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Athar Siddiqui

2026-06-03T06:46:48Z

CleanupBot: clean up, typos fixed: Engineering → engineering, tv → TV

{{Infobox person
| name = Athar Siddiqui
| image = Joshimath peak(behind the scenes of Anjaan ek dastak).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| birth_date = 14 December
| birth_place = Meerut
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Actor, Business Man, Model, Athlete, Anchor
| years_active = 2013-present
| known_for =
| notable_works = Mann kee awaaz pratigya 2 and Anjaan Ek Dastak
| height = 5 ft 11 in
}}
'''Athar Siddiqui''' is an Indian actor and model known for playing Dhaara Tyagi in [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]].

==Early life and Filmography==
Siddiqui was born and brought up in [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh and studied engineering in electronics and instrumentation. While pursuing his education he started working as a model. He made his first appearance on the screen with The Bachelorette India<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-07-31|title=Television actors fondly remember Bollywood's masterji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/television-actors-fondly-remember-bollywoods-masterji/articleshow/76897705.cms
}}</ref> a reality TV show that aired on Channel Life ok and then appeared as Kaliya Naag in Paramavatar shrikrishna,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-07-31|title=Athar Siddiqui set to play antagonist on TV
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/athar-siddiqui-set-to-play-antagonist-on-tv-2229230.html.cms}}</ref> Khoob Ladi Mardaani – Jhansi Ki Rani <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-07-31|title=Athar Siddiqui to enter Colors' Khoob Ladi Mardaani – Jhansi Ki Rani|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/athar-siddiqui-enter-colors-khoob-ladi-mardaani-jhansi-ki-rani/2019/04/03}}</ref> later he got the opportunity to play a challenging role of a lunatic haryanvi guy in [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2 ]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-07-31|title=Athar Siddiqui undergoes hard training for Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/athar-siddiqui-undergoes-hard-training-for-mann-ki-awaaz-pratigya-2/articleshow/81363347.cms?utm_source=Athar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Tellychakkar|last1=Team|accessdate=2021-07-31|title=Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2 actor Athar Siddiqui bags RDX Movies' next titled Pyaar Invisible
|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mann-ki-awaaz-pratigya-2-actor-athar-siddiqui-bags-rdx-movies-next-titled-pyaar-invisible|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref>

He also worked in [[T-Series]] musical video titled Wedding Da Season Hai by [[Mika Singh]]

===Filmography and Tv Shows===
Athar's been a fashion model,emcee and a Theatre Actor.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| Year
| Show
| Role
| Notes
|-
|2018
|[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]
|[[Kaliya]]
|Antagonist
|-
|2018
|Chandra Nandini
|Bheemdev
|Antagonist
|-
|2019
|Khoob Ladi Mardaani – Jhansi Ki Rani
|[[Virbhadra]]
|Antagonist
|-
|2019
|Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki
|[[Bali]]
|Antagonist
|-
|2020
|Vighnaharta Ganesha
|Devantak
|Antagonist
|-
|2021
|Aashish Chhathi Maiya Ke(Dangal play)
|Surya Dev
|Lead
|-
|2021
|[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/athar-siddiqui-spotlights-his-role-in-anjaan-ek-dastak/articleshow/92305441.cms|title=Casting couch exists in showbiz and I have been at the receiving end of it, says Athar Siddiqui as he recounts his days of struggle|work=bombaytimes|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
|Dhaara Tyagi
|Antagonist
|-
|2022
|Ali Baba: Dastaan-E-Kabul
|Dajjal
|Antagonist
|-
|2022
|Attack part 1<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/entertainment/athar-siddiqui-will-be-seen-in-bigg-boss-16-disclosure-of-being-a-victim-of-casting-couch-skzs/1351820
|title=Big Boss 16 में अतहर सिद्दीकी आएंगे नज़र! कास्टिंग काउच के शिकार होने का किया खुलासा
|work=zeenews|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
|Psg Officer
|Cameo
|-
|2021
|Pyaar Invisible for
Rdx Movies
|Vansh Sharma
|Lead
|-
|2018
|Devlok Season 2 for [[Amazon]] and [[Discovery+]]
|YUDHISTRA
|Lead
|-
|2021
|Love Contract for Pocket FM
|[[Kabir]]
|Lead
|-
|2020
|Vaseegara Tamil Short Film
|[[Surya]]
|Lead
|-
|2022
|Anjaan ek dastak <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/athar-siddiqui-spotlights-his-role-in-anjaan-ek-dastak/articleshow/92305441.cms|title=Athar Siddiqui spotlights his role in 'Anjaan Ek Dastak'|work=bombaytimes|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref> for [[MX Player]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Vikram
|Lead
|-
|2023
|Destiny Web Series Filming
|[[Kabir]]
|Lead
|-
|2023
|Udhamgarh Web series Filming
|Shakil
|Antagonist
|-
|2023
|Ghost Dost<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/athar-siddiqui-comes-board-rdx-movies-next-titled-ghost-dost-210201%3famp|title=Athar Siddiqui comes on board for RDX Movies next titled 'Ghost Dost'|work=tellychakkar|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref> Web series for [[Youtube]]
|Vansh
|Lead
|-
|2024
|Sarzameen
|Ashok Dembla
|Army Officer
|-
|2025
|Ali baba dastan e kabul
|Dajjal
|Antagonist
|-
|2025
|Shiv shakti
|Rajkumar Vayu
|Antagonist
|-
|2025
|Chandra dev series
|Indra Dev
|Antagonist
|-
|2025
|Shree Tirupati Balaji series
|Indra Dev
|Protagonist
|-
|2026
|Ganesha kartikeya
|Agni Dev
|Protagonist
|-
|2026
|Fake boyfriend -micro series
|Rajveer
|Antagonist
|-
|2026
|One last kiss -micro series
|Amit
|Lead
|-
|2026
|Laxmi Nivas -Hindi
|Akhil
|Antagonist
|-
|-
|2026
|Jinn ki Dulhan - vertical daily series
|Zarkash Khan
|Antagonist
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm11367690}}
*{{Instagram|atharsid}}
*{{Twitter|ErAtharSiddiqui}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]

Novas Conquistas

2026-03-22T07:21:16Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Refimprove|date=November 2008}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Novas Conquistas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pt
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = GoaConquistas.png
| image_caption = Goa at its height under Portuguese occupation. The ''Novas Conquistas'' are highlighted in cream.
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Portuguese Empire]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Portugal|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Estado da India]]
| subdivision_type2 = Historical Province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Portuguese Goa|Goa]] [[Província do Norte (India)|Província do Norte]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Concelhos]]
| subdivision_name3 = Goa: 7 Província do Norte: 8
| subdivision_type4 = Parishes
| subdivision_name4 = 25
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Nova Goa]] (Pangim)
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
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| iso_code =
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| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
}}

The '''Novas Conquistas''' or "New Conquests" are a group of seven ''[[concelho]]s'' (municipalities) of [[Goa and Damaon]], officially known as [[Portuguese India]]. They were added into Goa in the 18th century AD, comparatively date than the three original ''concelhos'' that make up the ''[[Velhas Conquistas]]'', or "Old Conquests".

The seven ''concelhos'' of the ''Novas Conquistas'' are:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-15 |title=How Goa got its talukas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/how-goa-got-its-talukas/articleshow/5805960.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Pernem taluka|Pernem]],
* [[Bicholim taluk|Bicholim]],
* [[Sattari]],
* Antruz ([[Ponda taluka|Ponda]]),
* [[Sanguem taluka|Sanguem]] (modern-day [[Sanguem]] and [[Dharbandora]]),
* [[Quepem taluk|Quepem]] and
* [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]].

[[Silvassa]] was a newly-acquired area in the [[Damaon, Diu & Silvassa|Província do Norte]].

In writing postal addresses, the ''Novas Conquistas'' were abbreviated "N.C."

== History ==
In December 1764, [[Hyder Ali]], the king of [[Mysore]], sent his general, Fazalullah Khan, northward into Soonda via Bednur, where landowners who resisted his administration met severe retribution. Fearing capture, the [[Sundem|Raja of Soonda]] fled to Goa and surrendered his territories below the [[Western Ghats]] to the Portuguese in exchange for sanctuary and a fixed annual stipend. The lower territories including the port of [[Sadashivgad]], near [[Karwar]], were absorbed into the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="Machado">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, pp. 168</ref>

The new areas granted by the Raja of Soonda were incorporated into [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]].

Later, in 1783, the [[Sawantwadi State|Kingdom of Sawantwadi]] needed get Portuguese help against Kolhapur and so he ceded some parts of Pernem, Bicholim and Sattari to Portugal. The remaining part of Pernem (including [[Fort Tiracol|Terekhol Fort]]) was ceded in 1788 and thus came to be known as the ''Novas Conquistas'' (New Conquests). Unlike the ''Velhas Conquistas'', these areas remained predominantly [[Hinduism|Hindu]], as the Portuguese lost their zeal of [[Christianization]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic33philuoft#page/244/mode/2up/search/Jesuit|title=The American Catholic quarterly review|website= archive.org|page=244|access-date=31 May 2017|publisher=Philadelphia : Hardy and Mahony}}</ref>

== Conflicts ==
Some lands in what would become the Novas Conquistas region had been acquired by the Portuguese prior to the 1783 treaty.
*[[Siege of Tiracol]] (1746)
*[[Siege of Alorna]] (1746)

==See also==
* [[Velhas Conquistas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Districts of Goa]]
[[Category:Former districts of India]]

Powayan

2026-03-22T07:21:03Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Powayan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|04|N|80|06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 50000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=149876|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Powayan''' or '''Pawayan''' is a town and a subdivisional headquarters in [[Shahjahanpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], 27&nbsp;km from [[Shahjahanpur]], 47km from Tilhar. It is located in the fertile agricultural belt of Northern India and is 300&nbsp;km from [[Delhi]] and 200&nbsp;km from [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tehsils {{!}} District Shahjahanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://shahjahanpur.nic.in/public-utility-category/tehsils/|access-date=2021-10-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Sometime after 1250 AD, one branch of Gaur Rajputs established kingdoms at Chandra, Maholi and Katesar in [[Sitapur]] in present Uttar Pradesh. A daughter of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra House]] of Gaurs was married to Rao Gopal Singh, the Katehria chieftain of Nahil. Rao Gopal Singh was killed in a battle by [[Rohilla]] [[Pathan]]s and his widow sought the aid of her Gaur kinsmen on behalf her two infant sons. Thereupon Bhupat Singh and Himmat Singh of Chandra led a force into the district to re-establish the Katehrias at Nahil. Repeated attacks and disputes with the pathans compelled Bhupat Singh to send his son, Raja Udai Singh to Nahil's aid. Raja Udai Singh defeated the pathans at Deokali and established his ''Raj'' at Powayan. He established a Fortress at Powayan around 1705 AD and there after his descendants established Powayan as the largest Rajput Estate in [[Rohilkhand]] area. Legend goes that Powayan was established originally from east of Nahil or formed the Poorvaiyan chowk. Poorvaiyan over passage of time got distorted to Powayan or Powayan. With time the estate of Nahil lost luster and Puwayan flourished under the Gaur rulers. The title of ‘Raja’ is hereditary and was recognized by the [[Company rule in India|colonial British]] in subsequent years. The estate of the Tilakdhari Rajas of Powayan had 537 villages in Parganas of Powayan, Baragaon and Khutar.{{CN|date=October 2019}}. The 9th and the last official Raja of Powayan was Raja Ajay Varma Singh, who established Powayan Inter college and donated land for many institutions for public welfare. His elder son Raja Surendra Singh was an independent MLA. The other two sons Raja Wg. Cdr. Abhay Singh and Raja Jai Singh continued their father's legacy. The present members of the erstwhile royal family, the 12th generation, maintain charitable institutions and enjoy a high repute in Powayan Tehsil.

The Powayan Tahsil is bounded on the south-west by Tilhar and Shajahanpur, south and east by Kheri district, north and west by Puranpur & Bisalpur tahsils of [[Pilibhit district]]. The total area of Puwayan [[Tehsil]] is 378,418 acres or 591 sq. miles. The language spoken is primarily Hindi with a dialect that is a mixture of Kanaujia and Braj. As per the census of 1901 there were a total of 5408 inhabitants, of whom 3776 were Hindus, 1384 Muslims and 248, other religions. A large fair was held every year on Dusshera and a smaller gathering known as Chhariyan takes place in the month of Chait.{{CN|date=October 2019}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Powayan had a population of 28,613. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Powayan has an average literacy rate of 65%, : male literacy is 65%, and female literacy is 52%. In Powayan, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Powayan has an agriculturally based economy, as is the case with most of the towns in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Powayan is also known in local areas for production and maintenance of agricultural equipment, with many families involved in such businesses. Powayan is also known as "Mini Punjab " of UP as a large population of this area are Sikhs and have progressed well.

== Notable people ==
[[File:Hira Thind 2 Photo by Jim Singh Photography.jpg|thumb|100px| Hira Thind]]

==See also==
* [[Khutar]]
* [[Jewan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shahjahanpur-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shahjahanpur district]]

C. P. Krishnan Nair

2026-03-22T07:20:49Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Indian businessman (1922–2014)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. P. Krishnan Nair
| image = CP Krishnan Nair.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|02|09|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myastrologyhoroscope.com/celebrity-horoscopes/cp-krishnan-nair-horoscope|title=C.P. Krishnan Nair Horoscope|access-date=13 February 2011|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904031342/http://www.myastrologyhoroscope.com/celebrity-horoscopes/cp-krishnan-nair-horoscope|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|05|17|1922|02|09}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Founder [[The Leela Group]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Leela Nair|1950|2014}}
| children = 2
| known_for =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{Flag|British India|size=23px}} (1942–47) {{Flag|India|size=23px}} (1947–51)
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1942–1951
| rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| unit = [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
| battles = }}
}}

[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] '''Chittarath Poovakkatt Krishnan Nair''' (9 February 1922 – 17 May 2014) was an Indian businessman who founded [[The Leela Group]].<ref>[http://www.theleela.com/chairmans-message.html "Chairman's message"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923233503/http://www.theleela.com/chairmans-message.html |date=23 September 2010 }} [[Leela Group of Hotels]] website</ref><ref name="le">{{cite web|url=https://www.theleela.com/introduction-history.html|title=History|publisher=The Leela website|access-date=13 February 2011|archive-date=19 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219053734/http://www.theleela.com/introduction-history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bw">{{cite magazine|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=28041514&ticker=SMCG:US&previousCapId=1341375&previousTitle=Unity%20Emerging%20Technology|title=Executive Profile: C. P. Krishnan Nair|magazine=[[Business Week]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was a 2010 recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]], given by [[Government of India]].<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 "This Year’s Padma Awards Announced"] Ministry of Home Affairs, January 25, 2010.</ref> He was sometimes popularly known as '''Captain Nair''' due to his service in the [[Indian Army]].

==Early life and military career==
Nair was born in a village in [[Kannur district]] in northern [[Kerala]] on 9 February 1922. At the time the village was located in the [[Malabar District]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] of the [[British Raj]]. Nair was one of eight children. His father, Appu Nair, worked as a government bill collector earning a monthly income of {{INRConvert|9|year=1922}}. During a visit by the Maharaja of [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]] to his school, Nair wrote and recited a poem in the Maharaja's honour. The poem impressed the Maharaja and he awarded Nair a lifetime scholarship. During his teenage years Nair met [[Communist Party of India|Communist]] leaders such as [[P. Krishna Pillai]] and [[A. K. Gopalan|A.K. Gopalan]].<ref name="Mint">{{cite web|last1=Sanjai|first1=P.R.|title=C.P. Krishnan Nair, founder chairman of Hotel Leelaventure, dies at 92|url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/zMy2C0fbC5Q2nzF8ttR6VM/CP-Krishnan-Nair-founder-chairman-Hotel-Leelaventure-die.html|website=Mint|access-date=2 September 2016|date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

Nair joined the [[Indian independence movement]] at the age of 13. He traveled to [[Bangalore]] in 1942 to join the [[Indian Army]], and was posted as [[wireless officer]] in [[Abbottabad]] (in present-day Pakistan).<ref name="Mint" />
He became an aid of Netaji Shubhash Chandra Bose and later came in close contact with leaders of Indian Freedom Movement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupte|first=Pranay|url=https://www.livemint.com/Specials/TSpcCkhWm2bDsGmpJJcBOJ/An-appreciation-Capt-C-P-Krishnan-Nair.html|title=An appreciation: Capt. C. P. Krishnan Nair|date=March 17, 2014|work=Live Mint}}</ref>
He rose to the rank of [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] in the [[Maratha Light Infantry]].<ref name="Mint" />

==Later career==
After resigning from the Army in 1951, Nair helped establish the All India Handloom Board. At the board he played a major role in marketing hand-spun Indian yarn in the [[United States]]. Through frequent business trips to [[Europe]] and the United States, Nair gained exposure to international hotels such as [[Hotel Adlon|Adlon Kempinski]], [[The Dorchester|Dorchester]], [[Savoy Hotel|Savoy]], [[Four Seasons Hotel George V|George V]] and [[Waldorf Astoria New York|Waldorf-Astoria]], which would inspire his own eventual entry into the hospitality industry.<ref name="Mint" />

In 1958, he joined hands with [[Brooks Brothers]] to announce [[Madras (cloth)|Bleeding Madras fabric]], which later had clients like [[Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Wal-Mart]], [[Liz Claiborne]] and [[Macy's]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Later that year, he started a lace-weaving unit in [[Sahar Village, Mumbai|Sahar]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Mint" />

===Leela Hotels===
In 1957, Nair was part of a delegation of the All India Handloom Board to [[West Germany]], which involved visits to Frankfurt, Cologne, Munich and Hamburg. Following his stay at the [[Kempinsky Hotel]] in Budapest, he realized the need for a luxury hotel chain in India that could measure up to international standards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3748678.cms|title=Tête-à-tête with Captain C P Krishnan Nair|date=24 Nov 2008|work=Economic Times}}</ref> With the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Sahar International Airport]] opening in 1981, Nair realized that there were no good hotels in Andheri, the Mumbai suburb where the airport is located.<ref name="Mint" /> Nair established Hotel Leelaventure Ltd. in 1983, and began construction of a hotel in Sahar on 4-acre plot of land that he owned, and an additional 6.5 acres that he leased.<ref name="Mint" />

The first Leela Hotel opened in Mumbai in 1987.<ref name="Mint" /> This was followed by the Leela Palace in Bangalore, The Leela Goa, and the Leela Beach Resort in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="bus">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2009/03/13/stories/2009031350010100.htm |title= Mr. Versatile: Actor Nasser continues to make a mark in diverse roles, says malathi rangarajan |date=Mar 13, 2009 |work= Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/16182601/CP-Krishnan-Nair--The-Communi.html |title= Lounge:The Communist who turned luxe|date=Apr 16, 2010 |work= [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
The [[American Academy of Hospitality Sciences]] (AAHS) conferred him a Lifetime Achievement Award and the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) awarded him the [[Global 500 Roll of Honour]] award in 1999.<ref name=bus/><ref name="un">{{cite web|url=http://www.global500.org/ViewLaureate.asp?ID=42|title=Adult Award Winner in 1999: Capt. C. P. Krishnan Nair|publisher=[[Global 500 Roll of Honour]] website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175904/http://www.global500.org/ViewLaureate.asp?ID=42|archive-date=28 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Eventually he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], by [[Government of India]] in 2010. He was also awarded the "Hotelier of The Century" Award by [[International Hotels and Restaurant Association]], based in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ih-ra.com/ihra-awards/hotelier-of-the-century/|title=Hotelier of The Century|publisher=[[International Hotel & Restaurant Association]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122054959/http://www.ih-ra.com/ihra-awards/hotelier-of-the-century/|archive-date=22 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He stepped down as the chairman of Hotel Leela on 7 February 2013 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Vivek Nair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-hotel-leela-founder-steps-down-as-chairman-317583?pfrom=home-business..!|title = Hotel Leela founder steps down as chairman| date=7 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Death==
Krishnan Nair died at 3:30 AM IST on 17 May 2014 at the [[Hinduja Hospital]] in Mumbai, following a brief illness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leela Group founder Capt. C P Krishnan Nair dies at 92|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/leela-group-founder-capt-c-p-krishnan-nair-dies-at-92/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nair married Leela (after whom he named his hotel group), the daughter of industrialist A. K. Nair, in 1950. They had two sons, Vivek Nair and Dinesh Nair. Vivek is the current chairman and managing director of the Leela Group, while Dinesh is the co-chairman of Leela group. Nair is a relative of [[V. P. Menon]], an Indian [[civil servant]] who was the Constitutional Adviser and Political Reforms Commissioner to the last three Viceroys during British rule in India.<ref name = "virsanghvi">{{cite web|last1=Sanghvi|first1=Vir|title=Captain Nair always thought big|url=http://virsanghvi.com/Article-Details.aspx?key=1062|website=Vir Sanghvi|access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Leela Krishnan Nair died on 16 May 2021, a day before her husband's seventh death anniversary.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.theleela.com/the-leela/about-the-leela/history/ C. P. Krishnan Nair, Official webpage] at ''[[Leela Group of Hotels]]'' website

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, C. P. Krishnan}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kannur]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]

Jammu dress

2026-03-22T07:20:36Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

The people of [[Jammu]] have the following traditional clothing:

==Ghagra choli==
It is traditional for women to wear [[ghagra choli]] and the scarf ensemble which was also popular in the [[Punjab]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Raj |title=Paintings and Lifestyles of Jammu Region: From 17th to 19th Century A.D. |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-577-1 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-1XyQ2eIG8C&pg=PA352 |language=en}}</ref> It is still traditional for women to wear the kurta with a lehnga,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |last2=Pandita |first2=K. N. |last3=Charak |first3=Sukh Dev Singh |last4=Rizvi |first4=Baqr Raza |title=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |location=Jammu & Kashmir |isbn=978-81-7304-118-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FigAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> as an alternative to the [[suthan]] and [[kurta]].

==Peshwaj==
The traditional ghagra choli was then replaced by the [[peshwaj]] for women which flows to the ankles which would sometimes be worn with a suthan (very loose pants with many folds).<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book|author1=Handa, O.|title= Textiles, Costumes and Ornaments of the Western Himalayas}}</ref> The men would wear the Jamma (Mughal style shirt) with the suthan.

==Suthan and kurta==
[[File:Dogri play Bawa Jitto directed by Balwant Thakur Produced in 1986 and still going strong.jpg|thumb|Men and boys wearing a variation of the suthan and Dogri kurta]]
The traditional dress for men and women is to wear the suthan and kurta but the styles are gender-specific.

==Dogri suthan==
The traditional Dogri suthan is wide at the top, roomy at the legs and has numerous pleats at the ankles.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Raj |title=Paintings and Lifestyles of Jammu Region: From 17th to 19th Century A.D. |date=2006 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-577-1 |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-1XyQ2eIG8C&pg=PA352 |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern suthan==
[[File:Men of the British Punjab army in suthans 1895 Punjab Hills. Churidar suthan.jpg|thumb|Men of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] in Punjabi churidar suthans (1895 Punjab Hills)<ref>Gore, Frederick St. John. (1895) Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of Punjab. A contrast ... With maps and illustrations, etc [http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv39189ee9]</ref>]]
However, the modern style of suthan worn in Jammu is a remnant of the tight suthan which was once popular throughout the [[Punjab region]]. It is very loose at the top but is very tight from the knees to the ankles.<ref>Letters from India and Kashmir (1874) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1s5AAAAAIAAJ&q=north+of+delhi]</ref><ref>Kumar Suresh Singh, K. N. Pandita, Sukh Dev Singh Charak, Baqr Raza Rizvi. Anthropological Survey of India (2003) Jammu and Kashmir [https://books.google.com/books?id=9FigAAAAMAAJ&q=suthan]</ref><ref>Sukh Dev Singh Charak (1983) the Jammu Kingdom, Part 1[https://books.google.com/books?id=YSEeAAAAMAAJ&q=punjabi+suthan]</ref>
However, the style is now more popular in Jammu<ref>[[Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai|Bamzai, P. N. K.]] (1994) Culture and Political History of Kashmir, Volume [https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&dq=tight+Dogri+pyjamas&pg=PA14]</ref> and [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>Kumar Suresh Singh, B. R. Sharma, Anthropological Survey of India, A. R. Sankhyan (1996) Himachal Pradesh [https://books.google.com/books?id=XEduAAAAMAAJ&q=suthan+himachal+pradesh]</ref> as the tight suthan is useful in the hills.<ref>Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1983) Himachal Pradesh, Volume 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1DAAAAYAAJ&q=dogri+punjabi+pyjama]</ref> When worn by men, the drawers are called ghuttana and when worn by women, the suthan (in a variety of colours).<ref>Saraf, D.N. (1987) Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture [https://books.google.com/books?id=r72ywi3YYMAC&dq=Arts+and+Crafts%2C+Jammu+and+Kashmir%3A+Land%2C+People%2C+Culture+dogri+suthan&pg=PA37]</ref> When the tight part of the suthan, up to the knees, has multiple close fitting folds, the suthan is referred to as Dogri pants<ref>Banerjee, Sanhati. The Rockstar Dhoti (15.01.2012)[http://www.planyourwedding.co.in/hyderabad/fashion/the-rockstar-dhoti.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603074841/http://www.planyourwedding.co.in/hyderabad/fashion/the-rockstar-dhoti.aspx |date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> or Dogri suthan,<ref>Kumar, Ritu (2006) Costumes and textiles of royal India[https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK1AAAAIAAJ&q=dogri+churidar]</ref> in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] and churidar suthan in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is also worn in the hilly area of the [[Punjab region]].<ref>GORE, Frederick St. John. (1895) Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of the Punjab. A contrast ... With maps and illustrations, etc [http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv39189ee9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224031950/http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv39189ee9 |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref> In [[Jammu Division|Jammu]], members of all communities wear the suthan.<ref>Sarfi, Maqsooda (2004 Japan From The Eyes Of An Indian Girl [https://books.google.com/books?id=eR5xAAAAMAAJ&q=dogri+suthana]</ref>

The traditional Dogri [[kurta]] for men is open at the front and flares out from the waist to the knees. The kurta for women tends to be long and cut straight, a style adopted from neighbouring Punjab,<ref name="autogenerated2"/> as local culture shares an affinity with the [[Punjab region]],<ref>Betts, Vanessa and McCulloch, Victoria (2014) Indian Himalaya Footprint Handbook: Includes Corbett National Park, Darjeeling, Leh, Sikkim [https://books.google.com/books?id=77D8AgAAQBAJ&dq=dogra++court+dress&pg=PA223]</ref> especially the southern area.<ref>Biswas, Arabinda 1985) Indian Costumes [a dress of the Dogras in Jammu is greatly influenced by the sartorial ensemble of the State of Punjab.[https://books.google.com/books?id=vdyBAAAAMAAJ&q=dogri+suthan+]</ref>

==Churidar pajama==
The [[churidar]] pajama, also called churidar suthan, which forms part of the traditional attire of men and women in [[Punjab region|Punjab]]<ref>Kehal, Harkesh Singh. Alop ho riha Punjabi Virsa. Unistar Books PVT Ltd {{ISBN|978-93-5017-532-3}}</ref> is a combination of the tight suthan of the [[Punjab region]] and the traditional Dogri loose suthan. Accordingly, the churidar pajama is believed to be derived from the suthan. The [[Churidar]]<ref name="autogenerated2"/> pajama is popular all over the sub-continent and was developed in the [[Punjab region]], and is associated with the Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shukla |first1=Pravina |title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India |date=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34911-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyjaAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2/>

== See also ==
* [[Punjabi clothing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Indian fashion]]

XVI Corps (India)

2026-03-22T07:20:22Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = XVI Corps
| image = File:XVI Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Indian Army XVI Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1972 – present
| country = {{flag| India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army| India}}
| type =
| role = [[Anti-aircraft warfare]] [[Anti-tank warfare]] [[Artillery observer]] [[Close-quarters combat ]] [[Combined arms]] [[Counter-battery fire]] [[Counterinsurgency]] [[Disaster response]] [[Indirect fire]] [[Jungle warfare]] [[Maneuver warfare]] [[Military communications]] [[Military engineering]] [[Military logistics]] [[Mountain warfare]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding]] [[Reconnaissance]] [[Screening (tactical)|Screening]] [[Urban warfare]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Northern Command (India).svg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| garrison = [[Nagrota]]
| nickname = ''White Knight Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = 
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| current_commander = [[Lt Gen]] Prasanna Kishore Mishra {{postnominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|AVSM|YSM|SM}}
| ceremonial_chief =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]|next=[[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]]}}

The '''XVI Corps,''' or the '''White Knight Corps,''' is an army corps of the [[Indian Army]] raised on 1 June 1972 with Lieutenant General [[J. F. R. Jacob|J F R Jacob]] as its first [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC). It has its headquarters at [[Nagrota Cantonment, Jammu|Nagrota Cantonment]], ([[Jammu]] district), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In 2005, [[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]] was raised in southern part of the XVI Corps' area, taking over two of its divisions.

==Order of battle==
The corps is reported to include

* [[10th Infantry Division (India)|10th Infantry Division (RAPID)]] ''(Crossed Swords Division)'', headquartered at [[Akhnoor]]
* [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25 Infantry Division]] ''(Ace of Spades Division)'', headquartered at [[Rajouri]]
* [[39th Infantry Division (India)|39 Infantry Division]] (''Dah Division''), headquartered at [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh]]
* One [[Indian Army#Bhairav Light Commando Battalions|Bhairav Light Commando Battalion]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-08-25 |title=Army ramps up two-front readiness, 5 Bhairav Commando units ready for frontline deployment |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-ramps-up-two-front-readiness-5-bhairav-commando-units-ready-for-frontline-deployment/2727902/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bhairav commandos to add muscle to Army by October 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhairav-commandos-to-add-muscle-to-army-by-october-31/articleshow/123592968.cms |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-22 |title=New weapons, specialist units to boost army’s capabilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-weapons-specialist-units-to-boost-army-s-capabilities-101761147308953.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Delta Force and'' ''Romeo Force'' of the [[Rashtriya Rifles]] come under the operational control of the corps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armys-elite-counter-insurgency-unit-rashtriya-rifles-turns-25-tomorrow/articleshow/49171891.cms?from=mdr|title=Army's elite counter-insurgency unit Rashtriya Rifles turns 25 tomorrow|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2018-07-11|access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>

Its current [[General Officer Commanding]] is Lieutenant General PK Mishra.
[[File:Lt Gen Harsha Gupta assumed command of White Knight Corps from Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, on 12 Oct 19.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen Harsha Gupta assuming command of White Knight Corps (16 Corps) from Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, on 12 Oct 2019. |246x246px]]
[[File:General Manoj Pande COAS visiting 16 Corps.jpg|thumb|General Manoj Pande, COAS, visiting 16 Corps, August 2022. |alt=General Manoj Pande Visit 16 Corps March 2024.jpg]]

== List of commanders ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment date
!Left office
!Unit of commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="37" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[J. F. R. Jacob|J F R Jacob]]
|17 June 1972
|23 July 1974
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Khullar|first=Darshan |title= Themes of Glory: Indian Artillery in War|date=2017|publisher= VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd|isbn= 978-9385563973|page=}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. V. Krishna Rao|K V Krishna Rao]]
|24 July 1974
|15 March 1978
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=353 |date=15 March 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|D K Chandorkar
|20 March 1978
|30 June 1979
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|
|-
|K Chiman Singh
|01 July 1979
|29 July 1981
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|
|-
|A K Handoo
|30 July 1981
|09 March 1983
|[[Brigade of The Guards|Brigade of Guards]]
|
|-
|K K Hazari
|10 May 1983
|25 September 1985
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|
|-
|M Mayadas
|26 September 1985
|27 October 1986
|[[5th Armoured Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
|28 October 1986
|31 October 1987
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|
|-
|Vijay Singh
|01 November 1987
|14 October 1989
|
|
|-
|Harwant Singh
|15 October 1989
|25 September 1991
|[[62 Cavalry (India)|62 Cavalry]]
|
|-
|[[Shankar Roychowdhury]]
|26 September 1991
|15 August 1992
|[[20 Lancers (India)|20 Lancers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=g6hlaDpG3IzfU9rEx8miEQ==&ParentID=a/P1/YYfOkrcbmJWxEWdoA==|title= General S Roy Chowdhury|date=|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|H S Bedi
|31 August 1992
|08 May 1994
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|
|-
|Manjit Singh Bhullar
|09 May 1994
|23 January 1997
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|
|-
|D S Chauhan
|24 January 1997
|30 January 1999
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jan/22kash1.htm|title=Local support to militants in Jammu wanes: army|date=1999-01-22|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|Arjun Singh Khanna
|31 January 1999
|31 March 2001
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-JAN-MARCH-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-2001-03-31_215.pdf|title=PIB|date=2001-03-31|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[J.B.S. Yadava]]
|01 April 2001
|19 August 2002
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-09-01 |title=Chaki, Yadav take over as deputy chiefs of Army staff |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chaki-Yadav-take-over-as-deputy-chiefs-of-Army-staff/articleshow/21265499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2002-06-15 |title=For Indian Troops on Line of Control, Anger Hasn't Subsided |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/15/world/for-indian-troops-on-line-of-control-anger-hasn-t-subsided.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|T P S Brar
|20 August 2002
|17 November 2003
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref name="Kapur">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/lt-gen-kapur-takes-over-goc-16-corps-in-jandk_134862.html|title=Lt Gen Kapur takes over GOC 16 corps in J&K|date=2003-12-03|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|Ashok Kapur
|18 November 2003
|04 December 2004
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref name="Kapur" />
|-
|Sudhir Sharma
|05 December 2004
|20 April 2006
|[[Brigade of The Guards|Brigade of Guards]]
|
|-
|T K Sapru
|02 May 2006
|31 October 2007
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071102/cth1.htm#7|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624155237/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071102/cth1.htm#7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|R K Karwal
|01 November 2007
|17 October 2008
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=18503|title=Karwal new 16 Core Commander - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|website=www.earlytimes.in|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|R K Swamy
|18 October 2008
|16 October 2009
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=31898|title=Swamy new 16 Corps Chief - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|website=www.earlytimes.in|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|Romeshwar Roy
|17 October 2009
|04 December 2010
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20091016/1362336.html|title=Lt Gen Roy to take over as GOC 16 Corps tomorrow|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201218/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20091016/1362336.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Jai Prakash Nehra
|10 December 2010
|01 November 2011
||[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/gen-nehra-takes-over-goc-16-corps.html|title=Gen. Nehra takes over as GoC 16 Corps|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201014/https://www.yahoo.com/news/gen-nehra-takes-over-goc-16-corps.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|A S Nandal
|02 November 2011
|04 October 2012
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/lt-gen-nehra-hands-over-command-to-lt-gen-nandal/15860346.shtml|title=Lt Gen Nehra hands over command to Lt Gen Nandal|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213143617/http://www.merinews.com/article/lt-gen-nehra-hands-over-command-to-lt-gen-nandal/15860346.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nandal-takes-over-as-new-goc-16-corps-indian-army/869062/|title=Nandal takes over as new GOC 16 Corps Indian Army - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deependra Singh Hooda]]
|05 October 2012
|16 April 2014
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-gen-hooda-new-goc-of-16-corps_803705.html|title=Lt Gen Hooda new GOC of 16 corps|date=2012-10-04|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Konsam Himalay Singh]]
|17 April 2014
|23 July 2015
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lt-gen-singh-assumes-command-of-16-corps/story-EptSBbFGZVpuHQArY6hHLI.html|title=Lt Gen Singh assumes command of 16 Corps|date=2014-04-16|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajendra Ramrao Nimbhorkar]]
|24 July 2015
|08 October 2016
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/lt-gen-nimbhorkar-takes-over-as-general-officer-commanding-of-16-corps-1024896.html|title=Lt Gen Nimbhorkar takes over as General Officer Commanding of 16 Corps|work=News18|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/lt-gen-a-k-sharma-takes-over-as-goc-of-16-corps-714025-2016-10-09|title=Lt Gen A K Sharma takes over as GoC of 16 Corps|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ajae Kumar Sharma]]
|09 October 2016
|10 October 2017
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Saranjeet Singh
|11 October 2017
|11 October 2018
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-saranjeet-singh-is-16-corps-goc/480777.html|title=Lt Gen Saranjeet Singh is 16 Corps GOC|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213144201/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-saranjeet-singh-is-16-corps-goc/480777.html|archive-date=13 December 2017|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/singh-takes-over-as-goc-16-corps-2/|title=Singh takes over as GOC 16 Corps|date=2017-10-12|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Paramjit Singh Sangha
|12 October 2018
|12 October 2019
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-paramjit-singh-involved-in-surgical-strike-planning-takes-over-as-xvi-corps-goc/articleshow/66180815.cms|title=Surgical strikes: Lt Gen Paramjit Singh involved in surgical strike planning takes over as XVI Corps GOC &#124; India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|Harsha Gupta
|13 October 2019
|13 October 2020
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Whiteknight_IA/status/1182927192596111361?s=20|title=Lt Gen Harsha Gupta assumed command of elite @WhiteKnightCorps from Lt Gen Paramjit Singh Sangha, on 12 Oct 19. He exhorted all ranks to continue to strive for excellence & be combat ready to thwart nefarious designs of enemy & inimical forces @NorthernComd_IA @adgpipic.twitter.com/sebJQhk3Uq|last=Corps|first=White Knight|date=2019-10-12|website=@Whiteknight_IA|language=en|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. V. Suchindra Kumar]]
|14 October 2020
|28 October 2021
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/16-corps-gets-a-new-commander-amid-a-spike-in-loc-ceasefire-violations-by-pakistan/story-1IYe9sLUGagwZaeaQLmsbP.html|title=16 Corps gets a new commander amid a spike in LoC ceasefire violations by Pakistan|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=13 October 2020|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]]
|29 October 2021
|23 December 2022
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-manjinder-singh-takes-over-as-goc-of-white-knight-corps/|title=Lt Gen Manjinder Singh takes over as GOC of White Knight Corps|date=2021-10-29|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sandeep Jain]]
|24 December 2022
|31 December 2023
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/prodefencejammu/status/1606595682999349249|title=Lt Gen Sandeep Jain, SM, on assuming the command of the elite White Knight Corps|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>
|-
|Navin Sachdeva
|01 January 2024
|31 March 2025
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=Lt-Gen Navin Sachdeva assumes command of 16 Corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-navin-sachdeva-assumes-command-of-16-corps/articleshow/106459357.cms |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Prasanna Kishore Mishra
|01 April 2025
|''Incumbent''
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=PK |first1=Mishra |title=Lt gen PK Mishra takes over 16 corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-pk-mishra-takes-over-as-new-goc-of-nagrota-based-white-knight-corps/articleshow/119882891.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Sanjay Khajuria |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhe, ''Indian Army Order of Battle'', Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, {{ISBN|978-0-9820541-7-8}}, 2011.

==External links==
* Globalsecurity.org, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/nagrota-corps.htm Nagrota Corps / XVI Corps / White Knight Corps], accessed July 2010
*[https://twitter.com/whiteknight_ia?lang=en Official twitter handle]
{{Indian Army}}
{{Active corps of the Indian Army}}

[[Category:Corps of India|016]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1972]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-mil-unit-stub}}

Kismat Konnection

2026-03-22T07:20:10Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|2008 film by Aziz Mirza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kismat Konnection
| image = Kismatkonnection.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aziz Mirza]]
| producer = [[Ramesh S. Taurani]] [[Kumar S. Taurani]] [[Sam Abbas]]
| story = Rahila Mirza
| screenplay = [[Sanjay Chhel]] Vibha Singh Sai Kabir
| narrator = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| starring = [[Shahid Kapoor]] [[Vidya Balan]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Om Puri]] [[Boman Irani]] [[Vishal Malhotra]] [[Karanvir Bohra]] Satyanand Gaitonde
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] Style Bhai '''Guest Composition:''' [[Sajid–Wajid]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = [[Amitabh Shukla]]
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|07|18}}
| language = Hindi
| country = India
}}
'''''Kismat Konnection''''' (''Fate Connection'') is a 2008 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Aziz Mirza]]. The film stars [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Vidya Balan]] with [[Juhi Chawla]] making a guest appearance. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] is the narrator. Produced by Ramesh S. Taurani under the banner of [[Tips Industries]], ''Kismat Konnection'' was released on 18 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Authentic and Up to date Release Dates of Bollywood Movies |work=Kismet Konnection releases on 18 July |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/releasedates/index.html |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911204955/http://indiafm.com/trade/releasedates/index.html |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-kismat-konnection/story-c70CqmSzpdl4j3GIwzwDQO.html|title=Review: Kismat Konnection|date=2008-07-18|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Plot-pivots-on-luck-proves-unlucky-Kismat-Konnection/article15399510.ece|title=Plot pivots on luck, proves unlucky -- Kismat Konnection|date=2008-08-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
This is the story of Raj Malhotra, an [[architect]]. Despite being a top student at school and university, he struggled to find work, clients or projects. Everything he did seemed to go wrong. He went to see a [[Romani people|Romani]] woman named Haseena Bano Jaan for advice. She told him that he either needed a good luck charm or to change his luck because he was unlucky. Subsequently, Raj met Priya Saluja, who was trying to save the community centre and help its citizens. Although they did not get along at first, Raj eventually realised that Priya was his lucky charm. She helped him out of tricky situations, changing his life for the better. However, Raj lied to Priya, telling her that he would help her save the community centre when actually he intended to build a shopping mall there to gain recognition as an architect. He also fell in love with her, and she fell for him too. When Priya found out the truth, however, she was upset. To make up for his lie, Raj sold all his possessions and quit his job. He proposed a plan to save the community centre, thereby winning back Priya's love and admiration.

==Cast==
* [[Shahid Kapoor]] as Raj Malhotra
* [[Vidya Balan]] as Priya Saluja
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Karan Bahl
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Haseena Bano Jaan (Guest appearance)
* [[Om Puri]] as Sanjeev "Harry" Gill
* [[Boman Irani]] as Rajiv Batra
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Mrs. Manpreet Gill
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Hiten Patel
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] as Dave Kataria
* Satyanand Gaitonde as Mr. Kabir Talpade
* Dimple Sharma as Rita Ghatge
* [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Hyder Ali]] as Mr. Rahul Bakshi
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as a Narrator

==Production==
''Kismat Konnection'' (in other words "Connection of Fate") was previously titled ''Lucky Charm''. Kapoor and Balan began shooting for the film in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]] and later continued in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Filming">{{cite web|title=A gypsy role for Juhi Chalwa|work=BBC.com|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/02/29/bollywood_news_juhi_feature.shtml|access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> Actress Juhi Chawla played the role of a gypsy fortune-teller dressed in typical colorful bright attire.<ref name="Filming"/>

==Release==
This film was released on 18 July 2008.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kismat Konnection
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]] and [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|06|24}}
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 45:26
| label = Tips Industries
| producer = Ramesh S Taurani
| chronology = [[Pritam]]
| prev_title = [[Jannat (2008 film)|Jannat]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Singh Is Kinng]]
| next_year = 2008
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]
| prev_year = 2008
| title = Kismat Konnection
| year = 2008
| next_title = [[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Pritam]] while lyrics had been written by [[Sayeed Quadri]] and [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]. 'Soniye Ve' was composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]]. Remix songs were mixed by [[DJ Suketu]] and Aks. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 10,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifteenth highest-selling. And remixes are connected style from Dance Bowling 90s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=24 June 2010|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| 1
| "Move Your Body Now"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Akriti Kakar]] & [[Hard Kaur]]
| 04:06
|-
| 2
| "Soniye Ve"
| [[Sonu Nigam]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| 04:06
|-
| 3
| "Bakhuda Tumhi Ho"
| [[Atif Aslam]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:52

|-
| 4
| "Aai Paapi"
| [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| 04:20
|-
| 5
| "Is This Love"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| 05:29
|-
| 6
| "Bakhuda Tumhi Ho – Fresh Mix"
| [[Atif Aslam]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:46
|-
| 7
| "Aai Paapi – Dance Mix"
| [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| 03:45
|-
| 8
| "Move Your Body Now – Hip Hop Mix"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Adeel Chaudhry]], Suhail Kaul, [[Hard Kaur]] & [[Akriti Kakar]]
| 03:35
|-
| 9
| "Kahin Na Laage Mann – Lounge Mix"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| 05:52
|-
| 10
| "Soniye Ve – Electro Dhol Mix"
| [[Sonu Nigam]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| 03:58
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1105733|Kismat Konnection}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]

East Bengal FC

2026-03-22T07:19:48Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}

{{About|the men's association football team|the women's team|East Bengal FC (women)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox football team
| clubname = East Bengal
| image = East Bengal FC logo.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = East Bengal Football Club<ref name="East Bengal FC">{{cite web | title="East Bengal FC" | url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile | publisher = Indian Super League | access-date = 6 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 19 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230619142805/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile }}</ref>
| nickname = {{Nowrap|''Lal Holud Brigade'' (Red and Gold Brigade)}} {{Nowrap|''Moshal Bahini'' (The Torch Bearers)}} ''Bangal Brigade''
| short name = EBFC
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|1920|8|1}}
| stadium = [[ Salt Lake Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| capacity = 68,000 23,500
| owner = Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Emami East Bengal officially launched – Red and Golds to play ISL 2022–23 as East Bengal FC |work=goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/emami-east-bengal-officially-launched-isl-2022-23-east/blta9debdc4d323fc72 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210826/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/emami-east-bengal-officially-launched-isl-2022-23-east/blta9debdc4d323fc72 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Agreement signed between East Bengal and new investors|work=hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/agreement-signed-between-east-bengal-and-new-investors-101659462849355.html|access-date= }}</ref>
*
*[[Emami|Emami Group]] (77%)
*[[East Bengal Club#Ownership|East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd.]] (23%)
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Murari Lal Lohia
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Óscar Bruzón]]
| league = {{Indian football updater|EastBeng}}
| season = {{Indian football updater|EastBeng2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|EastBeng3}}
| current = 2025–26 East Bengal FC season
| pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_25_26
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _goldtop
| leftarm1 = FFDF00
| body1 = FFDF00
| rightarm1 = ff0000
| pattern_ra1 = _goldborder
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _yellowborder
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFDF00
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = ff0000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FF0000
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
| website = {{URL|https://emamieastbengal.com/}}
}}
{{East Bengal Club departments}}

'''East Bengal Football Club''', commonly referred to as '''East Bengal''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top flight of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Bengal |url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=ifawb.com |publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref> They are one of the most successful clubs in India, having won three National League titles in addition to forty-one State league titles. The club has enjoyed significant success in Domestic cup competitions and International tournaments as well, including [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]/[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] trophies and an [[ASEAN Club Championship]] respectively, making it [[List of Indian football champions#Total titles won|one of the most decorated football clubs in India]].

It is one of the big three clubs of Kolkata, and participates in the well-renowned [[Kolkata Derby|Kolkata derby]] against its eternal rivals [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. The club also plays in the mini Kolkata derby with [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].

Founded in August 1920, the club became affiliated with the [[Indian Football Association]] in 1922 and initially played in the [[Calcutta Football League]] Second Division before earning promotion to the First Division in 1924. East Bengal won its first First Division league title in 1942 and has since won it a record 40 times with generous help from different quarters.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Shoubhik|last=Mukhopadhyay|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|title=East Bengal & Calcutta Football League: A Sublime Romantic Saga - Hero I-League|date=10 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2019|website=i-league.org|publisher=[[I-League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925033144/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|archive-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> The club was a founding member of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], the first nation-wide football league in India in 1996, which it has won 3 times since.<ref name="ileague">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiachamp.html |title=India - List of National Champions |first1=Atsushi |last1=Fujioka |first2=Arunava |last2=Chaudhuri |access-date=18 January 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022558/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiachamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They have also won 9 National Cup titles {{Emdash}} the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] 8 times and the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] once. The club has also won several other trophies, including the [[Durand Cup]] 16 times, the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] a record 3 times, the [[IFA Shield]] a record 29 times, the [[Rovers Cup]] 10 times and the [[Calcutta Football League]] a record 40 times, the [[DCM Trophy]] a record 7 times, the [[Darjeeling Gold Cup]] a record 5 times and the [[McDowell's Cup]] a record 3 times. East Bengal won an international club trophy, in the form of [[ASEAN Club Championship]].

== History ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 160
| image1 = Suresh Chandra Chowdhury.png
| alt1 = Portrait of Suresh Chandra Chowdhury
| caption1 = Suresh Chandra Chaudhari (founder)
| image2 = Sailesh Bose.png
| alt2 = Portrait of Sailesh Bose
| caption2 = Sailesh Bose
| image3 = Professor Sarada Ranjan Roy.png
| alt3 = Side profile of Sarada Ranjan Roy
| caption3 = Sarada Ranjan Roy (First president)
}}

=== Formation ===
On 28 July 1920, Jorabagan was scheduled to play against [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup. Jorabagan sent out their starting eleven but with the notable exclusion of [[Defender (association football)|defender]] Sailesh Bose, who was dropped from the squad for undisclosed reasons. The then vice-president of Jorabagan, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, asked in vain for Bose to be included in the line-up. When his request was not welcomed, Chaudhuri left the club along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen, and Aurobinda Ghosh. They formed East Bengal as a Sports and Cultural Association in the neighbourhood of [[Jorabagan]] on 1 August 1920. The name East Bengal was chosen for the newly formed club as the founders [[Bangal|hailed from the eastern region of Bengal]].<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web |title=The Rise of East Bengal Club |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2010 |title=History of East Bengal |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132423/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Thehardtackle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Club Day: East Bengal – The History|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074539/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=8 June 2020|website=Goal.com}}</ref> [[Sarada Ranjan Ray]] took on the role of becoming the first president of this newly formed club while Suresh Chandra Chowdhury and Tarit Bhusan Roy were declared to be the first joint secretaries of the club.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=100 years of East Bengal: A timeline |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Sportstar |date=August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629224925/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, Nagen Kali, M. Talukdar, B. Sen, N. Gossain, Goshto Paul (on loan from Mohun Bagan)'','' P. Bardhan, S. Das, S. Tagore, J. Mukherjee, Ramesh Chandra Sen, S. Bose, C. Bose, A. Roy, and A. Bannerjee were announced to be the members of the first team squad by the board.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India - List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Team Archives of Quess East Bengal FC |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|access-date=29 August 2019|website=East Bengal GC Official Site|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144422/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Early years: 1920s–1930s ===
[[File:East_Bengal_FC_players_and_officials.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|230x230px|East Bengal players and officials in 1921]]
In the same month of its formation, the club participated in its maiden tournament in, the Hercules Cup, a seven-a-side tournament. On 11 August 1920, the club played their first match in the tournament and in their history against Metropolitan College, which they went on to win 4–0. East Bengal went on to win the tournament, announcing the arrival of a club that would break many records in the future. The club also won Khagendra Shield in 1921.<ref name=":8" /> Following this, the club became affiliated with the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) and entered the IFA Second Division replacing Tajhat Football Club who withdrew from the 2nd Division League.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal wins Calcutta Football League for the first time in 1942|url=https://twitter.com/ebfchistory/status/1678475517287342080?t=wfneRvOCvb5q6qHQj749kA&s=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718104055/https://twitter.com/ebfchistory/status/1678475517287342080|archive-date=18 July 2023|website=twitter.com}}</ref> The club finished placing third in their maiden season in the league. The first match between East Bengal and [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] took place on 8 August 1921 in the Cooch Behar Cup semi-final match, which didn't turn in the favour of either of the teams as it ended in a goalless draw. It was an unofficial derby at that time.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2018|title=East Bengal Story|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/eastbengalstory.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018042159/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/eastbengalstory.html|archive-date=18 October 2018|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>

In 1924, the club won the Second Division and gained promotion to the IFA First Division after finishing in second place to Cameroons 'B' after paying a hefty sum.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|title=Legends Of Indian Football: The Pioneers|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=24 April 2012|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053626/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> As Cameroons 'A' team was already in the First Division the 'B' team could not gain promotion to the same league. East Bengal was next in line for promotion. However, more controversy arose since the IFA allowed only two Indian-based clubs in the IFA First Division at a time (at that time, the IFA was a British organization). This rule had previously deprived clubs like Kumartuli and Town from entering the First Division. During a governing body meeting of the IFA, the nine British clubs approved East Bengal's promotion to the First Division. Ironically, the two Indian clubs, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] and [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]], opposed it. East Bengal's efforts led to the abolition of the oppressive Indian club limit rule.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar |title=The Saga of East Bengal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/sport/article30218648.ece |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=Frontline |date=28 August 2003 |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118010538/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/sport/article30218648.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1925, East Bengal made its IFA First Division debut, and Mona Dutta became the maiden goalscorer for the club in the league. On 28 May 1925, the first official [[Kolkata Derby]] was played, where Nepal Chakraborty scored the only goal for East Bengal.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das Sharma|first=Amitabha|date=1 April 2016|title=The Kolkata Derby: They met as early as in 1921!|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806170805/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=7 Nov 2020|website=sportstar.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== 1940s–1970s ===
{{See also|Pancha Pandavas}}
[[File:East_Bengal_FC_1949_IFA_Shield.jpg|thumb|East Bengal players after winning 1949 IFA Shield]]
The club did not win their first IFA First Division title until 1942. East Bengal won their first [[IFA Shield]] in 1943. They then achieved the double in 1945 by winning both the [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Football League (CFL)]] and IFA Shield. In 1948, East Bengal became the first team to defeat a foreign club on home soil. They won 2–0 against the visiting Chinese Olympic XI.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&q=China%27s+Olympic+team+by+2-0+in+1948&pg=PT90 |title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |date=27 September 2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86815-65-1 |language=en|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610102551/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90&lpg=PT90&dq=China's+Olympic+team+by+2-0+in+1948&source=bl&ots=HvVNj4XGh5&sig=ACfU3U13tN0x62Rk96dl_mk66uDcN9FS7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpq8e77vbpAhUxmeYKHf7JAC4Q6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=China's%20Olympic%20team%20by%202-0%20in%201948&f=false|archive-date=10 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal won their first [[Treble (association football)|treble]] in the 1949 season, by winning the Calcutta League,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Armband|date=9 November 2019|title=East Bengal Football Club : History and Emergence|url=https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609193043/https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/|archive-date=9 June 2020|access-date=9 June 2020|website=Sports-nova|language=en-GB}}</ref> the IFA Shield and the Rovers Cup, becoming the first Indian club to do so.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ritabrata|date=12 April 2020|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane – East Bengal's 'Golden era' of 1970s|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|access-date=1 August 2020|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301125229/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|url-status=live}}</ref> The club went on to win the 1949 Rovers Cup and the [[Durand Cup]] in 1951. That period saw the rise of the [[Pancha Pandavas]]. The five players, P. B. A. Saleh, Ahmed Khan, P. Venkatesh, Appa Rao, and K. P. Dhanaraj played together at the club from 1949 to 1953. The club also won its first DCM Trophy in 1950. The club also won three straight IFA Shields in 1949, 1950, and 1951. The [[English F.A.|English Football Association]] 1951–52 annual almanac adjudged East Bengal as the best club in Asia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php|access-date=18 June 2020|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144426/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On being recommended by the president of India, [[Rajendra Prasad]], the club was invited by the [[Romania]] Youth Festival Committee in 1953 to participate in a football tournament. They also partook in a tour of the [[Soviet Union]] the same year. They were defeated by [[Soviet]] side by a margin of 13–1. Apart from football, East Bengal also won the Beighton Cup hockey tournament for the first time in 1957 and the Bengal Hockey Association league in 1960. Again the club won the [[Rovers Cup]] several times during this era—1962, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975—as well as the [[Durand Cup]] in 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, 1972 and 1978. The club also won its first Sait Nagjee football tournament and Bordoloi Trophy in 1968.<ref name="EBFC1940">{{cite web |title=1940S TO 1960S |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1940s-to-1960s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329172756/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1940s-to-1960s|archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=usurped |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref> The club stunned everyone by winning the 1970 IFA Shield against [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Club]] of [[Iran]] by a score of 1–0, in front of 60,000 supporters at the [[Eden Gardens]]. Later, the club won the 1973 IFA Shield by defeating [[Pyongyang City Sports Club|Pyongyang City SC]] of [[North Korea]]. In 1978, East Bengal won its first [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] title. The club became joint winners in cricket with Mohun Bagan of [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] senior league and senior-division knockout tournament.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="EBFC1970">{{cite web |title=1970S TO 1990S |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s |work=East Bengal Football Club |access-date=10 August 2012|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724022532/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=I-League Special: The History Of East Bengal|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/09/25/1522408/i-league-special-the-history-of-east-bengal#:~:text=The%20Red%20and%20Gold%27s%20were,participate%20in%20a%20football%20tournament.|access-date=18 June 2020|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205081931/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/09/25/1522408/i-league-special-the-history-of-east-bengal#:~:text=The%20Red%20and%20Gold%27s%20were,participate%20in%20a%20football%20tournament.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

East Bengal won the Calcutta Football League for six straight years from 1970 to 1975.<ref name="EBFC1970" /> In 1970, East Bengal topped the Calcutta Football League table without conceding a single goal. East Bengal won multiple times against their arch-rivals, Mohun Bagan, including a record margin of 5–0 in the history of the Kolkata Derby, in 1975. The same year, East Bengal won the CFL title without losing a match. The 1970s decade of the club is also commonly known as "''Shonali Doshok"'' (in English Golden Decade).<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners/Runners-up of the IFA-Shield |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=indianfootball.de |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083403/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9" />

=== 1980s–1990s ===
The club won the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] in 1980 and again in 1985. They also became the first Indian club to play in the newly reorganized [[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championship]] in [[1985–86 Asian Club Championship|1985–86]].<ref name="EBFC1970" /> The club then won their second treble in 1990, under coach Naeemuddin, by winning the IFA Shield, the Rovers Cup, and the Durand Cup in the same season. The club also won the Stafford Cup (1986) and the McDowell's Cup (1995, 1997). In 1993, East Bengal won its first-ever international title, the Wai Wai Cup in [[Nepal]]. The club also won the Federation Cup, the IFA Shield, the Calcutta Football League, the Durand Cup, and the Rovers Cup several times during this period.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Legacy-History |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202630/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|archive-date=23 August 2017|access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref> In 1996, the club became the founding member of the first nationwide football league in India, the National Football League.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html |title=India 1996/97 |website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1984, Dipak Das joined the club and revamped it. He brought professionalism and converted the football team into a private, limited company. He also secured sponsorship from local brands and companies like Khadims. In 1998, he collaborated with [[Vijay Mallya]]'s [[United Breweries Group]], which then formed a new Private Limited Company, with a 50–50 shareholding, called United East Bengal Football Team Private Limited and incorporated the football team—the first in the country. The team was renamed Kingfisher East Bengal FC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Legacy-History |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202630/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|archive-date=23 August 2017|access-date=18 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":6" />

=== 2000s–2010s ===
{{football squad on pitch|align=left
| GK = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy|Nandy]]
| RCB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Irungbam Surkumar Singh|Surkumar]]
| CB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muttath Suresh|Suresh]]
| LCB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Mondal|Mondal]]
| CM = {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Suley Musah|Musah]] ([[Captain (association football)|C]])
| RCM = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Silva]]
| LCM = {{flagicon|IND}} Duley
| RW = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijen Singh|Bijen]]
| LW = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alvito D'Cunha|D'Cunha]]
| RCF = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]]
| LCF = {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Mike Okoro|Okoro]]
|caption=East Bengal [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship]] final lineup}}
The club entered the 21st century in style, winning the [[2000–01 Indian National Football League|2000–01]] [[NFL India|National Football League]] season. They became the first club to win back-to-back titles after winning the [[2002–03 Indian National Football League|2002–03]] and [[2003–04 Indian National Football League|2003–04]] versions of the league. The club went on to win the Federation Cup again in 2007, [[2009 Federation Cup|2009]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]] and [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]. They also won the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] in 2006 and 2011.<ref name="EBFC2000">{{cite web |title=Continuing the Legacy |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=continuing-the-legacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331144619/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=continuing-the-legacy|archive-date=31 March 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=usurped |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref> The club won their third international trophy in the [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship]], in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|title=Making a mark in Asia: East Bengal's 2003 Asean Cup win – a defining moment for Indian club football|website=Scroll.in|date=26 July 2020 |access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127192359/https://amp.scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football: Part Four – Modern Era (1999—2011)|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=11 October 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918041621/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/east-bengals-greatest-hour-the-2003-asean-cup-triumph#:~:text=However%20Alvito%27s%20wonder%20strike%20left,Bhaichung%20Bhutia%20and%20Mike%20Okoro.|title=East Bengal's greatest hour: the 2003 ASEAN Cup triumph|website=Sportskeeda|last=Kapadia|first=Novy|date=27 July 2013 |access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230192101/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/east-bengals-greatest-hour-the-2003-asean-cup-triumph#:~:text=However%20Alvito%27s%20wonder%20strike%20left,Bhaichung%20Bhutia%20and%20Mike%20Okoro.|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal is still the only Indian football team to win any major trophy outside the country.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aseanclub03.html |title=ASEAN Club Championship 2003 |website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031103333/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/aseanclub03.html|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, East Bengal also won the San Miguel International Cup in Nepal. The club was invited to the tournament by [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], celebrating their 120th Anniversary. In 2004, Leicester City also had partnerships with East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/feb/04foot2.htm |title=Leicester link with East Bengal |website=rediff.com|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132408/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/feb/04foot2.htm|archive-date=8 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/east-bengal-in-talks-with-barcelona-for-tie-up-possibility/story-qzDsgBzCczLLjMZA0jsg2M.html |title=East Bengal in talks with Barcelona for tie-up possibility |date=25 April 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104130019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/east-bengal-in-talks-with-barcelona-for-tie-up-possibility/story-qzDsgBzCczLLjMZA0jsg2M.html|archive-date=4 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Then [[List of presidents of FIFA|FIFA president]], [[Joseph Blatter]], visited the club tent on 15 April 2007. After a year, East Bengal became the first Indian football team to win against a West Asian team, [[Al-Wehdat SC|Al Wihdat SC]] of [[Jordan]] on foreign soil.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" />{{East Bengal F.C. centenary season first match team}}East Bengal also made a record eight appearances, between 2004 and 2015, in the [[AFC Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |last2=V Easwar |first2=Nisanth |date=1 April 2020 |title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup? {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=goal.com |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Sabyasachi |date=20 May 2020 |title=East Bengal FC: Top 5 players with most appearances in the AFC Cup! |url=http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-top-5-players-with-most-appearances-in-the-afc-cup/ |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Badgeb |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618164718/http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-top-5-players-with-most-appearances-in-the-afc-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club played in the [[2013 AFC Cup knockout stage|semi-finals of 2013 AFC Cup]] where they lost to [[Kuwait SC]] of Kuwait.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=East Bengal FC's AFC Cup final hopes dashed after 3–0 defeat to Kuwait SC |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/east-bengal-fcs-afc-cup-final-hopes-dashed-after-3-0-defeat-to-kuwait-sc-1528382 |website=sports.ndtv.com |publisher=NDTV |access-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040429/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/east-bengal-fcs-afc-cup-final-hopes-dashed-after-3-0-defeat-to-kuwait-sc-1528382|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The club has the achievement of winning the Calcutta Football League title eight consecutive times from 2010 to 2017, breaking their previous record of six times during the 1970s.<ref name="EBFC1970" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India – List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the exit of Kingfisher from the club, Quess Corp signed an agreement with the East Bengal and acquired a 70 percent stake in the club in July 2018. The football team was rebranded as Quess East Bengal FC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/soccer-club-east-bengal-ropes-in-bangalore-based-quess-corp-as-its-new-investor/articleshow/64872356.cms |title=Soccer club East Bengal ropes in Bangalore-based Quess Corp as its new investor |newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075636/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/soccer-club-east-bengal-ropes-in-bangalore-based-quess-corp-as-its-new-investor/articleshow/64872356.cms|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live|last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Dutta |date=9 July 2018 |title=Kolkata football: East Bengal cedes control in Quess for funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Livemint |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420173245/https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 August 2019, the club entered its [[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|100th establishment year]]. A centenary celebration logo was introduced. Torch rallies and events were organised, and attended by former players, coaches, presidents, etc. The centenary kit was unveiled, which was inspired by the 1925–26 season kit.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2019 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nilesh |title=East Bengal unveil centenary jersey Football News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The club participated in the [[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]] and the [[2019–20 I-League|I-League]], and played its first match and won against Army Red in the Durand Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2019 |title=Centennial Program on August |url=https://eastbengalclub.co.in/news.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722072547/https://eastbengalclub.co.in/news.php|archive-date=22 July 2019|access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=Durand Cup 2019: Jaime Colado, Bidyashagar power East Bengal to 2–0 triumph – As it happened |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-east-bengal-vs-army-red-cup-live-streaming-scores-updates-kolkata-indian-football/article28806358.ece |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Sportstar |date=3 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020235152/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-east-bengal-vs-army-red-cup-live-streaming-scores-updates-kolkata-indian-football/article28806358.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
[[File:East Bengal Sporting Club in Maidan, Kolkata 13.jpg|thumb|East Bengal tent]]
The year 2020, saw the wake of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] which halted the ongoing [[2019–20 in Indian football|football season]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-05-23|title=No sporting event in India in near future, have to live with new normal of sports behind closed doors: Rijiju|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/no-sporting-event-in-india-in-near-future-have-to-live-with-new-normal-of-sports-behind-closed-doors-rijiju/article31658535.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018184816/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/no-sporting-event-in-india-in-near-future-have-to-live-with-new-normal-of-sports-behind-closed-doors-rijiju/article31658535.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The then investor, Quess pulled out from the two-year-old agreement by July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quess chairman Ajit Isaac - East Bengal has fantastic potential and we leave with good memories|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ajit-isaac-joint-venture-quess-east-bengal-memories/17q6jj4mw9x0c1mforj7j6z1qn|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Goal.com|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172751/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ajit-isaac-joint-venture-quess-east-bengal-memories/17q6jj4mw9x0c1mforj7j6z1qn|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Sayak Dipta|date=2020-07-18|title=Quess Corporation and East Bengal part ways|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/quess-corporation-east-bengal-part-ways|access-date=2020-10-18|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019154717/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/quess-corporation-east-bengal-part-ways|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 August, the club completed its 100 years of existence. In September, [[Shree Cement]] was announced as the new investor of the club.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Himatsingka|first=Anuradha|title=Shree Cement to acquire football club East Bengal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/shree-cement-to-acquire-football-club-east-bengal/articleshow/77897798.cms|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212145443/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/shree-cement-to-acquire-football-club-east-bengal/articleshow/77897798.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The company acquired 76 percent shares of the club and renamed it from "East Bengal Football Club" to "Sporting Club East Bengal".<ref name="ISL01">{{Cite web|date=17 Oct 2020|title=Name and logo for SC East Bengal revealed ahead of Hero ISL 2020-21|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/name-and-logo-for-sc-east-bengal-revealed-ahead-of-hero-isl-2020-21|access-date=19 Oct 2020|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018213920/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/name-and-logo-for-sc-east-bengal-revealed-ahead-of-hero-isl-2020-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="goal.com">{{Cite web|date=17 Oct 2020|title=East Bengal rebranded as Sporting Club East Bengal; new logo unveiled|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sc-east-bengal-isl-new-logo-indian-football/8k1mrjrpnia41thmqrfytdw63|access-date=19 Oct 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220518/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sc-east-bengal-isl-new-logo-indian-football/8k1mrjrpnia41thmqrfytdw63|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, after successful bidding, the club moved from the [[I-League]] to the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nita Ambani: East Bengal's inclusion throws open limitless opportunities for Indian football|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Indian Super League|date=27 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010181118/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=East Bengal join Indian Super League|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4192694/east-bengal-join-indian-super-league|access-date=2020-10-19|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072319/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4192694/east-bengal-join-indian-super-league|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2022, the club parted ways with its investor [[Shree Cement]].

The partnership between investor group [[Shree Cement]] and East Bengal was terminated after the end of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]]. They returned the sporting rights to the club on 12 April 2022, after both the parties failed to reach an agreement and the final term sheet was not accepted and signed by the club officials.<ref name=scsportingright>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=12 April 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-returned-sporting-rights-shree-cements-indian-football/article38472141.ece|title=East Bengal returned sporting rights by Shree Cement|work=Sportstar|accessdate=24 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412145715/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-returned-sporting-rights-shree-cements-indian-football/article38472141.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The club officials, however, stated that East Bengal shall continue to play in the Indian Super League, and shall be announcing their new investors within the next two weeks.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=13 April 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-shree-cement-isl-next-investor-announcement-within-15-days-football/article38473253.ece|title=East Bengal will continue to play ISL, next investor announcement within 15 days, says club official|work=Sportstar|accessdate=1 May 2022|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501074230/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-shree-cement-isl-next-investor-announcement-within-15-days-football/article38473253.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal was once again handed another transfer ban by AIFF for non-payment of dues for seven of their players.<ref name=transferban>{{cite web|first=Sayan|last=Mukherjee|date=31 March 2022|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/isl-troubled-sc-east-bengal-in-yet-another-transfer-ban-161671|title=Troubled SC East Bengal in yet another transfer ban|work=News Nine|accessdate=24 April 2021|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329143625/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/isl-troubled-sc-east-bengal-in-yet-another-transfer-ban-161671|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Trophy cabinet of East Bengal Club captured during the 103 years of foundation day program in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Trophy cabinet of East Bengal during the 103 years of foundation day]]
On 25 May, East Bengal announced the collaboration with [[Emami]] as the principal investors of the club.<ref name=emami>{{cite web|date=25 May 2022|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/emami-group-to-collaborate-with-east-bengal/cid/1866837|title=Emami Group to collaborate with East Bengal|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525125338/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/emami-group-to-collaborate-with-east-bengal/cid/1866837|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 May 2022|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/east-bengal-bags-emami-as-investor_432506.html|title=East Bengal-Emami: ইমামির হাত ধরে আইএসএল খেলছে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal-Emami: East Bengal is playing ISL with Emami's collaboration|language=bn|work=Zee News|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525125448/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/east-bengal-bags-emami-as-investor_432506.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 May 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-finds-new-investor-in-emami-group-football-news/article38497836.ece|title=East Bengal finds new investor in Emami Group|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525130632/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-finds-new-investor-in-emami-group-football-news/article38497836.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The club confirmed their participation in the [[2022–23 Indian Super League]] with the arrival of the new investors.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=25 May 2022|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-confirm-isl-2022-23-participation-bring-emami/blted7c8e38dafaf7e5|title=East Bengal confirm ISL 2022-23 participation, bring Emami Group on board|work=Goal|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525131809/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-confirm-isl-2022-23-participation-bring-emami/blted7c8e38dafaf7e5|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, after two months of contractual discussions between the club and the investor group, the club finally started the recruitment process for the new season after receiving a go-ahead from the investors.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 July 2022|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-on-the-verge-of-signing-two-foreign-defenders-dgtl/cid/1357258|title=East Bengal: দলগঠনের কাজ শুরু ইস্টবেঙ্গলে, কার্যত নিশ্চিত দুই বিদেশি ফুটবলার|trans-title=East Bengal: Recruitment of players begin at East Bengal, almost confirms two foreigners|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719005429/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-on-the-verge-of-signing-two-foreign-defenders-dgtl/cid/1357258|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2022|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-focus-on-foreign-recruits/cid/1875386|title=East Bengal focus on foreign recruits|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719013102/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-focus-on-foreign-recruits/cid/1875386|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 July, the AIFF uplifted the transfer ban set on East Bengal and thus allowed the club to register their new signings for the season.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 July 2022|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/aiff-has-revoked-player-registration-ban-of-sc-east-bengal-dgtl/cid/1358056|title=East Bengal: ইস্টবেঙ্গলে স্বস্তি, উঠে গেল নিষেধাজ্ঞা, সই করানো যাবে ফুটবলার|trans-title=East Bengal: Relief for East Bengal, ban uplifted, can register players now|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723043621/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/aiff-has-revoked-player-registration-ban-of-sc-east-bengal-dgtl/cid/1358056|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal appointed [[Santosh Trophy]] winning [[Kerala football team]] head-coach [[Bino George]] as the care-taker head coach of the team for the [[Calcutta Football League]] and [[Durand Cup]], and will become the assistant coach of the team for the [[Indian Super League]].<ref name=bino>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=23 July 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bino-george-set-to-become-east-bengal-reserve-team-coach/articleshow/93075537.cms|title=Bino George set to become East Bengal reserve team coach|work=The Times of India|accessdate=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724063817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bino-george-set-to-become-east-bengal-reserve-team-coach/articleshow/93075537.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=30 July 2022|url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/east-bengal-new-coach-bino-george-visit-east-bengal-club-au5-615977.html|title=East Bengal: লাল-হলুদ তাঁবুতে হাজির কোচ বিনু জর্জ|trans-title=East Bengal:Bino George arrives at Red and Gold tent|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730143427/https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/east-bengal-new-coach-bino-george-visit-east-bengal-club-au5-615977.html|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal also roped in former [[India national football team]] coach [[Stephen Constantine]] as the new head-coach of the team for the season.<ref name=constantine>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=27 July 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/east-bengal-announces-stephen-constantine-as-head-coach-indian-super-league-isl-news/article65690048.ece|title=Stephen Constantine announced as East Bengal head coach for ISL 2022-23|work=Sportstar|accessdate=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727133829/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/east-bengal-announces-stephen-constantine-as-head-coach-indian-super-league-isl-news/article65690048.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 July 2022|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/stephen-constantine-returns-to-indian-football-as-emami-east-bengal-head-coach-8055472/|title=Stephen Constantine returns to Indian football as Emami East Bengal head coach|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727141735/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/stephen-constantine-returns-to-indian-football-as-emami-east-bengal-head-coach-8055472/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also announced that the formal tie-up between them and the new investor group [[Emami]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-emami-to-sign-agreement-august-2-indian-football/article65686502.ece|title=East Bengal and Emami to sign agreement on August 2|work=Sportstar|accessdate=28 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727115222/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-emami-to-sign-agreement-august-2-indian-football/article65686502.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Emami East Bengal FC has hired former Indian Super League (ISL) champion [[Carles Cuadrat]] as their new head coach on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 April 2023|title=Carles Cuadrat appointed as new coach of East Bengal|url=https://footballexpress.in/carles-cuadrat-appointed-as-new-coach-of-east-bengal/|website=FootballExpress.in|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430090324/https://footballexpress.in/carles-cuadrat-appointed-as-new-coach-of-east-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 January 2024, they defeated the defending champions [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] 3–2 in the [[2024 Indian Super Cup final|Kalinga Super Cup final]] to win their first title in 12 years, and qualified for the [[AFC Champions League 2]] play-offs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Media Team |first1=AIFF |date=18 June 2024 |title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> As the winners, East Bengal qualified for the [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two]] preliminary stage but lost 3–2 against [[FC Altyn Asyr]].

== Crest, colours and kits ==
=== Crest ===
In 1930, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha]] swept over India and affected football. Indian clubs boycotted the ongoing Calcutta Football League midway through the season. Amidst much confusion, Royal Regiment was declared the winner in the first division. However, East Bengal was not allowed to be promoted to the First Division. Thousands of East Bengal fans and officials decided to hold a protest march at the [[East Bengal Ground]]. It was at this march that flaming torches were carried by the protesters. And the hand holding [[Torch|flame torch]] ''(known as 'Mawshal' or '[[:bn:মশাল|মশাল]]' in [[Bangla Language|Bangla]])'' became the club emblem, which has remained to this day.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=1930s: The Dark Decade|url=http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053122/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=4 December 2011|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In the year of 2020, East Bengal released a special centenary crest to celebrate 100 years of its existence.

