modality" (bi-lā kayf) means not assimilating them to the attributes of creatures. With this, Ibn Taymiyya holds affirmation of the meanings of God's attributes together with denial of their likeness to creatures in a double perspective by drawing a distinction between the known meanings of the attributes and their inscrutable modalities.<ref name="Ayman Shihadeh">{{cite book|author1=[[Ayman Shihadeh]]|author2=Jan Thiele|title=Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ash'arism East and West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3znDwAAQBAJ|date=2020|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004426610|pages=200–201}}</ref><ref name="Carl Sharif"/>

Ibn Taymiyya does not clarify how modality (kayfiyya) and meaning (ma'na) relate to each other semantically. Rather, he deploys the two terms in tandem to maintain the seemingly paradoxical conviction that God is completely different and beyond human experience on the one hand while God's attributes do signify something real and meaningful in human language on the other. In denying knowledge of the modality and affirming knowledge of the meaning, Ibn Taymiyya does not resolve the paradox, nor even acknowledge it, but simply holds its two sides together in the conviction that this is the most faithful and rational set of beliefs.<ref name="Ayman Shihadeh"/>

It is often assumed that the question of God's nature has occupied the minds of early Muslims, and as such Muhammad forbade them from thinking about it, as he said: "Think about God's bounties, but do not think about God's essence (dhat). Otherwise, you will vanish/perish." Accordingly, Muslims should not think about what God is, but about his attributes and his blessings granted to humanity, because God's essence (dhat) cannot be understood by the limited human capacity.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Hüseyin Hilmi Işık]]|title=Islam and Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk5vAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT362|date=2014|publisher=Hakikat Kitabevi|isbn=9781530501601|page=362}}</ref> In this regard it has been mentioned in some narrations that are ascribed to Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61R7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|title=Tafsir al-Mawardi (al-Nukat wa al-'Uyun)|author=[[Al-Mawardi]]|editor=al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Maqsud ibn 'Abd al-Rahim|date=2012|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|page=71|language=ar|quote=وما أحسن ما روي عن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل والإمام الزاهد ذي النون المصري رحمهما الله تعالى أنهما قالا «مهما تصورت ببالك فالله بخلاف ذلك» لأن التصور ينشأ عن الصور والخيالات والله سبحانه وتعالى منزه عن مشابهة كل المخلوقات}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61R7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT469|title=Tafsir al-Mawardi (al-Nukat wa al-'Uyun)|author=[[Al-Mawardi]]|editor=al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Maqsud ibn 'Abd al-Rahim|date=2012|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|page=470|language=ar|quote=فلقد ثبت لي بعض الروايات عن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل إمام أهل السنة والجماعة أنه قال: «مهما تصورت ببالك فالله بخلاف ذلك»، وهذه الرواية أيضاً رويت عن الزاهد الصالح الشهير ذي النون المصري}}</ref> it has been reported that he said:<ref group="Note">This statement also attributed to [[Dhu al-Nun al-Misri]] (d. 246/861).</ref> "Whatever comes to your mind (i.e., regarding God and His nature), God is different than that."<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UarUm4QXGWAC|date=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134339754|page=36}}</ref> Or in the words: "God is completely different from whatever comes to your mind concerning Him."

According to [[al-Shahrastani]] (d. 548/1154) in his [[al-Milal wa al-Nihal]] ("Religious Sects and Divisions"), Ahmad ibn Hanbal and [[Dawud al-Zahiri]] (d. 270/884) and a group of imams of the Salaf, they followed the way of the early traditionalists ([[ashab al-hadith]]), such as [[Malik ibn Anas]] (d. 179/795). They took a safe path, saying "We believe in whatever is reported from the Book and the Sunna, and we do not try to interpret it, knowing for certain that God does not resemble any created things, and that all the images we form of Him are created by Him and formed by Him". They avoided [[anthropomorphism]] (tashbih) to such an extent that they said that if a man moved his hand while reading the Qur'anic verse that speaks of God's creating [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] using his own "hands" [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/38/75/ 38:75 Q.]; or if he pointed with his two fingers while reporting the [[hadith]]: "The heart of the believer is between the two fingers of [[al-Rahman]] (the Most Compassionate)", his hand must be cut off and the two fingers torn out.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Al-Shahrastani]]|translator1=A. K. Kazi|translator2=J. G. Glynn|title=Muslim Sects and Divisions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldu3AAAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136138829|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Namira Nahouza|title=Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myaODwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781838609825|page=49}}</ref>

These early scholars were often called the People of Tradition ([[Ahl al-Hadith]]), or Salaf such as [[Abu Hanifa]], Malik, [[al-Shafi'i]] and Ahmad ibn Hanbal. They left the verses of the Qur'an in question as well as the related hadiths simply as they were, accepting the poetical statements just as they occurred, without applying much reason either to criticize or expand upon them. Their position was that these ambiguous verses must be understood in light of the Qur'anic dictum that, "There is nothing whatever like Him" [Q. 42:11] hence negating all possibilities of anthropomorphism. At the same time, they used and maintained the same phrases or terminology implied by the Qur'an with regards to God such as God's face without looking further into their meaning or exegesis. And this is what is being referred to by use of their phrase ''bila kayfa wa la tashbih'', meaning without inquiring how and without anthropomorphism or comparison.<ref name="Zulfiqar Ali Shah"/>

However, according to some scholars, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, like the other early Muslims, also gave some figurative interpretations (ta'wil) to scriptural expressions that might otherwise have been misinterpreted anthropomorphically, which is what neo-Salafis condemn the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools for doing. For example, Ibn Kathir reports that [[al-Bayhaqi]] (d. 458/1066) related from [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri|al-Hakim]] (d. 405/1014), from Abu 'Amr ibn al-Sammak (d. 344/955), from Hanbal [ibn Ishaq al-Shaybani] (d. 273/886), the son of the brother of Ahmad ibn Hanbal's father, that "Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) figuratively interpreted the word of Allah Most High, ‘And your Lord comes...’ [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/89/22/ 89:22 Q.], as meaning ‘His recompense ([[thawab]]) shall come’." Al-Bayhaqi then said, "This chain of narrators has absolutely nothing wrong in it".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT349|title=آيات الصفات ومنهج ابن جرير الطبري في تفسير معانيها|author=Husam b. Hasan Sarsour|date=2004|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|isbn=9782745142092|page=350|language=ar|quote=قال ابن كثير: «روى البيهقي عن الحاكم عن أبي عمر بن السماك عن حنبل أن أحمد ابن حنبل تأول قول الله تعالى: (وجاء ربك) أنه جاء ثوابه. ثم قال البيهقي: وهذا إسناد لا غبار عليه».}}</ref> [[Ibn Hazm]] (d. 456/1064) in his book ''{{ill|al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa' wa al-Nihal|ar|الفصل في الملل والأهواء والنحل}}'' ("The Distinction Concerning Religions, Heresies, and Sects") said also that Ahmad ibn Hanbal figuratively interpreted ‘And your Lord comes...’ [Q. 89:22], but as meaning "And your Lord's command/decree has come."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT227|title=Al-'Aqidah wa 'Ilm al-Kalam|author=[[Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari]]|date=2017|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|isbn=9782745143648|page=233|language=ar|quote=وقال ابن حزم الظاهري فى فصله: وقد روينا عن أحمد بن حنبل رحمه الله أنه قال: (وجاء ربك) إنما معناه: جاء أمر ربك اهـ.}}</ref>

Among the most significant Athari theological works are:
* ''Naqd ‘Uthman ibn Sa’id Ad-Darimi 'ala Al-Marisi al Jahmi al 'aneed fi ma iftara 'ala Allah fit tawheed'' by [[Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Darimi]] (d. 280/815).
* ''Kitaab at-Tawheed'' by [[Ibn Khuzayma]] (d. 311/924).
* ''Kitaab al-'Uluww al-'Aliyy al-Ghafaar'' and ''Kitaab al-'Arsh'' by [[Al-Dhahabi]] (d. 748/1348).
* ''Lawami' al-Anwar al-Bahiyya wa Sawati' al-Asrar al-Athariyya'' by [[Al-Saffarini]] (d. 1188/1774).
* ''Bahjat al-Nazirin wa Ayat al-Mustadillin'' (The Delight of Onlookers and the Signs for Investigators) by [[Mar'i al-Karmi]] (d. 1033/1624), on [[cosmology]] and the affairs of the Last Judgment and the Afterlife.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]|title=Scripta Hierosolymitana: Publications of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DToTAQAAMAAJ|date=1954|volume=35|publisher=Magnes Press|page=283}}</ref>

==== Ash'aris and Maturidis ====
{{See also||Ahl al-Ra'y|Kalam}}
[[File:The Guiding Creed by Ibn Tumart.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|A rock carved with the text of "''[[w:ar:العقيدة المرشدة|al-'Aqida al-Murshida]]''" ([http://www.a7bash.com/kutub/GuidingCreedArabEng.pdf the Guiding Creed]) by [[Ibn Tumart]] (d. 524/1130) — the student of [[al-Ghazali]] (d. 505/ 1111) and the founder of the [[Almohad dynasty]] — praised and approved by [[w:ar:فخر الدين بن عساكر|Fakhr al-Din Ibn 'Asakir]] (d. 620/1223), located at al-Salah Islamic secondary school in [[Baalbek]], Lebanon.]]
[[Ash'aris]] and [[Maturidis]] are in agreement that God's attributes are [[Eternity|eternal]] and are to be held to be metaphorically.<ref>Abdullah Saeed ''Islamic Thought: An Introduction''Routledge 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-134-22564-4}} chapter ''legal thought''</ref> References to [[anthropomorphic]] attributes can probably not be understood correctly by humans.<ref name="reference">Andrew Rippin ''Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'' Psychology Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-415-34888-1}} page 86</ref> Although God's existence is considered to be possibly known by reason, human mind can not fully understand God's attributes. Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars have two positions regarding the [[Mutashabihat]] texts (ambiguous passages in the Qur'an and Hadith) related to God's attributes:<ref>{{cite book|author=Khaled El-Rouayheb|title=Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107042964|page=276}}</ref> [[Tafwid]] (affirming the attributes of God, but consigning/entrusting both their meaning and modality to God, or in other words, leaving the interpretation of anthropomorphic expressions to God) and [[Ta'wil]] (metaphorical interpretation). The two positions disregard the literal meaning of the texts due to the definitive evidences denoting the transcendence of God above the attributes of his created beings as per his words: {{Cite Quran|42|11|q=There is nothing whatever like Him.}} and {{Cite Quran|112|4|q=And comparable to Him there is none.}} For example, when believers in [[Jannah|paradise]] see God, they do not see God in the way humans are able to see on Earth.<ref name="reference" /> Ash'aris and Maturidis asserts, since God is the creator of everything that exists and creation neither affects nor alters God, the [[Throne of God]] is not a dwelling place for God.<ref>Imam Al-Bayhaqi ''Allah's Names and Attributes'' ISCA 1999 {{ISBN|978-1-930-40903-3}} page 19</ref>

[[Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi]] (d. 429/1037) in his ''[[al-Farq bayn al-Firaq]]'' (The Difference between the Sects) reports that [['Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth Caliph, said: "[[Allah]] created the Throne as an indication of His power, not for taking it as a place for Himself."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnah.org/2012/05/05/allahs-establishment-over-the-throne/|title=Allah's Establishment Over the Throne|publisher=[[As-Sunnah Foundation of America]]|website=sunnah.org|date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210531025556/http://sunnah.org/2012/05/05/allahs-establishment-over-the-throne/|archive-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Accordingly, expressions such as ''God's istiwa' on the Throne'' means by ta'wil or figurative interpretation, exercise of his power upon the universe, this denotes his assumption of authority of his created world, the throne being a symbol of authority and dominion, while in tafwid, they just say: ''Allahu A'lam'' (God knows best), together with their understanding of [[Tanzih]] (God's incomparability and transcendence), which means that his istiwa' upon the throne, in the manner which he himself has described, and in that same sense which he himself means, which is far removed from any notion of contact, or resting upon, or local situation. It is impermissible to say that he established himself with a contact or a meeting with it. Because God is not subject to change, substitution, nor limits, whether before or after the creation of the throne.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Al-Bayhaqi]]|translator=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=Allah's Names and Attributes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM7wz92Tq6oC|date=1999|volume=4|publisher=[[As-Sunna Foundation of America]]|isbn=9781930409033|page=88}}</ref>

Ash'aris and Maturidis are in general agreement that God is free from all imperfections and flaws. He has Divine attributes. Divine attributes are characteristics or qualities that God alone possesses. The Divine attributes are classified into: negative and positive. By the "Negative Attribute" they mean the negation of the negative, i.e. negation of imperfection. Among the most important are the following:<ref>{{cite book|author=Burhan Ahmad Faruqi|title=The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ|date=2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781446164020|page=66}}</ref>
* The negative divine attributes are of two kinds; firstly those which are meant to deny all imperfections in God's Being, e.g., that he has no equal and no rival, no parents and no children; secondly those which indicate his beyondness, e.g., that he is not body or physical, is neither substance nor attribute, is not space or spatial, is not limited or finite, has neither dimensions nor relations, i.e., he is above the application of our categories of thought.
* The positive divine attributes are such as life, knowledge, power, will, hearing, seeing, and speaking.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hiroyuki Mashita|title=Theology, Ethics and Metaphysics: Royal Asiatic Society Classics of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQcSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136872051|page=73}}</ref>

The Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars emphasise that the [[Qur'an]] expresses that God does not need any of his creation as he is perfect.<ref>{{cite book|author=Namira Nahouza|title=Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyaODwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|isbn=9781838609832|page=16}}</ref> He is immutable (does not change), self-subsisting and self-sufficient, without figure, form, colour or parts. His existence has neither beginning nor end. He is not a body composed of substances or elements. He is not an accident inherent in a body or dwelling in a place.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Ibrahim H. I. Surty|title=The Qur'an And Al-Shirk (Polytheism)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XEwAAAAYAAJ|date=1990|publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers|isbn=9780907461678|page=103}}</ref> He is unique, unlike anything in his creation. He is [[ineffable]], beyond human understanding, comprehension and therefore human description,<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Coeli Fitzpatrick|editor2=Adam Hani Walker|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781610691789|page=476}}</ref> as per his words: {{Cite Quran|42|11|q=There is nothing whatever like Him.}}

He is [[omnitemporal]] in the way that he is [[omnipresent]], as per his words: {{Cite Quran|57|4|q=And He is with you, wherever you may be.}} He is everywhere by his knowledge and power, and nowhere, without being in a place, direction or location, because He existed eternally before all the creations (including time and space) and is clear from change. He is always in the present, yet transcends time. God is not within time; time is one of his creations and does not affect him, so for him there is no past, present and future.

The Hanafi-[[Maturidi]] scholar, [['Ali al-Qari]] (d. 1014/1606) in his ''Sharh [[al-Fiqh al-Akbar]]'' states: "[[Allah]] the Exalted is not in any place or space, nor is He subject to time, because both time and space are amongst His creations. He the Exalted was present in pre-existence and there was nothing of the creation with Him".<ref name="Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori"/>

Thus, according to Maturidis and Ash'aris, God is beyond time and space, and is [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]], [[Infinity|infinite]] (not limited) and [[Eternity|eternal]], without beginning or end, as per his words: {{Cite Quran|57|3|q=He is the First, the Last, the All-Outward, and the All-Inward.}} A hadith mentioned in [[Sahih Muslim]] explains this part of the verse as follows:<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC|date=2006|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=9781597840002|page=1105}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/news/896816|title=Allah — the Manifest and the Hidden|website=[[Arab News]]|date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210522130304/https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/news/896816|archive-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Abu Hurayra|text=O [[Allah]], You are the First, there is none that precedes You. You are the Last, there is none that will outlive You. You are al-Zahir (the Manifest or the Most High), and there is nothing above You. You are al-Batin (the Hidden or the Most Near), and there is nothing below You (or nearer than You).}}

At the same time, he is near to everything that has being; nay, he is nearer to men than their jugular veins (this is alluded to in the verse [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/50/16/ 50:16]), and is witness to everything —though his nearness is not like the nearness of bodies, as neither is his essence like the essence of bodies. Neither does he exist in anything or does anything exist in him; but he is beyond space and time; for he is the creator of space and time, and was before space and time were created, and is now after the same manner as He always was (i.e., without place nor time).

He is also distinct from the creatures in his attributes, neither is there anything besides himself in his essence, nor is his essence in any other besides him. He is too holy to be subject to change or any local motion; neither do any accidents dwell in him, nor any contingencies before him; but he abides with his glorious attributes, free from all danger of dissolution. As to the attribute of perfection, he wants no addition. As to being, he is known to exist by the apprehension of the understanding; and he is seen as he is by immediate intuition, which will be vouchsafed out of his mercy and grace to the believers in the paradise, completing their joy by the vision of his glorious presence.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Jami]]|translator1=[[E. H. Whinfield]]|translator2=Muhammad Kazvini|title=Flashes of Light: A Treatise on Sufism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a17g5volWkEC|date=2010|publisher=[[Golden Elixir Press]]|isbn=9780984308224|pages=65–67}}</ref>

The possibility of seeing God in the afterlife became a pillar of the Ash'ari and the Maturidi schools. [[Al-Ash'ari]] holds that God will be seen in the next world by sight. [[Al-Maturidi]] also accepts the visibility of God, however his explanation is qualified: people will see God in way that it is incomprehensible to humans in this life and is not like the normal sight that we use to sense light and distance. [[Al-Ghazali]] promised that people would enjoy the pleasure of looking on God's noble face.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gokhan Bacik|title=Islam and Muslim Resistance to Modernity in Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiirDwAAQBAJ|date=2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=9783030259013|pages=80–81}}</ref>

Ash'aris and Maturidis insisted on the reality of that vision even if they admitted their inability to fully explain how it will happen. According to them, God can be seen even if he cannot be perceived through vision. Al-Ghazali in his ''[[al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad]]'' (Moderation in Belief) explains the Ash'ari position that God will be seen in the afterlife despite the fact that he has no physical body, nor any location or direction.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Griffel|title=The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT420|date=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780190886349|page=420}}</ref>

[[Mu'tazilis]] and [[Shi'is]] deny that God can be seen for the simple reason that visibility, as man understands it requires the object of vision to be in place and this is inconceivable in reference to God. Ash'aris and Maturidis agree with this proposition, but only if they are talking of vision here on Earth and within the physical laws applicable here. However, if it is going to happen somewhere else and under a different set of laws, visibility is possible, for whatever exists can be seen under proper conditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Y. Avdich|title=Survey of Islamic Doctrine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78SIAAAAMAAJ|date=1979|edition=2|publisher=Unity Publishing Company|asin=B00DDVCR90|page=153}}</ref>

Ash'aris and Maturidis [[Ijma|unanimously agree]] that it is only in the [[Akhirah|Hereafter]] that God will be seen. Among the evidences that have been used by them in establishing the permissibility of seeing God are the following:

{{Blockquote|text='''22.''' Some faces on that Day will be radiant (with contentment), '''23.''' Looking up toward their Lord.|author=translated by [[Ali Ünal]]|title=Quran|source=[[Al-Qiyama]] 75:22-23<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Miraculous Quran - Translation by Chapter |url=https://mquran.org/content/category/2/75/4/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=mquran.org |archive-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193410/http://mquran.org/content/category/2/75/4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{Blockquote|text=For those who do good is the greatest good, and even more.|author=translated by [[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|title=Quran|source=[[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] 10:26}}

Goodness (or [[ihsan]], husna) is to act in accordance with the wise commandments of God. Muhammad defined it as being a servant to God as though one saw him. The greatest good shall be for them (i.e., Paradise), and also "even more"; the delight of gazing upon the ineffable and blessed Countenance of God.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|url=http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1394&menuId=264|title=The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 10:26]|publisher=Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association|website=Semazen.NET|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210615202304/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1394&menuId=264|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

It was narrated that [[Suhayb the Roman|Suhayb]] said:<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Hussein Rassool|title=Islamic Psychology: Human Behaviour and Experience from an Islamic Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oobEAAAQBAJ|date=2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781000362923|pages=246–247}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text="The Messenger of Allah recited this verse: 'For those who have done good is the best (reward) and even more.' Then he said: 'When the people of Paradise enter Paradise, and the people of the Fire enter the Fire, a caller will cry out: "O people of Paradise! You have a covenant with Allah and He wants to fulfill it." They will say: "What is it?" Has Allah not made the Balance (of our good deeds) heavy, and made our faces bright, and admitted us to Paradise and saved us from Hell?" Then the Veil will be lifted and they will look upon Him, and by Allah, Allah will not give them anything that is more beloved to them or delightful, than looking upon Him.'"
|source= Narrated by [[Ibn Majah]], [[al-Tirmidhi]], and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]].
}}

During the lifetime of Muhammad some people asked:<ref>{{cite book|author=Gene Netto|title=Searching For God And Finding Allah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7O-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=2019|publisher=Yayasan Bambu Biru (Blue Bamboo Foundation)|isbn=|page=188}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text="O Allah's Messenger! Shall we see our Lord on the Day of Resurrection?" The Prophet said: "Do you have any difficulty in seeing the moon on a full moon night?" They said: "No, O Allah's Messenger." He said: "Do you have any difficulty in seeing the sun when there are no clouds?" They said: "No, O Allah's Messenger." He said: "So verily, you would see Him like this (i.e., as easy as you see the sun and the moon in the world when it is clear)."
|source= Narrated by [[Al-Bukhari]], [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]], [[Abu Dawud al-Sijistani|Abu Dawud]], and [[Ibn Majah]].
}}

Muhammad said also in an [[authentic hadith]] mentioned in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], [[Sahih Muslim]], [[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]], [[Sunan Abi Dawud]], and [[Sunan ibn Majah]]: "Certainly, you will see your Rubb (on the Day of Resurrection) as you see this (full) moon, and you will have no difficulty (or trouble) in seeing Him."<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Al-Nawawi]]|url=https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1895|title=Riyad al-Salihin (The Gardens of the Righteous)|website=Sunnah.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210615210324/https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1895|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Al-Bukhari]]|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7436|title=Sahih al-Bukhari|website=Sunnah.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210615210613/https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7436|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

In addition, the Qur'an also confirms in [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/83/15/default.htm 83:15] that: {{Cite Quran|83|15|q=No! Indeed, from (the sight and mercy of) their Lord, that Day, they will be veiled/blocked (i.e., on the Day of Judgment, the [[Kafir|disbeliever]]s will not be able to see Him).}}

Among the most significant Ash'ari-Maturidi theological works are:
* ''[[Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)|Kitab al-Tawhid]]'' by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (d. 333/944).
* ''[[Al-Insaf fima Yajib I'tiqaduh]]'' by [[Abu Bakr al-Baqillani]] (d. 403/1013).
* ''[[A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief]]'' by [[Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni]] (d. 478/1085).
* ''[[The Moderation in Belief]]'' by [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazali]] (d. 505/1111).
* ''[[Tabsirat al-Adilla]]'' by [[Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi]] (d. 508/1114).
* ''[[Asas al-Taqdis]]'' by [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] (d. 606/1209).
* The Commentaries on ''[[Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya]]''.

=== Mu'tazilis ===
The [[Muʿtazila|Mu'tazilis]] reject the [[anthropomorphic]] attributes of God because an eternal being "must be unique" and attributes would make God comparable. The descriptions of God in the [[Quran]] are considered to be [[allegory|allegories]].<ref>John Renard ''Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader'' Univ of California Press 2014 {{ISBN|978-0-520-95771-8}} page 138</ref> Nevertheless, the Muʿtazilites thought God contains oneness (tawhid) and justice. Other characteristics like knowledge are not attributed to God; rather they describe his essence. Otherwise eternal attributes of God would give rise to a multiplicity entities existing eternal besides God.<ref>Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes ''Dictionary of Islam'' Asian Educational Services, 1995 {{ISBN|978-8-120-60672-2}} page 425</ref>

Among the most significant Mu'tazili theological works are:
* ''Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa'' (Explaining the Five Principles) by [[al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar]] (d. 415/1025).
* ''Al-Minhaj fi Usul al-Din'' (The Curriculum/Method in the Fundamentals of Religion) by [[al-Zamakhshari]] (d. 538/1144).

=== Jahmism ===
The Jahmites were an early Islamic denomination who insisted on the absolute incomparability of God and favored [[Natural theology]]. The founder [[Jahm bin Safwan]] was a major opponent of the [[Murji'ah|Murjite]] and anthropomoprhist theologian [[Muqatil ibn Sulayman]].

For the Jahmites, God is wholly other and imcomparable, removed from every conceptualization or description by humans. Jahmi derives his doctrine from his epistemology: since all conceptualization are derived from the created world, there is no way to envision God. The lack of attributes to God brought him the accusation of denial of God. However, because everything what happens in this world – including what is done by living beings – are God's actions, Jahmite's [[Panentheism|concept of God is pervading everything]]. Still, God is not mixed with creation and the object of worship remains transcendent. Jahms did not deny that the attributes of God are real or a thing, but argues that God is not a thing.{{Sfn|Schock|2016|p=56}} Furthermore, Jahm's [[epistemology]] is [[Empiricism|empiricistic]] not [[Rationalism|rationalistic]]. The created world is, for the Jahmites, ultimately unreal, as only God can be considered real.{{Sfn|Suleiman|2024|p=40–41}} This also sets them apart from the [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazilites]].