{{gallery
|title=First crest<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 Dec 2020|title=More Than A Club: Stories Behind Our Red-and-Gold Colours and Torch Emblem|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|access-date=4 Jan 2021|website=SC East Bengal|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223124158/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|width=150
|height=120
|align=center
|File:East Bengal first logo.png|
}}

=== Colours ===
[[File:A_Department_Store_(BOND_0089).jpeg|alt=Black and white photograph of facade of Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store|left|thumb|200px|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store in 1945]]The primary and secondary colors of East Bengal are red and yellow respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|title=উপচে পড়া গ্যালারি রঙিন করলেন খাবরা|trans-title=Khabra colored the overflowing gallery|language=bn|first=Debanjan|last=Banerjee|date=9 August 2015|access-date=2 March 2023|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114162740/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|archive-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> Traditionally, the home kit consists of a red and yellow jersey with black shorts, while the away kit colors vary every year.<ref name=":10" /> These colors came about after the club was formed when the founders debated over them for the club jersey. At that time, the jerseys used to come from England. The founders, while searching, came across the red and gold color shirt hanging at the [[Whiteaway Laidlaw|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co.]] department store in [[Chowringhee]], Kolkata. It attracted them, and they finalized the colors and jersey. It cost ₹80 in 1920, four times higher than the average.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|access-date=26 September 2020|website=eastbengalclub.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918094050/https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|url-status=live}}</ref> These colours permanently integrated with the club.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" />
{|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_Home_Trad
|pattern_so = _goldtop
|leftarm = ED1C24
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FFC90E
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Traditional kit
}}
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_19_20
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Centenary year kit
}}
|}
{{clear}}

=== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
! Period
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor
! Back sponsor
! Chest sponsor
! Sleeve sponsor
|-
|1993–94
| rowspan="3" |
| Verona
| rowspan="9" |
| rowspan="11" |
| rowspan="12" |
|-
|1994–95
| [[McDowell's No.1]]
|-
|1995–96
| rowspan="2" | [[Emami]]<ref>{{cite web|date=26 May 2022|url=https://www.thewall.in/sports/east-bengal-emami-return-to-eb-after-25-years/|title=East Bengal। Emami: ২৫ বছর পর ইমামি ফিরল ইস্টবেঙ্গল জার্সিতে, নস্টালজিয়ার গন্ধে বিভোর লাল-হলুদ জনতা|trans-title=East Bengal. Emami: Emami returns to East Bengal jersey after 25 years, nostalgia amidst red-yellow crowd|language=bn|work=The Wall|accessdate=26 May 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811075017/https://www.thewall.in/sports/east-bengal-emami-return-to-eb-after-25-years/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1996–97
| [[Umbro]]
|-
|1997–98
| Duta Sports
| [[Khadim's]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=What transpired when East Bengal and Mohun Bagan partnered with corporate giants? {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-partnership-ub-group/1uxgcn7o5qo5k1snwk907rwnbj|access-date=2020-10-20|website=goal.com|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123230/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-partnership-ub-group/1uxgcn7o5qo5k1snwk907rwnbj|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1998–00
| [[Adidas]]
| rowspan="11" | [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]<ref name=":13" />
|-
|2000–05
| [[Reebok]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2003 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2005–06
| [[Pony International|Pony]]<ref>{{cite web|date=8 Jun 2005|title=East Bengal ink deal with Pony|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/East-Bengal-ink-deal-with-Pony/articleshow/1135368.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/East-Bengal-ink-deal-with-Pony/articleshow/1135368.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2006–09
| rowspan="2" | [[Reebok]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200608.html|title=East Bengal Club sings deal with Reebok|work=Indian Football News|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051314/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200608.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2009–10
| [[ONGC]]
|-
|2010–11
| rowspan="2" |
| [[Saradha Group|Saradha]]
|-
|2011–14
| [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]]
| [[Rose Valley financial scandal|Rose Valley]]
|-
|2014–15
| rowspan="3" | Shiv Naresh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/shiv-naresh-the-new-kit-sponsor-of-east-bengal|title=Shiv-Naresh - The new kit sponsor of East Bengal|work=Sportskeeda|date=March 2014 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023041854/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/shiv-naresh-the-new-kit-sponsor-of-east-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Artage
| rowspan="6" |
| Artage
|-
|2015–16
| [[SRMB Steel|SRMB]]
| rowspan="7" |
|-
|2016–17
| [[Officer's Choice|Officer's Choice Blue]]
|-
|2017–18
| rowspan="2" | Perf<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-pen-deal-with-italian-brand-perf|title=I-League 2017/18: East Bengal pen deal with Italian brand PERF|work=Sportskeeda|date=24 November 2017 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021143733/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-pen-deal-with-italian-brand-perf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Shyam Steel
|-
|2018–19
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Quess
|-
|2019–20
| Kaizen Sports<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=Report: East Bengal to tie-up with Kaizen Sports as new kit sponsor|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-new-kit-sponsor-kaizen-sports/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123234/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-new-kit-sponsor-kaizen-sports|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020–21
| [[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=tykasports |author=[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]] |number=1323943746594086923 |date=4 November 2020 |title=Proud to be associated with sceastbengalofficial as their official kit supplier.|link=https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122170915/https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |archive-date=22 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Shree Cement]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SC East Bengal official website (front page) |url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |website=sceastbengal.co |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123857/https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| TV9 Bangla
| rowspan="2" | TopTech
|-
|2021–22
| Reyaur<ref>{{cite tweet |user=sc_eastbengal |author=SC East Bengal |number=1447520988480999424 |date=11 October 2021 |title=SC East Bengal is happy to announce 𝐑𝐞𝐲𝐚𝐮𝐫 as its official 𝙠𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 & 𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙣𝙚𝙧. |link=https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reyaur Sports announces partnership with East Bengal|url=https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1447527272869613568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011113940/https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1447527272869613568|archive-date=11 October 2021|access-date=12 October 2021|publisher=Reyaur Sports}}</ref>
|-
|2022–23
| rowspan="3" |Trak-Only<ref>{{cite tweet|user=trakonly|author=TrakOnly|number=1575485545941471233|date=29 September 2022|link=https://twitter.com/trakonly/status/1575485545941471233|title=The 2022-23 East Bengal FC x Trak-Only jerseys are here|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1684217694579564549|user=eastbengal_fc|title=We are glad to continue our association with Trak only for the upcoming season!|author=East Bengal FC|date=2023-07-26|access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>
| [[1xBet|1XBat]]<ref>{{cite tweet|user=eg_eastbengal|author=Emami East Bengal|number=1575421017409064960|date=29 September 2022|link=https://twitter.com/eg_eastbengal/status/1575421017409064960|title=Welcoming 1xBatSporting to the Red and Gold Family! We are proud to announce that news portal 1xBat Sporting Lines will be our principal sponsors for the upcoming season.|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>
| [[Emami|Mantra Masala]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Emami]]
| Alliance Broadband
|-
|2023–24
| colspan="2" | Batery
| [[Emami|BoroPlus]]
|-
|2024–25
|
| [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]
| [[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Gluco+]]
|}

== Supporters ==
[[File:East Bengal smoke show.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Smoke show during a CFL match against NBP Rainbow at East Bengal Ground]]
[[File:East Bengal Club supporters at the Salt Lake Stadium.jpg|thumb|East Bengal supporters at Salt Lake Stadium during the Kolkata Derby in [[2022 Durand Cup]]]]{{Main|East Bengal Ultras|East Bengal the Real Power}}

East Bengal is a club mainly supported by the migrant population, known as ''[[Bangal|Bangals]]''. There are approximately 30 to 40 million supporters from all across the nation and overseas.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> In October 2020, the club got voted as the most popular football club in India on an AFC poll by its supporters, gaining approximately 49% of the votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The most popular football clubs: India {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}}|url=https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/the-most-popular-football-clubs-india|access-date=2020-12-12|website=the-AFC|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123231/https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/the-most-popular-football-clubs-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[East Bengal Ultras]], the main [[ultras]] (supporters) group of East Bengal, was established in 2013. It was the first ultras group to be established in the country. Since its inception, this group has set many new records and broken older ones. Though initially, people were skeptical about the group, now they have seen in what ways this group is benefitting Indian football. Though all these achievements came along with some controversies. As in the past, there have been fights and hooliganism among the fans of the rival clubs, the administration does not completely trust the group's functioning. <ref name=":03">{{cite web |title=Corteo and Pyros : When East Bengal Ultras did a Legia Warsaw – Sportskeeda |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/corteo-and-pyros-when-east-bengal-ultras-did-a-legia-warsaw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223457/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/corteo-and-pyros-when-east-bengal-ultras-did-a-legia-warsaw|archive-date=21 August 2018|access-date=21 August 2018 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=East Bengal – Salgaocar 21.02.2016 |url=http://www.ultras-tifo.net/match-reports/4100-east-bengal-salgaocar-21022016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014724/http://www.ultras-tifo.net/match-reports/4100-east-bengal-salgaocar-21022016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2018|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

Established on 15 November 2006, [[East Bengal the Real Power]] is India's first registered fan club. It is East Bengal's largest fan club and one of the largest in the country. In its early years, its functioning was limited to online platforms, but later on, it became a [[Supporters' groups|supporters' group]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=East Bengal the Real POWER's Journey of a Decade |url=http://rajarshissportsworld.blogspot.com/2015/11/east-bengal-real-powers-journey-of.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716202123/http://rajarshissportsworld.blogspot.com/2015/11/east-bengal-real-powers-journey-of.html|archive-date=16 July 2019|access-date=9 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desi Tadka: East Bengal On Orkut {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2009/03/06/1141479/desi-tadka-east-bengal-on-orkut|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716200825/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2009/03/06/1141479/desi-tadka-east-bengal-on-orkut|archive-date=16 July 2019|access-date=10 June 2020|website=goal.com}}</ref>

== Rivalries ==
=== Kolkata Derby ===
{{Main|Kolkata Derby}}[[File:Kolkata_Derby.jpg|alt=|thumb|225x225px|[[2019-20 I-League|2019–20 season]] Kolkata Derby at the Salt Lake Stadium]]
East Bengal has its fiercest rivalry with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. The match that takes place between these two clubs is eminently called the Kolkata Derby. The Kolkata Derby has much similarities with the [[Old Firm|Old Firm Derby]] played between [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] and [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] due to its socio-economic significance. It is one of the oldest rivalries in world sports and dates back to the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> These clubs also share a rivalry due to the fierce competition that existed between them in the Indian football circuit for over a hundred years, both being the two most successful clubs in India, and one of the most decorated in Asia, both having won 190+ titles. After [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]], the consequent [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|second partition of Bengal]] led to huge influx of Bengali immigrants from the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam|eastern part of Bengal]] into the neighbouring states which resulted in a socio-economic crisis in many of them. This led to rivalries in jobs, business, schools, and even on the football pitch among the immigrants and native population. This rivalry became fierce, and the Kolkata Derby grew in popularity and reached its peak during the 1960s and 1970s. "Probashi Bengalis" from all over India and the world would also set their keen eyes on this event, as it was a way for them to re-integrate with their culture after the partition. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Adnan |title=The Kolkata derby: Asia's fiercest footballing rivalry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kolkata-derby-asia-fiercest-footballing-rivalry-180424202807467.html|access-date=26 August 2019 |website=aljazeera.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826125159/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kolkata-derby-asia-fiercest-footballing-rivalry-180424202807467.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to FIFA.com News - India's all-consuming rivalry |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/india-all-consuming-rivalry-1414458 |access-date=1 August 2020 |publisher=FIFA |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020140/https://www.fifa.com/news/india-all-consuming-rivalry-1414458 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kolkata Derby consistently brings in 60,000+ spectators on each match day and remains as one of the most viewed sporting events in the country. Both sets of supporters have unconditional love for their clubs, which is often vocalized in the form of chants and displaying [[Tifo|tifos]]. The Kolkata Derby holds a record of {{Lakh|1.3}} spectators, the most attended sporting event ever in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Largest Sporting Crowds |url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/crowd-largest.htm|access-date=10 June 2020 |website=topendsports.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155044/https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/crowd-largest.htm|archive-date=6 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

=== Mini Derby ===
[[File:INDvsBAN_2019_BluePilgrimTifo(MB-EB-MM).jpg|alt=Blue Pilgrims unfurl a tifo displaying different club fans united together.|thumb|Tifo displaying fans of (''left to right'') Mohammedan, Mohun Bagan and East Bengal united as the [[12th man (football)|12th man]] in support for [[India national football team|India]] at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan in 2019.]]
East Bengal also has a significant rivalry against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> The initiation of the feuds goes back to the early 30s, when Mohammedan came out as a dominant contender for Calcutta Football League by winning seven out of eight titles from 1934 to 1941. Since then until 1958, all the CFL titles were won among these three rival clubs, often referred as the ''Big Three of [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ময়দানের তিন প্রধান),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/a-50708791|title=৬১ বছর পর তিন প্রধান ম্লান|website=amp.dw.com|publisher=DW News Bangla|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=5 October 2019|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014062657/https://amp.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/a-50708791|language=bn}}</ref> and even in other major tournaments like [[Durand Cup]], [[Rovers Cup|Rover's Cup]] and [[IFA Shield]], the three clubs contended against each other for the honours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kolkata-maidan-indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/1he6ouqlnld341bjxq68ny9qf0|title=Vibrant times for Kolkata Maidan!|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Goal.com|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023061307/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kolkata-maidan-indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/1he6ouqlnld341bjxq68ny9qf0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/sheikh-kamal-international-club-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sc|title=East Bengal, Mohun Bagan & Mohammedan invited to Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup in Bangladesh|date=10 August 2019|access-date=1 March 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sourav|last=Neogi|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720131646/https://khelnow.com/football/sheikh-kamal-international-club-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kickstarting-a-makeover-for-corporate-mohammedan-sporting-club/88053/ Kickstarting a makeover for corporate Mohammedan Sporting Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181908/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kickstarting-a-makeover-for-corporate-mohammedan-sporting-club/88053/ |date=9 July 2021 }} ''financialexpress.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2021</ref> The rivalry initially had a communal background since Mohammedan being a [[Muslims|Muslim]]-only club representing the [[Bengali Muslims|Muslim population]] of Kolkata, thereby forcing the [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] in the city to compete via their support for Mohun Bagan and East Bengal even though they weren't communal clubs themselves. By the 1960s, communal tension involved in the feud became insignificant as the club began to regularly sign non-Muslim players as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the "natives" to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> But the club also lost their dominance in Indian football and after the inception of national tournaments like [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], Mohammedan was no more a top club and mostly playing in the lower tiers. Thus, the club rarely met Mohun Bagan and East Bengal at major tournaments due to them being in the top tier. Mohammedan won the [[I-league]] in 2023–24 season and was promoted to [[Indian Super League|ISL]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganapathy |first=Vivek |date=2024-04-06 |title=I-League 2023-24 LIVE Score: Mohammedan Sporting Strike Early at Shillong Lajjong; SLFC 0-1 MSC |url=https://www.news18.com/football/i-league-2023-24-live-shillong-lajjong-against-mohammedan-sporting-slfc-vs-msc-8842416.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the ever fierce East Bengal-Mohun Bagan feud termed as [[Kolkata Derby]], the matches including Mohammedan and Mohun Bagan or East Bengal is commonly termed as Mini Kolkata Derby.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-mini-kolkata-derby-live-lineup-streaming-commentary-score-goals-result/article29456255.ece Calcutta Football League, Mini Derby: Mohammedan upsets Mohun Bagan 3-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182319/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-mini-kolkata-derby-live-lineup-streaming-commentary-score-goals-result/article29456255.ece |date=9 July 2021 }} ''sportstar.thehindu.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Atanu |first=Mitra |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|access-date=30 June 2021|title=How Asia's oldest football league made its mark|website=redbull.com|date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181447/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|title=Federation Cup: East Bengal 1-1 Mohammedan Sporting - Red & Gold Brigade Held After Unconvincing Display|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029051716/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|archive-date=29 October 2011|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=17 September 2011|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

== Ownership ==
East Bengal is mainly organized as a registered society under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]], which means one can avail of membership in the club. There are around 12,000 members.<ref name=":5" /> Although, a [[limited company]], named East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd., was later formed, and both are governed by the club parallelly. Sponsorships and investments happen via this [[Corporation|corporate]] company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 Nov 2014|title=East Bengal knocks on ED door|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|access-date=11 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The club is governed by its own set of rules and regulations. [[Constitutional amendment|Amendments]] and resolutions are passed via [[Extraordinary general meeting|extraordinary]] or [[annual general meeting]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Sayak Dipta|date=2020-10-09|title=ISL 2020-21: Impasse over transfer of power officially ends in East Bengal FC|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2020-21-impasse-transfer-power-officially-ends-east-bengal-fc|access-date=2020-10-12|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014082218/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2020-21-impasse-transfer-power-officially-ends-east-bengal-fc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Soham|date=21 Sep 2020|title=Transfer of sporting rights to Shree Cement East Bengal Foundation on agenda in EGM|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|access-date=12 Oct 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005111805/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently the football rights are with a new merged entity, Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd. jointly owned by East Bengal and [[Emami|Emami Group]] who owns 77% stake of the whole club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paperwork done between Emami and East Bengal, it's time for football |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210631/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Stadiums ==
The club has used several [[stadium]]s at Kolkata, [[Howrah]] and [[Barasat]], including the [[Eden Gardens]], which has been reserved for cricket since Salt Lake Stadium opened in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|title=The 10 largest football stadiums in the world: #2 – Salt Lake Stadium (Kolkata, India)|website=soccerlens.com|publisher=Sports Lens|date=24 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126003534/http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|first=Chris|last=Mann}}</ref> The first ground used by the club was Kumartuli Park in north Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[VIDEO] Bhaichung Bhutia kickstarts East Bengal FC's centenary celebrations with grand torch rally in Kolkata |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|access-date=8 June 2020 |website=timesnownews.com |date=29 July 2019 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130841/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|archive-date=8 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Nilesh|date=29 July 2019|title=Sea of red and gold floods Kolkata as East Bengal launch centenary gala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|access-date=17 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Salt Lake Stadium ===
{{Main|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan}}
[[File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png|alt=|thumb|Salt Lake Stadium]]
The Salt Lake Stadium, also known as ''Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan'' (VYBK), is a multi-purpose stadium in Kolkata, built in 1984. The Salt Lake Stadium hosts the majority home games of East Bengal. The total capacity of the stadium was 85,000, before it was changed to 68,000.<ref name="EastBengalStadiums">{{cite web |title=East Bengal Ground |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526131313/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |work=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref>

=== East Bengal Ground ===
[[File:EB-Ground.png|thumb|225x225px|East Bengal Ground|alt=]]
{{Main|East Bengal Ground}}
The East Bengal Ground is located in Kolkata and is the club's historical home ground.The stadium lies in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)]] area on the northern side of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and near the Eden Gardens. This stadium is used mostly for Calcutta Football League matches and by the academy, women's, and hockey teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল আজ নিজেদের মাঠে খেলবে প্রথম ম্যাচ, জয় ফিরতে মরিয়া মশাল ব্রিগেড|first=Rohan|last=Roy Chowdhury|trans-title=East Bengal will play the first match at their own ground today, Mashal Brigade is desperate to return the win|website=bengali.news18.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=News18 Bangla|language=bn|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727141048/https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|archive-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> The total capacity of the stadium is 23,500.<ref name=EastBengalStadiums/>

=== Other grounds ===
[[Barasat Stadium]] is also used by the club for some regional matches, especially in cases where the Salt Lake Stadium or East Bengal Ground cannot be used.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report |title=East Bengal edge Mohun Bagan to IFA Sheild title after thrilling penalty shootout |last=Now |first=Khel |website=khelnow.com |date=19 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122721/https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], a multipurpose stadium based in [[Siliguri]], has also been used several times to host club football matches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html |title=I-League: Mohun Bagan gear up to take on arch-rivals East Bengal |website=News18|date=April 2016 |access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122718/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It also hosted the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012 Federation Cup]]. [[Kalyani Stadium]], situated on the outskirts of Kolkata at [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], was used by East Bengal as their home turf during the 2019–20 I-League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=East Bengal Announce Kalyani Stadium as Their Home Venue for I-League 2019–20 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122700/https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The team also trains at one of the VYBK practice grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Surface Tension in Kolkata: The Pain of Football in the Rain |url=https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=NewsClick |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122815/https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Players ==
{{Main|List of East Bengal FC players}}
{{Further|topic=squad|2024–25 East Bengal FC season#First-team squad|}}
{{See also|List of East Bengal FC captains|List of foreign East Bengal FC players}}
=== Current squad ===

{{updated|February 2026}}<ref name=islsquad>{{cite web|author=ISL Media|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile/squad|title=Squad - East Bengal FC|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004094314/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile/squad|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Provat Lakra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Lalchungnunga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=[[Kevin Sibille]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Vishnu P. V.]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Miguel Figueira]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Youssef Ezzejjari]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Edmund Lalrindika]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Nandhakumar Sekar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammad Rakip]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[David Lalhlansanga]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Martand Raina}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Saúl Crespo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Souvik Chakrabarti]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Debjit Majumder]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Jeakson Singh]]}}
{{Fs Player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jay Gupta]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ramsanga Tlaichhun}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=PLE|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammed Rashid]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=DEN|pos=FW|name=[[Anton Søjberg]]}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Promoted from reserve squad ===
{{For|more details on this topic and current reserves and academy squads|East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy{{!}}East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Aditya Patra}}(Captain)
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Vanlalpeka Guite}}
{{Fs player|no=58|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sanjib Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=59|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Jesin TK]]}}
{{Fs player|no=61|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Tanmay Das}}(Vice Captain)
{{Fs player|no=63|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Monotosh Chakladar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=64|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Naseeb Rahaman}}
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shyamal Beshra}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=72|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Bikram Pradhan}}
{{Fs player|no=80|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajad Sahim}}
{{Fs player|no=84|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sayan Banerjee]]}}
{{Fs player|no=85|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Chaku Mandi}}
{{Fs player|no=90|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Joseph Justin}}
{{Fs player|no=95|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Gourab Shaw}}
{{Fs end}}

== Personnel ==
{{Main|List of East Bengal FC coaches}}

=== Current technical staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" | Position
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|Head of Football Operations
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thangboi Singto]]
|-
|Head coach
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Óscar Bruzón]]
|-
|Assistant coach
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Adrian Rubio Martinez {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Felix D'Souza]]
|-
|Fitness coach
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} Javier Sánchez
|-
|Head of Physiotherapist
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Firoz Shaikh
|-
|Assistant Physiotherapist
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Arghya Basu
|-
|Team Manager
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Pratim Kumar Saha
|-
|Performance & video analyst
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Aromal Vijayan
|-
|Team doctor
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mustufa Poonawalla
|-
|Masseur
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajesh Basak
|-
|}

=== Corporate team ===
As of May 2025
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" |Position
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
|CEO
|{{flagicon|IND}} Namrata Parekh
|-
|General manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kamal Biswas
|-
|Media manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ritam Basu
|-
|Team photographer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tanmoy Das
|-
|Operations and accreditation manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Dutta
|-
|}

== Management ==
{{updated|November 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/business-leader-lohia-becomes-east-bengal-president-aims-to-take-it-among-the-best-clubs-of-asia-3063996|title=Business leader Lohia becomes East Bengal president, aims to take it among the 'best clubs of Asia'|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" |Role
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
|President
|{{flagicon|IND}} Murari Lal Lohia
|-
|Chief advisor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pronab Dasgupta
|-
|Vice-presidents
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ajoy Krishna Chatterjee, {{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Bagri, {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Chakraborty, {{flagicon|IND}} Kalyan Majumdar
|-
|General secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rupak Saha
|-
|Assistant general secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Santi Ranjan Dasgupta
|-
|Finance secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sadananda Mukherjee
|-
|Treasurer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debdas Samajdar
|-
|Football secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Ganguly
|-
|Cricket secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Acharya
|-
|Hockey secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prabir Kumar Dafaddar
|-
|Athletic secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Partha Pratim Roy
|-
|Tennis secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Indranil Ghosh
|-
|Ground secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajat Guha
|-
|Executive committee members
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]], {{flagicon|IND}} Molly Ganguly, {{flagicon|IND}} Sri Subir Ganguly, {{flagicon|IND}} Santosh Bhattacharya, {{flagicon|IND}} Diptendu Mohan Bose, {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharta Sarcar, {{flagicon|IND}} Debabrata Sarkar, {{flagicon|IND}} Birendra Kumar Saha, {{flagicon|IND}} Dipankar Chakraborty, {{flagicon|IND}} Biswajit Mazumdar, {{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Roy, {{flagicon|IND}} Suman Dasgupta, {{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Roy Chowdhury, {{flagicon|IND}} Tamal Ghosal, {{flagicon|IND}} Beni Madhab Bhattacharya, {{flagicon|IND}} Manab Paul, {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Dasgupta, {{flagicon|IND}} Saroj Bhattacharjee, {{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Bose, {{flagicon|IND}} Bikash Dutta, {{flagicon|IND}} Biplab Paul
|-
|}

=== Board of directors ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" |Emami Group
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" |East Bengal
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aditya V. Agarwal
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debabrata Sarkar
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manish Goenka
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rupak Saha
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Agrawal
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sadananda Mukherjee
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gatum Jatia
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} S. N. Paul
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saurabh Dasgupta
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manoj Agarwal
|
|}

== Records ==
{{Main|List of East Bengal FC records and statistics}}

{{Further|List of East Bengal FC seasons|East Bengal FC league record by opponent}}

=== Indian Super League ===
{{#section-h:East Bengal FC league record by opponent|League record by ISL season}}

=== NFL/I-League ===
{{#section-h:East Bengal FC league record by opponent|League record by NFL/I-League season}}

== Performance in AFC competitions ==
{{Main|East Bengal FC in international football}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Competition
!Appearances
!Seasons
!Best result
|-
|[[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championship]]
|2
|[[1985–86 Asian Club Championship|1985–86]], [[1998–99 Asian Club Championship|1998–99]]
|Group stage
|-
|[[Asian Cup Winners' Cup]]
|5
|[[1991-92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1991–92]], [[1993-94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1993–94]], [[1994-95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1994–95]], [[1995 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1995]], [[1997-98 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1997–98]]
|Quarter-finals ([[1991–92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1991–92]])
|-
|[[AFC Champions League Two|AFC Cup/AFC Champions League Two]]
|9
|[[2004 AFC Cup|2004]], [[2005 AFC Cup|2005]], [[2008 AFC Cup|2008]], [[2010 AFC Cup|2010]], [[2011 AFC Cup|2011]], [[2012 AFC Cup|2012]], [[2013 AFC Cup|2013]], [[2015 AFC Cup|2015]], [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|2024–25]]
|Semi-finals ([[2013 AFC Cup|2013]])
|-
|[[AFC Challenge League]]
|1
|[[2024–25 AFC Challenge League|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-11-01 |title=অস্কার ব্রুজোর জাদুতে এএফসি চ্যালেঞ্জ লিগের কোয়ার্টার ফাইনালে ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://bongfootball.in/east-bengal-qualifies-for-afc-challenge-league-quarter-finals/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-10-28 |title=বসুন্ধরার বিরুদ্ধে ম্যাচের আগে দলের ঘাটতির কথা স্বীকার করলেন ইস্টবেঙ্গল কোচ ব্রুজোঁ |url=https://bongfootball.in/oscar-bruzon-admitting-east-bengal-team-failures-before-basundhara-match/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-10-26 |title=পারোর বিরুদ্ধে ড্র, টানা আট ম্যাচ পর এএফসিতে স্বস্তির পয়েন্ট পেল ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://bongfootball.in/eastbengal-vs-parofc-afcchallengeleague-review/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Anindya |date=2024-11-03 |title=East Bengal vs FK Arkadag: An Epic Clash Awaits in AFC Challenge League Quarter-Finals |url=https://en.bongfootball.in/east-bengal-vs-fk-arkadag-an-epic-clash-awaits-in-afc-challenge-league-quarter-finals/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Quarter-finals ([[2024–25 AFC Challenge League|2024-25]])
|}
{{Further|List of East Bengal FC matches against foreign opponents}}
{{Notelist|refs=


}}

== Honours ==
East Bengal Club has won honours both domestically and in international competitions.<ref name=trophylist/> They have won the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] title 3 times and the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] 8 times.<ref name=trophylist/> They also won the [[Calcutta Football League]] a record 40 times and the [[IFA Shield]] a record 29 times.<ref name=trophylist/> The club has won more than 150 trophies, which are listed below:<ref name=trophylist/><ref name="trophylist2">{{cite web |title=YEAR WISE TROPHY LIST |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/eastbengalclub/trophy-room/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192235/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/eastbengalclub/trophy-room/ |archive-date=5 July 2021 |accessdate=6 Jul 2021 |work=East Bengal the Real Power}}</ref>

* {{legend|gold|Record}}
* {{sup|S}} Shared record
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:88%; text-align:left"
|+ East Bengal Club honours
!Type
!Tournament
! width="5%" | No.
!width="50%"| Years
|-
| colspan="4" |{{align|center|'''AFC Central Asia Qualifier'''}}
|-
![[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| [[File:AFC text logo.png|20x20px]] [[Central Asia Champions' Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
|[[1985–86 Asian Club Championship#Central Asia (Coca-Cola Cup)|1985]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{align|center|'''International (Major)''' }}
|-
![[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]]
| {{flagicon|ASEAN}} [[ASEAN Club Championship]]
| bgcolor="gold" | {{align|center|'''1'''{{sup|S}}}}
| [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|2003]]
|-
!
| colspan="3" |{{align|center|'''Domestic (Major)'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| [[2000-01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]], [[2002-03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]], [[2003-04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]/[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''9'''}}
| 1978, 1980, 1985, [[1996 Indian Federation Cup Final|1996]], [[2007 Indian Federation Cup Final|2007]], [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|2009–10]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]], [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]], [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| 1997, [[2006 Indian Super Cup|2006]], [[2011 Indian Super Cup|2011]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Football League]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''41'''}}
| 1942, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, [[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014]], 2015, [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016]], [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017]], [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[IFA Shield]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''29'''}}
| 1943, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, [[2002–03 IFA Shield Final|2002–03]], [[2012 IFA Shield|2012]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Durand Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''16'''}}
| 1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, 1972,1978, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2004
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rovers Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''10'''}}
| 1949, 1962, 1967, 1969,1972. 1973, 1975, 1980, 1990, 1994
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!113
!
|-
| colspan="4" |{{align|center|'''Domestic (Minor and Other Trophies)'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[DCM Trophy]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''7'''}}
| 1950, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1973, 1974, 1983
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
| {{align|center|'''5'''}}
| 1968, 1972, 1973, 1978, 1992
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''7'''}}
| 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''5'''}}
| 1976, 1981, 1982, 1985, 2018{{efn|name=Reserves|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Reserves]] participated in the tournament.}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[McDowell's Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| 1995, 1997, 2000
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1968, 1986
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stafford Challenge Cup|Stafford Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1981, 1986
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjay Gandhi Gold Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1984
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalinga Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1993
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} SSS Trophy
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1989, 1991
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Independence Day Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 2002
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. H. K. Mookherjee Shield
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1957, 1961
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[ATPA Shield]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1992
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} P. K. Nair Gold Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1956
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kerala FA Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1968
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammedan Sporting Platinum Jubilee Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 2010
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Hercules Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1920
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Khogendra Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1921
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Chandannager Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1920
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sachin Memorial Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1921
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Cooch Behar Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''5'''}}
| 1924, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1960
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Trades Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''4'''}}
| 1960, 1966, 1975, 1976
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Gladstone Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1929
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Griffith Shield
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1929, 1946
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lady Hardinge Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1940
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lakshmibilas Cup
| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| 1920, 1968, 1969
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Bardwan Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1938
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} S.C.I.S.T. Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1947
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} William Younger Cup
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1969, 1976
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Girija Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1942
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Raja Memorial Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1960
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Madhyamgram MLA Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 2023{{efn|name=Reserves}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kulodakanta Memorial Shield
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 2023{{efn|name=Reserves}},2025{{efn|name=Reserves}}
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Total'''
! 71
!
|-
! colspan="2" |'''All Total'''
! '''185'''m
!
|}
*m Including minor trophies
{{notelist}}

== Affiliated clubs ==

The following club was formerly affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester City FC|Leicester City]] (2002–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: ISL and I-League clubs and their tie-ups with foreign clubs|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094432/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|title=FEATUREDISL and I-League Clubs, Their Tie-ups With Foreign Sides|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 January 2022|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|first=Manas Ranjan|last=Pandab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117005759/https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/10-partnerships-between-indian-and-european-football-clubs-which-broke-down|title=10 Partnerships between Indian and European football clubs which broke down|date=28 June 2019|access-date=15 January 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|first1=Abhishek|last1=Kundu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229133036/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/10-partnerships-between-indian-and-european-football-clubs-which-broke-down|archive-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
The following club is currently affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Russel KC]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|title=East Bengal: ফুটবলের উন্নয়নে শেখ রাসেল ক্রীড়াচক্রের সঙ্গে কাজ করবে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=16 March 2022|access-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316161247/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|archive-date=16 March 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|title=East Bengal sign strategic partnership with Bangladesh side Sheikh Russel|website=Khel Now|first=Swapnomoy|last=Chakraborty|date=16 March 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316153529/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[East Bengal FC in international football|East Bengal in international football]]
* [[East Bengal FC league record by opponent|East Bengal league record by opponent]]
* [[List of East Bengal FC matches against foreign opponents|List of East Bengal matches against Foreign teams]]
* [[List of foreign East Bengal FC players|List of foreign players for East Bengal]]
* [[List of East Bengal FC records and statistics|List of East Bengal records and statistics]]
* [[Indian football clubs in Asian competitions]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|title=East Bengal 100|publisher=Allsport Foundation|date=1 January 2021|first=Gautam|last=Roy|isbn=978-8194763109}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*[[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Chatterjee, Partha]]. ''The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-colonial Histories'' (Calcutta: [[Oxford University Press]], 1995).
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*Goswami, Ramesh Chandra (1963). ''East Bengaler Itihas'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Book Garden.
*Bandyopadhyay, Santipriya (1979). ''Cluber Naam East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: New Bengal Press.
*Chattopadhyay, Hariprasad (2017). ''Mohun Bagan–East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Parul Prakashan.
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}

'''Other sources'''
*{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2-3-5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|title=Time to regain lost glory|date=17 January 2015|first=Hariprasad|last=Chattopadhyay|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|archive-date=5 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|title=The Calcutta Football League (CFL) — Winners of each season|date=2021|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|archive-date=28 January 2021|website=ifawb.org|publisher=Indian Football Association|location=Kolkata|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/811601/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-indian-football-coach-whom-players-swore-by-and-swore-at|title=Amal Dutta (1930—2016): the Indian football coach whom players swore by and swore at|date=12 July 2016|access-date=26 November 2022|first1=Atanu|last1=Mitra|location=Kolkata|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193003/https://scroll.in/field/811601/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-indian-football-coach-whom-players-swore-by-and-swore-at|website=Scroll.in}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2016/jul/11/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-forgotten-visionary-of-indian-football-879765.html|title=Amal Dutta (1930—2016): The forgotten visionary of Indian football|date=11 July 2016|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230055319/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2016/jul/11/Amal-Dutta-1930-2016-The-forgotten-visionary-of-Indian-football-879765.html|website=newindianexpress.com|url-status=live|publisher=The New Indian Express}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://emamieastbengal.com/}}
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-sc-east-bengal-profile Club profile] at the ISL website

{{Note to editors|NOTE TO EDITORS:
Before adding any external links to this section, please read Wikipedia's external links policy at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL and the "Links to be avoided" section especially. If the site you are linking to is primarily a blog or forum with little additional content, then it will be removed as it contravenes the agreed conventions for inclusion.}}
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{{Coord|22|33|34.06|N|88|20|35.65|E|display=title}}

[[Category:East Bengal FC| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]

Prema Tarangalu

2026-03-22T07:19:31Z

CleanupBot: /* top */ Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Tarangalu
| image = Prema Tarangalu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Chitti Babu]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1980|10|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Prema Tarangalu''''' ({{translation|Waves of love}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[S. P. Chitti Babu]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], and [[Chiranjeevi]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite web |title=రెబల్‌ స్టార్‌, మెగాస్టార్‌ల చిత్రానికి 40 ఏళ్ళు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/krishnam-raju-chiranjeevi-combo-prema-tarangalu-completes-40-years/articleshow/78839024.cms |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |access-date=18 February 2021 |language=te |date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Orphaned and abused at a very young age, a young boy, Vijay struggles to make a living by slaving day and night, working in the house of a wealthy man named Ranga Rao ([[Kanta Rao]]). Rao does not like Vijay. It is later revealed that another orphan had taken advantage of his kindness in the past, hence his animosity. Rao's young daughter Sujata, however, empathizes with the boy and they form a friendship. Eventually, he is adopted by a woman ([[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]) who also works for Ranga Rao. On Sujata's birthday, Vijay who promised to replace one of her dolls which he had broken, steals an expensive doll from a shop to give as a gift. However, Rao refuses to let the boy attend the party and when Vijay breaks into Sujata's room to deliver the doll he is caught and accused of trying to rob the house. He and his mother are banished from the Rao household. Shortly thereafter, Vijay's mother dies, leaving him with the responsibility of looking after her daughter.

As Vijay is crying in the graveyard, a [[fakir]] comes to him and asks him to embrace the woes of life and find happiness in sadness, for then he would become the conqueror of fate. A grown up Vijay ([[Krishnam Raju]]) has amassed a fortune by turning in smuggled goods to the police and receiving the reward payouts. With all his wealth, he has built an impressive house for himself and set up a profitable business.

Vijay still has not forgotten Sujata ([[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]) from his childhood. She and her father have fallen on hard times, and Vijay is anonymously supporting them. Eventually, he gets up the nerve to try to talk to Sujata, but she still believes that he betrayed her family, and she snubs him. Vijay is upset by the refusal and becomes a heavy drinker. He also visits [[Jaya Sudha]]'s [[brothel]] on a regular basis. One night, in the bar Vijay meets up with Kumar ([[Chiranjeevi]]) and a friendship, is formed between them when Kumar risks his own life to save Vijay from a [[bomb blast]]. Vijay introduces Kumar to Ranga Rao and the two begin to work together.

Jaya eventually falls in an unrequited love with Vijay, and this in turn angers Gangulu ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]), a hardcore criminal who loves Jaya and will kill anyone who lays an eye on her. Upon finding that Vijay is frequently visiting Jaya, Gangulu confronts Vijay and in the ensuing fight is thrashed by him. He swears to kill Vijay.

Sujata discovers Vijay's kindness to her family and goes to thank him. Encouraged, Vijay tries to profess his love to Sujatha through a love letter. Because Vijay himself is illiterate, Kumar transcribes the letter for him, but the plan backfires when Sujata mistakes the letter as actually being from Kumar. Kumar, unaware that Sujata is the girl Vijay loves, reciprocates her love, and the two begin to date. Vijay, upon learning this, struggles with his emotions but decides he must sacrifice his love for the sake of his friendship with Kumar. Kumar and Sujata plan to marry.

Vijay's visits to Jaya have hampered his reputation, and the upcoming marriage of his sister is at risk of being canceled over his behavior. Kumar, knowing Vijay don't change, visits Jaya and offers to pay her if she abandons Vijay. Jaya, upon learning the reason, promises Kumar that she would sooner die than let Vijay visit her again. Later, Vijay arrives at Jaya's brothel and she refuses to let him in. Vijay demands entry and when Jaya is unable to stop him she kills herself by swallowing a diamond and dies in his arms.

Gangulu, in the meanwhile, has formed an alliance with Vijay's arch enemy and upon learning of Jaya's death hatches a plan to destroy Vijay and his family. Sujata and Vijay's sister are preparing for their weddings; the goons kidnap Vijay's sister but Kumar follows them and rescues her. Gangulu kidnaps Sujata, but Vijay follows him. He rescues Sujata and sends her home while he fights Gangulu. In the final battle, both Gangulu and Vijay are mortally wounded and Vijay tells Gangulu that he never loved Jaya. Gangulu feels regret and dies. A dying Vijay reaches the wedding of Sujata and Kumar. Just as the wedding ceremony is completed, Vijay collapses. His dying words inadvertently reveal his love for Sujata and he dies.

==Cast==
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
*K.V. Chalam as Vijay's friend
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Vijay
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Kumar
*[[Jayasudha]] as dancer
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Sujata
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Gangulu
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Ranga Rao

==Soundtrack==
* "Kalayaina Nijamaina Kadanna Ledanna" (Lyricist: [[C. Narayana Reddy]]; Singers: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[P. Susheela]])
* "Manasu Oka Mandaram Chelimi Tana Makarandam" (Lyricist: [[Atreya]]; Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Manasu Oka Mandaram" (Lyricist: Atreya; Singer: [[S. P. Sailaja]])
* "Naa Hridayam Tella Kagitam" (Lyricist: Atreya; Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela)
* "Navvenduke Ee Jeevitam Navvokkatera Shashwatam" (Lyricist: Atreya; Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Prema Tarangalu Navajeevana Ragalu" (Lyricist: C. Narayana Reddy; Singer: S. P. Balasubramanyam)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0246166|title=Prema Tarangalu}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0002241 Listen to Prema Tarangalu songs at Raaga.com]

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1980 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]

Prahallada Nataka

2026-03-22T07:19:18Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Infobox performing art|name=Prahallada Nataka|image=Archival photo of Prahallada Nataka.jpg|caption=''Raja'' or Hiranyakasyapa and Prahallada|medium=[[Odissi music]] dance-drama|types=''ekaka'' (singular), ''badi'' (two-troupe competition)|ancestor=|descendant=|culture=[[Odia culture]]|era=19th century}}{{Italic title}}

'''Prahallada Nataka''' ({{langx|or|[[:or:ପ୍ରହଲ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ|ପ୍ରହଲ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ]]}} ''Prahallāda Nāṭaka'', or simply ''Rajā Nāṭa)'' is a traditional play native to the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It narrates the story of [[Vishnu]]'s man-lion [[avatar]], [[Narasimha|Nrusingha]] or [[Narasimha]], through over 200 songs based on almost 35 ragas of [[Odissi music]]. The play is based on a text by Raja Ramakrusna Chhotaraya, King of Jalantara, a small kingdom in former southern Odisha, now in the [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Kulke 2013">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2013|title=Crisis and Contestation in the Prahlada Nataka of Ganjam|encyclopedia=Imaging Orissa|publisher=Prafulla Publication|editor-last=Kulke|editor-first=Hermann|author=[[John Emigh]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The district of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] had eighteen feudal chiefs, or [[Zamindar of Natore|''zamindars'']], who called themselves Rajas. They were patrons of art, literature and culture. The ''Prahallada Nataka'' was born in one such kingdom, or ''zamindari''.<ref name="Pattanaik 1998">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXJ1AAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Dhirendranath+Patanaik%22|title=Folk Theatre of Orissa|last=Pattanaik|first=Dhirendra Nath|publisher=Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=1998|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=29–36}}</ref>

The primary text of the ''Prahallada Nataka'' was written in the mid-19th century by Raja Ramakrusna Chhotaraya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pani|first=Jiwan|title=Back to the Roots : Essays on Performing Arts of India|publisher=Manohar|year=2004|isbn=8173045607|location=New Delhi|pages=106–110|chapter=Indian Folk Theatre|author-link=Jiwan Pani}}</ref> Dr. Bhagaban Panda dates it to 1829-1927, Suresh Balabantaray places its creation from 1857-1905,<ref name="Balabantaray 2006">{{Cite book|title=ରାଜା ରାମକୃଷ୍ଣ ଛୋଟରାୟ ବିରଚିତ ପ୍ରହ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ|last=Balabantaray|first=Suresh|publisher=Bahi Patra|year=2006|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|trans-title=Raja Ramakrusna Chhotaraya birachita Prahlada Nataka}}</ref> and Dr. [[John Emigh]] dates it to 1870-80.<ref name="Emigh 2001" /> Ramakrusna was the Raja of the small princely state of Jalantara in the southern part of Odisha that borders present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] (the region until North Srikakulam district was part of ancient [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and a large majority of the demography used to be Odia prior to 20th century state formation). Although attributed to the Raja, researchers agree that the majority of the text was written by the Odissi musician-poet Gourahari Parichha of [[Paralakhemundi]].<ref name="Kulke 2013" /><ref name="Emigh 2001">{{Cite journal|last=Emigh|first=John|author-link=John Emigh|date=September 2001|editor-last=Katyal|editor-first=Anjum|title=Use of Adversity: Embodiments of culture and crisis in the Prahlada nataka of Orissa|journal=Seagull Theatre Quarterly|publisher=Seagull Foundation for the Arts|volume=31|pages=33–55}}</ref><ref name="Patnaik 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/rare-art-form-finds-few-takers-150-year-old-traditional-dance-languishes-in-neglect/cid/455439|title=Rare art form finds few takers - 150-year-old traditional dance languishes in neglect|last=Patnaik|first=Sunil|date=28 December 2010|work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> According to Dr. Purna Mahapatra, the play was first written in Tarala by Ramachandra Suradeo, the king of Tarala and later spread to Jalantara, whose version became the most famous.

While multiple other plays on the same theme exist, Ramakrusna's is generally considered the best example of the routine and was imitated by other Rajas, including Kishore Chandra Harichandan Jagaddeb Ray of Surangi, Padmanabha Narayana Deba of [[Paralakhemundi]], and Ramachandra Suradeo of Tarala.<ref name="Pattanaik 1998" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Balabantaray 2006" />

The original manuscript was preserved in the Madras Oriental Manuscript Library and collected by the Directorate of Culture of the Government of Orissa on March 8, 1938, and securely kept in the erstwhile Ravenshaw Library (now Kanika Library). The [[Odisha State Museum]] kept a paper manuscript of the text, copied some time in the 1920s.<ref name="Balabantaray 2006" /><ref name="Chhotray 1973">{{Cite book|title=ପ୍ରହ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ|last=Chhotray|first=Raja Ramakrushna|publisher=Directorate of Cultural Affairs|year=1973|editor-last=Panda|editor-first=Bhagaban|series=Orissa Oriental Text Series (Oriya)|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|trans-title=Prahlād Nāṭaka}}</ref>
[[File:Gaurahari Parichha.jpg|thumb|Odissi musician and poet Gourahari Parichha, believed to be originator of the form]]
In the last century, as many as 172 troupes performed the play in the [[Ganjam district]]. As of the late 1990s, the play was performed by approximately 57 village theatre companies, due to dwindling audiences.<ref name="Kulke 2013" /> Only about fifty troupes exist today, as the number of professional Rajas declined from 150 to 20.<ref name="Patnaik 2018" />

== Performance ==
[[File:Guru Simanchal Patro, Prahallada Nataka.jpg|thumb|338x338px|Guru [[Simanchal Patro]], renowned for his musical prowess and lively ''abhinaya'' of Hiranyakasyapa. He received the ''[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]'' in the year 1990 for his contribution to the art form.]]Each performance lasts 12 hours. The complete play, as enacted in royal courts of Odisha's southern ''gadajatas,'' often took as long as 7 nights.

''Prahallada Nataka'' has multiple characters, but only a few remain relevant throughout the play. These include [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakasyapa]] '''Raja''<nowiki/>'; his wife, ''Lilabati''; their son, [[Prahlada|Prahallada]]; and the ''sutradhara''. Occasionally, Hiranyakasyapa's ministers ''Biprachitti'' and ''Trimastaka,'' along with the sentry, or ''duari'', occupy the stage throughout the play. In the past days, Female characters were portrayed by male actors. But now, females are participating as well.

''Prahallada Nataka'' is performed in an open-air setting. It uses a unique seven-stepped platform called the ''mancha''. This is wooden platform, around six feet high. The top of the platform has an area of about 6 x 4 feet, on which is placed the throne of Hiranyakasyapa. The ''mancha'' is usually collapsible and easily dismantled. It is erected before the performance begins. The space in front of the ''mancha'' is used as the stage. This space is identified as Hiranyakasyapa's Royal Court (containing seven steps that represent his overlordship of the seven worlds). A chair fitted on top of the platform acts as his throne. A temporary pillar is constructed opposite to the ''Mancha'' for the last scene, where Nrusingha emerges.<ref name="Balabantaray 2006" /><ref name="Chhotray 1973" />

The mask used for Nrusingha is usually one or two centuries old. It receives regular worship in a village shrine throughout the year and is worn only during a performance. As a mark of respect, the performers maintain ritual purity, which usually means abstaining from non-vegetarian food and liquor.<ref name="Chhotray 1973" />

=== Music ===
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}Music is the life of Prahallada Nataka. Since music is dominant, the lead singer, also known as the ''Gahaka'' must be an excellent vocalist. He also has to memorise the entire repertoire of songs. The Gahaka, apart from being the singer also acts as the interpreter, commentator and director of the performance. He does not have any elaborate makeup or costume but has specific songs and dialogues. He sings eulogies of deities, introduces the audience to situations and speaks the asides of a character. As an interpreter, he has the task of explaining to lay spectators the cryptic dialogues of the play. This is the reason why the ''Gahaka'' is also known as the ''Sutradhara'' in the tradition, allied to the use of the term 'Sutradhara' in Sanskrit plays.<ref name=":0" />

Prahallada Nataka has a repertoire of over three hundred songs. All the songs are classical, based on [[Odissi music]] and employ traditional ragas & talas unique to the Odissi tradition. Dhyana-shlokas of the respective ragas are sung before beginning any given song. The songs frequently employ ''padi'', a characteristic feature of Odissi music. The percussion instrument used in the music of Prahallada Nataka is a [[mardala]]. The ensemble, which typically stands on one side of the ''mancha'', includes ''[[Mardala]]'', ''Mukhabina'', ''Gini'', ''Jhanja,'' and a [[Harmonium]].<ref name=":0" />

== Recognition ==
[[File:Prahlada Nataka at Crafts Museum.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Hiranyakasyapa (standing on the ''mancha'') orders his ''duari'']]
Several performers have received awards from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India. These include Raghunath Satpathy (1980), [[Simanchal Patro]] (1990), Krishna Chandra Sahu (2000) as ''Akademi'' Awardees and Brundaban Jena (2006), Pramod Kumar Nahak (2008) as ''Yuva Puraskar'' Awardees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=all|title=SNA {{!}}{{!}} List of Awardees|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> Some eminent Gurus of the early 20th century are Guru Ghanasyama Badatya, Guru Iswara Pradhan, Guru Bankini Satpathy, Guru Arjuna Panigrahi (Adhikari), Guru Raghunath Satpathy,Guru Trinath Pradhan (Kampa), Guru Krishna Chandra Sahu (Kansari), Guru [[Simanchal Patro]], Guru Laxman Satpathy and Guru Maheswar Rana. Among notable Gurus of the form in the present era are Guru Gokulananda Pradhan ((son of Great Guru Trinath Pradhan (Kampa)) and Guru Brundabana Jena.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="https://sites.google.com/site/ourbdpur/prahallada-nataka-a-folk-drama" />

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Odia culture}}{{Odissi music}}

[[Category:Performing arts in Odisha]]
[[Category:Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Artforms based on Odissi music]]

Motu Patlu

2026-03-22T07:19:04Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Indian animated television show}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Motu Patlu.Jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Television comedy|Comedy]] [[Fantasy]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Lotpot|Motu Patlu]]|Kripa Shankar Bhardwaj}}
| creator = Jowthath Nadeem
| writer =
| director = Suhas Kadav<ref>{{cite news|last1=AnimationXpress Team|title='Motu Patlu' Premiers Today on Nickelodeon – In Conversation with director of 'Motu Patlu' Suhas Kadav|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/motu-patlu-premiers-today-on-nickelodeon-in-conversation-with-director-of-motu-patlu-suhas-kadav|access-date=24 February 2018|work=AnimationXpress|date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130753/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/motu-patlu-premiers-today-on-nickelodeon-in-conversation-with-director-of-motu-patlu-suhas-kadav|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Naman|title=India's Viacom18 Teams With Nickelodeon for 'Motu Patlu' Animation|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/viacom18-nickelodeon-for-motu-patlu-animation-1201861146/|access-date=24 February 2018|work=Variety|date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224001050/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/viacom18-nickelodeon-for-motu-patlu-animation-1201861146/|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| voices = Saurav Chakraborty Omi Sharma Sankalp Brian D. Costa Rajah Renu Sharda Umar Riaz
| theme_music_composer = [[Sandesh Shandilya]]<ref name=motupatlu>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon presents home-grown animated show 'Motu Patlu by Cosmos Entertainment/Maya Digital Studios|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/nickelodeon-presents-home-grown-animated-show-motu-patlu-by-maya-digital-studios/df6d125e-728e-4532-a742-d81f6b192a85/index.htm|publisher=Bollywoodtrade.com|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623104533/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/nickelodeon-presents-home-grown-animated-show-motu-patlu-by-maya-digital-studios/df6d125e-728e-4532-a742-d81f6b192a85/index.htm|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| opentheme = "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi" by [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| endtheme = "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi" by Sukhwinder Singh
| composer = Sandesh Shandilya
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1,220<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/what-a-journey-143864|title=Animated series Motu Patlu completes 1000 episodes|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
| list_episodes = List of Motu Patlu episodes
| executive_producer = Anu Sikka
| producer = [[Deepa Sahi]] Anish JS Mehta
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Prasad K. Patil
| camera =
| runtime = 10 minutes
| company = Maya Digital Studios [[Viacom18]]
| network = [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|10|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Inspector Chingum]]''
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

'''''Motu Patlu''''' is an Indian [[animated sitcom]] that premiered on [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] on 16 October 2012. Adapted from the classic comic strip ''[[Lotpot]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=Storyboard18: Catching up with Motu Patlu ahead of Children's Day |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/storyboard18/storyboard18-catching-up-with-motu-patlu-ahead-of-childrens-day-15152361.htm |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> the series focuses on the misadventures of two friends, Motu and Patlu, landing in trouble and comical situations, later being rescued only by luck.

One of the most popular kids' shows in India,<ref name="Milligan 2016">{{cite web | last=Milligan | first=Mercedes | title=Cosmos-Maya Leads Regional Animation Production | website=Animation Magazine | date=19 May 2016 | url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cosmos-maya-leads-regional-animation-production/ | access-date=16 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063311/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cosmos-maya-leads-regional-animation-production/ | archive-date=17 November 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref> the show is available in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada]], [[Oriya language|Odia]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It started streaming digitally on [[Voot|Voot Kids]] in 2021.

==Premise==
===Setting===
The series is set in a [[fictional town]] of Furfuri Nagar of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/may/mayrel131.php|title=Have you won an invite to the coolest party this summer?|date=28 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123190125/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/may/mayrel131.php|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a peaceful yet glamorous small town, simultaneously noble and squalid, adjoined by a river with a few shops, a large market area, a bus depot, a cluster of single-storeyed houses, temples, and a few recreational places. The town has three or more banks, three or more jewellery shops, Furfuri Nagar Police Station, Chingum's house, Boxer's house, Motu Patlu's house, Chaiwala's stall and house, Furfuri Nagar Central Jail, Furfuri Nagar Bus Stand, John's den, Dr. Jhatka's laboratory and house and Ghasitaram's house. There are a few villages and a few neighbouring cities around, such as Kamalpur, Sursuri Nagar and Modern City. Despite being a small town it has its own airport. It is not clearly mentioned where the town is exactly located, but most of the vehicles carry license plate numbers starting with "MH", which stands for the state of [[Maharashtra]]. The local police force wears uniforms of the [[Maharashtra Police]].

However, in the later episodes, they had moved to Modern City for unknown reasons. A quick trailer showcasing new episodes mentions the differences in their new setting.

In the later episodes, they were on a trip to countries of Europe. Some European countries and cities they have visited include [[Pisa]], Italy; [[Rome]], Italy; [[Tuscany]], Italy; [[London]], England and Paris, France. They also visited Germany's Berlin, Switzerland's [[Top of Europe]], Russia's [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], England's [[Salisbury]] and Switzerland's [[Jungfraujoch]].

In the later episodes, they are on a trip to India. Some Indian cities of monuments they have visited include [[Taj Mahal|Taj Mahal (Agra)]], [[Gateway of India|Gateway of India (Mumbai)]], [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)]], [[Qutb Minar|Qutub Minar (New Delhi)]], [[Hawa Mahal|Hawa Mahal (Jaipur)]], [[Tea|Tea Plantation (Assam)]], [[Backwater (river)|Backwater (Kerala)]], [[Charminar|Charminar (Hyderabad)]], [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link|Bandra-Worli Sea Link (Mumbai)]], [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh|Rock Garden (Chandigarh)]], [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta Caves (Mumbai)]], [[Bekal Fort|Bekal Fort (Kerala)]], [[Red Fort|Red Fort (New Delhi)]] and [[Howrah Bridge|Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)]] and many more.

However now they are back to Furfuri Nagar as same settings.

===Plot===
Motu and Patlu are two friends living in [[Motu Patlu#Location|''Furfuri Nagar.'']]<ref>{{cite news|title=living in|newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/motu-patlu/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549774048|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302140221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/motu-patlu/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549774048|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samosa]]s are Motu's favorite food, and he frequently tries to steal them from a small shopkeeper named Chaiwala, who makes the best samosas in the town, along with selling tea. After Motu eats samosas, he temporarily gains more energy and strength. Motu is mainly the black sheep of the duo, unintentionally creating problems due to his incompetency while Patlu is the smart one who always tries to stop him. The two land in trouble and comical situations, later being rescued only by luck. Ghasitaram occasionally misdirects and swindles them by making them try Dr. Jhatka's vast repertoire of quirky gadgets and gizmos.

The main [[antagonist]] of the series is a criminal named John the Don (briefly and very famously known as "John") who is accompanied by his two big but weak and dumb [[henchmen]], Number 1 and Number 2, who steal people's money and jewelry and create havoc in Furfuri Nagar. John intends to become a don (gangster), but his plans always fail due to the heroic actions of Motu and Patlu, who trap and expose him and his plans [[tit for tat]]. In some episodes, John tries to harm them by stealing Dr. Jhatka's newest gadget and using it against Motu and Patlu, but they eventually manage to give John a taste of his own medicine.

==Characters==
{{Original research section|date=August 2020}}

===Main===
*'''Motu''': Motu is a fat man who serves as one of the central [[protagonists]] in this show. He loves to eat [[samosa|samosas]]. Motu's best friend is Patlu.

*'''Patlu''': Patlu is a thin man who serves as one of the show's central [[protagonists]]. He is often portrayed as the smartest guy in the city; however, he often gets into a lot of trouble with Motu.

===Recurring===
*'''Inspector Chingum''': Chingum is a [[police inspector]]. He believes that no [[criminal]] can escape from him, however, he manages to catch them mostly by the help of Motu and Patlu. He takes pride in the fact that no criminal can ever get away.

*'''Doctor Jhatka''': Doctor Jhatka is an eccentric [[scientist]], engineer, a doctor and an inventor, all skills combined together. His [[invention|inventions]] are usually very impressive but are of little use to the townspeople, since some of them often gets someone in trouble.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dr-jhatka-who-gave-us-a-shock/article1-1275470.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525142241/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dr-jhatka-who-gave-us-a-shock/article1-1275470.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2015|title=Dr Jhatka, who gave us a shock|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

*'''Ghasitaram''': Ghasitaram is cowardly and often claims to have twenty years of experience in various stuff but only a very few of the experiences are useful to others.

*'''John''': John serves as the main [[antagonist]] of the show. John's ambition is to become a [[Crime boss|Don]]. But his plans always fail very badly and thus end up in him getting arrested or being taunted by other people.

*'''Number 1''': Number 1 is John's sidekick who serves as one of the supporting [[antagonists]].

*'''Number 2''': Number 2 is John's goon who rarely speaks.

*'''Chaiwala''': Chaiwala owns a [[Teahouse|tea shop]] near Motu's house. He makes Motu's favorite [[samosa]]s and Patlu's favorite [[tea]] in the city.

*'''Boxer''': Boxer is Motu's neighbor, he is an aggressive man.

===Other===
*'''Khopdi''': Khopdi is a goon in who always tries to defeat Motu Patlu. He is the Don of Modern City.

*'''Pappu-Haddi''': They are two assistants of Khopadi.

*'''Skull''': He is the elder brother of Khopdi. He likes to catch animals.

*'''Commissioner Bubblegum''': Commissioner Bubblegum is Chingum's father and the [[police commissioner]] of Furfuri Nagar and adjoining villages.

*'''Hera Singh''': Hera is Chingum's first [[Police constable|Hawaldar]]s.

*'''Pheri Lal''': Pheri is Chingum's second Hawaldar.

*'''Sabziwali''': Sabziwali sells the best [[vegetables]] in the whole Furfuri Nagar. Motu can be troublesome to her too at times and also owes her some money.

*'''Munni''': Munni is Motu's sister who is shown very rarely in the episodes.

*'''Chotu''': Chotu is Motu's nephew(Munni’s son). He wears a green T-shirt with a pink trousers. Sometimes, he wears a brown shirt with yellow trousers.

*'''Virus Scientist''': Virus is a scientist, He always invents something for John. In return, he asks John for money but John somehow fools him and makes his run away. John uses his gadgets as a trial on him and puts Virus in trouble.
*'''Mickey:''' Mickey is Dr. Jhatka's nephew and is a video content creator and vlogger.

== Episodes ==
{{Main|List of Motu Patlu episodes}}

==Production==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}

===Music===
The music featured in the series and film is written by [[Sandesh Shandilya]], an Indian film composer. The theme song of the series, "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi", is written by [[Gulzar]] and sung by Bollywood singer [[Sukhwinder Singh]] in Hindi.

== Movies ==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Premiere date
|-
|1
|Motu Patlu in Wonderland!
|10 July 2013
|-
|2
|Motu Patlu Mission Moon
|25 December 2013
|-
|3
|Motu Patlu Deep Sea Adventure
|19 May 2014
|-
|4
|Motu Patlu Kung Fu Kings
|23 October 2014
|-
|5
|Motu Patlu Khazaane Ki Race
|26 January 2015
|-
|6
|Motu Patlu Kung Fu King Returns
|14 June 2015
|-
|7
|Motu Patlu in Carnival Island
|22 October 2015
|-
|8
|Motu Patlu 36 Ghantey Race Against Time
|25 December 2015
|-
|9
|Motu Patlu in Alien World!
|14 February 2016
|-
|10
|Motu Patlu in Double Trouble
|29 May 2016
|-
|11
|[[Motu Patlu: King of Kings]]
|14 October 2016
|-
|12
|Motu Patlu the Invisible Plane
|25 December 2016
|-
|13
|Motu Patlu in Dragon's World
|25 June 2017
|-
|14
|Kung Fu Kings 3: Motu Patlu in Hong Kong
|19 October 2017
|-
|15
|Motu Patlu in Octopus World
|24 December 2017
|-
|16
|Motu Patlu in the City of Gold
|29 April 2018
|-
|17
|Motu Patlu Dino Invasion
|24 June 2018
|-
|18
|Kung Fu Kings 4: Motu Patlu and the Challenge of Kung Fu Brothers
|21 October 2018
|-
|19
|Motu Patlu the Superheroes vs. Supervillains from Mars
|26 January 2019
|-
|20
|Kung Fu Kings 5: Motu Patlu and Robo Kids
|26 May 2019
|-
|21
|Motu Patlu in the Game of Zones
|25 December 2019
|-
|22
|Motu Patlu the Superheroes vs. Alien Ghost
|28 June 2020
|-
|23
|Motu Patlu's Dangerous Road Trip in Switzerland
|25 October 2020
|-
|24
|Motu Patlu vs. Dr. Destroyer
|03 January 2021
|-
|25
|The Secret Mission of Motu Patlu
|23 May 2021
|-
|26
| Motu Patlu Planet of No Return
|27 June 2021
|-
|27
|Motu Patlu in Toy World
|31 December 2021
|-
|28
|Kung Fu Kings 6: Motu Patlu & The Secret of Devil's Heart
|29 May 2022
|-
|29
|Motu Patlu and the Terror of Giant Beast
|13 Nov 2022
|-
|30
|Motu Patlu in Metal World
|25 June 2023
|-
|31
|Motu Patlu and the Race to the Diamond Valley
|28 April 2024
|-
|32
|Motu Patlu and Mission Kung Fu Kid
|2 August 2024
|-
|33
|Motu Patlu and the Rise of Zombies
|31 October 2024
|-
|34
|Motu Patlu and the Case of Project X
|14 March 2025
|-
|35
|Motu Patlu & The Mighty Magnathor
|18 May 2025
|-
|36
|Motu Patlu vs. the Ghost House
|15 August 2025
|-
|37
|Motu Patlu & The Madness of Multiverse
|21 October 2025
|-
|38
|Motu Patlu Ka Goa Dhamaal
|3 March 2026
|}

== Merchandising and promotion ==
[[File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 143.jpg|thumb|Motu Patlu [[cosplay]]ers at 2nd Ayurveda World Summit, [[Bangalore Palace|Palace grounds]], Bangalore (2025)]]
Since the inception of the television series, its creators, ''Lotpot'' magazine, Maya Digital Studios and Nickelodeon India are aggressively promoting its merchandising, the series products and tie-ups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/nickelodeon-gears-up-to-promote-motu-patlu|title=Indian Television Dot Com – Nickelodeon gears up to promote Motu-Patlu|author=Anil Wanvari|website=Indiantelevision.com|date=30 October 2012 |access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525123847/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/nickelodeon-gears-up-to-promote-motu-patlu|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/viacom18-to-expand-sale-of-tv-channel-merchandise/article6982981.ece/|title=Viacom18 to expand sale of TV channel merchandise|website=The Hindu Business Line : Mobile Edition|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100538/http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/viacom18-to-expand-sale-of-tv-channel-merchandise/article6982981.ece/|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2014, Nick India tied up with the Yellow Diamond chips brand for promotion of its products across various media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42185_Nickelodeon-signs-Motu-Patlu-Licensing-Deal-with-Prataap-Snacks|title=Nickelodeon signs Motu-Patlu Licensing Deal with Prataap Snacks|website=Afaqs.com|date=13 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100308/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42185_Nickelodeon-signs-Motu-Patlu-Licensing-Deal-with-Prataap-Snacks|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/nick-opens-up-motu-patlu-for-promotional-licensing-launches-toys-with-yellow-diamond-rings-141008|title=Indian Television Dot Com – Nick opens up Motu Patlu for promotional licensing; launches toys with yellow diamond rings|author=Anil Wanvari|website=Indiantelevision.com|date=7 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525110827/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/nick-opens-up-motu-patlu-for-promotional-licensing-launches-toys-with-yellow-diamond-rings-141008|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014 a major deal was signed by [[Horlicks]] for promotion of its brand with the series's characters in its marketing advertisements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/nick-s-toons-revel-in-telefilms-114122900029_1.html|title=Nick's toons revel in telefilms|publisher=Business Standard|author=Urvi Malvania|date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525102229/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/nick-s-toons-revel-in-telefilms-114122900029_1.html|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous [[mobile video game]]s based on the series have been released by Indian software companies such as [[Nazara Technologies]] and Tangiapps.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2649730}}
* [http://www.nickindia.com/motu-patlu/ Official website]
* [http://www.vootkids.com/ Motu Patlu-Available On Voot Kids]
{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Children television series in India}}

[[Category:Motu Patlu]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:Animated satirical television series]]
[[Category:2010s satirical television series]]
[[Category:2020s satirical television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Animated children's television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on comics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Nickelodeon original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on comic strips]]
[[Category:Indian satire]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]

Emblem of Bihar

2026-03-22T07:18:51Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Seal of Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
|name = Emblem of Bihar
|image = Seal of Bihar.svg
|image_width = 200
|middle =
|middle_width =
|middle_caption =
|lesser =
|lesser_width =
|lesser_caption =
|armiger = The [[Government of Bihar]]
|year_adopted = Between 1930-1935
|crest =
|torse =
|shield = [[Bodhi Tree]] with [[Prayer beads]]
|supporters = [[Swastika]]s
|compartment = ([[Urdu]] for "Bihar") inscribed on a [[brick]] at the bottom<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar digging into history to discover roots of its emblem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-digging-into-history-to-discover-roots-of-its-emblem/story-6cjRG9Ba4pI9W79TlG5yII.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref>
|motto =
|orders =
|other_elements =
|earlier_versions =
|use =
}}

The '''Emblem of Bihar''' is the official seal of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gov.bih.nic.in/ |title=Bihar Govt. Web Site |access-date=7 December 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115/http://gov.bih.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was officially adopted by the [[Government of Bihar]] during [[British Raj|British rule]] between 1930 and 1935.

==Design ==
The state symbol of Bihar features two [[Swastika|swastikas]] in front of a picture of a [[Bodhi tree]] with prayer beads. And the foundation base is brick where the [[Urdu]] word for ''Bihar'' ({{Lang|ur|بہار}}) is carved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All The State Emblems and Their Meaning |url=https://www.nlcbharat.org/emblems/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |publisher=National Legislators Conference |language=en-IN }}</ref>

==Historical emblems==
Following the 1935 passage of the State Reorganisation Act, a recommendation to that effect was forwarded to the Royal Society, leading to the adoption of the Bo tree symbol in the emblem.

The Bodhi Tree is represented by the Bo tree. It comes from the Sinhala word ''bo'', which means the Bodhi tree.

This was the enormous, old sacred fig tree (''Ficus religiosa - Moraceae'') under which Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism and its spiritual teacher, is said to have attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya is located about 100 kilometres south of Patna.

The balance of opposites, universal harmony, and Dharma are symbolised by the two Swastikas. The word derives from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', which is made up of the suffix ''-ka'', the words ''su'' (which means "good") and ''asti'' (which means "to be"). Therefore, the logo represents Bihar as the land of nice people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-22 |title=Bihar digging into history to discover roots of its emblem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-digging-into-history-to-discover-roots-of-its-emblem/story-6cjRG9Ba4pI9W79TlG5yII.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Government banner==
The Government of Bihar can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/bihar-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-bihar-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-image127909900|title = Bihar State of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving on the Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of background, clouds: 127909900}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Bihar Government Banner.png|Banner of Bihar
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in/ Government of Bihar]

{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Bihar]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with trees|Bihar]]
[[Category:Symbols of Bihar]]

{{Bihar-stub}}
{{Heraldry-stub}}

Azamgarh district

2026-03-22T07:18:36Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|District in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Azamgarh|its namesake division|Azamgarh division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Azamgarh district
|nicknames= ''Land of [[Durvasa|Durvasa Muni]]''
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = AL-JAMIATUL ASHRAFIA.jpg
| image_caption = Jamiatul Ashrafia in Azamgarh
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Azamgarh.svg
| map_caption = Location of Azamgarh district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26|36|00|N|83|11|24|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Azamgarh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Azamgarh]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 4,054
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,613,913
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 8.53%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.93%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1019
| demographics_type2 = [[Language]]
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics2_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics2_title3 = Regional
| demographics2_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]], [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = *[[National Highway 233B (India)|National Highway 233B]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://azamgarh.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Azamgarh district''' is one of the three districts of [[Azamgarh division]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/azamgarh.htm|title=Azamgarh District Map|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The district is named after its headquarters town, [[Azamgarh]]. Azam, a son of Vikramajit, founded the town in 1665. Vikramajit, a descendant of Gautam of [[Mehnagar]] in pargana [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]], had converted to [[Islam]]. He had two sons, namely, Azam and Azmat.<ref name="azamgarh">{{cite web |url=http://azamgarh.nic.in |title=Azamgarh |publisher=Azamgarh district administration |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729123649/http://azamgarh.nic.in/ |archive-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also known as land of the sage [[Durvasa]] whose ashram was located in [[Phulpur, Azamgarh|Phulpur]] sub-district,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azamgarh.nic.in/important_places.htm|title=Durvasa Ashram in Azamgarh official public information web page|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-date=7 June 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010607195846/http://www.azamgarh.nic.in/important_places.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> near the confluence of Tons and Majhuee river, {{convert|6|km|mi|0}} north from the Phulpur sub-district headquarters.

==History==

Towards the end of the 16th century, a [[Gautam Rajput]] from Azamgarh district was assimilated into the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court at [[Delhi]], where he had gone in search of greater influence. His mission was a success, with the royal court eventually awarding him 22 [[pargana]]s in the Azamgarh region that marked the establishment of a family line which culminated in his descendants becoming [[raja]]s of the area. This was a typical route whereby relatively obscure lineages rose to prominence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |first=Richard Gabriel |last=Fox |publisher=University of California Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-52001-807-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC |pages=106–107}}</ref>

===Colonial era===
The district was ceded to the British in 1801 by the wazirs of [[Lucknow]]. Both Hindu and Muslim landowners (known as Rautaras) of Azamgarh aided the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] against the British in 1857. On 3 June 1857 the 17th Regiment of Native Infantry mutinied at Azamgarh, murdered some of their officers, and carried off the government treasure to [[Faizabad]]. The district became a centre of the fighting between the [[Gurkha]]s and the rebels, and was brought under control in October 1858 by Colonel Kelly.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Azamgarh|volume=3|page=79}}</ref> The most notable rebels were Late. Janab Lal Mohammed Chivtahvin. Later, many of the local land owners were crushed by the British.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chestofbooks.com/reference/Encyclopedia-Britannica-1/Azamgarh.html|title=Azamgarh|website=chestofbooks.com|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> Later, residents of Azamgarh participated in various national movements including the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement in 1942.<ref name =azamgarh/> The historian, social reformer, nationalist [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]] was born in Kanaila village in this district.

==Geography==
Azamgarh district has an area of {{convert|4054|km2}}. The district lies between the [[Ganges]] and the [[Ghaghara River|Ghagahara]].<ref name="azamgarh" /> Azamgarh district is surrounded by the districts of [[Mau district|Mau]] in the east, [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]] in the north, Ghazipur in the south-east, [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] in the south-west, [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]] in the west and [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]] in the north-west.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uponline.in/Profile/districts/Azamgarh.asp |title=Azamgarh |publisher=UP online |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100714041444/http://uponline.in/Profile/Districts/Azamgarh.asp |archive-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The slope of the land is from northwest to southeast. Roughly speaking, the district consists of a series of parallel ridges, whose summits are depressed into beds or hollows, along which the rivers flow; while between the ridges are low-lying rice lands, interspersed with numerous natural reservoirs.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Azamgarh district is further divided into 8 sub-districts, and 22 development blocks. There are 4,106 villages (3,792 inhabited and 314 uninhabited) in the district.<ref name =azamgarh/>

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=11,03,469|13=1911|14=10,63,951|15=1921|16=10,89,471|17=1931|18=11,20,059|19=1941|20=12,98,992|21=1951|22=14,98,092|23=1961|24=16,90,536|25=1971|26=19,95,685|27=1981|28=24,93,757|29=1991|30=31,28,623|31=2001|32=39,39,916|33=2011|34=46,13,913|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Azamgarh district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|15.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Azamgarh district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,613,913.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Azamgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1170/download/3694/DH_2011_0960_PART_A_DCHB_AZAMGARH.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 30th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1139|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.11%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Azamgarh has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1019 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 72.69%. 8.53% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 25.39% and 0.20% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Azamgarh district's total population was 3,939,916 as per 2001 census with population density of {{convert|972|pd/sqkm}}. The population consists of 393,401 urban and 4,220,512 rural; 2,137,805 females and 2,082,707 males. The literacy rate is 70.93%.<ref name =azamgarh/>

===Languages===
The official language is [[Hindi]] and additional official is [[Urdu]].<ref name="langoff" /> [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the native language of Azamgarh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=M. Paul Lewis |encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |title=Bhojpuri: A language of India |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bho |access-date=30 September 2011 |edition=16th |year=2009 |publisher=SIL International |location=Dallas, Texas}}</ref> The Bhojpuri variant of [[Kaithi]] is the indigenous script of Bhojpuri language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=http://archive.org/details/handbooktokayath00grie |title=A handbook to the Kayathi character. |date=1881 |publisher=Calcutta, Thacker, Spink, and co. |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Azamgarh District (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value1 = 55.58 |color1 = gold
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 35.28 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 8.21 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.93 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 55.58% of the population in the district spoke [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 35.28% [[Hindi]] and 8.21% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

==Government and administration==
===Tehsil/Town in Azamgarh district===
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://villagesinindia.in/uttar_pradesh/azamgarh.html |title=3560+ Villages in azamgarh District, uttar pradesh |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802151500/http://villagesinindia.in/uttar_pradesh/azamgarh.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Azamgarh]]
* [[Burhanpur]]
* [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
* [[Mehnagar]]
* [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
* [[Phulpur, Azamgarh|Phulpur]]
* [[Sagri Assembly constituency|Sagri]]
* [[Martingani|Martinganj]]

===Important places in Azamgarh district===
According to the district's official website,<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Places|url=http://azamgarh.nic.in/ImpPlaces.html#place2|website=About Azamgarh|publisher=Azamgarh District Administration|access-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602183034/http://www.azamgarh.nic.in/ImpPlaces.html#place2|archive-date=2 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> the nine important places in Azamgarh district are:-


* [[Azamgarh|Azamgarh City]]
* [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
* [[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]]
* [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]]
* [[Mehnagar]]
* [[Durvasa]]
* Dattatreya
* Govindsahab
* [[Avantikapuri]] (Awank)


==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Azamgarh one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
===Colleges===
{{Main|:Category:Colleges in Azamgarh district}}


* [[Government Engineering College, Azamgarh]], established in 2000 is a constituent college of [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University) and has its campus at [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]] in [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]].
* [[Government Medical College, Azamgarh]]. established in 2006 is a state medical college located at Chakrapanpur, [[Azamgarh]].
* [[Maharaja Suhel Dev University]], Azamgarh The university was established in 2019.
* [[Shibli National College, Azamgarh]], established in 1883.

==Local media==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
Mostly all major English, Hindi and Urdu dailies including [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Hindu]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Amar Ujala]], Hindustan, Rashtree Sahara, Inquilab, Hausla News, Third eyes, Dainik Manasha Mail. Hindi and Urdu dailies also have their bureaus in the city. Almost all big Hindi TV news channel have stringers in the city.

==Notable people==
Notable people from Azamgarh district include:- 
''NB This list excludes those from Azamgarh itself which are listed in that article'' 



[[Azmi]] is a common toponymic surname among Indian Muslims from Azamgarh.{{efn|Not to be confused with the similar Arabic surname meaning resolute or derived from ''[[wikt:azam|azam]]'' (great) + -i.}}
* [[Abdul Haq Azmi]] (1928–2016), Indian Islamic scholar, cousin-uncle of [[Rana Ayyub]]
* [[Abdul Lateef Azmi]] (1917–2002), Indian Urdu writer
* [[Abu Azmi]] (born 1955), Indian politician, MLA from Maharashtra and former Member of Rajya Sabha<ref>[http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/ECI/Affidavits/S13/SE/171/ABU%20ASIM%20AZMI/ABU%20ASIM%20AZMI.htm Abu Asim Azmi - Election Commission of India Affidavit]. [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]]</ref>
* [[Ahmad Ali Barqi Azmi]] (born 1954), Indian Urdu poet
* [[Azizullah Azmi]] (1929–2010), Indian politician, MP of Lok Sabha
* [[Baba Azmi]], Indian film cinematographer, husband of [[Tanvi Azmi]]
* [[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi]] (1901-1992), Indian Islamic scholar of hadith and fiqh
* [[Iliyas Azmi]] (born 1934), Indian politician, MP of Lok Sabha
* [[Kaifi Azmi]] (1919–2002) was an Indian Urdu poet, husband of [[Shaukat Azmi]] and father of [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Khaleel-Ur-Rehman Azmi]] (1927–1978), Indian Urdu poet and literary critic
* [[Mohammed Badi Uzzaman Azmi]] (1939–2011), British-Pakistani television and film actor
* [[Muhammad Mustafa Azmi]] (1930–2017), Indian Islamic scholar of hadith
* [[Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi]] (1919–2011), Indian adult educationist and UNESCO official
* [[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]] (born 1949), Indian politician, MP of Rajya Sabha
* [[Seema Azmi]], Indian actress of film and stage
* [[Shahid Azmi]] (1977–2010), Indian human rights lawyer
* [[Shakeel Azmi]] (born 1971), Indian Urdu lyricist and poet
* [[Waqar Azmi]] (born 1970), British-Indian civil servant
* [[Shaikh Shamim Ahmed Azmi]] (1938–2019), former MLA and [[Indian National Congress]] leader from Mumbai<ref>{{cite news |title=ممبئی: معروف مسلم سیاست داں شیخ شمیم احمد کا انتقال، آج تدفین ہوگی |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/mumbai-leading-muslim-politician-sheikh-shameem-ahmed-passed-away-burial-today/|trans-title=Mumbai leading Muslim politician Sheikh Shameem Ahmed passed away burial today |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |date=23 September 2019 |language=ur-IN}}</ref>
* [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]] (born 1946), Indian Islamic scholar
* [[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]] (born 1934), Indian Islamic scholar
* [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] - [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of army staff]] of [[Pakistan Army]] in 1987–1991
* [[Bisram]], Bhojpuri writer and poet
* [[Hamiduddin Farahi]] - religious scholar, educationist, writer, chief administrator of Madrasatul Islah - from Fariha village
* [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] - Islamic scholar - from Bamhur village
* [[Aslam Jairajpuri]] - Islamic scholar
* [[Shamim Jairajpuri]] - zoologist
* [[Zafarul Islam Khan]] - Chairman of Delhi Minority Commission, [[Author]] and [[Journalist]] based in New Delhi. He is currently editor and publisher of The [[Milli Gazette]]
* [[Wahiduddin Khan]] - Indian [[Islamic Scholar]] and peace activist known for having written a commentary on the [[Quran]] and having translated it into contemporary English. He has been listed in [[the 500 Most Influential Muslims]] of the world. [[Padma Bhusan]]
* [[Chhannulal Mishra]] - Hindustani classical singer.
* [[Laxmi Narayan Mishra]] - modern Hindi dramatist
* [[Shibli Nomani]] - Islamic scholar
* [[Prem Chand Pandey]] - Indian scientist and academic
* [[Shyam Narayan Pandey]] - writer and poet - from Dumraon village, (now in [[Mau district]] but was in Azamgarh district at the time)
* [[Badri Nath Prasad]], mathematician, founder of The Allahabad Mathematical Society<ref>{{cite web |title=The Allahabad Mathematical Society Founded in 1958 |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Societies/Allahabad/#Prasad |website=Maths History |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]] - former [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] and former Vice-Chancellor - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya
* [[Ahmad Salahuddin]] (1937-1996), Indian [[biochemist]], founder director of Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit at AMU in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh|page=About IBU|url=https://icibu.in/|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922103650/https://icibu.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] - Hindi travel writer - from [[Kanaila|Kanaila Village]]
* [[Prakash Singh]] - DGP-Police, BSF Indian Police Reform movement (Honoured with Padma Shri Award and presidents Police Medal)
* [[Vinod K. Singh]] - ([[Padma Shri]]), director - [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]], Bhopal.
* [[Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay]] - Hindi poet - from Nizamabad
* [[Balram Yadav]], Indian politician, MLC ([[Member of Legislative Council]]), former cabinet minister (Uttar Pradesh) and general secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Sangram Yadav]] - politician, MLA from [[Atraulia Assembly constituency]]
* [[Kausar Yazdani]] - Islamic scholar born 1935.



==See also==
* [[Banahara]]
* [[Chaukiganjor]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{official website|http://azamgarh.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Azamgarh district
|North = [[Gorakhpur district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Mau district]]
|Southeast = [[Ghazipur district]]
|South = [[Varanasi district]]
|Southwest = [[Jaunpur district]]
|West = [[Sultanpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Ambedkar Nagar]]
}}

{{Azamgarh district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Azamgarh district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

B. Ravi Pillai

2026-03-22T07:18:24Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Indian billionaire businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Ravi Pillai
| image = B. Ravi Pillai (Aug, 2009).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|09|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chavara]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present-day [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|University of Cochin]]
| occupation = {{csv|Founder|Chairman|RP Group}}
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| known for =
| boards =
| spouse = Geetha Pillai
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Kollam K. Chandrasekhara Pillai]] (uncle)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220133620/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala | archive-date=20 December 2011 | title=Kerala News - സി.പി.ഐ.നേതാവ് കെ.സി.പിള്ള അന്തരിച്ചു - India, World News - Mathrubhumi Newspaper Edition }}</ref>
}}

'''B. Ravi Pillai''' (born 2 September 1953) is a Dubai-based Indian billionaire businessman. He is the founder and chairman of the [[RP Group]]. As of 2026, his net worth is estimated at {{currency|4.2|USD}} [[billion]].<ref name="Forbes Profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Ravi Pillai |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ravi-pillai/ |website=Forbes |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ravi Pillai was born on 2 September 1953 at [[Chavara]],<ref name="Kollam City">{{cite web|url=http://kollamcity.in/b-ravi-pillai |title=Kollam City |publisher=Kollam City |date=2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514120536/http://kollamcity.in/b-ravi-pillai |archive-date=14 May 2014 }}</ref> a coastal town in [[Kollam district|Kollam]], in the state of [[Kerala]] in Kadappa Pillai Veettil family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/fornes-653183.html |title=Ravi Pillai: From farmer's son to construction tycoon |date=28 November 2013 |publisher=News18}}</ref> He has a degree in Commerce from the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|University of Cochin]].<ref name="Arabian Business" /><ref name="Kollam City" />

==Career==
During his time at university, he launched his first business, a [[chit fund]] in [[Kollam]] on reportedly borrowed money.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-ravi-pillai-amazing-journey-of-ambani-of-the-gulf/20111007.htm#2 | title=Rediff | publisher=Rediff | date=7 October 2011 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Later, he started an engineering contract business and worked for some of the major industrial houses in [[Kerala]] such as [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore|Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited]], [[Hindustan Newsprint Limited]], and [[Cochin Refineries Limited|Cochin Refineries]].<ref name="Rediff" /> However, a [[labour strike]] forced him to close down his business, after which he went to [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1978 where he started a small trading business.<ref name="Rediff 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-ravi-pillai-amazing-journey-of-ambani-of-the-gulf/20111007.htm#4 | title=Rediff 2 | publisher=Rediff 2 | date=7 October 2007 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Two years later, he moved into construction, and established Nasser S. Al Hajri Corporation (NSH) with 150 employees,<ref name="Rediff 2" /> which has over the years grown to become the flagship company of his business group,<ref name="Kollam City" /><ref name="Rediff 2" /> RP Group, which is known to employ over 70,000 employees across its businesses.<ref name="Arabian Business">{{cite web | url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gulf-475970.html?itemid=475809 | title=Arabian Business | publisher=Arabian Business | date=2014 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> The shopping mall in South Kerala, [[RP Mall, Kollam|RP Mall]] at [[Kollam]] city is owned by Pillai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2020-10-12|title=Tracing The Success Story of Ravi Pillai and The Growth of RP Group of Companies as a Brand|url=https://www.brandzwatch.com/ravi-pillai-growth-of-rp-group-of-companies-as-brand/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101094758/https://www.brandzwatch.com/ravi-pillai-growth-of-rp-group-of-companies-as-brand/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 November 2020|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Brandzwatch|language=en}}</ref>

Pillai has expanded his business to other countries including the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Qatar]], and [[Bahrain]], and has interests in construction, hospitality, steel, cement, and oil and gas industries.<ref name="Kollam City"/> RP Group is known to hold stakes in hotels such as Leela Kovalam, Hotel Raviz,<ref name="Raviz">{{cite web | url=http://theraviz.com/ | title=Raviz | publisher=Raviz | date=2014 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Kollam, and WelcomHotel Raviz Kadavu,<ref name="RP hotels">{{cite web|url=http://www.rphotels.in/HotelHome.aspx?hid=3 |title=RP hotels |publisher=RP hotels |date=2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195916/http://www.rphotels.in/HotelHome.aspx?hid=3 |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref> Kozhikode in his home state of Kerala.<ref name="Rediff 3">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-ravi-pillai-amazing-journey-of-ambani-of-the-gulf/20111007.htm#6 | title=Rediff 3 | publisher=Rediff 3 | date=7 October 2011 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> He is involved in health care through Upasana Hospital and Research Centre, a 300-bed multispecialty hospital in Kollam.<ref name="Kollam City" /><ref name="Upasana">{{cite web | url=http://www.upasanahospital.com/ | title=Upasana | publisher=Upasana | date=2014 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Pillai received an honorary doctorate from [[Excelsior College]], New York,<ref name="Arabian Business" /> and was awarded the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2008.<ref name="Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs">{{cite web|url=http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/recipients_2003_2013.pdf |title=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs |publisher=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs |date=2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505110411/http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/recipients_2003_2013.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2010, the Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

''[[Arabian Business]]'' ranked him as the fourth most powerful Indian in the [[Middle East]] in 2015.<ref name="Arabian Business" />
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award winners, at the Valedictory Session of the 6th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas-2008, in New Delhi on January 9, 2008.jpg|thumb|Pillai (2nd from right at front row), other awardees stand with the [[President of India]] after receiving [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]]]

==Personal life==
Ravi Pillai is married to Geetha, and they live in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates.<ref name="Forbes Profile" /> They have two children, a son Ganesh Ravi Pillai, and a daughter Arathi Ravi Pillai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Padmasree%20Ravi%20Pillai.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130055300/http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Padmasree%20Ravi%20Pillai.html |archive-date=30 November 2015 }}</ref>

He paid for his daughter Arathi's wedding with Adithya Vishnu at [[Kollam]] in November 2015, at a total expense of {{INR|55 crores}} ($7.5 million), in accordance with [[Nair]] customs and cultural traditions. The wedding was organized by the production designer who worked on the film, ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'', and is considered the most expensive wedding in [[Kerala]] to date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=Kerala's richest man spends a massive ₹55 crores on daughter's wedding! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/keralas-richest-man-spends-a-massive-55-crores-on-daughters-wedding/articleshow/99027468.cms |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His son Ganesh Pillai married Anjana Suresh, an engineer, in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabdig.com/55-crore-wedding-arathi-and-adithya/ |title=The Grand Wedding Of Arathi And Adithya Worth ₹55 Crore held in Kerela |website=Gabdig.com |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, B. Ravi}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]

South Western Railway zone

2026-03-22T07:18:11Z

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{{short description|One among eighteen administrative zones of Indian Railways}}
{{Update|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = South Western Railway
| logo_filename = File:South Western Railway Zone.svg
| logo_size = 80px
| system_map = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png
| map_caption = 10-South Western Railway
| map_size =
| marks =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| start_year = {{start date and age|2003}}
| end_year =
| predecessor_line = [[Southern Railway zone]] [[South Central Railway zone]] [[Central Railway zone]]
| gauge = Broad gauge (1676mm, 5'6")
| old_gauge = Meter gauge
| electrification = {{convert|1233|km}}
| length = {{convert|3566|km}}
| hq_city = Rail Soudha, Gadag Road [[Hubballi]] [[Karnataka]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in}} SWR Official Website
}}

The '''South Western Railway''' (abbreviated '''SWR''') is one of the 19 [[Indian Railways|railway zones]] of [[Indian Railways]], headquartered at [[Hubballi]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> SWR was created from carving out the routes from [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]] and [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]] in 2003.

== History ==
The South Western Railway zone came into existence on 3 April 2003 by bifurcating Mysuru and Bengaluru divisions from Southern Railway along with Hubballi division from South Central Railway. It is headquartered at [[Hubballi]] and comprises three divisions namely [[Hubballi]], [[Mysuru]], and [[Bengaluru]]. The fourth division at [[Kalaburagi]] was slated to be the fourth division which was supposed to be carved out from Hubballi, Secunderabad, Guntkal and Solapur divisions. Currently the divisional office at Kalaburagi is on hold due to operational constraints.<ref>{{Cite news|title = New railway division in Kalaburagi to be under SWR but they are not setting up as it is formed in Congress time|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-railway-division-in-gulbarga-to-be-under-swr/article5754127.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2014-03-06|access-date = 2015-12-25|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
[[File:SWR railway map.png|thumb|260px|Map of South Western Railway zone (in Cyan)]]
South Western Railway covers most of the railway lines in the state of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]] except the [[Konkan Railway]] line, parts of [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and [[Chittoor district]] in Andhra Pradesh, [[Krishnagiri district]], parts of [[Dharmapuri district]] and [[Tirupathur district]] of Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Sangli district]] and [[Solapur district]] of Maharashtra. SWR also operates and maintains [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line]] railway track.

==Divisions==
* [[Bangalore railway division|Bengaluru railway division]]
* [[Mysore railway division|Mysuru railway division]]
* [[Hubli railway division|Hubballi railway division]]
* Kalaburagi railway division [Proposed]*

[[File:Rail Soudha.jpg|thumb|Rail Soudha, SWR Headquarters Office, Hubballi|348x348px]]

==Modernization==
The Mysuru Division of South Western Railways will be designated as "Digital Division" after fully adopting its current technology harnessing programme. The government of India had asked Railways divisions to cut red tape and reduce paperwork in offices. All the officials will adopt technologies like WhatsApp and Google Drive to share reports and other documents. This will save a lot of papers being used for circulating reports as done currently. Two web-based helplines have been launched so that digitised information can be shared among different officials. The inspection reports regarding maintenance, passenger amenities, cleanliness, electronics, and communication, etc. will be managed by a new software which is under construction now. These measures will cut down redundant works, reduce number of registers and reports maintained by officials, reduce paper consumption and improve the efficiency and celerity of operations.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/on-course-to-becoming-a-digital-division/article6421304.ece |title=On course to becoming a 'digital division' - Today's Paper |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>

In 2025 '''SWR''' has enhanced speed on 835 kilometers of track, which saves up to an hour in traveling time for both people and goods. This has resulted in better logistics, more punctuality, and economic growth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-07-26 |title=South Western Railway upgrades 835 km track; saves over an hour in travel time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-western-railway-upgrades-835-km-track-saves-over-an-hour-in-travel-time/article69859066.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram]]
* [[Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction railway station#Diesel Loco Shed, Hubballi|Diesel Loco Shed, Hubballi]]

==See also==
* [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways]]
* [[All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)]]
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1657258747080-A1%20SYSTEM%20MAP%202022.pdf South Western Railway System Map]
*[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/ South Western Railway]
*[http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railways reservations]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Zones of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:South Western Railway zone| ]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in India]]

Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-22T07:17:59Z

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{{Short description|Wildlife samctuary in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Gujarat#India
| image_map = Map_Guj_Nat_Parks_Sanctuary.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of [[Gujarat]] showing places like [[Gir Forest]] and [[Panchmahal]] District (where [[Jambughoda]] is located).
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Jambughoda, Panchmahal, Gujarat, [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Vadodara]]
| coordinates =
| coords_ref =
| region =
| area = 542.08
| established = 7 August, 1989
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [http://gujaratforest.gov.in/index.htm Forest Department of Gujarat]
| url =
| child =
| module =
}}
'''Jambughoda''' is a Wildlife Sanctuary situated in [[Jambughoda]] [[Tehsil]], in the South-Central part of [[Gujarat]], and the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]' [[ecoregion]]<ref name=IM0206>{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Khathiar-Gir Dry Deciduous Forests |accessdate=2017-02-14}}</ref> in [[India]]. It is located 70 km from [[Vadodara]] and 20 km from prominent tourist places such as [[Pawagadh]] and [[Champaner]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Jambughoda|url=http://www.vananchal.com/about_jambughoda.html|publisher=Vananchal|accessdate=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618105654/http://www.vananchal.com/about_jambughoda.html|archive-date=18 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and geography ==
Located in the Panchmahal district of Central Gujarat and 130.38 km2. area declared as a sanctuary in May 1990, Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary is home for a variety of animals and plants. A small part of the sanctuary (Targol Round) falls in the adjoining Vadodara district. The area has two water reservoirs – one at Kada and the other at Targol. These water bodies add to the aesthetic settings and diversity of the [[habitat]]. The sanctuary's wildlife depends on these two reservoirs.

The most striking feature of the area is the undulating hills having a good forest cover, with the valleys having small human settlements. The places of interest are Kada, Targol and Jhand Hanuman temple. Of these, the most picturesque location is Kada, where a beautiful forest [[rest house]] stands on the banks of an irrigation reservoir. Due to its proximity to the cosmopolitan city of Vadodara, the sanctuary is an ideal resort and camping site for the city's people.

People of the area are mainly [[tribal]]. There are 25 villages (including 5 villages inside the Sanctuary) which are distributed among five forest blocks and two ranges. Local tribals collect minor forest produce from the area for their livelihood. People also allow grazing of their livestock and cut wood in the forest. The status of the management of the PA is good, but needs to be improved by taking up habitat steps, so that animals can be provisioned with adequate food, water and shelter. Grazing and wood removed by local people and fire in the forest cause damage to the habitat. Local people encroach upon the land of the PA and hence the area needs to be re-demarcated.

=== Jambughoda State ===
{{Main|Jambughoda State}}

The area was a part of the [[princely state]] of [[Jambughoda State|Jambughoda]] prior to independence. Within India, it was a part of the [[Bombay Province]] during the [[British Raj]]. Its rulers belonged to the Parmar dynasty and took the title of Thakur Sahib. The last ruler was [[Ranjitsinhji Gambhirsinhji]] (b. 1892) who reigned from 27 Sep 1917 to 15 Aug 1947.<ref>[http://rulers.org/indstat1.html Princely States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jambugodha.html |title=Jambughoda Princely State |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-date=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710033019/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jambugodha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Flora ==
It is a forest of [[teak]], [[bamboo]] and other miscellaneous species. [[Flora]] here include Sag, sadad, [[shisham]], [[khair]], mahuda, bamboos, timru, bor, dhav, bili and dudhalo.

== Fauna ==
Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary hosts 17 [[mammal]]ian species including large colonies of [[Indian flying fox]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Vyas, R. |author2=Upadhyay, K. |date=2014 |title=Study of the Indian Flying Fox (''Pteropus giganteus'') Colonies of Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, India: Record of largest roosting congregation at Targol |journal=Small Mammal Mail 22 (2) |pages=2–8}}</ref> [[Indian giant squirrel]] was photographed for the first time in March 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Suthar, A.R. |author2=Amin, S. |date=2017 |title=First photographic record of Indian giant flying squirrel ''Petaurista philippensis'' Elliot, 1839 from Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat |journal=International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=196–197 |url=http://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2017/vol4issue4/PartC/4-4-13-264.pdf}}</ref>
A [[rusty-spotted cat]] was sighted in October 2013 preying on a [[bat]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Devkar, R. |author2=Bhatt, R. |author3=Upadhyay, K. |date=Autumn 2016 |title=Rusty-spotted cat predating on bats |journal=Cat News |issue=64 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

Among the other [[carnivores]] are the [[Striped hyena|hyena]], [[Indian wolf|wolf]] and [[Golden jackal|jackal]]. The [[Indian sloth bear]] is occasionally reported from the area.
Besides [[civets]], [[mongoose]], [[porcupine]] and several species of [[rodents]] are found in the area.
The area has also many varieties of [[reptiles]] as well, which include many [[venomous]] and non-venomous snakes. The [[Indian Python|python]], [[crocodile]] and other herpetofauna also exist here.
Birdlife is plentiful. In the past, the [[junglefowl]] was abundant here, but the species is now exterminated from the area, or has become rare.
The [[barking deer]], [[Four-horned antelope|four horned antelope]], [[Blue bull]] and [[wild boar]] are the [[ungulate]]s occurring in the sanctuary.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

== Places of interest around Jambughoda ==
* [[Champaner]] - UNESCO&nbsp; — World Heritage site
* [[Pavagadh]] - Pilgrimage centre
* [[Sukhi Dam]]
* Kada Dam
* Jand Hanuman
* Hathini Mata Dhodh

== Transport ==
The nearest airports are in Vadodara (90&nbsp;km) and Ahmedabad (180&nbsp;km. approx.). The nearest bus stations are in Shivrajpur (1&nbsp;km) and Bodeli (12&nbsp;km). The nearest railway station is in Vadodara, and Bodeli too.

== See also ==
* [[Gir Forest]]
* [[Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|22.3667|N|73.7167|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1989]]

Vincent Arthur Smith

2026-03-22T07:17:47Z

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{{Short description|Irish historian, art historian and indologist (1843–1920)}}
{{hatnote|For other people named Vincent Smith, see [[Vincent Smith (disambiguation)|Vincent Smith]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vincent Arthur Smith
| image = The Early History of India by Vincent Arthur Smith.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''The Early History of India'' by Vincent Arthur Smith, 1914
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1843|06|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1920|02|06|1843|06|03|df=y}}<ref name="obit" />
| death_place = Oxford
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indologist]], [[art historian]]
| known_for =
}}
'''Vincent Arthur Smith''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (3 June 1843 – 6 February 1920) was an Irish [[Indologist]], historian, member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], and curator. He was one of the prominent figures in Indian historiography during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=history+of+modern+india+rajiv+ahir |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1890s, he was key to exposing the forgeries of [[Alois Anton Führer]], then working for the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], who Smith caught in the act of making fake inscriptions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhammika |first1=Shravasti |title=Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India |date=2008 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0197-8 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ-Qa_jRVMYC&pg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Fuhrer's attempt to associate the names of eighteen Sakyas, including Mahanaman, with the structures, on the false claim of writings in pre-Asokan characters, was fortunately foiled in time by V.A. Smith, who paid a surprise visit when the excavation was in progress. The forgery was exposed to the public." in {{cite book |title=East and West |date=1979 |publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iJGAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Smith was born in [[Dublin]] on 3 June 1843 which was then part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. His father was [[Aquilla Smith]], well known in medical and numismatic circles in Dublin and London.<ref name="obit">{{cite journal|last=F. E. P.|title=Vincent Arthur Smith|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|date=July 1920|issue=3|pages=391–395|jstor=25209644}}</ref>

After graduating from [[Trinity College Dublin]], he passed the final examination for the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1871, at "the head of the list", and served in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]] until 1900, in the regular ICS roles, rising to the post of Chief Secretary to the government in 1898, becoming a Commissioner the same year. Throughout this period he was a prolific writer on Indian history, and finally left the service early to devote more time to this, in 1900, returning to England.<ref name="obit" />

Moving first to [[Cheltenham]], by 1910 Smith was settled in [[Oxford]] where he joined [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] and was appointed a Curator of the [[Indian Institute]].<ref name="obit" />

Following his retirement, Smith wrote several monographs on Indian history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=N.B.D. |date=1919 |title=OBITUARY NOTES |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688156 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |jstor=41688156 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> These included two monographs on the emperors [[Ashoka]] and [[Akbar]] respectively, which he went on to revise several times, updating them to reflect new research and information.<ref name=":0" /> He also wrote and published two comprehensive volumes on Indian history, ''The Early History of India'' and ''The Oxford History of India,'' as well as a book about the history of fine arts in India and Sri Lanka.<ref name="obit" />

Smith was honoured with the award of [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<ref name="Folklore">{{cite journal|last=Crooke|first=William|authorlink=William Crooke|title=Dr. Vincent Arthur Smith, C. I. E.|journal=Folklore|date=30 March 1920|volume=31|issue=1|page=87|jstor=1255017|doi=10.1080/0015587x.1920.9719131|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429987}}</ref> and awarded a doctorate by [[Trinity College Dublin]] in 1919.<ref name="obit" />

He died in Oxford on 6 February 1920.<ref>The History of British India: A Chronology. by J F Riddick</ref>

== Works ==
* ''General index to the reports of the Archaeological Survey of India: Volumes I to XXIII, with a glossary and general table of contents'', Simla, Government Central Press, 1887. - Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1969
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1893). Editor of [[William Henry Sleeman | William Henry Sleeman's]] [https://archive.org/details/b29352551_0001 ''Rambles and Recollections of an Indian official Volume 1''], [https://archive.org/details/b29352551_0002 ''Rambles and Recollections of an Indian official Volume 2''] Westminster Reprint edition of the 1893 (2 volumes)
* Preface to Purna Chandra Mukherji: ''A report on a tour of exploration of the antiquities of Kapilavastu Tarai of Nepal during February and March, 1899'', Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1901; Delhi Indological Book House, 1969.
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). [https://archive.org/details/asokabuddhistem00smitgoog ''Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India''], 1 ed. Oxford 1901; [[s:Rulers of India/Asoka - the Buddhist Emperor of India|3rd ed.]], [[Rulers of India series]], Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1920
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.21585 ''The Jain Stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ'']
* "The Kushān, or Indo-Scythian, Period of Indian History, B.C. 165 to A.D. 320," pp.&nbsp;1–64 in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London)'', 1903.
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1903). [https://archive.org/details/indiancivilservi00smitrich ''The Indian civil service as a profession. A lecture delivered at Trinity College, Dublin, on June 10th, 1903'']
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904). [https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofin00smit_0 ''The Early History of India, from 600 B. C. to the Muhammadan conquest'']. A revised fourth edition (1924) was edited by [[Stephen Edwardes]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dipesh |title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-10045-6 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMEECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |language=en}}</ref>
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1906). [https://archive.org/details/pt1catalogueofcoins01indiuoft ''Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, including the cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: Volume 1''], The Early Foreign Dynasties and the Guptas, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|title=History of India: From Sixth century B.C. to Mohammedan Conquest|editor-first=A. V.|editor-last=Williams Jackson|editor-link=A. V. Williams Jackson|volume=2|year=1906|publisher=Grolier Society|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia02jack}}
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1911). [https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit ''A history of fine art in India and Ceylon from the earliest times to the present day'', First Edition]
* [https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart035424mbp ''A history of fine art in India and Ceylon from the earliest times to the present day'', Second Edition revised by K Codrington, 1930]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.11197 ''A history of fine art in India and Ceylon from the earliest times to the present day'', Third Edition revised and enlarged by Karl Khandalavala, 1962]
*{{cite book|last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press}}
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919) Second and revised edition to [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5104 ''François Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668'', 1914]
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919). [https://archive.org/details/TheOxfordHistoryOfIndia ''The Oxford history of India: from the earliest times to the end of 1911''], Oxford: Clarendon Press. The second edition (1923) was edited by Stephen Edwardes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |title=The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 |date=1923 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGBYaBJULHIC |language=en}}</ref>
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919). [https://archive.org/details/indianconstituti00smituoft ''Indian constitutional reform, viewed in the light of history''], Oxford: University Press

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Vincent Arthur Smith | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q2526510}}

* {{Cite ODNB|id=36164|title=Smith, Vincent Arthur}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Vincent Arthur}}
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Irish colonial officials]]

West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation

2026-03-22T07:17:35Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
|name = West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation Limited পশ্চিমবঙ্গ ইলেকট্রনিক্স শিল্প উন্নয়ন কর্পোরেশন লিমিটেড
|logo = WestBengalElectronicsIndustryDevelopmentCorporationlogo.png
|logo_size = 130px
|type =
|foundation = 4 February 1974
|location = Webel Bhavan, [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]], [[Kolkata]] ([[Kolkata metropolitan area|greater]]), [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|key_people = Shri Hirak N. Sengupta, [[Chairman]]
|area_served= International
|industry = [[Information technology]] [[Electronics industry]]
|parent= Department of Information Technology and Electronics, [[Government of West Bengal]]
| products =
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|assets =
|equity =
|num_employees =
|homepage = {{url|https://www.webel.in/}}
}}
'''West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation Limited''' (abbreviated as and commonly known as '''Webel''') is a [[State-owned enterprise|public sector company]] owned by Department of Information Technology and Electronics, [[Government of West Bengal]] which works on [[Information technology|IT]], [[Information technology enabled services|ITeS]], [[electronics industry]], [[Research and development|technology development]] and it's related industries. Based in [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] and headquartered in [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] city near [[Kolkata]], it was incorporated in 1974 with the objective of developing the [[electronics industry]] in West Bengal.

==Operations in electronics industry==
===Manufacturing===
Through its subsidiary companies, WEBEL engages in the manufacture of electronic components and equipments such as [[Quartz crystal]]s, [[Electrolytic capacitor]]s, Black-and white [[Cathode ray tube|picture tubes]], Electronically driven tools, [[Thyristor]]-controlled AC Drives, Studio and broadcasting equipment, Television sets, Transreceivers, [[Telephone exchanges|Electronic telephone exchange]]s, EPBTs etc. It also engages in infrastructure development activities for the electronics industry, including the development of the Taratala Industrial Estate and the Salt Lake Electronics Complex.
===Electronic parks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Site area
! Ref(s)

|-
|Naihati Electronics Park
|[[Naihati]]
|70 Acres
|<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web | url=https://cloudcdn.taiwantradeshows.com.tw/2019/smartasia/download/summit10.pdf | title=An overview on Electronic, Hardware & IT Parks in West Bengal-Opportunities for Taiwan companies | website=taiwantradeshows.com.tw}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/state-focuses-of-alternative-electronics-hubs-350956 | title=State focuses of alternative electronics hubs | date=28 April 2019 }}</ref>

|-
|Falta Electronics Park
|[[Falta, South 24 Parganas|Falta]]
|60 Acres
|<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>

|}

===Hardware parks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Site area
! Ref(s)

|-
| Sonarpur Hardware Park
| [[Sonarpur]]
| 11 Acres
|<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>

|-
| Kalyani Hardware Park
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|47 Acres
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|}

==Operations in IT industry==
As of 2019, Webel operates more than 17 [[Information technology|IT]] Parks in India.

==Notable projects implemented==
Webel has implemented many national and international projects. Webel formed [[Salt Lake Electronics Complex]] (abbr. SALTLEC) in 1989 to promote electronic industry, which was first fully integrated electronics park in India. Afterwards, it became the first software technology park in [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Kolkata metropolitan]]. As of 2019, the complex is spread on a land of 150 Acres which have 63 electronic units and more than 200 IT/ITeS firms along with many MSME companies.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://sisikolkata.gov.in/uploads/2021/03/districtprofiles/2018-19/DIPS-North%2024%20PGS-2018-19.pdf | title=District Industrial Profile 2018-19 | website=sisikolkata.gov.in | access-date=26 July 2023 | archive-date=16 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716110923/http://sisikolkata.gov.in/uploads/2021/03/districtprofiles/2018-19/DIPS-North%2024%20PGS-2018-19.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/NORTH%2024-PARGANAS.pdf | title=Brief Industrial Profile of NORTH 24 -PARGANAS DISTRICT WEST BENGAL | website=dcmsme.gov.in}}</ref>

It has executed [[turnkey project]]s, such as the Automatic Message Switching System at the [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] in [[Nepal]], and the Toll Collection System at [[Vidyasagar Setu]], [[Kolkata]]. It has also implemented [[e-governance]] projects including a private [[Optical fiber|optical fiber network]], and the West Bengal State [[Wide Area Network]] (WBSWAN). WBSWAN forms the basic backbone of the Indian government's e-governance programme.<ref name="auto3"/>

The organisation also has brought internet [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] to make rural India the back office of urban India for [[E-learning|tele-education]], [[telemedicine]], e-governance, [[entertainment]], and has followed up with projects in [[health care]], [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], and commercial tax applications.<ref name="auto3"/>

The organisation has implemented an application, the first of its kind in the country, networking all 411 [[police station]]s of West Benga, with applications such as criminal tracking system, an application which permits messaging and access to data at grass-root levels to track [[crime]].<ref name="auto3"/>

WEBEL has developed a computerised Braille transcription system [BTS] in twelve Indian languages comprising Braille-to-text software, an electronic tactile reader, automatic braille embosser, and audio-supported Braille keybo The system covers transcription in languages such as Bangla, Hindi, Assamese, Oriya, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Nepali and English.<ref name="auto3"/>

== Subsidiaries and child organizations==
Webel has several subsidiaries, child organizations and tie-ups with other organisations for their operations. The major subsidiaries are:
*Webel Technology Limited<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web | url=https://www.wtl.co.in/about.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517050845/https://www.wtl.co.in/about.html | archive-date=2022-05-17 | title=Brief About Company | website=www.wtl.co.in}}</ref>
*Webel Mediatronics Limited
*Webel Education and Training Division (formerly Webel Informatics Limited)<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://www.webel.in/WEBEL-Education-and-Training-Initiative | title=Webel: Webel Education and Training Initiative }}</ref>
*Webel Electronic Manufacturing Clusters Limited<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web | url=https://www.wtl.co.in/pdfs/Advt-Finance.pdf | title=Webel Technology Limited (WTL), a Govt. of West Bengal Undertaking under the administrative control of Department of P & AR | website=www.wtl.co.in}}</ref>
*Webel Electronic Infrastructure Development Limited<ref name="auto4"/>
*Webel Animation Academy<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.webel.in/WEBEL-Animation-Academy | title=Webel }}</ref>

===Webel Technology Limited===
Webel Technology Limited (WTL) is the major [[Information technology]] arm of Webel as well as the State Nodal Agency for IT. Incorporated in 2001, WTL gives services related to Infrastructure Projects, Software Delivery Services, IT Consultancy Services, Information Security Assurance Services & Procurement of Infrastructure for Department.<ref name="auto5"/>

===Webel Mediatronics Limited===
Its subsidiary Webel Mediatronics Limited engages in the development, [[manufacturing]], and [[turnkey project]] execution in the areas of studio and broadcasting systems, [[industrial electronics]], [[information technology]] applications, and systems for the [[disabled]]. It has in the last 10 years developed and commercialized a host of systems for [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]], [[cerebral palsy]]-affected, [[Hearing impairment|hearing handicapped]], and [[autistic]] persons. It has a close working relationship with [[Prasar Bharati]], the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], the Indian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, and [[research institute]]s and [[University|universities]] in the country.

===Webel Education and Training Division===
Incorporated in 1992, its subsidiary Webel Education and Training Division (erstwhile Webel Informatics Limited) has a mission is to upgrade the level of [[computer literacy]] in West Bengal. As of 2023, WEBEL produces around 12,000 professionals every year. With more than 140 [[Franchising|franchise]] locations all over the state, the company also conducts training and education in 100 government-aided schools and 22 colleges.<ref name="auto2"/> In association with the Indian government and [[IBM]], the organisation has launched an IT literacy programme in [[Secondary education|secondary]] and higher secondary schools.

Webel Informatic's [[Information Technology]] Education and Training divisions conduct [[diploma]] and [[Academic certificate|certificate]] courses in [[software]], [[Computer hardware|hardware]] with [[Telecommunications network|networking]] and [[multimedia]], and a host of information technology courses for beginners, with special emphasis on training college students to help make them industry-ready professionals after graduation.

WIL is the first center of Eastern India which started to provide Global Certification Training in 2002 on [[Cisco Systems#Certifications]] and [[Red Hat]] India Ltd technologies. It is the regional [[Cisco Systems#Certifications|Cisco Network Academy]] for Eastern India and awards [[Cisco Certified Network Associate]]. It is also the authorized training partner of [[Red Hat]], conducting Red Hat Certified System Administrator and [[Red Hat Certified Engineer]] for individuals and corporate clients.<ref name="auto2"/>

===Webel Animation Academy===
WEBEL has set up Webel Animation Academy ([[also known as|aka]] Toonz Webel Academy), an international [[animation]] academy that produces industry-ready animators. West Bengal has been the first and only state (as of 2021) in the India to set up an kind Animation Academy by the Government initiative.

Webel Animation Academy houses a [[state of the Art]] facility with 10,000 sq. ft. area containing high-end systems and technical infrastructure and an auditorium at [[Bidhannagar]] Sector V.

The academy also hosts internship program and runs academic degree programs like B.Sc. In 3D Animation Film Making, B.Sc. In VFX Film Making, Diploma in 3D & VFX Film Making, Diploma in 3D Animation and other short courses.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:State agencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:State industrial development corporations of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1974]]

Vishwajeet Kadam

2026-03-22T07:17:22Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Like resume|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Vishwajeet Kadam
| image = 240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|01|13}}
| birth_place = [[Pune, Maharashtra]], India
| residence = [[Pune]]
| office = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister of State]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 30 December 2019
| term_end = 29 June 2022
| minister =
*[[Ministry of Co-operation (Maharashtra)|Co-operation]]
*[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture]]
*[[Ministry of Social Justice (Maharashtra)|Social Justice]]
*[[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Food, Civil Supplies]]
*[[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Consumer Affairs]]
*[[Minority Development and Aukaf (Maharashtra)|Minority Development and Aukaf]]
*[[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language]].
*[[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
*[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (Maharashtra)|Skill Development And Entrepreneurship]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
*[[Ministry of Marketing (Maharashtra)|Marketing]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
*[[Ministry of Public Health (Maharashtra)|Public Health and Family Welfare]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata =
[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata =
[[Ajit Pawar]]
| governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| predecessor =
| office2 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Palus-Kadegaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palus-Kadegaon]]
| term_start2 = 31 May 2018
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Patangrao Kadam]]
| successor2 =
| parents = [[Patangrao Kadam]]
| nationality =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website = https://vishwajeetkadam.in
}}

'''Vishwajeet Kadam''' (born 13 January 1980) is a politician from the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2019-12-31|title=Congress leaders from western Maharashtra under-represented|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-leaders-from-western-maharashtra-under-represented/article30437767.ece|access-date=2020-09-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is the son of former congress leader [[Patangrao Kadam]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|date=2018-03-10|title=Patangrao Kadam passes away: Here's all you need to know about a politician and educationalist|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-patangrao-kadam-passes-away-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-about-a-politician-and-educationalist-2592453|access-date=2020-09-25|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> and was born and brought up in [[Pune]]. He serves as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of Maharashtra legislative assembly from [[Palus-Kadegaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-19|title=Vishwajeet Kadam is Congress candidate for Pune LS seat|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/vishwajeet-kadam-is-congress-candidate-for-pune-ls-seat/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kadam has a B.E., MBA, PhD in Management and has also completed Management and Leadership in Education from [[Howard University]].{{cn|date=February 2021}}

Some know him as the Working President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]. Others know him as a Member of the AICTE ([[All India Council for Technical Education]]) and many more know him as the Secretary of [[Bharati Vidyapeeth]].

== Political career ==
His was selected as the Congress party candidate for [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] which he won by a huge margin of 1,50,866 votes from [[Palus-Kadegaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Nidhi|date=2018-05-27|title=Maharashtra: Congress' Vishwajeet Kadam elected unopposed as BJP opts out in Palus-Kadegaon bypolls|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-maharashtra-congress-vishwajeet-kadam-elected-unopposed-as-bjp-opts-out-in-palus-kadegaon-bypolls-444192|access-date=2020-09-25|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Positions held ===

* Maharashtra Cabinet Minister of State (2019–2022)

==References==
<references />
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, vishwajeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]

Dum (2003 Tamil film)

2026-03-22T07:17:10Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|2003 film directed by A. Venkatesh}}
{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dum (2003 Tamil film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| writer = Prasanna Kumar (dialogues)
| story = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| based_on = ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (Kannada)
| starring = [[Silambarasan]] [[Rakshita]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer) |Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Rockline Productions
| released = {{Film date|2003|04|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Dum''''' ({{IPAc-en|ð|əm}} {{Translation|Guts}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic]] [[action comedy]] film directed by [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]. It is a remake of the 2002 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2020 |title=From 'School Master' to 'U Turn': A look at Kannada films remade in other Indian languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030064513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Silambarasan]] and [[Rakshita]] (in her Tamil debut, reprising her role from original) while [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[S. S. Rajendran]] play pivotal roles. It was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2004 |title='Manmathan' Silambarasan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manmathan-silambarasan-news-tamil-kkfvC9gfbdfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018131944/http://www.sify.com/movies/manmathan-silambarasan-news-tamil-kkfvC9gfbdfsi.html |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Satya is the son of a police constable. He gets into fights and ends up in jail where his father gets him out on bail. While he is returning home from a party drunk, a group of college students beat him up. That is when Suchitra comes and takes him to the hospital and donates blood. She is the daughter of a police commissioner. Later, Satya falls in love with Suchitra. That leads to several problems which are faced bravely by Satya in the later part of the film. Finally, all goes well, and Satya also receives the letter confirming his selection for IPS.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Silambarasan]] as Sathya
* [[Rakshita]] as Suchitra
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Commissioner Thilak
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as DGP Ramachandran
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Chokkalingam
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Boopathi
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Inspector Ravikanth
* [[Sumitra (actress)|Sumitra]] as Sandhya
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Subha
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Chandra
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Kiran
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Vamshy
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as a police constable
* Karthik Sabesh as 'Ninety' Karthik
* [[Kottachi]] as Sathya's friend
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as a police constable
* [[Muthukaalai]] as a police constable
* [[Chelladurai]] as a police constable
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as a police constable
* Japan Kumar as Sathya's friend
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially set to be titled ''Idiot'' after the Telugu version, but the title was later changed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bests of bests |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c83.html |access-date=3 June 2016 |website=Nilacharal |publisher= |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234229/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c83.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A. Venkatesh remade the film from [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s 2002 Kannada film ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'', which was also remade in Telugu in 2002 as ''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]''. Venkatesh was keen to cast [[Kiran Rathod]], but later selected [[Rakshita]], who appeared in all three versions of the film.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 December 2002 |title=Silambarasan pairs with Kiran |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/07122002/news01.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212223531/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/07122002/news01.shtml |archive-date=12 December 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> During the making of the film, Silambarasan did his own stunts including a risky jump from the fifth floor of a building.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2005 |title=We've the best of both worlds' |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/04/02/stories/2005040200030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406212131/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/04/02/stories/2005040200030200.htm |archive-date=6 April 2005 |access-date=3 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This was the first Tamil film to be produced by Rockline Venkatesh. The filming was held at Chennai and Bangalore while the songs were shot at Japan, China, Hong Kong, Bangkok and Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/aprnew.asp|date=13 April 2003|website=Chennai Online|access-date=1 November 2024|title=New Year Releases|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031127140032/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/aprnew.asp|archive-date=27 November 2003}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
There are eight songs composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], while [[Sabesh–Murali]] handled the background score.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Adra Adra Dum" || [[Silambarasan]], [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]] || Silambarasan
|-
| "Chanakya Chanakya" || [[Sadhana Sargam]] || rowspan=1|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| "Kalakuven Kalakuven" I || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || rowspan=2| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Kalakuven Kalakuven" II || Silambarasan
|-
| "Kannamma Kannamma" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|-
| "Karuppo Sivappo" || Silambarasan || rowspan=3|Pa. Vijay
|-
| "Manase Manase" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| "Polladha Padava" || [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|}

== Critical reception==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Making a marked deviation from the norm, the hero of ''Dhum'' remains unaffected by sentiment. So Simbhu's character is devoid of melodrama. A welcome change in the mindset of our heroes [...] A. Venkatesh's screenplay and direction leave no room for lull or lacuna at any point".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2003-04-17 |title=Dhum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/dhum/article28572929.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115010035/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/dhum/article28572929.ece |archive-date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote makers made masala by fooling fans without caring about logic while panning the lead hero's character design calling it wrong heroism and concluded saying it does not matter if cinema does not do good to the society, there is no need to do bad things like this.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=4 May 2003 |title=தம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-05-04/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230123052638/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-05-04/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that the film had "a racy screenplay, a fast-paced narration, non-stop action that leaves no room for lagging moments. All going to assure that 'Dum' makes for some compelling viewing for the youth and action lovers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=18 April 2003 |title=Dum |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov261.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210185036/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov261.asp |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "The spark in Simbu is reflected in the screenplay too. Though some scenes look incredulous, the pace of the film doesn't give you enough time to think. If you could bear Simbu's over-styling mannerisms and his digs at the police force, you might even enjoy the film".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dum |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/dum.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605044751/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/dum.shtml |archive-date=5 June 2003 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole ''Dum'' is sure to entertain the masses, who do not think too hard".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2003 |title=Dum |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dum-review-tamil-pclu0vgdiheci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128094040/http://www.sify.com/movies/dum-review-tamil-pclu0vgdiheci.html |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. Venkatesh (director)}}

[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Indian Computer Emergency Response Team

2026-03-22T07:16:57Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Indian government cybersecurity agency}}
{{Prose|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
| type =
| nativename =
| nativename_a = {{lang|hi|भारतीय कंप्यूटर आपातकालीन प्रतिक्रिया टीम}}
| nativename_r =
| logo = CERT-In 2023.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2004|01|19|df=y}}<ref name="tt.in">{{cite web | url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.in/definition/CERT-In | title=techtarget.in | access-date=21 October 2013 | archive-date=21 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183527/http://searchsecurity.techtarget.in/definition/CERT-In | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="fir">{{cite web | url=http://www.first.org/members/teams/cert-in | title=first.org- About CERT-In | access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
| preceding1 = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="meity -- icert">{{cite web | url=http://meity.gov.in/content/icert | title=meity.gov.in -- CERT-In | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|11|N|77|14|22|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Handling Cyber Security Incidents
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = [[Dr. Sanjay Bahl]]
| chief1_position = Director General<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's who|url=http://meity.gov.in/about-meity/who-is-who|work=[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| agency_type =
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|सर्ट-इन.भारत}} , {{URL|www.cert-in.org.in}}, {{URL|www.सीएसके.सरकार.भारत}} , {{URL|www.csk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Indian Computer Emergency Response Team''' ('''CERT-In''' or '''IN-CERT''') is an office within the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="meity -- icert"/> It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security incidents. It strengthens security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=During Operation Sindoor, let’s not forget about digital warfare |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/during-operation-sindoor-lets-not-forget-about-digital-warfare-9993233/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
CERT-In, an acronym for 'Indian Computer Emergency Response Team', is the National Incident Response Centre for major computer security incidents in its constituency i.e. Indian cyber community. It was formed in 2004 by the Government of India under [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] Section (70B) under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. CERT-In is a functional organisation of Ministry of Electronics and Information, Govt. of India, with an objective of securing Indian cyber space.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Explained {{!}} What is CERT-In? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2023/11/03/cert-in-explained.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

CERT-In's primary role is to raise security awareness among Indian cyber community and to provide technical assistance and advise them to help them recover from computer security incidents.<ref name=":0" /> It provides technical advice to System Administrators and users to respond to computer security incidents. It also identifies trends in intruder activity, works with other similar institutions & organisations to resolve major security issues, and disseminates information to the Indian cyber community.
It also enlightens its constituents about the security awareness and best practices for various systems; networks by publishing advisories, guidelines and other technical document.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETCISO.in |title=Cyber security handbook released to empower women - ET CISO |url=https://ciso.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/cybercrime-fraud/cyber-security-handbook-released-to-empower-women/118797854 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=ETCISO.in |language=en}}</ref>

CERT-In's vision is to proactively contribution in securing India's cyber space and building safe and trusted cyber ecosystem for the citizen. Its mission is to enhance the security of India's Communications and Information Infrastructure through proactive action and effective collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) releases "Cyber Security Handbook for Mahila Suraksha" Booklet on International Women's Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2109192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312194158/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2109192 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Functions ==
In December-2013, CERT-In reported there was a rise in cyber attacks on Government organisations like [[bank]]ing and [[finance]], oil and gas and emergency services. It issued a list of security guidelines to all critical departments.<ref>{{cite news|title=As cyber attacks rise, government sounds alert|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-cyber-attacks-rise-government-sounds-alert/article5501672.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 December 2013|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> It liaisons with the Office of National Cyber Security Coordinator, National Security Council and National Information Board in terms of the nation's cyber security and threats. As a nodal entity, India's Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) plays a crucial role under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology(MeitY).

Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) launched Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) on 21-February-2017 as part of the Government of India's [[Digital India]] initiative under [[MeitY]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launches Cyber Swachhta Kendra - Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=158620 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=22 February 2017}}</ref> Cyber Swachhta Kendra] (CSK) is a citizen centric service provided by CERT-In, which extends the vision of Swachh Bharat to the Cyber Space. CSK aims to secure India's digital IT Infrastructure by creating a dedicated mechanism for providing timely information about Botnet/Malware threats to the victim organisation/user and suggesting remedial actions to be taken by the concerned entity. The centre has been established for detection of compromised systems in India and to notify, enable cleaning and securing systems of end users to prevent further malware infections. The centre is working in close coordination and collaboration with Internet Service Providers, Academia and Industry. The centre is providing detection of malicious programs and free tools to remove the same for common users.

In September-2022, CERT-In hosted exercise 'Synergy' in collaboration with Cyber Security Agency, Singapore. It had a participation of 13 countries and was conducted as a part of the International Counter Ransomware Initiative-Resilience Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CERT-In hosts Cyber Security Exercise "Synergy" for 13 countries as part of International Counter Ransomware Initiative- Resilience Working Group |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1855771 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Agreements ==
A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in May-2016 between the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and the Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK.

Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries – Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan.

The Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, respond to cybersecurity incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen the cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving the relationship between them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2016 |title=Cabinet apprised of MoU between CERT-In India and CERT-UK |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cabinet-apprised-of-mou-between-cert-in-india-and-cert-uk-116083100561_1.html |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

A memorandum of understanding was signed by CERT-In and [[Mastercard]] to foster collaboration and information exchange in the field of financial sector cyber security. Both parties will take advantage of their combined knowledge in the areas of advanced malware analysis, cybersecurity incident response, capacity building, and exchanging cyber threat intelligence relevant to the banking sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=Mastercard and CERT-In join hands to strengthen cybersecurity for financial sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/mastercard-and-cert-in-join-hands-to-strengthen-cybersecurity-for-financial-sector/articleshow/111121150.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In March-2014, CERT-In reported a critical flaw in [[Android Jelly Bean]]'s [[VPN]] implementation.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 March 2014|title=Android's Jelly Bean, Kit Kat under cyber threat in India: CERT-In|newspaper=NDTV|location=New Delhi, India|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/android-s-jelly-bean-kit-kat-under-cyber-threat-in-india-cert-in-490293}}</ref>

In July-2020, CERT-In warned Google Chrome users to immediately upgrade to the new Chrome browser version 84.0.4147.89. Multiple vulnerabilities that could allow access to hackers were reported.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2020-07-21|title=Update your Google Chrome browser now to avoid hackers, says CERT-In|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/update-your-google-chrome-browser-now-to-avoid-hackers-says-cert-in-120072100333_1.html|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>

In April-2021, issued a "high severity" rating advisory on the vulnerability detected on WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for Android prior to v2.21.4.18 and WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for iOS prior to v2.21.32.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp Users Warned of Flaw That Could Leak Their Personal Data|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-user-data-breach-leak-security-flaw-vulnerability-cert-in-advisory-2416759|access-date=2021-06-16|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

According to the agency, India faced 11.5 million cyberattack incidents in 2021 including corporate attacks, and attacks on critical infrastructure and government agencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/us-cybersecurity-provider-sentinelone-opens-india-office-in-bengaluru/article65529464.ece |title=US cybersecurity provider SentinelOne opens India office in Bengaluru |date=2022-06-15 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 04-December-2022, CERT-In was called in to investigate the cyber attack on [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi.]]

On 19-July-2024, a [[2024 CrowdStrike incident|computer outage]] relating to [[CrowdStrike|CrowdStrike tools]] in [[Microsoft|Microsoft systems]] was reported. CERT-In categorised the incident as "critical" and the IT minister, [[Ashwini Vaishnaw|Ashwini Vaishnav]] said that the government is in touch with Microsoft and the issue will be resolved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massive Worldwide Microsoft Outage: Flights, Markets, Stock Exchange Down |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/microsoft-blue-screen-of-death-flights-markets-banks-stock-exchange-microsoft-outage-crippling-sectors-6139053 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |date=2024-07-19 |title=Microsoft Global Outage LIVE: Microsoft's Windows outage impacts airlines, financial institutions and broadcasters on a global scale |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/microsoft-outage-live-updates-mumbai-delhi-flight-operations-affected/article68421219.ece |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Guidelines ==
The IN-CERT issues guidelines on cybersecurity and critical vulnerabilities, from time to time. In April-2022, the IN-CERT issued a set of directions requiring certain cyber security measures to be undertaken by companies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CERT-In issues directions relating to information security practices, procedure, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents for Safe & Trusted Internet |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1820904 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> including the following:

* Reporting of cyber incidents within six hours<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameer Avasarala |first=Prashant Phillips |title=Analyzing the new CERT-IN Directions: Wider gamut than breach reporting |url=https://lakshmisri.com/insights/articles/analyzing-the-new-cert-in-directions-wider-gamut-than-breach-reporting/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=lakshmisri.com}}</ref> to IN-CERT (which was limited to high-severity incidents through the FAQs)
* Maintenance of ICT logs within the territory of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Arun Prabhu, Arpita |date=2022-05-24 |title=The Cert-In Cyber Security Directions: More Questions Than Answers? |url=https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2022/05/the-cert-in-cyber-security-directions-more-questions-than-answers/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Corporate Law}}</ref> Pursuant to the FAQs, they may be stored outside India, provided the requirement to store such logs outside India is met if logs can be produced as and when solicited by IN-CERT;
* Synchronisation of system time clocks with [[Network Time Protocol]] servers of [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]] or [[National Informatics Centre]]; and
* Additional obligations for [[Virtual private network|VPN]] and [[Virtual private server|VPS]] service providers.

Subsequently, the IN-CERT issued certain FAQs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) releases FAQs to address queries on Cyber Security Directions of 28.04.2022 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1826388 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> which clarified and relaxed some of the aforesaid requirements.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Computer security in India]]

XIV Corps (India)

2026-03-22T07:16:38Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = XIV Corps
| image = Fire and Fury Corps.jpg
| size = 75px
| caption = Indian Army XIV Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1999 – present
| country = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| type =
| role = Holding [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Northern Command (India).svg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| garrison = [[Leh]]
| current_commander = [[Lt Gen]] Hitesh Bhalla {{small|[[Shaurya Chakra|SC]][[Medal bar|**]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}} {{post-nominals|country=IND}}
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = [[Lt Gen]] [[Anindya Sengupta]] [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi|Lt Gen Yogesh Kumar Joshi]] [[Balwant Singh Negi|Lt Gen Balwant Singh Negi]] [[S. K. Singh (general)|Lt Gen Shri Krishna Singh]] [[Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj|Lt Gen Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname = ''Fire and Fury Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| battles =
| anniversaries = 1 September
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[XII Corps (India)|XII Corps]]|next=[[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]}}
'''The XIV Corps''' or The Fire and Fury Corps is a [[corps]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It is the Army's [[Udhampur]]-based part of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]].<ref>{{citation |last=Malik |first=General V. P. |title=Kargil-From Surprise TO Victory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQqulQ9BvNQC&pg=RA1-PT10 |year=2010 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5029-313-3 |at=Chapter 3}}</ref> The 14th Corps forms a military deployment in the Kargil-Leh area guarding the frontiers with China and Pakistan. It also guards the [[Siachen Glacier]].

== History ==
The 3rd Division was established in 1962 during the [[Sino-Indian War]], from elements of HQ [[Nagaland]] and remained as an [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] reserve, even though it almost always remained on CI duty.<ref>Ravi Rikhye and Mandeep Bajwa, www.orbat.com mainpage, 4 August 2010</ref> After nearly 30 years existence in the East, the division left the area about two decades ago for [[Ladakh]] and never returned. While on CI duty, the division was pulled out and sent to fight suspected Pakistani infiltrators in the Matayan-Dras sectors. Afterwards, when HQ XIV Corps was raised, it took over the 3rd and 8th Division.

During the [[Kargil War]] it consisted of 56th Mountain Brigade, usually stationed at [[Matayan]], 79th Mountain Brigade, usually stationed at [[Dras]], and 192nd Mountain Brigade.<ref name="Bajwa" />

The Changthang Prahar Exercise, an Integrated Exercise of all Arms in Super High Altitude Area, was conducted in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=NorthernComd_IA|number=1173894507856662529|title=#LtGenRanbirSingh, #ArmyCdrNC visited Eastern Ladakh & witnessed Integrated Exercise of all Arms in Super High Altitude Area; complimented all ranks for outstanding display of war fighting capability under challenging conditions. / @adgpi @SpokespersonMoD @PIB_Indiapic.twitter.com/HZEFAj1wkT|last=NorthernComd.IA|date=2019-09-17|language=en|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=NorthernComd_IA|number=1174300497726951426|title=Glimpses of "Ex Changthang Prahar" - All Arms Integrated Exercise at #EasternLadakh; employment of Mech Forces with force multipliers integrating high tech platforms; witnessed by #LtGenRanbirSingh, #ArmyCdrNC / @adgpi / @SpokespersonMoD / @PIB_Indiapic.twitter.com/UBr8jb1eFe|last=NorthernComd.IA|date=2019-09-18|language=en|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref>

During the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Sino-Indian Border Dispute]], the XIV Corps engaged in discussions with Chinese division commanders regarding the Depsang bulge standoff in eastern Ladakh. Despite multiple diplomatic talks and Corps Commander-level negotiations, Chinese troops obstructed access to critical patrolling points, prompting the Indian Army to prepare for a prolonged presence, including winter stocking of troops along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2020-08-09 |title=Border row: India, China hold Major General-level talks on disengagement process |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Aug/08/border-row-india-china-hold-major-general-level-talks-on-disengagement-process-2180919.html |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-16 |title=India-China border dispute {{!}} Disengagement can take a while: Army and Govt say process intricate, complex |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-border-lac-dispute-talks-army-govt-6509359/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Order of battle ==
[[File:Lieutenant General Harinder Singh assumed command of ‘Fire & Fury Corps’ relieving Lieutenant General YK Joshi.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General Harinder Singh assuming command of ‘Fire & Fury Corps’ relieving Lieutenant General YK Joshi, October 2019]]
*'''The 3rd Infantry Division''' ''(Trishul Division)'' - It is also currently responsible for security of the entire eastern Ladakh [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] border with China. The division has three infantry brigades stationed at Tangste, Kairi and Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO); under it, along with an artillery brigade.
**The division was created in October 1962 in [[Ladakh]]. It fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref name="Conboy">Conboy et al, Elite Forces of India and Pakistan, p.8</ref> In 1991, it was part of the [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]. Its headquarters was at [[Karu, Ladakh|Karu]], 40&nbsp;km from [[Leh]]. During the [[Kargil War]], the division consisted of the 3rd Artillery Brigade (the special division for artillery missions), 70th Infantry Brigade (reassigned from [[Demchok, Ladakh]]) on the Chinese border, and the 102nd Infantry Brigade. Both were normally assigned to the division.<ref name="Bajwa">Mandeep S. Bajwa with assistance from Ravi Rikhye, [http://orbat.com/site/history/volume4/432/kargil%201999.htm Indian Army – Kargil War 1999, V2.0, 8 March 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127221130/http://orbat.com/site/history/volume4/432/kargil%201999.htm |date=27 November 2010 }}, accessed July 2010</ref>
*'''[[8th Infantry Division (India)|The 8th Mountain Division]]''' - ''(Forever in Operations Division)''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Kargil victors: 8 Mountain division, 'Forever in Operations' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-kargil-victors-8-mountain-division-forever-in-operations-529033 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> - It is presently tasked to look after the [[Line of Control|LoC]]. It also includes a Division Artillery Brigade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Sonu M. |date=2024-08-01 |title=Memories of battles and bravery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Aug/10/memories-of-battles-and-bravery |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered at Khumbathang, [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Kargil Revisited: 22 Years Later, Gaps at Strategic Level Still Exist but Being Fixed |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/kargil-revisited-22-years-later-gaps-at-strategic-level-still-exist-but-being-fixed-4007441.html |access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref>
**It was established in 1963 to carry out [[Counter-insurgency|counter insurgency operations]] in [[Nagaland]]. Until 1990, it was headquartered at [[Kohima]] under [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]].<ref name="Conboy" /><ref name=":2" /> As trouble erupted in Kashmir in the late 1980s, the division was moved to the Kashmir Valley, making it the spearhead of the counter-insurgency operations. During the [[Kargil War]], it was rushed into the Kargil-Drass and [[Batalik]] sectors from Kashmir Valley, where it proved its mettle.<ref name=":2" />
*'''The 72nd Infantry Division''' - Being raised and includes HQ supported by a Brigade as of March 2025.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=Army to permanently deploy 72 Division to guard China border in eastern Ladakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-deploy-infantry-division-guard-line-of-actual-control-eastern-ladakh-china-border-2700171-2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> To support the 3rd Division<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-03-27 |title=New Army division to defend Eastern Ladakh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/27/new-army-division-to-defend-eastern-ladakh#ampshare=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/27/new-army-division-to-defend-eastern-ladakh |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and replace Uniform Force of Rashtriya Rifles in Ladakh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-03-27 |title=Cleared in 2017 for Mountain Strike Corps, 72 Division now being raised in Ladakh. Here's why |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-armys-new-72-division-being-raised-in-eastern-ladakh/2567292/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The Division will have a total of 10,000-15,000 combat troops with additional 8,000 support personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-22 |title=Why India is raising the 72 Infantry Division in eastern Ladakh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-india-is-raising-the-72-infantry-division-in-eastern-ladakh-13882007.html/amp |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The Division HQ includes 25 officers, 30 [[Junior commissioned officer|JCOs]] and 112 soldiers.<ref name=":0" />
**The formation was cleared to be raised under [[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]] with its base in [[Pathankot]] in 2017 but the raising was halted midway in 2017-18 due to "paucity of funds".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Eye on eastern Ladakh, new Army division likely to be raised this year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/eye-on-eastern-ladakh-new-army-division-likely-to-be-raised-this-year-9268541/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531095031/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/eye-on-eastern-ladakh-new-army-division-likely-to-be-raised-this-year-9268541/ |archive-date=2025-05-31 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2025, the Division is being re-raised under XIV Corps with its warfighting elements finalised though it will not include any additional manpower but only restructuring of previously moved elements during [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army realigns troops in Ladakh along LAC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/army-realigns-troops-in-ladakh-along-lac/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
*102 (Independent) Infantry Brigade ''(Siachen Brigade)''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/battleground-siachen/story-CMva3wVlZDAzJdcJN2mD8N.html|title=Battleground Siachen|date=2009-04-13|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>
*118 (Independent) Infantry Brigade ''(Parashu Brigade)''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/northerncomd_ia/status/1149649504376745985?lang=en|title=Celebrating 20 Years To Kargil Vijay, Fire And Fury Corps flags off White Water Rafting Expedition undertaken by Parashu Brigade|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>
*254 (Independent) Armoured Brigade ''(Snow Leopard Brigade)''
*One [[Indian Army#Bhairav Light Commando Battalions|Bhairav Light Commando Battalion]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-08-25 |title=Army ramps up two-front readiness, 5 Bhairav Commando units ready for frontline deployment |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-ramps-up-two-front-readiness-5-bhairav-commando-units-ready-for-frontline-deployment/2727902/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bhairav commandos to add muscle to Army by October 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhairav-commandos-to-add-muscle-to-army-by-october-31/articleshow/123592968.cms |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-22 |title=New weapons, specialist units to boost army’s capabilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-weapons-specialist-units-to-boost-army-s-capabilities-101761147308953.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*The High Altitude Medical Research Centre (HAMRC), 153 General Hospital of the 14 Corps, is the highest multi-specialty hospital in the world along with 14 Corps Dental Unit being the highest multi-speciality dental unit in the world providing treatment in extreme climatic conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/14-corps.htm|title=14 Corps / XIV Corps|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref>
*Uniform Force of Rashtriya Rifles from Poonch district in Jammu & Kashmir was moved to Ladakh sector on permanent basis in 2020 as part of the ORBAT reorganization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-beefs-up-leh-based-14-corps-to-counter-belligerent-china-as-winter-approaches/765133/?amp |title=Army beefs up Leh-based 14 Corps to counter belligerent China as winter approaches |date=12 November 2021 }}</ref>

== List of commanders ==
[[File:Kargil War Memorial, Hall of Fame Museum, Leh, Ladakh, India (2016).jpg|thumb|right|Flags of XIV Corps and its constituent divisions and brigades]]
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{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="22" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|A B Masih
|September 1999
|May 2000
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/11army.htm|title=General quits under cloud|date=2000-04-11|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arjun Ray]]
|June 2000
|March 2002
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/ls0702.htm|title=Mission: Possible|date=2002-07-01|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>
|-
|RB Singh
|April 2002
|December 2003
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|
|-
|Sudhir Kumar
|December 2003
|2004
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-gen-sharma-is-new-leh-based14-corps-commander_98971.html|title=Lt Gen Sharma is new Leh based-14 Corps Commander|date=2003-05-07|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>
|-
|Milan Lalitkumar Naidu
|2004
|October 2005
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aftdelhi.nic.in/index.php?option=com_casetracking&view=members&Itemid=10&layout=detail&id=4|title=Hon'ble Lt. Gen. (Retd) Milan Lalitkumar Naidu, PVSM, AVSM, YSM.|date=|access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref>
|-
|JK Mohanty
|October 2005
|January 2007
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/milan-naidu-to-be-vicechief-of-army-staff/212507/|title=Milan Naidu to be Vice-Chief of Army Staff|date=2007-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj]]
|January 2007
|28 February 2008
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-gen-p-c-bhardwaj-to-take-over-as-army-vice-chief-on-oct-1-57649-2009-09-30|title=Lt Gen P C Bhardwaj to take over as Army Vice Chief on Oct 1|date=2009-09-30|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>
|-
|Vijay Kumar Ahluwalia
|1 March 2008
|1 March 2009
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Lt.%20Gen%20V.K.%20Ahluwalia0001.pdf|title=DPE databank|date=2012-04-02|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. K. Singh (general)|Shri Krishna Singh]]
|2009
|2010
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/lt-gen-sk-singh-takes-over-as-army-vice-chief-121013.html|title=Lt Gen SK Singh takes over as Army Vice Chief|date=2011-11-01|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|Ravi Dastane
|2011
|2012
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-battle-for-next-army-chief-112103002009_1.html|title=New battle for next Army chief|date=2012-10-30|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|Rajan Bakshi
|2012
|May 2013
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/337942867588820994|title=Lt Gen Rajan Bakshi, GOC 14 Corps promoted as Army Commander. To take over as GOC-in-C Central Command on 01 July|date=2013-05-24|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref>
|-
|Rakesh Sharma
|June 2013
|2014
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.claws.in/author/lt-gen-rakesh-sharma-pvsm-uysm-avsm-vsm-retd/|title=Lt. Gen. Rakesh Sharma PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd.)|date=|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182332/https://www.claws.in/author/lt-gen-rakesh-sharma-pvsm-uysm-avsm-vsm-retd/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Balwant Singh Negi]]
|2014
|2 July 2015
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/3-new-commanders-to-take-charge/164737.html|title=3 new Commanders to take charge|date=30 November 2015|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904084527/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/3-new-commanders-to-take-charge/164737.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shravan Kumar Patyal]]
|2 July 2015
|24 August 2016
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-patyal-take-over-as-goc-of-army-s-14-corps-115072201358_1.html|title=Lt Gen Patyal take over as GOC of Army's 14 Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-07-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>
|-
|Parminder Jit Singh Pannu
|25 August 2016
|2017
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-pannu-new-goc-leh/|title=Lt Gen Pannu is new GOC Leh|date=2016-08-26|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2018-09-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/250-year-old-indian-regiment-draws-inspiration-from-warrior-ruler-shivaji-1.2167801|title=250-year-old Indian regiment draws inspiration from warrior-ruler Shivaji|last=IANS|date=2018-02-03|work=GulfNews|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>
|-
|Santosh Kumar Upadhya
|2017
|30 August 2018
|[[The Garhwal Rifles|Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lt-general-santosh-kumar-apppointed-new-ima-commandant-4444539/|title=Lt General Santosh Kumar {{as written|ap|ppointed [sic]}} new Indian Military Academy commandant|date=2016-12-25|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-helicopter-crash-eastern-ladakh-1038404-2017-09-05|title=Close shave for Army commanders after helicopter crash in eastern Ladakh|website=India Today|date=5 September 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]]
|31 August 2018
|9 October 2019
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/tiger-hill-hero-takes-charge-of-ladakh-s-defence-118083101334_1.html|title=Tiger Hill hero takes charge of Ladakh's defence|last=ANI|date=2018-08-31|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harinder Singh (general)|Harinder Singh]]
|10 October 2019
|13 October 2020
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1182304491518849025|title=Lieutenant General Harinder Singh assumed command of 'Fire & Fury Corps' relieving Lieutenant General YK Joshi today. Troops of Fire & Fury Corps #IndianArmy face the most hostile terrain, weather & altitude challenges which no army in the world faces. #NationFirstpic.twitter.com/aqSLS9CEzY|last=ARMY|first=ADG PI-INDIAN|date=2019-10-10|website=@adgpi|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
|-
|PGK Menon
|13 October 2020
|4 January 2022
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=PGK |title=PGK Menon Takes over 14 Corps |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/indian-armys-fire-and-fury-corps-in-leh-gets-new-head-in-lt-gen-p-g-k-menon-4172078/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anindya Sengupta]]
|5 January 2022
|12 March 2023
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=sengupta |first1=anindya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lt-gen-sengupta-takes-over-as-leh-based-14-corps-commander/article38140651.ece|title=Lt. Gen. Sengupta takes over as Leh-based 14 Corps commander|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2022-01-06|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>
|-
|Rashim Bali
|13 March 2023
|30 June 2024
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-gen-rashim-bali-takes-over-command-of-leh-based-xiv-corps/1440657/ | title=Lt Gen Rashim Bali takes over command of Leh-based XIV Corps | date=13 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|Hitesh Bhalla
|1 July 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-staff-chief-upendra-dwivedi-commands-corps-change-raja-subramani-2555972-2024-06-21|website=[[India Today]] |date=2024-06-21|access-date=2024-06-30 |title=Army prepares for major leadership changes in key Commands and Corps }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

[[Category:Corps of India|014]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

Geographic information system

2026-03-22T07:16:26Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|System to capture, manage, and present geographic data}}
{{Redirect|GIS}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Fig 4.4.svg|thumb|Basic GIS concept]]

A '''geographic information system''' ('''GIS''') consists of integrated computer hardware and [[Geographic information system software|software]] that store, manage, [[Spatial analysis|analyze]], edit, output, and [[Cartographic design|visualize]] [[Geographic data and information|geographic data]].<ref name="DeMers1">{{cite book |last1=DeMers |first1=Michael |title=Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, inc. |isbn=978-0-470-12906-7 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name="chang2016">{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Kang-tsung |title=Introduction to Geographic Information Systems |date=2016 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-1-259-92964-9 |page=1 |edition=9th}}</ref> Much of this often happens within a [[spatial database]]; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS.<ref name="DeMers1"/> In a broader sense, one may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the [[Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge|body of knowledge]] of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations.

The uncounted plural, ''geographic information systems'', also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems. The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous [[GIScience]] is more common.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2|title=Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010|year=2010|last1=Goodchild|first1=Michael F|journal=Journal of Spatial Information Science|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref> GIScience is often considered a subdiscipline of geography within the branch of [[technical geography]].

Geographic information systems are used in multiple technologies, processes, techniques and methods. They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business,<ref name="Maliene V, Grigonis V, Palevičius V, Griffiths S 2011 1–6">{{cite journal| vauthors=Maliene V, Grigonis V, Palevičius V, Griffiths S|title=Geographic information system: Old principles with new capabilities |journal=Urban Design International |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–6 |year= 2011 |doi= 10.1057/udi.2010.25 |s2cid=110827951 }}</ref> as well as the natural sciences such as forestry, ecology, and Earth science. For this reason, GIS and [[location intelligence]] applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization.

GIS provides the ability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the "key index variable". Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's [[spacetime]] are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z [[coordinate]]s; representing, [[longitude]] (''x''), [[latitude]] (''y''), and [[elevation (geography)|elevation]] (''z''). All Earth-based, spatial–temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a "real" physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History and development==
While digital GIS dates to the mid-1960s, when [[Roger Tomlinson]] first coined the phrase "geographic information system",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50th Anniversary of GIS|url=http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall12articles/the-fiftieth-anniversary-of-gis.html|publisher=ESRI|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> many of the geographic concepts and methods that GIS automates date back decades earlier.

[[File:Snow-cholera-map.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[E. W. Gilbert]]'s version (1958) of [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]]'s 1855&nbsp;map of the [[Soho]] cholera outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak|London epidemic of 1854]]]]

One of the first known instances in which spatial analysis was used came from the field of [[epidemiology]] in the {{Lang|fr|Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra dans Paris et le département de la [[Seine]]}} (1832).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k842918/f353.image|title=Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra dans Paris et le département de la Seine. Année 1832|publisher=Gallica|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> French [[Cartography|cartographer]] and geographer [[Charles Picquet]] created a map outlining the [[Arrondissements of Paris|forty-eight&nbsp;districts in Paris]], using [[halftone]] color gradients, to provide a visual representation for the number of reported deaths due to [[cholera]] per&nbsp;every 1,000&nbsp;inhabitants.

In 1854, [[John Snow]], an epidemiologist and physician, was able to determine the source of a [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak|cholera outbreak in London]] through the use of spatial analysis. Snow achieved this through plotting the residence of each casualty on a map of the area, as well as the nearby water sources. Once these points were marked, he was able to identify the water source within the cluster that was responsible for the outbreak. This was one of the earliest successful uses of a geographic methodology in pinpointing the source of an outbreak in epidemiology. While the basic elements of [[topography]] and theme existed previously in [[cartography]], Snow's map was unique due to his use of cartographic methods, not only to depict, but also to analyze clusters of geographically dependent phenomena.

The early&nbsp;20th&nbsp;century saw the development of [[photozincography]], which allowed maps to be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for water. This was particularly used for printing contours&nbsp;– drawing these was a labour-intensive task but having them on a separate layer meant they could be worked on without the other layers to confuse the [[Drafter|draughtsman]]. This work was initially drawn on glass plates, but later [[plastic film]] was introduced, with the advantages of being lighter, using less storage space and being less brittle, among others. When all the layers were finished, they were combined into one image using a large process camera. Once color printing came in, the layers idea was also used for creating separate printing plates for each color. While the use of layers much later became one of the typical features of a contemporary GIS, the photographic process just described is not considered a GIS in itself&nbsp;– as the maps were just images with no database to link them to.

Two additional developments are notable in the early days of GIS: [[Ian McHarg]]'s publication ''Design with Nature''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Design with nature|last=MacHarg |first=Ian L.|date=1971|publisher=Natural History Press|oclc=902596436}}</ref> and its map overlay method and the introduction of a street network into the U.S. Census Bureau's DIME ([[Dual Independent Map Encoding]]) system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Broome|first1=Frederick R.|last2=Meixler|first2=David B.|date=January 1990|title=The TIGER Data Base Structure|journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Systems|volume=17|issue=1|pages=39–47|doi=10.1559/152304090784005859|bibcode=1990CGISy..17...39B |issn=1050-9844}}</ref>

The first publication detailing the use of computers to facilitate cartography was written by [[Waldo Tobler]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tobler |first1=Waldo |title=Automation and Cartography |journal=Geographical Review |date=1959 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=526–534 |doi=10.2307/212211 |jstor=212211 |bibcode=1959GeoRv..49..526T }}</ref> Further computer hardware development spurred by [[nuclear weapon]] research led to more widespread general-purpose computer "mapping" applications by the early 1960s.<ref name="map_printing_methods">{{cite web |url=http://www.broward.org/library/bienes/lii14009.htm |title=Map Printing Methods |first=Joseph H. |last=Fitzgerald |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070604194024/http://www.broward.org/library/bienes/lii14009.htm  |archive-date = 4 June 2007}}</ref>

In 1963, the world's first true operational GIS was developed in [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada, by the federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development. Developed by [[Roger Tomlinson]], it was called the [[Canada Geographic Information System]] (CGIS) and was used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the [[Canada Land Inventory]], an effort to determine the land capability for rural Canada by mapping information about [[soil]]s, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, [[waterfowl]], [[forestry]] and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of GIS {{!}} Early History and the Future of GIS – Esri|url=https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis|website=esri.com|language=en-us|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |author= |url=http://ucgis.org/ucgis-fellow/roger-tomlinson |title=Roger Tomlinson |publisher=UCGIS |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217012639/http://ucgis.org/ucgis-fellow/roger-tomlinson |archive-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>

CGIS was an improvement over "computer mapping" applications as it provided capabilities for data storage, overlay, measurement, and [[digitizing]]/scanning. It supported a national coordinate system that spanned the continent, coded lines as [[Directed edge|arcs]] having a true embedded [[topology]] and it stored the attribute and locational information in separate files. As a result of this, Tomlinson has become known as the "father of GIS", particularly for his use of overlays in promoting the spatial analysis of convergent geographic data.<ref name="Tomlinson">{{cite web |url=http://www.urisa.org/node/395 |title=GIS Hall of Fame&nbsp;– Roger Tomlinson |publisher=URISA |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714083049/http://www.urisa.org/node/395 |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> CGIS lasted into the 1990s and built a large digital land resource database in Canada. It was developed as a [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]]-based system in support of federal and provincial resource planning and management. Its strength was continent-wide analysis of complex [[data set|dataset]]s. The CGIS was never available commercially.

In&nbsp;1964, Howard T. Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]] (LCGSA 1965–1991), where a number of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed, and which by the 1970s had distributed seminal software code and systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and ODYSSEY, to universities, research centers and corporations worldwide.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite web |url = http://www.gis.dce.harvard.edu/fisher/HTFisher.htm |title = Howard T. Fisher |first = Lucia |last = Lovison-Golob |publisher = Harvard University |access-date = 9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071213234339/http://www.gis.dce.harvard.edu/fisher/HTFisher.htm |archive-date = 13 December 2007}}</ref> These programs were the first examples of general-purpose GIS software that was not developed for a particular installation, and was very influential on future commercial software, such as [[Esri]] [[ARC/INFO]], released in 1983.