Due to God's absoluteness, Jahmites adhere to [[Predestination in Islam|predestination]] and reject the view that a person has free will and insist that actions are determined by God. The Jahmiyya believed this because they thought that human free will would entail a limitation on God's power, and so must be rejected.{{Sfn|Salem|2016|p=29–30}} Since there is no essence and no self-existence in Jahmite's thought, except for God, the Jahmites also denied the eternity of paradise and hell.<ref name=":2">Lange, Christian (2016). ''Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions''. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-50637-3}}. p. 169</ref>

=== Shi'is ===
The [[Shi'is]] agreed with the [[Mu'tazilis]] and deny that God will be seen with the physical eyes either in this world or in the next.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Geijbels|title=An Introduction to Islam: Muslim Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTAKAQAAMAAJ|date=1977|publisher=Christian Study Centre|volume=4|page=367}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Allah: The Concept of God in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W04-TCFNYQsC|date=2012|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]|isbn=9781468532722|volume=1|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yasin Jibouri|title=Allah: the Concept of God in Islam (a Selection)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8NbCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|date=2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781312490574|page=18|quote=Sunnis, however, believe, as the reader will find out in a later part of this book, that the believers will be able on the Day of Judgment to see Allah. Shias disagree with them as you will read later in this book, Insha-Allah.}}</ref>

==== Isma'ilis ====
According to [[Isma'ilism]], God is absolutely transcendent and unknowable;<ref>Farhad Daftary ''Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions'' Routledge 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-351-97503-2}}</ref> beyond matter, energy, space, time, change, imaginings, intellect, positive as well as negative qualities. All attributes of God named in rituals, scriptures or prayers refers not to qualities God possesses, but to qualities emanated from God, thus these are the attributes God gave as the source of all qualities, but God does not consist on one of these qualities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gnostic |first=Ismaili |url=https://ismailignosis.com/2016/01/22/ismaili-teachings-on-the-oneness-of-god-tawhid-beyond-personalist-theism-and-modern-atheism/ |title=Ismaili Teachings on the Oneness of God (Tawhid): Beyond Personalist Theism and Modern Atheism – Ismaili Gnosis |work=Ismaili Gnosis |publisher=Ismailignosis.com |date=2016-01-22 |access-date=2019-01-29 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406225103/http://ismailignosis.com/2016/01/22/ismaili-teachings-on-the-oneness-of-god-tawhid-beyond-personalist-theism-and-modern-atheism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One philosophical definition of the world Allah is " The Being Who concentrates in Himself all the attributes of perfection "<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Tabatabai|first=Muhammad Husayn|url=https://almizan.org/|title=Tafsir al-Mizan|year=2010|isbn=9783939416401|volume=1,2|pages=45,140|publisher=Verlag Eslamica|access-date=2020-04-18|archive-date=2019-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211183448/https://almizan.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> or "the Person Who is the Essential Being, and Who encompasses all the attributes of perfection".<ref name=":0" /> Since God is beyond all wordings, Isma'ilism also denies the concept of God as the [[Unmoved mover|first cause]].<ref>Arzina R. Lalani ''Degrees of Excellence: A Fatimid Treatise on Leadership in Islam'' I.B.Tauris 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-857-71202-8}} page 3</ref>

In [[Isma'ilism|Ismailism]], assigning attributes to God as well as negating any attributes from God (''[[Apophatic theology|via negativa]]'') both qualify as [[anthropomorphism]] and are rejected, as God cannot be understood by either assigning attributes to him or taking attributes away from him. The 10th-century Ismaili philosopher [[Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani]] suggested the method of double negation; for example: "God is not existent" followed by "God is not non-existent". This glorifies God from any understanding or human comprehension.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|date=2010|title=The Right Path: A Post-Mongol Persian Ismaili Treatise|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860903541988|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=43|issue=2|pages=197–221|doi=10.1080/00210860903541988|s2cid=170748666|issn=0021-0862|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203006/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210860903541988|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Twelvers ====
{{main|Theology of Twelvers}}
The Twelver Shi'is believe that God has no shape, no physical hand, no physical leg, no physical body, no physical face. They believe God has no visible appearance. God does not change in time, nor does he occupy a physical place. Under no circumstances, the Shi'is argues, does God change. There is also no time frame regarding God. As support for their view, Shi'i scholars often point to the Qur'anic verse [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/103/default.htm 6:103] which states: "Eyes comprehend Him not, but He comprehends all eyes. He is the All-Subtle (penetrating everything no matter how small), the All-Aware." Thus one fundamental difference between [[Sunnis]] and Shi'is that the former believes that followers will "see" their Lord on the Day of Resurrection, while the latter holds that God cannot be seen because he is beyond space and time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen J. Vicchio|title=Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GULkDAAAQBAJ|date=2008|publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]]|isbn=9781498275583|page=41}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=[[Ibn 'Abbas]] says that a [[bedouin]] once came to the Messenger of Allah and said, "O Messenger of Allah! Teach me of the most unusual of knowledge!" He asked him, "What have you done with the peak of knowledge so that you now ask about its most unusual things?!" The man asked him, "O Messenger of Allah! What is this peak of knowledge?!" He said, "It is knowing Allah as He deserves to be known." The bedouin then said, "And how can He be known as He ought to be?" The Messenger of Allah answered, "It is that you know Him as having no model, no peer, no antithesis, and that He is [[Wahid]] (One, Single) and [[Ahad]] (Unique, Absolutely One): Apparent yet Hidden, the First and the Last, having no peer nor a similitude; this is the true knowledge about Him."<ref>{{cite book|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Allah: The Concept of God in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W04-TCFNYQsC|date=2012|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]|isbn=9781468532722|volume=1|pages=28–29}}</ref>
|author=[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]]
|title="Knowing Allah"
|source=''[[Bihar al-Anwar]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]]|url=https://www.islam4u.com/ar/khair-alkalam/-0رأس-العلم|title=Bihar al-Anwar|website=www.islam4u.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604232042/https://www.islam4u.com/ar/khair-alkalam/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-0|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
}}

Among the most significant Shi'i theological works are:
* ''Kitab al-Tawhid'' (Book of Monotheism) by [[Ibn Babawayh]] – also known as al-Shaykh al-Saduq – (d. 381 H/991).
* ''[[Tajrid al-I'tiqad]]'' (Sublimation of Belief) by [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] (d. 672/1274).

=== Sufism ===
{{Main|Sufi metaphysics|Incarnation}}
The majority of [[Sufis]] adhere to the same beliefs and practices of orthodox theology of [[Sunni Islam]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html|title=Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?|work=The New York Times |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726202457/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html|archive-date=26 July 2020|quote=The vast majority of Sufis are Sunni, though some are Shiite. |last1=Specia |first1=Megan }}</ref> both the [[Ash'ari]] and [[Maturidi]] schools, the essential difference in theology being that Sufis believe ''Ma'iyyat Allah'' (God's presence, togetherness, companionship) – derived from the Qur'anic verse 4 in [[Surat al-Hadid]] which states: {{Cite Quran|57|4|translator=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|q=and He is with you wheresoever you may be.}} – is not only by knowledge, comprehension and power, but also by nature and essence, which is God himself, being everywhere by presence. According to [[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]] (d. 1224/1809) in his ''[[al-Bahr al-Madid]]'':<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 57:4]">{{cite web|author=[[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]]|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|title=Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid [Qur'an 57:4]|publisher=Altafsir.com|website=www.altafsir.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210530221518/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|archive-date=30 May 2021|language=ar|quote={ وهو معكم أينما كنتم } بالعلم والقدرة والإحاطة الذاتية، وما ادعاه ابنُ عطية من الإجماع أنه بالعلم، فإن كان مراده من أهل الظاهر فمسلّم، وأمّا أهل الباطن فمجمِعون على خلافه، انظر الإشارة.... وهو معكم أينما كنتم بذاته وصفاته، على ما يليق بجلال قدسه وكمال كبريائه إذ الصفة لا تُفارق الموصوف فإذا كانت المعية بالعلم لَزِمَ أن تكون بالذات، فافهم، وسلِّم إن لم تذق. حدثني شيخي، الفقيه المحرر " الجنوي ": أنَّ علماء مصر اجتمعوا للمناظرة في صفة المعية، فانفصل مجلسهم على أنها بالذات، على ما يليق به. وسمعتُه أيضاً يقول: إنَّ الفقيه العلامة " سيدي أحمد بن مبارك " لقي الرجل الصالح سيدي " أحمد الصقلي " ، فقال له: كيف تعتقد: { وهو معكم أين ما كنتم }؟ فقال: بالذات، فقال له: أشهد أنك من العارفين. هـ. قلت: فبحر الذات متصل، لا يتصور فيه انفصال، ولا يخلو منه مكان ولا زمان، كان ولا زمان ولا مكان، وهو الآن على ما عليه كان.}}</ref> ''Ahl al-Batin'' (people of the inner knowledge who follow the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|esoteric interpretation]], i.e., the Sufis) have a [[Ijma|consensus]] on that God is everywhere by presence and essence (in all places at once with his entire being despite his spacelessness), but without ''Hulul'' (God's indwelling, fusion/infusion, incarnation in creation) and without ''Ittihad'' (God's identification, unification, union with creation),<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 67:16]">{{cite web|author=[[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]]|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|title=Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid [Qur'an 67:16]|publisher=Altafsir.com|website=www.altafsir.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210530225659/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=67&tAyahNo=16&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|archive-date=30 May 2021|language=ar|quote=واعلم أن ذات الحق ـ جلّ جلاله ـ عمّت الوجود، فليست محصورة في مكان ولا زمان، { فأينما تُولوا فَثَمّ وجه الله } ، فأسرار ذاته ـ تعالى ـ سارية في كل شيء، قائمة بكل شيء، كما تقدّم، فهو موجود في كل شيء، لا يخلو منه شيء، أسرار المعاني قائمة بالأواني، وإنما خصّ الحق ـ تعالى ـ السماء بالذكر لأنها مرتفعة معظّمة، فناسب ذكر العظيم فيها، وعلى هذا تُحمل الأحاديث والآيات الواردة على هذا المنوال. وليس هنا حلول ولا اتحاد إذ ليس في الوجود إلاّ تجليات الحق ومظاهر ذاته وصفاته، كان الله ولا شيء معه، وهو الآن على ما كان عليه}}</ref> unlike ''Ahl al-Zahir'' (people of the outward observance; the uninitiated), who are unanimously agreed that God is [[omnipresent]] only by knowledge and power.<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 57:4]"/>

Among the verses that Sufis rely on to prove God's [[omnipresence]] are:<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 67:16]"/> [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/215/default.htm 2:115]; [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/255/default.htm 2:255] ([[Ayat al-Kursi]]); [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/3/default.htm 6:3]; [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/43/84/default.htm 43:84]; [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/57/4/default.htm 57:4]; and [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/58/7/default.htm 58:7]. Based on these Qur'anic verses, God's omnipresence is not limited to certain areas, but is present everywhere, all-pervasive, and all-knowing.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stefan Kalms|author2=Dorothée Zerwas|author3=Harald F. O. von Kortzfleisch|title=Ubiquitous Entrepreneurship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWSsAQAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=9783844102864|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|url=http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1386&menuId=264|title=The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 2:115]|publisher=Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association|website=Semazen.NET|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210530233832/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1386&menuId=264|archive-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

According to [[Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi]] (d. 1419/1998) in his interpretation (better known as {{ill|Tafsir al-Sha'rawi|ar|تفسير الشعراوي}}) of the Qur'anic verses {{qref|56|83-85}}, which are mentioned in [[Surat al-Waqi'ah]]: "'''83.''' Why then (are you helpless) when it (i.e., the soul of a dying person at the moment of death) reaches the throat, '''84.''' While you are looking on, '''85.''' And We (i.e., God [[and/or]] His angels) are nearer/closer to him (the dying human) than you are, but you do not see."

Al-Sha'rawi stated that God's statement in verse [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/56/85/ 56:85] "but you do not see" proves clearly and unequivocally that ''Ma'iyyatullah'' (meaning 'companionship of God', literally: 'togetherness with God') is true/real with his essence (dhat), which is not like the essence of created beings, and his companionship is not only with knowledge, if so, then God wouldn't say "but you do not see".<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi]]|url=https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-خواطري-حول-القرآن-الكريم-تفسير-الشعراوي-pdf|title=Tafsir al-Sha'rawi [Qur'an 56:85]|website=www.noor-book.com|publisher=[[Akhbar el-Yom]]|pages=14885–14886|language=ar|quote=هذه الكلمة {ولكن ﻻ تبصرون} [الواقعة: 85] حلت لنا إشكاﻻت متعددة، ﻷن البعض يفهم مسألة معية الله في مثل: {إن الله معنا ..} [التوبة: 40] و {إن الله مع الذين اتقوا ..} [النحل: 128] أنها معية علم، ولو كانت كذلك ما قال سبحانه {ولكن ﻻ تبصرون} [الواقعة: 85] إذن: هي معية حقيقية ولو كان عندكم بصر حديد يُمكّنكم من الرؤية لرأيتم، فلم ﻻ يتسع التصور في المعية بدون تحيّز، ولك في نفسك مثال: فالروح التي تدير حركة حياتك كلها، هل تعلم أين هي من جسمك؟ إذن: أنت ﻻ تدركها وهي فيك، فما بالك بالحق سبحانه وتعالى الذي يدير هذا الكون كله، فمعية الله بذاته التي ليست كالذوات، فإذا كنت ﻻ تدرك مخلوقاً لله فهل تطمع في أن تدرك معية الله لك؛ إذن فمخلوق لله ﻻ يُدرَك، فكيف تريد أن تدرك من خلق ما ﻻ يُدْرَك !!}}</ref>

Since God in Islam is transcendental and sovereign but also immanent and omnipresent, the [[Sufism|Sufi]] view holds that in reality, only God exists. Thus everything in creation is reflecting an attribute of God's names. Yet these forms are not God themselves.<ref>Karin Jironet ''The Image of Spiritual Liberty in the Western Sufi Movement Following Hazrat Inayat Khan'' Peeters Publishers 2002 {{ISBN|978-9-042-91205-2}} page 32</ref> The [[List of Sufi saints|Sufi Saint]] [[Ibn Arabi]] stated: ''There is nothing but God''. This statement was mistakenly equalized to [[Pantheism]] by critics; however, Ibn Arabi always made a clear distinction between the creation and the creator.<ref>J. I. Laliwala ''Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science Religion and Philosophy'' Sarup & Sons 2005 {{ISBN|978-8-176-25476-2}} page 39</ref> Since God is the ''[[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute Reality]]'',<ref>Jean-Louis Michon, Roger Gaetani ''Sufism: Love & Wisdom'' World Wisdom, Inc, 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-941-53275-4}} page 207</ref>
the created worlds and their inhabitants are merely illusions. They just exist because of God's command ''[[Kun (Islamic term)|Kun]]'', but everything that would be, was already known by God.<ref>William C. Chittick ''Ibn 'Arabi: Heir to the Prophets'' Oneworld Publications 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-780-74193-2}}</ref>

Both beliefs Hulul (incarnation) and Ittihad (unification) had been severely denounced by moderate Sunni Sufis, such as [['Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi]] (d. 1143/1731), which he described as [[heresies]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh|title=Sufi Visionary of Ottoman Damascus: 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 1641-1731|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r1uH9O-p0UC|date=2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134294664|page=51}}</ref>

Among the most significant Sufi theological works are:
* ''Al-Ta'aruf li-Madhhab Ahl al-Tasawwuf'' (Inquiry into the Tenets of the Sufis) by [[Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi]] (d. 385/995), recognised as an authoritative treatise on the mystical doctrines.<ref>{{cite book|author=N. Hanif|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7JInpQL0x8C|date=2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176252669|page=229}}</ref>
* ''[[Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya]]'' by [[al-Qushayri]] (d. 465/1072).
* ''Futuh al-Ghayb'' (Revelations of the Unseen) by [['Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani]] (d. 561/1166).
* ''Al-Burhan al-Mu'ayyad'' (The Advocated Proof) by [[Ahmad al-Rifa'i]] (d. 578/1182).

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Religion}}
* [[Al-Ghafūr]]
* [[Attributes of God in Islam]]
* [[Conceptions of God]]
* [[Ethical monotheism]]
* [[Existence of God]]
* [[God in Abrahamic religions]]
** [[God in the Baháʼí Faith]]
** [[God in Christianity]]
** [[God in Judaism]]
** [[God in Mormonism]]
** [[Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs#God|Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § God]]
* [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Al-Bayhaqi (1999), ''Allah's Names and Attributes'', ISCA, {{ISBN|1-930409-03-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael |title=A History of the Muslim World |date=2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* Hulusi, Ahmed (1999), ''"Allah" as introduced by Mohammed'', Kitsan, 10th ed., {{ISBN|975-7557-41-2}}
* Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. Bawa (1976), ''Asmāʼul-Husnā: the 99 beautiful names of Allah'', The [[Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]] Fellowship, {{ISBN|0-914390-13-9}}
* Netton, Ian Richard (1994), ''Allah Transcendent: Studies in the Structure and Semiotics of Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Cosmology'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-7007-0287-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salem |first=Feryal |url=https://brill.com/display/title/32718 |title=The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunnī Scholasticism |date=2016 |publisher=Brill}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schock |first=Cornelia |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |pages=55–80 |chapter=Jahm b. Ṣafwān (d. 128/745–6) and the 'Jahmiyya' and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (d. 200/815) |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34345/chapter-abstract/291394597}}
* {{Cite book |last=Suleiman |first=Farid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kO_7EAAAQBAJ |title=Ibn Taymiyya and the Attributes of God |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-49990-4 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Wesley |date=2002 |title=Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse |url=https://www.academia.edu/5259388 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=441–463|doi=10.1017/S0020743802003021 }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah Allah] — by ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.azhar.eg/en/Islam/Creed/Pillars-of-Faith/ArtMID/10409/ArticleID/48714/Belief-in-God-Allah Belief in God, Allah] — by ''[[Al-Azhar]]''
* {{YouTube|id=05b1BwNvqCk|title=Islamic belief in God}} — by ''[[Musharraf Hussain]]''

{{Islam topics |collapsed}}
{{Theology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:God In Islam}}
[[Category:God in Islam| ]]
[[Category:Islamic theology]]

Kingdom of Aksum

2026-09-20T15:36:02Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Polity in Africa and Arabia before 960}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{native name|gez|መንግሥተ አክሱም}}<br />{{native name|xsa|𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣}}<br />{{native name|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ἀξωμιτῶν}}
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Aksum
| common_name = Aksum or Axum
| era = [[Classical antiquity]] to [[Early Middle Ages]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
* [[Geʽez]]
* [[Sabaic]]<ref name="donaldfairbairn">{{cite book |title=The Global Church—The First Eight Centuries From Pentecost Through the Rise of Islam |first=Donald |last=Fairbairn |publisher=Zondervan Academic |year=2021 |page=146 |isbn=978-0-310-09785-3}}</ref>
* [[Koine Greek]]<ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu">{{cite web |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/periplus.asp |website=Fordham University Internet History Sourcebooks, chapters 4 and 5}}</ref>}} (from 1st century)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Snowden Lectures: Stanley Burstein, When Greek was an African Language |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-stanley-burstein-when-greek-was-an-african-language/ |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=The Center for Hellenic Studies}}</ref>
<br />''Various''{{efn-lr|[[Latin language|Latin]], [[Arabic]], [[Coptic language|Coptic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Nubian language|Nubian]], and other languages.<ref name="molefikete">{{cite book |title=The African American People A Global History |first=Molefi Kete |last=Asante |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |page=13}}</ref>}}
| year_start = 1st century
| event_end = Collapse
| year_end = 960 AD
| life_span = 1st century{{snd}}960 AD
| event1 = [[GDRT#South Arabian involvement|Early South Arabian involvement]]
| date_event1 = 3rd century
| event2 = [[King Ezana]]'s conversion to [[Christianity]]
| date_event2 = 325 or 328
| event3 = [[King Ezana]]'s conquest of the [[Kingdom of Kush]]
| date_event3 = 330
| event4 = [[Aksumite invasion of Himyar]]
| date_event4 = 518–525
| event5 = [[Year of the Elephant]]
|
| date_event5 = 570
| event6 = [[Aksumite–Persian wars]]
|
| date_event6 = 570–578
| event7 = [[First Hijra]]
| date_event7 = 613-615
| event8 = [[Early Muslim conquests]]
| date_event8 = 7th century
| p1 = Dʿmt
| s1 = Zagwe dynasty
| image_coat = KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg
| coa_size = 250px
| symbol_type = [[Aksumite currency]] depicting [[Endybis|King Endybis]]
| image_map = Kingdom of Aksum Map.png
| map_caption = The Kingdom of Aksum {{Circa|6th century}}, overlaid on modern borders
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Axum]]
* [[Kubar]] (after {{Circa|800}})}}
| currency = [[Aksumite currency]]
| leader1 = [[Bazen of Axum]] (first known) [[Ethiopis]] (according to tradition)
| year_leader1 = {{Circa|1st century}}
| leader2 = [[Dil Na'od]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 917 or 940-960
| title_leader = [[Negus]]{{\}}[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Imperial and royal titles|Negusa Nagast]]
| religion = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Christianity]] ([[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Nicene and Miaphysite Christianity]]; official after mid-4th century)<ref name="vincentkhapoya">{{cite book |title=The African Experience |first=Vincent |last=Khapoya |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-205-85171-3}}</ref>
* [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia#Influence on Aksum|Aksumite polytheism]] (before 350)<ref>Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", p. 222. Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006</ref>}}
* [[Ancient Semitic religion]] (before 350)
| stat_area1 = 1250000
| stat_year1 = 350
| ref_area1 = <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Turchin |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |date=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of World-Systems Research]] |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=222 |issn=1076-156X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707181315/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-07 |access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>
| stat_area2 = 2500000
| stat_year2 = 525
| demonym = Aksumite, Ethiopian, [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]]
| today = {{hlist|[[Djibouti]]|[[Eritrea]]|[[Ethiopia]]|[[Sudan]]|[[Yemen]]}}
}}
{{History of Eritrea}}
{{History of Ethiopia}}

The '''Kingdom of Aksum''',{{NoteTag|{{langx|gez|አክሱም|ʾÄksum}}; {{langx|xsa|𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣|ʾkšm}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀξωμίτης|Axōmítēs}}}}{{efn|also romanized as the '''Kingdom of Axum'''}} or the '''Aksumite Empire''',{{efn|also romanized as the '''Axumite Empire'''}} was a kingdom in [[East Africa]] and [[South Arabia]] from [[classical antiquity]] to the [[Ethiopia in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], based in what is now northern [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]], and spanning present-day [[Djibouti]], [[Sudan]], and [[Yemen]]. Emerging from the earlier [[Dʿmt]] civilization, the kingdom was founded in the 1st century.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/15/ The Cultural Heritage of Aksum.], UNESCO {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008220415/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6477/|date=2023-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |year=1991 |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=69 |isbn=0-7486-0106-6}}</ref> The city of [[Axum]] served as the kingdom's capital for many centuries until it relocated to [[Kubar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burstein |first=Stanley |chapter=Africa: states, empires, and connections |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139059251.025 |title=The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE |volume=4 |pages=631–661 |editor-last=Benjamin |editor-first=Craig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05925-1}}</ref> in the 9th century due to declining trade connections and recurring invasions.<ref name="Phillipson48">{{cite book |last=Phillipson |first=David W. |year=2012 |title=Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300 |location=Woodbridge |publisher=James Currey |page=48 |isbn=978-1-84701-041-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation |journal=American Antiquity |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=471–495 |last=Butzer |first=Karl W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1981 |doi=10.2307/280596 |jstor=280596 |bibcode=1981AmAnt..46..471B |s2cid=162374800}}</ref>

The Kingdom of Aksum was considered one of the four [[great power]]s of the 3rd century by [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]], the founder of [[Manichaeism]], alongside [[Sassanian Empire|Persia]], [[Roman Empire|Rome]], and [[Three Kingdoms|China]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |year=1991 |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=17 |isbn=0-7486-0106-6}}</ref> Aksum continued to expand under the reign of [[GDRT|Gedara]] ({{circa|200–230}}), who was the first king to be involved in South Arabian affairs. His reign resulted in the control of much of western [[Yemen]], such as the [[Tihama]], [[Najran]], [[Al-Maʿafir|al-Ma'afir]], [[Zafar, Yemen|Zafar]] (until {{circa|230|lk=no}}), and parts of [[Hashid]] territory around [[Khamir, Yemen|Hamir]] in the northern [[Geography of Yemen|highlands]] until a joint Himyarite-Sabean alliance pushed them out. Aksum-Himyar conflicts persisted throughout the 3rd century. During the reign of [[Endybis]] (270–310), Aksum began minting [[Aksumite currency|coins]] that have been excavated as far away as [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] and southern India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hahn |first=Wolfgang |year=2000 |title=Askumite Numismatics - A critical survey of recent Research |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2000_num_6_155_2289 |journal=Revue Numismatique |volume=6 |issue=155 |pages=281–311 |doi=10.3406/numi.2000.2289 |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>

As the kingdom became a major power on the [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade route between Rome and India]] and gained a monopoly of [[Indian Ocean trade]], it entered the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman cultural sphere]]. Due to its ties with the Greco-Roman world, Aksum [[Christianity in Ethiopia|adopted Christianity as its state religion]] in the mid 4th century under [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] (320s{{snd}}{{circa|lk=no|360}}).<ref name="Derat34">{{cite book |last=Derat |first=Marie-Laure |title=A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea |year=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-41958-2 |editor-last=Kelly |editor-first=Samantha |location=Leiden |page=34 |chapter=Before the Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries)}}</ref> Following their Christianization, the Aksumites ceased construction of [[Stele|steles]].<ref name="Phillipson48" /> The kingdom continued to expand throughout [[late antiquity]], conquering [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] under Ezana in 330 for a short period of time and inheriting from it the Greek exonym "Ethiopia".<ref>{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |year=1991 |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=15–16 |isbn=0-7486-0106-6}}</ref>

Aksumite dominance in the Red Sea culminated during the reign of [[Kaleb of Axum]] (514–542), who, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor [[Justin I]], invaded the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] in Yemen in order to end the [[persecution of Christians]] perpetrated by the Jewish king [[Dhu Nuwas]]. With the annexation of Himyar, the Kingdom of Aksum reached its largest territorial extent, spanning around {{cvt|2,500,000|km2}}. However, the territory was lost in the [[Aksumite–Persian wars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |date=1991 |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=55 |isbn=0-7486-0106-6}}</ref> Aksum held on to Southern Arabia from 520 until 525 when [[Sumyafa Ashwa]] was deposed by [[Abraha]].