Working in the Harvard Lab, Tom Waugh developed his vector-based Geographic Information Mapping and Manipulation System (GIMMS) software from 1969. He returned to the [[University of Edinburgh]] and this software was sold commercially from 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14702540902873881|title=Reflections on Forty Years of Geographical Information in Scotland: Standardisation, Integration and Representation|year=2009|last1=Gittings|first1=Bruce M|journal=Scottish Geographical Journal|volume=125 |issue=125 |pages=78–94 |bibcode=2009ScGJ..125...78G }}</ref> By 1977 it was used at 300 sites worldwide.<ref name="longley">{{cite book |last1=Longley |first1=Paul A. |last2=Goodchild |first2=Michael F. |last3=Maguire |first3=David J. |last4=Rhind |first4=David W. |title=Geographic Information Systems & Science |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |edition=3rd}}</ref> This can be considered the first globally used GIS which anticipated some key characteristics of the Harvard Odyssey system by nearly five years and ARC/INFO by a decade.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/02693798708927810|title=Recent developments in geographical information systems in the U.K.|year=1987|last1=Rhind|first1=David|journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Systems|volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=229–241 }}</ref>

By the late 1970s, two public domain GIS systems ([[Map Overlay and Statistical System|MOSS]] and [[GRASS GIS]]) were in development, and by the early 1980s, M&S Computing (later [[Intergraph]]) along with Bentley Systems Incorporated for the [[Computer-aided design|CAD]]&nbsp;platform, Environmental Systems Research Institute ([[Environmental Systems Research Institute|ESRI]]), [[Teledyne CARIS|CARIS]]&nbsp;(Computer Aided Resource Information System), and ERDAS&nbsp;(Earth Resource Data Analysis System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS&nbsp;software, successfully incorporating many of the CGIS&nbsp;features, combining the first-generation approach to separation of spatial and attribute information with a second-generation approach to organizing attribute data into database structures.<ref name="wiki.osgeo.org">{{cite web |url=http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Open_Source_GIS_History |title=Open Source GIS History – OSGeo Wiki Editors |access-date=21 March 2009}}</ref>

In 1986, Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first desktop GIS product,<ref>{{Cite book|title=GIS for Environmental Applications A practical approach|last=Xuan|first=Zhu|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-82906-9|oclc=1020670155}}</ref> was released for [[MS-DOS]]. It was renamed in 1990 to MapInfo for Windows when it was ported to [[Windows]]. This began the process of moving GIS from the research department into the business environment.

By the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, the rapid growth in various systems had been consolidated and standardized on relatively few platforms and users were beginning to explore viewing GIS&nbsp;data over the Internet, requiring data format and transfer standards. More recently, a growing number of [[List of GIS software#Open source software|free, open-source GIS packages]] run on a range of operating systems and can be customized to perform specific tasks. The major trend of the 21st century has been the integration of GIS capabilities with other Information technology and Internet infrastructure, such as [[relational database]]s, [[cloud computing]], [[software as a service]] (SAAS), and [[mobile computing]].<ref>Fu, P., and J. Sun. 2010. ''Web GIS: Principles and Applications''. ESRI Press. Redlands, CA. {{ISBN|1-58948-245-X}}.</ref>

==GIS software==
{{main|Geographic information system software}}
{{See also|List of free and open-source software packages#Maps|l1=List of open source GIS software}}
The distinction must be made between a singular ''geographic information system'', which is a single installation of software and data for a particular use, along with associated hardware, staff, and institutions (e.g., the GIS for a particular city government); and ''[[Geographic information system software|GIS software]]'', a general-purpose [[Application software|application program]] that is intended to be used in many individual geographic information systems in a variety of application domains.<ref name="bolstad" />{{rp|page=16}} Starting in the late 1970s, many software packages have been created specifically for GIS applications. [[Esri]]'s [[ArcGIS]], which includes [[ArcGIS Pro]] and the legacy software [[ArcMap]], currently dominates the GIS market.{{As of?|date=September 2024}} Other examples of GIS include [[Autodesk]] and [[MapInfo Professional]] and open-source programs such as [[QGIS]], [[GRASS GIS]], [[MapGuide]], and [[Apache Hadoop|Hadoop-GIS]].<ref>{{Cite conference |author1=Ablimit Aji |author2=Hoang Vo |author3=Qiaoling Liu |author4=Fusheng Wang |author5=Joel Saltz |author6=Rubao Lee |author7=Xiaodong Zhang | title="Hadoop GIS: a high performance spatial data warehousing system over mapreduce" |journal=Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment International Conference on Very Large Data Bases |conference= The 39th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases | pages=1009–1020|year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pmid=24187650 |pmc=3814183 }}</ref> These and other desktop GIS applications include a full suite of capabilities for entering, managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic data, and are designed to be used on their own.

Starting in the late 1990s with the emergence of the Internet, as computer network technology progressed, GIS infrastructure and data began to move to [[Server (computing)|server]]s, providing another mechanism for providing GIS capabilities.<ref name="longley2015" />{{rp|page=216}} This was facilitated by standalone software installed on a server, similar to other server software such as [[HTTP server]]s and [[relational database management system]]s, enabling clients to have access to GIS data and processing tools without having to install specialized desktop software. These networks are known as [[distributed GIS]].<ref name=Zhong1>{{cite book |last1=Peng |first1=Zhong-Ren |last2=Tsou |first2=Ming-Hsiang |title=Internet GIS: Distributed Information Services for the Internet and Wireless Networks |year=2003 |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=0-471-35923-8 |oclc=50447645 |url=https://archive.org/details/internetgisdistr0000peng |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=Moretz1>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Moretz |first1=David |chapter=Internet GIS |year=2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of GIS |editor1-last=Shekhar |editor1-first=Shashi |editor2-last=Xiong |editor2-first=Hui |location=New York |publisher=Springer |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgi0000unse_i4o0/page/591 591–596] |isbn=978-0-387-35973-1 |oclc=233971247 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgi0000unse_i4o0/page/591 |chapter-url-access=registration |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_648}}</ref> This strategy has been extended through the Internet and development of [[cloud computing|cloud-based]] GIS platforms such as ArcGIS Online and GIS-specialized [[software as a service]] (SAAS). The use of the Internet to facilitate distributed GIS is known as [[Internet GIS]].<ref name=Zhong1/><ref name=Moretz1/>

An alternative approach is the integration of some or all of these capabilities into other software or information technology architectures. One example is a [[Spatial database|spatial extension]] to [[Object-relational database]] software, which defines a geometry datatype so that spatial data can be stored in relational tables, and extensions to [[SQL]] for spatial analysis operations such as [[Vector overlay|overlay]]. Another example is the proliferation of geospatial libraries and [[application programming interface]]s (e.g., [[GDAL]], [[Leaflet (software)|Leaflet]], [[D3.js]]) that extend programming languages to enable the incorporation of GIS data and processing into custom software, including [[web mapping]] sites and [[location-based service]]s in [[smartphone]]s.

==Geospatial data management==
The core of any GIS is a [[database]] that contains representations of geographic phenomena, modeling their ''geometry'' (location and shape) and their ''properties'' or ''attributes''. A GIS database may be stored in a variety of forms, such as a collection of separate [[GIS file formats|data files]] or a single [[Spatial database|spatially-enabled]] [[relational database]]. Collecting and managing these data usually constitutes the bulk of the time and financial resources of a project, far more than other aspects such as analysis and mapping.<ref name="longley2015">{{cite book |last1=Longley |first1=Paul A. |last2=Goodchilde |first2=Michael F. |last3=Maguire |first3=David J. |last4=Rhind |first4=David W. |title=Geographic Information Systems & Science |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley |edition=4th}}</ref>{{rp|page=175}}

===Aspects of geographic data===
GIS uses spatio-temporal ([[space-time]]) location as the key index variable for all other information. Just as a relational database containing text or numbers can relate many different tables using common key index variables, GIS can relate otherwise unrelated information by using location as the key index variable. The key is the location and/or extent in space-time.

Any variable that can be located spatially, and increasingly also temporally, can be referenced using a GIS. Locations or extents in Earth space–time may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, and x, y, and z [[coordinate]]s representing, [[longitude]], [[latitude]], and [[elevation (geography)|elevation]], respectively. These GIS coordinates may represent other quantified systems of temporo-spatial reference (for example, film frame number, stream gage station, highway mile-marker, surveyor benchmark, building address, street intersection, entrance gate, water depth sounding, [[Point of sale|POS]] or [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] drawing origin/units). Units applied to recorded temporal-spatial data can vary widely (even when using exactly the same data, see [[map projection]]s), but all Earth-based spatial–temporal location and extent references should, ideally, be relatable to one another and ultimately to a "real" physical location or extent in space–time.

Related by accurate spatial information, an incredible variety of real-world and projected past or future data can be analyzed, interpreted and represented.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cowen|first=David |url=http://funk.on.br/esantos/doutorado/GEO/igce/DBMS.pdf |title=GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: What Are the Differences? |access-date=17 September 2010 |year=1988| journal=Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing|volume=54|number=11|pages=1551–1555|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424091317/http://funk.on.br/esantos/doutorado/GEO/igce/DBMS.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry into behaviors and patterns of real-world information that previously had not been systematically [[correlation|correlated]].

===Data modeling===
{{Main|Data model (GIS) | GIS file formats}}
GIS data represents phenomena that exist in the real world, such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, and states. The most common types of phenomena that are represented in data can be divided into two conceptualizations: [[Geographical feature|discrete objects]] (e.g., a house, a road) and [[Field (geography)|continuous fields]] (e.g., rainfall amount or population density).<ref name="longley2015" /> {{rp|pages=62–65}} Other types of geographic phenomena, such as events (e.g., location of [[World War II]] battles), processes (e.g., extent of suburbanization), and masses (e.g., types of [[soil]] in an area) are represented less commonly or indirectly, or are modeled in analysis procedures rather than data.

Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both kinds of abstractions mapping references: [[raster images]] and [[Vector graphics|vector]]. Points, lines, and polygons represent vector data of mapped location attribute references.

A new hybrid method of storing data is that of identifying point clouds, which combine three-dimensional points with [[RGB]] information at each point, returning a [[Anaglyph 3D|3D color image]]. GIS thematic maps then are becoming more and more realistically visually descriptive of what they set out to show or determine.

===Data acquisition===
[[File:Field-Map birdie.jpg|thumb|right|Example of hardware for mapping ([[GPS]] and [[laser rangefinder]]) and data collection ([[rugged computer]]). The current trend for geographical information system (GIS) is that accurate mapping and data analysis are completed while in the field. Depicted hardware ([[field-map]] technology) is used mainly for [[forest inventory|forest inventories]], monitoring and mapping.]]
GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: ''primary data capture'', the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., [[remote sensing]], the [[global positioning system]]); ''secondary data capture'', the extraction of information from existing sources that are not in a GIS form, such as paper maps, through [[digitization]]; and ''[[List of GIS data sources|data transfer]]'', the copying of existing GIS data from external sources such as government agencies and private companies. All of these methods can consume significant time, finances, and other resources.<ref name="longley2015"/>{{rp|page=173}}

====Primary data capture====
[[Surveying|Survey]] data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments using a technique called [[coordinate geometry]] (COGO). Positions from a global navigation satellite system ([[Satellite navigation|GNSS]]) like the [[Global Positioning System]] can also be collected and then imported into a GIS. A current trend{{As of?|date=September 2024}} in data collection gives users the ability to use [[Rugged computer|field computers]] with the ability to edit live data using wireless connections or disconnected editing sessions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marwick|first1=Ben|last2=Hiscock|first2=Peter|last3=Sullivan|first3=Marjorie|last4=Hughes|first4=Philip|title=Landform boundary effects on Holocene forager landscape use in arid South Australia|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=19|pages=864–874|date=July 2017|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.004|s2cid=134572456}}</ref> The current trend{{As of?|date=September 2024}} is to use applications available on smartphones and [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]] in the form of mobile GIS.<ref>{{citation |last1=Buławka |first1=Nazarij |last2=Chyla |first2=Julia Maria |chapter=Mobile GIS in Archaeology – Current Possibilities, Future Needs. Position Paper |chapter-url=https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/101847 |title=CAA: Digital Archaeologies, Material Worlds (Past and Present) |year=2020 |publisher=Tübingen University Press |location=Tübingen |isbn=978-3-947-25115-5 |s2cid=246410784}}</ref> This has been enhanced by the availability of low-cost mapping-grade GPS units with decimeter accuracy in real time. This eliminates the need to post process, import, and update the data in the office after fieldwork has been collected. This includes the ability to incorporate positions collected using a [[laser rangefinder]]. New technologies also allow users to create maps as well as analysis directly in the field, making projects more efficient and mapping more accurate.

[[Remote sensing|Remotely sensed]] data also plays an important role in data collection and consist of sensors attached to a platform. Sensors include cameras, digital scanners and [[lidar]], while platforms usually consist of aircraft and [[satellite]]s. In England in the mid-1990s, hybrid kite/balloons called [[Allsopp Helikite|helikites]] first pioneered the use of compact airborne digital cameras as airborne geo-information systems. Aircraft measurement software, accurate to 0.4&nbsp;mm, was used to link the photographs and measure the ground. Helikites are inexpensive and gather more accurate data than aircraft. Helikites can be used over roads, railways and towns where [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs) are banned.

Recently, aerial data collection has become more accessible with [[miniature UAV]]s and drones. For example, the [[Aeryon Scout]] was used to map a 50-acre&nbsp;area with a [[ground sample distance]] of {{convert|1|in|cm|2}} in only 12&nbsp;minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeryon.com/news/pressreleases/248-softwareversion5.html |title=Aeryon Announces Version 5 of the Aeryon Scout System &#124; Aeryon Labs Inc |publisher=Aeryon.com |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610142031/http://www.aeryon.com/news/pressreleases/248-softwareversion5.html }}</ref>

The majority of digital data currently comes from [[photo interpretation]] of aerial photographs. Soft-copy workstations are used to digitize features directly from [[Stereoscopy|stereo pairs]] of digital photographs. These systems allow data to be captured in two and three dimensions, with elevations measured directly from a stereo pair using principles of [[photogrammetry]]. Analog aerial photos must be scanned before being entered into a soft-copy system, for high-quality digital cameras this step is skipped.

Satellite [[remote sensing]] provides another important source of spatial data. Here satellites use different sensor packages to passively measure the reflectance from parts of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] or radio waves that were sent out from an active sensor such as radar. Remote sensing collects raster data that can be further processed using different bands to identify objects and classes of interest, such as land cover.

====Secondary data capture====
{{further|Digitizing}}
The most common method of data creation is [[Digitizing|digitization]], where a [[hard copy]] map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a CAD program, and geo-referencing capabilities. With the wide availability of [[Orthophoto|ortho-rectified imagery]] (from satellites, aircraft, Helikites and UAVs), heads-up digitizing is becoming the main avenue through which geographic data is extracted. Heads-up digitizing involves the tracing of geographic data directly on top of the aerial imagery instead of by the traditional method of tracing the geographic form on a separate [[Graphics tablet|digitizing tablet]] (heads-down digitizing). Heads-down digitizing, or manual digitizing, uses a special magnetic pen, or stylus, that feeds information into a computer to create an identical, digital map. Some tablets use a mouse-like tool, called a puck, instead of a stylus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Puotinen|first=Marji|date=June 2009|title=A Primer of GIS: Fundamental Geographic and Cartographic Concepts – By Francis Harvey|journal=Geographical Research|volume=47|issue=2|pages=219–221|doi=10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00577.x|bibcode=2009GeoRs..47..219P |issn=1745-5863|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Digitizing - GIS Wiki {{!}} The GIS Encyclopedia|url=http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Digitizing|access-date=29 January 2021|website=wiki.gis.com}}</ref> The puck has a small window with cross-hairs which allows for greater precision and pinpointing map features. Though heads-up digitizing is more commonly used, heads-down digitizing is still useful for digitizing maps of poor quality.<ref name=":2" />

Existing data printed on paper or [[PET film (biaxially oriented)|PET film]] maps can be [[digitizer|digitized]] or scanned to produce digital data. A digitizer produces [[Vector graphics|vector]] data as an operator traces points, lines, and polygon boundaries from a map. [[Image scanner|Scanning]] a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce vector data.

When data is captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this could not only influence how information will be interpreted but also the cost of data capture.

After entering data into a GIS, the data usually requires editing, to remove errors, or further processing. For vector data it must be made "topologically correct" before it can be used for some advanced analysis. For example, in a road network, lines must connect with nodes at an intersection. Errors such as undershoots and overshoots must also be removed. For scanned maps, blemishes on the source map may need to be removed from the resulting [[Raster graphics|raster]]. For example, a fleck of dirt might connect two lines that should not be connected.

===Projections, coordinate systems, and registration===
{{Main|Spatial reference system}}
The earth can be represented by various models, each of which may provide a different set of coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, elevation) for any given point on the Earth's surface. The simplest model is to assume the earth is a perfect sphere. As more measurements of the earth have accumulated, the models of the earth have become more sophisticated and more accurate. In fact, there are models called [[datum (geodesy)|datums]] that apply to different areas of the earth to provide increased accuracy, like [[NAD83|North American Datum of 1983]] for U.S. measurements, and the [[World Geodetic System]] for worldwide measurements.

The latitude and longitude on a map made against a local datum may not be the same as one obtained from a [[GPS receiver]]. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a [[Geographic coordinate conversion#Datum transformations|datum transformation]] such as a [[Helmert transformation]], although in certain situations a simple [[Translation (geometry)|translation]] may be sufficient.<ref name=Irish>{{cite web |url = http://www.osi.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=25113681-c086-485a-b113-bab7c75de6fa |title=Making maps compatible with GPS |publisher=Government of Ireland 1999 |access-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130505/http://www.osi.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=25113681-c086-485a-b113-bab7c75de6fa |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

In popular GIS software, data projected in latitude/longitude is often represented as a [[Geographic coordinate system]]. For example, data in latitude/longitude if the datum is the '[[North American Datum]] of 1983' is denoted by 'GCS North American 1983'.

===Data quality===
{{further|Data quality}}
While no digital model can be a perfect representation of the real world, it is important that GIS data be of a high quality. In keeping with the principle of [[homomorphism]], the data must be close enough to reality so that the results of GIS procedures correctly correspond to the results of real world processes. This means that there is no single standard for data quality, because the necessary degree of quality depends on the scale and purpose of the tasks for which it is to be used. Several elements of data quality are important to GIS data:

;[[Accuracy and precision|Accuracy]]
:The degree of similarity between a represented measurement and the actual value; conversely, ''error'' is the amount of difference between them.<ref name="bolstad">{{cite book |last1=Bolstad |first1=Paul |title=GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems |date=2019 |publisher=XanEdu |isbn=978-1-59399-552-2 |edition=6th}}</ref>{{rp|page=623}} In GIS data, there is concern for accuracy in representations of location (''positional accuracy''), property (''attribute accuracy''), and time. For example, the US 2020 Census says that the population of [[Houston]] on 1 April 2020 was 2,304,580; if it was actually 2,310,674, this would be an error and thus a lack of attribute accuracy.
;[[Accuracy and precision|Precision]]
:The degree of refinement in a represented value. In a quantitative property, this is the number of significant digits in the measured value.<ref name="longley2015"/>{{rp|page=115}} An imprecise value is vague or ambiguous, including a range of possible values. For example, if one were to say that the population of Houston on 1 April 2020 was "about 2.3 million," this statement would be imprecise, but likely accurate because the correct value (and many incorrect values) are included. As with accuracy, representations of location, property, and time can all be more or less precise. ''[[Spatial resolution|Resolution]]'' is a commonly used expression of positional precision, especially in [[Raster graphics|raster]] data sets. [[map scale|Scale]] is closely related to precision in maps, as it dictates a desirable level of spatial precision, but is problematic in GIS, where a data set can be shown at a variety of display scales (including scales that would not be appropriate for the quality of the data).
;[[Uncertainty]]
:A general acknowledgement of the presence of error and imprecision in geographic data.<ref name="longley2015" />{{rp|page=99}} That is, it is a degree of general doubt, given that it is difficult to know exactly how much error is present in a data set, although some form of estimate may be attempted (a [[confidence interval]] being such an estimate of uncertainty). This is sometimes used as a collective term for all or most aspects of data quality.
;[[Fuzzy concept|Vagueness or fuzziness]]
:The degree to which an aspect (location, property, or time) of a phenomenon is inherently imprecise, rather than the imprecision being in a measured value.<ref name="longley2015"/>{{rp|page=103}} For example, the spatial extent of the [[Houston]] [[metropolitan area]] is vague, as there are places on the outskirts of the city that are less connected to the central city (measured by activities such as [[commuting]]) than places that are closer. Mathematical tools such as [[fuzzy set theory]] are commonly used to manage vagueness in geographic data.
;Completeness
:The degree to which a data set represents all of the actual features that it purports to include.<ref name="bolstad"/>{{rp|page=623}} For example, if a layer of "roads in [[Houston]]" is missing some actual streets, it is incomplete.
;Currency
:The most recent point in time at which a data set claims to be an accurate representation of reality. This is a concern for the majority of GIS applications, which attempt to represent the world "at present," in which case older data is of lower quality.
;[[Consistency]]
:The degree to which the representations of the many phenomena in a data set correctly correspond with each other.<ref name="bolstad"/>{{rp|page=623}} Consistency in [[Geospatial topology|topological relationships]] between spatial objects is an especially important aspect of consistency.<ref name="jensenjensen">{{cite book |last1=Jensen |first1=John R. |last2=Jensen |first2=Ryan R. |title=Introductory Geographic Information Systems |date=2013 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-614776-3}}</ref>{{Rp|page=117}} For example, if all of the lines in a street network were accidentally moved 10 meters to the East, they would be inaccurate but still consistent, because they would still properly connect at each intersection, and [[Transport network analysis|network analysis]] tools such as shortest path would still give correct results.
;[[Propagation of uncertainty]]
:The degree to which the quality of the results of [[Spatial analysis]] methods and other processing tools derives from the quality of input data.<ref name="jensenjensen"/>{{rp|page=118}} For example, [[interpolation]] is a common operation used in many ways in GIS; because it generates estimates of values between known measurements, the results will always be more precise, but less certain (as each estimate has an unknown amount of error).

The quality of a dataset is very dependent upon its sources, and the methods used to create it. Land surveyors have been able to provide a high level of positional accuracy using high-end [[GPS]] equipment, but GPS locations on the average smartphone are much less accurate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/accuracy/part3/chapter3|title=Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards Part 3: National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106172527/http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/accuracy/part3/chapter3|archive-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> Common datasets such as digital terrain and aerial imagery<ref>{{cite web |url=https://njgin.state.nj.us/NJ_NJGINExplorer/IW.jsp |title=NJGIN's Information Warehouse |publisher=Njgin.state.nj.us |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091429/https://njgin.state.nj.us/NJ_NJGINExplorer/IW.jsp }}</ref> are available in a wide variety of levels of quality, especially spatial precision. Paper maps, which have been digitized for many years as a data source, can also be of widely varying quality.

A quantitative analysis of maps brings accuracy issues into focus. The electronic and other equipment used to make measurements for GIS is far more precise than the machines of conventional map analysis. All geographical data are inherently inaccurate, and these inaccuracies will propagate through GIS&nbsp;operations in ways that are difficult to predict.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Couclelis|first=Helen|date=March 2003|title=The Certainty of Uncertainty: GIS and the Limits of Geographic Knowledge|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9671.00138|journal=Transactions in GIS|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=165–175|doi=10.1111/1467-9671.00138|bibcode=2003TrGIS...7..165C |s2cid=10269768 |issn=1361-1682|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Raster-to-vector translation===
Data restructuring can be performed by a GIS to convert data into different formats. For example, a GIS may be used to convert a satellite image map to a vector structure by generating lines around all cells with the same classification, while determining the cell spatial relationships, such as adjacency or inclusion.

More advanced data processing can occur with [[image processing]], a technique developed in the late&nbsp;1960s by [[NASA]] and the private sector to provide contrast enhancement, false color rendering and a variety of other techniques including use of two dimensional [[Fourier transforms]]. Since digital data is collected and stored in various ways, the two data sources may not be entirely compatible. So a GIS must be able to convert [[geographic data]] from one structure to another. In so doing, the implicit assumptions behind different ontologies and classifications require analysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Winther|first=Rasmus G.|year=2014|title=Mapping Kinds in GIS and Cartography|journal=Natural Kinds and Classification in Scientific Practice| editor=C. Kendig|url=http://philpapers.org/archive/WINMKI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044350/http://philpapers.org/archive/WINMKI.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Object ontologies have gained increasing prominence as a consequence of [[object-oriented programming]] and sustained work by [[Barry Smith (academic and ontologist)|Barry Smith]] and co-workers.

===Spatial ETL===
[[Spatial ETL]] tools provide the data processing functionality of traditional [[extract, transform, load]]&nbsp;(ETL) software, but with a primary focus on the ability to manage spatial data. They provide GIS&nbsp;users with the ability to translate data between different standards and proprietary formats, whilst geometrically transforming the data en route. These tools can come in the form of add-ins to existing wider-purpose software such as [[spreadsheet]]s.

==Spatial analysis{{anchor|Spatial analysis}}==
{{further|Spatial analysis}}

GIS spatial analysis is a rapidly changing field, and GIS packages are increasingly including analytical tools as standard built-in facilities, as optional toolsets, as add-ins or 'analysts'. In many instances these are provided by the original software suppliers (commercial vendors or collaborative non-commercial development teams), while in other cases facilities have been developed and are provided by third parties. Furthermore, many products offer software development kits (SDKs), programming languages and language support, scripting facilities and/or special interfaces for developing one's own analytical tools or variants. The increased availability has created a new dimension to [[business intelligence]] termed "[[Spatial intelligence (business method)|spatial intelligence]]" which, when openly delivered via intranet, democratizes access to geographic and social network data. [[Geospatial intelligence]], based on GIS spatial analysis, has also become a key element for security. GIS as a whole can be described as conversion to a vectorial representation or to any other digitisation process.

{{anchor|Geoprocessing}}'''Geoprocessing''' is a GIS operation used to manipulate spatial data. A typical geoprocessing operation takes an input [[dataset]], performs an operation on that dataset, and returns the result of the operation as an output dataset. Common geoprocessing operations include geographic feature overlay, feature selection and analysis, [[topology]] processing, [[raster graphics|raster]] processing, and data conversion. Geoprocessing allows for definition, management, and analysis of information used to form decisions.<ref>Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. ''[http://store.esri.com/esri/showdetl.cfm?SID=2&Product_ID=868&Category_ID=49 A to Z GIS]''</ref>

===Terrain analysis===
[[File:Dem.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hillshade model derived from a [[digital elevation model]] of the Valestra area in the northern Apennines (Italy)]]
{{main|Geomorphometry}}
{{see also|Surface gradient}}
Many geographic tasks involve the [[terrain]], the shape of the surface of the earth, such as [[hydrology]], [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]], and [[biogeography]]. Thus, terrain data is often a core dataset in a GIS, usually in the form of a raster [[Digital elevation model]] (DEM) or a [[Triangulated irregular network]] (TIN). A variety of tools are available in most GIS software for analyzing terrain, often by creating derivative datasets that represent a specific aspect of the surface. Some of the most common include:
* [[Grade (slope)|Slope or grade]] is the steepness or gradient of a unit of terrain, usually measured as an angle in degrees or as a percentage.<ref name=Jones1998>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00032-6 |author = Jones, K.H.|year=1998 |title=A comparison of algorithms used to compute hill slope as a property of the DEM |journal=Computers and Geosciences |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages =315–323 |bibcode=1998CG.....24..315J}}</ref>
* [[Aspect (geography)|Aspect]] can be defined as the direction in which a unit of terrain faces. Aspect is usually expressed in degrees from north.<ref name="Skidmore1989">{{cite journal |author1 =Chang, K. T.|year=1989|title=A comparison of techniques for calculating gradient and aspect from a gridded digital elevation model|journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science|volume=3|issue=4|pages =323–334 |doi=10.1080/02693798908941519|url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/470392f6-30d7-45df-806b-a29aa84aaa72 }}</ref>
* Cut and fill is a computation of the difference between the surface before and after an [[Earthworks (engineering)|excavation]] project to estimate costs.
* [[Hydrological model]]ing can provide a spatial element that other hydrological models lack, with the analysis of variables such as slope, aspect and watershed or [[Catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]].<ref name="Heywood">{{cite book |vauthors=Heywood I, Cornelius S, Carver S |year=2006 |title=An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems |publisher=Prentice Hall |place=Essex, England |edition = 3rd}}</ref> Terrain analysis is fundamental to hydrology, since water always flows down a slope.<ref name="Heywood" /> As basic terrain analysis of a [[digital elevation model]] (DEM) involves calculation of slope and aspect, DEMs are very useful for hydrological analysis. Slope and aspect can then be used to determine direction of [[surface runoff]], and hence flow accumulation for the formation of streams, rivers and lakes. Areas of divergent flow can also give a clear indication of the boundaries of a catchment. Once a flow direction and accumulation matrix has been created, queries can be performed that show contributing or dispersal areas at a certain point.<ref name="Heywood" /> More detail can be added to the model, such as terrain roughness, vegetation types and soil types, which can influence infiltration and evapotranspiration rates, and hence influencing surface flow. One of the main uses of hydrological modeling is in [[GIS in environmental contamination|environmental contamination research]]. Other applications of hydrological modeling include [[GIS and hydrology|groundwater and surface water mapping]], as well as flood risk maps.
* [[Viewshed analysis]] predicts the impact that terrain has on the visibility between locations, which is especially important for wireless communications.
* [[Shaded relief]] is a depiction of the surface as if it were a three dimensional model lit from a given direction, which is very commonly used in maps.

Most of these are generated using algorithms that are discrete simplifications of [[vector calculus]]. Slope, aspect, and surface curvature in terrain analysis are all derived from neighborhood operations using elevation values of a cell's adjacent neighbours.<ref name="Chang">{{cite book |author=Chang, K. T. |year=2008 |title=Introduction to Geographical Information Systems |publisher=McGraw Hill |place=New York |page =184}}</ref> Each of these is strongly affected by the level of detail in the terrain data, such as the resolution of a DEM, which should be chosen carefully.<ref name="Longley2005">{{cite journal |author1 =Longley, P. A. |author2 =Goodchild, M. F. |author3 =McGuire, D. J. |author4 = Rhind, D. W. |year=2005 |title=Analysis of errors of derived slope and aspect related to DEM data properties |journal=Geographic Information Systems and Science |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |place=West Sussex, England |page=328}}</ref>

===Proximity analysis===
{{main|Proximity analysis}}
Distance is a key part of solving many geographic tasks, usually due to the [[friction of distance]]. Thus, a wide variety of analysis tools have analyze distance in some form, such as [[Buffer analysis|buffers]], [[Voronoi diagram|Voronoi or Thiessen polygons]], [[Cost distance analysis]], and [[Transport network analysis|network analysis]].

===Data analysis===
It is difficult to relate [[wetlands]] maps to rainfall amounts recorded at different points such as airports, television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with [[isopleth]] or [[contour line]]s that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other map in a GIS covering the same area. This GIS derived map can then provide additional information – such as the viability of [[water power]] potential as a [[renewable energy]] source. Similarly, GIS can be used to compare other [[renewable energy]] resources to find the best geographic potential for a region.<ref>K. Calvert, J. M. Pearce, W.E. Mabee, "Toward renewable energy geo-information infrastructures: Applications of GIScience and remote sensing that can build institutional capacity" ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews'' 18, pp. 416–429 (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/2180165/Toward_renewable_energy_geo-information_infrastructures_Applications_of_GIScience_and_remote_sensing_that_build_institutional_capacity open access]</ref>

Additionally, from a series of three-dimensional points, or [[digital elevation model]], isopleth lines representing elevation contours can be generated, along with slope analysis, [[shaded relief]], and other elevation products. Watersheds can be easily defined for any given reach, by computing all of the areas contiguous and uphill from any given point of interest. Similarly, an expected [[thalweg]] of where surface water would want to travel in intermittent and permanent streams can be computed from elevation data in the GIS.

===Topological modeling===
A GIS can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These [[topological]] relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something is to something else).

===Geometric networks===
{{main | Transport network analysis }}

[[Geometric networks]] are linear networks of objects that can be used to represent interconnected features, and to perform special spatial analysis on them. A geometric network is composed of edges, which are connected at junction points, similar to [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graphs]] in mathematics and computer science. Just like graphs, networks can have weight and flow assigned to its edges, which can be used to represent various interconnected features more accurately. Geometric networks are often used to model road networks and [[public utility]] networks, such as electric, gas, and water networks. Network modeling is also commonly employed in [[transportation planning]], [[hydrology]] modeling, and infrastructure modeling.

===Cartographic modeling===
{{main | Map algebra}}
[[File:gislayers.jpg|300px|right|thumb| An example of use of layers in a GIS application. In this example, the forest-cover layer (light green) forms the bottom layer, with the [[topography|topographic]] layer (contour lines) over it. Next up is a standing water layer (pond, lake) and then a flowing water layer (stream, river), followed by the boundary layer and finally the road layer on top. The order is very important to properly display the final result. Note that the ponds are layered under the streams, so that a stream line can be seen overlying one of the ponds.]]

[[Dana Tomlin]] coined the term ''cartographic modeling'' in his PhD dissertation (1983); he later used it in the title of his book, ''Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling'' (1990).<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Tomlin | first1 = C. Dana | author-link1 = Dana Tomlin | title = Geographic information systems and cartographic modeling | url = https://archive.org/details/geographicinform00toml | url-access = registration | series = Prentice Hall series in geographic information science | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-13-350927-4 | access-date = 5 January 2017}}</ref> [[cartographic design|Cartographic modeling]] refers to a process where several thematic [[layer (disambiguation)|layers]] of the same area are produced, processed, and analyzed. Tomlin used raster layers, but the overlay method (see below) can be used more generally. Operations on map layers can be combined into algorithms, and eventually into simulation or optimization models.

===Map overlay===
{{main | Vector overlay | Map algebra }}
The combination of several spatial datasets (points, lines, or [[polygons]]) creates a new output vector dataset, visually similar to stacking several maps of the same region. These overlays are similar to mathematical [[Venn diagram]] overlays. A [[union (set theory)|union]] overlay combines the geographic features and attribute tables of both inputs into a single new output. An [[intersection (set theory)|intersect]] overlay defines the area where both inputs overlap and retains a set of attribute fields for each. A [[symmetric difference]] overlay defines an output area that includes the total area of both inputs except for the overlapping area.

Data extraction is a GIS process similar to vector overlay, though it can be used in either vector or raster data analysis. Rather than combining the properties and features of both datasets, data extraction involves using a "clip" or "mask" to extract the features of one data set that fall within the spatial extent of another dataset.

In raster data analysis, the overlay of datasets is accomplished through a process known as "local operation on multiple rasters" or "[[map algebra]]", through a function that combines the values of each raster's [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]. This function may weigh some inputs more than others through use of an "index model" that reflects the influence of various factors upon a geographic phenomenon.

===Geostatistics===
{{Main|Geostatistics}}

[[Geostatistics]] is a branch of statistics that deals with field data, spatial data with a continuous index. It provides methods to model spatial correlation, and predict values at arbitrary locations (interpolation).

When phenomena are measured, the observation methods dictate the accuracy of any subsequent analysis. Due to the nature of the data (e.g. traffic patterns in an urban environment; weather patterns over the Pacific Ocean), a constant or dynamic degree of precision is always lost in the measurement. This loss of precision is determined from the scale and distribution of the data collection.

To determine the statistical relevance of the analysis, an average is determined so that points (gradients) outside of any immediate measurement can be included to determine their predicted behavior. This is due to the limitations of the applied statistic and data collection methods, and interpolation is required to predict the behavior of particles, points, and locations that are not directly measurable.

[[Interpolation]] is the process by which a surface is created, usually a raster dataset, through the input of data collected at a number of sample points. There are several forms of interpolation, each which treats the data differently, depending on the properties of the data set. In comparing interpolation methods, the first consideration should be whether or not the source data will change (exact or approximate). Next is whether the method is subjective, a human interpretation, or objective. Then there is the nature of transitions between points: are they abrupt or gradual. Finally, there is whether a method is global (it uses the entire data set to form the model), or local where an algorithm is repeated for a small section of terrain.

Interpolation is a justified measurement because of a spatial autocorrelation principle that recognizes that data collected at any position will have a great similarity to, or influence of those locations within its immediate vicinity.

[[Digital elevation model]]s, [[triangulated irregular network]]s, edge-finding algorithms, [[Thiessen polygons]], [[Fourier analysis]], [[Weighted moving average|(weighted) moving averages]], [[inverse distance weighting]], [[kriging]], [[Spline (mathematics)|spline]], and [[Trend estimation|trend surface analysis]] are all mathematical methods to produce interpolative data.

===Address geocoding===
{{Main|Geocoding}}
Geocoding is interpolating spatial locations (X,Y coordinates) from street addresses or any other spatially referenced data such as [[ZIP&nbsp;Code]]s, [[Land lot|parcel lots]] and address locations. A reference theme is required to [[Geocoding|geocode]] individual addresses, such as a road centerline file with address ranges. The individual address locations have historically been interpolated, or estimated, by examining address ranges along a road segment. These are usually provided in the form of a table or database. The software will then place a dot approximately where that address belongs along the segment of centerline. For example, an address point of 500 will be at the midpoint of a line segment that starts with address&nbsp;1 and ends with address&nbsp;1,000. Geocoding can also be applied against actual parcel data, typically from municipal tax maps. In this case, the result of the geocoding will be an actually positioned space as opposed to an interpolated point. This approach is being increasingly used to provide more precise location information.

===Reverse geocoding===
{{main|Reverse geocoding}}
Reverse geocoding is the process of returning an estimated [[street address]] number as it relates to a given coordinate. For example, a user can click on a road centerline theme (thus providing a coordinate) and have information returned that reflects the estimated house number. This house number is interpolated from a range assigned to that road segment. If the user clicks at the [[midpoint]] of a segment that starts with address&nbsp;1 and ends with&nbsp;100, the returned value will be somewhere near 50. Note that reverse geocoding does not return actual addresses, only estimates of what should be there based on the predetermined range.

===Multi-criteria decision analysis===
{{main | Multiple-criteria decision analysis}}
Coupled with GIS, [[multi-criteria decision analysis]] methods support decision-makers in analysing a set of alternative spatial solutions, such as the most likely ecological habitat for restoration, against multiple criteria, such as vegetation cover or roads. MCDA uses decision rules to aggregate the criteria, which allows the alternative solutions to be ranked or prioritised.<ref name="Greene">{{cite journal | last1 = Greene | first1 = R. | last2 = Devillers | first2 = R. | last3 = Luther | first3 = J.E. | last4 = Eddy | first4 = B.G. | title = GIS-based multi-criteria analysis | journal = Geography Compass | year = 2011 | volume = 5/6 | issue = 6 | pages = 412–432 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00431.x }}</ref> GIS MCDA may reduce costs and time involved in identifying potential restoration sites.

===GIS data mining===
GIS or spatial [[data mining]] is the application of data mining methods to spatial data. Data mining, which is the partially automated search for hidden patterns in large databases, offers great potential benefits for applied GIS-based&nbsp;decision&nbsp;making. Typical applications include [[environmental monitoring]]. A characteristic of such applications is that spatial correlation between data measurements require the use of specialized algorithms for more efficient data analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ma | first1 = Y. | last2 = Guo | first2 = Y. | last3 = Tian | first3 = X. | last4 = Ghanem | first4 = M. | title = Distributed Clustering-Based Aggregation Algorithm for Spatial Correlated Sensor Networks | doi = 10.1109/JSEN.2010.2056916 | journal = IEEE Sensors Journal | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | page = 641 | year = 2011 | url = http://www.inf.ufpr.br/carmem/oficinaBD/artigos1s2014/dist-clustering.pdf | bibcode = 2011ISenJ..11..641M | citeseerx = 10.1.1.724.1158 | s2cid = 1639100 }}</ref> GIS-based spatial modeling has increasingly been combined with machine learning techniques to identify and forecast regional inequities in health and social outcomes, including healthcare access and insurance enrollment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghanem |first=V. G. |date=2026 |title=Spatial and Machine Learning Analysis of District-Level Health Insurance Inequities in Ghana |journal=Cureus |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=e101984 |doi=10.7759/cureus.101984 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Data output and cartography==
{{main | Cartographic design| Digital mapping}}
[[Cartography]] is the design and production of maps, or visual representations of spatial data. The vast majority of modern cartography is done with the help of computers, usually using GIS but production of quality cartography is also achieved by importing layers into a design program to refine it. Most GIS&nbsp;software gives the user substantial control over the appearance of the data.

Cartographic work serves two major functions:

First, it produces graphics on the screen or on paper that convey the results of analysis to the people who make decisions about resources. Wall maps and other graphics can be generated, allowing the viewer to visualize and thereby understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events. [[Web Map Server]]s facilitate distribution of generated maps through web browsers using various implementations of web-based application programming interfaces ([[AJAX]], [[Java programming|Java]], [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], etc.).

Second, other database information can be generated for further analysis or use. An example would be a list of all addresses within one&nbsp;mile (1.6&nbsp;km) of a toxic spill.

An archeochrome is a new way of displaying spatial data. It is a thematic on a 3D&nbsp;map that is applied to a specific building or a part of a building. It is suited to the visual display of heat-loss data.

===Terrain depiction===
{{main | Terrain cartography }}
[[File:Swisstopo Eiger - Grindelwald.jpg|thumb|300px|A traditional topographic map rendered in 3D]]
Traditional maps are abstractions of the real world, a sampling of important elements portrayed on a sheet of paper with symbols to represent physical objects. People who use maps must interpret these symbols. [[Topographic map]]s show the shape of land surface with [[contour line]]s or with [[Cartographic relief depiction|shaded relief]].

Today, graphic display techniques such as [[shading]] based on altitude in a GIS can make relationships among map elements visible, heightening one's ability to extract and analyze information. For example, two types of data were combined in a GIS to produce a perspective view of a portion of [[San&nbsp;Mateo County]], California.
*The [[digital elevation model]], consisting of surface elevations recorded on a 30-meter horizontal grid, shows high elevations as white and low elevation as black.
*The accompanying [[Landsat]] Thematic Mapper image shows a false-color infrared image looking down at the same area in 30-meter&nbsp;pixels, or picture elements, for the same coordinate points, pixel&nbsp;by&nbsp;pixel, as the elevation information.

A GIS was used to register and combine the two images to [[Rendering (computer graphics)|render]] the three-dimensional [[perspective view]] looking down the [[San Andreas Fault]], using the Thematic Mapper image pixels, but shaded using the elevation of the [[landform]]s. The GIS&nbsp;display depends on the viewing point of the [[observation|observer]] and time of day of the display, to properly render the shadows created by the sun's rays at that latitude, longitude, and time of day.

===Web mapping===
{{Main|Web mapping}}

There has been a proliferation of free-to-use and easily accessible mapping software such as the [[proprietary software|proprietary]] web applications [[Google&nbsp;Maps]] and [[Bing&nbsp;Maps]], as well as the [[free and open-source software|free and open-source]] alternative [[OpenStreetMap]]. These services give the public access to huge amounts of geographic data, perceived by many users to be as trustworthy and usable as professional information.<ref name = activities>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|last2=May|first2=Andrew J.|last3=Mitchell|first3=Val |title=The role of VGI and PGI in supporting outdoor activities|journal=Applied Ergonomics|date=2013|volume=44|issue=6|pages=886–94|doi= 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.013 |pmid=22795180|s2cid=12918341 |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10350}}</ref> For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, web maps hosted on dashboards were used to rapidly disseminate case data to the general public.<ref name=Everts1>{{cite journal |last1=Everts |first1=Jonathan |title=The dashboard pandemic |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |year=2020 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=260–264 |doi=10.1177/2043820620935355 |s2cid=220418162 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some of them, like Google Maps and [[OpenLayers]], expose an [[application programming interface]] (API) that enable users to create custom applications. These toolkits commonly offer street maps, aerial/satellite imagery, geocoding, searches, and routing functionality. Web mapping has also uncovered the potential of [[crowdsourcing]] geodata in projects like [[OpenStreetMap]], which is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. These [[Mashup (web application hybrid)|mashup]] projects have been proven to provide a high level of value and benefit to end users outside that possible through traditional geographic information.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|last2=May|first2=Andrew J.|last3=Mitchel|first3=Val|title=User Centred Design of Neogeography: The Impact of Volunteered Geographic Information on Trust of Online Map 'Mashups|journal=Ergonomics|date=2014|volume=57|issue=7|pages=987–997|doi=10.1080/00140139.2014.909950|pmid=24827070|s2cid=13458260|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/23845/3/Parker%2c%20May%2c%20Mitchell%20-%202014%20-%20User-centred%20design%20of%20neogeography%20the%20impact%20of%20volunteered%20geographic%20information%20on%20users%27%20perception.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830034140/https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/23845/3/Parker%2c%20May%2c%20Mitchell%20-%202014%20-%20User-centred%20design%20of%20neogeography%20the%20impact%20of%20volunteered%20geographic%20information%20on%20users%27%20perception.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=May|first1=Andrew|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Taylor|first3=Neil|last4=Ross|first4=Tracy|title=Evaluating a concept design of a crowd-sourced 'mashup' providing ease-of-access information for people with limited mobility|journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies|date=2014|volume=49|pages=103–113|doi=10.1016/j.trc.2014.10.007|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014TRPC...49..103M }}</ref>

Web mapping also has drawbacks. Web mapping allows for the creation and distribution of maps by people without proper cartographic training.<ref name="Plewe1">{{cite journal |last1=Plewe |first1=Brandon |title=Web Cartography in the United States |journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Science |date=2007 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |doi=10.1559/152304007781002235|bibcode=2007CGISc..34..133P |s2cid=140717290 }}</ref> This has led to maps that ignore cartographic conventions and are potentially misleading, with one study finding that more than half of United States state government COVID-19 dashboards did not follow these conventions.<ref name=Adams1>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron |last2=Xiang |first2=Chen |last3=Weidong |first3=Li |last4=Zhang |first4=Chuanrong |title=The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping |journal=Public Health |date=May 2020 |volume=183 |issue=3 |pages=36–37 |doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034|pmid=32416476 |pmc=7203028 }}</ref><ref name="Adams2">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron M. |last2=Chen |first2=Xiang |last3=Li |first3=Weidong |last4=Chuanrong |first4=Zhang |title=Normalizing the pandemic: exploring the cartographic issues in state government COVID-19 dashboards |journal=Journal of Maps |date=27 July 2023 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/17445647.2023.2235385|bibcode=2023JMaps..19Q...1A |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Uses==
{{see also | Category:Applications of geographic information systems}}

Since its origin in the 1960s, GIS has been used in an ever-increasing range of applications, corroborating the widespread importance of location and aided by the continuing reduction in the barriers to adopting geospatial technology. The multitude of different uses of GIS can be classified in several ways:
* ''Goal'': the purpose of an application can be broadly classified as either ''scientific research'' or ''[[resource management]]''. The purpose of research, defined as broadly as possible, is to discover new knowledge; this may be performed by someone who considers themself a scientist, but may also be done by anyone who is trying to learn why the world appears to work the way it does. A study as practical as deciphering why a business location has failed would be research in this sense. Management (sometimes called operational applications), also defined as broadly as possible, is the application of knowledge to make practical decisions on how to employ the resources one has control over to achieve one's goals. These resources could be time, capital, labor, equipment, land, mineral deposits, wildlife, and so on.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chouhan |first1=Avinash Kumar |last2=Kumar |first2=Rakesh |last3=Mishra |first3=Abhishek Kumar |date=June 2024 |title=Assessment of the geothermal potential zone of India utilizing GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis technique |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148124006177 |journal=Renewable Energy |language=en |volume=227 |article-number=120552 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2024.120552|bibcode=2024REne..22720552C |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="bigbook">{{cite book |editor1-last=Longley |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Goodchild |editor2-first=Michael F. |editor3-last=Maguire |editor3-first=David J. |editor4-last=Rhind |editor4-first=David W. |title=Geographical Information Systems, V.2: Management Issues and Applications |date=1999 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0471-32182-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|791}}
** ''Decision level'': Management applications have been further classified as ''strategic'', ''tactical'', ''operational'', a common classification in [[business management]].<ref name="grimshaw1994">{{cite book |last1=Grimshaw |first1=D.J. |title=Bringing geographical information systems into business |date=1994 |publisher=GeoInformation International |location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> Strategic tasks are long-term, visionary decisions about what goals one should have, such as whether a business should expand or not. Tactical tasks are medium-term decisions about how to achieve strategic goals, such as a national forest creating a grazing management plan. Operational decisions are concerned with the day-to-day tasks, such as a person finding the shortest route to a pizza restaurant.
* ''Topic'': the domains in which GIS is applied largely fall into those concerned with [[human geography|the human world]] (e.g., [[Economic geography|economics]], [[Political geography|politics]], [[Transportation geography|transportation]], education, [[landscape architecture]], [[archaeology]], [[urban planning]], real estate, [[public health]], [[crime mapping]], [[defense (military)|national defense]]), and those concerned with [[Physical geography|the natural world]] (e.g., [[Geological map|geology]], [[Biogeography|biology]], [[oceanography]], [[Climatology|climate]]). That said, one of the powerful capabilities of GIS and the spatial perspective of geography is their integrative ability to compare disparate topics, and many applications are concerned with multiple domains. Examples of integrated human-natural application domains include [[deep map]]ping,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butts |first1=Shannon |last2=Jones |first2=Madison |date=20 May 2021 |title=Deep mapping for environmental communication design |journal=Communication Design Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=4–19 |doi=10.1145/3437000.3437001|s2cid=234794773 }}</ref> [[Natural hazard]] mitigation, [[wildlife management]], [[sustainable development]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chouhan |first1=Avinash Kumar |last2=Harsh |first2=Anuranjan |last3=Mishra |first3=Abhishek Kumar |last4=Kumar |first4=Vikram |last5=Kumar |first5=Rakesh |last6=Kumar |first6=Satyam |date=August 2024 |title=Delineation of groundwater vulnerable zone for sustainable development in the southwestern part of Bihar, India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352801X24001632 |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=26 |article-number=101240 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101240|bibcode=2024GSusD..2601240C |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=879 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308044542/http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=879 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |title=Off the Map &#124; From Architectural Record and Greensource &#124; Originally published in the March 2012 issues of Architectural Record and Greensource &#124; McGraw-Hill Construction – Continuing Education Center |publisher=Continuingeducation.construction.com |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> [[natural resources]], and [[climate change]] response.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/seaicemin09.html|title= Arctic Sea Ice Extent is Third Lowest on Record|access-date= 20 October 2009|archive-date= 17 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170517222956/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/seaicemin09.html}}</ref>
* ''Institution'': GIS has been implemented in a variety of institutions: ''government'' (at all levels from municipal to international), ''business'' (of all types and sizes), ''non-profit organizations'' (even churches), as well as ''personal'' uses. The latter has become increasingly prominent with the rise of location-enabled smartphones.
* ''Lifespan'': GIS implementations may be focused on a ''project'' or an ''enterprise''.<ref name="huisman">{{cite book |last1=Huisman |first1=Otto |last2=de By |first2=Rolf A. |title=Principles of Geographic Information Systems: An introductory textbook |date=2009 |publisher=ITC |location=Enschede, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-6164-269-5 |page=44 |url=https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2009/general/principlesgis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514113013/https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2009/general/principlesgis.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A Project GIS is focused on accomplishing a single task: data is gathered, analysis is performed, and results are produced separately from any other projects the person may perform, and the implementation is essentially transitory. An Enterprise GIS is intended to be a permanent institution, including a database that is carefully designed to be useful for a variety of projects over many years, and is likely used by many individuals across an enterprise, with some employed full-time just to maintain it.<ref name="longley2011">{{cite book |last1=Longley |first1=Paul A. |last2=Goodchild |first2=Michael F. |last3=Maguire |first3=David J. |last4=Rhind |first4=David W. |title=Geographic Information Systems & Science |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |page=434 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
* ''Integration'': Traditionally, most GIS applications were ''standalone'', using specialized GIS software, specialized hardware, specialized data, and specialized professionals. Although these remain common to the present day, ''integrated'' applications have greatly increased, as geospatial technology was merged into broader enterprise applications, sharing IT infrastructure, databases, and software, often using enterprise integration platforms such as [[SAP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring09articles/integrating-gis.html|title=Integrating GIS with SAP—The Imperative|last=Benner|first=Steve|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022085822/http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring09articles/integrating-gis.html|archive-date=22 October 2009|access-date=28 March 2017 |date=Spring 2009 |website=Esri }}</ref>

The implementation of a GIS is often driven by jurisdictional (such as a city), purpose, or application requirements. Generally, a GIS implementation may be custom-designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS deployment developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose may not be necessarily [[Interoperability|interoperable]] or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|last1=Kumar|first1=Deepak|last2=Das|first2=Bhumika|date=23 May 2015|title=Recent Trends in GIS Applications|language=en|ssrn=2609707}}</ref>

GIS is also diverging into [[location-based service]]s, which allows GPS-enabled mobile devices to display their location in relation to fixed objects (nearest restaurant, gas station, fire hydrant) or mobile objects (friends, children, police&nbsp;car), or to relay their position back to a central server for display or other processing.

GIS is also used in digital marketing and SEO for audience segmentation based on location.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haywood |first=Leeann |date=15 March 2023 |title=Location Data: How GIS is Used in Digital Marketing and SEO |url=https://hennessey.com/blog/location-data-how-gis-is-used-in-digital-marketing-and-seo/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Hennessey Digital |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liaquat |first=Ali |date=1 August 2021 |title=How To Use Geofencing for Targeted Digital Marketing Campaigns |url=https://aliliaquat.com/how-to-geofencing-digital-marketing/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Topics===
====Aquatic science====
{{Excerpt|GIS and aquatic science|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Archaeology====
{{Excerpt|GIS in archaeology|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Disaster response====
[[File:I just got off the phone with @GovJoshGreenMD – following a call with @FEMA Deanne – to discuss Hawai'i's recovery after the deadliest wildfire in a century that has claimed 99 lives.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Aboard [[Air Force One]] enroute to the disaster, President Biden reviews maps of damage assessments, made by [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] and the [[Civil Air Patrol]]'s [[Geographic data and information|geospatial]] team in response to the [[2023 Hawaii wildfires]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The president reviews maps... |url=https://x.com/CivilAirPatrol/status/1691607732954997124 |website=X |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>]] Geospatial disaster response uses geospatial data and tools to help emergency responders, land managers, and scientists respond to disasters. Geospatial data can help save lives, reduce damage, and improve communication. Geospatial data can be used by federal authorities like [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] to create maps that show the extent of a disaster, the location of people in need, and the location of debris, create models that estimate the number of people at risk and the amount of damage, improve communication between emergency responders, land managers, and scientists, as well as help determine where to allocate resources, such as emergency medical resources or search and rescue teams and plan evacuation routes and identify which areas are most at risk.
In the United States, FEMA's Response Geospatial Office is responsible for the agency's capture, analysis and development of GIS products to enhance situational awareness and enable expeditions and effective decision making. The RGO's mission is to support decision makers in understanding the size, scope, and extent of disaster impacts so they can deliver resources to the communities most in need.<ref>{{cite web |title=Response Geospatial Office |url=https://www.fema.gov/about/offices/response/response-geospatial |website=FEMA |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

====Environmental governance====
{{Excerpt|GIS and environmental governance|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Environmental contamination====
{{Excerpt|GIS in environmental contamination|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Geological mapping ====
{{Excerpt|Digital geological mapping|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Geospatial intelligence====
{{Excerpt|Geographic information systems in geospatial intelligence|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====History====
{{Excerpt|Historical GIS|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}The use of digital maps generated by GIS has also influenced the development of an academic field known as spatial humanities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Patricia |date=26 July 2011 |title=Digital Maps Are Giving Scholars the Historical Lay of the Land |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/arts/geographic-information-systems-help-scholars-see-history.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====Hydrology====
{{Excerpt|GIS and hydrology|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Participatory GIS====
{{Excerpt|Participatory GIS|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Public health====
{{Excerpt|GIS and public health|references=Chouhan, A.K., Harsh, A., Mishra, A.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, R.; Delineation of groundwater vulnerable zone for sustainable development in the southwestern part of Bihar, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development. doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101240.|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Traditional knowledge GIS====
{{Excerpt|Traditional knowledge GIS|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

==Other aspects==
===Open Geospatial Consortium standards===
{{Main|Open Geospatial Consortium}}
The [[Open Geospatial Consortium]] (OGC) is an international industry consortium of 384&nbsp;companies, government agencies, universities, and individuals participating in a consensus process to develop publicly available geoprocessing specifications. Open interfaces and protocols defined by OpenGIS&nbsp;Specifications support interoperable solutions that "geo-enable" the Web, wireless and location-based services, and mainstream&nbsp;IT, and empower technology developers to make complex spatial information and services accessible and useful with all kinds of applications. Open Geospatial Consortium protocols include [[Web Map Service]], and [[Web Feature Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/members |title=OGC Members &#124; OGC(R) |publisher=Opengeospatial.org |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

GIS&nbsp;products are broken down by the&nbsp;OGC into two categories, based on how completely and accurately the software follows the OGC&nbsp;specifications.
[[File:Geoservices server with apps.png|thumb|347px|OGC standards help GIS tools communicate.]]

''Compliant products'' are software products that comply to OGC's&nbsp;OpenGIS&nbsp;Specifications. When a product has been tested and certified as compliant through the OGC&nbsp;Testing Program, the product is automatically registered as "compliant" on this site.

''Implementing products'' are software products that implement OpenGIS&nbsp;Specifications but have not yet passed a compliance test. Compliance tests are not available for all specifications. Developers can register their products as implementing draft or approved specifications, though OGC&nbsp;reserves the right to review and verify each entry. South Korea has established a high-level National Geographic Information System (NGIS) that aligns with these global standards, integrating various spatial data through platforms like 'V-World.' This open-platform service provides high-resolution 3D maps and land information, serving as a key infrastructure for smart city development and public administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vworld.kr/vworld/v-eng/main.do |title=V-World: Korea's Open Platform for Spatial Information |publisher=Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

===Adding the dimension of time===

{{See also|Historical geographic information system|Time geography}}
The condition of the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and subsurface can be examined by feeding satellite data into a GIS. GIS&nbsp;technology gives researchers the ability to examine the variations in Earth processes over days, months, and years through the use of cartographic visualizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monmonier |first1=Mark |title=Strategies For The Visualization Of Geographic Time-Series Data |journal=Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization |date=1990 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=30–45 |doi=10.3138/U558-H737-6577-8U31 |bibcode=1990CIJGI..27...30M }}</ref> As an example, the changes in vegetation vigor through a growing season can be animated to determine when drought was most extensive in a particular region. The resulting graphic represents a rough measure of plant health. Working with two variables over time would then allow researchers to detect regional differences in the lag between a decline in rainfall and its effect on vegetation.

GIS&nbsp;technology and the availability of digital data on regional and global scales enable such analyses. The satellite sensor output used to generate a vegetation graphic is produced for example by the [[advanced very-high-resolution radiometer]] (AVHRR). This sensor system detects the amounts of energy reflected from the Earth's surface across various bands of the spectrum for surface areas of about {{Convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The satellite sensor produces images of a particular location on the Earth twice a day. AVHRR and more recently the [[moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer]] (MODIS) are only two of many sensor systems used for Earth surface analysis.

In addition to the integration of time in environmental studies, GIS is also being explored for its ability to track and model the progress of humans throughout their daily routines. A concrete example of progress in this area is the recent release of time-specific population data by the [[U.S.&nbsp;Census]]. In this data set, the populations of cities are shown for daytime and evening hours highlighting the pattern of concentration and dispersion generated by North American commuting patterns. The manipulation and generation of data required to produce this data would not have been possible without&nbsp;GIS.

Using models to project the data held by a GIS&nbsp;forward in time have enabled planners to test policy decisions using [[spatial decision support system]]s.

===Semantics===
Tools and technologies emerging from the [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s [[Semantic Web]] are proving useful for [[data integration]] problems in information systems. Correspondingly, such technologies have been proposed as a means to facilitate [[interoperability]] and data reuse among GIS&nbsp;applications and also to enable new analysis mechanisms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Chuanrong |last2=Zhao |first2=Tian |last3=Li |first3=Weidong |title=Geospatial Semantic Web |date=2015 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-17801-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonseca |first1=Frederico |last2=Sheth |first2=Amit |journal=UCGIS White Paper |title=The Geospatial Semantic Web |year=2002 |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/f/u/fuf1/Fonseca-Sheth.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2008 |access-date=29 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029184932/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/f/u/fuf1/Fonseca-Sheth.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonseca |first1=Frederico | last2 = Egenhofer | first2 = Max |journal=Proc. ACM International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems |title= Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems |year=1999 |pages=14–19 |citeseerx=10.1.1.99.5206 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Perry | first1 = Matthew | last2 = Hakimpour | first2 = Farshad | last3 = Sheth | first3 = Amit | journal = Proc. ACM International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems | title = Analyzing Theme, Space and Time: an Ontology-based Approach | url = http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/download/ACM-GIS_06_Perry.pdf | year = 2006 | pages = 147–154 | access-date = 29 May 2007 | archive-date = 14 June 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614120623/http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/download/ACM-GIS_06_Perry.pdf }}</ref>

[[Ontology (computer science)|Ontologies]] are a key component of this semantic approach as they allow a formal, machine-readable specification of the concepts and relationships in a given domain. This in turn allows a GIS to focus on the intended meaning of data rather than its syntax or structure. For example, [[reasoning]] that a land cover type classified as ''deciduous needleleaf trees'' in one dataset is a specialization or subset of land cover type ''forest'' in another more roughly classified dataset can help a GIS automatically merge the two datasets under the more general land cover classification. Tentative ontologies have been developed in areas related to GIS&nbsp;applications, for example the hydrology ontology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/ontology/|title=Ordnance Survey Ontologies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521025424/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/ontology/|archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> developed by the [[Ordnance Survey]] in the United Kingdom and the SWEET ontologies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/ontology/ |title=Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529200940/http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/ontology/ |archive-date=29 May 2007 }}</ref> developed by [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]. Also, simpler ontologies and semantic metadata standards are being proposed by the W3C Geo Incubator Group<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/|title= W3C Geospatial Incubator Group}}</ref> to represent geospatial data on the web. [[GeoSPARQL]] is a standard developed by the Ordnance Survey, [[United States Geological Survey]], [[Natural Resources Canada]], Australia's [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] and others to support ontology creation and reasoning using well-understood OGC literals (GML, WKT), topological relationships (Simple Features, RCC8, DE-9IM), RDF and the [[SPARQL]] database query protocols.

Recent research results in this area can be seen in the International Conference on Geospatial Semantics<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geosco.org/|title= International Conferences on Geospatial Semantics|access-date= 29 May 2007|archive-date= 28 May 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070528213422/http://www.geosco.org/}}</ref> and the Terra Cognita – Directions to the Geospatial Semantic Web<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/partnerships/research/research/terracognita.html|title=Terra Cognita 2006 – Directions to the Geospatial Semantic Web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518054232/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/partnerships/research/research/terracognita.html|archive-date=18 May 2007}}</ref> workshop at the International Semantic Web Conference.

==Societal implications==
{{Main|Neogeography|Public participation GIS}}
With the popularization of GIS in decision making, scholars have begun to scrutinize the social and political implications of GIS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque|first=Akhlaque|date=1 May 2001|title=GIS, Public Service, and the Issue of Democratic Governance|journal=Public Administration Review|language=en|volume=61|issue=3|pages=259–265|doi=10.1111/0033-3352.00028|issn=1540-6210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque |first= Akhlaque|date=2003|title=Information technology, GIS and democraticvalues: Ethical implications for IT professionals in public service|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|doi=10.1023/A:1024986003350|volume=5|pages=39–48|s2cid= 44035634}}</ref><ref name="activities" /> GIS can also be misused to distort reality for individual and political gain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monmonier|first=Mark|date=2005|title=Lying with Maps|jstor=20061176|journal=Statistical Science|doi=10.1214/088342305000000241|volume=20|issue=3|pages=215–222|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Lie with Maps|last= Monmonier |first=Mark|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-226-53421-3|location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref> GIS technologies played a central role during the COVID-19 pandemic by enabling public health agencies and researchers to visualize and monitor disease spread in real time. The ''Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard'' became one of the most widely cited GIS applications, demonstrating how web-based spatial data can inform policy and public awareness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Ensheng |last2=Du |first2=Hongru |last3=Gardner |first3=Lauren |title=An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=533–534 |year=2020 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 |pmid=32087114 |pmc=7159018 }}</ref>
It has been argued that the production, distribution, use, and representation of geographic information are largely related with the social context and has the potential to increase citizen trust in government.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age |last= Haque|first=Akhlaque|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8173-1877-2|location=Tuscaloosa, AL|pages=70–73}}</ref> Other related topics include discussion on [[copyright]], [[privacy]], and censorship. A more optimistic social approach to GIS&nbsp;adoption is to use it as a tool for public participation.

===In education===
{{see also|Esri Education User Conference}}
At the end of the 20th century, GIS began to be recognized as tools that could be used in the classroom.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sinton |editor1-first=Diana Stuart |editor2-last=Lund |editor2-first=Jennifer J. |date=2007 |title=Understanding place: GIS and mapping across the curriculum |location= Redlands, CA |publisher=[[ESRI Press]] |isbn=978-1-58948-149-7 |oclc=70866933}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Milson |editor1-first=Andrew J. |editor2-last=Demirci |editor2-first=Ali |editor3-last=Kerski |editor3-first=Joseph J. |date=2012 |title=International perspectives on teaching and learning with GIS in secondary schools |location=Dordrecht; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-94-007-2119-7 |oclc=733249695 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2120-3 |url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/rigeo/issue/11187/133647 |type=Submitted manuscript |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215234/http://dergipark.gov.tr/rigeo/issue/11187/133647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Solari |editor1-first=Osvaldo Muñiz |editor2-last=Demirci |editor2-first=Ali |editor3-last=Schee |editor3-first=Joop van der |date=2015 |title=Geospatial technologies and geography education in a changing world: geospatial practices and lessons learned |location=Tōkyō; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-4-431-55518-6 |oclc=900306594 |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-55519-3|series=Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences |s2cid=130174652 }}</ref> The benefits of GIS in education seem focused on developing [[spatial cognition]], but there is not enough bibliography or statistical data to show the concrete scope of the use of GIS in education around the world, although the expansion has been faster in those countries where the curriculum mentions them.<ref name="Nieto">{{cite thesis |type=PhD thesis |last1=Nieto Barbero |first1=Gustavo |title=Análisis de la práctica educativa con SIG en la enseñanza de la Geografía de la educación secundaria: un estudio de caso en Baden-Württemberg, Alemania |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona |hdl=10803/400097 }}</ref>{{rp|36}}

GIS seems to provide many advantages in teaching geography because it allows for analysis based on real geographic data and also helps raise research questions from teachers and students in the classroom. It also contributes to improvement in learning by developing spatial and geographical thinking and, in many cases, student motivation.<ref name="Nieto"/>{{rp|38}}

Courses in GIS are also offered by educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Certificate Now Offered to USD Undergraduate Students – University of San Diego |url=https://www.sandiego.edu/news/detail.php?_focus=90416 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.sandiego.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) {{!}} University of New England in Maine |url=https://www.une.edu/cas/schools/marine-environment/minors/minor-geographic-information-systems-gis |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.une.edu |language=en}}</ref>

===In local government===
GIS is proven as an organization-wide, enterprise and enduring technology that continues to change how local government operates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crcpress.com/Strategic-GIS-Planning-and-Management-in-Local-Government/Holdstock/p/book/9781466556508|title=Strategic GIS Planning and Management in Local Government|website=CRC Press|language=en|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Government agencies have adopted GIS technology as a method to better manage the following areas of government organization:
* Economic development departments use interactive GIS mapping tools, aggregated with other data (demographics, labor force, business, industry, talent) along with a database of available commercial sites and buildings in order to attract investment and support existing business. Businesses making location decisions can use the tools to choose communities and sites that best match their criteria for success.
* Public safety<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://safecitygis.com/|title=Home – SafeCity|website=SafeCity|language=en-US|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> operations such as emergency operations centers, fire prevention, police and sheriff mobile technology and dispatch, and mapping weather risks.
* Parks and recreation departments and their functions in asset inventory, land conservation, land management, and cemetery management
* Public works and utilities, tracking water and stormwater drainage, electrical assets, engineering projects, and public transportation assets and trends
* Fiber network management for interdepartmental network assets
* School analytical and demographic data, asset management, and improvement/expansion planning
* Public administration for election data, property records, and zoning/management The [[open data]] initiative is pushing local government to take advantage of technology such as GIS technology, as it encompasses the requirements to fit the open data/[[open government]] model of transparency.<ref name=":0" /> With open data, local government organizations can implement citizen engagement applications and online portals, allowing citizens to see land information, report potholes and signage issues, view and sort parks by assets, view real-time crime rates and utility repairs, and much more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esri.com/industries/localgov/open-government|title=GIS for Local Government{{!}} Open Government|website=www.esri.com|language=en|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Parker | first1 = C.J. | last2 = May | first2 = A. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = V. | last4 = Burrows | first4 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges | url = https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11589| journal = The Design Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 197–218 | doi=10.2752/175630613x13584367984947| s2cid = 110716823 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> The push for open data within government organizations is driving the growth in local government GIS technology spending, and database management.

===In archeology===
GIS has been an important tool in [[archaeology]] since the early 1990s.<ref>Conolly J and Lake M (2006) Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Surveys and documentation are important to preservation and archaeology, and GIS makes this research and fieldwork efficient and precise.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marwick|first1=Ben|last2=Hiscock|first2=Peter|last3=Sullivan|first3=Marjorie|last4=Hughes|first4=Philip|title=Landform boundary effects on Holocene forager landscape use in arid South Australia|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=19|pages=864–874|date=July 2017|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.004|s2cid=134572456 }}</ref>

===In cultural heritage conservation and management===
GIS is also used to help manage the conservation of cultural heritage sites. GIS helps conservation organizations monitor the impacts of development, conflict, and climate change on archaeological and other cultural resources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=David G. |last2=Bissett |first2=Thaddeus G. |last3=Yerka |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Wells |first4=Joshua J. |last5=Kansa |first5=Eric C. |last6=Kansa |first6=Sarah W. |last7=Myers |first7=Kelsey Noack |last8=DeMuth |first8=R. Carl |last9=White |first9=Devin A. |date=2017-11-29 |title=Sea-level rise and archaeological site destruction: An example from the southeastern United States using DINAA (Digital Index of North American Archaeology) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=e0188142 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188142 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5706671 |pmid=29186200|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some public agencies use GIS software to assess the potential impacts of construction and other development and use these assessments in permitting and mitigation processes.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<ref>Dalgity, Alison; Myers, David; Schmidt Patterson, Catherine (Fall 2022). "The Arches Platform''':''' Bridging Heritage Pasts and Data-Rich Futures". ''Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter.'' Fall 2022. https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/pdf/v37n2.pdf</ref>

== See also ==

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[AM/FM/GIS]]
* [[Climate Information Service]]
* [[Comparison of GIS software]]
* [[Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography]]
* [[Dialogue-Assisted Visual Environment for Geoinformation]]
* [[Distributed GIS]]
* [[Geodatabase (Esri)]]
* [[Geomatics]]
* [[GISCorps]]
* [[GIS Day]]
* [[List of GIS data sources]]
* [[List of GIS software]]
* [[Map database management]]
* [[Open Source Geospatial Foundation]]
* [[Quantitative geography]]
* [[Technical geography]]
* [[Tobler's first law of geography]]
* [[Tobler's second law of geography]]
* [[Virtual globe]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Bolstad, P. (2019). ''GIS Fundamentals: A first text on Geographic Information Systems, Sixth Edition''. Ann Arbor: XanEdu, 764 pp.
* Burrough, P. A. and McDonnell, R. A. (1998). ''Principles of geographical information systems''. [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford, 327 pp.
* [[Michael N. DeMers|DeMers, M.]] (2009). ''Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 4th Edition''. Wiley, {{ISBN|978-0-470-12906-7}}
* Harvey, Francis (2008). ''A Primer of GIS, Fundamental geographic and cartographic concepts.'' The Guilford Press, 31 pp.
* Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., and Carver, S. (2006). ''An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems''. Prentice Hall. 3rd edition.
* Ott, T. and Swiaczny, F. (2001) .''Time-integrative GIS. Management and analysis of Spatio-temporal data'', Berlin / Heidelberg / New York: Springer.
* Thurston, J., Poiker, T.K. and J. Patrick Moore. (2003). ''Integrated Geospatial Technologies: A Guide to GPS, GIS, and Data Logging''. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
* {{cite book|last1=Worboys|first1=Michael|last2=Duckham|first2=Matt|year=2004|title=GIS: a computing perspective|place=Boca Raton|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-28375-5}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2015}}

* {{Commons category-inline|Geographic information systems}}

{{Geography topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geographic Information System}}
[[Category:Geographic information systems| ]]

Pudhiya Geethai

2026-03-22T07:16:13Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pudhiya Geethai
| image = Puthiya Geethai.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[K. P. Jagan]]
| writer = K. P. Jagan
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Ameesha Patel]]
| producer = Vishwas Sundar
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] '''Score:''' [[Karthik Raja]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Krishna
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Viswaas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|05|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}

'''''Pudhiya Geethai''''' ({{Translation}} New [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]]) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by newcomer [[K. P. Jagan]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who plays the role of a brilliant young man, along with [[Meera Jasmine]] and [[Ameesha Patel]]. [[Kalabhavan Mani]] and [[Karunas]] play other supporting roles. Notably, this film is Patel's first and remains her only Tamil film till date. The film, which has music scored by brothers [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Karthik Raja]].

''Pudhiya Geethai'' was released on 8 May 2003. The film received mixed reviews and became a commercial failure.

==Plot==
The film starts with a [[Polydactyly|polydactylic]] baby boy born to Chinnaya from [[Nagapattinam]], who works for Swamy, an astrologer. Swamy writes the horoscope of the baby and understands that the child will grow up to be an intelligent and responsible person, but he also predicts that the child's life will be only 27 years long. He suggests the baby be named Sarathy but does not inform about the short life.

Back to the present in Chennai, Sarathy is an intelligent person and an optimist, who excels in studies and sports and is also liked by everyone around him. He takes care of his mother, Thaiyalnayagi, and sister, following his father's death. Suji is Sarathy's close friend and considers him her well-wisher. Sarathy runs a restaurant with his friends as part-time and is also involved in real estate transactions, earning brokerages. Jo is Suji's friend who teases her by being closer to Sarathy, revealing the love that she has for him.

Reddiyar is a rich but ingenious businessman. He is in the real estate business and cheats many people by allotting improper plots. Sarathy knows about Reddiyar's plans and fight against him, supporting the poor people, which creates enmity between Reddiyar and Sarathy.

Lawrence is Sarathy's friend. He falls in love with Sarathy's sister but is scared of whether Sarathy will accept their love. Sarathy happily accepts and also convinces his mother. Sarathy's sister's wedding is arranged. Now, Sarathy is 27 years old. Meanwhile, Suji feels jealous of Sarathy and Jo getting close to each other, but Jo realizes that Suji is in love with Sarathy. Finally, Suji proposes her love to Sarathy, which he accepts.

On the day of Sarathy's sister's marriage, Jo explains the love that Suji has for Sarathy and vice versa. Sarathy goes to meet Suji, but Reddiyar has planned to kill Sarathy on the way. Sarathy fights Reddiyar's men, and Reddiyar is left alone. However, Sarathy does not kill Reddiyar and instead makes him understand the value of life and talks about the positive attitude that one should have. This makes Reddiyar realize his mistake.

Sarathy leaves the place to meet Suji but meets with an accident on the way and gets admitted to the hospital with severe injuries. The doctors say that the chances of his survival are minimal, and all his family and friends cry outside the hospital, but Reddiyar, who was Sarathy's former enemy, comes to the place and witnesses everyone crying and panicking. He tells everyone to stop crying and keeps calling Sarathy with positive energy, which will make him get back to normal. Everyone starts calling Sarathy, and his condition improves drastically. Sarathy is saved and recovers. Sarathy then lives 100 years of his wish, which makes his life happy.

The film ends with a message to the audience that positive attitude is essential for everyone to succeed, even death will revive them.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Sarathy
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Suji
* [[Ameesha Patel]] as Jo
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Reddiyar
* [[Karunas]] as Ganesh
* [[Kalairani]] as Thaiyalnayagi, Sarathy's mother
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Annamalai
* [[Sanjeev Venkat|Sanjeev]] as Lawrence
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Shekar
* [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] as Suji's mother
* [[Besant Ravi]]
* [[Florent Pereira]]
* "Sathi Leelavathi" Yogini as Sarathy's sister
* [[Madhumitha]]
* Srilekha Rajendran as Villager
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Chinnaya, Sarathy's father (cameo appearance)
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Swamy, an astrologer (cameo appearance)
* [[Inigo Prabhakaran]] as Sarathy's friend (uncredited)
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as a dancer in "Annamalai"
}}

==Production==
The film was initially titled ''Sarathy'' after the lead character's name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2001 |title=Gossip: |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/august/17-08-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306230829/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/august/17-08-01.htm |archive-date=6 March 2005 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> It was later retitled ''Geethai'' with [[Esha Deol]] as heroine. However, the film eventually featured two lead actresses with [[Meera Jasmine]] being signed on to be a part of the project after the success of her 2002 film, ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shyamaudios.com/MeeraJasmine/Interview1.htm |work=shyamaudios.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816171235/http://www.shyamaudios.com/MeeraJasmine/Interview1.htm|title=Meera Jasmine interview |date=16 August 2009|url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2003 |title=Meera musings |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/10/stories/2003031000120202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20041227185240/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/10/stories/2003031000120202.htm |archive-date=2004-12-27 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Ameesha Patel]] later accepted to be a part of the film, replacing Deol, after getting the entire script translated in English for her to read.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2003 |title=And now it's southward ho! |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/14/stories/2003031400950300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030704164122/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/14/stories/2003031400950300.htm |archive-date=2003-07-04 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Before release, the film's title was changed to ''Pudhiya Geethai'' after Hindu organisations objected to the title.<ref>{{cite web |title='Geethai' vs Censors |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13048938 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902123241/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13048938 |archive-date=2 September 2003 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shooting wrapped in March 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2005 |title=Sacred Cows, Their Horns |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/sacred-cows-their-horns/227562 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213203242/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/sacred-cows-their-horns/227562 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=2017-12-13 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pudhiya Geethai
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 March 2003
| recorded = 2002–2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Five Star Audio
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Aadanthe Ado Type]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Kadhal Kondein]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The songs were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], collaborating with Vijay for the first time, while his elder brother [[Karthik Raja]] composed the film's background score. The audio CD containing songs released on 29 March 2003 and features 6 tracks, the lyrics were penned by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Yugabharathi]], and Vijay Sagar.