The kingdom's slow decline had begun by the 7th century, at which point currency ceased to be minted. The Persian (and later Muslim) presence in the Red Sea, as well as the past few centuries seeing the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|decline in power of the Roman Empire]] (which was a major trade partner), caused Aksum to suffer economically, and the population of the city of Axum shrank. Alongside environmental and internal factors, this has been suggested as the reason for its decline. Aksum's final three centuries are considered a dark age, and the kingdom collapsed under uncertain circumstances around 960.<ref name="Derat34" /> Despite its position as one of the foremost empires of late antiquity, the Kingdom of Aksum fell into obscurity as Ethiopia remained isolated throughout the Late Middle Ages.<ref name="medievalethiopianorthodoxchurch">{{cite book |last1=Fritsch |first1=Emmanuel |title=A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea |last2=Kidane |first2=Habtemichael |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-41958-2 |editor-last=Kelly |editor-first=Samantha |location=Leiden |page=169 |chapter=The Medieval Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Liturgy}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[Carlo Conti Rossini]] believed that the word ''Aksum'' derives from a Semitic root, and means 'a green and dense garden' or 'full of grass'.<ref name="Mordechai32">{{cite book |last=Selassie |first=Sergew Hable |url= |title=Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 |publisher= |year=1972 |isbn= |location= |page=68 |language= |issn= |oclc= }}</ref>

Due to limited geographical knowledge many [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] texts from seventh and early eight century wrongly classified [[Ethiopia]] being in "[[Indian subcontinent|India]]",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrade |first=Nathanael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrpQDwAAQBAJ&dq=aksumite+indians&pg=PA74 |title=The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture |date=2018-04-19 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-41912-3 |language=en}}</ref> which lead to the Kingdom also being called ''Kingdom of the Aksumite Indians''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Stephen H. Rapp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmsIEQAAQBAJ&dq=Basileus+Ind%C5%8Dn&pg=PA297 |title=The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature |date=2017-05-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-01672-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
Before the establishment of Axum, Eritrea and the [[Tigray Region|Tigray Plateau]] of northern Ethiopia were home to a kingdom known as {{smallcaps|[[dʿmt]]}}. Archaeological evidence indicates that the kingdom was influenced by [[Sheba]] (now Yemen). Scholarly consensus had previously held that the Sabaeans (the people of Sheba) were the founders of 'Semitic' civilization in Ethiopia, though this view has now been refuted, and their influence is considered minor.<ref name="Munro-Hay57">{{Cite book |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |publisher=University Press |year=1991 |location=Edinburgh |page=57 |access-date=February 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 }}</ref>{{efn-lr| According to Munro-Hay, "The arrival of Sabaean influences does not represent the beginning of Ethiopian civilisation.... Semiticized Agaw peoples are thought to have migrated from south-eastern Eritrea possibly as early as 2000 BC, bringing their 'proto-Ethiopic' language, ancestor of Geʽez and the other Ethiopian Semitic languages, with them; and these and other groups had already developed specific cultural and linguistic identities by the time any Sabaean influences arrived."<ref name="Munro-Hay57" />}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm |title=Let's Look Across the Red Sea I |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard K. P. |date=January 17, 2003 |newspaper=Addis Tribune |access-date=February 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109162335/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm |archive-date=January 9, 2006 |author-link=Richard Pankhurst (academic)}}</ref> The Sabaean presence likely lasted only for a matter of decades, but their influence on later Aksumite civilization included the adoption of [[Ancient South Arabian script]], which developed into [[Geʽez script]], and [[Ancient Semitic religion]].<ref name= Munro6162>{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |date=1991 |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=61–62 |isbn=0-7486-0106-6}}</ref>

The early centuries of Aksum's development, during which it transitioned from a modest regional center to a significant power, remain largely obscure. Stone Age artifacts have been unearthed at [[Lioness of Gobedra|Gobedra]], two kilometres west of [[Aksum]]. [[Archaeological excavation]]s on the [[tell (archaeology)|tell]] of Betä Giyorgis northwest of Aksum validate the pre-Aksumite roots of a settlement in the vicinity of Aksum, dating back to approximately the seventh to fourth centuries BCE. Further evidence from excavations in the Stele Park at the heart of Aksum corroborates continuous activity in the area from the beginning of the [[Common Era]]. Two hills and two streams lie on the east and west expanses of the city of Aksum, perhaps providing the initial impetus for settling this area.<ref name="users.clas.ufl.edu">[http://users.clas.ufl.edu/sterk/junsem/haas.pdf Archived copy] ufl.edu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329065343/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/sterk/junsem/haas.pdf |date=2018-03-29 }}</ref><ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{Cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/15 |title=Aksum}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=173}}</ref>

Archeological evidence suggests that the Aksumite polity arose between 150 BCE and 150 CE. Small-scale kingdoms denoted by very large nucleated communities with one or more elite residences appear to have existed in the early period of the kingdom of Aksum, and here [[Stuart Munro-Hay]] concludes,
{{Blockquote|Quite probably, the kingdom was a confederacy, one of which was led by a district-level king who commanded the allegiance of other petty kings within the Axumite realm. The ruler of the Axumite kingdom was thus 'king of kings' — a title often found in inscriptions of this period. There is no evidence that a single royal lineage has yet emerged, and it is quite possible that at the death of a king of kings, a new one would be selected from among all the kings in the confederacy, rather than through some principle of primogeniture."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=181}}</ref><ref>S. C. Munro-Hay (1991) ''Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity''. Edinburgh: University Press. p. 40. {{ISBN|0-7486-0106-6}}</ref>}}

===Rise of Aksum===
The first historical mention of Axum comes from the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a trading guide which likely dates to the mid-first century AD. Axum is mentioned alongside [[Adulis]] and [[Ptolemais Theron|Ptolemais of the Hunts]] as lying within the realm of [[Zoskales]]. The area is described as a primarily producing ivory, as well as tortoise shells. It is evident from the Periplus that, even at this early stage of its history, Axum played a role in the transcontinental [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade route between Rome and India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Jacke |date=2016 |chapter=Aksum, Kingdom of |editor-last=MacKenzie |editor-first=John M. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |location=Hoboken |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |pages=1–2 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Binyam |first1=Yonatan |title='Ethiopia' and the World, 330-1500 CE |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= |series= |location= |pages=5–6}}</ref>

The Aksumite control over [[Adulis]] enabled the exchange of Ethiopian products for foreign imports. Both [[Pliny the Elder]] and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea make reference to this port, situated three days away from the initial ivory market at [[Qohaito|Coloe]], itself five days distant from Aksum. This trade across the Red Sea, spanning from the Roman Empire in the north to India and Ceylon in the east, played a crucial role in Aksum's prosperity. The city thrived by exporting goods such as ivory, tortoiseshell, and rhinoceros horn. Pliny also mentioned additional items like hippopotamus hide, monkeys, and slaves. During the second century AD, [[Ptolemy]]'s geographer referred to Aksum as a powerful kingdom. Both archaeological findings and textual evidence suggest that during this period, a centralized regional polity had emerged in the Aksumite area, characterized by defined social stratification. By the beginning of the fourth century AD, the Aksumite state had become well-established, featuring urban centers, an official currency with coinage struck in gold, silver, and copper, an intensive agricultural system, and an organized military.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=174}}</ref>

Around 200 AD, Aksumite ambitions had expanded to Southern Arabia, where Aksum appears to have established itself in [[Al-Maafer District|al-Maafer]] and engaged in conflicts with Saba and Himyar at various points, forming different alliances with chief kingdoms and tribes. During the early part of the third century, the kings [[GDRT]] and [[ʽDBH]] dispatched military expeditions to the region. Inscriptions from local Arabian dynasties refer to these rulers with the title "nagasi of Aksum and Habashat," and a metal object discovered in eastern Tigray also mentions a certain "GDR ''negus'' of Aksum." Later in the century the ''mlky hhst dtwns wzqrns'' (kings of Habashat [[DTWNS]] and ZQRNS) are also mentioned [[Himyarite-Axumite war of 270-272|fighting in Arabia]]. According to a Greek inscription in Eritrea known as the ''[[Monumentum Adulitanum]]'' recorded by [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]], in around the mid to late third century (possibly circa 240 to circa 260), the Aksumites, led by an anonymous king, achieved significant territorial expansion in the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]], with their influence extending as far as [[Lake Tana]] and the borders of Egypt.<ref>George Hatke, ''Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa'' (New York University Press, 2013), pp. 44. {{ISBN|0-7486-0106-6}}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org2">{{Cite journal |date=August 1910 |title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes |journal=Nature |volume=84 |issue=2127 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/084133a0 |issn=0028-0836 |bibcode=1910Natur..84..133. |hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b |s2cid=3942233 |url=https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosmuoft |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=175}}</ref>

By the end of the third century AD, Aksum had gained recognition by the prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] in the ''[[Kephalaia]]'', as one of the four great powers of the world alongside Rome, Persia, and China. As the political influence of Aksum expanded, so did the grandeur of its monuments. Excavations by archaeological expeditions revealed early use of stelae, evolving from plain and rough markers to some of the largest monuments in Africa. The granite steles in the main cemetery, housing Aksumite royal tombs, transformed from plain to carefully dressed granite, eventually carved to resemble multi-storey towers in a distinctive architectural style. Aksumite architecture featured massive dressed granite blocks, smaller uncut stones for walling, mud mortar, bricks for vaulting and arches, and a visible wooden framework, known as "monkey-heads" or square corner extrusions. Walls inclined inwards and incorporated several recessed bays for added strength. Aksum and other cities, such as [[Adulis]] and [[Matara, Eritrea|Matara]], boasted substantial "palace" buildings employing this architectural style. In the early sixth century, [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] described his visit to Aksum, mentioning the four-towered palace of the Aksumite king, adorned with bronze statues of unicorns. Aksum also featured rows of monumental granite thrones, likely bearing metal statues dedicated to pre-Christian deities. These thrones incorporated large panels at the sides and back with inscriptions, attributed to [[Ousanas]], [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]], [[Kaleb of Axum|Kaleb]], and his son [[Wazeba of Axum|Wazeba]], serving as victory monuments documenting the wars of these kings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=176}}</ref>

King [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] became the first Christian ruler of Aksum in the fourth century. Ezana's coins and inscriptions make the change from pre-Christian imagery to Christian symbolism around 340. The conversion to Christianity was one of the most revolutionary events in the history of Ethiopia as it gave Aksum a cultural link with the [[Greco-Roman world|Mediterranean]]. Aksum gained a political link with the [[Byzantine Empire]], which regarded itself as the protector of [[Christendom]]. Three inscriptions on the [[Ezana Stone]] documents the conversion of King Ezana to Christianity and two of his military expeditions against neighboring areas, one inscribed in Greek and the other in Ge'ez. The two expeditions refers to two distinct campaigns, one against the "[[Noba]]", and the other against the [[Beja people|Beja]]. According to the inscription, the Noba were settled somewhere around the Nile and Atbara confluence, where they seemed to have taken over much of the [[Kingdom of Kush]]. Yet they did not drive the Kushites away from their heartland since the inscription states that the Aksumites fought them at the junction of the two rivers. Also mentioned in the inscription are the mysterious "red Noba" against whom an expedition was carried out. This people seems to be settled further north and may be identical with the "other Nobades" mentioned in the inscription of the Nubian king [[Silko]] carved on the wall of the [[Temple of Kalabsha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=177}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N |page=1193}}</ref>

[[File:Aksum obelisk.jpg|thumb|The [[Obelisk of Axum]]]]

[[Kaleb of Axum|King Kaleb]] sent an expedition against the Jewish [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite]] king [[Dhu Nuwas]], who was persecuting the Christian community in Yemen. Kaleb gained widespread acclaim in his era as the conqueror of Yemen. He expanded his royal title to include king of Hadramawt in southeastern Yemen, as well as the coastal plain and highland of Yemen, along with "all their Arabs", highlighting the extensive influence of Aksum across the Red Sea into Arabia. [[Dhu Nuwas]] was deposed and killed and Kaleb appointed an Arab viceroy named [[Esimiphaios]] ("Sumuafa Ashawa"), but his rule was short-lived as he was ousted in a coup led by an Aksumite named [[Abraha]] after five years. Kaleb sent two expeditions against Abraha, but both were decisively defeated. According to [[Procopius]], following Aksum's unsuccessful attempts to remove him, [[Abraha]] continued to govern Yemen through a tribute arrangement with the king of Aksum.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of the Later Roman Empire |last=Bury |first=J. B. |publisher=Macmillan |year=1923 |pages=325–326 |volume=II}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=178}}</ref>

After [[Abraha]]'s death, his son Masruq Abraha continued the Aksumite vice-royalty in Yemen, resuming payment of tribute to Aksum. However, his half-brother Ma'd-Karib revolted. Ma'd-Karib first sought help from the Roman Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], but having been denied, he decided to ally with the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Persian Emperor]] [[Khosrow I]], triggering the [[Aksumite–Persian wars]]. Khosrow I sent a small fleet and army under commander [[Vahrez]] to depose the king of Yemen. The war culminated with the [[Siege of Sana'a (570)|Siege of Sana'a]], capital of Aksumite Yemen. After its fall in 570, and Masruq's death, Ma'd-Karib's son, Saif, was put on the throne. In 575, the war resumed again, after Saif was killed by Aksumites. The Persian general [[Vahrez]] led another army of 8,000, ending Axum rule in Yemen and becoming hereditary governor of Yemen. According to [[Stuart Munro-Hay]], these wars may have been Aksum's swan song as a great power, with an overall weakening of Aksumite authority and over-expenditure in money and manpower.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=178}}</ref>

===Decline===
[[File:Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg|thumb|upright=1|14th century Islamic portrayal of the [[Migration to Abyssinia|First Hijrah]]]]
Aksumite trade in the Red Sea likely suffered due to the Persian conquests in Egypt and Syria, followed by the defeats in Yemen. However, a more enduring impact occurred with the rise of [[Islam]] in the early seventh century and the expansion of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. Axum initially had good relations with its Islamic neighbours. In 615, for example, early [[Muslim]]s from [[Mecca]] fleeing [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]i persecution traveled to Axum and were given refuge; this journey is known in [[Islamic history]] as the [[Migration to Abyssinia|First Hijrah]]. In 630, [[Muhammad]] sent a naval expedition against suspected Abyssinian pirates, the [[Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz]].<ref>E. Cerulli, "Ethiopia's Relations with the Muslim World" in ''Cambridge History of Africa: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh century'', p. 575.</ref><ref>Trimingham, Spencer, ''Islam in Ethiopia'', p. 46.</ref> Trade with the Roman and Byzantine world came to a halt as the Arabs seized the eastern Roman provinces. Consequently, Aksum experienced a decline in prosperity due to increased isolation and eventually ceased production of coins in the early eighth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=178}}</ref> The decline of Aksum contributed to the emergence of the nearby Islamic-influenced [[Harla Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=González-Ruibal |first1=Alfredo |title=Rise of the Nomad Kings—Pastoral Polities in the Horn of Africa (a.d. 650–1000) |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |date=2025 |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=737–766 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1080/00934690.2025.2479290 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2025.2479290?src=#d1e1916}}</ref>

The Islamic conquests were not solely responsible for the decline of Aksum. Another reason for the decline was the expansions of the [[Beja people|Beja]] nomads. Due to the poverty of their country, many of them began to migrate into the northern Ethiopian plateau. At the end of the seventh century, a strong Beja tribe known as the [[Beja kingdoms|Zanafaj]] entered the [[Eritrea]]n plateau through the valley of [[Gash-Barka]]. They overran and pillaged much of the [[Eritrea]]n highlands as Aksum could no longer maintain its sovereignty over the frontier. As a result, the connection to the [[Red Sea]] ports was lost.<ref>Trimingham, Spencer, ''Islam in Ethiopia'', p. 49.</ref>

Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the [[Ethiopian Highlands|highlands]] for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital. Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=178}}</ref> While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south, and though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants. The capital was then moved south to a new location called [[Kubar]].<ref name="Munro-Hay57" /> The Arab writer [[Ya'qubi]] was the first to describe the new Aksumite capital. The capital was probably located in southern [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] or [[Angot]]; however, the exact location of this city is currently unknown.<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 36.</ref> [[Famine]] is noted in Ethiopia in the ninth century. The Coptic patriarchs [[Pope Jacob of Alexandria|James]] (819–830) and [[Pope Joseph I of Alexandria|Joseph]] (830–849) of Alexandria attribute Ethiopia's condition to war, plague, and inadequate rains.<ref>Evetts, B.: "History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria", by Sawirus ibn al-Mukaffa', bishop of al-Ashmunien, Vol I, IV, Menas I to Joseph, PO X fasc. 5. pp 375-551, Paris, 1904</ref> Under the reign of [[Degna Djan]], during the ninth century, the empire kept expanding south, undertaking missionary activities south of [[Angot]].<ref>Werner J. Lange, "History of the Southern Gonga (southwestern Ethiopia)", Steiner, 1982, p. 18</ref>

====Gudit's invasion====
{{main|Gudit}}
[[File:ET Axum asv2018-01 img45 Dungur.jpg|alt=Aksum Dongur Palace in Aksum|thumb|Ruins of [[Dungur]] in Aksum, Tigray Region, Ethiopia]]
[[File:AXUM. Ezanas. Circa 330-360.jpg|thumb|upright|Coins of King [[Ezana]], 330–360 AD. ]]
Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish queen named Yodit (Judith) or "[[Gudit]]" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature. While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors. [[Gudit]] sacked Aksum by destroying churches and buildings, persecuted Christians and committed Christian [[iconoclasm]]. Her origin has been debated among scholars. Some argued that she had a [[Jewish]] ethnicity or was from a southern region. According to one traditional account, she reigned for forty years and her [[dynasty]] lasted until 1137 C.E., when it was overthrown by [[Mara Takla Haymanot]], resulting in the inception of the [[Agaw people|Agaw]]-led [[Zagwe dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&pg=PA49 |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |date=2000 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-393-6 |language=en}}</ref>

According to an oral tradition, Gudit rose to power after she killed the [[Beta Israel]] king and then reigned for forty years. She brought her Jewish army from [[Semien Mountains]] and [[Lake Tana]] to orchestrate the pillage against Aksum and its countryside. She was determined to destroy all members of the Aksumite dynasty, palaces, churches and monuments in [[Tigray Province|Tigray]]. Her notorious deeds are still recounted by peasants inhabiting northern Ethiopia. Large ruins, standing stones and steles are found in the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Childress |first=David Hatcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4pXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207 |title=Ark of God: The Incredible Power of the Ark of the Covenant |date=2015-10-27 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-1-939149-60-2 |language=en}}</ref> Gudit also killed the last emperor of Aksum, possibly [[Dil Na'od]], while other accounts say Dil Na'od went into exile in [[Shewa]], protected by Christians. He begged assistance from a [[African Greeks#Ancient Nubia|Nubian Greek]] ruler, King [[Moses Georgios of Makuria|Moses Georgios]], but his plea was unanswered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jewel |first=Lady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx_N_bEKNj8C&pg=PA246 |title=Keeper of the Ark (a Moses Trilogy): For the Love of Moses, for the Children of Moses, for the Children of God |date=August 2012 |publisher=WestBow |isbn=978-1-4497-5061-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2025}} She was said to have been succeeded by Dagna-Jan, whose throne name was Anbasa Wudem.<ref name=":0" /> Her reign was marked by the displacement of the Aksumite population into the south. According to one Ethiopian traditional account, she reigned for forty years and her dynasty was eventually overthrown by [[Mara Takla Haymanot|Mara Tekla Haymanot]] in 1137 C.E., who ushered in the formation of the [[Zagwe dynasty]] by bearing children with a descendant of the last Aksumite emperor, Dil Na'od.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mekonnen |first=Yohannes K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0pZPp032c0C&pg=PA288 |title=Ethiopia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture |date=April 2013 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=978-9987-16-024-2}}</ref>

After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the [[Zagwe dynasty]] in the eleventh or twelfth century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope. However, [[Yekuno Amlak]], who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern [[Solomonic dynasty]] around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, [[Dil Na'od]]. It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at [[Lalibela]] and [[Yemrehana Krestos Church]] shows heavy Aksumite influence.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" />

==Society==
The Aksumite population mainly consisted of [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking groups, one of these groups were the [[Agʿazi]]an or the speakers of [[Geʽez language|Geʽez]], the commenter of the [[Adulis]] inscription identifies them as the main inhabitants of [[Aksum]] and its surroundings. The [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]-speaking [[Agaw people]] were also known to have lived within the kingdom, as [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] notes that a "governor of Agau", was entrusted by King [[Kaleb of Axum]] with the protection of the vital long-distance caravan routes from the south, suggesting that they lived within the southern frontier of the Aksumite kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hable Selassie |first1=Sergew |title=Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 |page=27}}</ref><ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 50.</ref> Aksum also had a sizeable [[African Greeks#Axumites of Ethiopia|Greek]] population, which resided in the cities of [[Ptolemais Theron]] and [[Adulis]].<ref>Crawford Young, ''The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-state at Bay?'', (University of Wisconsin Press: 1993), p. 160</ref> [[Nilotic peoples|Nilotic]] groups also inhabited Aksum, as inscriptions from the time of [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] note the "Barya", an animist tribe who lived in the western part of the empire, believed to be the [[Nara people|Nara]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pankhrust |first1=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands |year=1997 |page=33 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-19-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&q=ethiopian+borderlands}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hatke |first1=George |title=Aksum and Nubia |date=7 January 2013 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-6283-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy7N_d6HoYIC&dq=Aksumite+baryas&pg=PA165}}</ref>

Aksumite settlements were distributed across a significant portion of the highlands in the northern Horn of Africa, with the majority located in northeastern [[Tigray Region|Tigray]], Ethiopia, as well as the [[Akele Guzai]] and [[Seraye]] regions of Eritrea. Despite the concentration in these areas, some Aksumite settlements such as [[Mifsas Bahri]] are located as far as [[Ofla]]. In addition to the highlands, sites from the Aksumite period were discovered along the Red Sea coast of Eritrea, near the [[Gulf of Zula]]. Numerous Aksumite settlements were strategically positioned along an axis that traversed from Aksum to the [[Gulf of Zula]], forming a route connecting the Aksumite capital in the highlands to the principal Aksumite port of [[Adulis]] on the Red Sea. Along this route, two of the largest Aksumite-era settlements, [[Matara, Eritrea|Matara]] and [[Qohaito]], were situated in the Eritrean highlands. The concertation of these Aksumite ancient settlements suggests high population density in the highlands of Tigray and central Eritrea. The southern regions of the Aksumite polity are little known. However, in the mountains of [[Lasta]] and [[Wollo Province|Wollo]], archeological surveys appear to have located sites with Aksumite affinities, particularly near [[Mount Abuna Yosef]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Finneran |first1=Niall |title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia |date=8 November 2007 |page=157 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

A complex agricultural system in the Aksumite area, which involved irrigation, dam construction, terracing, and plough-farming, played a crucial role in sustaining both urban and rural populations. Aksumite farmers cultivated a variety of cereal crops with origins from both Africa and the Near East. These crops included [[teff]], [[finger millet]], [[sorghum]], emmer wheat, bread wheat, hulled barley, and oats. In addition to cereal crops, Aksumite farmers also grew linseed, cotton, grapes, and legumes of Near Eastern origin such as lentils, fava beans, chickpeas, common peas, and grass peas. Other important crops included the African oil crop, [[Guizotia abyssinica]], as well as gourds and cress. This diverse range of crops, combined with the herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats, contributed to the creation of a highly productive indigenous agropastoral food-producing tradition. This tradition played an integral role in the development of the Aksumite economy and the consolidation of state power.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |page=187}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Garima-Gospels-completed-project-2.jpg|thumb|[[Geʽez script]] in the [[Garima Gospels]]]]
[[Image:Yeha, chiesa di abuna aftse, museo, manoscritto del xviii secolo 01 sogno di giuseppe.jpg|left|thumb|An [[illuminated manuscript]] of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Holy Mother Mary]]]]
The Empire of Aksum is notable for a number of achievements, such as its own alphabet, the [[Geʽez script]], which was eventually modified to include [[vowel]]s, becoming an [[abugida]]. Furthermore, in the early times of the empire, around 1700 years ago, giant obelisks to mark emperors' (and nobles') tombs (underground grave chambers) were constructed, the most famous of which is the [[Obelisk of Aksum]].

Under Emperor [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]], Aksum adopted [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic Christianity]] in place of its former [[polytheistic]] and [[Judaic]] religions around 325. The Axumite Coptic Church gave rise to the present day [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] (only granted autonomy from the Coptic Church in 1959) and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church]] (granted autonomy from the Ethiopian Orthodox church in 1993). Since the schism with Orthodoxy following the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451), it has been an important [[Miaphysite]] church, and its [[scriptures]] and [[liturgy]] continue to be in Geʽez.<ref name="britishmuseum.org">{{cite web |title=The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum: Teachers' notes |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |website=The British Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Daily Life">{{cite web |title=Daily Life in Aksum |url=https://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/writing/03_aksum.pdf |website=www.hmhco.com/ (formerly eduplace.com) |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803075358/https://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/writing/03_aksum.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2020 |series=Research Reports: Daily Life in Ancient Times}}</ref><ref name="georgeocox">{{cite book |title=African Empires and Civilizations: Ancient and Medieval |first=George O. |last=Cox |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |page=71}}</ref>

=== Language ===
[[Greek language|Greek]] became the official and literary language of the Axumite state, coming from the influence of the significant [[Ethiopian Greeks|Ethiopian Greek]] communities established in [[Axum]], the port of [[Adulis]], [[Ptolemais Theron]], and other cities in the region during [[Ptolemaic Empire|Ptolemaic]] times.<ref name="abbasalamavol68">{{cite book |title=Abba Salama Volumes 6-8 |publisher=University of California |year=1975 |page=24}}</ref><ref name="andebrhanweldegiorgis">{{cite book |author=Andebrhan Welde Giorgis |title=Eritrea at a Crossroads A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Company |year=2014 |page=19}}</ref><ref name="McLaughlin">Raoul McLaughlin, ''The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean'', p. 114, Barnsley, Pen & Sword Military, 2012, {{ISBN|9781-78346-381-7}}.</ref> Greek was used in the state's administration, international diplomacy, and trade; it can be widely seen in coinage and inscriptions.<ref name="garimagospels">{{cite book |author=Judith S. McKenzie |title=The Garima Gospels: Early Illuminated Gospel Books from Ethiopia |author2=Francis Watson |publisher=NYU Press |year=2016 |page=18}}</ref><ref name="americannumismaticsociety">{{cite book |author=American Numismatic Society |title=Museum Notes, Volumes 29 to 31 |publisher=American Numismatic Society |year=1984 |page=165}}</ref><ref name="fjnothling">{{cite book |author=F. J. Nöthling |title=Pre-colonial Africa: Her Civilisations and Foreign Contacts |publisher=Southern Book Publishers |year=1989 |page=58}}</ref><ref name="louisieminks">{{cite book |author=Louise Minks |title=Traditional Africa |publisher=Lucent Books |year=1995 |page=28}}</ref>

[[Geʿez]], the language of [[Agʿazi]], was spoken alongside Greek in the court of Aksum. Although during the early kingdom, Geʿez was a spoken language, it has attestations written in the Old South Arabian language [[Sabaic]].<ref name="unescoscientifichistoryofafrica">{{cite book |author=Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa |title=Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |year=1981 |page=398}}</ref><ref name="jamescowlesprichard">{{cite book |author=James Cowles Prichard |title=Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind, Volume 1 |publisher=John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill |year=1826 |page=284}}</ref><ref name="encylopediabritannica">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive, Volume 24 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Limited |year=1911 |page=629}}</ref> In the fourth century, [[Ezana of Axum]] promoted the [[Geʽez script]] and made Geʽez an official state language alongside Greek; by the sixth century literary translations into Geʿez were common.<ref name="garimagospels" /><ref name="thomasolambdin">{{cite book |author=Thomas O. Lambdin |title=Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Geʻez) |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="washingtonforeignareasstudiesdivision">{{cite book |author=American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Areas Studies Division |title=Area Handbook for Ethiopia |author2=Irving Kaplan |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1964 |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity |date=1991 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=0-7486-0106-6 |location=Edinburgh |page=5}}</ref> After the seventh century's Muslim conquests in the Middle East and North Africa, which effectively isolated Axum from the Greco-Roman world, Geʿez replaced Greek entirely.<ref name="muhammadjamalaldinmukhtar">{{cite book |author=Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār |title=UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |page=234}}</ref><ref name="medievalethiopianorthodoxchurch" />

=== Literature ===
Early on in the Christian period, several texts began to be translated into Ge'ez in the Kingdom of Aksum for religious purposes. The most famous example is represented by the [[Garima Gospels]], a set of manuscripts containing all four Gospels translated into Ethiopic dating between the fourth and sixth centuries.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Sergey |date=2022-11-08 |title=New Studies of the Structure and the Texts of Abba Garima Ethiopian Gospels |journal=Afriques. Débats, méthodes et terrains d'histoire |volume=13 |language=en |issue=13 |doi=10.4000/afriques.3494 |issn=2108-6796 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Citations of the Bible occur in several Aksumite inscriptions that have been found in South Arabia.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Hatke |first=Georg |date=2022 |title=Religious Ideology in the Gəʿəz Epigraphic Corpus from Yemen |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1089523 |journal=Rocznik Orientalistyczny |language=English |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=76–78 |issn=0080-3545}}</ref> Dating to roughly the same time period, the [[Aksumite Collection]] is a multi-text manuscript dating to the 13th century, at the latest, but containing a large number of documents which must have been translated into Ge'ez between the fourth and sixth centuries, covering subjects including liturgy, canon law, historiography, letters and treatises, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bausi |first1=Alessandro |last2=Brita |first2=Antonella |last3=Marco Di Bella |last4=Nosnitsin |first4=Denis |last5=Rabin |first5=Ira |last6=Sarris |first6=Nikolas |date=2020 |title=The Aksumite Collection or Codex Σ (Sinodos of Qǝfrǝyā, MS C3-IV-71/C3-IV-73, Ethio-SPaRe UM-039): Codicological and Palaeographical Observations. With a Note on Material Analysis of Inks. |url=https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1239688 |journal=Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin |volume=6 |pages=127–171 |doi=10.25592/uhhfdm.8470}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hatke |first=Georg |date=2022 |title=Religious Ideology in the Gəʿəz Epigraphic Corpus from Yemen |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1089523 |journal=Rocznik Orientalistyczny |language=English |volume=75 |issue=2 |page=73 |issn=0080-3545}}</ref>

Other translations include the entire Greek Bible, parabiblical texts (including the [[Book of Enoch]], [[Book of Jubilees]], [[4 Baruch]], and the [[Ascension of Isaiah]]), and other theological texts like the Qerallos. Native Ethiopic texts from this period are less certain, though it was a period active with translations from Greek texts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butts |first=Aaron |title=Eastern Christianity: a reader |date=2021 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co |isbn=978-0-8028-7686-7 |editor-last=Walters |editor-first=J. Edward |location=Chicago |pages=369–370 |chapter=Ethiopic}}</ref> The reception or translation of [[Syriac literature]] during the Aksumite age is still unattested.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camplani |first=Alberto |date=2021 |title=Paths of Cultural Transmission Between Syria and Ethiopia: About a Recent Book on Symbolic Interpretations |url=https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/aethiopica/article/view/1883 |journal=Aethiopica |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.15460/aethiopica.24.0.1883 |issn=2194-4024|doi-access=free }}</ref> In recent decades, the known corpus of Aksumite literature has grown substantially.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bausi |first=Alessandro |title=Ethiopia and the Christian Ecumene: Cultural Transmission, Translation, and Reception |date=2020-01-08 |work=A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea |pages=225–226 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004419582/BP000022.xml |access-date=2025-03-28 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004419582_010 |isbn=978-90-04-41958-2}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:South Arabian - Fragment of a Frieze with an Ibex and Oryxes - Walters 2138.jpg|thumb|right|A [[South Arabia]]n stela with an [[Nubian ibex|ibex]] and three [[Arabian oryx]], associated with [[ʿAṯtar|Astar]] ({{lang|gez|ዐስተር}}), Semitic god of the [[Venus in culture|Morning and Evening Star]]]]
Before its conversion to Christianity, the Aksumites practiced a [[polytheistic]] religion related to the religion practiced in southern Arabia. This included the use of the crescent-and-disc symbol used in southern Arabia and the northern horn.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nx-qYO3zqlIC&pg=PA292 |title=Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the northern Horn, 1000 BC – AD 1300 |last=Phillipson |first=David |publisher=James Currey |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84701-041-4 |page=91}}</ref> In the [[UNESCO]]-sponsored ''[[General History of Africa]]'', French archaeologist Francis Anfray suggests that the Aksumites worshipped [[Astar (god)|Astar]], his son [[Mahrem]], and [[Beher (god)|Beher]].<ref>{{cite book |title=UNESCO General History of Africa: Ancient Africa v. 2 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-06697-7 |editor=G. Mokhtar |page=221}}</ref>
[[File:James Heath - No 1 - A Table of Hieroglyphics found at Axum - B1977.14.8631 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|A Table of Hieroglyphics found at Axum c. 19th century]]
[[Steven Kaplan (Africanist)|Steve Kaplan]] argues that with Aksumite culture came a major change in religion, with only Astar remaining of the old gods, the others being replaced by what he calls a "triad of indigenous divinities, Mahrem, Beher and Medr." He also suggests that Aksum culture was significantly influenced by Judaism, saying that "The first carriers of Judaism reached Ethiopia between the reign of [[Queen of Sheba]] BC and conversion to Christianity of King Ezana in the fourth century AD." He believes that although Ethiopian tradition suggests that these were present in large numbers, "A relatively small number of texts and individuals dwelling in the cultural, economic, and political center could have had a considerable impact", and that "their influence was diffused throughout Ethiopian culture in its formative period. By the time Christianity took hold in the fourth century, many of the originally Hebraic-Jewish elements had been adopted by much of the indigenous population and were no longer viewed as foreign characteristics. Nor were they perceived as in conflict with the acceptance of Christianity."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century |last=Kaplan |first=Steve |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8147-4664-6}}</ref>

Before converting to Christianity, King Ezana II's coins and inscriptions show that he might have worshiped the gods Astar, Beher, Meder/Medr, and Mahrem. Another of Ezana's inscriptions is clearly Christian and refers to "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA77 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa Vol. I |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |publisher=Oxford University press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |editor=Henry Louis Gates Jr., Kwame Anthony Appiah |page=77}}</ref> Around 324 AD the King Ezana II was converted to Christianity by his teacher [[Saint Frumentius|Frumentius]], who established the Axumite Coptic Church, which later became the modern [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="isbn0-313-32273-2">{{cite book |last=Adejumobi |first=Saheed A. |title=The History of Ethiopia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Un6_LGIEyQC&pg=PA171 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32273-0 |page=171}}</ref><ref name="goblues.org">{{Cite web |url=http://goblues.org/faculty/weekse/files/2012/08/axum-and-the-solomonic-dynasty.pdf |title=GoBlues - Asheville School |date=16 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="obelisk bekerie">{{cite web |location=Newark, USA |url=http://hornofafrica.newark.rutgers.edu/downloads/aksum.pdf |title=The Rise of the Askum Obelisk is the Rise of Ethiopian History |last1=Bekerie |first1=Ayele |access-date=2017-01-06 |publisher=Rutgers University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100939/http://hornofafrica.newark.rutgers.edu/downloads/aksum.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-07}}</ref> Frumentius taught the emperor while he was young, and it is believed that at some point staged the conversion of the empire.<ref name="ruperthopkins.com"/><ref name="otik.uk.zcu.cz"/> We know that the Aksumites converted to Christianity because in their coins they replaced the disc and crescent with the cross.

Frumentius was in contact with the [[Church of Alexandria]], and was appointed Bishop of Ethiopia around the year 330. The Church of Alexandria never closely managed the affairs of the churches in Aksum, allowing them to develop their own unique form of Christianity.<ref name="users.clas.ufl.edu" /><ref name="whc.unesco.org" /> However, the Church of Alexandria probably did retain some influence considering that the churches of Aksum followed the Church of Alexandria into [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] by rejecting the Fourth Ecumenical [[Council of Chalcedon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jmeca.org.uk/christianity-middle-east/history-christianity-middle-east-north-africa |title=A History of Christianity in the Middle East & North Africa |last=Wybrew |first=Hugh |publisher=Jerusalem & Middle East Church Association |access-date=25 February 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203152710/http://www.jmeca.org.uk/christianity-middle-east/history-christianity-middle-east-north-africa }}</ref> Aksum is also the alleged home of the holy relic the Ark of the Covenant. The Ark is said to have been placed in the [[Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion]] by Menelik I for safekeeping.<ref name="britishmuseum.org" /><ref name="Daily Life" />

Islam arrived in the seventh century, during the reign of [[Ashama ibn-Abjar]], when the first followers of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] (also known as the [[Companions of the Prophet|Sahabah]]) migrated from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] due to their persecution by the [[Quraysh]], the ruling Arab tribal confederation of [[Mecca]]. The [[Quraysh]] appealed to the [[Ashama ibn-Abjar]], arguing that the early Muslim migrants were rebels who had invented a new religion, the likes of which neither the Meccans nor the Aksumites had heard of. The king granted them an audience, but ultimately refused to hand over the migrants. A [[Second migration to Abyssinia|second migration]] consisting of 100 Muslim migrants occurred a few years later. Arabic inscriptions on the [[Dahlak Archipelago]] dated to the mid ninth century AD. confirm the existence of an early Muslim presence in Aksum.<ref>Trimingham, Spencer, ''Islam in Ethiopia'', p. 47.</ref>

===Coinage===
{{Main|Aksumite currency}}

[[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Coins of king [[Endybis]], 227–235 AD. The right coin reads in Greek {{lang|grc|ΕΝΔΥΒΙϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}} 'King Endybis']]

The Empire of Aksum was one of the first African polities to issue [[Aksumite currency|its own coin]]s,<ref name="ruperthopkins.com"/><ref name="otik.uk.zcu.cz"/> which bore legends in Geʽez and Greek. From the reign of Endybis up to [[Armah]] ({{circa|270|610}}), gold, silver and bronze coins were minted. Issuing coinage in ancient times was an act of great importance in itself, for it proclaimed that the Aksumite Empire considered itself equal to its neighbours. Many of the coins are used as signposts about what was happening when they were minted. An example being the addition of the cross to the coin after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. The presence of coins also simplified trade, and was at once a useful instrument of [[propaganda]] and a source of profit to the empire.

===Architecture===
{{Main|Ethiopian architecture}}

====Palace architecture====
[[File:Aksum, chiesa nuova di santa maria di zion, costruita da haile selassie negli anni '60, esterno 00,0.jpg|thumb|An Axumite Cathedral, [[Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion|Lady Mary of Zion]]]]

In general, elite Aksumite buildings such as palaces were constructed atop [[podia]] built of loose stones held together with mud-mortar, with carefully cut granite corner blocks which rebated back a few centimeters at regular intervals as the wall got higher, so the walls narrowed as they rose higher. These podia are often all that survive of Aksumite ruins. Above the podia, walls were generally built with alternating layers of loose stone (often whitewashed, like at [[Yemrehana Krestos Church]]) and horizontal wooden beams, with smaller round wooden beams set in the stonework often projecting out of the walls (these are called 'monkey heads') on the exterior and sometimes the interior.

Both the podia and the walls above exhibited no long straight stretches but were indented at regular intervals so that any long walls consisted of a series of recesses and salients. This helped to strengthen the walls. Worked granite was used for architectural features including columns, bases, capitals, doors, windows, paving, water spouts (often shaped like lion heads) and so on, as well as enormous flights of stairs that often flanked the walls of palace pavilions on several sides. Doors and windows were usually framed by stone or wooden cross-members, linked at the corners by square 'monkey heads', though simple lintels were also used. Many of these Aksumite features are seen carved into the famous stelae as well as in the later [[rock-cut architecture|rock hewn churches]] of [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] and [[Lalibela]].<ref name="Munro-Hay57" />

[[Palace]]s usually consisted of a central [[pavilion]] surrounded by subsidiary structures pierced by doors and gates that provided some privacy (see [[Dungur]] for an example). The largest of these structures now known is the Ta'akha Maryam, which measured 120 × 80m, though as its pavilion was smaller than others discovered it is likely that others were even larger.<ref name="Munro-Hay57"/>

Some clay models of houses survive to give us an idea of what smaller dwellings were like. One depicts a round hut with a conical roof thatched in layers, while another depicts a rectangular house with rectangular doors and windows, a roof supported by beams that end in 'monkey heads', and a parapet and water spout on the roof. Both were found in [[Hawulti (monument)|Hawelti]]. Another depicts a square house with what appear to be layers of pitched thatch forming the roof.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" />

====Stelae====
[[File:Stela aksum.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|The [[King Ezana's Stela]], an Aksumite [[obelisk]] in [[Axum]], Ethiopia]]
The stelae are perhaps the most identifiable part of the Aksumite architectural legacy. These stone towers served to mark graves and represent a magnificent multi-storied palace. They are decorated with false doors and windows in typical Aksumite design. The largest of these would measure 33 meters high had it not fractured. The stelae have most of their mass out of the ground, but are stabilized by massive underground counter-weights. The stone was often engraved with a pattern or emblem denoting the king's or the noble's rank.<ref name="users.clas.ufl.edu"/><ref name="whc.unesco.org"/>

For important monuments built in the region, a particular type of granite is used called ''nepheline syenite''. It is fine grained and has also been used in historic monuments like the stelae. These monuments are used to celebrate key figures in Axum history, especially kings or priests. These stelae are also called obelisks, they are located in the Mai Hejja stelae field, where complex sedimentology of the land can be observed. The foundations for the monuments are around 8.5 m below the surface of the Mai Hejja stelae field. Sediments in this area have undergone a lot of weathering over the years, so the surface of this area has undergone a lot of changes. This is part of the reason for the complex stratigraphic history in this site, some previous layers under the surface of the site.<ref name="Butzer 471–495">{{Cite journal |last=Butzer |first=Karl W. |date=July 1981 |title=Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/abs/rise-and-fall-of-axum-ethiopia-a-geoarchaeological-interpretation/B5B3D127F93D1C975C3D3C0CCD3BF773 |journal=American Antiquity |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=471–495 |doi=10.2307/280596 |jstor=280596 |bibcode=1981AmAnt..46..471B |s2cid=162374800 |issn=0002-7316}}</ref>

===Foreign relations, trade, and economy===
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|upright=1.13|thumb|Aksum was an important participant in international trade from the first century AD ([[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]) until circa the later part of the 1st millennium when it succumbed to a long decline against pressures from the various Islamic [[regional power|powers]] leagued against it.]]

Covering parts of what is now northern [[Ethiopia]] and southern and eastern [[Eritrea]], Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between the [[Middle kingdoms of India|Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Greco-Roman world|Mediterranean]] ([[Roman Empire|Rome]], later [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]), exporting [[ivory trade|ivory]], tortoise shell, gold and [[emerald]]s, and importing [[silk]] and spices.<ref name="britishmuseum.org"/><ref name="Daily Life"/> Aksum's access to both the Red Sea and the Upper Nile enabled its strong navy to profit in trade between various African ([[Nubia]]), Arabian ([[Yemen]]), and Indian states.

The main exports of Aksum were, as would be expected of a state during this time, agricultural products. The land was much more fertile during the time of the Aksumites than now, and their principal crops were grains such as wheat, [[barley]] and [[teff]]. The people of Aksum also raised [[cattle]], sheep, and camels. Wild animals were also hunted for things such as ivory and rhinoceros horns. They traded with Roman traders as well as with Egyptian and Persian merchants. The empire was also rich with gold and iron deposits. These metals were valuable to trade, but another mineral was also widely traded: [[salt]]. Salt was abundant in Aksum and was traded quite frequently.<ref name="goblues.org" /><ref name="obelisk bekerie"/>

It benefited from a major transformation of the maritime trading system that linked [[Indo-Roman trade relations|the Roman Empire and India]]. This change took place around the start of the first century. The older trading system involved coastal sailing and many intermediary ports. The Red Sea was of secondary importance to the [[Persian Gulf]] and overland connections to the [[Levant]]. Starting around first century, a route from Egypt to India was established, making use of the Red Sea and using monsoon winds to cross the [[Arabian Sea]] directly to [[South India|southern India]]. By about 100 AD, the volume of traffic being shipped on this route had eclipsed older routes. Roman demand for goods from southern India increased dramatically, resulting in greater number of large ships sailing down the Red Sea from [[Roman Egypt]] to the Arabian Sea and India.<ref name="ruperthopkins.com">[http://www.ruperthopkins.com/pdf/Kingdom_of_Axum.pdf Kingdom of Axum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925100701/http://www.ruperthopkins.com/pdf/Kingdom_of_Axum.pdf |date=2020-09-25 }}</ref><ref name="otik.uk.zcu.cz">{{Cite web |last1=Záhoří |first1=Jan |date=February 2014 |title=Review: Phillipson, (2012). ''Foundations of an African civilization: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300'' |url=https://otik.uk.zcu.cz/bitstream/handle/11025/15553/Zahorik.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100243/https://otik.uk.zcu.cz/bitstream/handle/11025/15553/Zahorik.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2017-01-07 |access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref>

Although excavations have been limited, fourteen Roman coins dating to the second and third centuries have been discovered at Aksumite sites like Matara. This suggests that trade with the Roman Empire existed at least since this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sergew Hable |first=Sellassie |title=Ancient and medieval Ethiopian history to 1270 |publisher=Addis Ababa |year=1972 |page=79}}</ref>
[[File:Roman_Coins_found_in_Matara_in_2-3rd_century.png|thumb|14 Roman Coins found in Matara in 2-3rd century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anfray |first=Francis |title=Maṭarā. — Deuxième, troisième et quatrième campagnes de fouilles. In: Annales d'Ethiopie. Volume 6 |date=1965 |page=69 |language=French}}</ref>]]
In 525 AD, the Aksumites attempted to take over the Yemen region to gain control over The Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb; one of the most significant trading routes in the medieval world, connecting the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Rulers were inclined to establish a spot of imperialism across the Red Sea in Yemen to completely control the trading vessels that ran down the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. It is located in the maritime choke point between Yemen and Djibouti and Eritrea. Because of the ruler of Yemen's persecution of Christians in 523 AD, Kaleb I, the ruler of Aksum (a Christian region) at the time, responded to the persecutions by attacking the Himyarite king Yūsuf As'ar Yath'ar, known as Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish convert who was persecuting the Christian community of Najran,Yemen in 525 AD, with the help of the Byzantine empire, with whom had ties with his kingdom. Victoriously, the Aksum empire was able to claim the Yemen region, establishing a viceroy in the region and troops to defend it until 570 AD when the Sassanids invaded.

The Kingdom of Aksum was ideally located to take advantage of the new trading situation. [[Adulis]] soon became the main port for the export of African goods, such as ivory, incense, gold, slaves, and exotic animals. In order to supply such goods the kings of Aksum worked to develop and expand an inland trading network. A rival, and much older trading network that tapped the same interior region of Africa was that of the [[Kingdom of Kush]], which had long supplied Egypt with African goods via the [[Nile]] corridor. By the first century AD, however, Aksum had gained control over territory previously Kushite. The ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' explicitly describes how ivory collected in Kushite territory was being exported through the port of Adulis instead of being taken to [[Meroë]], the capital of Kush. During the second and third centuries AD the Kingdom of Aksum continued to expand their control of the southern Red Sea basin. A caravan route to Egypt was established which bypassed the Nile corridor entirely. Aksum succeeded in becoming the principal supplier of African goods to the Roman Empire, not least as a result of the transformed Indian Ocean trading system.<ref>The effect of the Indian Ocean trading system on the rise of Aksum is described in [http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html State Formation in Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114074953/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html |date=2009-01-14 }}, by Stanley M. Burstein.</ref>

====Climate change hypothesis====
[[File:Balaw Kalaw (metera), stele axumita 06.JPG|thumb|[[Hawulti (monument)|Axumite Menhir in Balaw Kalaw]] ([[Matara, Eritrea|Metera]]) near [[Senafe]]]]
[[Climate variability and change|Climate change]] and trade isolation have also been claimed as large reasons for the decline of the culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butzer |first=Karl W. |date=1981 |title=Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/280596 |journal=American Antiquity |volume=46 |issue=3 |page=491–492 |doi=10.2307/280596 |issn=0002-7316}}</ref> The local subsistence base was substantially augmented by a climatic shift during the first century AD that reinforced the spring rains, extended the rainy season from 3 1/2 to six or seven months, vastly improved the surface and subsurface water supply, doubled the length of the growing season, and created an environment comparable to that of modern central Ethiopia (where two crops can be grown per annum without the aid of irrigation).

Askum was also located on a plateau {{cvt|2000|m|ft}} feet above sea level, making its soil fertile and the land good for agriculture. This appears to explain how one of the marginal agricultural environments of Ethiopia was able to support the demographic base that made this far flung commercial empire possible. It may also explain why no Aksumite rural settlement expansion into the moister, more fertile, and naturally productive lands of Begemder or Lasta can be verified during the heyday of Aksumite power.

As international profits from the exchange network declined, Aksum lost control over its raw material sources, and that network collapsed. The persistent environmental pressure on a large population needing to maintain a high level of regional food production intensified, which resulted in a wave of soil erosion that began on a local scale {{circa|650}}, and reached crisis levels after 700. Additional socioeconomic contingencies presumably compounded the problem: these are traditionally reflected in a decline in maintenance, the deterioration and partial abandonment of marginal crop lands, shifts toward more destructive exploitation of pasture land—and ultimately wholesale, irreversible [[land degradation]]. This decline was possibly accelerated by an apparent decline in the reliability of rainfall beginning between 730 and 760, presumably with the result that an abbreviated modern growing season was reestablished during the ninth century.<ref name="butzer1981">{{Cite journal |last=Butzer |first=Karl W. |date=1981 |title=Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation |url=http://sites.utexas.edu/butzer/files/2017/03/Butzer-1981-Axum.pdf |journal=American Antiquity |volume=46 |number=3 |pages=471–495 |via=University of Texas at Austin |jstor=280596 |doi=10.2307/280596 |bibcode=1981AmAnt..46..471B |s2cid=162374800}}</ref>{{rp|495}}

==In literature==
{{Further|Ethiopian literature|Ethiopian historiography}}

The Aksumite Empire is portrayed as the main ally of [[Byzantium]] in the [[Belisarius series]] by [[David Drake]] and [[Eric Flint]] published by [[Baen Books]]. The series takes place during the reign of [[Kaleb of Axum|Kaleb]], who in the series was assassinated by the [[Malwa]] in 532 at the Ta'akha Maryam and succeeded by his youngest son Eon bisi Dakuen.

In the [[Elizabeth Wein]] series ''The Lion Hunters'', [[Mordred]] and his family take refuge in Aksum after the fall of [[Camelot]]. [[Kaleb of Axum|Kaleb]] is the ruler in the first book; he passes his sovereignty onto his son Gebre Meskal, who rules during the [[Plague of Justinian]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ethio w3.jpg|Reconstruction of Dungur
File:The North Stelae Park, Axum, Ethiopia (2812686646).jpg|The largest Aksumite stele, broken where it fell.
File:Ethio w4.jpg|Aksumite-era [[Amphora]] from [[Asmara]].
File:Rome Stele.jpg|The [[Obelisk of Aksum]] after being returned to Ethiopia.
File:Axumite Palace (2827701317).jpg|Model of the Ta'akha Maryam palace.
File:Axumite Architectural Fragments (2823506028).jpg|Aksumite water-spouts in the shape of lion heads.
File:Axumite Jar With Figural Spout (2822617017).jpg|Aksumite jar with figural spout.
File:ET Axum asv2018-01 img41 Stelae Park.jpg|Tombs beneath the stele field.
File:Ethio w29.jpg|Entrance to the Tomb Of The False Door.
File:Stelenpark in Axum 2010.JPG|The Stelae Park in Aksum.
File:Small Steles near Aksum.jpg|Small stelae in the Gudit Stelae Field
File:Stelae Field in Axum, Ethiopia (2830293765).jpg|Another stelae field in Aksum.
File:Haiq Istefanos Church.jpg| Istifanos Monastery in Hayk.
File:Ousas.jpg|Aksumite gold coins.
File:Aksum-107532.jpg|Aksum stelle and ruins
File:Aksum-139458.jpg|Aksum stelle in desert
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Eritrea|Africa}}
* [[Abraha]]
* [[History of Ethiopia]]
* [[Mifsas Bahri]]
* [[Monumentum Adulitanum]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-lr}}
=== Language notes ===
{{NoteFoot}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |first=Alessandro |last=Bausi |year=2018 |title=Translations in Late Antique Ethiopia |journal=Egitto Crocevia di Traduzioni |volume=1 |url=https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/21835/1/%CE%94%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%9F%CE%99%201%20online.pdf#page=69&zoom=125(0,0) |pages=69–100 |publisher=EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste |isbn=978-88-8303-937-9 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192037/https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/21835/1/%CE%94%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%9F%CE%99%201%20online.pdf#page=69&zoom=125(0,0) }}
* {{Cite book|last=Bend|first=Niklas|title=Studien zur Geschichte und Religionsgeschichte Aksums|trans-title=Studies on the history and religious history of Aksum|publisher=Steiner|location=Stuttgart|year=2025|isbn=978-3-515-13998-4}}
* {{cite book |first=David W. |last=Phillipson |title=Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7141-2763-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Phillipson |first1=David W. |title=Foundations of an African civilization: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300 |date=2012 |publisher=James Currey |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |isbn=978-1-84701-088-9}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Paul A. |editor1-last=Yule |title=Late Antique Arabia Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a 'Decadent' Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen |publisher=Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 29, Wiesbaden, pp. 251–54 |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-447-06935-9}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kingdom of Aksum}}
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Axum/ World History Encyclopedia – Kingdom of Axum]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf|date=February 22, 2007|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States}}
* [http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/aksum.htm Ethiopian Treasures – Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom – Aksum]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/nubia1.html Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts of Meröe, Kush, and Axum]
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/15 Aksum: UNESCO World Heritage Site]
{{Pre-Islamic Arabia|state=collapsed}}{{Empires}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aksum, Kingdom of}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Aksum| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa|Aksum]]
[[Category:Political history of Eritrea|Aksum]]
[[Category:Countries in ancient Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in medieval Africa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1st century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 960s]]
[[Category:Former Christian states|Aksum]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Mediterranean Sea

2026-09-20T15:35:52Z

CleanupBot: Bot: Deleting out-dated template

{{Short description|Sea between Africa, Asia, and Europe}}
{{About|the sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia|the term in general|Mediterranean seas}}
{{Redirect2|Mediterranean|Méditerranée|other uses|Mediterranean (disambiguation)|and|Méditerranée (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Mediterranean Sea
| image = Mediterranean Sea 16.61811E 38.99124N.jpg
| caption = The Mediterranean Sea
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = {{Plainlist|
* [[North Africa]]
* [[Southern Europe]]
* [[West Asia]]
}}
| coords = {{Coord|35|N|18|E|region:XZ_type:waterbody_scale:25000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Sea]]
| inflow = [[Gulf of Cádiz]], [[Sea of Marmara]], [[Nile]], [[Ebro]], [[Rhône]], [[Chelif River|Chelif]], [[Po (river)|Po]]
| outflow = [[Strait of Gibraltar]], [[Dardanelles]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = {{hidden | fw1=normal | headerstyle=text-align:left
| header = Coastal countries:
| content = {{flatlist}}
* [[Albania]]
* [[Algeria]]
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Croatia]]
* [[Cyprus]]
* [[Egypt]]
* [[France]]
* [[Greece]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[Italy]]
* [[Lebanon]]
* [[Libya]]
* [[Malta]]
* [[Monaco]]
* [[Montenegro]]
* [[Morocco]]
* ''[[Northern Cyprus]]'' {{small|(recognised only by [[Turkey]], see: [[Cyprus problem]])}}
* [[Palestine]] ([[Gaza Strip]])
* [[Slovenia]]
* [[Spain]]
* [[Syria]]
* [[Tunisia]]
* [[Turkey]]
* [[United Kingdom]] ([[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], and [[Gibraltar]])
For other countries, [[#Hydrography|click here]].
{{endflatlist}}
}}
| length =
| width =
| area = {{cvt|2500000|km2|sqmi}}
| depth = {{cvt|1500|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|5109|m|ft}} ±{{cvt|1|m|ft|0}}
| volume = {{cvt|3750000|km3|cumi}}
| residence_time = 80–100 years<ref name="Water Flow in Semienclosed Seaways">{{cite periodical|title=Invitation to Oceanography |journal=Paleoceanography |volume=30 |issue=5 |first=Paul R. |last=Pinet |page=220 |publisher=Jones & Barlett Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7637-5993-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TCm8Xy-sLUC&pg=PA220}}</ref>
| shore =
| temperature_high = {{cvt|28|C|F}}
| temperature_low = {{cvt|12|C|F}}
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands = [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|3300+]]
| cities = [[List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea|Full list]]
| reference =
| mapframe-zoom = 3
}}

The '''Mediterranean Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|d|ɪ|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|i|ən}} {{respell|MED|ih|tə|RAY|nee|ən}}) is an intercontinental [[sea]] situated between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean basin]] and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the [[Levant]] in [[West Asia]], on the north by [[Anatolia]] in [[West Asia]] and [[Southern Europe]], and on the south by [[North Africa]]. To its west it is connected to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] via the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] that separates the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Europe]] from [[Morocco]] in [[Africa]] by only {{convert|14|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}; additionally, it is connected to the [[Black Sea]] through the [[Bosporus]] strait that intersects Turkey in the northeast and the [[Red Sea]] via the [[Suez Canal]] in the southeast.