{{Tracklist
| collapsed =
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 27:14
| title1 = Naan Odum Ilaignan
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 =04:56
| title2 = Mercury Poove
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra2 = Nideesh Gopalan, [[Bhavatharini]], [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| length2 =04:36
| title3 = Vasiyakaara (Version 1)
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra3 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]]
| length3 =03:52
| title4 = Manase
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| extra4 = Bonnie Chakraborty, Tippu, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length4 =05:05
| title5 = Vasiyakaara (Version 2)
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Chitra Sivaraman
| length5 =03:52
| title6 = Annamalai
| lyrics6 = Vijay Sagar
| extra6 = Tippu, Devan
| length6 =04:51
}}

==Release and reception==
''Pudhiya Geethai'' was released on 8 May 2003. The critic from [[The Hindu]] stated that "the end is predictable, but the conviction with which the climax drives home the message makes it interesting."<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2003 |title=Pudhiya Geethai |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601130200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009110153/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601130200.htm |archive-date=9 October 2003 |access-date=23 September 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 39 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The debutant director can be commended for etching such a beautiful character, albeit a too-good-to-be-true one. But the director's dilemma, whether to stand by the astrological predictions or to prove them wrong, is evident in the latter part of the narration. The inspiration seems to be the Telugu film ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2001), which too had a similar knot and ending".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov271.asp|date=15 May 2003|work=Chennai Online|title=Puthiya Geethai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210185457/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov271.asp|archive-date=10 February 2005}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote Kodambakkam lacks films that supports the title, in that way ''Pudhiya Geethai'' feels complete.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=புதிய கீதை|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-06-01/page/n33/mode/2up|date=1 June 2003|page=33|access-date=13 February 2024|first=விஷுவல் |last=தாசன் }}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "The film loosely inspired by Telugu hit film, MURARI, has illogical storyline. With no impressive screenplay, it fails to hold the audiences all the while".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/pudiyageetai.html|title=PUDIYA GEETAI fails to appeal|website=Indiainfo|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003130240/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/pudiyageetai.html|archive-date=3 October 2003}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Technically tacky and story wise utterly lamebrain, Puthiya Geethai looks likes it has been ghost-directed by Vijay, though the credit goes to Jagan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Puthiya Geethai |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13150070&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050106210409/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13150070&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=6 January 2005 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film was a disaster at the Tamil Nadu box office for Vijay.<ref>{{cite web |last=Poornima |date=11 August 2003 |title=Kavithalaya's Thenmalai |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307200133/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11south.htm |archive-date=7 March 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2003 |title=Big budget survivor |url=http://hindu.com/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200270201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140307200752/http://hindu.com/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200270201.htm |archive-date=7 March 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. P. Jegannath}}

[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. P. Jagan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chandil

2026-03-22T07:15:56Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.97|N|86.05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 246
| population_total = 4839
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 6591
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 78.83%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandil''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Chandil block|Chandil]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chandil subdivision]] of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kuchai]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=Chandil (CT) |shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|1|13|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Chandil Dam| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Chandil Dam]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|0|N|85|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -10| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Chandil is located at {{coord|22.97|N|86.05|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Chandil.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chandil]</ref> It has an average elevation of 246&nbsp;metres (807&nbsp;feet).

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750 | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Chandil.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The headquarters of Chandil CD block are located at Chandil town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref> Chandil also houses the headquarters of the Chandil subdivision.

The revenue headquarters of Chandil sub-division is located near Chandil Dam.{{fact|date=October 2023}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chandil had a total population of 4,839, of which 2,500 (52%) were males and 2,339 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 701. The total number of literate persons in Chandil was 3,262 (78.83% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 378866, Pages 98-99: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Chandil block#Language and religion]])

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chandil had a population of 4,341. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Chandil has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 71% and female literacy of 53%. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan'', Chandil covered an area of {{cvt|1.11|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,132.9 |mm}}. Among the civic amenities, it had {{cvt|11|km|spell=in}} of roads with both closed and open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, hand pump, pressure tank. It had 786 domestic electric connections, 10 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 6 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 maternity home, 1 nursing home, 1 charitable hospital/ nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital, 6 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 5 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan), 1 special school for the disabled. Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it produced were ready-made clothes, furniture, medicines. It had the branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 1 agricultural credit society, 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 632-637 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2021}}</ref>

==Industry==
The first commercial sponge iron plant in India is located at Umesh Nagar in Chandil.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Transport==
At [[Chandil railway station]], the [[Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line]] meets the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tatanagar-barkakana-passenger-58023/6494/168/1219 | title= Tatanagar-Barkakana Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo| accessdate = 29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/2973/168/1468 | title = 68056 Tatanagar Asansol MEMU | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 29 November 2021}}</ref>

==Media==
A number of Hindi, Bengali, and English newspapers are published from the Jamshedpur city and circulated here. Out of these, Hindustan, Prabhat Khabar and Dainik Jagran have the highest readership.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} City centric TV programming is provided by the 24-hour news channel Sahara Samay (Jamshedpur) and several other channels are telecast by local cable operators.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Tourism==
*'''Chandil Dam''' - [[Chandil Dam]], standing on the [[Subarnarekha River]], is 220 meter in height and the height of its water level is 190 meters.{{fact|date=October 2023}} A museum, located close to the dam, has scripts written on rocks, which are 2000 years old. The River Swarnarekha flows through this region. The Karkori River originating from the Hundru falls mingles with the Swarnarekha River here at Chandil.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandil dam raises flooding fears|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/jharkhand/story_14250912.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722150946/http://telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/jharkhand/story_14250912.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011|accessdate=10 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
*'''Ichagarh Palace -''' Ichagarh was the capital of erstwhile [[Patkum estate|Patkum state]] which consisted modern day Chandil, Kukru, Nimdih, Ichagarh, [[Kandra]], and adjoining regions of erstwhile Manbhum district of Bengal. Established by the Scion of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain, the region hosts several ancient temples, relics and an ancient palace on the banks of river Karkari and Swarnarekha.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Jayda Temple''' - An ancient temple of Lord [[Shiva]], built by Raja Vikram Aditya Deo of erstwhile Patkum Estate ([[Ichagarh]]) one of the pilgrimage of Jharkhand. Situated on the way to Ranchi-Tata. A fair is held here every year on the eve of [[Makar Sankranti]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''SAI BABA Temple (HUMID)''' - A temple of Lord SAI BABA situated in the way to Ranchi-Tata.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
*'''MATHIA Temple''' - also known as Sadhu Baandh mathia is one of the centers of JUNA AKHADA. It is one of the ashrams of SWAMI PRAMANAND and has hosted many Hath Yogis. The only Rath Yatra of Chandil is organized by this temple.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''[[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]]''' -The Dalma mountains, which are the "crown of Chandil Block", is a safe haven for wild animals like elephants, deer, wild pigs, sambhar and several species of birds and snakes. Dalma Wild Life Sanctuary is home to elephants and deer.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Sheesh Mahal Auditorium''' - the sheesh mahal palace is collection of ancient temple sculpture.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Education==
Singhbhum College was established at Chandil in 1973. Affiliated with the [[Kolhan University]] it offers honours courses in Hindi, Bengali, Santali, Sanskrit, history, economics, philosophy, political science, psychology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, accountancy, M.Com, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/singhbhum-college-chandil | title = Singhbhum College | publisher = Careers360 | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/singhbhum-college-chandil | title = Singhbhum College, Saraikela Kharsawan | publisher = College Dekho | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Chandil Polytechnic offers diploma courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chandilpolytechnic.org | title = Chandil Polytechnic | publisher = CP | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Singhbhum College is a Hindi-medium co-educational institution established in 1965. It has facilities for teaching in classes XI and XII. It has a library with 1,200 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200316002/singhbhum-college-chandil.html | title = Singhbhum Colleg Chandil| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Government S.S. High School Chandil is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1962. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a library with 2,078 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200316002/20200301906/ss+2-high-school-chandil.html | title = SS +2 High School Chandil| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

Vivekananda International High School is an English-medium co-educational institution established in 1998. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a library with 352 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200301905/vivekananda-intern-school.html | title = Vivekananda Intern. School| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:Chandil Dam.JPG|Chandil Dam
Image:Boats at Dam.JPG|Boats at Dam
Image:Jayda Temple.jpg|Jayda Temple
Image:Sheesh Mahal Auditorium.JPG|Sheesh Mahal Auditorium(Chandil Dam)
File:Jayda Mandir.jpg|Jayda Mandir
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category}}
<references/>
{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

Eleven Points Programme

2026-03-22T07:15:44Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Demands}}
{{Independence of Bangladesh}}
The '''Eleven Points Programme''' was a charter of demands in [[East Pakistan]] that called for reforms and the resignation of President Ayub Khan. It was led by students and was a successor to the [[six point movement]] led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The historic six-point movement and its impact on the struggle for independence |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-40021 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=7 June 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The Eleven Points Programme was based on the six point movement. The six point movement, started in 1966, called for the restoration of democracy and the resignation of military ruler, President [[Ayub Khan]]. The movement was led by the [[All-Pakistan Awami League|Awami League]] and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The movement fluttered after the mass arrest of Awami League politicians. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and senior Awami League leaders were arrested on the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]]. The democracy movement was taken over by the newly formed Pakistan Democratic Movement and Democratic Action Committee. Both of which failed in their objective to restore democracy. In October 1968, two fractions of East Pakistan Students Union, led by [[Rashed Khan Menon]] and [[Matia Chowdhury]], and [[East Pakistan Students League]] formed an alliance called the [[Sarbadaliya Chhatra Sangram Parishad]] (''All Party Student Movement Council'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) The Parishad announced an 11-point demand that called for education reform, restoration of democracy, and autonomy for East Pakistan. The demands incorporated all the demands of the opposition in East Pakistan and the students became the leaders of the movement against President Ayub Khan. This culminated in the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|1969 mass uprising]] and the subsequent withdrawal of Agartala Conspiracy Case.<ref name="bpd">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Eleven Points Programme}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Tariq |title=Uprising in Pakistan: How to Bring Down a Dictatorship |date=2018 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78663-537-2 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7BaDwAAQBAJ&q=Eleven+Points+Programme&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=Eleven+Points+Programme&pg=PA52 |language=en}}</ref> On 24 January 1971, in the backdrop of outbreak of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the mass uprising was commemorated and all political groups of East Pakistan (barring [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups like [[Jamaat-e-Islami]]) reiterated the 11-point demand.<ref>{{cite news |title=January 24, 1971 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/january-24-1971-53719 |accessdate=20 March 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=19 November 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

==11 points==
1. Cancellation of all anti-Bengali language actions like the recommendations of the Hamidur Rahman Education Committee & the [[University of Dhaka|Dhaka University]] Ordinance (which stripped it of its autonomy) alongside reduction in monthly tuition fees of the university students.

2. Restoration of parliamentary democracy based on universal adult franchise, freedom of the press & uplifting the ban on ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]''

3. Complete autonomy for East Pakistan based on the previous 6-points.

4. Formation of a federal government in [[West Pakistan]] consisting of the autonomous provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] & [[Balochistan]] (which had been dissolved by the Ayub Khan government under the [[One Unit Scheme]])

5. Nationalisation of banks, insurance companies & all large industries, including jute processing units.

6. Decreased taxation upon the farmers & setting the [[Price floor|minimum price]] of [[Jute|raw jute]] at 40 rupees.

7. Providing respectable wages, education, treatment & residence to the workers alongside recognition to their [[Strike action|right to strike]].

8. Taking adequate steps to control floods & utilising the water resources of East Pakistan.

9. Abrogation of all draconian laws enacted by the military regime of Ayub Khan.

10. Pakistan's exit from [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] & [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] alongside formulation of a neutral foreign policy

11. Abrogation of warrants against those accused of participating in the Agartala Conspiracy Case alongside release of all students, farmers, workers & political activists imprisoned throughout the country convicted under it.

==References==
{{Portal|1960s}}
{{reflist}}
{{Bangladesh liberation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eleven Points Programme}}
[[Category:Independence of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politics of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:1968 in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1968]]
[[Category:Student protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social movements in Pakistan]]

Nagapattnam Refinery

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CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Refinery in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The '''Nagapattnam Refinery''' also known as '''Cauvery Basin Refinery'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://petroleum.nic.in/refi.htm|title=Refineries in India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328004220/http://petroleum.nic.in/refi.htm|archivedate=2010-03-28}}</ref> was the second [[oil refinery]] constructed by [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited]]. It is situated at [[Kaveri]] Basin at [[Nagapattinam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CPCL's apattinam refinery to start handling crude|author=Santanu Sanyal|date=5 Feb 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The initial unit was set up in Nagapattinam with a capacity of 0.5 million metric tonnes per annum in 1993 but later on in 2002 this was boosted to 1 million metric tonnes per annum. [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] is separated out in a gas treating unit built in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/narimanam-refinery | title= Narimanam Refinery | publisher=A Barrel Full | via=wikidot.con | date=11 July 2020 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2020|reason=user-generated content|certain=yes}}

==References==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Energy in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1993]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Sind (caliphal province)

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CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Province of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates (711–861)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sindh
| common_name =
| image_flag =
| national_anthem =
| image_map = {{Location map+
| South Asia
| overlay_image= Map of the Caliphal Province of Sind.png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|40|[[Karkota dynasty|KARKOTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|25|[[Patola Shahis|PATOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|South-Asia 750 CE|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|185|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|32|[[Turk Shahis|TURK SHAHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|170|45|[[Tibetan Empire|TIBETAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|52|52|[[Zunbils|ZUNBILS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|130|[[Maitrakas|MAITRAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|90|[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|GURJARA PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|185|110|[[Pala Empire|PALA EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|1|40|[[Abbasid Caliphate|ABBASID CALIPHATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|140|5|[[Tang dynasty|TANG DYNASTY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|135|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|KALACHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|Map of Arab Sind under the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], and neighbouring polities, {{circa|750 CE}}<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| capital = [[Aror]]
| government_type = [[Ummayad caliphate|Caliphal province]]
| legislature =
| title_leader = [[Governor]]
| leader1 = [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]
| year_leader1 = 711–715 (first)
| leader2 = [[Habbari dynasty|Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari]]
| year_leader2 = 854–861 (last)
| religion = '''[[State religion]]:''' {{plainlist|
[[Islam]] '''Other religions''': [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]}}
| footnotes =
| status =
| year_end = 861
| year_start = 711
| map_width = 290px
| common_languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]]
| era = [[Medieval India|Post-classical India]]
| event_start = [[Muslim conquest of Sindh|Arab-Muslim conquest]]
| event_end = [[Anarchy at Samarra]]
| p1 = Chach dynasty
| s1 = Habbari dynasty
| s2 = Emirate of Multan
| p2 =
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]]
}}
'''Sindh''' was a province of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and later of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] from around 711 CE with the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Islamic conquest of Sindh]] by [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim]], to around 854 CE with the emergence of the [[anarchy at Samarra|independent dynasties]] of the [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarid Emirate]] in [[Sindh]] proper and the [[Emirate of Multan]] in [[Punjab]]. The "Governor of Sindh" ({{Langx|ar|عامل السند|translit=‘āmil al-Sind}})<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 388, 557, 448, 599; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 106</ref> was an official who administered the [[caliphate|caliphal]] province over what are now Sindh, southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Makran]] ([[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]) in [[Pakistan]].

The governor was the chief [[Muslims|Muslim]] official in the province and was responsible for maintaining security in the region. As the leader of the provincial military, he was also in charge of carrying out campaigns against the [[Indian religions|non-Muslim]] kingdoms of India. Governors appointed to the region were selected either directly by the caliph or by an authorized subordinate, and remained in office until they either died or were dismissed.

==Geography==
Sind was a frontier province of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and Abbasid caliphates from its conquest in c. 711 until the mid-ninth century. Situated at the far eastern end of the caliphate, it consisted of the territories held by the Muslims in the [[Indian subcontinent]], which at the time were centered in the [[Indus River|Indus]] region. Sind proper was bounded on the west by [[Makran]], on the northwest by [[Sistan|Sijistan]] and the district of [[Turan of Baluchistan|Turan]], on the northeast by [[Multan]], on the east by the [[Thar Desert]], on the southeast by the non-Muslim [[al-Hind|Hind]], and on the southwest by the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>Le Strange, pp. 331–2 and Map 7; Blankinship, pp. 110–2</ref>

== Conquest of Sind ==
{{Main|Umayyad conquest of Sindh}}
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|300px|[[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]'s conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE). 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
|left]]
In the history of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], Sind was a relatively late achievement, occurring almost a century after the [[Hijrah]] (start of Islamic calendar). Military raids against India had been undertaken by the Muslims as early as [[Umar]]'s reign (634–644), but the pace of expansion in the region was initially slow: in 636, an Arab naval expedition attacked [[Bharuch|Broach]], which had come under the control of the [[Chalukyas]] following the submission of Jayabhata of the [[Gurjaras of Lata]], and [[Thane|Thana]], but it was soon recalled after achieving some damage and they failed to capture these cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |edition=Reprint |location=London and New York |page=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. Nagaraja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dq8cAAAAMAAJ |title=The Chalukyas of Badami: Seminar Papers |date=1978 |publisher=Mythic Society |page=193 |language=en |quote="Jayabhața, the Gurjara of Lāța, became the feudatory of the Chalukya emperor. It was in his time that an Arab fleet was despatched to Thāņa and Broach (A.D. 636), and did some damage but was recalled under the orders of Caliph Omar."}}</ref> Several governors were appointed to the Indian frontier (''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|thaghr al-Hind}}'') and tasked with conducting campaigns in the east. Some of these expeditions were successful, but others ended in defeat and a number of governors were killed while serving there.

According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sind and the early partisans of Caliph [[Ali]] or proto-[[Shia Islam|Shi'ites]] could be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad]], who traveled across Sind to [[Makran]] in 649 and presented a report on the area to the caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).</ref> During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "'''The Shia Muslims'''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006). {{ISBN|9780195677034}}.</ref> Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindi bandits and chased them to [[Kingdom of Kaikan|al-Qiqan]] (present-day [[Quetta]]) in 658.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Balâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, '''Religion and Society in Arab Sind.''' Pg. 126, EJ Brill: Leiden, 1989. {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside [[Hujr ibn 'Adi|Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi]]<ref>Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, '''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''', p. 126, EJ Brill (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> in 660 AD, near [[Damascus]].

In the caliphate of [[Mu'awiya I]] ({{reign|661|680}}), the region of Makran was subdued and a garrison was established there. Over the following decades, the Muslims progressed further east, conquering the district of [[Qusdar]] and raiding the areas around [[Qandabil]] and al-Qiqan.<ref>Gabrieli, p. 283; Wink; pp. 129, 131; al-Baladhuri, pp. 209–15; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 278, 330–1</ref>

Sind was conquered in {{circa|711}} by [[Muhammad ibn Qasim|Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi]], who had been sent to undertake a punitive expedition against [[Raja Dahir|Dahir]], the king of Sind. After marching through Makran and defeating its inhabitants, Muhammad entered Sind and attacked the port city of [[Debal|Daybul]], which fell after a siege and was partly colonized by the Muslims. Following this victory, Muhammad moved north and encountered Dahir, whom he defeated and killed. He then spent the next few years campaigning in Sind and [[Multan District|Multan]], forcing the various cities of the country to submit to him.

This period of conquests continued until 715, when Caliph [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}) died; shortly after the accession of Caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]], Muhammad was arrested and executed, and a replacement was sent by the government to take control of Sind.<ref>Gabrieli, pp. 283–92; Wink, pp. 202–7; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–24; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', s.v. "Sind" (T.W. Haig-[C.E. Bosworth])</ref>

From then on, the [[Turk Shahis]] now had to face an additional Muslim threat from the southeast, as did Hindu kingdoms, especially the [[Maitrakas]] and the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]], on their western borders, since the Caliphal province of Sind extended as far as [[Multan]], at the gates of the [[Punjab]], and would last until 854 CE as an [[Umayyad]] and then [[Abbasid]] dependency.<ref name="CAP148">{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Cameron A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148-149 |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-304-1 |location=Oxford |page=148 |language=en}}</ref>

== Umayyad period ==
[[File:Umayyad Caliphate coinage temp Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik al-Hind (possibly Multan) mint. Dated AH 97 (AD 715-6).jpg|thumb|300px| Umayyad coinage in India, from the time of the first governor of Sindh, [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]. Minted in India "[[al-Hind]]" (possibly in the city of [[Multan]]), dated AH 97 (715-6 CE): obverse circular legend ''"in the name of Allah, struck this dirham in [[al-Hind]] ([[File:India in Abd al-Malik al-Hind coin 715 CE (detail).jpg|20px]] ''{{lang|ar|[[:ary:لهند|لهند]]}}'' l'Hind) in the year seven and ninety"''.]]
As a result of its conquest, Sind became a province of the caliphate and governors were appointed to administer it. As the commander of a frontier province, the governor was responsible for guarding the country against external incursions, and could carry out raids into Hind (India) at his discretion. The governor's jurisdiction usually also included the neighboring regions of Makran, Turan and Multan;<ref>Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 293–4</ref> in addition, any territories that he conquered in Hind were added to his area of authority.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, p. 227</ref>

In the administrative hierarchy of the Umayyad Caliphate, the responsibility for selecting governors to the province was assigned to the [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq|governor of Iraq]], or, if that position was vacant, to the governor of [[Basra]]. Unless he received specific commands from the caliph, the governor of Iraq had the authority to appoint and dismiss governors to Sind and he was in charge of supervising their activities in the province.<ref>Blankinship, pp. 62–3</ref>

According to the historian [[Khalifa ibn Khayyat]], after the downfall of Muhammad ibn Qasim the responsibilities of the governor of Sind were temporarily divided between two officials, one of whom was in charge of military affairs and the other in charge of taxation. This change was soon rescinded and the next governor, [[Habib ibn al-Muhallab|Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi]], had full authority over both the fiscal and military affairs on the province.<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 318</ref>

[[File:Coinage of al-Hakam bin Awana al-Kalbi, Umayyad governor of Sindh (circa AH 111-123 AD 731-740).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Coinage of [[al-Hakam bin Awana al-Kalbi]], Umayyad governor of Sindh (circa AH 111-123 / AD 731-740)]]
As a general rule, provincial governorships in the Umayyad period were held almost exclusively by Arabs,<ref>Blankinship, p. 41</ref> and this trend was reflected in the appointees to Sind during this period. [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|Qaysi–Yamani tribal politics]] also played a strong role in the selection and dismissal of governors;<ref>Crone, pp. 142 ff.; Blankinship, pp. 45–6, 98; Shaban, pp. 120 ff.</ref> if the governor of Iraq was [[Qays]]i, then his governor to Sind would likely be Qaysi, and if he was [[Yaman (tribal group)|Yamani]], his selection would likely be Yamani as well. There were, however, some exceptions; [[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]] was initially appointed to Sind by a fellow Qaysi, but was allowed to retain his position for two years after the governor of Iraq was replaced with a Yamani.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 379; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; Crone, p. 147</ref>

[[File:Arab-Gujarat campaigns 724-740 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Campaigns from the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] into [[Gujarat]] (724-740 CE).
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
{{legend|#E0FFFF|[[Maitrakas|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
]]
The governors of Sind in the Umayyad period undertook extensive campaigns against the non-Muslim kingdoms of Hind, but with mixed results. Al-Junayd's campaigns were largely successful, but his successor [[Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi]] encountered difficulties and the Muslims were forced to retreat from Hind. The next governor, [[al-Hakam ibn Awana]], vigorously campaigned in Hind and initially achieved some victories, but he too experienced a reversal of fortune and was eventually killed. Raids into Hind continued after al-Hakam's death, but no major territorial gains were achieved, and the Muslim presence in the Indian subcontinent remained largely restricted to the Indus valley region.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, pp. 225–9; Blankinship, pp. 131–4; 147–9; 186–90, 202–3; Wink, 207-9</ref>

As part of his efforts to secure the Muslim position in Sind, al-Hakam constructed the military garrison of [[al-Mahfuzah]], which he made into his capital (''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|miṣr}}''). Shortly after this, his lieutenant [[Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim|Amr]], a son of Muhammad ibn Qasim, built a second city near al-Mahfuzah, which he called [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|al-Mansura]]. This latter city eventually became the permanent administrative capital of Sind, and it served as the seat of the Umayyad and [[Abbasid]] governors.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 389; al-Baladhuri, pp. 228–9; ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', s.v. "al-Mansura" (Y. Friedmann)</ref>

The names of the caliphal governors of Sind are preserved in the histories of Khalifa ibn Khayyat and [[al-Ya'qubi]]. Some differences exist between the two authors' versions; these are noted below. The ''[[Futuh al-Buldan]]'' by [[al-Baladhuri]], which focuses on the military conquests of the early Muslim state, also contains the names of many of the governors who served in Sind.

===List of Governors of Sindh===
{{see also|Governors of Sindh}}
{| width=85% class="wikitable"
|+ align="left" | Military governors
|-
! width=22% | Name
! width=8% | Years
! width=10% | Nature of termination
! width=60% | Notes
|-
|[[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi]]
|align="center"|711–715
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Conquered Sind. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135</ref>
|-
|[[Habib ibn al-Muhallab|Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi]]
|align="center"|715–717
|align="center"|Dismissed(?)
|Appointed either by the caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] or by [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7</ref>
|-
|[[Abd al-Malik ibn Misma]]
|align="center"|from 717
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Basra, [[Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322</ref>
|-
|[[Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili]]
|align="center"|to 720
|align="center"|Overthrown
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Adi ibn Artah<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225</ref>
|-
|[[Ubaydallah ibn Ali al-Sulami]]
|align="center"|from 721
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146</ref>
|-
|[[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]]
|align="center"|to 726
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Appointed by Umar ibn Hubayra<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147</ref>
|-
|[[Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi]]
|align="center"|from 726
|align="center"|Died(?)
|Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his ''nisbah'' as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office</ref>
|-
|[[Al-Hakam ibn Awana]]
|align="center"|to 740
|align="center"|Killed
|Appointed by Khalid ibn Abdallah<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147</ref>
|-
|[[Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-qasim al Thaqafi]]
|align="center"|740–744
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Son of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200</ref>
|-
|[[Yazid ibn Irar al-Kalbi]](?)
|align="center"|740s
|align="center"|Overthrown
|Name and details of governorship given variously in the sources. See especially this note<ref>In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al-Walid; he does not specify Muhammad's fate.</ref>
|-
|}

{| width=85% class="wikitable"
|+ align="left" | Fiscal governors
|-
! width=22% | Name
! width=8% | Years
! width=10% | Nature of termination
! width=60% | Notes
|-
|[[Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki]]
|align="center"|715
|align="center"|Died
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the fiscal administrator of Iraq, [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 224–5; Crone, p. 96</ref>
|-
|[[Ubaydallah ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki]]
|align="center"|715(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Yazid ibn Abi Kabshah, who he succeeded as governor<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318</ref>
|-
|[[Imran ibn al-Nu'man al-Kala'i]]
|align="center"|715(?)
|align="center"|Unspecified
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; Crone, p. 142</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" | ''After Imran, fiscal and military affairs were jointly assigned to Habib ibn al-Muhallab.''
|-
|}

== Abbasid period ==
[[File:Coinage of Musa Barmaki, Abbasid governor of Sindh (circa AH 218-221 AD 833-836). Citing al-Mu'tasim as Abu Imam Ishaq. Uncertain mint in Sindh.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of [[Musa Barmaki]], Abbasid governor of Sindh ({{circa}} AH 218–221; AD 833–836). Citing [[al-Mu'tasim]] as "Abu Imam Ishaq". Uncertain mint in Sindh.]]
[[File:Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png|thumb|300px|[[Abbasid Caliphate]] in the 850s CE, with location of the caliphal province of Sind in the east, and the newly arisen [[Emirate of Multan]] ("Banu Munabbih").]]
At the time of the [[Abbasid Revolution]], Sind was in the hands of the anti-Umayyad rebel [[Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi]]. Following their victory over the Umayyads, the Abbasids at first left Mansur in control of the province, but this state of affairs did not last and the new dynasty sent [[Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi]] to take over the region. He was able to defeat Mansur and enter Sind,<ref name="IbnJumhur" /> thereby firmly establishing Abbasid control over the province.

After the new dynasty came to power, Sind's administrative status was somewhat ambiguous, with governors being appointed either directly by the caliph or by the governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Abu Muslim]].<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203</ref> This situation lasted only until Abu Muslim's murder in 755; thereafter, appointments to Sind were almost always handled by the caliph and the central government.

In the first century of the Abbasid caliphate, governors continued to conduct raids against the non-Muslim kingdoms of Hind, and some minor gains were achieved. The historians also recorded the various struggles of the governors to maintain stability within Sind, as internecine tribal warfare, [[Alids|Alid]] partisans and disobedient Arab factions intermittently threatened the government's control over the region. Another potential source of trouble came from the governors themselves; a few of the individuals appointed to Sind attempted to rebel against the Abbasids, and had to be subdued by force of arms. In general, however, Abbasid authority in Sind remained effective during this period of their rule.<ref>Wink, pp. 209–12; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230 ff.</ref>

Under the Abbasids, Arabs continued to frequently occupy the governorship, but over time the selections became somewhat more diverse. Under the caliphs [[al-Mahdi]] (775–785) and [[Harun al-Rashid|al-Rashid]] (786–809), non-Arab clients (''[[mawali]]'') were sometimes appointed to Sind.<ref>These were Layth and Salim, as well as their respective sons. Crone, pp. 192, 194; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 441, 446, 463</ref> In the caliphate of [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–833), the governorship was given to a member of the Persian [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] family, and the province remained under their rule for a number of years.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', s.v. "al-Baramika" (D. Sourdel)</ref> After the Barmakids, the [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] general [[Itakh]] was given control of Sind, although he deputed the actual administration of the province to an Arab.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 585</ref> During this period several members of the prominent [[Muhallabids|Muhallabid]] family served in Sind; their combined administrations spanned over a period of more than three decades.<ref name="Muhallabid1" /><ref name="Muhallabid2" /><ref name="Muhallabid3" /><ref name="Muhallabid4" /> Under al-Rashid, a few minor members of the Abbasid family were also appointed as governors of the province.<ref name="Abbasid1" /><ref name="Abbasid2" />

{| width=85% class="wikitable"
|-
! width=22% | Name
! width=8% | Years
! width=10% | Nature of termination
! width=60% | Notes
|-
|[[Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi]]
|align="center"|747–751
|align="center"|Revolted
|Initially took Sind as an anti-Umayyad rebel, then confirmed as governor by the Abbasids<ref name="IbnJumhur">Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158</ref>
|-
|[[Mughallis al-Abdi]]
|align="center"|751(?)
|align="center"|Killed
|Appointed either by the caliph [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] or by the governor of Khurasan, [[Abu Muslim]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230</ref>
|-
|[[Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|752–754
|align="center"|Resigned
|Appointed either by al-Saffah or by Abu Muslim<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186</ref>
|-
|[['Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|754–760
|align="center"|Revolted
|Son of Musa ibn Ka'b, who appointed him<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759</ref>
|-
|[[Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard]]
|align="center"|760–768
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Member of the [[Muhallabid]] family. Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mansur]]<ref name="Muhallabid1">Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134</ref>
|-
|[[Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi]]
|align="center"|768–774
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Appointed by al-Mansur<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8</ref>
|-
|[[Bistam ibn Amr al-Taghlibi]]
|align="center"|774(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr, who appointed him<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.</ref>
|-
|[[Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|774-775/6
|align="center"|Died
|Variant name given by Ibn Khayyat. Appointed by al-Mansur<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Ma'bad al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|775(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil, who he succeeded as governor<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)</ref>
|-
|[[Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi]]
|align="center"|776–778
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mahdi]]<ref name="Muhallabid2">al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134</ref>
|-
|[[Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Khuza'i]]
|align="center"|778–781
|align="center"|Died
|Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185</ref>
|-
|[[Al-Zubayr ibn al-'Abbas]]
|align="center"|781(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by Ibn Khayyat. Never went to Sind. Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480</ref>
|-
|[[Sufyah ibn Amr al-Taghlibi]] (?)
|align="center"|781–782
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Name given variously in the sources. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168</ref>
|-
|[[Layth ibn Tarif]]
|align="center"|782–785
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Layth]]
|align="center"|785–786
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Layth ibn Tarif. Appointed during the caliphate of [[al-Hadi]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446</ref>
|-
|Layth ibn Tarif
|align="center"|from 786
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Re-appointed, this time by the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|al-Rashid]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192</ref>
|-
|[[Salim (mawla)|Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi]]
|align="center"|780s
|align="center"|Died
|Salim's ''[[Nisbat (onomastics)|nisbah]]'' is given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194</ref>
|-
|[[Ibrahim ibn Salim (mawla)|Ibrahim ibn Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi]]
|align="center"|780s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Salim, who he succeeded as governor<ref name="K463">Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463</ref>
|-
|[[Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi]]
|align="center"|from 790
|align="center"|Dismissed
|First cousin twice removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him<ref name="Abbasid1">Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Tayfur al-Himyari]] (?)
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Name given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195</ref>
|-
|[[Kathir ibn Salm al-Bahili]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Grandson of [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]]. Deputy governor for his brother [[Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili|Sa'id ibn Salm]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Adi al-Taghlibi]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Resigned
|Nephew of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by the governor of Basra, [['Isa ibn Ja'far ibn al-Mansur al-Hashimi|'Isa ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168</ref>
|-
|[[Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman (governor)|Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Resigned
|Appointed either by al-Rashid or by Muhammad ibn Adi<ref name="Abbasid2"/>
|-
|[[Abdallah ibn Ala al-Dabbi]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Unspecified
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman<ref name="K463" />
|-
|[[Ayyub ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi]]
|align="center"|to 800
|align="center"|Died
|Second cousin once removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him<ref name="Abbasid2">Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi|Dawud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi]]
|align="center"|800–820
|align="center"|Died
|Last governor listed by Ibn Khayyat. Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by al-Rashid<ref name="Muhallabid3">Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135</ref>
|-
|[[Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi]]
|align="center"|820–826
|align="center"|Revolted
|Son of Dawud ibn Yazid, who he succeeded as governor. Confirmed in office by the caliph [[al-Ma'mun]]<ref name="Muhallabid4">Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135</ref>
|-
|[[Hajib ibn Salih (governor)|Hajib ibn Salih]]
|align="center"|826
|align="center"|Expelled
|Appointed by al-Ma'mun<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175</ref>
|-
|[[Ghassan ibn Abbad]]
|align="center"|828–831
|align="center"|Resigned
|Appointed by al-Ma'mun<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189</ref>
|-
|[[Musa ibn Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki|Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki]]
|align="center"|831–836
|align="center"|Died
|Member of the [[Barmakid]] family. Appointed by Ghassan ibn Abbad<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231</ref>
|-
|[[Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki]]
|align="center"|from 836
|align="center"|Killed
|Son of Musa ibn Yahya, who he succeeded as governor<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa</ref>
|-
|[[Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi]]
|align="center"|840s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Deputy governor for [[Itakh|Itakh al-Turki]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)</ref>
|-
|[[Harun ibn Abi Khalid al-Marwrudhi]]
|align="center"|to 854
|align="center"|Killed
|Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219</ref>
|-
|[[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari]]
|align="center"|854–861 ([[Anarchy at Samarra|as autonomous Governor]] 861–884)
|align="center"|He became autonomous during [[Anarchy at Samarra|decline of Abbasids]] and established [[Habbari dynasty]] after al-Mutawakkil assassination on 861. Died in 884
|Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]]
|}

=== Decline of Abbasid authority ===
{{Main|Anarchy at Samarra|Habbari dynasty|Emirate of Multan}}

[[File:Map of the Habbarid and Multan Emirates.png|thumb|300px|Map of the [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarid Emirate]] and the [[Emirate of Multan|Multan Emirate]], which replaced the Caliphal province of Sind circa 854 CE.]]
Over the course of the mid-ninth century, Abbasid authority in Sind gradually waned. A new era in the history of the province began in 854, when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari, a local Arab resident of Sind, was appointed to govern the country. Shortly after this, the central government [[Anarchy at Samarra|entered a period of crisis]] which crippled its ability to maintain its authority in the provinces; this stagnation allowed 'Umar to rule Sind without any interference from the caliphal court at [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. 'Umar ended up creating a hereditary dynasty, that of the [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarids]], which ruled in al-Mansura for almost two centuries. Although the Habbarids continued to acknowledge the Abbasids as their nominal suzerains, the effective authority of the caliph largely disappeared and the Habbarids were de facto independent.<ref>Baloch and Rafiqi, p. 294</ref>

In spite of their loss of effective control over Sind, the Abbasid government continued to formally appoint governors to the province. In 871 the caliphal regent [[Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil]] invested the [[Saffarid]] [[Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari|Ya'qub ibn al-Layth]] with the governorship of Sind.<ref>Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 119</ref> In 875 the general [[Masrur al-Balkhi]] was given control of most of the eastern provinces, including Sind.<ref>Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 166</ref> Four years after this, Sind was again assigned to the Saffarids, with [[Amr Saffari|Amr ibn al-Layth]] receiving the appointment.<ref>Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 205</ref> These appointments, however, were purely nominal, and it is unlikely that these individuals exercised any actual authority over the local rulers within the province.<ref>Wink, 211-2</ref>

As the central government's authority over Sind declined, the region underwent a period of decentralization. Habbarid authority appears to have been largely restricted to Sind proper, and did not extend to Makran, Turan and Multan, which all broke away under separate dynasties. Some of the rulers in these regions also continued to nominally recognize the caliph as their ruler, but were effectively self-governing; others rejected the caliph's authority altogether and were outright independent. These minor dynasties continued to govern in their respective localities until the early eleventh century, when the [[Ghaznavids]] invaded India and annexed most of the Muslim territories in the country.<ref>Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 294–6; 296 ff.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Sindhis}}
* [[List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus]]
* [[Emirate of Armenia#Emirs (Ostikans) of Armenia|List of caliphal governors of Arminiyah]]
* [[List of governors of Islamic Egypt#The Rashidun Caliphs era (640–658)|List of caliphal governors of Egypt]]
* [[Ifriqiya#Conquest phase|List of caliphal governors of Ifriqiyah]]
* [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq]]
* [[Governor of Madina|List of caliphal governors of al-Madinah]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Jabir. ''The Origins of the Islamic State, Part II.'' Trans. Francis Clark Murgotten. New York: Columbia University, 1924.
* {{citation |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |last2=Rafiq |first2=A. Q. |chapter=The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir |editor1=M. S. Asimov |editor2=C. E. Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting |chapter-url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=297–322}}
* {{The End of the Jihad State |ref={{sfnref|Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State|1994}}}}
* {{Slaves on Horses}}
* ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam.'' New Ed. 12 vols. with supplement and indices. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960–2005.
* Gabrieli, Francesco. "Muhammad ibn Qasim ath-Thaqafi and the Arab Conquest of Sind." ''East and West'' 15/3-4 (1965): 281–295.
* Khalifah ibn Khayyat. ''Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat.'' Ed. Akram Diya' al-'Umari. 3rd ed. Al-Riyadh: Dar Taybah, 1985.
* {{citation |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126 |year=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-08551-3}}
* Shaban, M. A. ''The 'Abbasid Revolution.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970. {{ISBN|0-521-07849-0}}
* {{Lands of the Eastern Caliphate}}
* Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. ''The History of al-Tabari.'' Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985–2007.
* Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub. ''Historiae, Vol. 2.'' Ed. M. Th. Houtsma. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1883.
* {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |isbn=0391041738 |edition=Third |orig-year=first published 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC}}

{{History of Sindh}}

[[Category:Sind (caliphal province)| ]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:9th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 710s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 9th century]]

1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-22T07:14:57Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1991
| next_election = 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2001
| election_date = 2 May 1996
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
| majority_seats = 118
| turnout = 66.95%
({{increase}} 3.11%)
| image_size = 130px
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| alliance1 = [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| seats1 = '''221'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 219
| popular_vote1 ='''14,600,748'''
| percentage1 = '''60.77%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 30.72%

| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]] ''(lost)''
| alliance2 = Congress alliance
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 216
| popular_vote2 = 7,354,723
| percentage2 = 27.08%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 32.71%

| map_image = 1996 tamil nadu legislative election map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = 1996 election map (by constituencies)
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]]
| map2_image = Tamil Nadu Assembly Alliance Result 1996.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Result
| before_election = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| before_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
The '''eleventh legislative assembly election''' of [[Tamil Nadu]] was held on 2 May 1996 to elect members from 234 constituencies for the state legislature. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) led front won the election securing 221 seats in the 234 seat [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], and its leader [[M. Karunanidhi]], became the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]].

In the tenth Tamil Nadu assembly, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) held the majority with its leader [[J. Jayalalithaa]] as the chief minister. The elections resulted in a landslide defeat for the incumbent government, with the AIADMK winning only four seats. Outgoing chief minister Jayalalithaa lost the election from the [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]], and became the first incumbent chief minister since [[M. Bakthavatsalam]] in [[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] to lose the elections.

==Background==

===Anti-Incumbency===
The [[J. Jayalalithaa]] led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) government, which had been in power since 1991 was beset with corruption scandals and public discontent. A series of corruption scandals, a growing reputation for high handedness and an extravagant public wedding for Jayalalithaa's foster son Sudhakaran all combined to erode the AIADMK support base and the goodwill she had enjoyed with the electorate in the [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991 elections]].<ref name="bhagat">{{cite news| last =Bhagat| first =Rasheeda| title =Advantage Jayalalitha?| date =4 April 2001| url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/04/04/stories/040455ju.htm| work =[[Business Line]]| access-date =2010-01-18| archive-date =27 January 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160127151105/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/04/04/stories/040455ju.htm| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="outlook1">{{cite news | last=Panneerselvan | first=A. S. | title=JJ & Her Technicolor Cape | date=28 May 2001 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211761 | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | access-date=2010-01-18 | archive-date=21 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021231959/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211761 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite news|last=Ram |first=Arun. |title=Fostering Ill-will |date=25 June 2001 |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010625/state-tn.shtml |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121122/http://india-today.com/itoday/20010625/state-tn.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2009 }}</ref>

===Formation of TMC===
The AIADMK's alliance with [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), which had helped it to win the 1991 elections ran into trouble midway through the AIADMK's term. J. Jayalalithaa terminated the alliance and Congress served as the principal opposition party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. When the 1996 elections drew closer, it was expected that the Congress would contest the elections in alliance with the DMK. However against the wishes of the Tamil Nadu state unit of the Congress, the national congress leader (and then Indian prime minister) [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] announced that the Congress would ally with the AIADMK. This led to a split in the Tamil Nadu Congress with a majority of the party workers and cadre forming the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) led by [[G. K. Moopanar]]. The TMC contested the elections in alliance with the DMK.<ref name="fontline2">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Crusading Congressman| date= 15 September 2001| url= http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1617/16170180.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-date= 7 November 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064055/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1617/16170180.htm| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="palanithurai"/>

===Formation of MDMK===
In 1993, the DMK suffered a split when one of its more prominent second rung leaders, [[Vaiko]] was expelled from the party membership. The next year Vaiko floated a new party – the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK).<ref name="frontline1">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Hurdles in Tamil Nadu| date= 14 August 1999| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080915160945/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm| archive-date= 15 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news| last= Menon| first= Jaya| title= Vaiko's MDMK formally snaps ties with UPA| date= 17 March 2007| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vaikos-mdmk-formally-snaps-ties-with-upa/25881/| work= [[Indian Express]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-date= 20 January 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240120184044/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/vaikos-mdmk-formally-snaps-ties-with-upa/| url-status= live}}</ref>

===Coalitions===
There were four main coalitions in the 1996 elections. The DMK-TMC front which also included the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and the AIADMK-Congress front were the main political groupings in the state. Both fronts had a number of smaller parties as constituents. The [[Indian National League]] and the [[All India Forward Bloc]] were part of the DMK front, while the AIADMK front also had Muslim Leagues, Forward Block, All India Republic Party, Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi and United Communist Party. Apart from these two fronts, there was a MDMK led coalition which included the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), the [[Janata Dal]] (JD) and the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party]] (SJP). The alliance between [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] (Tiwari Congress) led by [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy|''Vazhappady'' Ramamurthy]] was the fourth coalition that contested the elections. Initially, before the TMC was formed, the DMK put together a seven party alliance comprising itself, PMK, CPI, Tiwari Congress and a few other parties. However, this alliance fell through when the Tiwari Congress and PMK left the front after differences between Karunanidhi and Ramamurthy. After this, [[Cho Ramaswamy]] (editor of ''[[Thuglak]]'') played a vital role in bringing together the DMK-TMC coalition and obtaining actor Rajinikanth's support for it.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news | title= "Nenjukku Neethi" resumes | date= 5 May 2008 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560331000.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080508173318/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560331000.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =8 May 2008| work =[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2010-01-21}}</ref><ref name="outlook5">{{cite news | last=Anand | first=S. | title=A Dash Of Saffron In His Broth | date=15 April 2002 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?215225 | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | access-date=2010-01-18 | archive-date=29 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029081110/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?215225 | url-status=live }}</ref> There were a few other smaller political formations and parties contesting the election – the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) contested the elections alone; [[Subramanian Swamy]]'s [[Janata Party]] contested in alliance with the caste organisation Devendra Kula Velalar Sangam led by Dr. [[K. Krishnasamy]].<ref name="palanithurai">{{Cite book| last =Palanithurai| first =Ganapathy| title =Perception of grass root democracy and political performance| year =1998| pages =169–180| isbn =978-81-7533-068-9| publisher =M.D. Publications| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160| access-date =20 October 2016| archive-date =20 January 2024| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240120184037/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{cite news | last= Vimalkumar| first=R.| title= It remains backward despite having scope | date= 19 April 2006 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/19/stories/2006041906110300.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060503074227/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/19/stories/2006041906110300.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =3 May 2006| work =[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="tehelka">{{cite news| last= Vinoj Kumar| first= P. C| title= Will Wit's Warhorse Win ?| date= 18 January 2010| url= http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne041506up_close.asp| work= [[Tehelka]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607050238/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne041506up_close.asp| archive-date= 7 June 2011| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="businessline2">{{cite news|last=Dorairaj |first=S |title=Can PMK convert support base into votes in TN? |date=7 April 2009 |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412065848/http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="fontline3">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Messages from the States| date= 21 March 1998| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060370.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102051514/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060370.htm| archive-date= 2 January 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Rajinikanth's support===
The DMK-TMC alliance enlisted the popular [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil film]] actor [[Rajinikanth]] to campaign against the AIADMK in the elections. Rajinikanth declared his support for the DMK-TMC combine and members of his numerous fan clubs campaigned for the DMK front across Tamil Nadu. In a widely watched campaign appearance broadcast in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], he declared "even God cannot save Tamil Nadu if AIADMK returns to power".Rajinikanth's support gave enormous victory to DMK<ref name="asiantribune">{{cite news| last=Ethiraj| first=Gopal| title=Sunday Celebrity: Rajini is simple, stylish, spiritual, that explains his uniqueness| date=14 December 2009| url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/12/14/sunday-celebrity-rajini-simple-stylish-spiritual-explains-his-uniqueness| work=Asian Tribune| access-date=2010-01-18| archive-date=15 December 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215034339/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/12/14/sunday-celebrity-rajini-simple-stylish-spiritual-explains-his-uniqueness| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outlook2">{{cite news | last=Anand | first=S. | title=Bhagwan Rajni | date=26 August 2002 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?216985 | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | access-date=2010-01-18 | archive-date=24 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024200301/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?216985 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="outlook3">{{cite news| last =Panneerselvan| first =A. S.| title =Fanning Voter Passions| date =8 May 1996| url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201340| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date =2010-01-18| archive-date =23 January 2011| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110123160656/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201340| url-status =live}}</ref>

== Seat allotments ==

===DMK-TMC Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]]
| [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|176
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50x50px]] || [[G.K. Moopanar]] || style="text-align:center;"|41
|- style="height: 55px;"
|3. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || [[R. Nallakannu|R.Nallakannu]]|| style="text-align:center;" |13
|- style="height: 55px;"
|4. || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|70px]] || [[L. Santhanam]]|| style="text-align:center;" |1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Unrecognized party, whose candidates ran under the DMK ticket
|- style="height: 55px;"
|5. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National League}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || Janab || style="text-align:center;"|5
|}

===AIADMK-INC Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
|1. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]]
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|167
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]] || [[Kumari Anandan]] || style="text-align:center;"|64
|- style="height: 55px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Unrecognized party, whose candidates ran under the AIADMK ticket
|- style="height: 55px;"
| 3.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[K. M. Kader Mohideen|Kader Mohideen]]|| style="text-align:center;" |1
|}

===People's Democratic Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| 1. || {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Umberlla.png|50x50px]]
|| [[Vaiko]] || style="text-align:center;"|177
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]
| [[N. Sankaraiah|N.Sankaraiah]]|| style="text-align:center;" |40
|- style="height: 55px;"
|3. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50x50px]]
||[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]]|| style="text-align:center;"|16
|}

===PMK-Tiwari Congress Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
|1. || {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px]]
|| [[Dr. Ramdoss]] || style="text-align:center;"|116
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Vazhappady Ramamurthy]] || style="text-align:center;"|46
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[DMK-led Alliance|DMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK+]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Mathivanan]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[D. Jayakumar]]
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Mohan
|-

! 2
| [[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Earnest Paul
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| H. Basheer Ahamed
|-

! 3
| [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. R. K. Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Sarkunam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. M. D. Raveendran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. V. Siva
|-

! 4
| [[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Rajhendherr
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. V. Shankar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kootharasan
|-

! 5
| [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Chengaisivam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Neelakandan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| R. Sarala
|-

! 6
| [[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| B. Ranganathan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J. Gnanam Kathipara
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| G. Ethirajan
|-

! 7
| [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Ellam Vazhuthi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Lakshmi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kanniappan
|-

! 8
| [[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Arcot Veeraswami
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Balasubramanian
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Varadarajan
|-

! 9
| [[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. Chellakumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Vijayan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. Jagaveera Pandian
|-

! 10
| [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. K. Stalin
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Zeenath Sheriffdeen
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Thiyagarajan
|-

! 11
| [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Karuna Nidhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. S. S. Nellai Kannan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| S. K. Doraiswamy
|-

! 12
| [[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Nanjil Manoharan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Wahab
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| O. Sundaram
|-

! 13
| [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. P. Ramajayam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. K. Sampath
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. S. Srinivasan
|-

! 14
| [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Saidai Kittu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Saidai Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. R. Panneerselvam
|-

! 15
| [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Venu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. S. Munirathinam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Natarajan
|-

! 16
| [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Gunasekaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Krishnamoorthy
|-

! 17
| [[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. C. Vijayan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Balraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. Soundararajan
|-

! 18
| [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| J. M. Haroon Rasheed
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. G. Mohan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Venugopal
|-

! 19
| [[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Purushothaman
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vijaya Thayanban
|-

! 20
| [[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. A. Vaidyalingam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. B. Madhavan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Somasundaram
|-

! 21
| [[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Chokkalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. Loganathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Sathiyaseelan
|-

! 22
| [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Tamilmani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. V. N. Kumarasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Radhakrishnan
|-

! 23
| [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. Venkatesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. D. U. Kamchand
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Veeraraghavan
|-

! 24
| [[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Mathivanan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Bhuvaraghamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| A. V. Nagarajan
|-

! 25
| [[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sundar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. Gnanasekaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. P. Janakiraman
|-

! 26
| [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Thirunavukarasu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Y. M. Narayanasamy
|-

! 27
| [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Kothandam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. N. Chinnandi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Sampath
|-

! 28
| [[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| D. Sudarsanam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Krishnamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Anarias @ Anthridoss
|-

! 29
| [[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Subramani @ C. S. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Kanagaraaj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Gajendran
|-

! 30
| [[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. A. P. Sivaji
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Hari
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Narasimhan
|-

! 31
| [[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| E. S. S. Raman
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| B. Thangavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Athyaraj
|-

! 32
| [[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Thamizh Chelvan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Yasodha
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Kesavan
|-

! 33
| [[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. M. Munirathinam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Jayababu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Shanmugham
|-

! 34
| [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gandhi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Masilamani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| J. Hassain
|-

! 35
| [[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. N. Subramani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. V. Ramadoss
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Natarajan
|-

! 36
| [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Duraimurugan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Pandurangan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| T. R. Purushothaman
|-

! 37
| [[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. G. Dhanapal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Ramgopal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Panneer
|-

! 38
| [[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Govindan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Tamizharasan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| R. S. J. Ashok Ilayaraja
|-

! 39
| [[Vaniayambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniayambadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Abdul Latheef
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Kuppusamy
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. Jayapal
|-

! 40
| [[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mahendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| H. D. Hanumanthan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Rajendran
|-

! 41
| [[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. G. Mani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. C. Alagiri
|-

! 42
| [[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. V. Nannan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. K. Thamizharasan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| M. Settu
|-

! 43
| [[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Manivarma
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. P. Kuppusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Jhayabal
|-

! 44
| [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Pitchandi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Arunachalam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Elango
|-

! 45
| [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. S. Thiruvengadam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Sundarasami
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arivalagan
|-

! 46
| [[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Agri. S. Krishnamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Karthikeyan
|-

! 47
| [[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Gopu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. M. Suryakala
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. M. Murugesan
|-

! 48
| [[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| C. Gnanasekaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. B. Bhaskaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Subramani
|-

! 49
| [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sivanandam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Chinnakulamdai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Dhakshinamoorthy
|-

! 50
| [[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Anbalagan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Chandran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Ramalingam
|-

! 51
| [[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Bala Anandan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Gunaseelan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Rajagopal
|-

! 52
| [[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Pandurangan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Srinivasan
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

! 53
| [[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Gnanasekar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dharmarasan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Panchatcharan
|-

! 54
| [[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. N. Muruganandam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramachandran
|-

! 55
| [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sedunathan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Rajaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Masilamani
|-

! 56
| [[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Marimuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Erasendiran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Manjini
|-

! 57
| [[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Alaguvelu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Subramaniyan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Venkatachalapathy
|-

! 58
| [[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Deivasigamani @ Ponmudy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Panneerselvam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Panneerselvam
|-

! 59
| [[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. G. Sampath
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. M. Arangarathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajagopal
|-

! 60
| [[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. J. Manikkannan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. V. Balasubramaniyan
|-

! 61
| [[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Anandan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Angamuthu
|-

! 62
| [[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. C. Dhamodaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Krishnamoorthi
|-

! 63
| [[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Pugazhendhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. V. Rajendiran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Padmanaban
|-

! 64
| [[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Ramaswamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Nandagopalakrishnan
|-

! 65
| [[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. R. K. Panneerselvam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Pandarinathan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Balakrishnan
|-

! 66
| [[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. V. Abdul Naser
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. M. Rasavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Anbarasan
|-

! 67
| [[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Ramalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Kousalya
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kanagasabai Muthu
|-

! 68
| [[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Azhagiri
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Durai Krishnamoorthy
|-

! 69
| [[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kuzhandai Tamizharasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Ramanathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. M. Srinivasan
|-

! 70
| [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Puratchimani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. M. S. Saravanakumar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Soundararajan
|-

! 71
| [[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Sivaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Annadurai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Durairaj
|-

! 72
| [[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mookkappan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Mohan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Venkatapathy
|-

! 73
| [[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Udhayasuriyan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Saruvar Kasim
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Chinnappa
|-

! 74
| [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| T. Venkatareddy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Gopinath
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| B. Venkatasamy
|-

! 75
| [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| S. Raja Reddi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Venkatarama Reddi
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Lagumiah
|-

! 76
| [[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. V. S. Venkatesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. P. Munusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. C. Govindasamy
|-

! 77
| [[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kanchana Kamalanathan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. P. Kathavarayan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Pandiyan
|-

! 78
| [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. G. Sugavanam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| J. Jayalalitha
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Viswanathan
|-

! 79
| [[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vedammal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J. Natesan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Shanmugam
|-

! 80
| [[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Mullaiventhan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Singaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Ravanan
|-

! 81
| [[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. L. Venkatachalam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Gopal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. V. Madhaiyan
|-

! 82
| [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Manokaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mase Harur
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Devarajan
|-

! 83
| [[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| M. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Anbalagan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. E. Sekar
|-

! 84
| [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Gopal
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Soundram
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Rajagopal
|-

! 85
| [[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Elavarasan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Palanisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Kandasamy
|-

! 86
| [[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| R. R. Sekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Sundaram
|-

! 87
| [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Perumal
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gunasekaran
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| R. Kuppusamy
|-

! 88
| [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. G. Dhanapalan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. T. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Ravikrishnan
|-

! 89
| [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. L. Thangavel
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Semmalai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. V. Thamarai Kannan
|-

! 90
| [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Arjunan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Anbu Rajendran
|-

! 91
| [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. R. Sivalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Manickam
|-

! 92
| [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. K. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Manoharan
|-

! 93
| [[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Rani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Kaliaperumal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Singaravel
|-

! 94
| [[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. R. Damayandhi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. R. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. A. R. Elangovan
|-

! 95
| [[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kalavathi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thennavan
|-

! 96
| [[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Veisamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Anbaiagan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mayavan
|-

! 97
| [[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. Veerappan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajalingam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kandasamy
|-

! 98
| [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. P. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Chinnusamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. Athi Narayanan
|-

! 99
| [[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Muthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| C. Duraisamy
|-

! 100
| [[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. A. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Anbumathi Selvan
|-

! 101
| [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Arunkumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Doraiswamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. T. Arangasamy
|-

! 102
| [[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Elango
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Thiagarajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Shanmuga Sundharam
|-

! 103
| [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. R. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Malaravan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| U. K. Vellingiri
|-

! 104
| [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Palaniswamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kannappan
|-

! 105
| [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. T. Dhandapani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Raja Thangavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Govindharajan
|-

! 106
| [[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. K. Lakshmanan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. S. Velan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. C. Karunakaran
|-

! 107
| [[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Natarasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Thirumalaisamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N. Amirtham
|-

! 108
| [[Kinathukkadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Shanmugham
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. M. Mylswamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kandasamy
|-

! 109
| [[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Raju
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Jayaraman
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Andu @ Nachimuthu
|-

! 110
| [[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Singaravelu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kurichimanimaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Tamilvanan
|-

! 111
| [[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Shanmugavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. T. Mariappan
|-

! 112
| [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Saraswathy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Easwaramurthi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Mayavan
|-

! 113
| [[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. P. Saminathan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dhurai Ramaswamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. N. Shanmugam
|-

! 114
| [[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| P. Mohan Kandaswamy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Thalapathy Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. R. Selvaraj
|-

! 115
| [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Ponmudi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Duraimurugan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Ku. Palanisamy
|-

! 116
| [[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| K. Subbarayan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Sivasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Duraisamy
|-

! 117
| [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Periyasamy
|-

! 118
| [[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. N. Kittusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Elanchezhian
|-

! 119
| [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| N. Periyasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Periyasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. M. Kandasamy
|-

! 120
| [[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. K. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Muthusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Genashamurthy
|-

! 121
| [[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. N. Balasubramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Manivannan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Palanisamy
|-

! 122
| [[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Selvarasu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Subramaniam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Eradha Rukmani
|-

! 123
| [[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. P. Venkidu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. A. Sengottayan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Kalathinathan
|-

! 124
| [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. A. Andamuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. K. Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. K. Subramaniam
|-

! 125
| [[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. R. Attiannan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. M. Kadar
|-

! 126
| [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Thangavel
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Karuppusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Selvaraj
|-

! 127
| [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Gundan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| H. M. Raju
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| N. Chickiah
|-

! 128
| [[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. M. Mubarak
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Raju
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N. Vasu
|-

! 129
| [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Poovendhan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Karuppuchamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. Nagarajan
|-

! 130
| [[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sakkarapani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sellamuthu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Mohan
|-

! 131
| [[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Mookaiah
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. M. Kader Mohideen
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| O. Rajangam
|-

! 132
| [[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| N. R. Alagaraja
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Ponnu Pillai
|-

! 133
| [[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Sudalaimuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Jeyakumar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Subramani
|-

! 134
| [[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| O. R. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. A. Somasundaram
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Dharmaraj
|-

! 135
| [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Aasiyan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Muthiah
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Sekar @ Balasundaram
|-

! 136
| [[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Thalapathi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Muthiah
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Pon Muthuramalingam
|-

! 137
| [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Muthuramalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Andithevar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Saminathan
|-

! 138
| [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
| {{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| P. N. Vallarasu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Veluchamy
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

! 139
| [[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. S. Ponnammal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Rasu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Arivazhaghan
|-

! 140
| [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Santhanam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Paramasivan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. S. Manian
|-

! 141
| [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. V. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Kandasamy
|-

! 142
| [[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Muthusamy
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. John Moses
|-

! 143
| [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. Deivanayagam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. Thangaraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N. Nanmaran
|-

! 144
| [[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Velusamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. R. Janardhanan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Muniyandi
|-

! 145
| [[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Raja Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Pandiammal
|-

! 146
| [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. V. V. Rajamanickam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| C. R. Sundararajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Veera Ilavarasan
|-

! 147
| [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Andi Ambalam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Asai Alangaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Chellam
|-

! 148
| [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Manimaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Marutharaj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| R. S. Rejendran
|-

! 149
| [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Chinnamuthu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Nagalakshmi
|-

! 150
| [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. V. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Gandhirajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Balasubramanian
|-

! 151
| [[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Mohammed Ismail
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. K. Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Monjanur Ramasamy
|-

! 152
| [[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vasuki Murugesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Palanisamy
|-

! 153
| [[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Nagarathinam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Arivalagan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Thirunavukkarasu
|-

! 154
| [[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. M. Senguttuvan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Solairaj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Durairaj
|-

! 155
| [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Selvam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Pappasundaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Pugalendhi
|-

! 156
| [[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kannaiyan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Nedumaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. P. Rathinam
|-

! 157
| [[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Karuppusami
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Saroja
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajendran
|-

! 158
| [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. N. Jothi Kannan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Mallika Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Selvaraj
|-

! 159
| [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. N. Nehru
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J. Logambal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Pon. Pandian
|-

! 160
| [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Devarajan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Vibushnan
|-

! 161
| [[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Palanimuthu
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| M. Palanimuthu
|-

! 162
| [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| D. Amaramoorthy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Elavarasan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Chinnappah
|-

! 163
| [[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Sivasubramaniyan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Arthur Hellar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Ramalingam
|-

! 164
| [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. C. Ganesan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Masilamani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dhana Sekhar
|-

! 165
| [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. P. Mayavan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Paranjothi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Perur Dharmalingam
|-

! 166
| [[Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-I]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Baranikumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Pa. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Malaramannan
|-

! 167
| [[Tiruchirappalli – II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-II]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Anbil Poyyamozhi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| G. Vijayalakshmi
|-

! 168
| [[Thiruverambur Assembly constituency|Thiruverambur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Durai
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Rathinavel
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Mohamed Ali
|-

! 169
| [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Panneerselvam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Bharathi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Senthilselvan
|-

! 170
| [[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Mohanadasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Vijayabalan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. M. Samsudeen
|-

! 171
| [[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| [[M. M. S. Abul Hassan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rama Chidambaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Mahalingam
|-

! 172
| [[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Kalayanam Kuttalam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajamanickam
|-

! 173
| [[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| Padma
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Gopal
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Thangaiyan
|-

! 174
| [[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Asohan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Arumuga Pandian
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Veerasamy
|-

! 175
| [[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Nizamudeen
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Jeevanantham
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| V. Marimuthu
|-

! 176
| [[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. Vedarathinam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. C. V. Balasubramaniam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Meenakshisundaram
|-

! 177
| [[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| G. Palanisami
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Gopalsami
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. N. Thangarasu
|-

! 178
| [[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| V. Sivapunniam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kaliyaperumal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Tamilarasan
|-

! 179
| [[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Balasubramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Seeni Baskaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Renganathan
|-

! 180
| [[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. Thirugnanasambandam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Sakthivel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. K. Lenin
|-

! 181
| [[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajamanickam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Suriyamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Ganesan
|-

! 182
| [[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Thangamuthu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Durai Balakrishnan
|-

! 183
| [[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. N. M. Ubayadullah
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. D. Somasundaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Veluchamy
|-

! 184
| [[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| V. Jeevakumar
|-

! 185
| [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| N. Karuppanna Odayar
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Arumugham
|-

! 186
| [[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Gomathi Srinivasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Vivekanandan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Malathi
|-

! 187
| [[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Erama Eramanatham
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Kaliaperumal
|-

! 188
| [[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ramalingam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. R. Loganathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Murugan
|-

! 189
| [[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. Chinnaiah
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Regupathy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Pavanan
|-

! 190
| [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Selvaraj Alias Kavithaipithan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Karuppayee
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gunasekaran
|-

! 191
| [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Periannan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. C. Swaminathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. N. Mani
|-

! 192
| [[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| S. Erasasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Raman
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Chandrasekaran
|-

! 193
| [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thirunavukkarasu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. B. R. Janardhanan
|-

! 194
| [[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sivaraman
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Kannappan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sevanthiappan
|-

! 195
| [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| N. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Raju
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Asokan
|-

! 196
| [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| Kr. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Sakthivel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Mangaleswaran
|-

! 197
| [[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Tamilkudimagan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. D. Nadarajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Malaikannan
|-

! 198
| [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tha. Kiruttinan Pasumpon
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Muruganandam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Peri Krishnan
|-

! 199
| [[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| K. Thangamani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Gunasekaran
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Balasubramanian
|-

! 200
| [[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| U. Thisaiveeran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sundararaj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. K. Siraimeetan
|-

! 201
| [[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Rahmankhan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. G. Sekar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Singaraj
|-

! 202
| [[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Thangavelan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Sathiyamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Piraanavanathan
|-

! 203
| [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Balakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Nagalingam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Villi Thevar
|-

! 204
| [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Thangapandian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sundarapandian
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. M. Shanmugasundaram
|-

! 205
| [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. M. Vijayakumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Gnanaprakasam
|-

! 206
| [[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. R. R. Seenivasan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| G. Karikolraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Boopathirajaram
|-

! 207
| [[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| R. Chokkar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Alagarsamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gnanadoss
|-

! 208
| [[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| T. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Thamaraikkani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Sivasubramanian
|-

! 209
| [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Rajan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Prabakar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Sadhan Thirumalikumar
|-

! 210
| [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Ravisankar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. Perumal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vai. Gopalsamy
|-

! 211
| [[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Paulraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. S. Ganesan
|-

! 212
| [[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| L. Ayyalusamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Radhakrishnan
|-

! 213
| [[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankaranayanarkoil (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Rasiah @ Raja
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Karuppasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thangavelu
|-

! 214
| [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| R. Eswaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Suresh Babu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| R. Krishnan
|-

! 215
| [[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Naina Mohamed
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Gani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Sanjeevi
|-

! 216
| [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Ravi Arunan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Aladi Sankaraiya
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Asan Ibrahim
|-

! 217
| [[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Aladi Aruna
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. S. Kamaraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. P. Murugiah
|-

! 218
| [[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. L. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Karuppasamy Pandian
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Achiyur Mani
|-

! 219
| [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Mohamed Kodar Maideen
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Dharmalingam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. S. Sudarsan
|-

! 220
| [[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| P. Veldurai
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. R. Janarthanan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. K. Palanichamy
|-

! 221
| [[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Avudaiappan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Murugaiah Pandian
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Meena Zacharias
|-

! 222
| [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| S. V. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. S. A. Karunakaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Vamadevan
|-

! 223
| [[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Appavu
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. K. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Raymond
|-

! 224
| [[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. S. Mani Nadar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| B. Kasianantham
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| P. S. Sivasubramanian
|-

! 225
| [[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Jennifer Chandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Thamotharan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Ramachandran
|-

! 226
| [[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. David Selwyn
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Danielraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Sampath @ Thirugnana Sambantham
|-

! 227
| [[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Henry
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. S. M. Sampath Kumar
|-

! 228
| [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Suresh Rajan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thanu Pillai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ramiah Pillai
|-

! 229
| [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Moses
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Seluvai Antony
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Retnaraj
|-

! 230
| [[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Era. Bernard
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Pauliah
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sambath Chandra
|-

! 231
| [[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Bala Janathipathy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Lawrance
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Noor Mohamed
|-

! 232
| [[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Alban
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| J. Hema Chandran
|-

! 233
| [[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Thankaraj
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Sundaradas
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| D. Mony
|-

! 234
| [[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| Kumaradas
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| Mano Thangaraj
|-

|}

* Constituency 75 (Thalli): In addition to the CPI(M) candidate listed, there was also a JD candidate, B. Ramachandra Reddi, who secured the 6th position in MDMK-led alliance

==Opinion poll trends==
In the 1996 election, strong anti-incumbency against Jayalalithaa and the strength of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – Tamil Maanila Congress alliance made their victory predictable. A poll by [[India Today]] with [[Prannoy Roy]] and Dorab R. Sopariwala projected 11–37 seats for the AIADMK, but it won only four.<ref>{{cite news |title=தமிழ்நாட்டில் தேர்தல் கருத்துக் கணிப்புகள் எந்த அளவுக்கு சரியாக இருந்துள்ளன?|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cgee9xznre8o|access-date=4 June 2024 |work=BBC tamil|date=3 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

A survey conducted by the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]] in collaboration with [[NDTV]] and Frontline found that 60% of the electorate was “not satisfied at all” with then incumbent Jayalalithaa regime, while only 13% reported being “very satisfied.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30274449.ece|title=A matter of arithmetic|date=26 May 2001|work=Frontline|access-date=2001-05-26}}</ref>

==Voting and results==
Polling took place on 2 May 1996 and results were announced on 12 May. The turnout among registered voters was 66.95%. The assembly elections were held simultaneously along with the [[1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1996 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf
| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>

===Results by Pre-Poll Alliance===
[[File:1996 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 1996 June Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 1996.svg]]
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ Alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|'''221'''
|'''+214'''
|'''14,600,748'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''53.77%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
|173
| +171
|11,423,380
|42.07%
|54.04%
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
! style="background-color: #008080" |
|39
| +39
|2,526,474
|9.3%
|55.21%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
|8
| +7
|575,570
|2.12%
|42.95%
|-
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
! style="background-color: #800000" |
|1
| +1
|75,324
|0.28%
|76.18%
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
|'''4'''
|'''-221'''
|'''7,354,723'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''27.08%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
|4
| -160
|5,831,383
|21.47%
|29.24%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
|0
| -60
|1,523,340
|5.61%
|21.09%
|-

! style="background-color:#ff2a00 ; color:black"|MDMK+ alliance
! style="background-color:#ff2a00 |
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''2,143,141'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''7.89%'''
|-
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
! style="background-color: #ff2a00" |
|0
|0
|1,569,168
|5.78%
|7.6%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
|1
|0
|456,712
|1.68%
|9.57%
|-
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}} " |
|1
|0
|117,801
|0.43%
|7.31%
|-
! style="background-color:yellow; color:black"|PMK+ Alliance
! style="background-color:yellow" |
|'''4'''
|'''+3'''
|'''1,252,275'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''4.61%'''
|-
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! style="background-color: #800080" |
|4
| +3
|1,042,333
|3.84%
|7.61%
|-
|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
! style="background-color: " |
|0
|0
|209,942
|0.77%
|4.23%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
|'''3'''
|'''+1'''
|'''1,662,926'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''6.12%'''
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|1
| +1
|490,453
|1.81%
|2.93%
|-
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|1
| +1
|150,134
|0.55%
|2.51%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: " |
|1
|0
|1,022,339
|3.76%
|3.8%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| '''234'''
| –
|'''27,154,721'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''100%'''
|-
|}

==Constituency wise results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|Era. Mathivanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,893
|57.78
|D. Jayakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,485
|35.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,408
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.41
|-

!2
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|K. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,263
|70.57
|Earnest Paul
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9,007
|16.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,256
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|54.38
|-

!3
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|S.P. Sarkunam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,125
|62.12
|R.M.D. Raveendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,044
|26.50
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43,081
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.62
|-

!4
|[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
|T. Rajhendherr
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,565
|68.43
|S.V. Shankar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|15,086
|23.17
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,479
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45.26
|-

!5
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
|Chengaisivam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|90,683
|67.29
|V. Neelakandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,332
|23.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|58,351
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.30
|-

!6
|[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
|B. Ranganathan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|98,157
|70.61
|J. Kathipara Gnanam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,543
|18.37
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|72,614
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|52.24
|-

!7
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
|I. Ellam Vazhuthi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,061
|72.57
|N. Lakshmi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13,876
|19.72
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,185
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|52.85
|-

!8
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|N. Arcot Veeraswami
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,03,819
|67.05
|R. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|34,802
|22.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|69,017
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.57
|-

!9
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
|A. Chellakumar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|76,461
|67.16
|S. Vijayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,463
|24.12
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|48,998
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|43.04
|-

!10
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|M.K. Stalin
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,905
|69.72
|Zeenath Sheriffdeen
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|22,028
|22.95
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,877
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.77
|-

!11
|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
|M. Karunanidhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,097
|77.05
|N.S.S. Nellai Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10,313
|17.24
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,784
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|59.81
|-

!12
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|K. Nanjil Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,401
|70.10
|A. Wahab
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|15,390
|21.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,011
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.69
|-

!13
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|N.P. Ramajayam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,736
|67.25
|T.K. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,932
|23.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|51,804
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.69
|-

!14
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|K. Saidai Kittu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|76,031
|58.10
|S. Saidai Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,178
|35.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,853
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.81
|-

!15
|[[Gummidipundi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
|K. Venu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|61,946
|49.69
|R.S. Munirathinam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,321
|32.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,625
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.35
|-

!16
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
|K. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|87,547
|61.72
|G. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,156
|29.72
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,391
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.00
|-

!17
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|T.C. Vijayan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,15,939
|64.19
|B. Balraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,917
|22.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|75,022
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41.54
|-

!18
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|J.M. Haroon Rasheed
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|1,94,471
|70.24
|M.G. Mohan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,724
|16.88
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|1,47,747
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|53.36
|-

!19
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|C. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,17,545
|66.23
|K. Purushothaman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,551
|23.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|75,994
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.82
|-

!20
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|M.A. Vaidyalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,66,401
|64.91
|K.B. Madhavan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,442
|20.46
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,13,959
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.45
|-

!21
|[[Tirupporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
|G. Chokkalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,414
|50.77
|N.K. Loganathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,518
|24.82
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,896
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.95
|-

!22
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|V. Tamilmani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,443
|57.53
|C.V.N. Kumarasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,638
|25.66
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,805
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.87
|-

!23
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
|S.K. Venkatesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,563
|49.79
|S.D. U. Kamchand
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,970
|39.94
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,593
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.85
|-

!24
|[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
|S. Mathivanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,558
|56.15
|A. Bhuvaraghamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,187
|30.04
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,371
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.11
|-

!25
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|K. Sundar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,086
|52.84
|N.K. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,994
|26.38
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,092
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.46
|-

!26
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|P. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|77,723
|55.90
|S.S. Thirunavukarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,094
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,629
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.47
|-

!27
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|E. Kothandam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,575
|58.72
|K.N. Chinnandi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35,139
|28.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,436
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.89
|-

!28
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
|D. Sudarsanam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|75,731
|53.20
|P. Krishnamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,220
|17.72
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|50,511
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35.48
|-

!29
|[[Tiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|C.S. Mani @ Subramani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|65,432
|60.78
|G. Kanagaraaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,178
|29.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,254
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.89
|-

!30
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|E.A.P. Sivaji
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,049
|53.90
|G. Hari
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,507
|26.47
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,542
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.43
|-

!31
|[[Pallipet Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
|E.S.S. Raman
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|79,848
|67.03
|B. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|21,356
|17.93
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|58,492
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|49.10
|-

!32
|[[Arkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
|R. Thamizh Chelvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,550
|58.13
|R. Elumalai
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|23,730
|19.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,820
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.58
|-

!33
|[[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|A.M. Munirathinam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|65,361
|54.33
|S. Shanmugham
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|31,431
|26.13
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33,930
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28.20
|-

!34
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|R. Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,346
|50.80
|M. Masilamani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,219
|26.50
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,127
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.30
|-

!35
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|P.N. Subramani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,974
|58.74
|K.V. Ramadoss
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,567
|34.11
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,407
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.63
|-

!36
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,439
|61.20
|K. Pandurangan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,432
|27.93
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,007
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.27
|-

!37
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
|V.G. Dhanapal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,837
|48.62
|S. Ramgopal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|19,701
|19.61
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,136
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.01
|-

!38
|[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
|V. Govindan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,655
|58.36
|I. Tamizharasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,481
|29.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,174
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.58
|-

!39
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniayambadi]]
|M. Abdul Latheef
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,223
|67.36
|K. Kuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26,970
|24.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,253
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.88
|-

!40
|[[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
|R. Mahendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,118
|39.65
|T. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|46,897
|37.10
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,221
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.55
|-

!41
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|G. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,207
|53.44
|P.G. Mani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,549
|27.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,658
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.55
|-