The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about {{convert|2500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="britannica">{{Britannica URL|author=Boxer, Baruch |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=place/Mediterranean-Sea }}</ref> representing 0.7% of the global [[ocean]] surface; it includes fifteen [[marginal sea]]s, including the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]], [[Tyrrhenian Sea|Tyrrhenian]], and [[Marmara sea|Marmara]]. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely [[desiccation|desiccated]] over a period of some 600,000 years during the [[Messinian salinity crisis]] before being refilled by the [[Zanclean flood]] about 5.3 million years ago.

The [[history of the Mediterranean region]] is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies; it is sometimes described as an "incubator of [[Western civilization]]". and saw the emergence of some of the earliest and most advanced civilisations, including those of [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], and the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Mediterranean Sea {{!}} Facts, History, Islands, & Countries {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Levant in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] was among the first regions in the world to display permanent human habitation as early as 12,000 BC. The Mediterranean Sea was an important route for [[merchant]]s, travellers, and migrants in antiquity, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between various peoples as well as colonisation and conquest. The [[Roman Empire]] maintained [[Mare Nostrum|nautical hegemony]] over the sea for centuries and is the only state to have ever controlled all of its coast.

The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the deepest recorded point is {{Convert|5109|±|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the [[Calypso Deep]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]. It lies between latitudes [[30th parallel north|30°]] and [[46th parallel north|46° N]] and longitudes [[6th meridian west|6° W]] and [[36th meridian east|36° E]]. Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the [[Gulf of Alexandretta]], on the southeastern coast of [[Turkey]], is about {{Convert|4000|km||abbr=}}. The north–south length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational [[Gulf of Trieste]] and the Libyan coastline of the [[Gulf of Sidra]] is about {{Convert|1900|km||abbr=}}. The water temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer and give name to the [[Mediterranean climate]] type due to the majority of precipitation falling in the cooler months. Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation.

The countries surrounding the Mediterranean and its marginal seas in clockwise order are [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine]] ([[Gaza Strip]]), [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], and [[Morocco]]; [[Cyprus]] and [[Malta]] are [[island country|island countries]] in the sea. In addition, [[Northern Cyprus]] ([[list of states with limited recognition|de facto state]]) and two [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]] of the [[United Kingdom]] ([[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], and [[Gibraltar]]) also have [[coast]]lines along the Mediterranean Sea. The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the [[Nile]] being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nile-river |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Education {{!}} National Geographic Society |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308110451/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nile-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mediterranean Sea encompasses [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|a vast number of islands]], some of them of volcanic origin. The two largest islands, in both area and population, are [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]].

==Names and etymology==
[[File:Greece Orbit Photo 1989 by Atlas STS-34.jpg|thumb|With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, [[Greece]] has the longest Mediterranean coastline.]]
[[File:Eastern Mediterranean in Katip Çelebi 1656 Mediterranean Sea map from Asfar il-bihar (cropped).jpg|thumb|Eastern Mediterranean in Katip Çelebi's map ({{lang|ota|ﺁق دكز}})]]
{{hiero|[[Wadj-Wer]], or Wadj-Ur, ancient Egyptian name of the Mediterranean Sea|{{center|<hiero>M14-wr-mw</hiero>}}|align=right|era=egypt}}
*[[Roman people|Romans]] called the Mediterranean ''Mare Magnum'' ("Great Sea") or ''Mare Internum'' ("Internal Sea") and, starting with the [[Roman Empire]], ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' ("Our Sea"). The term ''Mare Mediterrāneum'' appears later: [[Gaius Julius Solinus|Solinus]] apparently used this in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century,<ref name="Seirinidou2017">Vaso Seirinidou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c53vDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 "The Mediterranean"] in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, ''European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History'', series ''European Conceptual History'' '''3''', {{isbn|1-78533-585-5}}, 2017, p. 80</ref> in [[Isidore of Seville]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Rickman |chapter=The creation of ''Mare Nostrum'': 300 BC – 500 AD |editor=David Abulafia |title=The Mediterranean in History |isbn=978-1-60606-057-5 |year=2011 |page=133|publisher=Getty Publications }}</ref><ref name="seirinidou" /> It means 'in the middle of land, inland' in [[Latin language|Latin]], a compound of {{lang|la|medius}} ('middle'), {{lang|la|terra}} ('land, earth'), and {{lang|la|-āneus}} ('having the nature of').{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} The Latin word is a [[calque]] of Greek {{lang|grc|μεσόγειος}} ({{Transliteration|el|mesógeios}}; 'inland'), from {{lang|grc|μέσος}} ({{Transliteration|el|mésos}}, 'in the middle') and {{lang|grc|γήινος}} ({{Transliteration|el|gḗinos}}, 'of the earth'), from {{lang|grc|γῆ}} ({{Transliteration|el|gê}}, 'land, earth'). The original meaning may have been 'the sea in the middle of the earth', rather than 'the sea enclosed by land'.<ref>{{cite web |title=entry μεσόγαιος |url=http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202133428/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D |archive-date=2 December 2009 |publisher=[[Liddell & Scott]]}}</ref><ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 3rd ed, 2001, [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115766 ''s.v.'']</ref>
*In [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Arabic]], it is known as {{Transliteration|ar|ALA|al-Baḥr [al-Abyaḍ] al-Mutawassiṭ}} ({{lang|ar|البحر [الأبيض] المتوسط}}) 'the [White] Middle Sea'. In Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was {{Transliteration|ar|Baḥr al-Rūm(ī)}} ({{lang|ar|بحر الروم}} or {{lang|ar|بحر الرومي}}) 'the Sea of the Romans' or 'the Roman Sea'. At first, that name referred to only the Eastern Mediterranean, but it was later extended to the whole Mediterranean. Other Arabic names were {{Transliteration|ar|Baḥr al-šām(ī)}} ({{lang|ar|بحر الشام}}) ("the Sea of Syria") and {{Transliteration|ar|Baḥr al-Maghrib}} ({{lang|ar|بحر المغرب}}) ("the Sea of the West").<ref name="eoi">{{EI2|title=Baḥr al-Rūm|volume=1}}</ref><ref name="seirinidou">Vaso Seirinidou, "The Mediterranean" in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, ''European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History'', series ''European Conceptual History'' '''3''', {{isbn|1-78533-585-5}}, 2017, p. 80</ref>
*The [[Ancient Egyptians]] called the Mediterranean [[Wadj-Wer|''Wadj-wr''/''Wadj-Wer''/''Wadj-Ur'']]. This term ({{lit.|great green}}) was the name given by the Ancient Egyptians to the semi-solid, semi-aquatic region characterized by papyrus forests to the north of the cultivated [[Nile Delta]], and, by extension, the sea beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golvin |first1=Jean-Claude |title=L'Égypte restituée, Tome 3 |year=1991 |publisher=Éditions Errance |location=Paris |isbn=2-87772-148-5 |page=273}}</ref>
*The [[Carthaginians]] called it the "Syrian Sea". In ancient [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts, [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] epics and in the Hebrew [[Bible]], it was primarily known as the "Great Sea", {{lang|he|הים הגדול}}, {{Transliteration|he|HaYam HaGadol}}, ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]]; [[Book of Joshua]]; [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]) or simply as "The Sea" ([[Books of Kings|1 Kings]]). However, it has also been called the "Hinder Sea" because of its location on the west coast of the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]] or the [[Holy Land]] (and therefore behind a person facing the east), which is sometimes translated as "Western Sea". Another name was the "Sea of the [[Philistines]]", ([[Book of Exodus]]). In [[Modern Hebrew]], it is called {{lang|he|הים התיכון}} {{Transliteration|he|HaYam HaTikhon}}, 'the Middle Sea'.<ref name="melitensia" />
*The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] called the Mediterranean simply {{lang|grc|ἡ θάλασσα}} ('the Sea') or sometimes {{lang|grc|ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα}} ('the Great Sea'), {{lang|grc|ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα}} ('Our Sea'), or {{lang|grc|ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ'ἡμᾶς}} ('the sea around us').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Slootjes |first1=Daniëlle |last2=Peachin |first2=M.|title=Rome and the Worlds beyond its Frontier |year=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004325616 |page=28 | url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37958/9789004326750_webready_content_text.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishkova |first1=Diana |last2=Trencsényi|first2=Balázs |title=European Regions and Boundaries A Conceptual History |year=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-584-6 |page=80 | url=https://www.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/OpenAccess/MishkovaEuropean/MishkovaEuropean_04.pdf}}</ref> According to Johann Knobloch, in [[classical antiquity]], cultures in the [[Levant]] used colors to refer to the cardinal points: black referred to the north (explaining the name [[Black Sea]]), yellow or blue to east, red to south (e.g., the [[Red Sea]]), and white to west. This would explain the Greek {{Transliteration|el|Áspri Thálassa}}, the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] {{Transliteration|bg|Byalo More}}, the Turkish {{lang|tr|Akdeniz}}, and the Arab nomenclature described above, {{Abbr|lit.|literal translation}} "White Sea".<ref>Johann Knoblock. ''Sprache und Religion'', Vol. 1 (Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1979), 18; cf. {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=4|fascicle=3|title=Black Sea|first=Rüdiger|last=Schmitt|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea|pages=310–313}}</ref>
*The [[Old English]] name for the Mediterranean was the ''Wendel-sæ'', or "Vandal Sea", after the [[Vandals]] who had occupied the shores of North Africa in the [[Migration Period]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Mediterranean" on Etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Mediterranean |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
*One name for the Mediterranean in [[Old Norse|Old (West) Norse]] appears to have been ''Jórsalahaf'', the "Sea of Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Old Norwegian Language |url=https://old-norwegian-dictionary.vercel.app/word/jorsalahaf |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> The "Hreiðsea", ''Hreiðmarar'', mentioned on the [[Rök runestone]] might also refer to the Mediterranean.
*[[Ancient Iranian peoples|Ancient Iranians]] called it the "Roman Sea", in Classic Persian texts was called {{Transliteration|fa|Daryāy-e Rōm}} ({{lang|fa|دریای روم}}) which may be from [[Middle Persian]] form, {{Transliteration|pal|Zrēh ī Hrōm}} ({{lang|pal|𐭦𐭫𐭩𐭤 𐭩 𐭤𐭫𐭥𐭬}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehkhoda |first=Ali Akbar |title="دریای روم" entry |url=https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247689/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85 |website=Parsi Wiki}}</ref> In [[Persian language|Classic Persian]] texts it was called {{Transliteration|fa|Daryāy-e Šām}} {{lang|fa|دریای شام}}) "The Western Sea" or "Syrian Sea".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehkhoda |first=Ali Akabar |title="دریای شام" entry |url=https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247707/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85 |website=Parsi Wiki}}</ref>
*In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is the {{lang|tr|Akdeniz}} 'the White Sea'; in Ottoman, {{lang|ota|ﺁق دكز}}, which sometimes means only the [[Aegean Sea]].<ref>Diran Kélékian, ''Dictionnaire Turc-Français'', Constantinople, 1911</ref> The name is thought to be coming from the [[Cardinal direction#Northern Eurasia|colors associated with the cardinal directions]] in [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tradition, where "Ak" (white) stands for the west. It may be to contrast with the [[Black Sea]].<ref name="eoi"/><ref name="melitensia">{{cite journal|journal=Hyphen|last=Vella|first=Andrew P.|date=1985|title=Mediterranean Malta|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204(1985)5/02.pdf|volume=4|issue=5|pages=469–472|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329163002/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204%281985%295/02.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>[[Özhan Öztürk]] claims that in Old Turkish ''ak'' also means "west" and that {{lang|tr|Akdeniz}} hence means "West Sea" and that {{lang|tr|Karadeniz}} (Black Sea) means "North Sea". [[Özhan Öztürk]]. {{cite book|url=http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm |title=Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları |place=Ankara |year=2011 |pages=5–9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915062836/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> In Persian, the name was translated as {{Transliteration|fa|Baḥr-i Safīd}}, which was also used in later [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. It is probably the origin of the colloquial Greek phrase {{langx|grc|Άσπρη Θάλασσα|Áspri Thálassa|White Sea|label=none}}.<ref name="eoi"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Mediterranean region}}

===Ancient civilizations===
[[File:AntikeGriechen1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow) [[colonies in antiquity]] c. the 6th century BC]]
[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|upright=1.75|{{legend|#b23938|The [[Roman Empire]] at its farthest extent in AD 117}}]]

Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Abulafia|title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011}}</ref> The earliest advanced civilizations in the Mediterranean were the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and the [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]], who traded extensively with each other.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}{{original research inline|date=July 2025}} Around 1200 BC the eastern Mediterranean was greatly affected by the [[Bronze Age Collapse]], which resulted in the destruction of many cities and trade routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Bronze Age collapse {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/anthropology/late-bronze-age-collapse |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref>

Two other notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity are the [[Greece|Greek]] [[city-state]]s and [[Phoenicia]]ns, both of whom extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA |url=https://issuu.com/vikingcruisesau/docs/vikingexplorersn_issue15_mar22_v2/s/15494487 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref>

[[Darius I of Persia]], who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the [[Red Sea]] to the Nile, and thus the Mediterranean. Darius's canal was wide enough for two [[trireme]]s to pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.<ref>Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257 ([https://archive.org/stream/historyofegyptch12masp#page/248/mode/2up online]). London: The Grolier Society.</ref>

Following the [[Punic Wars]] in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the [[Roman Republic]] defeated the [[Carthaginians]] to become the preeminent power in the Western Mediterranean region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qutub |first=Hamzah |date=2024-02-08 |title=How the Punic Wars Changed the Course of History |url=https://www.culturefrontier.com/punic-wars/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.culturefrontier.com |language=en-US}}</ref> When [[Augustus]] founded the [[Roman Empire]], the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' ("Our Sea").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romans called the Mediterranean "Mare Nostrum" - meaning what? |url=https://brainly.com/question/43233424 |access-date=June 17, 2025 |website=Brainly}}</ref> For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant,<ref name=":3" /> giving the lake the nickname "Roman Lake".<ref>{{Cite web |title=[FREE] What did Rome turn into a "Roman lake"? - brainly.com |url=https://brainly.com/question/17540945 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=brainly.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Middle Ages and empires===
The [[Western Roman Empire]] collapsed around 476 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Gerti Tashko |date=2025-05-19 |title=The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) |url=https://gertitashkomd.com/the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire-476-ce/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=GT health |language=en-US}}</ref> The east was again dominant as Roman power still existed on in the [[Byzantine Empire]] formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaudio |first=Andrew |title=Research Guides: Byzantine Empire: A Resource Guide: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/byzantine-empire/introduction |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en}}</ref> During that time, another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of [[Islam]], which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest extent,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Cynthia |last2=Parkinson |first2=Brian |date=2023-08-16 |title=Islam – Rise of the Religion and Empires |url=https://pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu/honcchist151/chapter/9-islam-and-islamic-empires/ |journal=Pressbooks |language=en}}</ref> the Arabs, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], controlled the [[Iberian Peninsula]], making a new phase of art and culture in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Spanish Umayyads (711–1031) |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:The port and fleet of Genoa, early 14th century.jpg|thumb|right|The port and fleet of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] in the early 14th century, by [[Quinto Cenni]]]]
A variety of foodstuffs, spices and crops were introduced to the western Mediterranean's Spain and [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]] during Arab rule, via the commercial networks of the Islamic world. These include sugarcane,<ref name="spanish-food.org">{{Cite web |title=Arab Influence {{!}} Spanish-food.org |url=https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.spanish-food.org}}</ref> rice,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crist |first=Raymond E. |date=1957 |title=Rice Culture in Spain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1957-02_84_2/page/66 |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=66–74 |bibcode=1957SciMo..84...66C |issn=0096-3771 |jstor=21775}}</ref> cotton, alfalfa, oranges,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of Andalusian Oranges in Spain |url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/the-story-of-andalusian-oranges-in-spain/6-579841 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.ft.lk |language=en}}</ref> lemons,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nibble: Lemon History |url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/fruits/lemon-types.asp |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.thenibble.com}}</ref> apricots,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Denker |first1=Joel |date=14 June 2016 |title='Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/14/481932829/moon-of-the-faith-a-history-of-the-apricot-and-its-many-pleasures |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=NPR |language=en}}</ref> spinach,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Stephen |date=28 February 2014 |title=History of Spinach {{!}} Terroir Seeds |url=https://underwoodgardens.com/history-spinach/ |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Terroir Seeds {{!}} Underwood Gardens |language=en}}</ref> eggplants,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marie-Christine Daunay and Jules Janick |date=2007 |title=History and Iconography of Eggplant |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/chronicaeggplant.pdf |journal=Chronica Horticulturae |volume=47 |pages=16–22}}</ref> carrots,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Carrots{{Snd}} A brief summary and timeline |url=http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728070445/http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.carrotmuseum.co.uk}}</ref> [[saffron]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=The history of saffron |url=https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707215152/https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Saffron |language=en-US}}</ref> and bananas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bananas: an American History |url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=1560989661&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=www.worldcat.org}}</ref> The Arabs also continued extensive cultivation and production of olive oil (the Spanish words for 'oil' and 'olive'—''aceite'' and ''aceituna'', respectively—are derived from the Arabic ''al-zait'', meaning 'olive juice'),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn All About Spanish Olive Oil |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/grades-of-spanish-olive-oil-3082923 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> and pomegranates (the heraldic symbol of Granada) from classical [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] times.

The [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab invasions]] disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while disrupting trade routes with Eastern Asian Empires. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting trade across the [[Caspian Sea]]. The export of grains from [[Egypt]] was re-routed towards the [[Eastern world]]. Products from East Asian empires, like silk and spices, were carried from Egypt to ports like [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Constantinople]] by sailors and Jewish merchants. The [[Viking expansion|Viking raids]] further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the [[Norsemen]] developed the trade from Norway to the [[White Sea]], while also trading in luxury goods from [[Al-Andalus|Spain]] and the Mediterranean. The [[Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty|Byzantines in the mid-8th century]] retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of Asian goods in Venice.<ref>{{cite book|last=Couper |first=Alastair |title=The Geography of Sea Transport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFVACwAAQBAJ&q=The+Geography+of+Sea+Transport&pg=PA37|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-35150-4|pages=33–37|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>[[File:Battle of Lepanto 1571.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Battle of Lepanto]], 1571, ended in victory for the European [[Holy League (1571)|Holy League]] against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].]]
The [[Fatimids]] maintained trade relations with the [[Italian city-states]] like [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfi]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] before the Crusades, according to the [[Cairo Geniza]] documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in [[Cairo]]. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with [[Alexandria]]. The caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah|al-Mustansir]] had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in [[Jerusalem]] about 1060 in place of the Latin [[hospice]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Balard|first=Michel|editor-first1=Marcus Graham|editor-last1=Bull|editor-last2=Edbury|editor-first2=Peter|editor-last3=Phillips|editor-first3=Jonathan|title=The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-78151-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233|pages=23–35|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145302/https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233#v=snippet&q=amalfi%20cairo&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Crusades]] led to the flourishing of trade between Europe and the ''[[outremer]]'' region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Housley|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Housley|title=Contesting the Crusades|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4051-1189-8|pages=152–54}}</ref> Genoa, Venice and [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Brundage|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303|page=273|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303#v=snippet&q=through%20all%20these%20military%20triumphs%20and%20reverses%2C%20italian%20merchants%20constituted%20the%20mainstay&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe started to revive, however, when there was gradual centralization of state power in the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=University |first=Utah Valley |title=The Twelfth Century |url=https://uen.pressbooks.pub/worldhistory1/chapter/the-twelfth-century-in-western-europe/ |journal=World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:De Engels-Nederlandse vloot in de Baai van Algiers ter ondersteuning van het ultimatum tot vrijlating van blanke slaven, 26 augustus 1816. Rijksmuseum SK-A-1377.jpeg|thumb|The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release [[Barbary slave trade|European slaves]], August 1816]]

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] power based in Anatolia continued to grow, and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the [[Conquest of Constantinople]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Ottoman Empire - WWI, Decline & Definition |url=https://www.history.com/articles/ottoman-empire |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], the Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the [[Battle of Preveza]] (1538), opening up [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and the eastern Mediterranean to Ottoman rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Pirate to Admiral: The Tale of Barbarossa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/from-pirate-to-admiral-the-tale-of-barbarossa |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> As the naval prowess of the European powers increased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571) damaging the power of the [[Ottoman Navy]]. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between [[galley]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Lepanto {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/battle-lepanto |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Barbary pirates]] of [[Northwest Africa]] preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392 |url-access=registration |title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 |author=Robert Davis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=5 December 2003|access-date=17 January 2013|isbn=978-0-333-71966-4}}</ref> According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |title=British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-date=8 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208143435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Once, most of the trade between Western Europe and the East was [[Indo-Mediterranean|passing through the region]], but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian [[Spice trade|spices]] and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.<ref>C.I. Gable – [http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029132035/http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html |date=29 October 2014}} – '' Boglewood Timeline'' – 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html "History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018040430/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html |date=18 October 2014}} – ''Sephardic Studies and Culture'' – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>Robert Guisepi – {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150311160503/http://history-world.org/ottoman%20empire.htm The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders]}} – 1992 – ''History World International'' – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref>
[[File:Cena da Batalha do Nilo, 1 a 3 de Agosto de 1798 (escola europeia, séc. XIX).png|thumb|[[Battle of the Nile]] during the [[French invasion of Egypt and Syria|French campaign in Egypt]], August 1798]]
The sea remained strategically important. British mastery of [[Gibraltar]] ensured their influence in Africa and Southwest Asia. Especially after the naval battles of Abukir (1799, [[Battle of the Nile]]) and [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] (1805), the British had for a long time strengthened their dominance in the Mediterranean.<ref>See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815" (2013).</ref> Wars included [[Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Theater, Naval Operations / 1.0 / encyclopedic |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mediterranean-theater-naval-operations/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> and [[Mediterranean theatre of World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=The 1941 Battle of Cape Matapan Between Britain and Italy |url=http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2024/9/18/the-1941-battle-of-cape-matapan-between-britain-and-italy |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}}</ref>

With the opening of the lockless [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. The fastest route now led through the Mediterranean towards East Africa and Asia. This led to a preference for the Mediterranean countries and their ports like [[Trieste]] with direct connections to Central and Eastern Europe experienced a rapid economic rise. In the 20th century, the 1st and 2nd World Wars as well as the [[Suez Crisis]] and the [[Cold War]] led to a shift of trade routes to the European northern ports, which changed again towards the southern ports through European integration, the activation of the [[Silk Road]] and free world trade.<ref>Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal – die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkämpft" In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.</ref>

===21st century and migrations===
{{Further|2015 European migrant crisis|List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea|Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis}}{{CSS image crop
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In 2013, the [[Malta|Maltese]] president described the Mediterranean Sea as a "cemetery" due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/10/13/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action/|website=Al Jazeera – English|access-date=14 March 2022|date=13 October 2013|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314151430/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/10/13/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[European Parliament]] president [[Martin Schulz]] said in 2014 that Europe's migration policy "turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard", referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard'|url=http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894|website=EUobserver|access-date=12 December 2014|date=24 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130716/http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894|url-status=live}}</ref> An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground ... where people die".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://topnews.az/en/news/148766/Novruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html|title=Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095650/http://topnews.az/en/news/148766/Novruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck]], the [[Letta Cabinet|Italian government]] decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorizing "[[Operation Mare Nostrum]]", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html |website=UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency |date=30 December 2015 |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224084500/http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Italy was particularly affected by the [[European migrant crisis]]. Between 2013 and 2018, over 700,000 migrants landed in Italy,<ref>{{cite news |title=What will Italy's new government mean for migrants? |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants |newspaper=The Local Italy |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231010/https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants |url-status=live }}</ref> mainly sub-Saharan Africans.<ref>{{cite news |title=African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402002627/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{main|List of islands in the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{multiple image
| width = 180
| footer =
| image1 = STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The [[Strait of Gibraltar]] appears in the bottom left (north-west) quarter of the image; to its left is the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Europe]], and to its right, the [[Maghreb]] in [[Africa]].
| image2 = Gallipoli peninsula from space.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The [[Dardanelles]] [[Turkish Straits|strait]] in [[Turkey]]. The north (upper) side forms part of [[Europe]] (the [[Gelibolu Peninsula]] in the [[Thrace]] region); on the south (lower) side is [[Anatolia]] in [[Asia]].
}}
The Mediterranean Sea connects
* to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] (known as the "[[Pillars of Hercules]]") in the west. This also separates Europe from Africa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallianatos |first=Evaggelos |date=2013-10-08 |title=Is Western Civilization Becoming Criminal? The Case of the Mediterranean |url=https://truthout.org/articles/is-western-civilization-becoming-criminal-the-case-of-the-mediterranean/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref>
* to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the [[Black Sea]], by the Straits of the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] respectively, in the east. This separated Europe from Asia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=https://dlab.epfl.ch/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/m/Mediterranean_Sea.htm |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=dlab.epfl.ch}}</ref>

The [[coastline length]] is about {{convert|46,000|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="britannica" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mediterranean – a sea surrounded by land | WWF |url=https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/mediterranean/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160225/https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/mediterranean/ |archive-date=7 September 2020 |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mediterranean coast |url=http://www.fao.org/3/W4347E/w4347e0s.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160227/http://www.fao.org/3/W4347E/w4347e0s.htm |archive-date=7 September 2020 |access-date=15 September 2020 |publisher=FAO}}</ref>

The {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr= on}} long artificial [[Suez Canal]] in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the [[Red Sea]] without ship lock, because the water level is essentially the same. This separated Africa and Asia.<ref name="melitensia"/><ref>Harald Krachler "Alois Negrelli, der Suezkanalplaner" In: Wiener Zeitung 18 January 1999.</ref>

===Marginal seas===
[[File:Lopud island, Croatia (48612709613).jpg|thumb|The [[Elaphiti Islands]] off the coast of Croatia; the Adriatic Sea contains over [[List of islands in the Adriatic|1200 islands and islets]].]]
[[File:Illots d'Eivissa (Pitiüses) 12. Es Malvins.jpg|thumb|Es Malvins, [[Balearic Sea]]]]
[[File:Ionian sea islands, pic1.JPG|thumb|The Ionian Sea, view from the island [[Lefkada]], Greece]]

The Mediterranean Sea includes 15 [[marginal seas]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Yan |last2=He |first2=Xianqiang |last3=Yu |first3=Shujie |last4=Chen |first4=Chen-Tung |date=28 February 2018 |title=Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.3390/su10030635 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Sust...10..635B }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2023}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2|Number
!rowspan=2|Sea
!colspan=2|Area
!rowspan=2|Marginal countries and territories
|-
!km<sup>2</sup>
!sq mi
|-
| align=center|1 || '''[[Libyan Sea]]''' || {{convert|350,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Libya]], [[Greece]], [[Malta]], [[Italy]]
|-
| align=center|2 || '''[[Levantine Sea]]''' || {{convert|320,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], [[Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri & Dhekelia]]
|-
| align=center|3 || '''[[Tyrrhenian Sea]]''' || {{convert|275,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Italy]], [[France]]
|-
| align=center|4 || '''[[Aegean Sea]]''' || {{convert|214,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|5 || '''[[Icarian Sea]]''' || colspan=2 align=center | (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|6 || '''[[Myrtoan Sea]]''' || colspan=2 align=center | (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]]
|-
| align=center|7 || '''[[Thracian Sea]]''' || colspan=2 align=center | (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|8 || '''[[Ionian Sea]]''' || {{convert|169,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Greece]], [[Albania]], [[Italy]]
|-
| align=center|9 || '''[[Balearic Sea]]''' || {{convert|150,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Spain]]
|-
| align=center|10 || '''[[Adriatic Sea]]''' || {{convert|138,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Italy]], [[Montenegro]], [[Slovenia]]
|-
| align=center|11 || '''[[Sea of Sardinia]]''' || {{convert|120,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Italy]], [[Spain]]
|-
| align=center|12 || '''[[Sea of Crete]]''' || {{convert|95,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} <small>(Part of Aegean)</small> || [[Greece]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Crete |title=Sea of Crete | sea, Greece |website=Britannica |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032903/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Crete |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=center|13 || '''[[Ligurian Sea]]''' || {{convert|80,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Italy]], [[France]]
|-
| align=center|14 || '''[[Alboran Sea]]''' || {{convert|53,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Spain]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Gibraltar]]
|-
| align=center|15 || '''[[Sea of Marmara]]''' || {{convert|11,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|– || '''Other''' || ~{{convert|500,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || Consists of gulfs, straits, channels and other parts that do not have the name of a specific sea.
|-
!Total!!Mediterranean Sea!!~{{convert|2,500,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
!
|}Note 1: The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the area as generic Mediterranean Sea, in the Western Basin. It does not recognize the label [[Sea of Sardinia]].<ref name="IHO" />

Note 2: [[Thracian Sea]], [[Icarian Sea]], [[Sea of Crete]] and [[Myrtoan Sea]] are [[seas]] that are part of the [[Aegean Sea]].

Note 3: The [[Black Sea]] is not considered part of it.

===Extent===
{{See also|List of drainage basins by area}}
[[File:Locatie Middellandse Zee.PNG|thumb|Borders of the Mediterranean Sea]]

The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows:<ref name="IHO">{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> Stretching from the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in the west to the entrances to the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Suez Canal]] in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa, and Asia and is divided into two deep basins:
* Western Basin:
** On the west: A line joining the extremities of [[Cape Trafalgar]] (Spain) and [[Cape Spartel]] (Africa)
** On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. In the [[Strait of Messina]], a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with [[Cape Peloro]], the east extreme of the Island of [[Sicily]]. The north coast of Sicily
** On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily ({{coord|37|47|N|12|22|E|display=inline}}), through the Adventure Bank to [[Cape Bon]] (Tunisia)
* Eastern Basin:
** On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin
** On the northeast: A line joining [[Kumkale, Çanakkale|Kum Kale]] (26°11′E) and [[Cape Helles]], the western entrance to the Dardanelles
** On the southeast: The entrance to the [[Suez Canal]]
** On the east: The coasts of [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]], and [[Palestine]] (through the [[Gaza Strip]])

===Hydrography===

[[File:Mediterranean Basin.png|thumb|Approximate extent of the Mediterranean drainage basin (dark green). [[Nile]] basin only partially shown]]

The [[drainage basin]] of the Mediterranean Sea is particularly heterogeneous and extends much further than the Mediterranean region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC |title=The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |author=Lionello, P. |year=2012 |page=lxii |isbn=978-0-12-391477-4 |quote=Geographically, the Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km<sup>2</sup>. It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about 40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E). |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC |url-status=live }}</ref> Its size has been estimated between {{convert|4000000|and|5500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},{{NoteTag|Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea}} depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226665381 |title=Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment |chapter=An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds |page=191 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |author=Poulos, Serafeim |year=2011 |quote=The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (including the R. Nile)}}</ref><ref name="Margat 2004 p4">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ |title=Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |author=Margat, Jean F. |year=2004 |page=4 |isbn=978-2-9517181-5-9 |quote=A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km<sup>2</sup>; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km<sup>2</sup> [...] There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m<sup>3</sup>/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po. |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system |author=García-García, D. |journal=[[Climate Dynamics]] |year=2022 |volume=59 |issue=7–8 |pages=1919–1938 |doi=10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2 |bibcode=2022ClDy...59.1919G |s2cid=247013753 |quote=In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10<sup>6</sup> and 2.43 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, respectively |doi-access=free|hdl=10045/121760 |hdl-access=free |issn=0930-7575}}</ref> The longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the [[Nile]], which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. The basin of the Nile constitutes about two-thirds of the Mediterranean drainage basin<ref name="Margat 2004 p4" /> and encompasses areas as high as the [[Ruwenzori Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |author=Gupta, Avijit |year=2008 |page=275 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5 |quote=The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Among other important rivers in Africa, are the [[Moulouya River|Moulouya]] and the [[Chelif River|Chelif]], both on the north side of the [[Atlas Mountains]]. In Asia, are the [[Ceyhan River|Ceyhan]] and [[Seyhan River|Seyhan]], both on the south side of the [[Taurus Mountains]].<ref name="UNEP">{{cite web |url=https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment |title=The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting. |publisher=Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP) |access-date=16 April 2022 |quote=The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water. |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024184710/https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Europe, the largest basins are those of the [[Rhône]], [[Ebro]], [[Po (river)|Po]], and [[Maritsa]].<ref name="UNECE">{{cite book |url=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm |title=Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] |year=2007 |chapter=Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea |pages=154–181 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415181121/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The basin of the Rhône is the largest and extends up as far north as the [[Jura Mountains]], encompassing areas even on the north side of the [[Alps]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ |title=The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |author=Maier, Andreas |year=2015 |page=187 |isbn=978-94-017-7206-8 |quote=The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps. |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145419/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The basins of the Ebro, Po, and Maritsa, are respectively south of the [[Pyrenees]], Alps, and [[Balkan Mountains]], which are the major ranges bordering Southern Europe.

Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. As a consequence, the [[Discharge (hydrology)|river discharges]] of the Rhône and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin.<ref name="UNEP" /> These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over {{convert|1000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Margat 2004 p4"/> Among large natural fresh bodies of water are [[Lake Victoria]] (Nile basin), [[Lake Geneva]] (Rhône), and the [[Italian Lakes]] (Po). While the Mediterranean watershed is bordered by other river basins in Europe, it is essentially bordered by [[endorheic basin]]s or deserts elsewhere.

The following countries are in the Mediterranean drainage basin while ''not'' having a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:

* In Europe, through various rivers:<ref name="UNECE"/> [[Andorra]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Ebro]]}} [[Bulgaria]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Struma (river)|Struma]], [[Maritsa]] and [[Nestos (river)|Nestos]], see [[Geography of Bulgaria#Hydrography]]}} [[Kosovo]],{{Notetag|Through the [[Drin (river)|Drin]]}} [[North Macedonia]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Drin (river)|Drin]] and [[Vardar]]}} [[San Marino]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Marecchia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe |title=San Marino |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170939/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521449/San-Marino |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[Serbia]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Struma (river)|Struma]]}} and [[Switzerland]].{{NoteTag|Through the [[Rhône]], [[Po (river)|Po]] and [[Adige]], see [[Hydrology of Switzerland]]}}
* In Africa, through the Nile:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rti.org/impact/nile-river-basin-initiative |title=The Nile River Basin Initiative |date=23 May 2018 |publisher=[[RTI International]] |access-date=14 March 2022 |quote=The longest river in the world, the Nile spans 35 degrees of latitude, drains three million square kilometers of land (one-tenth of the total surface area of Africa), and runs through 11 countries whose combined population totals over 300 million people: Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Nile's primary water source, Lake Victoria, is the world's second-largest body of fresh water, and the Nile Delta in northern Egypt covers over 150 miles of the Mediterranean coastline. |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321232928/https://www.rti.org/impact/nile-river-basin-initiative |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Burundi]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]].

===Coastal countries===
{{Main list|List of Mediterranean countries
}}
[[File:Area of the Mediterranean.jpg|thumb|Map of the Mediterranean Sea from open Natural Earth data, 2020]]

The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jun 20, 2023 |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Vajiram & Ravi |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* '''European''': [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Monaco]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], and [[Greece]]
* '''Middle Eastern''': [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], and the island of [[Cyprus]]
* '''North African''': [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Libya]], [[Egypt]]

===Exclusive economic zone===
[[Exclusive economic zones]] in Mediterranean Sea:<ref name="Sea Around Us">{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=seaaroundus.org |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/793?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/793?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
!rowspan=2 width=75|Number
!rowspan=2 width=250|Country
!colspan=2 width=200|Area
|-
!width=100|km<sup>2</sup>
!width=100|sq mi
|-
| align=center|1 || '''{{ITA}}''' || {{convert|541,915|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|2 || '''{{GRE}}''' || {{convert|493,708|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|3 || '''{{LBA}}''' || {{convert|355,604|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|4 || '''{{ESP}}''' || {{convert|260,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|5 || '''{{EGY}}''' || {{convert|169,125|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|6 || '''{{ALG}}''' || {{convert|128,843|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|7 || '''{{TUN}}''' || {{convert|102,047|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|8 || '''{{FRA}}''' || {{convert|88,389|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|9 || '''{{CYP}}''' || {{convert|80,412|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|10 || '''{{TUR}}''' || {{convert|72,195|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|11|| '''{{CRO}}''' || {{convert|59,032|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|12|| '''{{MLT}}''' || {{convert|55,542|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|13 || '''{{ISR}}''' || {{convert|25,139|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|14 || '''{{LBN}}''' || {{convert|19,265|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|15 || '''{{MAR}}''' || {{convert|18,302|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|16 || '''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''' || {{convert|17,676|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|17 || '''{{ALB}}''' || {{convert|13,691|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|18 || '''{{SYR}}''' || {{convert|10,189|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|19 || '''{{MNE}}''' || {{convert|7,745|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|20 || '''{{PLE}}''' || {{convert|2,591|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|21 || '''{{MON}}''' || {{convert|288|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|22 || '''{{SLO}}''' || {{convert|220|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|23 || '''{{BIH}}''' || {{convert|50|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|24 || '''{{GBR}}''' || {{convert|6.8 |km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!Total
|'''Mediterranean Sea''' || {{convert|2,500,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|}

===Subdivisions===
[[File:Bucht & Straße von Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar]]

The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):<ref name="IHO"/>
* the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]
* the [[Alboran Sea]], between Spain and [[Morocco]]
* the [[Balearic Sea]], between mainland Spain and its [[Balearic Islands]]
* the [[Ligurian Sea]] between [[Corsica]] and [[Liguria]] (Italy)
* the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] enclosed by [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[Italian peninsula]] and [[Sicily]]
* the [[Ionian Sea]] between Italy, [[Albania]] and Greece
* the [[Adriatic Sea]] between Italy, [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Albania]]
* the [[Aegean Sea]] between Greece and Turkey

===Largest islands===
{{Main|List of islands in the Mediterranean}}

[[File:Tunisia - Sicily - South Italy.jpg|thumb|The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean: [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]] (Italy)]]
[[File:The Tower of Porto Giunco Beach (Spiaggia Torre Porto Giunco) with a view to the beach and the lake Stagno di Notteri in Sardinia, Italy (48402759012).jpg|thumb|16th century [[watchtower]] on the coast of Sardinia]]

The Mediterranean Sea encompasses about 10,000 islands and islets, of which about 250 are permanently inhabited.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e799DwAAQBAJ |title=The Mediterranean region under climate change: A scientific update |publisher=[[Institut de recherche pour le développement]] |author=Moatti, Jean-Paul |author2=Thiébault, Stéphane |year=2018 |page=363 |isbn=978-2-7099-2220-3 |quote=With about 10,000 islands and islets (approx. 250 inhabited by humans), the Mediterranean Sea can be considered as one of the largest archipelagos in the world. |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=e799DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the table below are listed the ten largest by population.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!rowspan=2|Country
!rowspan=2|Island
!colspan=2|Area
!rowspan=2|Population
|-
!km<sup>2</sup>
!sq mi
|-
|Italy
|[[Sicily]]
|{{convert|25,460|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|5,048,995
|-
|Italy
|[[Sardinia]]
|{{convert|23,821|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|1,672,804
|-
|Cyprus
|[[Cyprus]]
|{{convert|9,251|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|1,088,503
|-
|Spain
|[[Mallorca]]
|{{convert|3,640|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|869,067
|-
|Greece
|[[Crete]]
|{{convert|8,336|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|623,666
|-
|France
|[[Corsica]]
|{{convert|8,680|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|299,209
|-
|Greece
|[[Euboea]]
|{{convert|3,655|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|218,000
|-
|Tunisia
|[[Djerba]]
|{{convert|514|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|182,911
|-
|Spain
|[[Ibiza]]
|{{convert|572|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|159,180
|-
|Greece
|[[Rhodes]]
|{{convert|1,400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|117,007
|-
|Greece
|[[Corfu]]
|{{convert|641|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|101,600
|-
|Spain
|[[Menorca]]
|{{convert|696|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|99,005
|-
|Greece
|[[Lesbos]]
|{{convert|1,632|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|90,643
|-
|Greece
|[[Chios]]
|{{convert|842|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|51,936
|}

===Climate===
Much of the Mediterranean coast has a [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|hot-summer Mediterranean climate]]. The Mediterranean basin has a climate characterised by mild<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Urdiales-Flores |first1=Diego |last2=Zittis |first2=George |last3=Hadjinicolaou |first3=Panos |last4=Cherchi |first4=Annalisa |last5=Alessandri |first5=Andrea |last6=Peleg |first6=Nadav |last7=Lelieveld |first7=Jos |date=2024 |title=A Global Analysis of Historical and Future Changes in Mediterranean Climate-Type Regions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.8655 |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=15 |pages=5607–5620 |doi=10.1002/joc.8655 |bibcode=2024IJCli..44.5607U |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> wet winters,<ref name=":7" /> and calm, dry and hot summers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=Mediterranean climate {{!}} Definition, Region, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Mediterranean-climate |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Although they are rare, [[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone|tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea]], typically in September–November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicane |url=https://resources.eumetrain.org/satmanu/CMs/Medicane/navmenu.php?page=2.0.0 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resources.eumetrain.org}}</ref>

{{wide image|Koppen World Map (Mediterranean Sea area only).png|769px|Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]}}

====Sea temperature====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mean sea temperature in °C (°F)
|-
!
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Year

|-
|[[Málaga]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/spain/malaga.htm|title=Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Costa del Sol|website=Weather2Visit.com|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104190643/https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/spain/malaga.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|18.6|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Barcelona]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/barcelona.php|title=Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Spain|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718005932/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/barcelona.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|12|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|17.8|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Marseille]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php|title=Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – France|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=16 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916025328/http://weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|16.6|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Naples]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/neapolitan-riviera/naples.php|title=Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Neapolitan Riviera|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065556/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/neapolitan-riviera/naples.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|27|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.3|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php|title=Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Malta – Malta|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=3 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003085828/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.9|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Venice]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/venetian-riviera/venice.php|title=Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Venetian Riviera|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=16 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616170441/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/venetian-riviera/venice.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|11|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|10|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|11|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|17.4|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Athens]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php|title=Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Greece – Greece|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=27 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527035347/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.3|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Heraklion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/crete/iraklion.php|title=Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Crete – Crete|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026150816/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/crete/iraklion.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|[[Antalya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/antalya-coast/antalya/climate/|title=Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages – Antalya Coast – Turkey|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008080543/https://www.weather2travel.com/antalya-coast/antalya/climate/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|[[Limassol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/limassol.php|title=Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Cyprus|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529205915/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/limassol.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|[[Mersin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/turkey/mercin.htm|title=Mercin (alternate names – Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages – Turkey|last=Seatemperature.org|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008193335/https://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/turkey/mercin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|[[Tel Aviv]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/tel-aviv.php|title=Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Israel|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527183424/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/tel-aviv.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|[[Alexandria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/africa/egypt/alexandria.htm|title=Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Egypt|last=Seatemperature.org|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120342/https://www.seatemperature.org/africa/egypt/alexandria.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Seabed ==
The Mediterranean Sea has numerous [[Underwater environment|underwater]] [[Geology|geological]] features formed by the [[subduction]] of the [[African plate|African Plate]] beneath the [[Eurasian plate|Eurasian Plate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tugend |first1=J. |last2=Chamot-Rooke |first2=N. |last3=Arsenikos |first3=S. |last4=Blanpied |first4=C. |last5=Frizon de Lamotte |first5=D. |date=2019 |title=Geology of the Ionian Basin and Margins: A Key to the East Mediterranean Geodynamics |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018TC005472 |journal=Tectonics |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=2668–2702 |doi=10.1029/2018TC005472 |bibcode=2019Tecto..38.2668T |issn=1944-9194}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-Seismotectonic-map-of-the-Central-Mediterranean-area-Topography-and-bathymetry-are_fig1_234072715 |page=29, Figure 1 |first1=Flora |last1=Gallais |first2=Marc-Andre |last2=Gutscher |first3=Dirk |last3=Klaeschen |first4=David |last4=Graindorge |date=2012 |title=Two-stage growth of the Calabrian accretionary wedge in the Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean): Constraints from depth-migrated multichannel seismic data |journal=Marine Geology |volume=326-328 |issue=28–45 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2012.08.006|bibcode=2012MGeol.326...28G }}</ref> The sea is divided naturally into western and [[Eastern Mediterranean|eastern]] regions by the [[Malta Escarpment]] that runs from the island of [[Sicily]] to the [[Africa]]n coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=3 January 2025 |title=Mediterranean Sea - Geology, Climate, Biodiversity {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea/Physiographic-and-geologic-features |access-date=5 January 2025 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |edition=Online}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Vanney |first1=JR. |last2=Gennesseaux |first2=M. |date=1985 |chapter=Mediterranean Seafloor Features: Overview and Assessment |editor-last1=Stanley |editor-first1=D. J. |editor-last2=Wezel |editor-first2=FC |title=Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin |publisher=Springer |location=New York, NY |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/261914.pdf |pages=3–32}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Mascle |first1=Jean |last2=Chaumillon |first2=Eric |date=1998 |title=An overview of Mediterranean Ridge collisional accretionary complex as deduced from multichannel seismic data |journal=Geo-Marine Letters |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1007/s003670050056 |bibcode=1998GML....18...81M |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225774193}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Morpho-structural-map-of-the-Calabrian-accretionary-wedge-and-its-adjacent-regions-Black_fig11_234072715 |first1=Flora |last1=Gallais |first2=Marc-Andre |last2=Gutscher |first3=Dirk |last3=Klaeschen |first4=David |last4=Graindorge |date=2012 |title=Two-stage growth of the Calabrian accretionary wedge in the Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean): Constraints from depth-migrated multichannel seismic data |journal=Marine Geology |volume=326-328 |issue=28–45 |page=31, Figure 3 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2012.08.006|bibcode=2012MGeol.326...28G }}</ref>

The '''western Mediterranean region''' may be separated into three main underwater basins:<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-structural-map-of-the-western-Mediterranean-region-showing-the-main-orogenic_fig1_359801917 |title=Palaeostrait tectono-sedimentary facies during late Cenozoic microplate rifting and dispersal in the western Mediterranean |last1=Cavazza |first1=William |last2=Longhitano |first2=Sergio |date=2022 |journal=Geological Society Special Publications |volume=523 |issue=1 |page=2, Figure 1 |doi=10.1144/SP523-2021-95|hdl=11563/196876 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

* the '''[[Alboran Sea|Alboran]] Basin''' lies between the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] and [[Spain|Spanish]] coasts, east of [[Gibraltar]], west of [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]], which acts as a gateway between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the Mediterranean Sea and is a [[biodiversity hotspot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Protected Areas and key biodiversity areas of the Alboran Sea and adjacent areas |url=https://europe.oceana.org/reports/marine-protected-areas-and-key-biodiversity-areas-of-the-alboran-sea-and-adjacent-areas/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Oceana Europe |language=en-US}}</ref>
* the '''Algerian Basin''' stretches from the [[Algeria]]n coast to the [[France|French]] coast, and includes depths of up to {{convert|2800|m}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bouyahiaoui |first1=B. |last2=Sage |first2=F. |last3=Abtout |first3=A. |last4=Klingelhoefer |first4=F. |last5=Yelles-Chaouche |first5=K. |last6=Schnürle |first6=P. |last7=Marok |first7=A. |last8=Déverchère |first8=J. |last9=Arab |first9=M. |last10=Galve |first10=A. |last11=Collot |first11=J.Y. |date=1 June 2015 |title=Crustal structure of the eastern Algerian continental margin and adjacent deep basin: implications for late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/201/3/1912/771442 |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=201 |issue=3 |pages=1912–1938 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggv102 |doi-access=free |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> There has been significant [[hydrocarbon exploration]], particularly off the coasts of Algeria, [[Libya]], and [[Tunisia]];<ref>{{cite report |vauthors=Smith, CJ, Dailianis, T, Papadopoulou, K-N, Gerovasileiou, V, Sevastou, K, Grehan, A, Billett, B, McOwen, C, Amaro, T, Bakran-Petricioli, T, Bekkby, T, Bilan, M, Boström, C, Carriero-Silva, M, Carugati, L, Cebrian, E, Cerrano, C, Christie, H, Danovaro, R, Eronat, EGT, Fiorentino, D, Fraschetti, S, Gagnon, K, Gambi, C, Hereu, B, Kipson, S, Kotta, J, Linares, C, Morato, T, Ojaveer, H, Orav-Kotta, H, Pham, CK, Rinde, E, Sarà, A, Scrimgeour, R |date=2017 |title=Current marine pressures and mechanisms driving changes in marine habitats |page=64 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322226825}}</ref> The [[Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia|Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia]] is a field of [[submarine volcano]]es located about {{convert|40|km}} southwest of Sicily very close to [[sea level]] and which temporarily emerge above sea level during significant [[Types of volcanic eruptions|eruptions]]. These include [[Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)|Ferdinandea]], also known as [[Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)|Graham Island]], and [[Empedocles (volcano)|Empedocles]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211070 |access-date=9 January 2025 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>
* the '''Tyrrhenian Basin''', also referred to as the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], between [[Italy]] and the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The basin includes [[Marsili]], a large [[undersea volcano]] in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about {{convert|175|km}} south of [[Naples]], and the [[Palinuro Seamount]], one of the largest in the Tyrrhenian Sea and lies about {{convert|30|km}} northeast from Marsili. Marsili is one of the largest volcanoes in [[Europe]], with a length of {{convert|70|km}} and a width of 30 kilometres, larger than [[Mount Etna]] and part of the [[Aeolian Islands]] [[volcanic arc]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Marsili |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211080 |access-date=9 January 2025 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>

The '''[[eastern Mediterranean]]''' region may also be subdivided into the following underwater basins:

* the '''Ionian Basin''', which is a deep and narrow oceanic basin, stretches south of [[Italy]], [[Albania]], and [[Greece]] and contains the [[Calypso Deep]], also known as the Oinousses or Vavilov Deep, featuring the deepest point in the Mediterranean Sea, located in the [[Hellenic Trench]], {{convert|62.6|km}} southwest of [[Pylos]], Greece, with a maximum depth of approximately {{convert|16000|ft|m|order=flip}};<ref name=":0" />
* the '''[[Levantine Sea|Levantine Basin]]''' to the south of [[Anatolia]] separated from the Ionian Basin by the [[Mediterranean Ridge]]. The {{convert|1300|km|adj=on|}}-long [[Mid-ocean ridge|submarine ridge]] running from [[Calabria]] along the south of [[Crete]], to the southwest corner of [[Turkey]] is a {{convert|150|to|300|km|adj=on}}-wide curved feature, which is also known for its [[mud volcano]]es and dome-like structures and has been the subject of studies on the [[Messinian salinity crisis]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Eratosthenes Seamount]], a [[Carbonate platform|carbonate]] [[seamount]] is found in the Levantine basin about {{convert|100|km}} south of western [[Cyprus]].
* the island of Crete delineates the Levantine Basin from the '''Aegean Sea''', which is that portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Crete and is bordered on the east by the coast of Turkey and on the west and north by the coast of Greece. Numerous [[List of islands of Greece|Greek islands]] and seamounts are located in the [[Aegean Sea]];<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sakellariou |first1=Dimitris |last2=Drakopoulou |first2=Paraskevi |last3=Rousakis |first3=Grigoris |last4=Livanos |first4=Isidoros |last5=Loukaidi |first5=Vassiliki |last6=Kyriakidou |first6=Chara |last7=Morfis |first7=Ioannis |last8=Panagiotopoulos |first8=Ioannis |last9=Tsampouraki-Kraounaki |first9=Konstantina |last10=Manta |first10=Kyriaki |last11=Leontopoulou |first11=Georgia |date=2022 |chapter=Geomorphological Features |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the-seamount-areas-in-the-South-Aegean-Sea-discussed-in-this-chapter_fig5_360554511 |title=Deep-sea Atlas of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Current Knowledge |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland, Switzerland |page=51, Figure 2.21}}</ref> and
* the '''Adriatic Sea''', which is northwest of the eastern Mediterranean Sea's main body, is bordered to the east by [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], and Albania, and to the west and north by Italy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Until the 1960s, the Mediterranean was believed to be the primary remaining portion of the earlier (200 million years old) [[Mesozoic]] [[Tethys Ocean]], which once encircled the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. However, since the late 20th century, research using the theory of seafloor spreading has indicated that most of the current Mediterranean seafloor is not a portion of the Tethys sea floor.<ref name=":0" /> Some researchers consider the Ionian Basin, to the east of the Malta Escarpment, to be the remnant of the Tethys Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Micallef |first1=Aaron |last2=Camerlenghi |first2=Angelo |last3=Georgiopoulou |first3=Aggeliki |last4=Garcia-Castellanos |first4=Daniel |last5=Gutscher |first5=Marc-André |last6=Lo Iacono |first6=Claudio |last7=AI Huvenne |first7=Veerle |last8=Mountjoy |first8=Joshu J. |last9=Paull |first9=Charles K. |last10=Le Bas |first10=Timothy |last11=Spatola |first11=Daniele |last12=Facchin |first12=Lorenzo |last13=Accettella |first13=Daniela |date=2019 |title=Geomorphic evolution of the Malta Escarpment and implications for the Messinian evaporative drawdown in the eastern Mediterranean Sea |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/48710/7/Micallef%20et%20al.%20preprint.pdf |journal=Geomorphology |language=en |volume=327 |issue=327 |pages=264–283 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.012|hdl=10261/172776 }}</ref> Over the course of the last 44 million years, the continental plates of Africa and [[Eurasia]] have converged and receded, resulting in the current tectonically active basin and its surrounding mountain chains. According to the interpretation of geologic data, there are currently several major places where Africa and Eurasia collide, causing land submergence, mountain building, and volcanism.<ref name=":0" />