!42
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
|K.V. Nannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,958
|59.11
|C.K. Thamizharasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,325
|32.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,633
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.70
|-

!43
|[[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
|K. Manivarma
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|72,636
|62.96
|A.P. Kuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,822
|28.45
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|39,814
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|34.51
|-

!44
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|K. Pitchandi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|83,731
|66.55
|A. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30,753
|24.44
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|52,978
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.11
|-

!45
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|P.S. Thiruvengadam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,177
|59.12
|M. Sundarasami
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,647
|30.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,530
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.29
|-

!46
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|A. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,070
|55.45
|Agri. S. Krishnamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,917
|32.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,153
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.67
|-

!47
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
|C. Gopu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,982
|55.79
|C.M. Suryakala
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,366
|25.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,616
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.90
|-

!48
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|C. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|82,339
|70.86
|S.B. Bhaskaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|21,451
|18.46
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|60,888
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|52.40
|-

!49
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
|R. Sivanandam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,014
|51.29
|M. Chinnakulamdai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|44,835
|36.49
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,179
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.80
|-

!50
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|V. Anbalagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,416
|61.24
|P. Chandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,930
|29.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,486
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.15
|-

!51
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
|Bala Anandan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|65,775
|59.97
|V. Gunaseelan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,029
|23.73
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,746
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.24
|-

!52
|[[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
|N. Pandurangan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,907
|52.17
|C. Srinivasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,114
|27.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,793
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.04
|-

!53
|[[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
|A. Gnanasekar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,905
|45.68
|Dharmarasan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|22,491
|20.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,414
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.50
|-

!54
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|T. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,327
|42.60
|T.N. Muruganandam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,893
|21.49
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,434
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.11
|-

!55
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
|R. Sedunathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,448
|45.40
|M. Karunanithi
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|20,068
|20.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,380
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.35
|-

!56
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
|A. Marimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,966
|50.23
|S.P. Erasendiran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,024
|29.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,942
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.39
|-

!57
|[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
|S. Alaguvelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,256
|54.32
|V. Subramaniyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,261
|28.96
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,995
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.36
|-

!58
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|Deivasigamani @ Ponmudy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,891
|58.24
|S.S. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,305
|25.90
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,586
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.34
|-

!59
|[[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
|A.G. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,215
|61.77
|T.M. Arangarathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,619
|24.10
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,596
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.67
|-

!60
|[[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
|A.J. Manikkannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,983
|41.28
|K.G.P. Gnanamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,547
|29.61
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,436
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.67
|-

!61
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
|A. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,088
|54.34
|M. Anandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,113
|37.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,975
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.99
|-

!62
|[[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
|A. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,977
|53.84
|M.C. Dhamodaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,594
|30.27
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,383
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.57
|-

!63
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|E. Pugazhendhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,480
|62.27
|K.V. Rajendiran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,853
|21.62
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48,627
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.65
|-

!64
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|V. Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,021
|57.32
|R. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,891
|24.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,130
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.97
|-

!65
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|M.R.K. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,152
|54.99
|N. Pandarinathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,139
|23.04
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,013
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.95
|-

!66
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|A.V. Abdul Naser
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,457
|43.80
|P.D. Elangovan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|30,112
|26.67
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,345
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.13
|-

!67
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
|E. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,978
|45.83
|L. Elayaperumal
|{{Party color cell|Human Rights Protection Party}}
|[[Human Rights Protection Party|HRPI]]
|37,159
|36.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,819
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.58
|-

!68
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|S. Azhagiri
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|52,066
|50.52
|A. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23,050
|22.37
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|29,016
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28.15
|-

!69
|[[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
|Tamizharasan M.A.B.L. Kuzhandai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,103
|37.42
|R. Govindasamy
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|42,218
|32.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,885
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.24
|-

!70
|[[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
|S. Puratchimani
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|50,908
|42.71
|V.M.S. Saravanakumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31,620
|26.53
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|19,288
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|16.18
|-

!71
|[[Rishivandiam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
|S. Sivaraj
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|65,230
|61.34
|P. Annadurai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|25,166
|23.66
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|40,064
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|37.68
|-

!72
|[[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
|R. Mookkappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,981
|59.83
|P. Mohan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,336
|31.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,645
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.27
|-

!73
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|T. Udhayasuriyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,673
|53.68
|A. Saruvar Kasim
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,515
|34.70
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,158
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.98
|-

!74
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|B. Venkatasamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|41,456
|34.89
|T. Venkatareddy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|39,719
|33.43
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1,737
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1.46
|-

!75
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|S. Raja Reddi
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|26,427
|28.78
|Venkatarama Reddi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|18,938
|20.63
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|7,489
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|8.15
|-

!76
|[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
|P.V.S. Venkatesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,945
|62.52
|K.P. Munusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,086
|31.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,859
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.74
|-

!77
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|Kanchana Kamalanathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,849
|64.11
|K.P. Kathavarayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,238
|30.46
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,611
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.65
|-

!78
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|E.G. Sugavanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,148
|50.71
|J. Jayalalitha
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,782
|43.54
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,366
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.17
|-

!79
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
|Vedammal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,561
|55.59
|J. Natesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|34,158
|26.91
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,403
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.68
|-

!80
|[[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
|V. Mullaiventhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,518
|53.98
|K. Singaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,244
|28.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,274
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.64
|-

!81
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|G.L. Venkatachalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,917
|49.74
|C. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,844
|30.45
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,073
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.29
|-

!82
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|K. Manokaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,973
|55.28
|Mase Harur
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26,951
|23.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,022
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.99
|-

!83
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|G.K. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|34,906
|31.63
|M. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|34,500
|31.26
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|406
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|0.37
|-

!84
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|P. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,799
|43.97
|R. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|30,793
|26.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,006
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.32
|-

!85
|[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
|P. Govindan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|50,502
|44.19
|P. Elavarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,795
|22.57
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|24,707
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|21.62
|-

!86
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|R.R. Sekaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|41,523
|40.62
|C. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,593
|32.86
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|7,930
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|7.76
|-

!87
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
|V. Perumal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,964
|45.15
|R. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,570
|34.26
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,394
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.89
|-

!88
|[[Salem-I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
|K.R.G. Dhanapalan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,566
|58.82
|A.T. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,299
|32.47
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,267
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.35
|-

!89
|[[Salem-II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
|A.L. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,588
|54.93
|S. Semmalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,097
|31.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,491
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.75
|-

!90
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|S. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,563
|54.34
|K. Arjunan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,412
|39.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,151
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.21
|-

!91
|[[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
|S.R. Sivalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,330
|49.76
|P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,159
|38.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,171
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.64
|-

!92
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
|A.M. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,353
|57.17
|A.K. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,057
|35.69
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,296
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.48
|-

!93
|[[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
|K. Rani
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|63,132
|57.71
|K. Kaliaperumal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35,750
|32.68
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|27,382
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25.03
|-

!94
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|P.R. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,294
|37.93
|R.R. Damayandhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,840
|37.52
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|454
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.41
|-

!95
|[[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
|C. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,673
|56.14
|K. Kalavathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,748
|37.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,925
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.06
|-

!96
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
|K. Veisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|76,860
|62.15
|S. Anbaiagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,795
|31.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,065
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.78
|-

!97
|[[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
|K.K. Veerappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,605
|56.00
|R. Rajalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,895
|30.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,710
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.75
|-

!98
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|T.P. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|96,456
|58.10
|S. Chinnusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,836
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,620
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.67
|-

!99
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
|V. Muthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,216
|54.43
|K.K. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,880
|36.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,336
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.08
|-

!100
|[[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
|I. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|49,465
|37.68
|P.A. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,273
|30.68
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|9,192
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|7.00
|-

!101
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|B. Arunkumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,954
|55.60
|K. Doraiswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,202
|31.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,752
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.76
|-

!102
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
|G. Elango
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,006
|56.53
|M. Thiagarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,549
|33.87
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,457
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.66
|-

!103
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|C.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,13,025
|60.23
|T. Malaravan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,888
|27.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|62,137
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.11
|-

!104
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|N. Palaniswamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|92,379
|60.15
|R. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,967
|22.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|58,412
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.03
|-

!105
|[[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
|C.T. Dhandapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,652
|62.47
|Raja Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13,353
|16.15
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,299
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.32
|-

!106
|[[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
|V.K. Lakshmanan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|61,860
|68.81
|R.S. Velan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|14,174
|15.77
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|47,686
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|53.04
|-

!107
|[[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
|A. Natarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|96,507
|61.01
|R. Thirumalaisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,934
|24.61
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|57,573
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.40
|-

!108
|[[Kinathukkadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]
|M. Shanmugham
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,231
|49.42
|K.M. Mylswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,267
|35.40
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,964
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.02
|-

!109
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|S. Raju
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,709
|49.20
|V. Jayaraman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,895
|30.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,814
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.28
|-

!110
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
|V.P. Singaravelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,284
|59.50
|Kurichimanimaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,012
|32.30
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,272
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.20
|-

!111
|[[Udumalpet Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
|D. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,286
|52.53
|C. Shanmugavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|44,966
|34.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,320
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.44
|-

!112
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
|R. Saraswathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,027
|55.49
|P. Easwaramurthi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,989
|34.88
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,038
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.61
|-

!113
|[[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
|M.P. Saminathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,467
|49.37
|Dhurai Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,553
|43.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,914
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.94
|-

!114
|[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
|P. Mohan Kandaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|51,827
|53.25
|Thalapathy Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,886
|30.71
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|21,941
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|22.54
|-

!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|S.S. Ponmudi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|73,901
|55.64
|K.S. Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,361
|31.14
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,540
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.50
|-

!116
|[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
|K. Subbarayan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,01,392
|50.56
|C. Sivasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,337
|30.09
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|41,055
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|20.47
|-

!117
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|N.S. Rajkumar Manraadiar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,801
|56.67
|N. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,792
|33.57
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,009
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.10
|-

!118
|[[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
|Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,436
|54.97
|R.N. Kittusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|24,896
|21.24
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,540
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.73
|-

!119
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|N. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|60,587
|49.79
|P. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,036
|35.36
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17,551
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|14.43
|-

!120
|[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
|N.K.K. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,04,726
|59.80
|S. Muthusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,889
|32.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,837
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.32
|-

!121
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|S.N. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|57,256
|51.23
|K.S. Manivannan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,427
|25.43
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,829
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25.80
|-

!122
|[[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
|P. Selvarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,535
|52.97
|M. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,541
|27.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,994
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.20
|-

!123
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|G.P. Venkidu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,983
|53.86
|K.A. Sengottayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,254
|40.63
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,729
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.23
|-

!124
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
|V.A. Andamuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,483
|54.89
|V.K. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,032
|34.62
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,451
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.27
|-

!125
|[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
|S.K. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,885
|48.65
|T.R. Attiannan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,101
|40.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,784
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.40
|-

!126
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
|N. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,919
|64.27
|S. Karuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,404
|28.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,515
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.71
|-

!127
|[[Ootacamund Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
|T. Gundan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,636
|70.25
|H.M. Raju
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|22,456
|22.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,180
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47.60
|-

!128
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|B.M. Mubarak
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|73,565
|59.43
|K.R. Raju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,660
|22.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,905
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.08
|-

!129
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
|T. Poovendhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,246
|57.87
|P. Karuppuchamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,586
|26.79
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,660
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.08
|-

!130
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|R. Sakkarapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,379
|58.57
|K. Sellamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,556
|26.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,823
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.49
|-

!131
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|L. Mookaiah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,427
|46.75
|K.M. Kader Mohideen
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,520
|27.58
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,907
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.17
|-

!132
|[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
|N.R. Alagaraja
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|77,522
|62.76
|V.R. Nedunchezhiyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,378
|22.97
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|49,144
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|39.79
|-

!133
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|A. Sudalaimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,893
|51.26
|S.P. Jeyakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,806
|26.90
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,087
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.36
|-

!134
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|O.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|58,628
|54.66
|R.T. Gopalan
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|22,888
|21.34
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35,740
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.32
|-

!135
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|P. Aasiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,736
|44.90
|A. Muthiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,035
|32.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,701
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.13
|-

!136
|[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
|G. Thalapathi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,899
|49.69
|R. Muthiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,698
|39.33
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,201
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.36
|-

!137
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|M. Muthuramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,950
|53.41
|S. Andithevar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,025
|26.28
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,925
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.13
|-

!138
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|P.N. Vallarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|75,324
|76.18
|P. Veluchamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|19,421
|19.64
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|55,903
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|56.54
|-

!139
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
|A.S. Ponnammal
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|59,541
|54.48
|A. Rasu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27,538
|25.20
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|32,003
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|29.28
|-

!140
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
|L. Santhanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,151
|49.29
|A.M. Paramasivan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,343
|31.52
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,808
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.77
|-

!141
|[[Tirupparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
|C. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|99,379
|60.75
|S.V. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,970
|23.21
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|61,409
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.54
|-

!142
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|P.T.R. Palanivel Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|61,723
|62.42
|R. Muthusamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17,465
|17.66
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,258
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.76
|-

!143
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|A. Deivanayagam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|38,010
|46.69
|V.S. Chandraleka
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|20,069
|24.65
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|17,941
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|22.04
|-

!144
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|V. Velusamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,478
|46.24
|T.R. Janardhanan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|20,181
|23.64
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,297
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.60
|-

!145
|[[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
|S. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,01,807
|60.01
|R. Raja Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,159
|27.21
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|55,648
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.80
|-

!146
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|K.V.V. Rajamanickam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|73,999
|62.21
|C.R. Sundararajan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,258
|24.60
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|44,741
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|37.61
|-

!147
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|M. Andi Ambalam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|62,527
|57.33
|S. Asai Alangaram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26,891
|24.66
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35,636
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|32.67
|-

!148
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|R. Manimaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|94,353
|65.53
|V. Marutharaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,229
|20.30
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|65,124
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45.23
|-

!149
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|I. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|82,294
|64.09
|C. Chinnamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,002
|24.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|50,292
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.17
|-

!150
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|S.V. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,639
|43.98
|S. Gandhirajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,870
|28.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,769
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.06
|-

!151
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|S.S. Mohammed Ismail
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,153
|38.36
|V.K. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,059
|29.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,094
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.47
|-

!152
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|Vasuki Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,302
|53.87
|M. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|47,294
|32.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,008
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.74
|-

!153
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
|S. Nagarathinam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,638
|50.35
|A. Arivalagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,461
|37.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,177
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.26
|-

!154
|[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
|B.M. Senguttuvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,380
|46.86
|K. Solairaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,986
|41.54
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,394
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.32
|-

!155
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|R. Selvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,521
|49.19
|A. Pappasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,771
|34.76
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,750
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.43
|-

!156
|[[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
|K. Kannaiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,903
|65.22
|N. Nedumaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,921
|29.54
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40,982
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.68
|-

!157
|[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
|T. Karuppusami
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,372
|62.20
|R. Saroja
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,804
|31.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,568
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.55
|-

!158
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|M.N. Jothi Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,319
|51.04
|C. Mallika Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,551
|29.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,768
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.05
|-

!159
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|K.N. Nehru
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|84,113
|68.47
|J. Logambal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|24,609
|20.03
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|59,504
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.44
|-

!160
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
|M. Devarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,918
|55.07
|S. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,517
|35.22
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,401
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.85
|-

!161
|[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
|Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,076
|51.97
|A. Palanimuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,925
|32.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,151
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.60
|-

!162
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|D. Amaramoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|62,157
|53.19
|A. Elavarasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,263
|31.89
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|24,894
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|21.30
|-

!163
|[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
|Rajendiran @ Deeran
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|49,853
|47.48
|Sivasubramaniyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,451
|34.72
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|13,402
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|12.76
|-

!164
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|K.C. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,421
|42.93
|Gurunathan Alias Guru
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|39,931
|32.70
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,490
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.23
|-

!165
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|T.P. Mayavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|73,371
|55.74
|M. Paranjothi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,512
|33.06
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,859
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.68
|-

!166
|[[Tiruchirapalli-I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-I]]
|B. Baranikumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,045
|63.47
|Pa. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|20,535
|27.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,510
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.34
|-

!167
|[[Tiruchirapalli-II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-II]]
|Anbil Poyyamozhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,058
|68.24
|P. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,229
|25.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,829
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.05
|-

!168
|[[Thiruverambur Assembly constituency|Thiruverambur]]
|K. Durai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|78,692
|62.60
|T. Rathinavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,939
|25.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,753
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.19
|-

!169
|[[Sirkali Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
|M. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,975
|59.25
|V. Bharathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,281
|31.75
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,694
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.50
|-

!170
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|G. Mohanadasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,285
|49.88
|N. Vijayabalan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,872
|31.97
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,413
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.91
|-

!171
|[[Mayuram Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
|M.M.S. Abul Hasan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|60,522
|58.50
|Rama Chidambaram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,918
|25.05
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|34,604
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.45
|-

!172
|[[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
|P. Kalayanam Kuttalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,940
|54.14
|M. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,219
|31.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,721
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.85
|-

!173
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
|Padma
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|66,773
|61.37
|K. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,800
|28.31
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35,973
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.06
|-

!174
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
|A. Asohan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,212
|60.03
|P. Arumuga Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|24,845
|21.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,367
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.48
|-

!175
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|G. Nizamudeen
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,533
|43.68
|R. Jeevanantham
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,805
|25.16
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,728
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.52
|-

!176
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|S.K. Vedarathinam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,185
|46.92
|P.C.V. Balasubramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31,393
|27.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,792
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.73
|-

!177
|[[Tiruthuraipundi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
|G. Palanisami
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|79,103
|63.39
|K. Gopalsami
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,415
|20.37
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|53,688
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|43.02
|-

!178
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|V. Sivapunniam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|71,803
|59.80
|K. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,969
|26.62
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|39,834
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|33.18
|-

!179
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|P. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,880
|59.51
|Seeni Baskaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,259
|30.88
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,621
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.63
|-

!180
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|V. Thirugnanasambandam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|70,112
|58.68
|K. Sakthivel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30,472
|25.50
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|39,640
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.18
|-

!181
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
|P. Rajamanickam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,213
|57.24
|V. Suriyamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,864
|31.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,349
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.47
|-

!182
|[[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
|N. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,403
|57.36
|K. Thangamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,853
|32.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,550
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.99
|-

!183
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|S.N.M. Ubayadullah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,471
|65.82
|S.D. Somasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,389
|28.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,082
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.34
|-

!184
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
|D. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,429
|56.32
|M. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,418
|29.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,011
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.49
|-

!185
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|N. Karuppanna Odayar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|58,757
|56.60
|R. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|20,415
|19.67
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|38,342
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|36.93
|-

!186
|[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
|Gomathi Srinivasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,019
|50.78
|V. Vivekanandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,508
|29.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,511
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.69
|-

!187
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|K.S. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,849
|61.69
|Erama Eramanatham
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,539
|30.51
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,310
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.18
|-

!188
|[[Thiruvidaimarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|S. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,500
|59.67
|T.R. Loganathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|28,559
|24.17
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,941
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.50
|-

!189
|[[Thirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|V. Chinnaiah
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|53,552
|47.35
|S. Regupathy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,664
|36.84
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|11,888
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|10.51
|-

!190
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
|Selvaraj Alias Kavithaipithan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,706
|54.88
|A. Karuppayee
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,550
|36.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,156
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.23
|-

!191
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|A. Periannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,205
|56.66
|S.C. Swaminathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|36,422
|26.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,783
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.61
|-

!192
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|A. Venkatachalam
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|35,345
|25.58
|S. Erasasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|34,693
|25.11
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|652
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|0.47
|-

!193
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
|S. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,260
|50.10
|S. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,028
|39.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,232
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.15
|-

!194
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|R. Sivaraman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,925
|56.76
|S. Kannappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,648
|38.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,277
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.57
|-

!195
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|N. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|76,888
|62.98
|M. Raju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,504
|21.71
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|50,384
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|41.27
|-

!196
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|Kr. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|68,837
|61.77
|D. Sakthivel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17,437
|15.65
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|51,400
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|46.12
|-

!197
|[[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
|M. Tamilkudimagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,080
|49.37
|V.D. Nadarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,276
|32.40
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,804
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.97
|-

!198
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|Tha. Kiruttinan Pasumpon
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,438
|60.65
|K.R. Muruganandam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,437
|29.59
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,001
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.06
|-

!199
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
|K. Thangamani
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|49,639
|49.82
|M. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,869
|31.99
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17,770
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17.83
|-

!200
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
|U. Thisaiveeran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,472
|43.18
|K. Muniasamy
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|25,571
|24.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,901
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.35
|-

!201
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|A. Rahmankhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,794
|51.22
|S.K.G. Sekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|23,903
|20.47
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,891
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.75
|-

!202
|[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
|S.P. Thangavelan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,031
|53.23
|V. Sathiyamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,061
|34.26
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,970
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.97
|-

!203
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|S. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|41,850
|44.71
|V. Bose
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|19,322
|20.64
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|22,528
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|24.07
|-

!204
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|V. Thangapandian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,081
|43.70
|K. Sundarapandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,716
|27.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,365
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.86
|-

!205
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|K.M. Vijayakumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,972
|43.20
|K.K.S.S.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,608
|36.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,364
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.86
|-

!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|A.R.R. Seenivasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,247
|41.53
|G. Karikolraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23,760
|20.88
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,487
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.65
|-

!207
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|R. Chokkar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|61,322
|40.14
|N. Alagarsamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,590
|27.88
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|18,732
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12.26
|-

!208
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
|R. Thamaraikkani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,436
|38.50
|T. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|40,769
|31.75
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,667
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.75
|-

!209
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
|V.P. Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,984
|38.62
|P. Prabakar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,045
|23.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,939
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.63
|-

!210
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|K. Ravisankar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,190
|32.10
|Vai. Gopalsamy
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|29,556
|31.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|634
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.67
|-

!211
|[[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
|K. Krishnasamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|24,585
|27.32
|S. Paulraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|23,437
|26.05
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,148
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.27
|-

!212
|[[Koilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
|L. Ayyalusamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|39,315
|35.19
|K.S. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|31,828
|28.49
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|7,487
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|6.70
|-

!213
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil (SC)]]
|C. Karuppasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,933
|33.94
|S. Rasiah @ Raja
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,333
|33.41
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|600
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.53
|-

!214
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
|R. Eswaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|32,693
|32.50
|P. Suresh Babu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|32,077
|31.89
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|616
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|0.61
|-

!215
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|K. Naina Mohamed
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,641
|46.58
|A.M. Gani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,949
|30.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,692
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.66
|-

!216
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|K. Ravi Arunan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|60,758
|52.82
|Aladi Sankaraiya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,998
|26.08
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|30,760
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|26.74
|-

!217
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|Aladi Aruna
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,374
|46.10
|M.S. Kamaraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,038
|25.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,336
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.02
|-

!218
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|A.L. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,914
|52.48
|V. Karuppasamy Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,590
|32.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,324
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.43
|-

!219
|[[Palayamcottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
|Mohamed Kodar Maideen
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,303
|62.98
|P. Dharmalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,939
|23.80
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,364
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.18
|-

!220
|[[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
|P. Veldurai
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|39,004
|39.41
|P.H. Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|26,897
|27.18
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12,107
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12.23
|-

!221
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|R. Avudaiappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,116
|48.89
|R. Murugaiah Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,427
|28.02
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,689
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.87
|-

!222
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|S.V. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|37,342
|40.27
|A.S.A. Karunakaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,193
|36.87
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|3,149
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|3.40
|-

!223
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|M. Appavu
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|45,808
|46.60
|S.K. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|16,862
|17.15
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,946
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|29.45
|-

!224
|[[Sattangulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
|S.S. Mani Nadar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|44,376
|54.51
|B. Kasianantham
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|19,140
|23.51
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25,236
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|31.00
|-

!225
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|S. Jennifer Chandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,206
|59.22
|T. Thamotharan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,175
|28.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,031
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.04
|-

!226
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|S. David Selwyn
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,917
|42.57
|S. Danielraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23,708
|27.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,209
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.23
|-

!227
|[[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
|N. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,511
|38.16
|J.L.P. Bono Venture Roche
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|35,140
|23.73
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,371
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.43
|-

!228
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|N. Suresh Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,755
|43.63
|S. Thanu Pillai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|20,892
|21.32
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,863
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.31
|-

!229
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|M. Moses
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|51,086
|48.40
|S. Velpandian
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|22,608
|21.42
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,478
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|26.98
|-

!230
|[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|Era Bernard
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,217
|42.85
|S.P. Kutty
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|33,791
|35.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,426
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.72
|-

!231
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|C. Velayuthan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|27,443
|31.76
|Bala Janathipathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|22,903
|26.51
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4,540
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.25
|-

!232
|[[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
|V. Alban
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,523
|41.23
|J. Hema Chandran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|25,169
|27.66
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,354
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.57
|-

!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|D. Mony
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|42,867
|43.35
|V. Thankaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|21,585
|21.83
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|21,282
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|21.52
|-

!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|Kumaradas
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|33,227
|41.24
|C. Santhakumar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|22,810
|28.31
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|10,417
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12.93
|-
|}

==Impact==
AIADMK suffered a rout in the elections. Most of sitting ministers of the AIADMK government, including the chief minister Jayalalithaa lost their seats. Jayalalithaa lost to DMK's [[E. G. Sugavanam]] by a margin of 8,366 votes in the [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur constituency]]. A year after the election, the AIADMK split, when a faction led by the [[Arantanki Assembly constituency|Arantaki]] MLA [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] broke away from the party. The MDMK which was contesting its first statewide elections since its formation in 1994 drew a blank. MDMK leader Vaiko was defeated in both the [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency]] and the [[Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sivakasi parliamentary constituency]]. This election also saw the PMK electing four members to the assembly. The massive victory of the DMK-TMC-CPI combine in the assembly elections spilled over to the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1996|parliamentary elections]]. The coalition was able to win all 39 parliamentary seats in Tamil Nadu and the lone parliamentary seat in the nearby [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. This tally of 40 seats enabled the DMK-TMC combine to be part of the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front government]] during 1996–98.<ref name="bhagat"/><ref name="tehelka"/><ref name="businessline2"/><ref name="outlook4">{{cite news| last =Panneerselvan| first =A. S.| title =MGR's Foot-Soldiers| date =4 June 1997| url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203657| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date =2010-01-18| archive-date =29 October 2010| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101029085750/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203657| url-status =live}}</ref>

==Cabinet==
{| class="wikitable"
!S.no
!Name
!Designation
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]'''
|-
|1.
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|[[Chief Minister]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| width="1px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|2.
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|Minister for Education
| rowspan="32" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan="32" width="1px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
|3.
|[[Arcot N. Veerasamy]]
|Minister for Health and Electricity
|-
|4.
|[[Nanjil K. MANOHARAN]]
|Minister for Revenue
|-
|5.
|[[Ko. Si. Mani]]
|Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration
|-
|6.
|[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam|Veerapandi S. Arurmugam]]
|Minister for Agriculture
|-
|7.
|[[Duraimurugan]]
|Minister for Public Works
|-
|8.
|[[K. Ponmudy]]
|Minister for Transport
|-
|9.
|[[Dr M.Tamizhkudimagan ]]
|Minister for Tamil Language & Culture
|-
|10.
|[[K. N. Nehru|K.N. Nehru]]
|Minister for Food, PDS and Co-operation
|-
|11.
|[[K. Sundaram]]
|Minister for Milk
|-
|12.
|[[A. Rahman Khan]]
|Minister for Labour
|-
|13.
|[[Aladi Aruna]]
|Minister for Law
|-
|14.
|[[V. Thangapandian ]]
|Minister for Co-operation
|-
|15.
|[[N.K.K.Periyasamy]]
|Minister for Handlooms
|-
|16
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam|M.R.K. Panneerselvam]]
|Minister for Backward Classes
|-
|17.
|[[Pongalur N. Palanisamy]]
|Minister for Animal Husbandry
|-
|18.
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|Minister for Housing
|-
|19.
|[[I. Periasamy]]
|Minister for Rural Industries and Registration
|-
|20.
|[[V.Mullaivendan]]
|Minister for Information
|-
|21.
|[[Pulavar Senguttuvan]]
|Minister for Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments
|-
|22.
|[[S. P. Sarkuna Pandian|S.P. Sarkuna Pandian]]
|Minister for Social Welfare
|-
|23.
|[[Samayanallur S. Selvarasu]]
|Minister for Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare
|-
|24.
|[[N. Suresh Rajan]]
|Minister for Tourism
|-
|25.
|[[P. Selvarasu|Andhiyur P. Selvarasu]]
|Minister for Khadi & Printing
|-
|26.
|[[S. Jennifer Chandran]]
|Minister for Fisheries
|}
| After the death of the minister Thiru V.Thangapandian there is a Inclusion of Thiru Pasumpon Tha Kirittinan as Minister for Highways and seniority changes done he is placed in No 9 in ministers list and the cabinet re-designated several changes shuffling done.

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1996 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:May 1996 in India]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian politics]]

Politics of India

2026-03-22T07:14:36Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox political system
| name = Politics of India
| image = Emblem of India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_size = 100
| caption = [[National Emblem of India]]
| type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic]]
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]
| legislature_type = [[Bicameral]]
| legislature_place = [[Sansad Bhavan]]
| legislature_speaker =
| legislature_speaker_title =
| upperhouse = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| upperhouse_speaker = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan|Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| upperhouse_speaker_title = [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
| upperhouse_appointer = [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]]
| lowerhouse = [[Lok Sabha]]
| lowerhouse_speaker = [[Om Birla]]
| lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| lowerhouse_appointer =
| title_hos = [[President of India|President]]
| current_hos = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| appointer_hos = Electoral College
| title_hog = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog = [[Narendra Modi]]
| appointer_hog = President
| title_hosag =
| current_hosag =
| appointer_hosag =
| cabinet = [[Union Council of Ministers]]
| current_cabinet = [[Third Modi ministry]]
| cabinet_leader = Prime Minister
| cabinet_deputyleader =
| cabinet_appointer = President
| cabinet_hq =
| cabinet_ministries = [[Union Government ministries of India|52]]
| judiciary = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]]
| judiciary_head = [[N.V Ramana]]
| courts =
| court = [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]
| chief_judge = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Suryakant Sharma]]
| court_seat =
| court1 =
| chief_judge1 =
| court_seat1 =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The politics and government in the [[India|Republic of India]] work in adherence to the [[Constitution of India]], which was adopted on November 26, 1949, by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], and took effect on on January 26, 1950. India is a [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[secular]] [[democratic republic]], described as a “[[sovereign]], socialist, secular democratic republic” in its constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=The Constitution (Amendment)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|archive-date=28 March 2015}}, "We, The People of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its..."</ref><ref name="India_777">{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of India|language=|ratified=26 November 1949|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014|df=}}</ref><ref name="India_888">{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976|publisher=India Code|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|archive-date=28 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Part I of the Constitution of India]] describes India as a "Union of States," and is used interchangeably to refer to the "union government" or [[Government of India]] to denote the federal authority. India is [[Administrative divisions of India|divided]] among [[States and union territories of India|28 states and 8 union territories]] for a total of 36 [[subnational entities]]. Its governance of those entities is described in the constitution as a quasi-federal system that incorporates elements from both [[Federalism|federal]] and [[Unitary state|unitary]] forms of government. The [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|states]] of India are self-governing administrative divisions each having a [[State governments of India|state government]], whereas the [[Union territory|union territories]] are governed directly by the union government, and are administered by a lieutenant governor or administrator appointed by the [[president of India]]. India follows a [[Dual federalism|dual federalist]] system, however the Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both states and union territories of India. Government operations are led by the [[president of India]] who, as the [[Ceremonial Head of state|ceremonial]] head of state, holds formal executive power. In accordance to [[Parliamentary elections of India|parliamentary elections]], the president appoints the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] as the head of government, along with prospective ministers who are [[Member of parliament|members of parliament]].

The legal power to manage affairs in each state is shared or divided between the particular state government and the national [[Government of India|union government]]. The union territories are directly governed by the union government with no state level government existing in these jurisdictions. There is a provision for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]] consisting of an [[upper house]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), which represents the states of the Indian federation, and a [[lower house]], the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People), which represents the people of India as a whole. [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] (state legislative assemblies) represents the people residing in one of the 28 states.

The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, which is headed by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to settle disputes between the central government and the states, to settle inter-state disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing [[writ]]s for their enforcement in cases of violation.{{Sfn|M. Lakshmikanth|2012|pp=389–390}}

There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using [[plurality voting]] (first past the post) system from 543 [[Single-member district]]. There are 245 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members are elected/nominated by decree from the president of India. Union and state governments are formed through [[Elections in India|elections]] held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that secure a majority of members in their respective lower houses.

India had [[1951–52 Indian general election|its first general election]] in 1951, which was won by the [[Indian National Congress]], a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until [[1977 Indian general election|1977]], when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of [[Dominant-party system|single-party domination]] and the rise of coalition governments. The latest [[18th Lok Sabha]] elections was conducted in seven phases from 19 April 2024 to 1 June 2024 by the Election commission of India. The results bought in the NDA ([[National Democratic Alliance]]) to form in the next government <ref>{{cite web|title=General Election 2014|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/ge.html|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523005228/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/ge.html|archive-date=23 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/need-for-accountability-in-politics-of-dynasty.html|title=Need for accountability in politics of dynasty|website=dailypioneer.com|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117002832/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/need-for-accountability-in-politics-of-dynasty.html|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Possible reasons for this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, independent civil society associations that mobilise support for the parties and centralised financing of elections.<ref name="ppq.sagepub.com">{{cite journal|last1=Chhibber⇑|first1=Pradeep|title=Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact|journal=Party Politics|date=March 2013|volume=19|issue=2|pages=277–295|doi=10.1177/1354068811406995|s2cid=144781444}}</ref> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] India in 2023 was the 19th most electoral [[democracy in Asia|democratic country in Asia]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

== Union government ==
{{main|Government of India}}
The Government of India is modelled after the [[Westminster system]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-16 |title=A prime ministerial form of government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-prime-ministerial-form-of-government/article6120400.ece |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Union government (also called as the Central government) is mainly composed of the [[Executive (government)|executive]], the [[legislature]], and the [[judiciary]], and powers are vested by the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] in the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[Parliament of India|parliament]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], respectively. The [[president of India]] is the [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], while the [[Elections in India|elected]] [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Structure of Government of India |url=https://www.elections.in/government// |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> The parliament is [[bicameral]] in nature, with the [[Lok Sabha]] being the [[lower house]], and the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]]. The judiciary systematically contains an apex [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], 25 [[High Courts of India|high courts]], and 688 [[District Courts of India|district courts]], all inferior to the supreme court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-11 |title=Constitution of India {{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india |access-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111125035/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india |archive-date=11 November 2019 }}</ref>

The basic [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|civil procedure code]], the [[Indian Penal Code|penal code]], and the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|criminal procedure code]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminal Laws - Evidence Act, Criminal procedure Code, Indian Penal Code, Criminal Lawyer |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/Criminallaws/criminal_law.htm |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the [[Common Law|English common]] and [[Statute|Statutory law]]. The term ''New Delhi'' is commonly used as a [[metonym]] for the Union government, as the seat of the central government is in [[New Delhi]].

=== Lok Sabha ===
{{main|Lok Sabha}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', constitutionally the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of [[India]]'s [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[President of India|President]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], New Delhi.

The maximum membership of the House allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 (initially 500 in 1950) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filed by the election of up to 543 elected members. The new parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47)]]. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership.

The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a [[State of Emergency in India|proclamation of emergency]] is in operation, this period may be extended by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] by law or decree.

Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, who crossed 18 years from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency.

==== Office of the Prime Minister ====
{{main|Prime Minister of India}}

The Prime Minister of India is the [[head of government]] of the [[Republic of India]]. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers, despite the [[president of India]] being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister has to be a member of one of the houses of bicameral [[Parliament of India]], alongside heading the respective house. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.

The prime minister is appointed by the [[president of India]]; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected [[Elections in India#Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)|every five years]], lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be a member of the Lok Sabha or of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister controls the selection and dismissal of members of the [[Union Council of Ministers]]; and allocation of posts to members within the government.

==== Office of the Council of Ministers ====
{{main|Union Council of Ministers}}

The Union Council of Ministers is the [[Cabinet (government)|principal executive organ]] of the [[Government of India]], which functions as the senior decision-making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries.

A smaller executive body called the '''Union Cabinet''' is the supreme decision-making body in India; it is a subset of the Union Council of Ministers who hold important portfolios and [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]] of the government.

Pursuant to Article 75, a minister who works at the pleasure of the [[President of India|President]], is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
There are five categories of the council of ministers as given below, in descending order of [[Indian order of precedence|rank]]:

* [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]: Leader of the Union Council of Ministers.
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] (if any): Presides as prime minister in his absence or as the senior most cabinet minister.
* Cabinet Minister: A member of the Union cabinet; leads a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]].
* Minister of State (Independent charge): Junior minister not reporting to a Cabinet Minister.
* [[Minister of State]] (MoS): Deputy Minister reporting to a Cabinet Minister, usually tasked with a specific responsibility in that ministry.

=== Rajya Sabha ===
{{main|Rajya Sabha}}

The '''Rajya Sabha''', constitutionally the '''Council of States''', is the [[upper house]] of the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]]. It has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislatures]] of the states and union territories using [[single transferable vote]]s through open ballots, while the [[President of India|president]] can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed) according to article 80 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245 (233 elected, 12 appointed).

Members sit for [[Staggered elections|staggered terms]] lasting six years, with about a third of the 238 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. Unlike the [[Lok Sabha]], the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be [[Prorogation|prorogued]] by the president.

The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of [[Loss of supply|supply]], where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a [[Joint Session of Indian Parliament|joint sitting]] of the two houses can be held, where the Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The [[vice president of India]] is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|deputy chairman]], who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the chairman.

=== President & Vice-President of India ===

==== Office of the President of India ====
{{main|President of India}}

The President of India is the [[head of state]] of the [[Republic of India]]. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the [[Commander-in-chief|supreme commander]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

The new president is chosen by an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of both houses of [[Parliament of India|parliament]] ([[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]]), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., [[Delhi|National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

The election process of the president is a more extensive process than of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] who is also elected indirectly (elected by the members of the majority party (or union) in the [[Lok Sabha]]). Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and [[rule of law]] in a [[constitutional democracy]] with [[Ouster clause|constitutional supremacy]], is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] in a secret ballot procedure.

==== Office of the Vice-President of India ====
{{main|Vice President of India}}

The Vice President of India is the deputy to the [[head of state]] of the [[Republic of India]], i.e. the [[president of India]]. The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the [[Order of precedence in India|order of precedence]] and first in the line of succession to the [[presidency]]. The vice president is also the ''ex officio'' chairman of the [[Rajya Sabha]].

Article 66 of the [[Constitution of India]] states the manner of election of the vice president. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament and not the members of state legislative assembly by the system of [[Proportional Representation|proportional representation]] using [[single transferable vote]]s and the voting is conducted by [[Election Commission of India]] via secret ballot. The vice president also acts as the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the Panjab University and Delhi University.

== State governments ==
{{main|State governments of India}}

[[State government]]s in India are the governments ruling over [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and [[Union territory|8 union territories]] of India and the head of the [[Council of Ministers]] in a state is the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. Each state has a [[legislative assembly]]. A state legislature that has one house – the [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) – is a [[unicameral]] legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the state legislative assembly and [[State legislative councils of India|state legislative council]] (Vidhan Parishad) – is a [[bicameral]] legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the [[lower house]] and corresponds to the [[Lok Sabha]] while the Vidhan Parishad is the [[upper house]] and corresponds to the [[Rajya Sabha]] of the [[Parliament of India]]

The judicial branch of the state consists of the [[High courts of India|High Court]] at the top, followed by [[District courts of India|District and Subordinate Courts]], along with various special courts and tribunals established for specific purposes.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jurisdiction {{!}} Supreme Court of India {{!}} India | url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jurisdiction/ | access-date=2025-12-10 | website=www.sci.gov.in}}</ref>
===Executive branch of the State Government===
The executive branch of a state government comprises the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] and the Council of Ministers, headed by the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. The Governor, appointed by the [[President of India]], serves as the constitutional head, while the Chief Minister is the executive head of the government. Like the [[Government of India|Union Government]], the state government follows a similar structure — the Governor corresponds to the [[President of India|President]], the Chief Minister to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], and the State Council of Ministers to the [[Union Council of Ministers]].
 
The Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief Minister, exercises the executive powers of the state and includes Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State, appointed by the Governor on the Chief Minister's advice. The state government functions through various ministries and departments, each headed politically by a [[Minister (government)|Minister]]. The [[bureaucracy]] in the state is a permanent executive responsible for implementing government policies and decisions. The [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, is the administrative head of the government, and each department is headed administratively by a Secretary to the Government.<ref>State And District Administration, by [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms]]

https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/sdadmin15.pdf</ref>
=== State legislative assembly ===
{{main|State legislative assemblies of India}}

Vidhan Sabha, also known as state legislative assembly, is a legislative body in each of the states and certain union territories of [[India]]. In [[States and union territories of India|22 states]] and 3 [[Union territory|union territories]], there is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]] which is the sole legislative body. Vidhan Sabha is present in all the states and 3 union territories.

Each [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]]. The [[Constitution of India]] states that a state legislative assembly must have no less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an [[List of Acts of the Parliament of India|Act]] of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] as is the case in the states of [[Goa]], [[Sikkim]], [[Mizoram]] and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] which have fewer than 60 members.

A state legislative assembly may be [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] in a [[State of Emergency in India|state of emergency]], by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on request of the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], or if a [[motion of no confidence]] is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition.

=== State legislative council ===
{{main|State legislative councils of India}}

Vidhan Parishad, also called as the ''state legislative council'', is the [[upper house]] in those states of [[India]] that have a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[State legislature (India)|state legislature]]; the [[lower house]] being the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]]. Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the [[Constitution of India]].

Only 6 out of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] have a legislative council. These are [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]], [[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]], [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad|Bihar]], and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]. No [[union territory]] has a legislative council.

The size of the state legislative councils cannot be more than one third of the membership of the state legislative assembly. However, its size cannot be less than 40 members. These members elect the chairman and deputy chairman of the state legislative council.

== Local governments ==
{{main|Local government in India}}

[[File:Tiers of Government in India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Tiers of Government in India]]
Local government in India is governmental jurisdiction below the level of the [[States and union territories of India|state]]. Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation.

Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution, have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the ''panchayati raj'' system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution.

=== Urban local governing bodies ===
{{main|Municipal governance in India}}

The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local bodies are called [[Municipalities of India|municipalities]]. These are classified based on the size of the population, density, revenue, non-agricultural employment, economic importance of the urban settlement.

* [[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]], also called the ''"Nagar Nigam"'' or ''"City Corporation"'', of cities with more than 1 million population.
* [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]], also called the ''"Nagar Palika"'' or ''"Nagar Palika Parishad"'', of cities with more than 25,000 and less than 1 million population.
* [[Nagar Panchayat|Town Panchayat]], also called the ''"Town Council"'' or ''"Nagar Panchayat"'' or ''"Town Panchayat"'' or ''"Notified Area Council"'' or ''"Notified Area Committee"'' depending on the state within which they lie, these are in the town with more than 10,000 and less than 25,000 population.

=== Rural local governing bodies ===
{{main|Panchayati raj in India}}

The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Laxmikanth |first=M |title=Indian Polity |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2017 |pages=1145 |language=English}}</ref>
The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants:

* [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level
* Panchayat Samiti or Mandal Parishad or Block Panchayat or Taluk Panchayat at [[Community Development Block]] or [[Mandal]] or Taluk level and
* [[District Panchayat|Zila Parishad]]/District Panchayat at [[List of districts in India|district]] level.

== Elections in India ==
{{Main|Elections in India}}

{{Elections}}
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for

* [[President of India]],
* [[Vice President of India]],
* Members of the Parliament in [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper house) and [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house),
* Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]],
* Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
* Members of [[Local government in India|local governance bodies]] ([[Municipal governance in India|Municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]),
* By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.

=== Election Commission of India ===
{{Main|Election Commission of India}}

The '''Election Commission of India''' ('''ECI''') is a [[constitutional body]] established by the [[Constitution of India]] empowered to conduct [[Elections in India|free and fair elections in India]]. The Election commission is headed by a [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] and consists of two other [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioners]].

At the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]], the Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the state or union territory (CEO), who leads the election machinery in the states and union territories. At the district and constituency levels, the [[District collector|District Magistrates/District Collectors]] (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work.

The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by [[Part XV of the Constitution of India|Article 324]] of the Constitution and subsequently enacted [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of the People Act]]. The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results.

A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989. The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on the status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in the region.

The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as [[Ration card (India)|ration cards]] have been allowed for voting in certain situations.

=== State Election Commissions (SECs) ===
{{Main|State election commission (India)}}

The state election commissions are responsible for conducting local body elections in the respective states.

The '''State Election Commission (SEC)''' is an independent constitutional authority responsible for conducting free and fair elections to [[Local government in India|Local self-government institutions]], such as panchayats and municipalities, within each state. Established under Article 243K and Article 243ZA of the Constitution, it oversees the preparation of electoral rolls, ensures adherence to the Model Code of Conduct, and supervises the entire election process at the state level. The Commission is headed by a State Election Commissioner, who is appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]].

== Political parties, political families and alliances ==
{{elect|List of political parties in India|Elections in India}}

=== Political parties in India ===
When compared to other democracies, India has had a large number of political parties during its history under democratic governance. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947.As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties, 57 state parties, and 2,764 registered unrecognized parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC.

==== Types of political parties ====
{{Main|List of political parties in India}}

Every political party in India, whether a national or regional/state party, must have a symbol and must be registered with the
[[Election Commission of India]]. Symbols are used in the Indian political system to identify political parties in part so that illiterate people can vote by recognizing the party symbols.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/the-curioudifaidfefiwuufs-stories-of-indian-party-symbols/|title=The Curious Stories of Indian Party Symbols|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|author=Krzysztof Iwanek|date=2 November 2016|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419193824/https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/the-curious-stories-of-indian-party-symbols/|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the current amendment to the Symbols Order, the commission has asserted the following five principles:<ref name=ECI />
# A party, national or state, must have a legislative presence.
# A national party's legislative presence must be in the Lok Sabha. A state party's legislative presence must be in the State Assembly.
# A party can set up a candidate only from amongst its own members.
# A party that loses its recognition shall not lose its symbol immediately but shall be allowed to use that symbol for some time to try and retrieve its status. However, the grant of such facility to the party will not mean the extension of other facilities to it, as are available to recognized parties, such as free time on [[Doordarshan]] or [[All India Radio|AIR]], free supply of copies of electoral rolls, etc.
# Recognition should be given to a party only on the basis of its own performance in elections and not because it is a splinter group of some other recognized party.

===== National political party =====
A political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a national party if:<ref name="ECI">{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India Press Note|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/press/current/PN05122k.htm|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090629/http://eci.nic.in/archive/press/current/PN05122k.htm|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
# it secures at least six percent (6%) of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at a general election to the Lok Sabha or, to the State Legislative Assembly; and .
# in addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or States.
# or it wins at least two percent (2%) seats in the House of the People (i.e. 11 seats in the existing House having 543 members), and these members are elected from at least three different states.
Six national political parties are - [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]], [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M)]], [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)]] and [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party (NPP)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Election Commission of India |date=26 March 2024 |title=Commission's Main Notification dated 26.03.24 containing list of National Parties, their Symbols and addresses |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFva%2BcZe4H5hLgRzEPbXgT4%2BLdDuMCbYQSF1jiuqiCO2KgKdCmUSHqA1uyd%2BQgGswdQ%3D%3D}}</ref>

===== State political party =====
A political party shall be entitled to be recognized as a state party, if:
# it secures at least six percent (6%) of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election, either to the Lok Sabha or to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned; and
# in addition, it wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state concerned.
# or it wins at least three percent (3%) of the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state, or at least three seats in the Assembly, whichever is more.

===== Registered unrecognized political party (RUPP) =====
Registered unrecognized political parties are those parties which are either newly registered or which have not secured enough percentage of votes in the assembly or general elections to become a state party or those which have never contested elections since being registered. Registered but unrecognized political parties don't enjoy all the benefits extended to the recognized parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC Notes on Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPP) |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/registered-unrecognised-political-parties-rupp/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}</ref>

===== Party proliferation =====
Although a strict anti-defection law had been passed in 1984, there has been a continued tendency amongst politicians to float their own parties rather than join a broad based party such as the Congress or the BJP. Between the 1984 and 1989 elections, the number of parties contesting elections increased from 33 to 113. In the decades since, this fragmentation has continued.{{Sfn|Hicken|Kuhonta|2014|p=205}}

=== Political families ===
{{Main|Political families of India}}

Since the 1980s, Indian politics has become dynastic, possibly due to the absence of a party organization, independent civil society associations that mobilize support for the party, and centralized financing of elections.<ref name="ppq.sagepub.com" /> One example of dynastic politics has been the [[Nehru–Gandhi family]] which produced three Indian prime ministers: Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi. Family members have also led the Congress party for most of the period since 1978 when Indira Gandhi floated the then Congress(I) faction of the party.{{Sfn|Basu|Chandra|2016|p=136}} The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows |url=https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows}}</ref> Dynastic politics is prevalent also in a number of political parties with regional presence such as [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM), [[Trinamool Congress]] (TMC), [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS), [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (SHS (UBT)), [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar]] (NCP (SP)), [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD), [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC), [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (JKPDP), [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)), [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM), [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP), [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD), [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS), [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP).{{Sfn|Chandra|2016|pp=131,136}}

=== Political alliances===
A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election. Political parties of such a coalition government forms an alliance for contesting election together usually for better prospects. Alliance usually revolves around the BJP and INC, being the two largest political parties in India without whose support, it would be difficult to form a majority government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coalition Government in India - Meaning and Features [UPSC Polity Notes] |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/coalition-government-india/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Current ruling alliances in Indian states and union territories 2025.png|thumb|300px|Ruling parties and alliances in various state govts and UT in India. {{legend|#F98C1F|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (20)/UT(5)}}
{{legend|#00B7EB|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]] (8)}}
{{legend|#cd3030|Unaligned (2)}}
{{legend|#a35706|[[President's rule]] Manipur (1)}}
{{legend|#515151|[[Union territory|No legislature]] (5)}}]]

==== National Democratic Alliance (NDA) ====
{{Main|National Democratic Alliance}}

[[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), a centre-right to right-wing coalition led by BJP was formed in 1998 after the [[1998 Indian general election|elections]]. NDA formed a government, although the government did not last long as [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] withdrew support from it resulting in [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general elections]], in which NDA won and resumed power. The coalition government went on to complete the full five-years term, becoming the first non-Congress government to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Puroshottam |date=1999-09-01 |title=Identity debate clouds India's elections |url=https://mondediplo.com/1999/09/10india |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |language=en}}</ref>

After securing a defeating in 2004 General Election and 2009 General Elections against the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), the NDA once again returned to power in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 General Elections]], for the second time, with a historic mandate of 336 out of 543 Lok Sabha seats. BJP itself won 282 seats, thereby electing [[Narendra Modi]] as the head of the government. In a historic win, the NDA stormed to power for the third term in [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] with a combined strength of 353 seats, with the BJP itself winning an absolute majority with 303 seats.

In the [[2024 Indian general election]] the NDA, though lost a couple of seats succeeded to form the government by winning 293 seats with a major support from allies like [[Telugu Desam Party]] (16 seats) and [[Janata Dal (United)]] (12 seats).

==== United Progressive Alliance (UPA) ====
{{Main|United Progressive Alliance}}

The United Progressive Alliance was a [[Political group|political alliance]] in [[India]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. It was formed after the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]] with support from left-leaning political parties when no single party got the majority.

The UPA subsequently governed India from 2004 until 2014 for 2 terms before losing power to their main rivals, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]]. With strong corruption history within the alliance and becoming increasingly unpopular among the masses, the UPA was dissolved to form the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] on 18 July 2023 ahead of the [[Next Indian general election|2024 general election]]. The UPA used to rule 7 [[States and union territories of India]] before it was dissolved.

==== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A) ====
{{Main|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}

Unable to defeat the NDA in 2014 General Election and 2019 General Election, and with Congress performing its poorest in same, many political leaders understood the need for a grand alliance of almost all major political parties to stand against the BJP led NDA in the 2024 General Elections which resulted in the formation of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (I.N.D.I.A). It was formed by merger of [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA), Left Front and other smaller alliances, centre-left to left-wing coalition led by [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). The alliance, comprising 26 opposition parties, include many political parties that are at loggerhead with the INC in their respective states and territories but are in alliance for the 2024 General Elections.

== Political issues ==
{{Main|Socio-economic issues in India|Unemployment in India|Inflation in India}}

{{See also|Corruption in India|Indian black money|Illegal immigration to India|Refugees in India}}
[[File:Door-to-door campaigning - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Door-to-door campaigning of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] workers]]

=== Law and order ===
[[Terrorism in India|Terrorism]], [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalism]], [[Religious violence in India|religious violence]] and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]] are important issues that affect the political environment of the Indian nation. Stringent anti-terror legislation such as [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]], [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]] and [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act|MCOCA]] have received much political attention, both in favour and against, and some of these laws were disbanded eventually due to human rights violations.<ref name="human_rights_violation">{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/india-bck1121.htm|title=Anti-Terrorism Legislation|work=Human rights watch|date=20 November 2001|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703041343/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/india-bck1121.htm|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] was amended in 2019 to negative effect vis-á-vis human rights.

Terrorism has affected politics in India since its conception, be it the [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|terrorism supported from Pakistan]] or the internal guerrilla groups such as [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalites]]. In 1991 the former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassinated]] during an election campaign.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n347 637]–659}} The suicide bomber was later linked to the Sri Lankan terrorist group [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], as it was later revealed the killing was an act of vengeance for Rajiv Gandhi [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|sending troops in Sri Lanka]] against them in 1987.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n347 637]–659}}

[[Babri Masjid demolition]] on 6 December 1992 resulted in nationwide communal riots in two months, with [[Bombay riots|the worst occurring]] in [[Mumbai]] with at least 900 dead.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n347 637]–659}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Shiv Sainiks will maintain peace post-Ayodhya verdict: Uddhav |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/shiv-sainiks-will-maintain-peace-post-ayodhya-verdict-uddhav/article1-603031.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media Ltd. |access-date=13 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303165635/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/shiv-sainiks-will-maintain-peace-post-ayodhya-verdict-uddhav/article1-603031.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2014 }}</ref> The riots were followed by [[1993 Bombay bombings]], which resulted in more deaths.

Law and order issues, such as action against [[Organised crime in India|organised crime]] are issues which do not affect the outcomes of elections. On the other hand, there is a criminal–politician nexus. Many elected legislators have criminal cases against them. In July 2008, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 [[Member of Parliament (India)|Indian Parliament members]] faced criminal charges, "including [[human trafficking]], [[Prostitution in India|child prostitution]], immigration rackets, [[embezzlement]], [[rape]] and even [[murder]]".<ref name="wtcorruption">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/23/AR2008072303390.html|title=With Indian Politics, the Bad Gets Worse|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Emily|last=Wax|date=24 July 2008|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108050648/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/23/AR2008072303390.html|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== State of democracy ===
{{main|Democracy in India}}

From 2006 to 2023 the situation of [[Indian democracy]] worsened. There was little state presence in tribal areas and tensions between Hindus and minorities. The rebellions are a sign of the governments loss of power. Interreligious riots where observed. Political freedoms are limited since funding of NGOs, such as [[Amnesty International]], got more difficult due to the "Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act", though the constitution guarantees freedom of association. Hindu-nationalist groups created a climate of intimidation over the country. Freedom of press is impacted through the intimidation of journalists by police, criminals and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BTI 2022 India Country Report |url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report?isocode=IND&cHash=4d507ce6e7280fbd996bd0dd58122962 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=BTI 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, according to the [[Freedom in the World]] report by [[Freedom House]], India was classified as a "partly free" country for the third consecutive year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnankutty |first1=Pia |title=Freedom 'losing ground' — India ranked 'partly free' for 3rd year by US non-profit Freedom House |url=https://theprint.in/india/freedom-losing-ground-india-ranked-partly-free-for-3rd-year-by-us-non-profit-freedom-house/1440560/?amp |work=ThePrint |date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India rated 'partially free' in Freedom House report for third straight year |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1045410/india-rated-partially-free-for-third-straight-year-in-freedom-house-report |work=Scroll.in |date=11 March 2023}}</ref> The [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] by [[V-Dem Institute]] classify India as an '[[electoral autocracy]]'. In 2023, it referred to India as "one of the worst autocratisers in the last 10 years".<ref>{{cite news |title=India Is 'One of the Worst Autocratisers in the Last 10 Years,' Says 2023 V-Dem Report |url=https://thewire.in/rights/india-autocratiser-v-dem-report-2023 |work=The Wire |date=7 March 2023}}</ref> According to the [[The Economist Democracy Index|Democracy Index]] of the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], India is a [[Defective democracy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Anisha |title=India secretly works to preserve reputation on global Democracy Index |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/22/india-democracy-index-flawed-preserve-reputation-narendra-modi |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|India}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes|gap=2em}}
* [[Electronic voting in India]]
**[[Electoral fraud]]
**[[Electoral Bonds]]
**[[Voter suppression]]
**[[Booth capturing]]
**[[Scientific rigging]]
**[[2025 Indian electoral controversy]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Political funding in India]]
* [[Blasphemy law#India|Blasphemy law in India]]
* [[Censorship in India]]
* [[Electoral reform]]
* [[Democracy in India]]
* [[Caste politics]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Caste-related violence in India]]
* [[Mandal Commission]]
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census]]
* [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India]]
* [[Operation Kamala]]
* [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]
* [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in ancient India]]
* [[List of scandals in India]]
* [[List of communist parties in India]]
* [[Trade unions in India]]
* [[Political families of India]]
* [[State governments of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Secularism in India]]
* [[Anarchism in India]]
* [[Conservatism in India]]
* [[Liberalism in India]]
* [[Socialism in India]]
* [[Communism in India]]
* [[Communism in Kerala]]
* [[Communist movements in India]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
* [[Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=Public Administration |publisher=Tata Mcgraw Hill |isbn=978-0071074827 |author=M. Lakshmikanth |edition=9th |year=2012 |oclc=1039277322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9780071074827 }}
* {{cite book |title=Comparative Politics & International Relations |publisher=Cosmos Bookhive |isbn=817729035-5 |pages=129–134 |last=Chander |first=Prakash |chapter=Nature of Party System in India |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN8177290355 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hicken |first1=Allen |last2=Kuhonta |first2=Erik Martinez |title=Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 |date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-04157-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300 |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=Picador |location=India |isbn=9780330505543 |edition=Indian }}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Amrita |last2=Chandra |first2=Kanchan |title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-107-12344-1 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&q=sonia&pg=PR10 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110030054/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=%22political+dynasties%22+india&ots=panvSUPVV9&sig=rBLRMVvTQ2f7mX6q3bm6Gj6eyfw#v=onepage&q=sonia&f=false |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Kanchan |author-link=Kanchan Chandra|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10 |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-59212-0 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |last1=Chacko |first1=Johann |title=To understand Indian politics, look beyond Modi and New Delhi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/03/07/to-understand-indian-politics-look-beyond-modi-and-new-delhi/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] |date=2023-03-07 |language=en}}
* {{cite news |last1=Kadalayil |first1=Chitrabhanu |title=India's top political parties need to address power imbalances within |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/05/16/indias-top-political-parties-need-to-address-power-imbalances-within/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |work=The National (Abu Dhabi) |date=2023-05-16 |language=en}}
* [[Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri|Chowdhuri, Satyabrata Rai]]. [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=278315 ''Leftism in India, 1917-1947''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050231/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=278315 |date=22 February 2012 }}. Palgrave, [[U.K.]], 2007.
* [[Bharat Karnad|Karnad, Bharat]]. ''Why India is Not a Great Power (Yet).'' Oxford University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-945922-3}}
* Shively, W. Phillips. ''Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science—Chapter 14 Example: Parliamentary Government in India.'' McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-07-340391-5}}
* Mitra, Subrata K. and Singh, V.B.. ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999. {{ISBN|81-7036-809-X}} (India HB) {{ISBN|0-7619-9344-4}} (U.S. HB).
* Shourie, Arun (2007). The parliamentary system: What we have made of it, what we can make of it. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
* Shourie, Arun (2005). Governance and the sclerosis that has set in. New Delhi: ASA Publications.
* Tawa Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie. [http://samaj.revues.org/index2784.html ''"Studying Elections in India: Scientific and Political Debates"'']. ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'', 3, 2009.
* [[Ronojoy Sen|Sen, Ronojoy]] (2022). ''House of the People : Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy.'' Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Politics of India}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://india.gov.in/ Outline of the Indian Government]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Asia topic|Politics of}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{India topics}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Politics of India| Politics of India]]

Muchilot Bhagavathi

2026-03-22T07:14:23Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Vedic Hindu deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}Muchilot [[Bhagavati|Bhagavathi]] Is The Tutelary Deity Of [[Bania (caste)|Vaniyar]] Community In [[North Malabar]].
[[File:Muchilot_Bhagavathy_@Nambram_Sree_Muchilot_Bhagavathy_Kshethram.jpg|thumb|500x500px|''Muchilot Bhagavathi'']]
There Are 108 Muchilot Temples Spread Across Northern Kerala Resembling The [[108 Shiva Temples]] Mentioned In The Shivalaya Stothram. Muchilot Bhagavathi‚ Who Is Adorned With All Beauty, Is Like A Goddess Of Beauty And Is Widely Considered The Most Elaborate And Gorgeous Theyyam. Being In Swatika Bhava, Muchilot Bhagavathi Has Only Very Gentle Movements. Anna Dhanam (Serving Food) Is Very Important In Muchilot Bhagavathi Temples During The Kaliyattam Festival.

==Legends==
Various legends on the origin of Muchilot Bhagavati begin with her as a [[Brahmin]] woman born in Maniyottu [[Illam|Mana]], a [[Illam|house]] associated with the highest caste in the village of Peringellur, near [[Taliparamba]], Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi |title=Muchilot Bhagavathi Theyyam &#124; THEYYAKKOLAM |accessdate=2013-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042637/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi |archivedate=2013-11-01 }}</ref>

The popular oral lore states that following the end of her studies and before her betrothal, the elder teacher of Peringellur (Peringellur Mootha Gurukkal, a Brahmin) and his disciples challenged her authority on [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic matters]].She defeated them in all kind of debates and afterwards jealous of her wisdom, they asked the girl what the greatest pain and greatest pleasure were. She replied that they were, respectively, giving birth and love-making.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karipodymuchilot.com/muchilotBhagavathi.html |title=Karipody Thirur Muchilot , Muchilot Bhagavathi |access-date=30 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061801/http://www.karipodymuchilot.com/muchilotBhagavathi.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Gurukkal then challenged her virginity, arguing that she could not know this without experiencing it. She was expelled from her house and took refuge at the temple in [[Karivellur]] and promptly resolved to meet the great god [[Shiva]] through suicide. While standing on a bed of burning coals, a member of the [[Vaishya|vāṇiya]] caste was passing through and was carrying thuthika(Oil pot) for supplying oil to the rayaramangalam temple, She requested him to pour coconut oil over her and cause her [[Death by burning|immolation]]. With the blessing of Shiva, she returned to the world as a goddess and began wandering the earth.<ref name="History of muchilot Bhagavathi" />

According to the narratives, the Muchilot Padanayar—a [[Vaishya|Vaniya]] of the Muchilot clan and a soldier of King [[Kolathiri]]—and his wife, Padanayathi, were able to feel her presence.<ref name="History of muchilot Bhagavathi">History of Muchilotu Bhagavathi http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/karivellur_muchilottukavu.htm</ref> The wife of Padanayar was drawing water from the housewell and saw an apparition of Muchilot Bhagavathi in the well. Afterwards, the pot which held the oil that burned the girl began to levitate. The next day, Muchilot Padanayar saw that the palm tree in front of his house had died; when he decided to cut the tree down to make weapons, the goddess made her presence visible to him. Padanayar then had a vision that the soul of the virgin had been sent back by [[Lord Shiva]] to abide in him. They placed the goddess in a silver chest in the western chamber of the house,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/narathsreemuchilottubhagavathi/muchilottu-bhagavathi|title=Muchilottu Bhagavathi - ॐ-Narath Shree Muchilottu Bhagavathi Kshethram-ॐ|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}} therefore being associated with the vāṇiya community.{{explain|date=January 2024}} Muchilottu Vaniyan and others in his community started worshipping the goddess as their family deity. Thus the goddess came to be known as Muchilot Bhagavathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel Agency, Best of Homestay, Temple & Theyyam Tour Packages |url=http://old.travelkannur.com/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=old.travelkannur.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

But according to the holy manuscript (Pattola) of Muchilot Bhagavathi, Muchilot Bhagavathi is the kaliyuga avatar of Sita devi of treta yuga, Maya Devi of Dwarapa era, and Gaiyatri Devi who appeared before Viswamitra Maharishi. Lord Shiva created this powerful goddess for the wellbeing of humans and sent her to the Earth in a golden chariot called "Otta thanden". While travelling on the Earth, she rested at the [[Architecture of Kerala#Padippura|padippura]] of Muchilot Pada Nair, who was a soldier belonging to the Muchilot clan among the [[Vaishya|vāṇiyas]].<ref name="History of muchilot Bhagavathi"/>

There are more than 108 Muchilot temples spread across North Kerala, most of them in [[Kannur]] District.<ref name="old.travelkannur.com">{{Cite web |title=Travel Agency, Best of Homestay, Temple & Theyyam Tour Packages |url=http://old.travelkannur.com/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=old.travelkannur.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Among these 108 temples the first seven temples are considered as "Aroodam" or Most revered.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{citation |url=http://www.vengara.com/ |title=Vengara}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.kaliyattam.com/ |title=Kaliyattam}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/ |title=Theyyam Calendar}}

[[Category:Theyyam]]
[[Category:Arts of Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

Perumanallur

2026-03-22T07:14:12Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Perumanallur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.2045800|N|77.3603100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruppur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = market
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641666
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-421
| registration_plate = TN 39
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Tiruppur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Tiruppur
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Perumanallur''' is a textile Industrial city situated near [[Tirupur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore city]] on the National Highway (NH 47) which now bypasses outside the town. It is a cross junction in [[NH-47]] connecting Cochin/Coimbatore with Erode/Salem and Tirupur with Gobichettipalayam.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1893-06-30 |title=Annual Administration Report of the Forest Department of the Madras Presidency, for the Fifteen Months Ending 30th June 1893. (1892–93.): [Forest Department] Annual Administration Report of the Forest Department Madras Presidency |publisher=Printed by the Superintendent, Government Press |jstor=saoa.crl.34134134 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.34134134 |language=English}}</ref>

Perumanallur has around 18,000 peoples.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==Economy==
Permanallur has grown into an epicenter for textile industry. New Tirupur Industrial Park (Nethaji Apparel Park), which is an integrated industrial park, is 4&nbsp;km away from Perumanallur. Saturday market at Perumanallur attracts people from neighbouring villages that buy and sell agricultural and other household products.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1957-07-20 |title=Madras Legislative Assembly debates.: Madras Legislative Assembly debates. |url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.27530166 |language=English |volume=4|jstor=saoa.crl.27530166 }}</ref>

==Transport==
All buses from Tirupur to [[Kunnathur, Tirupur|Kunnathur]], [[Nambiyur]], [[Kanakkampalayam]] (Bus Nos. 10, 26A, 54, 26 and 43) pass through Perumanallur. The place is 11&nbsp;km from Tirupur and 10&nbsp;km from [[Avinashi]].

== Adjacent communities ==

* [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Avinashi]]
* [[Tiruppur]]
* [[Chengapalli]]
* [[Nambiyur]]
* [[Kunnathur, Tirupur|Kunnathur]]
* [[Vijayamangalam]]
* [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* [[Perundurai]]
* [[Mangalam]]
* [[Palladam]]
* [[Sevur]]
* [[Veerapandi, Tirupur|Veerapandi]]
* [[Thirumuruganpoondi]]
* [[Tiruppur New Bus stand]]
* [[Boyampalayam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Perumanallur
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruppur]]

Madhurima Tuli

2026-03-22T07:13:59Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhurima Tuli
| image = Madhurima Tuli (actress).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Tuli in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|8|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| height =
| title =

| partner = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation ={{hlist| Actress| model}}
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''
* ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''
* ''[[Nach Baliye 9]]''
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
}}
}}

'''Madhurima Tuli''' (born 19 August 1986) is an Indian actress and model.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rising-star-madhurima-tuli-is-on-the-roll/1044199/0 |title=She has been selected for role of heroine in Hindi film Baby opposite Akshay Kumar who is one of the biggest star of Bollywood. Madhurima Tuli is on the roll |author=Khan, Asad |date=15 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Anik-Singal-a-US-citizen-is-all-set-to-shoot-in-India/articleshow/9993616.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104061959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/news-interviews/30159771_1_film-industry-hollywood-film-bollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Anik Singal a US citizen is all set to shoot in India |date=15 September 2011 |author=Dasgupta, Piyali |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> Her works in Hindi television include the fiction dramas ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'', ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]'', ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]'' and the reality shows ''[[Nach Baliye 9]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/kumkum-bhagya-madhurima-tuli-bikini-tanu-bali-lifetv-955331-2017-01-16 |title=Kumkum Bhagya actress Madhurima Tuli raises the temperature with her bikini pic |newspaper=India Today}}</ref> She also starred in popular Hindi films such as ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' (2015), ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'' (2015) and ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' (2017).

==Early life==
Tuli was born in [[Odisha]] on 19 August 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-fame-madhurima-tuli-rings-in-her-birthday-with-family-in-pics-and-videos/articleshow/77633326.cms |title=Bigg Boss 13 fame Madhurima Tuli rings in her birthday with family;in pics and videos |date=19 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="IT"/> She hails from [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]. She won the Miss Uttraranchal contest when in college.<ref name="IT">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20130909-madhurima-tuli-miss-uttarakhand-jhansi-ki-rani-765613-2013-08-30 |title=Madhurima Tuli takes a leap, goes to big screen : Glossary |magazine=India Today |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> Her father works for [[Tata Steel]] and her mother for an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]. She has a younger brother Shrikant Tuli,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-madhurima-tuli-on-kaalo/20101217.htm |title=Meet the pretty face of horror! |work=Rediff.com |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/madhurima-tuli-and-her-brother-srikant-tuli-celebrate-raksha-bandhan-with-etimes-tv/videoshow/85532961.cms |title=Madhurima Tuli and her brother Srikant Tuli celebrate Raksha Bandhan with ETimes TV |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> who owns a Music Label SVMT Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyukmedia.com/madhurima-tulis-brother-shrikant-tuli-announces-his-third-song-in-association-ek-raah/ |title=Madhurima Tuli's brother Shrikant Tuli, announces his third song in association "Ek Raah" |work=bollyukmedia.com |date=2 August 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Tuli made an early debut in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Saththaa'' (2004) opposite [[Sai Kiran]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} She moved to [[Mumbai]] and studied acting at the Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting School, worked as a model doing advertisements for brands like [[Godrej Consumer Products Limited|Godrej]], [[Fiama Di Wills]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Lenovo]], [[UltraTech Cement]], [[Domino's Pizza]] and [[Karbonn Mobiles]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: From winning Miss Uttaranchal contest to being a part of Akshay Kumar's film; a look at Madhurima Tuli's lesser-known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-from-winning-miss-uttaranchal-contest-to-being-a-part-of-akshay-kumars-film-a-look-at-madhurima-tulis-lesser-known-facts/photostory/72355995.cms |access-date=2 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|reason=The phrases looks similar to this article in its current version of any of the old revisions|date=March 2021}}

In 2008, she played a supporting role as the pretty girl Satya in ''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-homam.html |title=Homam music launch - Telugu cinema - Jagapati Babu, JD Chakravarthy, Mamata Mohandas & Madhurima |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=3 August 2008 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519113204/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-homam.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[India]]n [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] written and directed by [[J. D. Chakravarthy]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2018 |title=Madhurima Tuli, actress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/madhurima-tuli-actress-691240.html |access-date=30 November 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and to some extent inspired by the 2006 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie ''[[The Departed]]'', directed by [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Interview-with-JD-on-Homam_2494.html |title=Interview with JD on Homam |date=27 August 2008 |publisher=Totaltollywood.com |access-date=14 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908115152/http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Interview-with-JD-on-Homam_2494.html |archive-date=8 September 2008}}</ref>

''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss]]'' (2009) was her next film in the role of Sherry,<ref>{{cite web |author=iBaburao |url=http://www.ibaburao.com/movie/toss-2009-hindi-movie-5MT9jLb |title=Toss 2009 Hindi Movie |publisher=Ibaburao.com |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131115054116/http://www.ibaburao.com/movie/toss-2009-hindi-movie-5MT9jLb |url-status=dead}}</ref> and after the small role as Bindiya in [[Zee TV]]'s supernatural soap opera ''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]'' (2008-2009), Tuli played the aspiring model Kushi in [[STAR One]]'s TV series ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]'' (2010-2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/news/Madhurima-Tuli-enters-in-Rang-Badalti-Odhani-on-Star-One/9723 |title=Madhurima Tuli enters in Rang Badalti Odhani on Star One |publisher=Metromasti.com |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>

Tuli had a lead as newly married Rukmini in ''[[Kaalo]]'' (2010). It was screened at the 6th Annual South African Halloween Horror Festival in Cape Town, where it won the best feature film and best cinematography award.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=14 December 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/wilson-louis-on-kaalo/20101214.htm |title=Awards are really not new to me |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_19482.html |title='Kaalo' India's First Daytime Creature Feature |publisher=Horror-movies.ca |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518000248/http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_19482.html |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Together with [[Dino Morea]] as her partner, she took part in the third season of ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 3)|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', a [[reality show]] filmed in [[Brazil]] and broadcast by [[Colors (TV channel)|Aapka Colors]]

Tuli had a leading role in ''[[Cigarette Ki Tarah]]'' (2012) along with [[Prashant Narayanan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theshadow.in/newsdet.aspx?q=74061 |title='Madhuri is a complete actor': Madhurima Tuli - Daily The Shadow Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |publisher=Theshadow.in |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517233810/http://www.theshadow.in/newsdet.aspx?q=74061 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hyderabad Deccan News |url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Movie-Review-Cigarette-Ki-Tarah-25383.html |title=Movie Review - Cigarette Ki Tarah |publisher=Newswala.com |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518002337/http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Movie-Review-Cigarette-Ki-Tarah-25383.html |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and as the female lead Natasha in Anik Singal's English language short film ''Lethal Commission'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/movies/trailers/id/mQwZSQl65cQ/search/movie |title=Lethal Commission (full movie official) - Free Movie Videos, Movie Trailers, Film Trailers, Interviews and Gossip |work=NME |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>

She starred in the film ''Maaricha'' (2012), directed by K. Sivasurya.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} The film was simultaneously made in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and had [[Mithun Tejasvi]] playing the lead actor opposite Tuli.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article249916.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071013/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article249916.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2013 |title=Maaricha: A thriller on honeymoon |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

Tuli played Gunjan Dutta in the Hindi [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[3D film]] ''[[Warning (2013 film)|Warning]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news |author=Anuj Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-film-thats-all-at-sea/article5180990.ece |title=A film that's all at sea |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://starblockbuster.com/warning-danger-ahead |title=Warning : Danger ahead! |publisher=Starblockbuster |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194603/http://starblockbuster.com/warning-danger-ahead |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was seen playing the lead role in the film ''Nimbe Huli'', directed by Hemanth Hegde and produced by [[Subhash Ghai]]. The film had Hegde playing the lead role along with Tuli, [[Komal Jha]] and [[Nivedhitha]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Nimbe-Huli-audio-launched/articleshow/18238861.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071956/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/news-interviews/36615255_1_nimbe-huli-muktha-arts-komal-jha |url-status=live |archive-date=10 November 2013 |title=Nimbe Huli audio launched |author=Sharanya CR |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She also played the role of Anjali Singh Rajput (wife of [[Akshay Kumar]]) in the 2015 action film ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhurima Tuli to play Akshay Kumar's wife in Baby |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |work=The Times of India |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=30 July 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Madhurima-Tuli-to-play-Akshay-Kumars-wife-in-Baby/articleshow/42002313.cms}}</ref> Tuli participated in Zee TV's reality show ''I Can Do That. She'' also played the antagonist role of Tanu in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]] on [[Zee TV]]. Later she reprised'' her role of Anjali Singh Rajput in [[Naam Shabana]]—a spin-off of Baby (2015)—with [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], and [[Manoj Bajpayee]]. Her first Hollywood venture came in 2017 where she played the younger version of [[Shabana Azmi]] (Maharaja Duleep Singh's mother) in the film [[The Black Prince (film)|The Black Prince]], which is based on the last king of the Sikh Empire Maharaja Duleep.