[[Sediment core]]s drilled in 1970 and 1975 led to theories that about 6 million years ago, the Mediterranean was around {{convert|10000|ft|m|order=flip}} below the current sea level and included arid deserts blanketed with evaporite salts. It was thought that Gibraltar's high ridges prevented Atlantic waters from entering until roughly 5.5 million years ago, when they broke through and flooded the Mediterranean. According to more recent seismic and microfossil research, the seafloor was never entirely dry. Rather, approximately 5 million years ago, the seafloor was made up of many basins with varying topography and sizes, spanning in depth from {{convert|650|to|5000|ft|order=flip}}. Salts were likely accumulated on the bottom of highly salinised waters of widely differing depths. The uncertainty of the timing and nature of sea-bottom salt formation and evidence from later seismic research and [[core sample]]s has been the subject of intense scientific debate.<ref name=":0" />

=== Malta Escarpment ===
The [[Malta Escarpment]] is a {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} [[Underwater environment|undersea]] [[limestone]] [[escarpment]] that stretches south from Sicily's eastern coast to the [[Malta|Maltese islands]]' eastern coast and beyond, primarily formed due to tectonic activities.<ref name=":0" /> There are more than 500 undersea canyons along the cliffs, which can reach heights of {{convert|3.5|km}} in some locations. Rich biological communities may be found in the canyons, which also serve as channels for contaminants and nutrients due to underwater currents. These deep valleys are special due to the fact that they were not carved out by surface rivers. Underwater [[landslide]]s are among the natural hazards found on the Malta Escarpment. The [[University of Malta]], [[National Oceanography Centre Southampton|UK National Oceanography Centre]], [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]], [[University College Dublin]] and [[National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics|Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica]] collaborated on a recent study financed by the [[European Union]] that focused on the Escarpment.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malta |first=Times of |date=14 September 2014 |title=Massive canyon found in Mediterranean sea cliff |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/Massive-canyon-found-in-Mediterranean-sea-cliff.535575 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Oceanography==
[[File:MEDCURR.GIF|thumb|upright=1.65|Predominant surface currents for June]]

[[Evaporation]] greatly exceeds [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinet|first=Paul R.|year=1996|title=Invitation to Oceanography|location=St Paul, Minnesota|publisher=West Publishing Co.|isbn=978-0-314-06339-7|edition=3rd|page=202}}</ref> Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and [[salinity]] to increase eastward.{{sfn|Pinet|1996|p=206}} The average salinity in the basin is 38 [[Salinity|PSU]] at {{Convert|5|m|abbr=on}} depth.<ref name="tempandsal">{{cite journal |year=2000 |title=Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios |citeseerx=10.1.1.378.4964 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=158 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00053-5 |last1=Emeis |first1=Kay-Christian |last2=Struck |first2=Ulrich |last3=Schulz |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Rosenberg |first4=Reinhild |last5=Bernasconi |first5=Stefano |last6=Erlenkeuser |first6=Helmut |last7=Sakamoto |first7=Tatsuhiko |last8=Martinez-Ruiz |first8=Francisca |bibcode=2000PPP...158..259E |display-authors=4}}</ref>

The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is {{convert|13.2|°C}}.<ref name="tempandsal" />

The net water influx from the Atlantic Ocean is ca. {{Convert|70,000|m3/s|e6cuft/s|abbr=unit}} or {{convert|2.2e12|m3/a|cuft/a|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ellenberg | first=L. | title=Die Meerenge von Gibraltar : Küstenmorphologie zwischen Mittelmeer und Atlantik | journal=Geographica Helvetica | volume=36 | issue=3 | date=30 September 1981 | issn=2194-8798 | doi=10.5194/gh-36-109-1981 | doi-access=free | pages=109–120}}</ref> Without this Atlantic water, the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea would fall at a rate of about {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} per year.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hofrichter | first=R. | title=Das Mittelmeer: Geschichte und Zukunft eines ökologisch sensiblen Raums | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | year=2020 | isbn=978-3-662-58929-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1vrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530 | language=de | page=530 | access-date=1 May 2024 | archive-date=1 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501210608/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1vrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[oceanography]], it is sometimes called the ''Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea'', the ''European Mediterranean Sea'' or the ''African Mediterranean Sea'' to distinguish it from [[mediterranean sea (oceanography)|mediterranean seas]] elsewhere,<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf|title=Recent results and new ideas about the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea. Outlook on the similarities and differences with the Asian Mediterranean Sea |first1=Isabelle |last1=TAUPIER-LETAGE |first2=Claude |last2=MILLOT|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180948/http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> like the [[Baltic Sea]], and the North-east Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Regional seas around Europe - version 2, Oct. 2022 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/regional-seas-around-europe-version |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=EEA}}</ref>

===General circulation===
[[Water circulation]] in the Mediterranean can be attributed to the surface waters entering from the [[Atlantic]] through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] (and also low salinity water entering the Mediterranean from the Black Sea through the [[Bosphorus]]). The cool and relatively low-salinity Atlantic water circulates eastwards along the [[North Africa#Countries and territories|North African coasts]]. A part of the surface water does not pass the [[Strait of Sicily]], but deviates towards [[Corsica]] before [[Strait of Gibraltar#Inflow and outflow|exiting the Mediterranean]]. The surface waters entering the [[Mediterranean basin|eastern Mediterranean Basin]] circulate along the Libyan and Israeli coasts. Upon reaching the [[Levantine Sea]], the surface water, having warmed and increased its salinity from its initial [[Atlantic]] state, is now denser and sinks to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW). Most of the water found anywhere between {{Convert|50 and 600|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} deep in the Mediterranean originates from the LIW.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/b107143 |chapter=Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea |title=The Mediterranean Sea |volume=5K |pages=29–66 |series=Handbook of Environmental Chemistry |year=2005 |last1=Millot |first1=Claude |last2=Taupier-Letage |first2=Isabelle |isbn=978-3-540-25018-0 |s2cid=55831361 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01191856 |chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856/file/Millot_Taupier-Letage_Circulation_Med_Handbook_2005_HAL%20%281%29.pdf |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216184420/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856/file/Millot_Taupier-Letage_Circulation_Med_Handbook_2005_HAL%20%281%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and [[Geography of Italy#Boundaries|south Italian coasts]]. LIW are the only waters passing the Sicily Strait westwards. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep water in the Mediterranean originates from three main areas: the [[Adriatic Sea]], from which most of the deep water in the eastern Mediterranean originates, the [[Aegean Sea]], and the [[Gulf of Lion]]. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter [[convection]] fuelled by intense cold winds like [[Bora (wind)|Bora]] and [[Mistral (wind)|Mistral]].
When new deep water is formed, the older waters mix with the overlaying intermediate waters and eventually exit the Mediterranean. The [[Water cycle#Residence times|residence time of water]] in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to [[climate change]] (see [[#climate change|below]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millot |first1=C. |year=1989 |title=La Circulation Générale En Méditerranée Occidentale : Aperçu De Nos Connaissances Et Projets D'études |trans-title=General Circulation in the Western Mediterranean: Overview of Our Knowledge and Study Projects |language=fr |journal=[[Annales de Géographie]] |volume=98 |issue=549 |pages=497–515 |jstor=23452851 |doi=10.3406/geo.1989.20925}}</ref>

===Other events affecting water circulation===
Being a semi-enclosed basin, the Mediterranean experiences transitory events that can affect the water circulation on short time scales. In the mid-1990s, the Aegean Sea became the main area for deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean after particularly cold winter conditions. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gasparini |first1=G.P. |last2=Ortona |first2=A. |last3=Budillon |first3=G. |last4=Astraldi |first4=M. |last5=Sansone |first5=E. |title=The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the Strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |date=June 2005 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=915–935 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.001 |bibcode=2005DSRI...52..915G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lascaratos |first1=Alex |last2=Roether |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Nittis |first3=Kostas |last4=Klein |first4=Birgit |title=Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review |journal=Progress in Oceanography |date=August 1999 |volume=44 |issue=1–3 |pages=5–36 |doi=10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00019-1 |bibcode=1999PrOce..44....5L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theocharis |first1=Alexander |last2=Nittis |first2=Kostas |last3=Kontoyiannis |first3=Harilaos |last4=Papageorgiou |first4=Emanuel |last5=Balopoulos |first5=Efstathios |title=Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=1 June 1999 |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1617–1620 |doi=10.1029/1999GL900320 |bibcode=1999GeoRL..26.1617T |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an [[Anticyclonic rotation|anticyclonic]] [[ocean gyre]] observed in the northern part of the [[Ionian Sea]], off the Greek coast. The transition from anticyclonic to cyclonic rotation of this gyre changes the origin of the waters fuelling it; when the circulation is anticyclonic (most common), the waters of the gyre originate from the Adriatic Sea. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the [[Levantine Sea]]. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Civitarese | first1=G. | last2=Gačić | first2=M. | last3=Lipizer | first3=M. | last4=Eusebi Borzelli | first4=G. L. | title=On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean) | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=7 | issue=12 | date=15 December 2010 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010 | doi-access=free | pages=3987–3997| bibcode=2010BGeo....7.3987C }}</ref>

===Climate change===
Because of the short residence time of its waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change records,<ref name="Giorgi, F. 2006">{{cite journal | last=Giorgi | first=F. | title=Climate change hot-spots | journal=Geophysical Research Letters | volume=33 | issue=8 | date=2006 | issn=0094-8276 | doi=10.1029/2006GL025734 | article-number=2006GL025734 | bibcode=2006GeoRL..33.8707G }}</ref> registering indeed marked increases in temperature across the entire water column since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bethoux | first1=J. P. | last2=Gentili | first2=B. | last3=Raunet | first3=J. | last4=Tailliez | first4=D. | title=Warming trend in the western Mediterranean deep water | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=347 | issue=6294 | year=1990 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/347660a0 | pages=660–662| bibcode=1990Natur.347..660B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Climate warming and related changes in Mediterranean marine biota - an overview |journal=CIESM Monographs |date=2008 |volume=35 |pages=5–21 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233883451}}</ref> According to climate projections, the decrease in precipitation over the region will lead to more evaporation, ultimately increasing marine salinity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Adloff | first1=Fanny | last2=Somot | first2=Samuel | last3=Sevault | first3=Florence | last4=Jordà | first4=Gabriel | last5=Aznar | first5=Roland | last6=Déqué | first6=Michel | last7=Herrmann | first7=Marine | last8=Marcos | first8=Marta | last9=Dubois | first9=Clotilde | last10=Padorno | first10=Elena | last11=Alvarez-Fanjul | first11=Enrique | last12=Gomis | first12=Damià | title=Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios | journal=Climate Dynamics | volume=45 | issue=9–10 | date=2015 | issn=0930-7575 | doi=10.1007/s00382-015-2507-3 | pages=2775–2802 | bibcode=2015ClDy...45.2775A |display-authors=4| hdl=10261/132771 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> As a result of both temperature and salinity increases, the Mediterranean Sea is likely to become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and [[biogeochemistry]]. The stratification and warming have already led the eastern Mediterranean to become a net source of CO<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sisma-Ventura |first1=Guy |last2=Bialik |first2=Or M. |last3=Yam |first3=Ruth |last4=Herut |first4=Barak |last5=Silverman |first5=Jacob |title=p CO 2 variability in the surface waters of the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Sea: Exploring the air–sea CO 2 fluxes in a fast warming region |journal=Marine Chemistry |date=November 2017 |volume=196 |pages=13–23 |doi=10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.006|bibcode=2017MarCh.196...13S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wimart-Rousseau |first1=Cathy |last2=Wagener |first2=Thibaut |last3=Álvarez |first3=Marta |last4=Moutin |first4=Thierry |last5=Fourrier |first5=Marine |last6=Coppola |first6=Laurent |last7=Niclas-Chirurgien |first7=Laure |last8=Raimbault |first8=Patrick |last9=D'Ortenzio |first9=Fabrizio |last10=Durrieu de Madron |first10=Xavier |last11=Taillandier |first11=Vincent |last12=Dumas |first12=Franck |last13=Conan |first13=Pascal |last14=Pujo-Pay |first14=Mireille |last15=Lefèvre |first15=Dominique |title=Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the {{CO2}} System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin |journal= Frontiers in Marine Science|date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.649246 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021FrMaS...849246W |display-authors=4 |article-number=649246 }}</ref>

Human-induced climate change appears to play a growing role in the development of [[marine heatwaves]] that have become a prominent subject of research in recent years, particularly in the Mediterranean where a number of areas in both western and eastern sub-basins now experience peaks of temperatures, along with more frequent, more intense, more prolonged warming events than ever seen on record. These events, mainly driven by a combination of oceanic and atmospheric factors, are often triggered by high pressure systems that will reduce cloud cover and increase solar absorption by the sea surface. Their impacts on marine ecosystems, such as mass mortality in benthic communities, coral bleaching events, disruptions in fishery catches and shifts in species distributions, can be devastating.<ref>Marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea and beyond - an overview. 2024. pp. 5–24 in ''CIESM Monograph 51'' (F. Briand, Ed.) ISSN 1726-5886 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384727584]</ref> Extreme warming can lead to [[biodiversity loss]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verdura |first1=Jana |last2=Linares |first2=Cristina |last3=Ballesteros |first3=Enric |last4=Coma |first4=Rafel |last5=Uriz |first5=María J. |last6=Bensoussan |first6=Nathaniel |last7=Cebrian |first7=Emma |title=Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=5911 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41929-0|pmid=30976028 |pmc=6459914 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.5911V |s2cid=108292968|display-authors=4}}</ref> and presents an existential threat to some habitats<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jordà |first1=Gabriel |last2=Marbà |first2=Núria |last3=Duarte |first3=Carlos M. |title=Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=November 2012 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=821–824 |doi=10.1038/nclimate1533|bibcode=2012NatCC...2..821J}}</ref> while making conditions more hospitable to invasive tropical species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grossowicz |first1=Michal |last2=Bialik |first2=Or M. |last3=Shemesh |first3=Eli |last4=Tchernov |first4=Dan |last5=Vonhof |first5=Hubert B. |last6=Sisma-Ventura |first6=Guy |title=Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea |journal=PeerJ |date=24 June 2020 |volume=8 |article-number=e9355 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9355|pmid=32612887 |pmc=7320722 |doi-access=free |display-authors=4}}</ref>

==Biogeochemistry==
[[File:Cycling of marine phytoplankton.png|thumb|alt=A detailed description of the cycling of marine phytoplankton in the ocean's photic zone. Phytoplankton's role in photosynthesis, oxygen production, and marine food webs highlighted.|Cycling of marine phytoplankton]]
In spite of its great [[biodiversity]], concentrations of [[chlorophyll]] and nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea are very low, making it one of the most [[oligotrophic]] ocean regions in the world. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an [[Low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region|LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area]]. The Mediterranean Sea fits the definition of a [[desert]] in which its nutrient contents are low, making it difficult for plants and animals to develop.

There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. The [[Alboran Sea]], close to the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], has a daily [[primary productivity]] of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name="Uitz Stramski Gentili DOrtenzio 2012 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Uitz | first1=Julia | last2=Stramski | first2=Dariusz | last3=Gentili | first3=Bernard | last4=D'Ortenzio | first4=Fabrizio | last5=Claustre | first5=Hervé | title=Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations | journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles | volume=26 | issue=2 | date=2012 | issn=0886-6236 | doi=10.1029/2011GB004055 | article-number=2011GB004055 | bibcode=2012GBioC..26.2024U }}</ref> For this reason, the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is termed "ultraoligotrophic". The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. High (i.e. more than 0.5 grams of [[chlorophyll a|Chlorophyll ''a'']] per cubic metre) productivity occurs in coastal areas, close to the river mouths which are the primary suppliers of dissolved nutrients. The [[Gulf of Lion]] has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by [[phytoplankton]] to produce Chlorophyll ''a''.<ref name="Bosc, E. 2004">{{cite journal | last1=Bosc | first1=E. | last2=Bricaud | first2=A. | last3=Antoine | first3=D. | title=Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations | journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles | volume=18 | issue=1 | date=2004 | issn=0886-6236 | doi=10.1029/2003GB002034 | article-number=2003GB002034 | bibcode=2004GBioC..18.1005B }}</ref>

Primary productivity in the Mediterranean is also marked by an intense seasonal variability. In winter, the strong winds and precipitation over the basin generate [[Convective mixing|vertical mixing]], bringing nutrients from the deep waters to the surface, where phytoplankton can convert it into [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lebeaupin Brossier | first1=Cindy | last2=Béranger | first2=Karine | last3=Deltel | first3=Charles | last4=Drobinski | first4=Philippe | title=The Mediterranean response to different space–time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations | journal=Ocean Modelling | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=36 | issue=1–2 | year=2011 | issn=1463-5003 | doi=10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008 | pages=1–25| bibcode=2011OcMod..36....1L }}</ref> However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Between March and April, spring offers the ideal trade-off between light intensity and nutrient concentrations in surface for a [[spring bloom]] to occur. In summer, high atmospheric temperatures lead to the warming of the surface waters. The resulting [[density]] difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. As a consequence, primary productivity is very low between June and October.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=D'Ortenzio | first1=F. | last2=Ribera d'Alcalà | first2=M. | title=On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=6 | issue=2 | date=5 February 2009 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-6-139-2009 | doi-access=free | pages=139–148| bibcode=2009BGeo....6..139D }}</ref><ref name="Bosc, E. 2004"/>

Oceanographic expeditions uncovered a characteristic feature of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry: most of the chlorophyll production does not occur on the surface, but in sub-surface waters between 80 and 200 metres deep.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Moutin | first1=T. | last2=Van Wambeke | first2=F. | last3=Prieur | first3=L. | title=Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=8 October 2012 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-9-3817-2012 | doi-access=free | pages=3817–3825| bibcode=2012BGeo....9.3817M }}</ref> Another key characteristic of the Mediterranean is its high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N:P). [[Alfred C. Redfield|Redfield]] demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. However, the Mediterranean Sea has an average N:P between 24 and 29, which translates a widespread phosphorus limitation.{{clarify|date=August 2019}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Berland | first1=Br | last2=Bonin | first2=Dj | last3=Maestrini | first3=Sy | title=Azote ou phosphore ? Considérations sur le paradoxe nutritionnel de la mer méditerranée | journal=Oceanologica Acta | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=1 January 1980 | issn=0399-1784 | pages=135–141 | url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00121/23257/ | language=fr | access-date=1 May 2024 | archive-date=1 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501212014/https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00121/23257/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bethoux | first1=J.P. | last2=Morin | first2=P. | last3=Madec | first3=C. | last4=Gentili | first4=B. | title=Phosphorus and nitrogen behaviour in the Mediterranean Sea | journal=Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=39 | issue=9 | year=1992 | issn=0198-0149 | doi=10.1016/0198-0149(92)90053-v | pages=1641–1654| bibcode=1992DSRA...39.1641B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kress | first1=Nurit | last2=Herut | first2=Barak | title=Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N:P ratios | journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=48 | issue=11 | year=2001 | issn=0967-0637 | doi=10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00022-x | pages=2347–2372| bibcode=2001DSRI...48.2347K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Krom | first1=M.D. | last2=Thingstad | first2=T.F. | last3=Brenner | first3=S. | last4=Carbo | first4=P. | last5=Drakopoulos | first5=P. | last6=Fileman | first6=T.W. | last7=Flaten | first7=G.A.F. | last8=Groom | first8=S. | last9=Herut | first9=B. | last10=Kitidis | first10=V. | last11=Kress | first11=N. | last12=Law | first12=C.S. | last13=Liddicoat | first13=M.I. | last14=Mantoura | first14=R.F.C. | last15=Pasternak | first15=A. | last16=Pitta | first16=P. | last17=Polychronaki | first17=T. | last18=Psarra | first18=S. | last19=Rassoulzadegan | first19=F. | last20=Skjoldal | first20=E.F. | last21=Spyres | first21=G. | last22=Tanaka | first22=T. | last23=Tselepides | first23=A. | last24=Wassmann | first24=P. | last25=Wexels Riser | first25=C. | last26=Woodward | first26=E.M.S. | last27=Zodiatis | first27=G. | last28=Zohary | first28=T. | title=Summary and overview of the CYCLOPS P addition Lagrangian experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean | journal=Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=52 | issue=22–23 | year=2005 | issn=0967-0645 | doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.018 | pages=3090–3108 | bibcode=2005DSRII..52.3090K |display-authors=4}}.</ref>

Because of its low productivity, plankton assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea are dominated by small organisms such as [[picophytoplankton]] and [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sammartino | first1=M. | last2=Di Cicco | first2=A. | last3=Marullo | first3=S. | last4=Santoleri | first4=R. | title=Spatio-temporal variability of micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean colour data of SeaWiFS | journal=Ocean Science | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=11 | issue=5 | date=25 September 2015 | issn=1812-0792 | doi=10.5194/os-11-759-2015 | doi-access=free | pages=759–778| bibcode=2015OcSci..11..759S }}</ref><ref name="Uitz Stramski Gentili DOrtenzio 2012 p."/>

==Geology==
{{see also|Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin}}
[[File:Vrulja kod Omiša.jpg|thumb|A submarine [[karst spring]], called ''vrulja'', near [[Omiš]]; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface.]]

The [[geology|geologic history]] of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by [[oceanic crust]], the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient [[Tethys Ocean]]; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the [[Neotethys]], which was first formed by the convergence of the [[African Plate]] and [[Eurasian Plate]] during the Late [[Triassic]] and Early [[Jurassic]]. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of [[evaporites]]. The [[Messinian salinity crisis]] started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01031.x |title=Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis |journal=Sedimentology |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=95–136 |year=2009 |last1=Ryan |first1=William B. F. |bibcode=2009Sedim..56...95R |s2cid=52266741}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=William Ryan|title=Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis|journal=Stratigraphy|date=2008|volume=5|issue=3–4|page=229|doi=10.29041/strat.05.3.02 |bibcode=2008Strat...5..227R |url=http://eesc.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Ryan_Messinian_Stratigraphy_2008.pdf|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093103/http://eesc.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Ryan_Messinian_Stratigraphy_2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the [[Zanclean flood]]. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the [[Amazon River]].<ref name="GCetal2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature08555 |pmid=20010684 |title=Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis |journal=Nature |volume=462 |issue=7274 |pages=778–781 |year=2009 |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=D. |last2=Estrada |first2=F. |last3=Jiménez-Munt |first3=I. |last4=Gorini |first4=C. |last5=Fernàndez |first5=M. |last6=Vergés |first6=J. |last7=De Vicente |first7=R. |bibcode=2009Natur.462..778G |s2cid=205218854|display-authors=4|hdl=10261/19509 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the deepest recorded point is {{convert|5267|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Calypso Deep]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]. The coastline extends for {{convert|46000|km|mi|abbr=on}}. A shallow submarine ridge (the [[Strait of Sicily]]) between the island of [[Sicily]] and the coast of [[Tunisia]] divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about {{convert|850,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about {{convert|1.65|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}}. Coastal areas have submarine [[karst spring]]s or {{lang|hr|vrulja}}s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.<ref name="LaMoreaux2001">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&pg=PA58 |chapter=Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs |page=57 |title=Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use |first=Philip |last=Elmer LaMoreaux |year=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-61841-6 |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Geografski_obzornik/go_2004_2.pdf|journal=Geografski Obzornik|year=2004|volume=51|issue=2|issn=0016-7274|language=sl|first=Jože|last=Žumer|title=Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov|trans-title=Discovery of submarine thermal springs|pages=11–17|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001643/http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Geografski_obzornik/go_2004_2.pdf|url-status=live}} {{in lang|sl}}</ref>

=== Messinian salinity crisis ===

[[File:Etapa3muda.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Messinian salinity crisis before the [[Zanclean flood]]]]
[[File:Crisis salina del Messiniense.ogv|thumb|upright=1.2|Animation: Messinian salinity crisis]]During [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif [[mountain belt]]s across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins created two roughly parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Dubbed the [[Betic corridor|Betic]] and Rifian corridors, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de la Vara |first1=Alba |last2=Topper |first2=Robin P.M. |last3=Meijer |first3=Paul Th. |last4=Kouwenhoven |first4=Tanja J. |year=2015 |title=Water exchange through the Betic and Rifian corridors prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis: A model study |journal=Paleoceanography |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=548–557 |doi=10.1002/2014PA002719 |bibcode=2015PalOc..30..548D |hdl=1874/326590 |s2cid=134905445 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In the late Miocene the closure of the [[Betic Corridor]] triggered the so-called "[[Messinian salinity crisis]]" (MSC), characterised by the deposition of a thick evaporitic sequence – with salt deposits up to 2 km thick in the Levantine sea – and by a massive drop in water level in much of the Basin. This event was for long the subject of acute scientific controversy, now much appeased,<ref>Briand, F. (ed.) (2008). The Messinian Salinity Crisis Mega-Deposits to Microbiology – A consensus report. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. 168 p.[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240612581]</ref> regarding its sequence, geographic range, processes leading to evaporite facies and salt deposits. The start of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity |year=2001 |doi=10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00171-8 |first1=W. |last1=Krijgsman |first2=A.R. |last2=Fortuin |first3=F.J. |last3=Hilgen |first4=F.J. |last4=Sierro |journal=[[Sedimentary Geology (journal)|Sedimentary Geology]] |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=43–60 |bibcode=2001SedG..140...43K |hdl=1874/1632 |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/1632/1/Krijgsman01.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101150300/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/1632/Krijgsman01.pdf;jsessionid=EB9895C5447EC3BC0694C40094EE6BBE?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis, at right.

After the initial drawdown{{clarify|date=August 2019}} and re-flooding, there followed more episodes—the total number is debated—of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin—creating the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and causing the [[Zanclean flood]]—at the end of the Miocene (5.33 mya). Some research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding-desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gargani J., Rigollet C.|title=Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=2007|volume=34|issue=L10405|page=L10405|article-number=2007GL029885 |doi=10.1029/2007GL029885|bibcode=2007GeoRL..3410405G|s2cid=128771539|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gargani J.|author2=Moretti I.|author3=Letouzey J.|title=Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis: The Suez Rift Case.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=2008|volume=35|issue=2|page=L02401|doi=10.1029/2007gl032494|bibcode=2008GeoRL..35.2401G|s2cid=129573384|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00357241/file/2007GL032494.pdf|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122326/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00357241/file/2007GL032494.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a [[geodynamic]] point of view.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Govers |first1=Rob |title=Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis |journal=Geology |date=February 2009 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=167–170 |doi=10.1130/G25141A.1 |bibcode=2009Geo....37..167G |s2cid=34247931 }}</ref><ref name=GCV>{{cite journal |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=D. |last2=Villaseñor |first2=A. |title=Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar arc |journal=Nature |date=15 December 2011 |volume=480 |issue=7377 |pages=359–363 |doi=10.1038/nature10651 |pmid=22170684 |bibcode=2011Natur.480..359G |s2cid=205227033}}</ref>

=== Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna ===
{{See also|Pleistocene megafauna|Dwarf elephant}}
The present-day Atlantic gateway, the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], originated in the early Pliocene via the [[Zanclean Flood]]. As mentioned, there were two earlier gateways: the [[Betic Corridor]] across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco. The Betic closed about 6 mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC); the Rifian or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier [[Tortonian]] times, causing a "Tortonian salinity crisis" (from 11.6 to 7.2 mya), long before the MSC and lasting much longer. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and fauna—especially large mammals including primates—between the two continents. The [[Vallesian|Vallesian crisis]] indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Agusti | first1 = J
| last2 = Moya-Sola | first2 = S
| title = Mammal extinctions in the Vallesian (Upper Miocene)
| volume = 30 | year = 1990 | pages = 425–432
| issn = 1613-2580 | doi = 10.1007/BFb0011163
| series = Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences
| isbn = 978-3-540-52605-6
}} (Abstract)</ref>

Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic—so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow [[Strait of Gibraltar#Inflow and outflow|''submarine current'']] of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. In the 1920s, Herman Sörgel proposed the building of a hydroelectric dam (the [[Atlantropa]] project) across the Straits, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare [[Eurafrique|Eurafrika]] for the later impact and [[Desertec]] for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).<ref>Politische Geographien Europas: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strüver, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, p. 43</ref>

==Paleoclimate==
Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is subject to the deposition of [[eolian dust]] from the [[Sahara]] during dry periods, whereas riverine [[detritus (geology)|detrital]] input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine [[sapropel]]-bearing sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth's history, helping to constrain the time of past [[geomagnetic reversal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=F.J. Hilgen |title=Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=104 |year=1991 |issue=2–4 |pages=226–244 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(91)90206-W |bibcode=1991E&PSL.104..226H |hdl=1874/19041 |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2007-0119-200857/hilgen_91_astronomical.pdf |access-date=4 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171928/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2007-0119-200857/hilgen_91_astronomical.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
[[File:Eunicella.jpg|thumb|Soft coral ''[[Eunicella cavolini]]'']]
Unlike the vast multidirectional [[ocean current]]s in open [[ocean]]s within their respective [[oceanic zone]]s; [[Marine ecosystem|biodiversity]] in the Mediterranean Sea is stable due to the subtle but strong locked nature of [[Ocean current|currents]] which is favourable to life, even the smallest macroscopic type of [[Hydrothermal vent|volcanic life form]]. The stable [[marine ecosystem]] of the Mediterranean Sea and [[Sea surface temperature|sea temperature]] provides a nourishing environment for [[Marine biology|life in the deep sea]] to flourish while assuring a balanced [[aquatic ecosystem]] excluded from any external [[Deep sea|deep]] [[Ocean|oceanic factors]]. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 [[Marine life|marine species]] in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine [[biodiversity]] in [[Coast|coastal areas]], [[Continental shelf|continental shelves]], and decreases with depth.<ref>Coll, Marta, et al., "The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats". ''PLOS ONE 5.8'', 2010.</ref>

As a result of the drying of the sea during the [[Messinian salinity crisis]],<ref>[[Kenneth J. Hsu|Hsu K.J.]], "When the Mediterranean Dried Up" ''Scientific American'', Vol. '''227''', December 1972, p. 32</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=7 Facts You Didn't Know About Mediterranean |url=https://www.maritimebusinessworld.com/7-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mediterranean-1462h.htm |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Maritime Business World |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Sea Ecosystem {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/mediterranean-sea-ecosystem |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref> the marine biota of the Mediterranean is derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded later.<ref name=":4" />

The [[Alboran Sea]] is a transition zone between the two seas, containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cristina |first1=Ruiz |last2=Domingo |first2=Samo |last3=José Luís |first3=Ruiz |last4=Cristina |first4=Ciércoles |last5=Luís |first5=Simarro |title=Exploring diversity and distribution of demersal fish species from the Northern Alboran Sea and Gulf of Vera (Western Mediterranean Sea) |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2016 |volume=3 |page=107 |doi=10.3389/conf.fmars.2016.05.00107 |bibcode=2016FrMaS...3Q.107C |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Mediterranean monk seal]]s live in the Aegean Sea in Greece.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Dendrinos |first1=Panagiotis |title=The Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) in the Aegean Sea. "The Living Myth of the Sirens" |date=2024 |work=The Aegean Sea Environment: The Biodiversity of the Natural System |pages=211–233 |editor-last=Anagnostou |editor-first=Christos L. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2022_897 |access-date=2025-06-20 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/698_2022_897 |isbn=978-3-031-59415-1 |last2=Adamantopoulou |first2=Styliani |last3=Tounta |first3=Eleni |last4=Koemtzopoulos |first4=Kimon |last5=Karamanlidis |first5=Alexandros A. |editor2-last=Kostianoy |editor2-first=Andrey G. |editor3-last=Mariolakos |editor3-first=Ilias D. |editor4-last=Panayotidis |editor4-first=Panayotis|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There was a resident population of [[orca]]s in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. There are still annual sightings of orca vagrants.<ref>Carrington, Damian. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/14/uks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction "UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003210/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/14/uks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction |date=20 February 2019}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 14 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</ref>

{{See also|Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance|List of fishes of the Mediterranean Sea|List of fishes of the Black Sea}}

==Environmental issues==
For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, [[floodplain]] sediments, [[pollen]], tree-ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies, [[Alfred Thomas Grove]]'s and [[Oliver Rackham]]'s work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the [[classics]] as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref name="Yale" />

[[File:Palomares H-Bomb Incident.jpg|thumb|The [[thermonuclear bomb]] that fell into the sea recovered off [[Palomares, Almería]], 1966]]
The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises such as the [[Latifundium|latifundia]] took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. The major deforestation might have taken place in modern times—the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and there is evidence of various ancient and modern "[[Little Ice Age]]s",<ref>Jean M. Grove (2004). ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern''. Taylor & Francis.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2023}} and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient to various patterns of human activity.<ref name="Yale" />

Even Grove considered that human activity could be the cause of climate change. Modern science has been able to provide clear evidence of this. The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related to human usage patterns.<ref name="Yale" /> The diversity range{{clarify|date=August 2019}} was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after [[World War II]], in line with the "1950s syndrome"<ref>Christian Pfister (editor), ''Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft'', Berne 1995</ref> as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents{{clarify|date=August 2019}} for tourism. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations.{{Fix|text=of what?}} Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.<ref name="Yale" >The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003, [http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300100556 review at Yale university press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140735/http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300100556 |date=6 October 2014}} [https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/v032/32.3fagan.pdfThe Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073018/https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_interdisciplinary_history%2Fv032%2F32.3fagan.pdfThe |date=6 October 2014}}, [[Brian M. Fagan]], Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454–455</ref>

===Natural hazards===
[[File:Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Stromboli]] volcano in Italy]]
The Mediterranean region is one of the most geologically active maritime areas of the globe, sitting on a complex tectonic boundary zone between the European and African plates. The geology of the region, with the presence of plate boundaries and active faults, makes it prone to quite frequent earthquakes, tsunamis and submarine landslides with can have devastating consequences in densely populated coastal areas. In addition climate change now intensifies the frequency and impacts of storm surges and coastal flooding, putting additional human lives and property at risk.<ref>Marine hazards and coastal vulnerabilities in the Mediterranean - realities and perceptions. 2024. pp. 5–25 in ’’ CIESM Monograph 52’’ (F. Briand, Ed.) ISSN 1726-5886 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388029017]</ref>

[[Earthquakes]] are relatively frequent in the Mediterranean Basin, starting in the Mediterranean 70 million years ago. They are still ongoing. From the boundary of tectonic plates, the Mediterranean territory is called two distinct parts: the Eastern Mediterranean (from Italy to Turkey), which is characterised by intense seismicity with earthquakes whose magnitude can rise to 7.5 Richter with more than 350 recorded tsunamis, and the Western Mediterranean. During the 20th century, 198,548 earthquake victims were recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural hazards in the Mediterranean Basin |url=https://www.mededuc.eu/en/resource-center/pedagogical-reference/22-natural-hazards-in-the-mediterranean-basin.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.mededuc.eu}}</ref>

[[Volcanic eruptions]] are not uncommon either and left their mark in historical and archaeological records. The largest include the [[Thera eruption]], dated around 1600 BC, and the eruptions of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 217 BC and AD 79 - the latter famously known for the destruction and the burying of the ancient cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].<ref name=mcguire2003>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=McGuire|title=In the shadow of the volcano|date=16 October 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2|access-date=8 May 2010|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041053/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same region the [[Phlegraean Fields]] west of Naples constitute one of the most significant volcanic systems in the world, still very active. In the same general area, volcanoes like Mt. Etna and Stromboli are considered in a state of permanent activity, with frequent eruptions and lava emissions through the past 1500 years.

[[Tsunamis]], usually triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and submarine landslides, have caused a number of documented disasters in the Mediterranean Basin in the past 2500 years. Historical examples include the 365 and 1303 tsunamis in the Hellenic Arc, more recently the disastrous 1908 event that destroyed the cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria, and the large tsunami that occurred off the Algerian margin in 2003.

On the diplomatic front, the experience of coastal countries and regional authorities is leading to exchange{{Fix|text=of what?}} at the international level with the cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipal authorities.<ref name=evch>{{cite web|url=http://www.infopuntveiligheid.nl/Infopuntdocumenten/7._Eric_van_der_Horst.pdf|title=Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205041217/http://www.infopuntveiligheid.nl/Infopuntdocumenten/7._Eric_van_der_Horst.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy]] is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmit and Athens in 1999. The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|title=Press corner|website=European Commission|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825095835/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to [[forest fire]]s, followed by floods and earthquakes. Forest fires, whether human-made or natural, are a frequent and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region.<ref name=evch/> [[Tsunami]]s are also an often-underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the [[1908 Messina earthquake]] and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe.

===Invasive species===
[[File:Himantura uarnak egypt.jpg|thumb|The [[reticulate whipray]] is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the [[Suez Canal]] as part of the ongoing [[Lessepsian migration]].]]

Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering a number of local and [[endemism|endemic]] Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of marine species shows that over 70% of exotic [[Decapoda|decapod]]s<ref name="Briand">{{cite book |editor-last1=Briand |editor-first1=Frederic |last1=Galil |first1=Bella |last2=Froglia |first2=Carlo |last3=Noël |first3=Pierre |title=CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean: Vol 2 Crustaceans |date=2002 |publisher=CIESM Publishers |location=Paris, Monaco |isbn=978-92-990003-2-8 |page=192 |url=https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2002 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223120847/https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> and some 2/3 of exotic fishes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf |title=IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species |access-date=11 August 2009 |year=2000 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115235640/http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> found in the Mediterranean are of [[Indo-Pacific]] origin, [[introduced species|introduced]] from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of [[Introduced species|alien]] species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight.

According to definitions by the [[Mediterranean Science Commission]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], and to [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) and [[Ramsar Convention]] terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and are found outside their normal, non-adjacent area of distribution. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (human-made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the Canal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage |website=Al-Monitor |date=21 May 2021 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/egypt-deepen-widen-suez-canal-after-blockage |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712155837/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/egypt-deepen-widen-suez-canal-after-blockage |url-status=live }}</ref> raised concerns from [[marine biologist]]s, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and lead to even more species passing through the Canal.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Galil | first1=Bella S. | last2=Zenetos | first2=Argyro | title=Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management | chapter=A Sea Change — Exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | date=2002 | isbn=978-90-481-6111-9 | doi=10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_33 | pages=325–336}}</ref>

====Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species====
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become noticeable. In many cases this reflects an expansion – favoured by a warming trend of sub-tropical Atlantic waters, and also by a fast-growing maritime traffic – of the natural range of species that now enter the Mediterranean through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. While not as intense as [[Lessepsian migration]], the process is of importance and is therefore receiving increased levels of scientific coverage.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Golani | first1=Daniel | last2=Azzurro | first2=Ernesto | last3=Dulčić | first3=Jakov | last4=Massutí | first4=Enric | last5=Briand | first5=Frederic | title=Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea |edition=2nd | publisher=CIESM publishers | series=CIESM Atlases | year=2021 | isbn=978-92-990003-5-9 | page=}}</ref>

===Sea-level rise===
By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between {{convert|3|and|61|cm|1|abbr=on}} as a result of the [[effects of global warming|effects of climate change]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090303084057.htm|website=[[Science Daily]]|date=3 March 2009|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623133113/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090303084057.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean:
* Rising sea levels will submerge parts of [[Malta]]. Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briny future for vulnerable Malta|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm|date=4 April 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 November 2011|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523094353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} rise in sea level would flood {{convert|200|km2|0|abbr=out}} of the [[Nile Delta]], displacing over 500,000 [[Egyptians]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change |url=http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html |date=28 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209093815/http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html |archive-date=9 February 2011}}</ref>
* [[Cyprus]] wetlands are also in danger of being destroyed by the rising temperatures and sea levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/11/08/cyprus-wetlands-in-danger-of-being-destroyed-by-climate-change/|website=cyprus-mail.com|date=8 November 2019|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224181517/https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/11/08/cyprus-wetlands-in-danger-of-being-destroyed-by-climate-change/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by [[sea level rise]], especially enclosed seas such as the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These seas have only small and primarily east–west movement [[Habitat corridor|corridors]], which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas.<ref>Nicholls, R.J.; Klein, R.J.T. (2005). Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. et al. (Ed.) (2005). Managing European coasts: past, present and future. pp. 199–226.</ref> Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between {{convert|30|and|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} and temperature shifts of a mere {{convert|0.05–0.1|C-change||2}} in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.<ref name="greenpeace.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats|title=Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International|publisher=Greenpeace|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416071023/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats|archive-date=16 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Pollution===
[[Marine pollution|Pollution]] in this region has been extremely high in recent years.{{When|date=May 2012}} The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] has estimated that {{convert|650000000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[sewage]], {{convert|129000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[mineral oil]], {{convert|60000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of mercury, {{convert|3800|t|ST|abbr=on}} of lead and {{convert|36000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[phosphate]]s are dumped into the Mediterranean each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.explorecrete.com/nature/mediterranean.html|title=Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental issues|publisher=Explore Crete|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113033738/http://explorecrete.com/nature/mediterranean.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Barcelona Convention]] aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm |title=EUROPA |publisher=Europa |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409220807/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm |archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea's pollution. One of them is the [[Mediterranean monk seal]] which is considered to be among the world's most [[endangered]] [[marine mammal]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm|title=Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview|publisher=Monachus-guardian.org|date=5 May 1978|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912082329/https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Mediterranean is also plagued by [[marine debris]]. A 1994 study of the [[seabed]] using [[trawl net]]s around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km<sup>2</sup> ({{convert|1,935|/km2|disp=out}}).<ref name="nep.org/regionalseas/ma">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf |title=Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview |access-date=1 August 2008 |year=2005 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |archive-date=17 July 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070717141400/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Shipping===
{{Location map+
| Mediterranean
| width = 700
| float = right
| border =
| caption = Largest ports of the Mediterranean area per total vessel traffic as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/508771540319329808/pdf/131217-PUB-PUBLIC-publication-date-is-10-23-18.pdf|last1=Arvis|first1=Jean-François|first2=Vincent|last2=Vesin|first3=Robin|last3=Carruthers|page=41|first4=César|last4=Ducruet|first5=Peter|last5=de Langen|year=2019|title=Maritime Networks, Port Efficiency, and Hinterland Connectivity in the Mediterranean. International Development in Focus|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[World Bank]]|isbn=978-1-4648-1274-3|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1274-3|hdl=10398/08c83467-00f6-4f56-9833-1beda9f7734f|s2cid=134161640|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613085117/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/508771540319329808/pdf/131217-PUB-PUBLIC-publication-date-is-10-23-18.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alt =
| relief =
| AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Mediterranean Sea.png
| overlay_image =
| places =
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Valencia|Valencia]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 39 | lat_min = 26 | lat_sec = 39 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 0 | lon_min = 19 | long_sec = 48 | lon_dir = W
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 41 | lat_min = 20 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 2 | lon_min = 9 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Genoa|Genoa]]
| position = left
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 44 | lat_min = 24 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 8 | lon_min = 55 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Ambarlı|Ambarlı]]
| position = top
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 40 | lat_min = 58 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 28 | lon_min = 40 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Piraeus|Piraeus]]
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 37 | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 23 | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Limassol|Limassol]]
| position = Top
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 34 | lat_min = 39 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 33 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Marseille-Fos Port|Fos]]
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 43 | lat_min = 12 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 12 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Malta Freeport|Marsaxlokk]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 35 | lat_min = 49 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 14 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of La Spezia|La Spezia]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 44 | lat_min = 6 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 9 | lon_min = 51 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Algeciras|Algeciras]]
| position = top
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 36 | lat_min = 9 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 26 | lon_dir = W
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Gioia Tauro|Gioia Tauro]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 38 | lat_min = 26 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 15 | lon_min = 54 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Tanger-Med]]
| position = right
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 35 | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = W
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Livorno|Leghorn]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 43 | lat_min = 34 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 10 | lon_min = 18 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Evyapport|Evyap]]
| position = right
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 40 | lat_min = 47 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 29 | lon_min = 42 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Mersin|Mersin]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 36 | lat_min = 48 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Haifa|Haifa]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 49 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Ashdod|Ashdod]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 31 | lat_min = 49 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 39 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Beirut|Beirut]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 33 | lat_min = 54 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Gemlik|Gemlik]]
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 40 | lat_min = 25 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 29 | lon_min = 5 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Nemrut Bay|Nemrut Bay]]
| position = right
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 38 | lat_min = 26 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 26 | lon_min = 55 | lon_dir = E
}}
}}
Approximately {{convert|370000000|t|LT|abbr=on}} of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250–300 [[oil tanker]]s crossing the sea every day. An important destination is the [[Port of Trieste]], the starting point of the [[Transalpine Pipeline]], which covers 40% of Germany's oil demand (100% of the federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic.<ref>Thomas Fromm "Pipeline durch die Alpen: Alles im Fluss" In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26 December 2019.</ref> Accidental [[oil spill]]s happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean.<ref name="greenpeace.org"/>
[[File:Portacontainer MSC in navigazione nello stretto di Messina.jpg|thumb|A cargo ship cruises towards the [[Strait of Messina]]]]
[[File:Porto nuovo di Trieste 1.4.2012.jpg|thumb|Port of [[Trieste]]]]

===Tourism===
[[File:Kemer beach, Antalya.jpg|thumb|[[Kemer]] Beach in [[Antalya]] on the [[Turkish Riviera|Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast)]]. In 2019, Turkey [[World Tourism rankings#Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals|ranked sixth in the world]] in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition">{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition {{!}} World Tourism Organization|year=2019|doi=10.18111/9789284421152|isbn=978-92-844-2115-2|s2cid=240665765}}</ref>]]
The coast of the Mediterranean has been used for tourism since ancient times, as the Roman villa buildings on the [[Amalfi Coast]] or in [[Barcola]] show. From the end of the 19th century, in particular, the beaches became places of longing for many Europeans and travellers. From then on, and especially after World War II, [[mass tourism]] to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. While initially, the journey was by train and later by bus or car, today the plane is increasingly used.<ref>Rüdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte". (2007); Attilio Brilli "Quando viaggiare era un'arte. Il romanzo del grand tour." (1995).</ref>

Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the human-made geopolitical conflicts{{clarify|date=August 2019}} in the region. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones{{clarify|date=August 2019}} that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring coastal countries, and [[shipping route]]s. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be among the best{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} due to the rapid cooperation between various [[List of fleets|naval fleets]]. Unlike the vast open oceans, the sea's closed position facilitates effective naval and rescue missions{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}, considered the safest{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} and regardless of{{clarify|date=August 2019}} any human-made or [[natural disaster]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cor.europa.eu/en/engage/studies/Documents/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean.pdf#:~:text=Within%20the%20wider%20Mediterranean%20region%2C%20the%20Mediterranean%20countries,is%20likely%20to%20resume%20when%20the%20situation%20stabilises. |title=Sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301224423/https://cor.europa.eu/en/engage/studies/Documents/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean.pdf#:~:text=Within%20the%20wider%20Mediterranean%20region%2C%20the%20Mediterranean%20countries,is%20likely%20to%20resume%20when%20the%20situation%20stabilises. |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tourism is a source of income for small coastal communities, including islands, independent of urban centres. However, tourism has also played a major role in the [[environmental degradation|degradation]] of the coastal and [[marine environment]]. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region, but this has caused serious disturbance to [[marine habitat]]s by erosion and [[#Pollution|pollution]] in many places along the Mediterranean coasts.

Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth{{clarify|date=August 2019}}, causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as [[sea turtle]]s and [[monk seal]]s. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit.<ref name="greenpeace.org"/>

{{see also|Environmental impact of tourism}}

===Overfishing===
{{main|Overfishing}}

[[Fish stocks|Fish stock]] levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CORDIS |title=The worrying state of Mediterranean fish stocks |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-04-state-mediterranean-fish-stocks.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The European Environment Agency says that more than 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits. Some of the most important fisheries are threatened.{{date missing}} There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas, larger and longer-lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2014 |title=Factors affecting the fishing impact on cartilaginous fishes in southeastern Spain (western Mediterranean Sea) |doi=10.3989/SCIMAR.04025.21A |s2cid=39347699 |last1=Mendoza |first1=Manuel |last2=Garrido |first2=Diego |last3=Bellido |first3=Jose M. |journal=Scientia Marina |volume=78 |issue=S1 |pages=67–76 |bibcode=2014ScMar..78S..67M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Marine heatwaves===
{{Main|Marine heatwave}}

A study showed that [[Effects of climate change on oceans|climate change-related]] exceptional [[marine heatwave]]s in the Mediterranean Sea during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820164944/https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garrabou |first1=Joaquim |last2=Gómez-Gras |first2=Daniel |last3=Medrano |first3=Alba |last4=Cerrano |first4=Carlo |last5=Ponti |first5=Massimo |last6=Schlegel |first6=Robert |last7=Bensoussan |first7=Nathaniel |last8=Turicchia |first8=Eva |last9=Sini |first9=Maria |last10=Gerovasileiou |first10=Vasilis |title=Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea |journal=Global Change Biology |date=18 July 2022 |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=5708–5725 |doi=10.1111/gcb.16301 |pmid=35848527 |pmc=9543131 |bibcode=2022GCBio..28.5708G |hdl=10754/679702 |s2cid=250622761 |language=en |issn=1354-1013|display-authors=4}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px" style="text-align:center">
File:Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg|[[Europa Point]], Gibraltar
File:ForbysIbizaTown 02.jpg|Old city of [[Ibiza Town]], Spain
File:Monaco City 001.jpg|Panoramic view of [[La Condamine]], Monaco
File:Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg|The beach of la Courtade in the [[Îles d'Hyères]], France
File:Chia beach, Sardinia, Italy.jpg|[[Sardinia]]'s south coast, Italy
File:Panagiotis wreck.jpg|[[Navagio]], Greece
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq il-Bajja s-Sabiha + Pretty Bay + Gnien Mons. Guzeppi Minuti 03 ies.jpg|Pretty Bay in [[Birżebbuġa]], Malta
File:Piran Stadtpanorama.jpg|Panoramic view of [[Piran]], Slovenia
File:Cavtat Croatia 2008-10-07.JPG|Panoramic view of [[Cavtat]], Croatia
File:Neum02451.JPG|View of [[Neum]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
File:svetistefan1756.JPG|A view of [[Sveti Stefan]], Montenegro
File:Ksamill-1.jpg|[[Ksamil Islands]], Albania
File:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg|[[Ölüdeniz]], [[Turkish Riviera|Turquoise Coast]], Turkey
File:Petra tou romiou beach.jpg|[[Paphos]], Cyprus
File:Burjeslam.jpg|[[Burj Islam]] Beach, [[Latakia]], Syria
File:BeirutRaouche1.jpg|A view of [[Raouché]] off the coast of [[Beirut]], Lebanon
File:Bat Galim neighborhood and Haifa Bay.jpg|A view of [[Haifa]], Israel
File:شاطئ دير البلح horizon adjusted.jpg|Sunset at the [[Deir al-Balah]] beach, Gaza Strip, Palestine
File:Coast of Alexandria, A view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt.jpg|Coast of [[Alexandria]], view From [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]], Egypt
File:Ras Elhilal Coast Sea Cave's.jpg|Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya
File:Hammametgolf.jpg|Beach of [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]], Tunisia
File:Les Aiguades.jpg|Les Aiguades near [[Béjaïa]], Algeria
File:EL Jebha1.jpg|El Jebha, a port town in Morocco
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Oceans}}
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Aegean dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Atlantropa}}
* {{annotated link|Babelmed}}, the site of the Mediterranean cultures
* {{annotated link|Cyprus dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Eastern Mediterranean}}
* {{annotated link|Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly}}
* {{annotated link|Exclusive economic zone of Greece}}
* {{annotated link|Familial Mediterranean fever}}
* {{annotated link|History of the Mediterranean region}}
* {{annotated link|Holy League (1571)}}
* {{annotated link|Libya–Turkey maritime deal}}
* {{annotated link|List of islands in the Mediterranean}}
* {{annotated link|List of Mediterranean countries}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean diet}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean Games}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean race}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean sea (oceanography)}}
* {{annotated link|Piri Reis}} – Early cartographer of the Mediterranean
* {{annotated link|Qattara Depression Project}}
* {{annotated link|Seto Inland Sea}} – also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73849 The Mediterranean: Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers] (1911), by [[Karl Baedeker]]
* {{annotated link|Tyrrhenian Basin}}
* {{annotated link|Union for the Mediterranean}}
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mediterranean Sea |volume=18 |last1=Dickson |first1=Henry Newton |author1-link=Henry Newton Dickson |pages=67–69 |short=1}}
* [http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&aktion=suche Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142659/http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&aktion=suche |date=11 May 2011 }}
* [http://med-lter.haifa.ac.il/index.php/about Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184556/http://med-lter.haifa.ac.il/index.php/about |date=5 February 2018 }}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73849 The Mediterranean : Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers]. Written and published in Leipzig by Karl Baedeker in 1911.

{{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean}}
{{Regions of the world}}

{{subject bar|portal3=Geography |voy=y |commons=y |wikt=y |n=y |q=y |s=y|v=y}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mediterranean|*]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Sea| ]]
[[Category:Marine ecoregions]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Geography of North Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Natural history of Europe]]
[[Category:European seas]]
[[Category:Seas of Albania]]
[[Category:Seas of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Seas of France]]
[[Category:Seas of Greece]]
[[Category:Seas of Italy]]
[[Category:Seas of Spain]]
[[Category:Seas of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Africa]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Asia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Europe]]
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