She then portrayed Princess Chandrakanta in Colors TV series ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-madhurima-tuli-is-ekta-kapoor-s-chandrakanta-2378077 |title=Madhurima Tuli is Ekta Kapoor's Chandrakanta. |date=2 April 2017 |publisher=DNA India |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tuli met actor [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] on the sets of her show [[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]] in 2017 and later dated him. They broke up after a year of dating in 2018.<ref name="broke up">{{cite news |title='Chandrakanta' co-actors Madhurima Tuli and Vishal Aditya Singh BREAK UP! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/chandrakanta-co-actors-madhurima-tuli-and-vishal-aditya-singh-break-up-794072 |access-date=7 February 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=3 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="broke up 2">{{cite news |title=Nach Baliye's Vishal Aditya Singh on breakup with Madhurima Tuli: 'She was abusive, was ashamed to be seen with me in public' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nach-baliye-s-vishal-aditya-singh-on-breakup-with-madhurima-tuli-she-was-abusive-was-ashamed-to-be-seen-with-me-in-public/story-SYBSLcotCVhHNCad37wS7I.html |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography ==

===Films===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]'' || Satya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajamani |first1=Radhika |date=28 August 2008 |title=Homam is disappointing |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/28ssh.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Madhurima || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kaalo]]'' || Rukmini ||
|-
|2011
|''Kya Karein Kya Na Karein''
|Nisha
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''Lethal Commission'' || Natasha || [[English language|English]]||Short film<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2012 |title=Want to get famous? STRIP! |language=en |work=Rediff |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-want-to-get-famous-strip/20120217.htm#8 |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Maaricha''
|
|[[Kannada]], Tamil

|
|-
|''[[Cigarette Ki Tarah]]'' || Jessica || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Warning (2013 film)|Warning]]'' || Gunjan Dutta ||
|-
|2014
|''[[Nimbehuli|Nimbe Huli]]''
|Janaki
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Myself Pendu|My Self Pendu]]''
|
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' || Anjali Singh Rajput || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Cast List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baby/cast/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=26 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'' || Avni Prasad|| rowspan="2" | Cameo
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' || Anjali Singh Rajput
|-
|''[[The Black Prince (film)|The Black Prince]]'' ||Maharani Jinda || English Hindi Punjabi ||
|-
|2020 || ''Pasta'' || Nimmi || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||Short film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hindi |first1=Dainik Bhaskar |date=18 September 2020 |title=मधुरिमा तुली, शरद मल्होत्रा शॉर्ट फिल्म पास्ता में आएंगे नजर |language=hi |work=दैनिक भास्कर हिंदी |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/madhurima-tuli-sharad-malhotra-to-appear-in-short-film-pasta-164220 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai'' || || Musical film<ref>{{cite news |title=ZaShe Multimedia first Musical Film Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai is a campaign which provides a sense of hope and reassurance to all the women |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/zashe-multimedia-first-musical-film-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-is-a-campaign-which-provides-a-sense-of-hope-and-reassurance-to-all-the-women20220507160754/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=ANI |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171756/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/zashe-multimedia-first-musical-film-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-is-a-campaign-which-provides-a-sense-of-hope-and-reassurance-to-all-the-women20220507160754/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]'' || Vandana ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/actor-madhurima-tuli-opens-up-about-being-single-and-focused-on-work-i-am-happy-and-content-in-life-101691844674218.html |title=Madhurima Tuli: Happily moved on in life, enjoying singlehood |first1=S Farah |last1=Rizvi |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 August 2023 |accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''
| Tanu Singhania
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]'' || Bindiya
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
| Gayatri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
| Khushi Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi#Season 3|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 3]]''
| Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay – Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]''
| Richa Thakral
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Tanushree "Tanu" Mehta
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Dafa 420|Daffa 420]]''
| Inspector Tanya Shivalay
|
|-
| ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''
| Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
| Naina
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta – Ek Mayavi Prem Gaatha]]''
| Princess Chandrakanta
|
|-
|2018
|''Rasoi Ki Jung Mummyon Ke Sung''
|Herself
|Guest<ref>{{Citation |title=Madhurima Tuli's Mom VS Amruta Khanvilkar's Mom _ Chings Challenge _ Rasoi Ki Jung Mummyon Ke Sang |url=https://vimeo.com/305929831 |language=en |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''
| Sanjana
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|Entered on Day 63 & Ejected on Day 112)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
| Neha
|
|-
| ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
| Herself
|Guest
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Madhurima Tuli web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2016
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|Dr. Devyani Bhowmick
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anil Kapoor's 24 back with Season 2: Hits and misses of the premiere episode - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anil-kapoors-24-back-with-season-2-hits-and-misses-of-the-premiere-episode/articleshow/53377168.cms |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Banga |first1=Gursimran Kaur }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''26 January''
|Insiya
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=3 February 2021 |title=Watch 26 January (2018) Ullu: Cast, All Episodes, Watch Online |url=https://indiantalents.in/26-january-web-series-ullu-cast-all-episodes-watch-online/ |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Indian Talents |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Avrodh the Siege Within|Avrodh: The Siege Within]]''
|Namrata Joshi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2020 |title=Avrodh: Who plays who in the web series on 2016 surgical strike |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/avrodh-characters-amit-sadh-neeraj-kabi-darshan-kumaar-6516516/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2020
|''Khwabeeda''
| rowspan="2" |Anurag Mohn
| rowspan="2" |SVMT Music
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Rishita |title=Vishal Aditya Singh, Madhurima Tuli come together for romantic track Khwabeeda |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/vishal-aditya-singh-madhurima-tuli-come-together-for-romantic-track-khwabeeda-1752426-2020-12-23 |access-date=4 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Hayaa''
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hayaa - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=18 July 2022 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hayaa/PbnlIOpKlBo_ |language=en-US |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Theatres ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Madhurima Tuli theatrical credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2018
|''Surya Ki Antim Kiran Se Surya Ki Pehli Kiran Tak''
|Queen Sheelavathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Surya Ki Antim Kiran Se Surya Ki Pehli Kiran Tak Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/surya-ki-antim-kiran-se-surya-ki-pehli-kiran-tak/0-0-movie_406872654 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|5564868}}
* {{Instagram|madhurimatuli}}

{{Commons category|Madhurima Tuli}}

{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Nach Baliye}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuli, Madhurima}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda

2026-03-22T07:13:46Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Loco shed in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda
| image = MAS - NZM Garibrath Exp. (45209501154).jpg
| image_upright = 1.5
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Lallaguda based WAP-7 hauling MAS-NZM Garib Rath Express near Odela.
| location = Lallaguda South, Railway Colony, [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|17|26|N|78|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
| depotcode = LGD
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1995|09|06|df=y}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads =
| rollingstock = [[WAP-5]] [[WAP-7]] [[WAG-9]]
| former_rolling_stock = [[WAP-4]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]
| routes = 
| map_type = India Telangana
| map_size = 250
| embed =
}}

'''Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda''' is a [[motive power depot]] performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for [[electric locomotive]]s of the [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Lallaguda]] of the [[South Central Railway zone]] in [[Telangana]], India.

==Livery and Markings==
[[File:LGD ELS Logo.jpg|thumb|150px|Logo Mark of '''Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda''']]
Lallaguda ELS has its own logo and stencils. It is written on loco's body side as well as front & back side.

==Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[WAP-5]]
|6120
|4
|-
|2.
|[[WAP-7]]
|6350
|157
|-
|3.
|[[WAG-9]]
|6120
|139
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>
|300
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:Electric railway depots in India|Lallaguda]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

Bajaji Rao Naik Nimbalkar

2026-03-22T07:13:35Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Indian Nobleman}}
{{Infobox royalty
|consort=yes
| reign = 1644 - 1676
| death_date = 1676
| father = Mudhoji II Nimbalkar
| religion = [[Hinduism]] (by upbringing) [[Islam]] (converted) [[Hinduism]] (reconverted)
}}

'''Bajajirao Mudhoji Naik Nimbalkar''' was a Maratha nobleman and sixteenth [[Raja]] of [[Phaltan]] Jagir during 1644–1676. He was ''[[sardar]]'' of Deccan Sultanates and Maratha nobleman.

== Life ==
He succeeded throne of [[Phaltan]] after his father Naik [[Nimbalkar]] Mudhoji II. He was sixteenth direct descent from Padakla Jagdevrao Parmar, the founder of his dynasty and Phaltan. Balaji was the brother-in-law of [[Shivaji]], the founder of [[Maratha Empire]], as his sister [[Sayeebai|Maharani Saibai]] was his first wife. His sons were Mahadaji and Vanangoji. Mahadaji married Sakhubai, the eldest daughter of Shivaji and Saibai. He converted back to Hinduism from Islam later on and his conversion was performed by [[Shivaji]] according to [[Hindu]] [[Vedic]] rites.

== Career ==
He fought many battles for the Islamic Sultans of Deccan and later for the Marathas.<ref name="Gokhale1978">{{cite book|author=Kamal Shrikrishna Gokhale|title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43gBAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=29 June 2011|year=1978|publisher=Navakamal Publications}}</ref><ref>The rise and fall of the Maratha power, Volume 1 By Shivaram Laxman Karandikar</ref> However, it is said that he embraced the Muslim religion in the court of the [[Adil Shahi Dynasty]] after pressure for him to join Islam.<ref name="WLoch1989">{{cite book|author1=Loch W. W.|author2=W.W. Loch|title=Dakhan History Musalman And Maratha, A.D. 1300 To 1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWYq9H7ER78C&pg=PA599|accessdate=29 June 2011|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0467-4|pages=599–}}</ref> Later, Shivaji brought him back in the Hindu religion at Nira-Narsingpur and he had given his daughter to Bajaji's Son. Bajaji also married Ahirekar Patil and Bhosale Kinhaikar's daughters when he returned to the Hindu religion.<ref>Saibai by Dr.Shivade {{in lang|mr}}</ref><ref name="Kulakarṇī1996">{{cite book|author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī|title=Marathas and the Marathas Country: Medieval Maratha country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCBuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=29 June 2011|year=1996|publisher=Books & Books|isbn=978-81-85016-49-8}}</ref>
<ref>Discovery of God By Arvind Savant</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1676 deaths]]

Kakusthavarma

2026-03-22T07:13:23Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = '''Dharmamahārājadhirāja'''
| image =
| caption =
| succession = King of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Kingdom]]
| reign = {{reign|{{circa|425}}|450 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Raghu (Kadamba king)|Raghu]]
| successor = {{plainlist|
* [[Santivarma]] (at [[Banavasi]])
* [[Krishnavarma I]] (at Triparvatha)
}}
| issue = [[Santivarma]] and [[Krishnavarma I]]
| spouse =
| house = [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]
| father = [[Bhageerath]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
}}
{{Banavasi Kadamba Kings Infobox}}
'''Kakusthavarma''' ({{reign|{{circa|425}}|450 CE}}{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=369}}) or '''Kakusthavarman''' was a ruler of the [[Kadamba dynasty]] in [[South India]]. He succeeded his brother [[Raghu (Kadamba king)|Raghu]] as king. Under Kakusthavarma's rule the Kadamba kingdom attained the height of its power and influence, and the Kadambas enjoyed close diplomatic relations with the great royal houses of India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moraes |first1=George |title=The Kadamba Kula |date=1931 |publisher=B.X. Furtado & Sons |location=Bombay |pages=25–26}}</ref> The [[Talagunda pillar inscription|Talagunda]] and [[Halmidi inscription]]s praise Kakusthavarma as a formidable Kadamba warrior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep42005/sundayherald102257200592.asp|title=Bouncing off to Banavasi|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=2007-04-13|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070213125920/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep42005/sundayherald102257200592.asp  |archivedate = 2007-02-13}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kakusthavarma was born to King [[Bhageerath]], the third ruler of the Kadamba dynasty. Upon his father's death, Kakusthavarma's elder brother Raghu assumed the throne of the Kadamba kingdom, with Kakusthavarma as ''Yuvaraja'' or [[Crown Prince]]. Kakusthavarma held court as the heir apparent, perhaps at Palashika (present-day [[Halasi]]) from where he is known to have issued land grants.<ref name = "yuvaraja">{{cite book |author1=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=220}}</ref> In due course, he succeeded his brother on the Kadamba throne.

==Reign==
Kakusthavarma's reign is notable for the marriage alliances that he contracted with other powerful dynasties. Most importantly, Kakusthavarma married one of his daughters into the imperial [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K.A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |date=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=111 |edition=Third}}</ref> It is also likely that Kakusthavarma married another one of his daughters to the [[Vakataka]] prince [[Narendrasena]], as the Vakataka records describe Narendrasena's wife Ajjhitabhattarika as a princess of the [[Kuntala country]] which probably corresponds to the Kadamba kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |author1=D.C. Sircar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |title=The Classical Age |date=1997 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=184 |edition=Fifth}}</ref><ref>Sastri (1961), p. 109</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=106}}</ref>

Kakusthavarma appears to have been a great builder and avid patron of secular architecture as well as of religious causes. He is described as possessing numerous palaces adorned with ''[[gopura]]s''.<ref name = "yuvaraja"/> Kakusthavarma's son and successor, [[Santivarma]], records in his [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] that his father had constructed a great water tank near a [[Shiva]] temple at which [[Satakarni]] and other kings of the past had worshipped.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kielhorn |first1=F. |title=Talagunda pillar inscription of Kakusthavarman |journal=Epigraphia Indica |date=1905–1906 |volume=VIII |page=28}}</ref> Kakusthavarma himself appears to have had [[Jain]] religious tendencies, as in his grant at Halasi he begins with an invocation to Jinendra, the lord of the [[Jinas]], and likely patronized a Jain temple at this place.{{sfn|Desai|1957|p=110}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=526}}

==Successors==
Upon Kakusthavarma's death, the Kadamba kingdom appears to have been divided between his progeny. One of Kakusthavarma's sons, Santivarma, succeeded his father at [[Banavasi]] and ruled over the northern part of the Kadamba realm. Another one of Kakusthavarma's sons, [[Krishnavarma I]], seems to have founded a [[cadet branch]] of the Kadamba dynasty at Triparvatha, in the southern part of the Kadamba realm.<ref>Sastri (1997), pp. 272–273</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Desai |first=P.B. |year=1957 |title=Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs |place=Sholapur |publisher=Jaina Samshodhana Sangha }}
* {{citation |last=Karashima |first=Noboru |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Moraes |first=George M. |authorlink=George M. Moraes |year=1931 |title=The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22295 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0595-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url={{Google books|Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kadamba kings]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]

Kriti Kharbanda

2026-03-22T07:13:10Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kriti Kharbanda
| image = Kriti Kharbanda snapped in Andheri (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kharbanda in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|10|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| alma_mater = [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College]]
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009{{endash}}present
| relatives =
| website =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pulkit Samrat]]|2024}}
}}

'''Kriti Kharbanda''' (born 29 October 1990) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] language films. Kharbanda is a recipient of several accolades including a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]], and nominations for two [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! When Kriti Kharbanda witnessed the power of stardom, down south |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-kriti-kharbanda-witnessed-power-of-stardom-down-south/articleshow/89445613.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

After beginning her career as a model, Kharbanda made her acting debut in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]'' (2009) and her [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] debut with ''[[Chirru]]'' (2010). Following a few unsuccessful films, she received the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Kannada]] nomination for portraying a medical student in ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'' (2013) and for ''[[Super Ranga]]'' (2014), winning the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] for the latter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919 |date=8 August 2015 |website=The National |location=Abu Dhabi |author=Ujala Ali Khan |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> She portrayed an IAS aspirant in ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' (2015), for which she received [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Filmfare]] and SIIMA Award for [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] nominations. Kharbanda's other successful films include the Kannada films, ''[[Tirupathi Express]]'' (2014), ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]'' (2014) and ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]'' (2015).

Kharbanda made her [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film debut with ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]'' (2016) and played a PCS Officer in ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' (2017), which proved to be her breakthrough. Her other notable Hindi films include ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]'' (2018), ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019), which is her highest-grossing release, ''[[Taish]]'' (2020) and ''[[14 Phere]]'' (2021). She earned further praise for her streaming debut ''[[Rana Naidu]]'' (2025).

In addition to her acting career, Kharbanda is a prominent celebrity endorser for various brands and products. She also support a number of causes. Kharbanda is married to actor [[Pulkit Samrat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda completes 12 years in Indian cinema, boyfriend Pulkit Samrat calls her an 'inspiration' |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/kriti-kharbanda-completes-12-years-in-indian-cinema-boyfriend-pulkit-samrat-calls-her-an-inspiration-267424 |website=The Tribune |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kriti Kharbanda was born on 29 October 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kriti-kharbanda-on-turning-27-i-honestly-think-age-is-just-a-number/18699153 |title=Kriti Kharbanda on turning 27: I honestly think age is just a number |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-kharbanda-hosts-a-halloween-themed-birthday-bash/articleshow/61337004.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda hosts a Halloween themed birthday bash |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> in a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Hindu family in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-am-okay-with-kissing/20170612.htm |title=I am okay with kissing onscreen: Kriti Kharbanda |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movieraja.in/kriti-kharbanda-pdofile-movies-photos/ |title=Actress Kriti Kharbanda Profile, Movies and Photos |website=Movie Raja |access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |author=Reddy, Maheswarari |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article203834.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article203834.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |title=Kriti Kharbanda on flops, fairness & future |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> She has a younger sister Ishita Kharbanda and a younger brother Jaiwardhan Kharbanda, who is the co-founder of Paper Plane Productions. She moved to [[Bangalore]] in the early 1990s with her family.

Kharbanda was educated at [[Baldwin Girls' High School]], [[Bangalore]], and at the [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Even if I have a day off, I come running back to Bengaluru: Kriti Kharbanda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/oct/06/even-if-i-have-a-day-offi-come-running-back-to-bengalurukriti-kharbanda-2368020.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She was graduated from [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> She also holds a diploma in jewellery designing.<ref>{{cite news |author=M. L. Narasimham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/angling-for-the-entertainer-tag/article805267.ece |title=Angling for the entertainer tag |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

According to her, she was very active in cultural activities during school and college.<ref name="newindianexpress1" />
As a child, she was also featured in a number of advertisements and she continued modelling while in school/college, stating that she "always loved doing TV commercials".<ref name="southscope1">{{cite web |url=http://www.southscope.in/kannada/article/people-who-tried-pull-me-down-are-now-claiming-credit-my-success-kriti-kharbanda |title='People who tried to pull me down, are now claiming credit for my success' -Kriti Kharbanda |publisher=Southscope.in |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017135441/http://www.southscope.in/kannada/article/people-who-tried-pull-me-down-are-now-claiming-credit-my-success-kriti-kharbanda |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her prominent modelling campaigns during her college days were for [[Bhima Jewellers]], [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]], and [[Glow & Lovely|Fair & Lovely]]. Her photo on the Spar billboard caught the attention of NRI director Raj Pippala who was looking for a heroine for his film, and that paved the way for her acting career.<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> She said that she had initially no plans of becoming an actress and that it was only because of her mother's encouragement that she considered it seriously.<ref name="southscope1" />

== Career ==
=== Early career (2009–2012) ===
[[File:Kriti Kharbanda at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013.jpg|thumb|Kharbanda at the [[60th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]]]

After being seen on the Spar billboard, Kharbanda was cast in a lead role for the Telugu film ''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]'' opposite [[Sumanth]].<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> ''Boni'' received negative reviews but fetched Kharbanda a positive response. While ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Kriti was a good choice and she had no tense moments despite her debut. Her looks are gorgeous and she has a lot of future if she plays her cards correctly",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boni-review-telugu-14894040.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808134812/http://www.sify.com/movies/boni-review-telugu-14894040.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2015 |title=Movie Review : Boni |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Kriti Kharbanda looks fresh and pretty and manages to play the part of Pragati in a fairly convincing way. She may have to work on her expressions a bit in future, though".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/12/boni-quite-a-mish-mash.htm |title=Boni: Quite a mish-mash |work=Rediff.com |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Although the film was unsuccessful at the box office,<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=y. sunita chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pretty-woman/article1595510.ece |title=Pretty woman |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/set-for-a-long-inning/article638004.ece |title=Set for a long inning |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 July 2009 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> She landed a prominent role in the [[Pawan Kalyan]] film ''[[Teen Maar]]''. Her next release, however, was her debut [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] film, ''[[Chirru]]''. Her performance was mostly well received, with ''[[The Times of India]]'' writing that she "excels in her performance".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Chirru/movie-review/6980715.cms |title=Chirru movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> and Indiaglitz.com stating that she "is very pretty and her expressions are good". ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that she "looks ravishing in song sequences" and "is good at dancing".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chirru-well-made-entertainer-kannada-movie-review-news-national-kluoOdhhifg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808140316/http://www.sify.com/movies/chirru-well-made-entertainer-kannada-movie-review-news-national-kluoOdhhifg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2015 |title='Chirru' – well made entertainer (Kannada Movie Review) |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The film was a hit at the box office, and Kharbanda stated that it got her recognition and "a fair amount of admiration in the industry", resulting in her being offered numerous projects in Kannada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda/283101-71-204.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820035408/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda/283101-71-204.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2012 |title=I demand what I deserve: Kriti Kharbanda – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> However, she took a long time to sign her second Kannada film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-signs-two-kannada-films-news-kannada-llcqMAeiibe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105201800/http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-signs-two-kannada-films-news-kannada-llcqMAeiibe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2011 |title=Kriti signs two Kannada films |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> until October 2011, when she signed up for four films in a single month.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web |author=Sunayana Suresh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kriti-kharbanda-to-romance-prem-in-her-new-film-adda-1599501 |title=Kriti Kharbanda to romance Prem in her new film 'Adda' & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

In 2011, Kharbanda was seen in a guest role in the successful Telugu romantic comedy ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'',<ref name="thehindu1" /> before ''[[Teen Maar]]'' was released. She appeared in "retro scenes" in ''Teen Maar'' in which she had to "replicate heroines from the 70s" and revealed that she also chose the costumes and jewellery she wore in the film.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The film turned out to be an average grosser.<ref>[http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=116&cid=6&fid=207 Teen Maar Box Office Collections]''Andhra Box Office''</ref> The following year, she acted in ''[[Mr. Nookayya]]'' alongside [[Manoj Manchu]] in Telugu, and in ''[[Prem Adda]]'', a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'', in Kannada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prem-adda-review-lacks-native-elements-news-kannada-mmiskjfgjfd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216062542/http://www.sify.com/movies/prem-adda-review-lacks-native-elements-news-kannada-mmiskjfgjfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2012 |title=Prem Adda review: Lacks native elements |website=[[Sify]] |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The latter film featured her in a "completely de-glam" role, with the actress stating that her fair complexion posed a problem to her as she played a small town girl from the 80s.<ref name="dnaindia1" /> She called Girija the most challenging character she had played till then, since it required a no-makeup look, get a tan and walk barefoot to attain "a raw look" like the role demanded.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shruti I L |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-m-taking-off-where-swati-left-kriti-kharbanda-1754666 |title=I'm taking off where Swati left: Kriti Kharbanda & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> For the film, she also designed her costumes along with her mother.<ref name="southscope1" />

=== Career progression and critical acclaim (2013–2019) ===
Kharbanda had four releases in 2013, two each in Telugu and Kannada. Her first release was Kannada film ''[[Galaate]]'' opposite [[Prajwal Devaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/Jan/12/another-name-bites-the-dust-442487.html |title=Another name bites the dust |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 January 2013}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Times of India]]'' stated that she gives life to her role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/galaate/movie-review/17999382.cms?from=mdr |title=GALAATE MOVIE REVIEW: It manages to entertain despite choosing the tested formula |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> In her next Telugu film, [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]'s ''[[Ongole Githa]]'' opposite [[Ram Pothineni]], she played a "typical town girl",<ref>{{cite news |author=m. l. narasimham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/colourful-and-hot/article4254428.ece |title=Colourful and hot |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Karthik Pasupulate mentioned, "Kriti looks cute and does a decent job of holding her own despite playing a character with little scope to do any acting."<ref>{{Cite news |title=ONGOLE GITHA MOVIE REVIEW: It's a typical "mass entertainer" that's made with a touch of class! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ongole-githa/movie-review/18292376.cms |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> Her next release was [[Kalyan Ram]]'s ''[[Om 3D]]'', the first 3D action film in Telugu cinema, both films did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/om-teaser-is-out-news-telugu-nbqlSujacad.html |title=Om 3D teaser is out |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118103156/http://www.sify.com/movies/om-teaser-is-out-news-telugu-nbqlSujacad.html |archive-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Kriti Kharbanda.jpg|thumbnail|left|Kharbanda at an event in 2013]]

Kharbanda's career in Kannada, however, saw an upswing with the romantic comedy ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'', her last release of the year. She portrayed a medical student Swathi opposite [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]. Her performance was lauded by critics with G. S. Kumar stating, "Kriti has given life to her character."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Googly/movie-review/21169267.cms |title=Googly movie review |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Sify]]'' in particular, praised Kharbanda, calling her "The heart and soul of the movie...who emerges triumphant on the big screen with some fine acting".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/googly-review-kannada-15034472.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724234951/http://www.sify.com/movies/googly-review-kannada-15034472.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2013 |title=Movie Review : Googly |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The film went on to collect over {{INR}}15 crores at the box office, emerging as the [[List of Kannada films of 2013|third highest-grossing Kannada film]] of the year.<ref>{{cite web |author=A Sharadhaa |location=Bangalore |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Sandalwood-Report-Card/2013/12/30/article1972285.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102022941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Sandalwood-Report-Card/2013/12/30/article1972285.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2014 |title=Sandalwood Report Card |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-a-sneak-peek-into-sandalwoods-box-office-news-kannada-nmyli8cbdag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227055714/http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-a-sneak-peek-into-sandalwoods-box-office-news-kannada-nmyli8cbdag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2013 |title=2013– A sneak peek into Sandalwood's box office |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=24 June 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Most-Desirable-Woman-2013-Kriti-Kharbanda/articleshow/37077918.cms |title=I'm married to movies, but I'm having an affair: Kriti Kharbanda |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> She stated that she received a lot of offers after ''Googly'' including two [[Bollywood]] projects that she had to refuse since she was too busy shooting for her previously signed films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Dhwani |date=30 October 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/People-started-taking-me-seriously-with-Belli-Kriti-Kharbanda/articleshow/44971014.cms |title=People started taking me seriously with Belli: Kriti Kharbanda |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> The film earned her [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards 2013 |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>

Following ''Googly''{{'}}s success, Kharbanda had three Kannada releases in 2014: Her first release was ''[[Tirupathi Express]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Venkatadri Express]]''. She played a techie opposite [[Sumanth Shailendra]].<ref>{{cite web |author=A Sharadhaa |location=Bangalore |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sanju-Has-a-Blind-Date/2014/04/02/article2144815.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605055943/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sanju-Has-a-Blind-Date/2014/04/02/article2144815.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2014 |title=Sanju Has a Blind Date |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-in-Venkatadri-Express-remake/articleshow/29153637.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda's Tirupati Express is a remake |website=The Times of India |date=21 January 2014 |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> Shashi Prasad noted, "Kriti who has struck hat-trick opportunities after her ''Googly'' success, makes another 'beautiful' comeback while filling the much needed glamour quotient."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140906/entertainment-bollywood/article/movie-review-tirupathi-express-comedy-express |title=Movie review 'Tirupathi Express': It's a comedy express |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Super Ranga]]'' opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], playing a modern girl Naina. Her performance fetched her positive reviews and S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted, "Kriti, simply adores the screen with her beauty and in the real sense, the beautiful kick for the audience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review 'Super Ranga': A repetition of Upendra's mannerism in his recent films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/entertainment-sandalwood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98super-ranga%E2%80%99-repetition-upendra%E2%80%99s-mannerism |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 September 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> For the film, she earned the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress - Kannada]], alongside nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] and SIIMA Best Actress – Kannada award.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Filmfare-South-Kannada-nominations-2014/articleshow/47539337.cms |title=Filmfare South Kannada nominations 2014 |date=4 June 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-award-winners-at-SIIMA/articleshow/48432299.cms |title=Kannada award winners at SIIMA |date=11 August 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> Kharbanda's final release of the year was ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]'' opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. ''[[IB Times]]''{{'}}s critic found her to be "a treat to watch".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha |title=Kriti Kharbanda in Shivarajkumar's Belli? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Shivarajkumars-Belli/articleshow/31147254.cms |access-date=5 October 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005144158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Shivarajkumars-Belli/articleshow/31147254.cms |archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/belli-movie-review-audience-bowled-over-by-shivaraj-kumars-entry-612697 |title='Belli' Movie review |work=International Business Times |date=31 October 2014}}</ref> ''Super Ranga'' was a box office success,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-09-20/Uppis-Super-Ranga-Box-Office-collections/108407 |title=Uppi's Super Ranga Movie Box Office Collection |work=The Hans India |accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref> while ''Belli'' became a box office average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-11-01/Shivannas-Belli-box-office-collections/114193 |title='Belli' Movie Box Office Collection |work=The Hans India |accessdate=31 December 2014}}</ref>

Kharbanda's first release in 2015 was opposite [[Diganth]] in ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]''. She received special praise for her performance, with Sunayana Suresh stating that she's the "biggest plus point of the film".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Minchagi-Nee-Baralu/movie-review/50072497.cms |title=Minchagi Nee Baralu Movie Review |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> She next portrayed an IAS aspirant in the Telugu film ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' co-starring [[Ram Charan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-is-excited-about-her-film-with-Ram-Charan/articleshow/47001435.cms? |title=Kriti Kharbanda is excited about her film with Ram Charan |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' found her to be "apt" in her role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruce Lee- The Fighter |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bruce-lee--the-fighter-review-telugu-pkqmHlaehfghb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017002300/http://www.sify.com/movies/bruce-lee--the-fighter-review-telugu-pkqmHlaehfghb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2015|access-date=2021-01-09 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was a box office average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2015 |title=Bruce Lee The Fighter box office collection: The actioner is Ram Charan's highest opener till date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bruce-lee-the-fighter-box-office-collection-the-actioner-becomes-the-best-opener-of-ram-charan-till-date-268673-2015-10-18 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She earned nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] and [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=16 October 2015 |title=Bruce Lee: All that gloss |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bruce-lee-all-that-gloss/article7770250.ece |access-date=9 January 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2016, Kharbanda expanded to [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films with ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'' opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]] and [[Gaurav Arora]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South actress Kriti Kharbanda in 'Raaz 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/South-actress-Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Raaz-4/articleshow/49845876.cms |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/emraan-hashmi-to-shoot-raaz-4-at-worlds-most-haunted-forest/16906181 |title=Emraan Hashmi to shoot 'Raaz 4' at 'world's most haunted forest' |date=29 January 2016 |website=mid-day}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918140656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/850 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2016 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Raaz Reboot – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 September 2016 |access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

Kharbanda had four film releases in 2017: She first made her Tamil film debut opposite [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in ''[[Bruce Lee (2016 film)|Bruce Lee]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=16 January 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-opposite-GV-in-Bruce-Lee/articleshow/49103544.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda opposite GV in Bruce Lee |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> It received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruce Lee honest movie review: G.V. Prakash Kumar and Kriti Kharbanda's film fails to impress the critics! |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bruce-lee-honest-movie-review-the-film-fails-to-impress-the-reviewers-1936014/ |last=Mandal |first=Manisha |date=17 March 2017 |website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com |language=en |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> The same year, she played the lead in ''[[Maasthi Gudi]]'' a Kannada film, opposite [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmcultr.com/kriti-karabanda-enters-the-masti-gudi/ |title=Kriti Kharbanda enters the Maasti Gudi! |access-date=2 March 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303053317/http://filmcultr.com/kriti-karabanda-enters-the-masti-gudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maasthi-gudi/movie-review/58642885.cms |title=Maasthi Gudi Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> Kharbanda also starred in two Hindi films. Firstly in the comedy drama ''[[Guest {{not a typo|iin}} London]]'' opposite [[Kartik Aaryan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Paresh-is-Kartiks-unwelcome-guest/articleshow/53200402.cms |title=Paresh is Kartik's Unwelcome Guest |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]''{{'}}s Renil Abraham noted, "Kartik Aryan and Kriti Kharbanda looks good and plays the role well. They've been styled well too."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/guest-iin-london-movie-review-paresh-rawals-flailing-comic-timing-cant-save-this-directionless-film-3783599.html |title=Guest Iin London movie review: Paresh Rawal's flailing comic timing can't save this directionless film |date=7 July 2017 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> She next portrayed a PCS officer in the romantic comedy ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' opposite [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/omg-rajkummar-raos-reel-wedding-worth-rs-2-crore/ |title=Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Kharbanda's reel wedding is worth Rs. 2 crore |access-date=14 May 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 May 2017}}</ref> She received mentions for her performance. A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote that she does a much better job here than her previous Hindi releases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana/critic-review/shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana-movie-review/ |title=Movie Review: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> While Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated that she gave her career's "best performance" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana-movie-review-super-story-lousy-treatment-25013.html |title=Movie Review: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=12 November 2017 |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> ''Guest iin London'' failed at the box office, while ''Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana'' was a moderate success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana |date=11 November 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Kharbanda had four releases in 2018 too. Her first appearance was in ''[[Karwaan]]'' opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fanney-khan-vs-karwaan-vs-mulk-at-box-office-it-is-advantage-irrfan-khan-as-anil-kapoor-film-falters/story-YGjs5EAsX0mEM9xyFMFmdM.html |title=Karwaan advantage |date=4 August 2018 |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805125532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fanney-khan-vs-karwaan-vs-mulk-at-box-office-it-is-advantage-irrfan-khan-as-anil-kapoor-film-falters/story-YGjs5EAsX0mEM9xyFMFmdM.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare found her to be "likeable" in her special appearance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karwaan Review: Brilliant performances by Mithila and Irrfan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/karwaan/movie-review/65225677.cms|access-date=25 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She next played the lead in the Kannada film ''[[Dalapathi (film)|Dalapathi]]'' opposite [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Prem-and-Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Prashant-Rajs-next/articleshow/34427703.cms |title=Prem and Kriti Kharbanda in Prashant Raj's next |work=The Times of India |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=12 May 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-returns-to-work/articleshow/47242895.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda returns after a break |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> A critic from ''Times of India'' praised her and stated, "Kriti looks like a million bucks, and one wonders why we don't see her on screen as often in Kannada films, given how she effortlessly charms the audience."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dalapathi/movie-review/63745613.cms |title=Dalapathi Movie Review by TOI |date=13 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> Her next releases was ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'' opposite [[Pulkit Samrat]], where she played a Punjabi girl.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veerey-ki-wedding-trailer-pulkit-samrat-and-kriti-kharbandas-film-is-meh-1807446 |title=Veerey Ki Wedding Trailer: Pulkit Samrat And Kriti Kharbanda's Film Is Meh |author=Divya Goyal |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 February 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytsHyHD_vWs |title=Official Trailer: Veerey Ki Wedding |date=February 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Critic from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that she as Geet is "effervescent and pretty", but sadly is "limited" by a badly written script. She delivers what is expected of her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veerey Ki Wedding movie review: Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda's archaic and tiresome affair |access-date=4 March 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/veerey-ki-wedding-movie-review-pulkit-samrat-kriti-kharbanda-s-archaic-and-tiresome-affair/story-0To4dERj40DJpS8qighxgK_amp.html}}</ref> Her final release that year was ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]'' opposite [[Bobby Deol]], where she played a Gujarati surgeon.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-teaser-dharmendra-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-5217033/ |title=Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se teaser: Dharmendra, Sunny and Bobby Deol promise a 'Fun-jabi' film |date=14 June 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collection and days wise break up of Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se |date=September 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa wrote, "Kriti plays a Gujarati surgeon who loves her booze and should have had her license revoked a long time back."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se movie review: This film is injurious to your health |access-date=31 August 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 August 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-movie-review-this-film-is-injurious-to-your-health/story-54YLlOKnTnh4jv2zEkkZMM_amp.html}}</ref> The film had poor box office returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se/|title=Box Office: Worldwide collection and days wise break up of Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=September 2018|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902114615/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kriti Kharbanda attends a friend’s wedding function (04) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kharbanda in 2018]]

Kharbanda starred in two comedy ensembles in 2019. Her first release of the year was the reincarnation comedy ''[[Housefull 4]]'', where she portrayed Rajkumari Meena and Neha opposite Bobby Deol and [[Riteish Deshmukh]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=kriti_official |number=1176807070718316545 |title=Kaise Rajkumari Meena aur Neha ki kismat unke saath ek anokha khel khelti hai! Jaanne ke liye dekhiye #Housefull4 Trailer on 27th September. |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> It became her highest grossing release with a worldwide gross collection of ₹296 crore and was the year's [[List of Hindi films of 2019|fourth highest grossing release]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-akshay-kumar-starrer-housefull-4-earns-rs-200-crore-even-before-its-shooting-here-s-how-435527 |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Housefull 4 earns Rs 200 crore even before its shooting! Here's how &#124; Bollywood News – India TV |first=Shalu |last=Singh |date=2 April 2018 |website=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/housefull-4/movie-review/71753422.cms |title=Housefull 4 Movie Review : Not so full of comedy |work=The Times of India |first=Sreeparna |last=Sengupta |date=25 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja opined, "Kriti Kharbanda brings freshness to the screen but, her poor dialogue delivery is distracting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housefull 4 movie review: This Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon film is uneven but funny |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 October 2019 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-movie-review-akshay-kumar-raises-the-bar-others-struggle/story-fNOnSVNtEwGzniUIceyMrL_amp.html |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in [[Anees Bazmee]]'s ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'' alongside Pulkit Samrat, playing a gangster's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-anil-kapoor-ileana-dcruz-kriti-kharbanda-to-start-shooting-for-pagalpanti-in-london/articleshow/67966665.cms |title=John Abraham, Anil Kapoor, Ileana D'Cruz, Kriti Kharbanda to start shooting for Pagalpanti in London |work=Mumbai Mirror India Times |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> Critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Of all the heroines, Kriti Kharbanda gets to play an interesting character and she does justice."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pagalpanti/critic-review/pagalpanti-movie-review/ |title=Pagalpanti Movie Review: Fails to raise the desired amount of laughs due to lazy writing |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Expansion and streaming projects (2020–present) ===
Kharbanda's only release in 2020 was Bejoy Nambiar's ''[[Taish]]'' opposite [[Jim Sarbh]] and Pulkit Samrat, which released on [[ZEE5]] as a feature film and six-episode series.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bejoy-nambiars-taish-to-premiere-on-zee5-in-october/1944764 |title=Bejoy Nambiar's ''Taish'' to premiere on ZEE5 in October |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taish mini-series & movie review: TAISH rests on an interesting storyline with some fine performances |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/taish/critic-review/taish-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Pallabi Dey Purkayastha mentions, "Kriti, Sanjeeda and Saloni play three very different women standing at three crucial junctions in their respective lives. As Arfa, Kharbanda is a sucker for love and the peacemaker of the livid gang."<ref>{{cite news |title=Taish Movie Review: Taish is timely, stylish and has an important life lesson to impart |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/taish/ottmoviereview/78932333.cms}}</ref> In 2021, she appeared in ZEE5's ''[[14 Phere]]'', directed by Devanshu Singh opposite [[Vikrant Massey]], playing a Jatt girl Aditi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vikrant-massey-and-kriti-kharbanda-s-14-phere-to-release-on-july-23-on-zee-5-1824169-2021-07-05 |title=Vikrant Massey and Kriti Kharbanda's 14 Phere to release on July 23 on Zee 5 |date=5 July 2021 |work=India Today |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote, "Kriti Kharbanda as Aditi, has a very thinly written character sketch, but she manages to be charming throughout."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Stutee |date=23 July 2021 |title=Review: '14 Phere' Can Be Watched but It's Difficult to Care About |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/14-phere-film-review-full-vikrant-massey-kriti-kharbanda |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=14 Phere Movie Review: A family comedy that begins strong, finishes weak |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 July 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/14-phere/ottmoviereview/84543176.cms}}</ref>

Following a four year hiatus from screen, Kharbanda expanded to web with the second season of ''[[Rana Naidu]]'', where she played an ambitious entrepreneur opposite [[Himanshu Malhotra]] and [[Rana Daggubati]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Rana Daggubati, Kriti Kharbanda team up for an upcoming entertainer |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rana-daggubati-kriti-kharbanda-team-up-for-an-upcoming-entertainer-report-8927744.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo stated, "Kriti is a notable addition, portraying a morally ambiguous character with ease."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Naidu 2 series review: An improved season, even if not consistently smarter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-naidu-2-series-review-an-improved-season-even-if-not-consistently-smarter/article69685727.ece/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mayur Sanap noted, "The most enjoyable of all is Kriti's scheming woman who is just so nonchalant about her nasty ways. It's a delicious character and Kriti plays her with complete relish."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Naidu 2 Review: Good Looking Mess |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rana-naidu-2-review-good-looking-mess/20250613.htm |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Kharbanda will next appear in Abir Sengupta's ''Risky Romeo'' opposite [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Singh and Kriti Kharbanda to headline Abir Sengupta's neo-noir comic tragedy Risky Romeo |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-singh-kriti-kharbanda-headline-abir-senguptas-neo-noir-comic-tragedy-risky-romeo/}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kharbanda met actor [[Pulkit Samrat]] in 2018 and they eventually started dating in 2019. The couple has worked together in the films — ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'', ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'' and ''[[Taish]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda says she's dating Pulkit Samrat, says she wanted her parents to know first |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kriti-kharbanda-admits-she-s-dating-pulkit-samrat-says-she-wanted-her-parents-to-know-first/story-HXmvjvEL9Y5KipWcgOz8YP.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title=Pulkit Samrat's birthday wish for girlfriend Kriti Kharbanda is all about "Balcony dates and campfire movie nights" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pulkit-samrats-birthday-wish-for-girlfriend-kriti-kharbanda-is-all-about-balcony-dates-and-campfire-movie-nights-2317737 |access-date=29 October 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> After being in a relationship for five years, the couple got engaged in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Pulkit Samrat and Kriti Kharbanda are now engaged, pics from roka ceremony out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulkit-samrat-and-kriti-kharbanda-are-now-engaged-pics-from-roka-ceremony-out-2495282-2024-01-30 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat wedding: Here's a look at their love story, net worth and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-wedding-heres-a-look-at-their-love-story-net-worth-expensive-assets-and-more/3426880/lite/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> Kharbanda married Samrat in a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony, on 15 March 2024, in [[Manesar]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat tie knot, share first pics from wedding: 'Through the low and high, it's only you' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-tie-knot-share-first-pics-from-wedding-101710575873341-amp.html |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pulkit Samrat-Kriti Kharbanda are now married. Couple shares first wedding pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulkit-samrat-kriti-kharbanda-married-couple-wedding-pics-2515434-2024-03-16 |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Kharbanda has a keen interest in [[pole dance]] and is often seen practicing it. She says, "Pole dance has become a part of not just my fitness, but also my meditation."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: Pole dancing is not just a part of my fitness but also my meditation |work=The Tribune India |access-date=11 July 2021 |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kriti-kharbanda-pole-dancing-not-just-a-part-of-my-fitness-but-also-my-meditation-281565}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
Kharbanda decided to sponsor the education for 30 girls through her association with the [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] "Shiksha Seva Foundation", that works at educating girl child, on her 30th birthday in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda celebrates her birthday as she takes the responsibility of 30 girls study expences |work=ABP News |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/kriti-kharbanda-celebrates-her-birthday-as-she-take-responsibilty-of-30-girls-study-expences-1619638/amp}}</ref> She has also worked associated with an NGO that works towards the cause of animals, especially during summer, by providing them water and shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda fights for animal cause |author=DNA Entertainment |work=DNA India |access-date=11 September 2020 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kriti-kharbanda-fights-for-animal-cause-2619997/amp}}</ref>

Kharbanda has been associated with [[Celebrity Cricket League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2011060564880600.htm&date=2011/06/05/&prd=th& |title=Beauty, brawn ... and then there was cricket |work=The Hindu |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=2012-01-22}}</ref> Since 2011, she has supported "Karnataka Bulldozers" and other teams at the league. All the seasons of the league aim to create awareness about a social issue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Its-celebrity-cricket-league-next/articleshow/8563219.cms |title=It's celebrity cricket league next |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2011 | access-date=9 March 2012 | archive-date=17 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117000321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/bangalore/29581009_1_film-fraternity-kannada-film-industry-karnataka-film-chamber | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cclt20.in/about-us.php |title=About Us – CCL Social Initiative |publisher=cclt20 Pvt Ltd |work=Celebrity Cricket League | access-date=9 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531014255/http://cclt20.in/about-us.php | archive-date=31 May 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, Kharbanda indulged in an interactive session with actor [[Chris Hemsworth]] on "holistic wellbeing".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Chris Hemsworth to talk about wellbeing this Thursday |work=Times of India |date=14 October 2020 |access-date=11 December 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kriti-kharbanda-and-chris-hemsworth-to-talk-about-wellbeing-this-thursday/articleshow/78654896.cms}}</ref> She has ramp walked in the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] and has been the [[cover model]] for several magazines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda to walk for Sweta and Priyangsu at Lakme Fashion Week |publisher=India TV |date=17 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/fashion-kriti-kharbanda-to-walk-for-sweta-and-priyangsu-at-lakme-fashion-week-458528}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: On The Covers |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/on-the-covers/kriti-kharbanda/kriti-kharbanda-3-3/ |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/on-the-covers/kriti-kharbanda/kriti-kharbanda-3-3/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

She has been outspoken on issues such as feminism. She said, "We say all are just equals. I believe there cannot be any discrimination between man and woman or that one of them can function without the other. However, I also believe women are stronger in terms of dealing with their emotions."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda on feminism |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/071120/kriti-kharbanda-on-feminism.html |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/television/071120/kriti-kharbanda-on-feminism.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Kharbanda had criticised actress [[Hina Khan]] for her comment on "South Indian" actresses. Khan said, "South makers like to cast women who are on the heavier side". On this, Kharbanda lashed out at the actress and said, "Hina Khan is a very big name on television. That is not how you talk about people. There is no need to (say such things on national television). It's rather unfortunate that an actor is talking like that, and an actor of that caliber, that too." She also wanted to slap the actress for her comment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Kriti Kharbanda wanted to slap Hina Khan for her 'bulging' comment on South actresses |work=India Today |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/when-kriti-kharbanda-wanted-to-slap-hina-khan-for-her-bulging-comment-on-south-actresses-1923695-2022-03-10}}</ref>

== Artistry and public image ==
[[File:Kriti Kharbanda clicked in Andheri (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kharbanda in 2025]]

Kharbanda has established herself as one of the most popular celebrities in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Kannada actress who are also popular in other film industries |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 December 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/kannada-actress-who-are-popular-in-other-film-industries/photostory/51864848.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Power Actress: Kriti Kharbanda |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=3 June 2014 |access-date=15 July 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/filterby/IND/2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/filterby/IND/2019/}}</ref> Post her film debut, she was termed "ebullient, beautiful and promising".<ref>{{Cite web |title=I demand what I deserve: Kriti Kharbanda |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda-499359.html |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.news18.com/news/india/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda-499359.html |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=News18 India |date=17 August 2012}}</ref> Following the success of ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'', she became a sought-after actress in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-kharbandha-turns-busy-bee-news-kannada-ogciMecbihi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-kharbandha-turns-busy-bee-news-kannada-ogciMecbihi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2014 |title=Kriti Kharbandha turns busy bee! |work=Sify |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> Kharbanda feels the film "changed her career overnight". She termed it as her favourite and said, "It's my favourite because I enjoyed working on that film. I felt I could do justice to the character and the character did justice to me."<ref>{{Cite web |title=I can't wait for 'Googly' to happen to me again |author=Chetana Divya Vasudev |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 July 2018 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/583123/i-cant-wait-googly-happen.html}}</ref> In 2013, she was ranked 8th in Top Sandalwood Actresses List.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Sandalwood Actresses of 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-sandalwood-heroines-of-2013/photostory/28581101.cms |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112041726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-sandalwood-heroines-of-2013/photostory/28581101.cms |access-date=14 July 2019 |url-status=live |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' find her to be "a perfect blend" of solid acting chops, expressive face, arresting glamour, and a dazzling screen presence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kriti Kharbanda: 10 times the actress slayed with her Instagram posts |work=Firstpost |date=29 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-kriti-kharbanda-10-times-the-actress-slayed-with-her-instagram-posts-11516411.html/amp}}</ref> Kharbanda feels ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' is a film that "changed her life".<ref>{{Cite web |title=And good things happened: Kriti Kharbanda on the film that changed her life |author=Tribune Lifestyle |work=Tribune India |access-date=20 July 2019 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/and-good-things-happened-kriti-kharbanda-on-the-film-that-changed-her-life-169185}}</ref> Kharbanda is known to be "extremely detail-oriented", when it comes to her craft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: Attention to detail |author=Tribune Lifestyle |work=Tribune India |access-date=25 August 2018 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/attention-to-detail-448107}}</ref> On her work style, Kharbanda said that she is "grateful to have reached a position in her career", where she can refuse work that doesn't excite her and "rely on her instincts while choosing characters".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: Finally have an option to say no and will make most of it |work=India TV News |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=31 December 2022 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/kriti-kharbanda-finally-have-option-to-say-no-and-will-make-most-of-it-720298}}</ref> On getting typecast, she said,
{{Blockquote|"It's going to help me grow as an actor. Go ahead, typecast, I don't have any issue. Everyone who's looked at being typecast negatively, you've been challenged to outdo your own previous performance. That's the best kind of competition when you're competing with yourself".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Entertainment |title=Kriti Kharbanda has no issues in getting typecast |work=India TV News |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/kriti-kharbanda-housefull-4-no-issues-in-getting-typecast-561470}}</ref>}}

Kharbanda's rise to popularity resulted in her being voted [[Times of India|Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women]] of 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women 2015 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-most-desirable-women-2015/articleshow/51964880.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti says first love is Kannada cinema |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=3 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kriti-says-first-love-is-kannada-cinema-736222.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/kriti-says-first-love-is-kannada-cinema-736222.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kriti Kharbanda: All the Lesser-known facts about the Taish actress |work=Mid Day |access-date=22 November 2019 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/Kriti-Kharbanda-Lesser-known-facts-about-this-Pagalpanti-actress-69123/3}}</ref> In the same list, she was placed 2nd in 2012, 3rd in 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the Bangalore Times Top 25 Most Desirable Women 2012 |access-date=25 August 2013 |work=Times of India |date=20 May 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-Times-Top-25-Most-Desirable-Women-2012/articleshow/20138687.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women 2014, Asha Bhatt tops the list |access-date=20 April 2015 |work=Times of India |date=16 April 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-most-desirable-women-2014/articleshow/46932065.cms}}</ref> 2nd in 2017 and 7th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Queens of Desire: Here are the top 30 winners of the Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Times of India |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire/articleshow/68012314.cms |title=Bangalore Times' Most Desirable Women of 2018: The queens of desire |work=Times of India |date=16 February 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> She is subsequently featured in the [[Times of India|Times' 50 Most Desirable Women]] List. She ranked 32nd in 2017, 37th in 2018, 18th in 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms |title=EXCLUSIVE – MEET THE TIMES 50 MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN 2019 |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> and 27th in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |title=The Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020: Rhea Chakraborty – Living through a trial by fire, gracefully |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> Apart from acting, Kharbanda is an endorser for several brands and products, including [[Oppo]] and [[PC Jeweller]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=P C Jewellers signs actress Kriti Kharbanda as its brand ambassador |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=20 May 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/weblite/news/bollywood/p-c-jewellers-signs-kriti-kharbanda-brand-ambassador/}}</ref> For Oppo, she also shot a short film with [[Sidharth Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra and Kriti Kharbanda come together for the first time and we can't get over their cute chemistry |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=11 July 2018 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/behind-scenes-sidharth-malhotra-kriti-kharbanda-come-together-first-time-cant-get-cute-chemistry/}}</ref> She is the brand ambassador of [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]] watches alongside Pulkit Samrat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pebble Loops in Bollywood stars Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat as brand ambassadors ahead of the festive season |work=ANI News |access-date=26 October 2021 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/pebble-loops-in-bollywood-stars-kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-as-brand-ambassadors-ahead-of-the-festive-season20211025134713/}}</ref> Kharbanda has over 8.3 million [[Instagram]] followers and is widely known for her fashion style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda crosses 6 million followers on Instagram! Thanks her fans for the abundance of love |work=Mid Day |access-date=26 May 2020 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kriti-kharbanda-achieves-a-huge-milestone-crosses-6-million-followers-on-instagram-22741208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Lifestyle Desk |title=Kriti Kharbanda's fashion is as chic as it gets; check it out here |work=Indian Express |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=25 July 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/kriti-kharbanda-fashion-latest-photos-pagalpanti-housefull-4-6271975/lite/}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background: #FFFFCC;" | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Kriti Kharbanda film credits
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2009
! scope= "row" |''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]''
| Pragathi
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| 2010
! scope= "row" | ''[[Chirru]]''
| Madhu
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
! scope= "row" | ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''
| Simran
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Teen Maar]]''
| Vasumathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! scope= "row" | ''[[Mr. Nookayya]]''
| Anuradha "Anu"
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Prem Adda]]''
| Girija
| rowspan="2" | Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
! scope= "row" | ''[[Galaate]]''
| Ankitha
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Ongole Gittha]]''
| Sandhya "Sandy"
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Om 3D]]''
| Anjali
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''
| Dr. Swathi
| rowspan="5" | Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! scope= "row" | ''[[Tirupathi Express]]''
| Prarthana
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Super Ranga]]''
| Naina
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]''
| Sneha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! scope= "row" | ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]''
| Priyanka
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| Kavya Rao
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2016
! scope= "row" | ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]''
| Shaina Khanna
| [[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
! scope= "row" | ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]''
| Saroja Devi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Maasthi Gudi]]''
| Raani
| Kannada
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Guest iin London]]''
| Anaya Patel Shergill
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" |''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
| Aarti Shukla [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|PCS]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
! scope= "row" | ''[[Karwaan]]''
| Rumana Salim
| Cameo
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200917/kriti-kharbanda-to-join-irrfan-and-dalqueer-in-ronnie-screwvalas-karwaan.html |title=Kriti Kharbanda to join Irrfan and Dalquer in Ronnie Screwvala's Karwaan |date=20 September 2017 |publisher=DNA India |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515050928/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200917/kriti-kharbanda-to-join-irrfan-and-dalqueer-in-ronnie-screwvalas-karwaan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Dalapathi (2018 film)|Dalapathi]]''
| Vaidhehi
| Kannada
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]''
| Geet Bhalla
| rowspan="8" | Hindi
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]''
| Dr. Chiku
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
! scope= "row" | ''[[Housefull 4]]''
| Rajkumari Meena / Neha Thakral
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/housefull-4-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/photostory/65019422.cms |title='Housefull 4': All you need to know about the film |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718010157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/housefull-4-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/photostory/65019422.cms |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''
| Janhvi Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://themagicpr.com/2019/11/22/pagalpanti-review-by-priyanka-raina-is-johny-par-paisa-laga-do.html |title=Pagalpanti movie review: Anees Bazmee's Action Comedy Hits The Mark |author=Priyanka Raina |date=22 November 2019 |website=themagicpr.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020
! scope= "row" | ''[[Taish]]''
| Aarfa Khan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bejoy-nambiars-taish-to-premiere-on-zee5-in-october-2916731.html |title=Bejoy Nambiar's 'Taish' To Premiere On ZEE5 In October |publisher=News18|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope= "row" | ''[[14 Phere]]''
| Aditi "Adu" Karwasra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2020 |title=Vikrant Massey, Kriti Kharbanda begin shoot for 14 Phere |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/vikrant-massey-kriti-did-not-begin-shoot-for-14-phere/1982737 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| style="background: #FFFFCC;" | ''Risky Romeo'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Kriti Kharbanda shares her excitement as she embarks on Risky Romeo shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kriti-kharbanda-shares-excitement-embarks-risky-romeo-shoot/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Kriti Kharbanda television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2011
! scope= "row" |''[[Celebrity Cricket League]]''
| rowspan="2"| Herself
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/city-to-host-ccl-opener/articleshow/21664798.cms |title=Bangalore to host CCL opener |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515050928/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/city-to-host-ccl-opener/articleshow/21664798.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope= "row" |''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)|Bigg Boss Kannada 2]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kriti-kharbanda-and-sudeep-come-together-tonight/articleshow/40851478.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Sudeep come together tonight |newspaper=Times of India |date=24 August 2014 |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117010930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Kriti-Kharbanda-and-Sudeep-come-together-tonight/articleshow/40851478.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope= "row" | ''[[Rana Naidu]]''
| Alia Oberoi
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda on Netflix 'Rana Naidu Season 2': ‘I spent the first ten years of my career, only wanting to fit in, hoping…’ |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-kriti-kharbanda-on-netflix-rana-naidu-i-spent-the-first-ten-years-of-my-career-only-wanting-to-fit-in-hoping-13895599.html/amp |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Kriti Kharbanda awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2014
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2013: And the SIIMA Awards go to.... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Super Ranga]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-11 |title=Mr and Mrs Ramachari, Yash and Radhika shine at SIIMA 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-award-winners-at-siima/articleshow/48432299.cms|access-date=2020-09-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=4th SIIMA awards: Kannada award complete winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-award-winners-at-siima/articleshow/48432299.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eva |first=Donna |date=6 October 2021 |title=Even if I have a day off, I come running back to Bengaluru: Kriti Kharbanda |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Oct/06/even-if-i-have-a-day-offi-come-running-back-to-bengalurukriti-kharbanda-2368020.html |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
| Most Stylish Rising Star
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.headlinesoftoday.com/entertainment/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2019-see-photos-and-winners.html/amp |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2019: See Photos and Winners! |website=Headlines of Today |date=21 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[Lions Clubs International|Lions Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Comic Role
| ''[[Housefull 4]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Photos: Film and Television celebs grace the 26th SOL Lions Gold Awards 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 January 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-celebs-grace-26th-sol-lions-gold-awards-2020/ |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Most Popular Actress – OTT
| ''[[Taish]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out The 21st Indian Television Academy Awards Winners List |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=TheITA2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|kriti-kharbanda}}
* {{IMDb name|3713653}}
* {{Instagram|kriti.kharbanda}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Kriti Kharbanda
|d = yes
|d-search = Q6438563
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = Bollywood
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharbanda, Kriti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Vazhappally copper plate

2026-03-22T07:12:55Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Malayalam inscription c. 882 CE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = January 2020}}
{{Infobox artifact
| name =
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Copper
| writing = Early Malayalam
| created = 9th century AD; [[Kerala]]
| location = Muvidathu Madham, [[Thiruvalla]]
| image = Vazhappally copper plate (9th century AD).jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| image_caption = Vazhappally copper plate
}}
'''Vazhappally copper plate''' (c. 750 — 850 AD,<ref name=":0" /> c. 882/83 AD ?<ref name=":28" />) is a copper plate inscription in the [[Old Malayalam|Malayalam language]] from [[Vazhappally]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], in the state of [[Kerala]], south India.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=M. G. S. |author-link1= |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |date=2013 |publisher=CosmoBooks |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=63–64 and 435 |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last1=Veluthat |first1=Kesavan |year=2017 |title=The Temple and the State in Medieval South India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448917693729 |journal=Studies in People's History |volume=4 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1177/2348448917693729 |s2cid=158422635 |doi-access=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is dated to the twelfth [[regnal year]] of the medieval Chera ruler of Kerala, [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]] (fl. c. 871 AD).<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108494571 |pages=128 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}</ref>

The copper plate documents a temple committee resolution regarding a land grant for daily worship in the temple.<ref name=":1" /> The amount of paddy available from the granted land in two seasons is estimated to be over 12,200 kilograms (or around 12 tons).<ref name=":28" />

== Contents ==
The record is engraved on a single copper plate (with five lines on each side) in an early form of Malayalam, using the [[Vattezhuthu script|Vattezhuthu (script)]] with necessary [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters. The contents of the plate are incomplete.<ref name=":1" /> It was discovered by V. Srinivasa Sastri from Thalamana Illam near [[Changanassery]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Rao |editor-first=T. A. Gopinatha |title=An Inscription of Rajasekhara |journal=Travancore Archaeological Series |publisher=Government of Travancore |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=8–14}}</ref> The plate is currently owned by Muvidathu Madham, [[Thiruvalla]].<ref name=":1" />

The inscription begins with the invocation "Namah Shivaya" ("Respect to Lord [[Shiva]]"), instead of the usual medieval Chera invocation "Swasti Sri" ("Hail! Prosperity!")<ref name=":1" /> In the record, king Rajasekhara is described with the titles "Sri, Raja Rajadhiraja, Parameswara Bhattaraka, Rajashekhara Deva", and "the Perumal Atikal".<ref name=":1" /> The copper plate documents a temple committee resolution by the Thiruvatruvay Pathinettu Nattar and the Urar of Vazhappally, in the presence of king [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rajasekhara]], regarding a land grant for daily worship in the temple.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":28" /> The inscription also prescribes fines for those who obstruct daily worship in the temple. Notably, it mentions a coin called the "dinara".<ref name=":1" />

The [[Vatteluttu|Vattezhuthu characters]] in the Vazhappally copper plate are noted for their similarity to those in the Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Varman Parantaka Pandya.<ref name=":0" /> The Grantha characters in the plate exhibit a later form compared to the Kasakudi and other early [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] grants.<ref name=":0" /> The plate also resembles [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (mid-9th century AD), another early Chera record, in both script and language.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Medieval Chera king Rajasekhara is commonly identified by scholars with [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]], the venerated [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] ([[Nayanars|Nayanar]]) poet-musician.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noboru |pages=143–44 |chapter=States in the Deccan and Kerala}}</ref>
[[File:Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 1) replica, Aksharam Museum Kottaya.jpg|center|thumb|661x661px|Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 1) replica]]
[[File:Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 2) replica, Aksharam Museum Kottayam.jpg|center|thumb|661x661px|Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 2) replica]]

== Translation ==
{{cquote|"Adoration to Siva. The year twelve (of the reign) of the prosperous king Rajashekharadeva (who bore the birudas) Rajadhiraja, Parameswara and Bhattaraka (was current).

"(The following was) the arrangement made by the men of the eighteen nadus [sic] belonging to Tiruvarruvay and the townsmen of Valaippalli who met under the presidency of (literally at the feet of) Rajashekharadeva.

"Those who stop the perpetually endowed bali ceremony (muttappali) in the Tiruvarruvay (Temple) should pay to the king (or the god) a fine of one hundred dinaras; and (are to be considered) as having taken their (own) mothers for their wives. Among the servants, those who stop (the bali owing to their own negligence) should each pay a fine paddy as measured by and made up to four nalis for each occasion (the bali is so stopped).

Of this the paddy due as padavaram should go the capital (set apart) for the santi and the (remaining) nine parts for the bali. (And) this fine should be remitted before the midday bali of the Pushyanakshtra in the month of Tai. If not so paid, they become liable to pay twice the amount.

"The following are the lands given to the (god in the shrine named?) Kailasa: the plot (kari, belonging to) Kirankadambanar, which yields one year 20 and another year 25 kalams (of paddy); Mandilakkalam together with Ulaseli yielding 10 kalams; Kallattuvay-veli (or a plot of land one veli in extend in Kallattuvay), yielding 500 nalis; from Kanjikka, 500 nazhis; the gardone (puraiyidam named) Pilikkodu and garden belonging to Kannan Sankaran who hold the position of a kavadi (accountant), which adjoins it (Pilikkodu puraiyidam), both situated in Uragam and yielding 150 tuni of paddy and three dinaras; two velis in the land (marram) in Ayyankadu, Damodaran's...
| author = T. A. Gopinatha Rao (ed.)
| source = Travancore Archaeological Series. 2 (2). Government of Travancore
}}
{{wide image|Vazhappally Plates - Description.JPG|1000px|Vattezhuthu characters (Vazhappally copper plate)}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Alex |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/7061 |title=Political identities in History |date=2006 |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi University |location=Kottayam}}

[[Category:History of Changanassery]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:9th century in law]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vazhappally]]
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]

Mukunda Das

2026-03-22T07:12:43Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Bengali composer and poet (1878–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukunda Das
| native_name = মুকুন্দদাস
| image = Rebel poet Mukanda Das.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|2|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dhaka, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India
| birth_name = Yajneshwar De
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|5|18|1878|2|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India
| occupation = Playwright, lyricist
| spouse = Shatadalbasini Devi
| children = 1
}}

'''Mukunda Das''' ({{langx|bn|মুকুন্দদাস}}; 22 February 1878 – 18 May 1934) was a Bengali poet, ballad singer, composer and patriot, who contributed to the spread of [[Swadeshi movement]] in rural Bengal. He was commonly referred to as "Charankabi" (The Writer of Ballads) during his time. His composed "Zatra" plays like "Matripuja" (Worship of Mothers) gained much popularity among the rural folk especially during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:মুকুন্দদাস, চারণকবি |trans-title=Mukundadas, Charan Kavi |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |pages=418–419}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mukunda Das came from a modest background. His grandfather was a boatman and his father was a grocer. He was born as Yajneshwar De to Gurudayal De and Shyamasundari Devi on 22 February 1878, in the village of Banari, in the [[Bikrampur]] [[pargana]] of [[Dhaka District]] (currently part of [[Munshiganj District]], [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=310 |script-title=bn:মুকুন্দদাস |trans-title=Mukunda Das |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |website=[[Gunijan|Gunijan Trust]] |language=bn |accessdate=8 December 2011}}</ref> When he was seven, the family migrated to Barisal where they settled permanently. His father set up a grocery store in the Alekanda region of Barisal town. Being [[Vaishnava]]s, his father used to sing devotional songs while running the store. The Deputy Magistrate of Barisal, pleased with his melodious voice offered him the job of an orderly in the Barisal court. Yajneshwar's father took up the job and he began to run the store.

Yajneshwar too was gifted with a melodious voice. He, from his very childhood, began to compose and sing songs on his own. He attended the [[Barisal Zilla School]], but he did not like studies and was irregular at school.<ref name="dchanda">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ভয় কি মরণে |language=bn |trans-title=Why fear death |first=Dipankar |last=Chanda |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/86094 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |date=13 August 2010 |accessdate=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131225755/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/86094 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He spent most of his time in fishing, capturing bird's nests and playing with neighbourhood boys. In 1893, he was admitted to the [[Brojomohun College|Brojomohun School]].<ref name="dchanda"/> He attended the Brojomohun School for six years, but dropped out after the eighth standard.<ref name="abp">{{cite news |script-title=bn:গোটা উপস্থিতিটাই ছিল 'সিডিশাস': জাগরণের চারণ মুকুন্দদাস ও তাঁর রচনাসমগ্র, পুলক চন্দ |language=bn |trans-title=The entire presence was 'seditious': Mukunda Das, the poet of awakening and his compositions, Pulak Chanda |first=Simanti |last=Sen |url=http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-43?page=110 |newspaper=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=16 July 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426040553/http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-43?page=110 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]], upset at the failure of a pupil of his own institution, decided to speak to Yajneshwar himself. Datta had heard his melodious voice before and had realized the potential and talent in him. His called Yajneshwar to his house and initiated him into the patriotic movement.

== Career ==
In 1897, after dropping out from school, Yajneshwar joined the group of Bireshwar Dutta, the kirtan singer of Barisal at that time. After the death of Bireshwar Dutta, he formed a kirtan group of his own.<ref name="dchanda"/> In 1900, he took initiation in Vaishavism from a monk Rasananda Thakur, sometimes also known as Haribolananda.<ref name="hdasgupta150">{{cite book |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামে বরিশাল |language=bn |trans-title=Barisal in the Independence Movement |volume=1 |last=Dasgupta |first=Hiralal |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Manoranjan |editor2-last=Ghosh |editor2-first=Manindra Kumar |date=May 1972 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |location=Kolkata |page=150}}</ref> His guru gave him the name Mukunda Das.

In 1905, Ashwini Kumar Dutta gave an inspiring speech at the Barisal Town Hall, against the proposed Partition of Bengal. Stressing on the need to spread the message far and wide, he wished that message from the leaders could be carried to the villages through dramas and plays. Mukunda Das was deeply moved by Ashwini Kumar Dutta's speech. He resolved to fulfil the wish of the great patriot. Within three months he composed his masterpiece 'Matripuja'. The primary theme of his drama was patriotism and freedom movement. The goal of the freedom movement was to free Bharat Mata from the yoke of British imperialism. The children of Bharat Mata would lay down their lives to attain freedom. He raised a Swadeshi theatre group to stage plays across the villages of Bengal. In 1906, Mukunda Das staged his plays at different places of Barisal and then travelled to Noakhali and Tripura and returned to Barisal before the monsoons. In June 1906, he staged his drama at the Swadeshi Utsav in Barisal, where his play was highly praised by the national leadership. In October, he travelled with his group to Madaripur in Faridpur district, and from there to many places finally returning to Barisal in April 1907. On 16 April, he staged the play in the palace of the Rai Bahadur.

After a run of two years, 'Matripuja' was successful in arousing the patriotic feelings of the masses of Bengal. The play was further popularized by the press. Bande Mataram, Yugantar, Sandhya, Nabashakti, ''[[Prabasi]]'' and ''[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]'', each of them played a part in popularizing the drama. The government of newly formed Eastern Bengal and Assam clamped down, citing incitement to violence. In 1908, he staged the drama in few places in [[Khulna District|Khulna district]], then in truncated Bengal, but he was stopped by the police when he tried to stage the play in Bagerhat. In October 1908, the drama stepped in to the fourth season. In 1908, he was arrested and imprisoned for three years on charges of sedition.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In 1921, Mohandas Gandhi gave the call of Non-Cooperation Movement. Mukunda Das joined the movement with his proven repertoire of drama. Around 1923 the movement was called off and Mukunda Das settled with his group in Kolkata. 'Matripuja' was banned by the government at that time. He began to compose social plays in order to avoid being banned. In 1932, the government banned all his plays.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Later life ==
After the ban, he was restricted to singing only. He along with his group performed only musical shows. His health deteriorated. On 17 May 1934, he returned late from a performance and died in his sleep.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Works ==
Mukunda Das composed five dramas - Palliseva, Brahmacharini, Samaj o Path.

== In popular culture ==
''Charan Kavi Mukundadas'' is a 1954 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language biographical film about the poet, directed by Nirmal Choudhury.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Cowie |title=World Filmography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5U3AAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Tantivy Press |isbn=978-0-498-01569-4 |page=267}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Chanda, Pulak (2011). ''Jagaran Charan Mukundadas o tar Rachanasamagra''. Dey's Publishing.
* Goswami, Dr. Jayguru (1978). ''Charankabi Mukundadas''. Vishwavani.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Mukunda}}

[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal]]
[[Category:Musicians from Barisal Division]]
[[Category:Brojo Mohon School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]

Pachora

2026-03-22T07:12:28Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pachora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.67|N|75.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Pachora Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 261
| population_total = 59,609
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 424201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91(02596)
| registration_plate = MH-19
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pachora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pachora]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}{{More citations|date=January 2022}}'''Pachora''' is a town and a [[municipal council]] in the [[Jalgaon district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It sits on the banks of the [[Hivra River]]. It includes 25 wards with 25 members of Nagarpalika. Pachora has a large rural infrastructure with 95 gram panchayats, which is the largest in any other tehsil place in Maharashtra. The Central Pachora is under [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon Lok sabha]] Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pachora Municipal Council |title=Pachora Municipal Council Info |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802660-pachora-maharashtra.html |access-date=2015-11-13}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, the population of Pachora was 59,609.<ref name="2011cens" /> Pachora Census Town hosts over 32787 houses.

The population of children aged 0-6 is 40, which is 18.96% of the total. The female sex ratio is .758 against a state average of .929. The Child Sex Ratio is around .739 compared to the Maharashtra state average of .894. The literacy rate is 84.67%. The male literacy is around 83.9% while the female literacy rate is 81.65%.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |23511
| style="text-align:right;" |21822
| style="text-align:right;" |45333
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |73.880
| style="text-align:right;" |21.141
| style="text-align:right;" |0.126
| style="text-align:right;" |0.099
| style="text-align:right;" |3.326
| style="text-align:right;" |1.363
| style="text-align:right;" |0.004
| style="text-align:right;" |0.060
|-
|2011<ref name="2011cens">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |30958
| style="text-align:right;" |28651
| style="text-align:right;" |59609
| style="text-align:right;" |0.315
| style="text-align:right;" |75.234
| style="text-align:right;" |19.264
| style="text-align:right;" |0.200
| style="text-align:right;" |0.146
| style="text-align:right;" |2.916
| style="text-align:right;" |1.552
| style="text-align:right;" |0.015
| style="text-align:right;" |0.674
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.7388,0.75234
| y2=0.21141,0.19264
| y3=0.00126,0.002
| y4=0.00099,0.00146
| y5=0.03326,0.02916
| y6=0.01363,0.01552
| y7=0.00004,0.00015
| y8=0.0006,0.00674
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.7388,0.75234
| y2=0.21141,0.19264
| y3=0.00126,0.002
| y4=0.00099,0.00146
| y5=0.03326,0.02916
| y6=0.01363,0.01552
| y7=0.00004,0.00015
| y8=0.0006,0.00674
}}

==History==
Pachora has a rich history that dates back to the medieval period. The town was known as "Pachavardhana" during the reign of the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BCE. It was also ruled by the Satavahanas, the Rashtrakutas, and the Yadavas. In the 14th century, the town was part of the Bahmani Sultanate, and later came under the control of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century.

During the British colonial period, Pachora was a small agricultural town that produced cotton and other crops. The town's cotton mills were established in the early 20th century and played a significant role in the town's economic development. Pachora was also part of the Indian independence movement and played an active role in the non-cooperation movement in the 1920s.

After India's independence in 1947, Pachora became part of the newly created state of Maharashtra. The town continued to grow and develop, and today it is a major center for cotton production, trade, and education in the region.

[[Pachora Municipal Council]] was established on 1 April 1947. Pachora grabbed a Vidhan-Sabha Constituency in 1952.[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']

== Administration ==
The Council is authorized to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Economy==
Pachora has an agricultural economy. Its major crops are cotton, banana, maize, ''[[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]]'', and bajara. The city has other businesses like gold and cloth markets. The primary livelihood is the cultivation of bananas and bajara.

==Festivals==
Pachora has many historic temples. The Panchaleshwar temple was built by the Pandavas during their stay. It is said that Draupadi a.k.a. Panchali was a ardent devotee of Lord [[Shiva]], she expressed her will to build a temple for Shiva.

In [[Nagardeole|Nagardeola]], Rath Galli, Balaji Mandir Temple is about 250 years old. Every year, its festival is celebrated and is called mela (fair) of 'Balaji Rath Yatra'. A 50-foot-high wooden Rath of Balaji Maharaj is pulled in its nearer specific route. Yatra starts in the morning and continues into the night. On KakanBardi hill, the fair ("Khandoba") has been celebrated for the last 800 years since the temple was constructed. This temple is situated on the top of a hill, 4&nbsp;km from Pachora. It is also known as "Jai Malhar".

Pachora has two prominent temples, one of Goddess Kaila Mata Mandir (Bhadgaon road) and the other of Jagdamba Devi Mandir (Rath Galli). In both temples, during "Navratri Utsav", the holy program of Dandiya is celebrated for the 9 days of Navratri.

Pachora also has a famous dargah of Sufi saint - Hazrat Syed Jalalludin Bukhari. It is around 5 km from the city center to another village named - Goradkhede.

==Transport==

=== Rail ===
Pachora is on the main line track of the central railway. It is 50&nbsp;km from [[Jalgaon District]] station and 72&nbsp;km from Bhusawal Junction. It is three hours from [[Nasik Road railway station]] and 6 hours from [[Mumbai]].

[[Pachora–Jamner railway]] is a narrow-gauge branch line that connects Pachora to Jamner which is nearer to Ajanta Caves.<ref>{{cite web|author=PJ Narrow Gauge Train |url=http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Trips/west-konkan/jamner/ |title=Pachora to Jamner Narrow Gauge Train|access-date=2015-11-13}}</ref> The railway line was constructed by Shapoorji Godbole and Co. The Pachora to [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] section was opened up in 1918 and the rest of the sections in 1919. On termination of the contracts with the former Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company, the line was brought under direct State management with effect from 1 July 1925.<ref>{{cite web|author=PJ Narrow Gauge Train |url=http://jalgaonlive.com/tag/pachora-jamner-railway// |title=Pachora to Jamner Narrow Gauge Train|access-date=2015-11-13}}</ref>

=== Road ===
Pachora sits on state highway Nagpur-Pune and Nagpur-Surat. It is on the main state road network of state. It is 48&nbsp;km from Jalgaon & 90&nbsp;km from Dhule & 210&nbsp;km From [[Nasik]].

=== Air ===
[[Jalgaon Airport]] is the nearest airport (approximately 50 km).

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hutatma Smrk Pachora.jpg|Hutatma Smarak Pachora
File:Htm Smrk Pachora.jpg|Martyr Memorial
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Pachora Junction Railway Station|Pachora Junction]]
*[[Pachora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pachora Vidhansabha Constituency]]
*[[Pachora Municipal Council]]
*[[Ajanta Caves]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Vaddera

2026-03-22T07:12:16Z

CleanupBot: /* top */ Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Kshatriya Caste found in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Vaddera''' (alternatively Vadde, Waddera, Vadar) is a [[Caste system in India|caste]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Maharashtra]] and some other states{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} in India.

The Vaddera have been kings until 15th century later some of them been seen as stone cutters, but many have had to change to agriculturing. The effects of mechanisation, usually financed and run by higher caste groups, has caused this change and government recognition of the issues has led to them being designated as an [[Other Backward Class]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Berger |editor2-first=Frank |editor2-last=Heidemann |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781134061112 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Indian castes by profession]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

Karate R. Thiagarajan

2026-03-22T07:12:04Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name of cm =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| office1 = [[List of mayors of Chennai|46th]] [[Mayor of Chennai]]
| term_start1 = October 2002
| term_end1 = October 2006
| predecessor1 = [[M.K. Stalin]]
| governor1 =
| successor1 = [[M. Subramaniam]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birthname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/karate-thiagarajan-sivaji-ganesans-son-and-grandson-join-bjp/articleshow/80866339.cms | title=Karate Thiagarajan, Sivaji Ganesan's son and grandson join BJP | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Shanmughasundaram J | date=11 February 2021 | access-date=11 February 2021 | archive-date=11 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211234302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/karate-thiagarajan-sivaji-ganesans-son-and-grandson-join-bjp/articleshow/80866339.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
| otherparty = [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (1996-1998), [[AIADMK]] {{small|(2001-2005)}} [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1986-1996,1998-2001 and from 2006 -2021)}}
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
| name = Karate R. Thiagarajan
}}
'''Karate R. Thiagarajan''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata party]] (BJP). He was part of the AIADMK and congress before joining the BJP in February 2021. He was the 38th [[Mayor of Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] from October 2002 to October 2006. Thiagarajan is also a [[karate]] practitioner, and holds a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in the martial art.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-16 |title=Congress headed for real martial arts post Tamil Nadu polling |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-headed-for-real-martial-arts-post-tamil-nadu-polling/articleshow/7997178.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228152258/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-headed-for-real-martial-arts-post-tamil-nadu-polling/articleshow/7997178.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Karate association of India ==
He was the president of [[Karate Association of India]] one of the two bodies running Karate in India and is involved in a dispute with All India Karate- do Federation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/police-raid-leaves-karate-officials-000000993.html | title=Police raid leaves karate officials red- faced | publisher=[[Yahoo News]] | date=21 September 2015 | access-date=6 May 2016 | archive-date=10 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510165634/https://in.news.yahoo.com/police-raid-leaves-karate-officials-000000993.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He was earlier the President of the All India Karate- do Federation but was removed for alleged misappropriation of funds and [[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Singh]] became the President.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-karate-thiagarajan-dismissed-for-allegedly-misappropriating-funds-1330022 | title=Karate Thiagarajan dismissed for allegedly misappropriating funds | publisher=DNA news | date=2 January 2010 | access-date=6 May 2016 | archive-date=6 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806091726/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-karate-thiagarajan-dismissed-for-allegedly-misappropriating-funds-1330022 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Thiagarajan was elected to the [[Greater Chennai Corporation|Chennai Corporation]] as an [[AIADMK]] councillor and he became the deputy [[Mayor]] in-charge of [[Corporation of Chennai]] and after [[M. K. Stalin]] who had been reelected Mayor in 2001 was removed in 2002 and Thiagarajan who was the deputy [[Mayor]] became the de facto mayor and in-charge of [[Corporation of Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article353690.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602103454/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article353690.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 June 2016 | title=When civic sense got a headstart | publisher=[[New Indian Express]] | work=Saptarshi Bhattacharya | date=16 May 2012 | access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/01/stories/2003050107410300.htm | title=DMK members evicted en masse | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 May 2003 | access-date=6 May 2016}} {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was an instrumental in filing cases in the [[Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers|construction of flyovers case]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/05/27/tamil-nadu-corporation-personnel-face-axe-flyover-scam | title=Tamil Nadu: Corporation personnel face axe in flyover scam | publisher=Asian Tribune | work=Kenath Jayashankar Menon | date=27 May 2005 | access-date=6 May 2016 | archive-date=31 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531143415/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/05/27/tamil-nadu-corporation-personnel-face-axe-flyover-scam | url-status=live }}</ref> He was expelled from the [[AIADMK]] in 2005 and there was apprehension that he may be arrested over allegations relating to with irregularities in the allotment of space for hoardings. Thiagarajan went into hiding for over 6 months and returned before the 2006 elections and rejoined the Congress.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct152005/national19514220051014.asp | title=Chennai Deputy Mayor expelled from AIADMK | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=15 October 2005 | access-date=6 May 2016 }} {{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-14/news/29543194_1_tncc-party-kv-thangabalu|title=Thangabalu quits, leaves TNCC to ponder future|last=Scaria|first=Joe A|date=14 May 2011|work=Economic Times|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211323/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-14/news/29543194_1_tncc-party-kv-thangabalu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/thiagarajan-joins-congress/article3148589.ece | title=Thiagarajan joins Congress | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 April 2006 | access-date=6 May 2016 | archive-date=30 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230133944/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/thiagarajan-joins-congress/article3148589.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

The All India Congress Committee suspended Thiagarajan in June 2019 for anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/06/27143902/1153865/Congress-suspends-Karate-Thiagarajan-for-acting-against-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107094539/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/06/27143902/1153865/Congress-suspends-Karate-Thiagarajan-for-acting-against-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2022 |title=AICC suspends Karate Thiagarajan again, forms disciplinary committee |publisher=DTNext.in |date= |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> He joined BJP in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/late-thespian-sivaji-ganesans-son-ram-kumar-karate-thiagarajan-join-bjp/2028176 |title=Late thespian Sivaji Ganesan's son Ram Kumar, ''Karate'' Thiagarajan join BJP |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107094718/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/late-thespian-sivaji-ganesans-son-ram-kumar-karate-thiagarajan-join-bjp/2028176 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiagarajan, Karate. R.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male karateka]]

9M113 Konkurs

2026-03-22T07:11:43Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Soviet anti-tank missile}}
{{Redirect|Konkurs|the album|Konkurs (album){{!}}''Konkurs'' (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| image = Airborne troops of Russia & SOF of Belarus 01.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = 9M113 Konkurs in Belarusian service
| name = 9M113 Konkurs
| type = [[Anti-tank missile]]
| origin = Soviet Union
| launch_platform = Individual, vehicle
| manufacturer =
* [[KBP Instrument Design Bureau|Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP)]] – [[Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod]]
* [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Aero India|url=https://aeroindia.gov.in/assets/pdf/Export%20Book%20_Final.pdf|at=pp.23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201013/https://aeroindia.gov.in/assets/pdf/Export%20Book%20_Final.pdf|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref>
| design_date = 1970
| service = 1974–present
| used_by = [[9M113 Konkurs#Operators|See ''operators'']]
| wars = [[Syrian Civil War]]<ref name="France-Soir">{{cite news|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/etat-islamique-comment-les-djihadistes-emploient-les-missiles-antichars-pour-appuyer-offensives-daech-ei-syrie-irak-armement-tactiques-strategie-djihad-chars-propagande-cham-mossoul-bataille|title=Etat islamique: comment les djihadistes emploient les missiles antichars pour appuyer leurs offensives|work=[[France-Soir]]|date=4 May 2017|language=fr|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195536/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/etat-islamique-comment-les-djihadistes-emploient-les-missiles-antichars-pour-appuyer-offensives-daech-ei-syrie-irak-armement-tactiques-strategie-djihad-chars-propagande-cham-mossoul-bataille|archive-date=6 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[War in Iraq (2013-2017)]]<ref name="France-Soir" /> [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<ref name="armamentresearch28july16">[http://armamentresearch.com/introduction-to-the-9m113-konkurs-atgm/ Introduction to the 9M113 Konkurs ATGM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709162808/http://armamentresearch.com/introduction-to-the-9m113-konkurs-atgm/ |date=2017-07-09 }} - [[Armamentresearch.com]], 28 July 2016</ref> [[Yemeni Civil War (2014-present)]] [[Saudi-led intervention in Yemen]] [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
| spec_label = AT-5A Spandrel
| diameter = {{convert|135|mm|abbr=on}}
| wingspan = {{convert|468|mm|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|1150|mm|abbr=on}} {{convert|875|mm|abbr=on}} without gas generator
| weight = {{convert|14.6|kg|abbr=on}} (Missile weight) 22.5 kg (50 lbs) (9P135 launching post)<ref>{{cite web |title=AT-5 SPANDREL Anti-Tank Guided Missile |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at5spandrel.htm |website=fas.org |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS) |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100428/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at5spandrel.htm |archive-date=2019-01-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|208|m/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="armamentresearch28july16" />
| vehicle_range = {{convert|70|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}}
| ceiling =
| filling = {{convert|2.7|kg|abbr=on}} 9N131 [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|HEAT]]
| detonation = Contact
| engine = Solid-fuel rocket
| steering = Two control surfaces
| guidance = [[Wire-guided missile|Wire-guided]] [[Semi-automatic command to line of sight|SACLOS]]
| variants = 9M113M
| number =
}}

The '''9M113 ''Konkurs''''' ({{langx|ru|9М113 «Конкурс»}}; {{langx|en|"Contest"}}; [[NATO reporting name]] '''AT-5 ''Spandrel''''') is a [[Soviet]] [[Semi-automatic command to line of sight|SACLOS]] [[Wire-guided missile|wire-guided]] [[anti-tank missile]].<ref name="ares" />

A development of the [[9K111 Fagot]] with greater firepower, the 9M113 Konkurs can use the same launchers and is very similar visually, distinguishable only by a slight bulge towards the end of the Konkurs' missile tube.

==Development==
The 9M113 Konkurs was developed by the [[KBP Instrument Design Bureau|Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP)]]. Development began with the aim of producing the next generation of [[Semi-automatic command to line of sight|SACLOS]] anti-tank missiles, for use in both the man-portable role and the tank destroyer role. The 9M113 Konkurs was developed alongside the [[9K111 Fagot|9M111]]; the missiles use similar technology, differing only in size.

The original 9M113 with a single-charge warhead can penetrate 600&nbsp;mm of [[rolled homogeneous armor]] (RHA).<ref name="armamentresearch28july16"/>

The missile entered service in 1974. Iran bought a license for the Konkurs in 1991 and began producing a copy, the '''Tosan''' (not to be confused with the [[Toophan]]), sometime around 2000.<ref name="modlex.ir">{{Cite web |url=http://modlex.ir/cgi-bin/store.pl/page=product.html/pid=MXF05-000060 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218212451/http://modlex.ir/cgi-bin/store.pl/page=product.html/pid=MXF05-000060 |url-status=usurped |website=Modlex |id=MXF05-000060 |title=Tosan - Anti Armour Guided Missile}}</ref><ref name="janestowsan">Christopher F. Foss, ''Jane's Defence Weekly'', [http://www.janes.com/aerospace/military/news/jdw/jdw000526_2_n.shtml Another ATGW for Iran]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205062908/http://www.janes.com/aerospace/military/news/jdw/jdw000526_2_n.shtml |date=December 5, 2004 |title=Another ATGW for Iran }}</ref>

In 1992, the export price of a 9M113 missile was $13,000 United States dollars and the price of a 9P135M launcher was $135,000.<ref name=ares>{{cite web | title=Introduction to the 9M113 Konkurs ATGM | website=Armament Research Services (ARES) | date=27 July 2016 | url=https://armamentresearch.com/introduction-to-the-9m113-konkurs-atgm/ | access-date=3 April 2023 | archive-date=14 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144823/https://armamentresearch.com/introduction-to-the-9m113-konkurs-atgm/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:9M113 Konkurs launcher.jpg|thumb|left|9M113 Konkurs launching rails on the top of 9P148 vehicle]]
The missile is designed to be fired from tracked/wheeled vehicles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/at-5_spandrel_9k113_konkurs_konkurs-m_anti-tank_missile_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures.html|title=AT-5 Spandrel / 9K113 Konkurs 9M113|website=armyrecognition.com|access-date=3 April 2023|date=12 January 2019|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203005148/https://armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/at-5_spandrel_9k113_konkurs_konkurs-m_anti-tank_missile_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> although it can also be fired from the later models of 9M111 launchers. It is an integral part of the [[BMP-2]], [[BMD-2]] and [[BRDM-2]] vehicles. The missile is stored and carried in a fiberglass container/launch tube.

The system uses a gas generator to push the missile out of the launch tube.<ref name=ares/> The gas also exits from the rear of the launch tube in a similar manner to a [[recoilless rifle]]. The missile leaves the launch tube at 80 meters per second, and is quickly accelerated to 200 meters per second by its solid fuel motor. This initial high speed reduces the missile's deadzone, since it can be launched directly at the target, rather than in an upward arc. In flight, the missile spins at between five and seven revolutions per second.

The launcher tracks the position of an incandescent [[infrared]] bulb on the back of the missile relative to the target and transmits appropriate commands to the missile via a thin wire that trails behind the missile. The system has an alarm that activates when it detects jamming from a system like [[Shtora]]. The operator can then take manual control, reducing the missile to [[Manual command to line of sight|MCLOS]]. The SACLOS guidance system has many benefits over MCLOS. The system's accuracy is quoted in some sources as 90%, though its performance is probably comparable to the [[BGM-71 TOW]] or later SACLOS versions of the [[9K11 Malyutka]].

==Models==
[[File:9M113M ATM Konkurs-M Army-2022 2022-08-20 2513.jpg|thumb|9M113M ATGM for Konkurs-M]]

* '''9M113''' ''Konkurs'' (NATO: '''AT-5''' ''Spandrel'', '''AT-5A''' ''Spandrel A'')
* '''9M113M''' ''Konkurs-M'' (NATO: '''AT-5B''' ''Spandrel B'') Tandem warhead – with extended explosive probe. The warhead penetration is 750–800&nbsp;mm vs RHA. Adopted in 1991.<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru">{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/concursm/concursm.shtml|title=Противотанковый ракетный комплекс Конкурс-М - Ракетная техника|website=rbase.new-factoria.ru|access-date=2014-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101092618/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/concursm/concursm.shtml|archive-date=2017-01-01|url-status=live}}</ref> Missile '''9M113M''' 1990. Tandem (800&nbsp;mm (behind a layer of ERA)). 4,000&nbsp;m (3500&nbsp;m night (passive)).<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru" />
* '''[[Tosan (missile)|Towsan-1]]''', '''Tosan''', '''Towsan''', or '''M113''': Iranian licensed<ref name="armamentresearch28july16" /> 9M113M Konkurs-M (AT-5B Spandrel B) copy.<ref>Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 2002</ref> Introduced in early 2000.<ref name="modlex.ir" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/aerospace/military/news/jdw/jdw000526_2_n.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207200405/http://www.janes.com/aerospace/military/news/jdw/jdw000526_2_n.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2003|title=Another ATGW for Iran – Jane's Military Aerospace|date=May 26, 2000}}</ref> Unclear if still in production.<ref name="armamentresearch.com">{{cite web|url=http://armamentresearch.com/saudi-led-coalition-seizes-iranian-arms-en-route-to-yemen/|title=Saudi-led Coalition seizes Iranian arms en route to Yemen – Armament Research Services|website=armamentresearch.com|date=30 September 2015|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709111325/http://armamentresearch.com/saudi-led-coalition-seizes-iranian-arms-en-route-to-yemen/|archive-date=2017-07-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/iran_to_continue_local_production_of_russian_anti-tank_missiles_9m11_and_9m113_tass_10603161.html|title=Iran to continue local production of Russian anti-tank missiles 9M11 and 9M113 TASS 10603161 – March 2016 Global Defense Security news industry – Defense Security global news industry army 2016 – Archive News year|last=TASS|website=www.armyrecognition.com|access-date=2018-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023526/https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/iran_to_continue_local_production_of_russian_anti-tank_missiles_9m11_and_9m113_tass_10603161.html|archive-date=2018-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Used primarily by paratroopers and armored vehicles.<ref>Galen Wright, Iranian Military Capability 2011 – Ground Forces – March 15th 2011</ref>
* '''9N131M1''' – Warhead, upgraded version.<ref name="armamentresearch28july16" />
* '''9N131M2-1''' – Warhead, the newest upgraded version.<ref name="armamentresearch28july16" />

==Operators==
[[File:Armenian 9P148 Konkurs Tank Destroyer.jpg|thumb|[[Armenia]]n 9P148 Konkurs in [[Yerevan]]]]

===Current operators===
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />
* {{flag|Algeria}}<ref name="Military Balance MENA">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Seven: Middle East and North Africa |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=340–377 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707968|s2cid=219624897 }}</ref>{{rp|340}}
* {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Five: Russia and Eurasia |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=183–213 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707966|s2cid=219627993 }}</ref>{{rp|183}} Indian-made version being acquired by Armenia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2025/07/armenia-broadens-procurement-horizons-in-drive-to-modernise-armed-forces/ |title=Armenia broadens procurement horizons in drive to modernise armed forces |work=International Institute for Strategic Studies |last=Ribe |first=Albert Vidal |date=14 July 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|185}}
* {{flag|Belarus}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|187}} The launcher has been locally produced and upgraded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/88621/milex-2019-belarus-begins-to-export-konkurs-rb-atgm-launcher |title=Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news |access-date=2019-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517193143/https://www.janes.com/article/88621/milex-2019-belarus-begins-to-export-konkurs-rb-atgm-launcher |archive-date=2019-05-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Procured the upgraded 9M113M [AT-5 Spandrel] ATGMs and delivered them to the troops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis-photo-report-aviation-defence-industry/aviation-defence-industry-technology/5625-analysis-belarus-receives-two-first-su-30sm-fighters.html|title=Analysis: Belarus receives two first Su-30SM fighters|website=airrecognition.com|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228130150/https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis-photo-report-aviation-defence-industry/aviation-defence-industry-technology/5625-analysis-belarus-receives-two-first-su-30sm-fighters.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}: Known to be produced by [[VMZ Sopot]].<ref name="ares" /><ref name="Military Balance Europe">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Four: Europe |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=92–143 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707964|s2cid=219623996 }}</ref>{{rp|92}}
* {{flag|Croatia}}<ref name="Military Balance Europe" />{{rp|93}}
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}<ref name="Military Balance Europe" />{{rp|97}}
* {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt army successfully installs AT-4 Spandrel to Fahd APCs|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/54347/Egypt-army-successfully-installs-AT-4-Spandrel-to-Fahd-APCs|access-date=2020-09-16|website=EgyptToday|date=19 July 2018|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512070843/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/54347/Egypt-army-successfully-installs-AT-4-Spandrel-to-Fahd-APCs|url-status=live}}</ref> Mostly purchased in 1990s and captured from ISIS members; Used on [[DMS-K]]
* {{flag|Eritrea}}<ref name="Military Balance Africa">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Nine: Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=475–481 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707971|s2cid=219623431 }}</ref>{{rp|475}}
* {{flag|Georgia}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|189}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}<ref name="Military Balance Africa" />{{rp|481}}
* {{flag|Hungary}}<ref name="Military Balance Europe" />{{rp|115}} Under gradual replacement by [[Spike (missile)|Spike]] LR2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bíró |first=Tamás |date=2025-04-25 |title=Egy új páncéltörő rendszer bemutatkozása a Magyar Honvédségben |url=https://kiadvany.magyarhonvedseg.hu/index.php/HT/article/view/1328 |journal=Haditechnika |language=hu |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=56–61 |doi=10.23713/HT.58.6.11 |issn=1786-996X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{flag|India}} – 15,000 Konkurs-M were ordered in 2008 from Russia for {{INRConvert|1380|c|lk=on|year=2008|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2010-08-17 |title=India to order large number of Javelin anti-tank missiles from US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-order-large-number-of-Javelin-anti-tank-missiles-from-US/articleshow/6320750.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912002202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/india/28273102_1_nag-missile-konkurs-atgms-anti-tank |archive-date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2009-01-27 |title=India goes for 'urgent' purchase of anti-tank missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-goes-for-urgent-purchase-of-anti-tank-missiles/articleshow/4033783.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930045020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-27/india/28029741_1_nag-missile-2-km-range-milan-and-4-km-range-konkurs-atgms |archive-date=2013-09-30 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Another 10,000 Konkurs-M was cleared for US[[USD|$]]250 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/988/ccs-clears-usd-250-million-konkur-missiles-for-army.html |title=CCS Clears USD 250 Million Konkur Missiles for Army |publisher=DefenceNow |date=2012-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105122857/http://www.defencenow.com/news/988/ccs-clears-usd-250-million-konkur-missiles-for-army.html |archive-date=2012-11-05 |access-date=2012-10-27 }}</ref> Additional contracts was signed on 8 January 2019 and 2 February 2022 for {{INRConvert|7.6|b|lk=|year=2019|mode=historical}} and {{INRConvert|3131.82|c|lk=|year=2022|mode=historical}}, respectively. The latter was to be executed within 3 years at BDL's Bhanur facility. BDL reportedly produces the 9K111-1M system with a 9M113 anti-tank missile and a 9P135M-1 launcher.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-02 |title=Indian Army to get BDL-manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank guided missiles from Hyderabad company |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-army-to-get-bdl-manufactured-konkurs-m-anti-tank-guided-missiles-from-hyderabad-company/articleshow/89302527.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-army-to-get-bdl-manufactured-konkurs-m-anti-tank-guided-missiles-from-hyderabad-company/articleshow/89302527.cms |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Bharat Dynamics signs contract with Indian Army for supply of Konkurs anti-tank missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharat-dynamics-contract-indian-army-konkurs-anti-tank-missile-1908012-2022-02-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728171107/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharat-dynamics-contract-indian-army-konkurs-anti-tank-missile-1908012-2022-02-02 |archive-date=2025-07-28 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0203/105066355/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / СВ Индии получат дополнительную партию ПТУР «Конкурс-М»|website=armstrade.org|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123030244/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0203/105066355/detail.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Used on [[BMP-2|BMP-2 ''Sarath'']] as well as man-portable ground launcher.<ref name=":0" />
* {{flag|Iran}}<ref name="Military Balance MENA" />{{rp|349}} – produced domestically as [[Tosan (missile)]]
* {{flag|Ivory Coast}} (reported)<ref name="Military Balance Africa" />{{rp|471}}
* {{flag|Kurdistan}}: [[Peshmerga]]{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=491}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|190}}<ref name="SAS 2012 4">{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=131|isbn=978-0-521-19714-4|access-date=2018-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002411/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|192}}
* {{flag|Libya}}<ref name="Military Balance MENA" />{{rp|364}}
* {{flag|Morocco|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite journal|language=es|title=La modernización del Ejército de Tierra de Marruecos: datos e inferencias para una mirada estratégica|author=Josep Baqués Quesada|date=25 February 2018|url=http://www.seguridadinternacional.es/?q=es/content/la-modernizaci%C3%B3n-del-ej%C3%A9rcito-de-tierra-de-marruecos-datos-e-inferencias-para-una-mirada|journal=Análisis Grupo de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214902/http://www.seguridadinternacional.es/?q=es%2Fcontent%2Fla-modernizaci%C3%B3n-del-ej%C3%A9rcito-de-tierra-de-marruecos-datos-e-inferencias-para-una-mirada|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Moldova|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|193}} – used on BRDM-2
* {{MNE}}<ref name="Military Balance Europe" />{{rp|127}}
* {{flag|North Korea|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Asia">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Six: Asia |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |page=285 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967|s2cid=219627149 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan|size=23px}} – Used on Viper infantry fighting vehicle<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84904/pakistan-s-hit-unveils-viper-ifv |title=Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418050357/https://www.janes.com/article/84904/pakistan-s-hit-unveils-viper-ifv |archive-date=2019-04-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{POL}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|50}}
* {{flag|Romania|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Europe" />{{rp|139}}
* {{flag|Russia|size=23px}} – about 300 Konkurs-M complexes delivered annually in the last years (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/22778|title=Заказ на противотанковые ракетные комплексы "Конкурс-М" вырос в разы - Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"|website=vpk-news.ru|access-date=2014-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101173629/http://vpk-news.ru/news/22778|archive-date=2017-01-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Slovakia|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Europe" />{{rp|143}}
* {{flag|Turkmenistan|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|210}}
* {{flag|Syria|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance MENA" />{{rp|377}}<ref name="SAS 2015">{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Trade Update: After the ‘Arab Spring’|title=Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2015|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2015}}|page=107|access-date=2018-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128065841/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine|size=23px}}<ref name="Military Balance Russia" />{{rp|212–213}}
* {{flag|Vietnam|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/ten-lua-chong-tang-9m113-konkurs-viet-nam-lan-dau-xuat-hien-3409359/ |title=Tên lửa chống tăng 9M113 Konkurs Việt Nam lần đầu xuất hiện - DVO - Báo Đất Việt |website=baodatviet.vn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627064017/https://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/ten-lua-chong-tang-9m113-konkurs-viet-nam-lan-dau-xuat-hien-3409359/ |archive-date=2020-06-27}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates|size=23px}}<ref>SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} − 2 in 1992{{sfn|German|2003|page=58}}
* {{GDR}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|46}} – Passed on to the reunified German state, and later phased out of service.
* {{CZS}} – 80 in 1989.<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|46}} Passed on to successor states.
* {{FIN}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|86}}
* {{USSR}}<ref name="IISS1989">{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|34}} – Passed on to successor states.

===Non-State operators===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} [[Hamas]] – Known to be used against Israeli armored vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-combat-performance-of-hamas-in-the-gaza-war-of-2014|title = The Combat Performance of Hamas in the Gaza War of 2014|date = 29 September 2014|access-date = 18 April 2020|archive-date = 30 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200830072623/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-combat-performance-of-hamas-in-the-gaza-war-of-2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/|title=Missiles and Rockets of Hezbollah|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050730/https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Hezbollah}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-finds-large-troves-of-russian-arms-in-hezbollahs-hands-eeed9445?mod=world_lead_pos1|title=Israel Finds Large Troves of Russian Arms in Hezbollah's Hands|date=19 November 2024|access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>
* {{flag|Houthis}} – Tosan version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73lXYSRFKfE|title=Yemen war 2016 Houthi fighters use Russian KONKURS ATGM to destroy Saudi army Abrams Tank|last=News Of Yemen|date=30 January 2016|via=YouTube|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330142236/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73lXYSRFKfE|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://warisboring.com/iranian-tow-missile-knockoffs-spread-to-war-zones-45b9c0ea44e2#.bnf2h0sjs|title=War Is Boring - From drones to AKs, high technology to low politics.|website=War Is Boring|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160907184455/https://warisboring.com/iranian%2Dtow%2Dmissile%2Dknockoffs%2Dspread%2Dto%2Dwar%2Dzones%2D45b9c0ea44e2#.bnf2h0sjs|archive-date=2016-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/behnam-ben-taleblu-discerning-irans-role-in-expanding-houthi-rocket-capabilities/|title=Discerning Iran's Role in Expanding Houthi Rocket Capabilities - Foundation for Defense of Democracies|author=Behnam Ben Taleblu|website=www.defenddemocracy.org|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301011151/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/behnam-ben-taleblu-discerning-irans-role-in-expanding-houthi-rocket-capabilities/|archive-date=2017-03-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="armamentresearch.com"/>
* {{flag|Islamic State}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Vehicles and equipment captured by the Islamic State inside Syria until November 2014 |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2014/11/vehicles-and-equipment-captured-by.html |website=Oryx Blog |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191057/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2014/11/vehicles-and-equipment-captured-by.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party.svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-27|title=Northern Iraq PKK-Weapon Caches of Operation 'Claw Tiger'|url=https://silahreport.com/2020/08/27/northern-iraq-pkk-weapon-caches-of-operation-claw-tiger-miles-check-this/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Silah Report|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109005135/https://silahreport.com/2020/08/27/northern-iraq-pkk-weapon-caches-of-operation-claw-tiger-miles-check-this/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|People's_Protection_Units_Flag.svg}} [[People's Defense Units]] (YPG)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=29 October 2021 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190829/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Syria|1932}} [[Syrian National Army]]<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|357}}
*{{flagicon image||border}} [[Tahrir al-Sham]]<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|357}}

==See also==
* [[9M133 Kornet]]
* [[List of Russian weaponry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=German |first1=Tracey C. |title=Russia's Chechen War |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-43250-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VaBAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). ''Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present''. Darlington Productions. {{ISBN|1-892848-01-5}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2016|date=February 2016|volume=116|isbn=9781857438352|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|Military Balance 2016}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170101173437/http://www.thetankmaster.com/english/afv/KONKURS.asp ATGM launcher vehicle "KONKURS" (BRDM-2) – Walk around photos]
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at5spandrel.htm AT-5 SPANDREL Anti-Tank Guided Missile]
* [http://btvt.narod.ru/4/konkurs.htm PTRK Konkurs] {{in lang|ru}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|ATM}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:9m113 Konkurs}}
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:KBP Instrument Design Bureau products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]

Reduced to Ashes (book)

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CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Book by Ram Narayan Kumar}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab
| title_orig =
| image = ReducedToAshesBookColor.jpg
| caption = Cover page.
| author = Ram Narayan Kumar, Amreek Singh Muktsar, Ashok Agrwaal, Jaskaran Kaur
| cover_artist = SIMRIK
| country = INDIA
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = research
| publisher = RETHINK BOOKS
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print [HARDCOVER]
| pages = 634
| isbn = 978-93-94737-86-0
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| pub_date = June, 6, 2023
}}
'''''Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab''''' is the report of the Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab (CCDP), authored by Ram Narayan Kumar, Amreek Singh, Ashok Agrwaal and Jaskaran Kaur. The report focuses on human rights violations committed by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] during its operations to suppress the [[Punjab insurgency]] in India, from 1984 to 1994. The author Ram Narayan Kumar claims that the issue of [[Khalistan]] was used by the State to divert attention from real issues of democracy, constitutional safeguard and citizens' rights.<ref name="RNKumar_Human_Wrongs">{{cite web |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-kumar290603.htm |title=Human Wrongs |author=Ram Narayan Kumar And Tanu Thomas K |work=[[The Times Of India]] |date=29 June 2003 |access-date=2009-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512081620/http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-kumar290603.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008}}</ref>

==Content==

The book is organized into 7 chapters, each containing further subsections and finishing in 634 pages with the authors giving their conclusion and suggestions. The book starts by giving a chronology of events and a detailed information into [[Jaswant Singh Khalra]] case. The following chapters look into details of missing [[Sikh]]s and discrepancies of law and its deliberate misuse. It also presents the [[organizational structure]] of Punjab police. The book contains over 500 testimonies by the families of the victims, and describes 672 cases of alleged illegal executions by the police in the [[Amritsar district]].<ref name="RNKumar_Human_Wrongs"/>

:Contents
:Preface
:Introduction
:NHRC Chronology
:Chapter 1: Jaswant Singh Khalra: A Martyr for Human Rights
:Chapter 2: Impunity by All Means
:Chapter 3: Rights and the Dead Ends of Law
:Chapter 4: Methodology
:Chapter 5: Analysis of Case Summaries
:Chapter 6: Summaries of Cases of Illegal Cremations included in CBI Lists
:Chapter 7: Endnote: Reflections and Recommendations
:Appendices

==Reviews==

[[Khushwant Singh]], a well-known English columnist in leading National Newspapers in India, is said to have gone volte-face on his views after reading this research work,<ref name="KSreview">{{cite news | last = Singh |first = Khushwant | title = K. P. S. Gill you have questions to answer| publisher = The Hindustan Times| date = 2003-06-20}}</ref><ref name="ChangingKS">{{Cite news | last1 = Singh | first1 = Baldev | title = Changing Interpretation of Khushwant Singh| newspaper = Sikh Spectrum Quarterly| issue=15| date = February 2004| url = http://www.sikhspectrum.com/052004/khushwant_7.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040603084447/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/052004/khushwant_7.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = June 3, 2004 }}</ref> in his own words out of his review of the book he remarks "It is spine-chilling.... Well, Mr Gill, it is not rubbish; you and the Punjab police have quite a few awkward questions to answer."<ref name="KSreview"/> The Punjab Police chief [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|K. P. S. Gill]], one of the accused in the book, had earlier dismissed the book by calling it "rubbish" in his comment to Khushwant Singh's query.<ref name="KSreview"/> However, later several police officials were charged with murder, and found guilty of kidnapping <ref name=amnesty>{{cite web|publisher=Amnesty International|title=A mockery of justice: The case concerning the "disappearance" of human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalra severely undermined|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200071998?open&of=ENG-IND|date=July 20, 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017113415/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200071998?open&of=ENG-IND|archive-date=October 17, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/27/india11792.htm|title=Other Screams of Terror|publisher=Human Rights Watch|author=Meenakshi Ganguly|date=27 September 2005 }}</ref><ref name=ensaaf>{{cite web|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/news/pr2005-11-18.php|title=Punjab Cops Convicted of 1995 Murder of Activist Khalra|publisher=Ensaaf|access-date=2007-12-28|archive-date=2006-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123135906/http://www.ensaaf.org/news/pr2005-11-18.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A. J. Philip, Senior Associate Editor of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], accused [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] of not doing their jobs honestly and praised the authors of the book for taking the responsibility and doing what CBI failed to do.<ref name="PhilipReview">{{Cite news | last = Philip | first = A. J. | title = They did what CBI did not| work = The Tribune| date = 2003-06-01 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030601/spectrum/book1.htm }}</ref> He wrote, "The CBI did such a shoddy job investigating the illegal cremations that truth remained hidden under mounds of illegible paperwork. It is against this backdrop that the painstaking effort of four intrepid researchers Ram Narayan Kumar, Amrik Singh, Ashok Agrwaal and Jaskaran Kaur of the Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab should be seen and commended.".<ref name=PhilipReview/>

[[Columbia Law School]] Professor Peter Rosenblum wrote for preface "The careful analysis by the authors allows the reader to "pierce through the thick veils of ideology, intrigue and ‘state security’ that obscure our understanding of the campaign to pacify Punjab."<ref name=RDA>{{cite book | last =Kumar | first =Ram |author2=Singh, Amrik |author3=Agrwaal, Ashok |author4=Kaur, Jaskaran | title =Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab| publisher =[[South Asia Forum for Human Rights]]| year =2003 |place=Kathamandu (Nepal)| isbn=99933-53-57-4}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/ReducedToAshes-TheInsurgencyAndHumanRightsInPunjab/mode/2up Download the book in PDF format]

[[Category:2003 non-fiction books|Reduced to Ashes book]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]

List of Air India destinations

2026-03-22T07:11:19Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[Air India]] is the [[flag carrier]] of India, and was founded by [[JRD Tata]] of [[Tata Group|Tata Sons]]. It is based in [[New Delhi]], and currently operates hubs in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], with various [[Airline Hub|focus cities]] across [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Corporate Offices|url=https://www.airindia.in/cargo-office-world-wide-india.htm|website=www.airindia.in|access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref>

Air India commenced operations on 29 July 1967, operating under the [[Government of India]]. On 8 June 1944, a [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed Constelation L-749A]] named ''Malabar Princess'' operated these airlines as the
first international flight between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Airline Companies of the World|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%201264.html|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 April 1939|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194956/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%201264.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, [[Air India]] serves a total of 43 international and 45 domestic destinations.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.airindia.in/network.htm| title=Network- Air India|work= Air India}}</ref> Its network spans across various destinations in 33 countries in [[Asia]], [[North America]], [[Africa]], [[Europe]] and [[Oceania]]. The countries served the most by the airline are the [[United States]] with 4 destinations, followed by [[Saudi Arabia]] & [[United Kingdom]] with 3 destinations each. Currently, the longest flight operated by Air India is between [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]] and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] using the [[Boeing 777|777-300ER]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India to operate direct flights to San Francisco from Mumbai, Bengaluru|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/air-india-to-operate-direct-flights-to-san-francisco-from-mumbai-bengaluru-11664541273524.html|website=www.livemint.com|date=30 September 2022 |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref> This list does not contain destinations served by subsidiary [[Air India Express]].

==List==

[[File:Air India Passenger Destinations.png|thumb|center|700px|Air India passenger destinations in World]]
[[File:Air India passenger destinations in India.png|thumb|center|300px|Air India passenger destinations in [[India]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Country (state)
! City
! Airport
! Notes
! class="unsortable"|Refs
|-
|Afghanistan||[[Kabul]]||[[Kabul International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
| rowspan="3"|Australia||[[Melbourne]]||[[Melbourne Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Perth]]||[[Perth Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India route map, 1968 |url=https://airlinemaps.tumblr.com/post/170417459247/air-india-route-map-1968-the-air-india-route-map|website=Airline Maps|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sydney]]||[[Sydney Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Austria||[[Vienna]]||[[Vienna International Airport]]||align=center| ||align:center|
|-
|Bahrain||[[Manama]]||[[Bahrain International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|Bangladesh||[[Dhaka]]||[[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|Belgium||[[Brussels]]||[[Brussels Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 2">{{cite web|title=Air India Timeline 1971 to 1980|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1971-1980.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1971-1980.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=29 December 2011|publisher=Web Archive |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|Canada||[[Montreal]]||[[Montréal–Mirabel International Airport]]||{{Terminated|Airport Closed}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive">{{cite web|title=Air India Timeline 1981 to 1990|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1981-1990.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1981-1990.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=29 December 2011|publisher=Web Archive |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Toronto]]||[[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India resumes Toronto service from late-Sep 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285055/air-india-resumes-toronto-service-from-late-sep-2019/|work=Airlineroute|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vancouver]]||[[Vancouver International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|title=Air India adds Delhi – Vancouver service from late-Oct 2020|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/294288/air-india-adds-delhi-vancouver-service-from-late-oct-2020/|website=Routesonline|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|China||[[Shanghai]]||[[Shanghai Pudong International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India to resume non-stop Delhi–Shanghai flights from February 2026|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visit/air-india-to-resume-non-stop-delhishanghai-flights-from-february-2026/articleshow/125381885.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|date=17 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Czech Republic||[[Prague]]||[[Václav Havel Airport Prague]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimetable63">{{cite web|title=Air India time table 1963|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/ai63/|publisher=Timetableimages.com|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|Denmark||[[Copenhagen]]||[[Copenhagen Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="resumption">{{cite web |title=Air India Opens Reservation for Planned European Routes Resumptions in 1Q23 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221122-ai1q23eu |accessdate=22 November 2022 |work=Aeroroutes}}</ref>
|-
|Egypt||[[Cairo]]||[[Cairo International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India NS74 International Network |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/ains74intl |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Ethiopia||[[Addis Ababa]]||[[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 6">{{cite web|title=Air India Timeline 1961 to 1970|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1961-1970.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1961-1970.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=29 December 2011|publisher=Web Archive |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|France||[[Paris]]||[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Fiji||[[Nadi]]||[[Nadi International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India NS74 International Network |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/ains74intl |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Germany||[[Düsseldorf]]||[[Düsseldorf Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 5">{{cite web|title=Air India Timeline 1951 to 1960|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1951-1960.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1951-1960.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=29 December 2011|publisher=Web Archive |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Frankfurt]]||[[Frankfurt Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Ghana||[[Accra]]||[[Accra International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|Hong Kong||rowspan="2"|[[Hong Kong]]||[[Hong Kong International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="suspend1">{{cite web|date=25 February 2020|title=Airlines Suspends China flights due to Coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-airlines-factbox/airlines-suspend-china-flights-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-idUSKBN20F0J3|website=Reuters}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kai Tak Airport]]||{{Terminated|Airport closed}}||align=center|
|-
|India ([[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]])||[[Port Blair]]||[[Veer Savarkar International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[Andhra Pradesh]])||[[Tirupati]]||[[Tirupati Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Vijayawada]]||[[Vijayawada International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Visakhapatnam]]||[[Visakhapatnam International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[Assam]])||[[Dibrugarh]]||[[Dibrugarh Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Guwahati]]||[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Silchar]]||[[Silchar Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |India ([[Bihar]])||[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]||[[Gaya Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| title=Air India resumes Gaya-Delhi flight| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/05/03/air-india-adds-new-flights-to-gaya/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Patna]]||[[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Chandigarh]])||[[Chandigarh]]||[[Chandigarh Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Chhattisgarh]])||[[Raipur]]||[[Swami Vivekananda Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/air-india-flight-from-raipur-will-stop-from-today-1406008.html|title=Air India flights from Raipur to cease|work=IBC24|date=13 February 2023 |accessdate=13 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Delhi]])||[[Delhi]]||[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=What is an Aviation Hub? How Air India will Transform Bengaluru Airport, What are Centre's Plans for Delhi Airport? |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/what-is-aviation-hub-how-air-india-will-transform-bengaluru-airport-what-are-centres-plans-for-delhi-airport-8845566.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Goa]])||[[Dabolim]]||[[Dabolim Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|title=Air India launches weekly flights to London's Gatwick, Heathrow Airport|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-launches-weekly-flights-to-londons-gatwick-heathrow-airport/articleshow/96933162.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=12 January 2023|access-date=13 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]]||[[Manohar International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=AI London flight to kick off Mopa int'l ops on Jul 21|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ai-london-flight-to-kick-off-mopa-intl-ops-on-jul-21/articleshow/101682195.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="7"|India ([[Gujarat]])||[[Ahmedabad]]||[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]]||{{airline focus}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Bhuj]]||[[Bhuj Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Air India Route Map |url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/destinations/route-map.html |website=Air India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jamnagar]]||[[Jamnagar Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajkot]]||[[Rajkot Airport]]||{{Terminated|Airport closed}}||align=center|<ref name="Rajkot Flights shift">{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 September 2023|access-date=10 September 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajkot International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02" />
|-
|[[Surat]]||[[Surat International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="opt">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-continues-network-optimisation-three-airports-to-be-served-by-air-asia-india/articleshow/97679167.cms|title=Air India continues network optimization, three airports to be served by Air Asia India|work=Economic Times|date=7 February 2023 |accessdate=7 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vadodara]]||[[Vadodara Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |India ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])||[[Jammu]]||[[Jammu Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Srinagar]]||[[Srinagar Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Jharkhand]])||[[Ranchi]]||[[Birsa Munda Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Karnataka]])||[[Belgaum]]||[[Belgaum Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|[[Bengaluru]]||[[Kempegowda International Airport]]||{{Airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Hubli]]||[[Hubli Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|[[Mangalore]]||[[Mangalore International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Kerala]])||[[Kannur]]||[[Kannur International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1624949182695108608|title=Air India stops flights to Kannur|work=JetArena|accessdate=13 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kochi]]||[[Cochin International Airport]]||{{airline focus}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Kozhikode]]||[[Calicut International Airport]]||{{Terminated}} ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]||{{airline focus}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Ladakh]])||[[Leh]]||[[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[Madhya Pradesh]])||[[Bhopal]]||[[Raja Bhoj Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|[[Indore]]||[[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Khajuraho]]||[[Khajuraho Airport]]||{{coming soon|Resumes 25 October 2026}}|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2026/03/11/air-india-new-flights-to-2-unesco-world-heritage-site/|title=Air India resumes flights to Khajuraho}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Maharashtra]])||[[Aurangabad]]||[[Aurangabad Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Mumbai]]||[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Nagpur]]||[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Pune]]||[[Pune Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Manipur]])||[[Imphal]]||[[Imphal Airport]]||{{Terminated}}| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Mizoram]])||[[Aizawl]]||[[Lengpui Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mizoram_Tourism/status/1626858925604876294|title=Air India to withdraw its flight operations in Aizawl|work=Mizoram Tourism|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Nagaland]])||[[Dimapur]]||[[Dimapur Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Odisha]])||[[Bhubaneswar]]||[[Biju Patnaik Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="opt"/>
|-
|India ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]])||[[Amritsar]]||[[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Rajasthan]])||[[Jaipur]]||[[Jaipur International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Jaisalmer]]||[[Jaisalmer Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/news/air-india-flight-takes-off-from-jaisalmer-first-time-two-flights-start-october-26-online-booking-opens-for-passengers-135848139.html|title=Air India launches new route to Jaisalmer}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jodhpur]]||[[Jodhpur Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Udaipur]]||[[Maharana Pratap Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[Tamil Nadu]])||[[Chennai]]||[[Chennai International Airport]]||{{airline focus}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Coimbatore]]||[[Coimbatore International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Madurai]]||[[Madurai International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Telangana]])||[[Hyderabad]]||[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]||{{airline focus}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Tripura]])||[[Agartala]]||[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]]||{{Terminated}} ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|India ([[Uttarakhand]])||[[Dehradun]]||[[Dehradun Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Uttar Pradesh]])||[[Agra]]||[[Agra Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|[[Lucknow]]||[[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Prayagraj]]||[[Prayagraj Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|[[Varanasi]]||[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[West Bengal]])||[[Bagdogra]]||[[Bagdogra Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|[[Durgapur]]||[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Trinamool Fumes After Air India Decision to Withdraw Flights to Durgapur|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/trinamool-fumes-after-air-india-decision-to-withdraw-flights-to-durgapur-1420028}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kolkata]]||[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]||{{airline focus}}||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Indonesia||[[Denpasar]]||[[Ngurah Rai International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|[[Jakarta]]||[[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 11">{{cite web|title=Air India Timeline 1991 to 2000|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1991-2000.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1991-2000.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=29 December 2011|publisher=Web Archive |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Iran||[[Tehran]]||[[Mehrabad International Airport]]||{{terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimeline2">{{cite web|title=Tehran, Ras Al Khaimah, Doha in time line|url=http://home.airindia.in:80/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1991-2000.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213030912/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1991-2000.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=13 December 2011|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Iraq||[[Baghdad]]||[[Baghdad International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimeline">{{cite web|title=Baghdad, Fujairah, Tashkent in time line|url=http://home.airindia.in:80/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1981-1990.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113013954/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1981-1990.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=13 January 2012|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|[[Najaf]]||[[Al Najaf International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India adds Najaf service from mid-Feb 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/282662/air-india-adds-najaf-service-from-mid-feb-2019/|publisher=Routesonline|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|Israel||[[Tel Aviv]]||[[David Ben Gurion Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Livne |first1=Stav |title=Air India to resume Israel flights in January |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-air-india-to-resume-israel-flights-in-january-1001525501 |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=globes.co.il |agency=Globes Publisher Itonut (1983) Ltd. |publisher=Globes, Israel business news |date=4 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Italy||[[Milan]]||[[Milan Malpensa Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="resumption"/>
|-
|[[Rome]]||[[Rome Fiumicino Airport]]||{{coming soon|Resumes 25 March 2026}} ||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Air India resumes direct flights to Rome |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/12/24/air-india-resumes-flights-to-rome-after-6-years/}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|Japan||[[Osaka]]||[[Kansai International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India East Asia network changes from mid-Sep 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285246/air-india-east-asia-network-changes-from-mid-sep-2019/|publisher=Routesonline|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Tokyo]]||[[Haneda International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="Air India Tokyo">{{cite news|title=Air India Tokyo airport shift from Narita to Haneda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/india-to-japan-just-got-easier-air-india-s-new-routes-airport-shift-explained-101741003337215-amp.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Narita International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Air India Tokyo"/>
|-
|Kenya||[[Nairobi]]||[[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]]||{{Terminated}} ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250904-ainw25nbo|title=Air India ends Delhi-Nairobi service}}</ref>
|-
|Kuwait||[[Kuwait City]]||[[Kuwait International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Lebanon||[[Beirut]]||[[Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimetable63" />
|-
|Malaysia||[[Kuala Lumpur]]||[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|Maldives||[[Malé]]||[[Velana International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|Mauritius||[[Port Louis]]||[[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 6" />
|-
|Myanmar||[[Yangon]]||[[Yangon International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Nepal||[[Kathmandu]]||[[Tribhuvan International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Netherlands||[[Amsterdam]]||[[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231123-ainw23ams|title=AIR INDIA RESUMES AMSTERDAM SERVICE FROM MID-DEC 2023|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=23 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Nigeria||[[Lagos]]||[[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|Oman||[[Muscat]]||[[Muscat International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Pakistan||[[Karachi]]||[[Jinnah International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive a">{{cite web|title=Air India Timeline 1932 to 1940|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1932-1940.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1932-1940.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=29 December 2011|publisher=Web Archive |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lahore]]||[[Allama Iqbal International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|Philippines||[[Manila]]||[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]]|| align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/nri/visit/air-india-to-start-direct-flights-from-delhi-to-manila-starting-this-october/articleshow/121617084.cms|title=Air India to start direct flights from Delhi to Manila starting this October|website=The Economic Times|date=4 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Qatar||rowspan="2"|[[Doha]]||[[Doha International Airport]]||{{Terminated|Airport closed}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimeline2" />
|-
|[[Hamad International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|date=3 September 2019|title=Air India expands Middle East service in W19|work=Airlineroute|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/286157/air-india-expands-middle-east-service-in-w19/|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Russia||rowspan="2"|[[Moscow]]||[[Moscow Domodedovo Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Air India ends Moscow service in July 2017|language=en-GB|work=Routesonline|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273719/air-india-ends-moscow-service-in-july-2017/|access-date=2017-07-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sheremetyevo International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|date=1 March 2021|title=Air India Resumes Regular Flights Between Moscow, New Delhi Following COVID-19 Pause|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/air-india-resumes-regular-flights-between-mos-1180678.html|website=UrduPoint.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|Saudi Arabia||[[Dammam]]||[[King Fahd International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Dhahran]]||[[King Abdulaziz Air Base|Dhahran International Airport]]||{{Terminated|Airport closed}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 6" />
|-
|[[Jeddah]]||[[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Riyadh]]||[[King Khalid International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Seychelles||[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]]||[[Seychelles International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seychelles in time line|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1971-1980.aspx?MID=196|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229031053/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1971-1980.aspx?MID=196|archive-date=2011-12-29|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|Singapore||[[Singapore]]||[[Changi Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|South Africa||[[Durban]]||[[Durban International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|[[Johannesburg]]||[[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|South Korea||[[Seoul]]||[[Incheon International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Spain||[[Madrid]]||[[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Air India scraps flights">{{cite web|title=Air India scraps flights to 5 European destinations over loss of revenue amid pandemic|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-india-scraps-flights-to-5-european-destinations-over-loss-of-revenue-amid-pandemic-1710122-2020-08-11|access-date=2020-08-12|website=India Today|date=11 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Sri Lanka||[[Colombo]]||[[Bandaranaike International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|Sweden||[[Stockholm]]||[[Stockholm Arlanda Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Air India scraps flights" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|Switzerland||[[Geneva]]||[[Geneva Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimetable63" />
|-
|[[Zurich]]||[[Zurich Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240503-aijun24zrh|title=AIR INDIA RESUMES ZURICH SERVICE FROM JUNE 2024|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Syria||[[Damascus]]||[[Damascus International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|Tanzania||[[Dar Es Salaam]]||[[Julius Nyerere International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|Thailand||rowspan="2"|[[Bangkok]]||[[Don Mueang International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|[[Suvarnabhumi Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Phuket]]||[[Phuket International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231124-aidec23hkt|title=AIR INDIA ADDS DELHI – PHUKET FROM MID-DEC 2023|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=24 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Turkey||[[Istanbul]]||[[Istanbul Airport]]||{{Terminated}} ||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|Uganda||[[Entebbe]]||[[Entebbe International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive 6" />
|-
|rowspan="6"|United Arab Emirates||[[Abu Dhabi]]||[[Zayed International Airport]]||{{Terminated}} ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251002-ainw25bom|title=Air India cancels Abu Dhabi flight}}</ref>
|-
|[[Al Ain]]||[[Al Ain International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|author=S. Qamar Hasan|title=Air India Cochin-Al Ain in summer 2004|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/air-india-announces-summer-schedule|publisher=Khaleejtimes.com|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dubai]]||[[Dubai International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Fujairah]]||[[Fujairah International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimeline" />
|-
|[[Ras Al Khaimah]]||[[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimeline2" />
|-
|[[Sharjah]]||[[Sharjah International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India will no longer operate budget flights from UAE to Mumbai, Delhi in major revamp|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/air-india-will-no-longer-operate-budget-flights-from-uae-to-mumbai-delhi-in-major-revamp-1.1679457223769|website=www.gulfnews.com|date=22 March 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |United Kingdom||[[Birmingham]]||[[Birmingham Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Birmingham / Madrid inventory update as of 15Marf19|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/283401/air-india-birmingham-madrid-inventory-update-as-of-15mar19/|publisher=Routesonline|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[London]]||[[Gatwick Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250905-ainw25inc| title=Air India resumes flights to London Gatwick}}</ref>
|-
|[[Heathrow Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[London Stansted Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India adds Amritsar – London Stansted service from late-Oct 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/286713/air-india-adds-amritsar-london-stansted-service-from-late-oct-2019/|work=Airlineroute|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manchester]]||[[Manchester Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India quits Manchester|url=http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/7113/air-india-to-quit-manchester-in-search-of-more-lucrative-routes|publisher=Travelweekly.co.uk|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |United States||[[Chicago]]||[[O'Hare International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Los Angeles]]||[[Los Angeles International Airport]]||{{Terminated}} ||align=center| <ref>{{cite web |title= What sent Air India crashing?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/what-sent-air-india-crashing/articleshow/4782549.cms#:~:text=Three%20dry%2Dleased%20B%2D747s,a%20senior%20airline%20official%20said.}}</ref>
|-
|[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]||[[Newark Liberty International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[New York City]]||[[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[San Francisco]]||[[San Francisco International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name=":02"/>
|-
|[[Washington, D.C.]]||[[Washington Dulles International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}|| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2025/08/11/air-india-axes-u-s-route/|title=Air India Axes U.S. Route|publisher=Airline Geeks|date=11 August 2025|accessdate=11 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Uzbekistan||[[Tashkent]]||[[Tashkent International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="AItimeline" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|Vietnam||[[Hanoi]]||[[Noi Bai International Airport]]||{{coming soon|Begins 1 May 2026}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visit/air-india-expands-asia-connectivity-with-new-flights-to-vietnam-japan/articleshow/129089225.cms?from=mdr|title=Air India launches new flights to Hanoi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]||[[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India to start Delhi-Ho Chi Minh City flights from June 1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/air-india-delhi-ho-chi-minh-city-flights-june-1-9262529/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 April 2024|access-date=10 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Yemen||[[Aden]]||[[Aden International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|[[Sanaa]]||[[Sanaa International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|Zambia||[[Lusaka]]||[[Kenneth Kaunda International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|-
|Zimbabwe||[[Harare]]||[[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|<ref name="Web Archive" />
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Air India Express destinations|Air India Express destinations]]
* [[List of Alliance Air destinations|Alliance Air destinations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite web |title=Air India Flight New Delhi to Fairbanks |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/ai1187# |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Flightradar24 |language=en}}

{{Air India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Air India destinations}}
[[Category:Lists of airline destinations]]
[[Category:Air India|Destinations]]
[[Category:Star Alliance destinations]]

List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai

2026-03-22T07:11:07Z

CleanupBot: /* top */ Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2023}}
[[File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|alt= Bombay is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island, which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east, and Vasai Creek to the north. Bombay's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek, and the Thane District is north of Vasai Creek.|thumb|upright|Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.]]

The city of '''[[Mumbai]]''' consists of two distinct regions: [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]], forming two separate revenue districts under Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Maharashtra State Centre) |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf
|access-date=2013-07-17|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf
|archive-date=2012-05-13 }}</ref>
The city district region is also commonly called ''Island City'' or [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
|title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |access-date=2013-07-17 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
|archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref>
Mumbai Suburban district lies north Mumbai City district and includes all Mumbai suburbs. Western portion forms [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs]], while eastern side forms [[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs]].
Suburbs [[Chembur]], [[Govandi]], [[Mankhurd]], and [[Trombay]] lie of the south-east Eastern Suburbs. These suburbs generally not considered part Eastern Suburbs and sometimes referred as "Harbour Suburbs".

The total area of Mumbai is 603.4&nbsp;km2 (233 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web |title=Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities |url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development ([[Government of India]]) |page=33 |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000104/http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of this, the island city spans 67.79&nbsp;km2 (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370&nbsp;km2 (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71&nbsp;km2 (169 sq mi) under the administration of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC). The remaining area belongs to Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park|Borivali National Park]], which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]], partially shared with the [[Thane district]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Sanjay Gandhi National Park is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09&nbsp;km2 (39.80 sq mi).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>

==Western suburbs==
[[File:Skyscrapers_of_Mumbai_viewed_from_'National_Park,_Borivili.jpg|thumb|[[Borivali]]]]
[[File:Amboli Sunset Point.JPG|thumb|[[Amboli, Mumbai|Amboli]]]]
[[File:Juhu Aerodrome and JW Marriott Mumbai Juhu P 20181005 161601 2.jpg|thumb|[[Juhu]]]]

===[[Andheri]]===
*[[Aram Nagar]]
*[[Amboli, Mumbai|Amboli]]
*[[Chakala]]
*[[D.N. Nagar]]
*[[Four Bungalows]]
*[[JB Nagar]]
*[[Kajuwadi]]
*[[Lokhandwala Complex]]
*[[Marol]]
*[[Mogra Village]]
*Model Town
*Poonam Nagar
*[[Saki Naka]]
*[[Seven Bungalows]]
*[[Versova (Mumbai)|Versova]]
*[[SEEPZ]]
*[[Sahar Village, Mumbai|Sahar]]

===[[Bandra]]===
*[[Bandra Kurla Complex]]
*[[Bandstand Promenade]]
*Gandhi Nagar
*M I G Colony
*[[Kherwadi]]
*Bharat Nagar
*[[Land's End, Bandra|Land's End]]
*[[Pali Hill]]
*Old Town
*[[Bandra reclamation]]
*Chapel Avenue
*KC Marg
*Carter Road
*Kala Nagar
*Naupada
*Nirmal Nagar
*WEH Western Express Highway
*Valmiki Nagar
*Sadguru Colony
*Bharam Nagar
*Subhash Nagar
*Sanjay Nagar
*Sant Dnyaneshwar Nagar
*Bairam Naupada
*Patkar Blocks
*Vaidya Nagar
*Santosh Nagar
*Saint Martin Road
*Saint Andrew Road
*[[Bandra Fort]]
*Saint Paul Road
*Guru Nanak Road
*Mount Mary Road
*Saint Josephs Road
*Rizvi Complex
*Ranwar
*D'Monte Park Road
*Perry Cross Road
*Tata Blocks
*Indiraji Nagar
*Somnath lane
*[[Bandra Terminus]]
*28th Road
*1st Road
*9th Road
*Saint Cyril Road
*SG Joshi Marg
*B Block BKC
*National Library Road
*Bandra Worli Sea Link
*Manuel Gonsalves Road
*Pandurang Ashram Marg
*Chimbai Road
*Hill Road
*Pereira Road
*BJ Road
*DR. Ambedkar Road
*St. Sebastian Road
*Mount Carmel Road
*Vastu
*Galaxy Apartment
*Pali Mala Road

===[[Borivalii]]===
* [[I.C. Colony]]
* L.I.C. Colony aka Jeevan Bhima Nagar
* Eksar Colony
* [[Shimpoli]]
* [[Gorai]]
* Kora Kendra
* [[Vazira Naka]]
* Babhai
* Chikuwadi
* Yogi Nagar
* [[Devipada]]
* Magathane
* Nancy Colony
* Sukurwadi

===[[Dahisar]]===
* NL Complex
* Mandapeshwar Caves
* Northern heights
* Shakti Nagar
* Anand Nagar
* Ketkipada
* Anand Park
* Krishna Colony
* Rawalpada
* Ashok Van
* Balaji Colony
* Ekta Colony
* Maratha Nagar
* Konkani pada
* CS Complex
* Avdhut Nagar
* Narendra Complex
* Shanti Nagar
* Yadav Nagar
* Gavde Nagar
* Ganpat Patil Marg
* Navagaon
* Mhatre Wadi Tadwe Wadi

===[[Goregaon]]===
*Best Nagar
*[[Jawahar Nagar]]
*[[Aarey Milk Colony]]
*Motilal Nagar
*[[Bangur Nagar]]
*[[Gokuldham]]
*Jayprakash Nagar
*Pandurang Wadi
*NESCO Colony
*[[Oshiwara]]

===[[Jogeshwari]]===
*Amrut Nagar
*Kevni Pada
*Behram Baug
*Malcolm Bau
*Patliputra Nagar
*Vahatuk Nagar
*Vaishali Nagar
*Sainik Nagar
*Patilwadi
*Dnyaneshwar Marg
*Shastri Nagar
*Azad Nagar
*Khan Estate
*Pratiksha Nagar
*BR Nagar
*Momin Nagar
*Prabhat Nagar
*Kadam Nagar
*Ambivali
*Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Nagar
*Patel Estate
*Prathmesh Complex
*Somani Gram
*Gautam Nagar
*Adarsh Nagar
*Balasaheb Thackeray Flyover
*JVLR
*Gupha Tekdi
*Poonam Nagar
*Squatters Colony
*Samarth Nagar
*Shyam Nagar
*Seetawadi
*Janata Colony
*Kranti Nagar
*Rup Nagar
*Majas Wadi
*Morga Pada
*Natwar Nagar
*Samarth Nagar
*Namesingh Chawl
*Oberoi Splendor
*Anand Nagar
*Shankar Wadi
*Pratap Nagar
*Sunder Nagar
*Jijamata Colony

===[[Kandivali]]===
* Dahanukarwadi
* BunderPakhadi (Koliwada)
* [[Charkop]]
* [[Poisar]]
* Hindustan Naka
* [[Mahavir Nagar (Kandivali)|Mahavir Nagar]]
* Samta Nagar
* Damu Nagar
* [[Thakur complex]]
* [[Thakur village]]
* Akurli road
* Janupada
* Hanuman Nagar
* Kranti Nagar
* Laxmi Nagar
* Dattani
* Jivali Pada

===[[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]]===
* [[Pali Naka]]
* [[Khar Danda]]
* 21st Road
* 18th Road
* 16th Road
* 14th Road
* Ambedkar Road

===[[Malad]]===
* Dindoshi
* [[Sunder Nagar]]
* Pathanwadi
* Rani Sati Marg
* Malvani
* [[Orlem]]
* Ambujwadi
* Evershine Nagar
* Liliya Nagar
* [[Jankalyan Nagar]]

===[[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] ===
* Kalina
* Vakola
* Prabhat colony
* Anand Nagar
* Agripada
* New Agripada
* Chaitanya Nagar
* Davri Nagar
* Shivaji Nagar
* Vakola Pipeline
* Yashwant Nagar
* Khira Nagar
* Juhu Koliwada
* Pothohar Nagar
* Gazdhar Bandh

=== [[Vile Parle]] ===
*Irla
*Nehru Nagar
===[[Juhu]]===

==Eastern suburbs==
=== [[Bhandup]] ===
*Bhattipada Road
*Shivaji Talav
*Hanuman Nagar
*Pratap Nagar
*Maharashtra Nagar
*Jamil Nagar
*Kokan Nagar
*Jamin Nagar
*Utkarsh Nagar
*Samarth Nagar
*Tulshet Pada
*Sonapur
*Sahyadri Nagar
*Sarvoday Nagar

===[[Ghatkopar]] ===
*[[Amrut Nagar]]
*[[Asalfa]]
*Garodia Nagar
*Jagdusha Nagar
*[[Pant Nagar]]
*Barve Nagar

=== [[Kurla]] ===
* [[Nehru Nagar]]
* Kasaiwada
* Quresh Nagar
* Tashilanagar
* Umerwadi
* Ali dada estate
* Takiya wad
* Machi market
* Kapadia nagar
* Khadi
* Court
* Taximen colony
* Halav pool
* Makad wali chawal
* MIG
* LIG
* Bachan tabela
* Pipe road
* Buddha Colony
* Ambedkar Nagar
* Sambhaji chowk
* Machis factory
* Bharti Nagar
* New mill road
* Mubarak complex
* Vinobha bhave
* Kohinoor City
* Christian Gaon
* Jagruti Nagar
* 9 number
* Rajiv Gandhi Nagar
* Lal Taki
* Charbi Gali
* Kamela
* Taxi Stand
* Diamond
* Galaxy
* Bail Bazar
* Kaju Pada
* Ghafoor Khan Estate
* Kurla Depot
* Patel Wadi
* Teacher's Colony
* Dhobi Ghat
* New Hall Road
* Kamaani
* Jari Mari
* Achanak Nagar
* Imam Ahmed Raza Marg
* Huzoor Tajushsharia Chowk
* Father Peter Pereira Chowk
* “L” Ward

=== [[Mulund]] ===
* Bombay Colony
* Paach Rasta
* Xavier Street
* [[Nahur]]
* Mulund Runwals

===[[Powai]]===
*[[Chandivali]]
*[[Hiranandani Gardens]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] campus
*BSNL Colony
*Passpoli
*Mhada Colony 19
*Morarji Nagar
*Nitie
*Chandshah Wali Dargah
*Nitie

===[[Vidyavihar]]===
* [[Rajawadi]]
* Pipeline Road
* Kirol
* Khalai

===[[Vikhroli]]===
*[[Kanjur Marg]]
*Gandhi Nagar
*Surya Nagar
*[[Kannamwar Nagar]]
*Tagore Nagar
*[[Park Site]]
*Godrej Station Colony
*Godrej Hillside Colony
*Godrej Creek

==Central suburbs==
===[[Chembur]]===
* [[Chembur Causeway]]
* Union Park (Chembur)|Union Park
* Aloysius Soares Road
* Central Avenue
* St Anthony's Road
* St Gregorious Path
* Golf Club Road
* St Sebastian's Marouli village
* Pestom sagar
* Basant Park
* Diamond Garden
* Chedda Nagar
* Indian Oil Nagar
* St Francis of Assisi Nagar
* Swastik Park
* Maitri Park
* Atur Park
* Sindhi Society
* Punjabwadi
* Chembur Camp
* Ghatla village
* Borla village
* Deonar Farm Road
* Subhash Nagar
* Sion Trombay Road
* Wadavali village
* Maravali
* Julianwadi
* P L Lokhande Marg
* Thakkar Bappa Colony
* Suman Nagar
* Postal Colony
* Shell Colony
* Sahakar Nagar
* [[Tilak Nagar (Mumbai)|Tilak Nagar]]
* New Tilak Nagar
* Mahul
* Vashinaka
* Mahul Village
* Panjarpol
* Siddharth Colony
* Ramakrishna Chemburkar Marg
* Bhakti Park
* RCF
* Mysore Colony
* Collector Colony
* Anushakti Nagar
* Vishnu Nagar
* HP nagar
* BPCL
* [[Deonar]]

===[[Mankhurd]]===
* Mandala

=== [[Govandi]]===
*[[Baiganwadi]]
*[[Deonar]]
* Shivaji Nagar
* Gautam Nagar
* Lallubhai Compound

===[[Wadala]]===
* Sangam Nagar
* BPT Colony
* Sahakar Nagar
* Madhav Nagar
* Kidwai Nagar
* [[GTB Nagar]]
* [[Chunabhatti]]

===[[Trombay]]===
* Trombay Koliwada
* Cheetah Camp

==South Mumbai==
* [[Agripada]]
* [[Chinchpokli]]
* [[Chor Bazaar]]
* [[Churchgate]]
* [[Cuffe Parade]]
* [[Dava Bazaar]]
* [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]]
* [[Kemps Corner]]
* [[Lower Parel]]
* [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]]
* [[Mahim]]
* [[Masjid Bunder]]
* [[Marine Drive, Mumbai]]
* [[Marine Lines]]
* [[Mumbai Central]]
*[[Nagpada]]
* [[Nariman Point]]
* [[Prabhadevi]]
* [[Worli]]

===[[Antop Hill]]===
*[[C.G.S. colony]]

===[[Bhuleshwar]]===
*[[Zaveri Bazaar|Zaveri Baazar]]
*[[ Bhendi Bazaar]]

===[[Byculla]]===
*[[Dagdi Chawl]]
*[[Ghodapdeo]]

===[[Colaba]]===
*[[Navy Nagar]]

===[[Cumbala Hill]]===
* [[Breach Candy]]

===[[Dadar]]===
*[[Hindu colony]]
*[[Shivaji Park Residential Zone]]
*[[Dadar Parsi Colony|Parsi Colony]]
*Naigaon

===[[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]===
*[[Ballard Estate]]
* [[Dhobitalao]]
* [[Kala Ghoda]]

===[[Girgaon]]===
*[[Charni Road]]
*[[Khotachiwadi]]

===[[Kalbadevi]]===
*Abdul Rehman Street
*Agiary Lane
*Anant Wadi
*Arthur Road Junction
*Saleem road
*Balaji Mandir
*Bhuleshwar Road
* [[Cavel]]
*Cavel Cross Lane
*Champa Wadi
*Chandanwadi Road
*[[Chira Bazaar]]
*Clive Road
*Cotton Exchange
*Dadasaheb Parulekar Marg
*Dadiseth Agiary Lane
*Dhanji Street
*Dhirubhai Parekh Marg
*Dr. Atmaram Merchant Road
*Dr. M.B. Velkar Street
*Dr. Viegas Street
*Fanas Wadi
*Fofal Wadi
*Gaiwadi Lane
*Gaushala
*Gulal Wadi
*Haines Road
*Hollvard Road
*Jagannath Shankarseth (JSS) Road
*Kalbadevi Road
*Kavi Nirav Lane
*Kazi Syed Street
*Khodad Circle
*Kika Street
*Kolbhat Lane
*Lohar Chawl
*M.J. Market
*Malharrao Wadi
*Mangaladevi Marg
*Mirza Street
*Nagdevi Cross Street
*Narayan Dhuru Street
*Old Satta Gully
*Panjrapole Lane
*Pophalwadi
*Premkumar Sharma Road
*Ram Wadi
*Shaikh Memon Street
*Shrikant Palekar Marg
*Sitaram Poddar Marg
*Swadeshi Market
*Tambakata
*Tatya Gharpure Marg
*Thakurdwar Road
*Vithal Wadi
*Vithoba Lane

===[[Kamathipura]]===
=== [[Malabar Hill]]===
* [[Walkeshwar]]
===[[Matunga]]===
King Circle

===[[Parel]]===
*[[Cotton Green]]
* [[Lalbaug]]
===[[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]===
*[[Chunabhatti]]
===[[Tardeo]]===
* [[Carmichael Road]]
*[[Gowalia Tank]]
**[[Altamount Road]]
*[[Nana Chowk]]
===[[Umarkhadi]]===
*Dongri

==Other==
* [[Dharavi]]
* [[Koliwada]]
* [[Koombarwara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite web |url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |title=Mumbai Plan |publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=plan |access-date=29 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |archive-date=10 March 2009}}
* {{Cite book |title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer |series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |volume=v. 27, no. 1 |year=1960 |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=bom}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai| ]]
[[Category:Lists of neighbourhoods in Indian cities|Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mumbai-related lists]]

Khurda Road Junction railway station

2026-03-22T07:10:54Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Khurda Road Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Rail station, Khurda Road.JPG
| image_caption =
| address = Jatani, Khurda, Odisha
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.1535|N|85.7086|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|43|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Khurda Road–Puri line]], [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], [[Khurda Road–Bolangir line]] (under construction)
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1897}}
| platform = 7
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KUR
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]], [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Retang|right=Argul|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
|line2=East Coast Railway zone|left2=Retang|right2=Haripur Gram|to-left2=Kharagpur Junction|to-right2=Puri|type2=[[Kharagpur–Puri line]]
|line3=East Coast Railway zone|left3=|right3=Khurda Town|to-right3=Balangir|type3=[[Khurda Road-Bolangir line]] (under construction)}}
}}

'''Khurda Road''' is One of the Most Important railway junction station of East Coast Railway Zone in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].

==History==
[[File:Khurda_road_junction_rail_station_(kurj).jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=Khurda Road Railway Station|Khurda Road Railway Station]]
From 1893 to 1896, {{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of [[East Coast State Railway]] was built and opened to traffic. It necessitated construction of some of the largest bridges across rivers like the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]], [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], [[Kathajodi River|Kathajodi]], [[Kuakhai River|Kuakhai]] and Birupa. [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]'s line to Cuttack was opened on 1 January 1899.<ref name=ser>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 2013-01-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The Khurda Road–Puri section was opened to traffic on 1 February 1897.<ref name=ser/>

The {{convert|514|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long northern section of the East Coast State Railway was merged with BNR in 1902.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261 | title = History | publisher = East Coast Railway | access-date = 2013-01-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110131114416/http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C261 | archive-date = 31 January 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===Railway reorganisation===
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part - III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21}}</ref> [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14-April-1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947-1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April-2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones/>

==Railway Division==
Khurda Road is one of the three divisions of East Coast Railway.<ref name="zones"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/khurda-road-junction-kur/219 Trains at Khurda Road]

{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Khorda district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1897]]

Force (2014 film)

2026-03-22T07:10:43Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Force
| image = force2014.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Force 2014 first look
| director = [[Raja Chanda]]
| producer = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] Nittin Keni
| writer = Anindya Bose (Screenplay & Dialogues) [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]]
| starring = Prosenjit Chatterjee [[Arpita Chatterjee|Arpita Pal]] Arya Dasgupta Joyjit Banerjee Tathagata Mukherjee Debranjan Nag Sudipta Ballav Jayanta Hore
| music = Saptarishi Mukherjee
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Saptarishi Mukherjee
| studio = [[Essel Vision Productions]] NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd.
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|11|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Force''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action drama film]] directed by [[Raja Chanda]] and produced under the banners of Essel Vision Productions and NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd. The film features actors [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Arpita Pal]] in the lead roles. It is a remake of 2013 Tamil superhit [[Haridas (2013 film)| Haridas]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/prosenjit-arpita-forced-to-come-together/|title=Prosenjit, Arpita Forced to come together -The Indian Express|date=9 May 2014 |publisher=indian express |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Prosenjit-ChatterjeeArpita-Chatterjee-shoot-for-movie-Force-at-the-Maidan-in-Kolkata-63543.html|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee, Arpita Chatterjee shoot for movie Force at the Maidan in Kolkata|publisher=newswala|accessdate=2014-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140114/http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Prosenjit-ChatterjeeArpita-Chatterjee-shoot-for-movie-Force-at-the-Maidan-in-Kolkata-63543.html|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollyplanetbangla.com/2014/03/after-12-years-prosenjit-arpita-are.html|title=After 12 years Prosenjit & Arpita are coming together - Tolly planet bangla|publisher=|accessdate=2014-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805011736/http://www.tollyplanetbangla.com/2014/03/after-12-years-prosenjit-arpita-are.html|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Force is a new commercial Bengali movie, based on the love and relationship of a father and a son. Arjun ([[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]) is an encounter specialist police officer whose goal is to eradicate both crime and criminals from the society. He lost his wife during the birth of his son, Abhimanyu. His son is autistic and has neurodevelopmental disabilities.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as ACP Arjun Roy - Encounter Specialist.
* [[Arpita Pal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/showbiz-details/T/62/prosenjit-arpita-star-in-force.html|title=Prosenjit, Arpita star in 'Force' -Indiablooms|publisher=Indiablooms |accessdate=2014-07-12}}</ref> as Labanya
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] as Shivaji Rakshit
* [[Ena Saha]]
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] as Police Commissioner
* Arya Dasgupta as Abhimanyu Roy
* Joyjit Banerjee Krishna
* Debranjan Nag
* Sudipta Ballav as Adinath, leader of coal mafia gang
* Jayanta Hore
* Sumit Ganguly as Debu Barman - sports committee member

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Force
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Saptarishi Mukherjee
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2014}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Essel Vision Productions NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd.
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration (min:sec) !! Music !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Take It Easy" || [[Usha Uthup]] || 2:42 || Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|-
| 2 || "Palabi Aye" || [[Sonu Nigam]] || 4:16 ||Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|-
| 3 || "Police" || [[Timir Biswas]] & Ujjaini || 3:18 || Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|-
| 4 || "Force" || [[Rupam Islam]] || 2:38 || Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4195244}}

{{Raja Chanda}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raja Chanda]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Bhaskar Oru Rascal

2026-03-22T07:10:31Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{Short description|2018 film by Siddique}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baaskar Oru Rascal
| image = Bhaskar_Oru_Rascal.jpg
| director = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| producer = M. Harshini
| writer = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] [[Ramesh Khanna]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Bhaskar The Rascal]]'' |[[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]}}
| starring = [[Arvind Swamy]] [[Amala Paul]] Baby Nainika [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]]
| music = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| cinematography = Vijay Ulaganath
| editing = KR Gowrishanker
| studio = Harshini Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018|05|17|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Movie Release Date May 11th Posters |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2018/04/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-release-date-may-11th-posters-arvind-swamy-amala-paul.html?pid=1331453 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425115638/https://moviegalleri.net/2018/04/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-release-date-may-11th-posters-arvind-swamy-amala-paul.html?pid=1331453 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=moviegalleri.net}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = 
}}

'''''Bhaskar Oru Rascal''''' ({{translation|Bhaskar is a rascal}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHASKAR ORU RASCAL (2018) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/bhaskar-oru-rascal-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529151648/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/bhaskar-oru-rascal-2018 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=28 May 2018 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed and co-written by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. A remake of his own [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'' (2015), the film stars [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Amala Paul]], Master Raghavan, and Baby Nainika, while [[Nikesha Patel]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles. This marks Bollywood actor [[Aftab Shivdasani]]'s [[Tamil cinema]] debut. Production began in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2017 |title=Aftab Shivdasani to make his Tamil debut as Arvind Swami's villain |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aftab-shivadasini-to-make-his-tamil-debut-as-aravind-swamis-villain/articleshow/58495636.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106073436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aftab-shivadasini-to-make-his-tamil-debut-as-aravind-swamis-villain/articleshow/58495636.cms |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhaskar is a [[Business magnate|business tycoon]] and single parent. His father, M. A. M. Rangasamy, is a retired businessman, and Bhaskar takes over his textile and real estate businesses. Bhaskar deals with all the complicated situations in his profession with rowdyism and is crude and crass. This behaviour earns him the name "Rascal". He has a son named Aakash. Aakash and Shivani study in the same school. Shivani's mother, Anu, is also a single parent. She meets Bhaskar at the school, and they get involved in an altercation. Shivani admires Bhaskar for his authoritative stance and treats him like a father figure for his heroism.

One day, Bhaskar goes with Aakash for a felicitation ceremony, where actress Kalyani is the chief guest. A comedic incident meant that the reporters at the function mistake Bhaskar for Kalyani's love interest. Kalyani's love interest happens to see this news and separates from her. Bhaskar tries to set things right by meeting Kalyani's love interest and settling the misunderstanding, but the latter insults Bhaskar. This leads to Bhaskar thrashing the guy in his office; the press records it.

All these events place Bhaskar in the spotlight for the wrong reasons. Anu does not have a good impression of him but likes Aakash's mild-mannered nature. At school, Akaash's classmates mock him because of his father's recent fiasco. Shivani tries to help Aakash, which leads to her attacking the boy in self-defence. The boy's mother makes an issue of it, but thanks to Bhaskar's timely intervention, he sorts out the matter. Bhaskar encourages Shivani to be outspoken and aggressive, but Anu dislikes it. She argues with Bhaskar, takes Shivani home, and scolds her.

Anu tells Shivani the story of how she lost her husband Sanjay long ago in Kolkata because of her aggressive behaviour when a few thugs misbehaved towards her in the elevator. Sanjay does nothing, irritating Anu. Once he drops her off, he drives back to the place and beats up the thugs. Anu follows and sees this and tries to stop Sanjay, but one of the thugs shoots him and dies. She states she does not want the same fate for Shivani and her.

Meanwhile, Aakash and Shivani plan to get their parents married, so they spend time with their "new parents" - Shivani with Bhaskar and Aakash with Anu. Bhaskar shows interest in Anu, but she remains indifferent and tries to avoid him, even though she tries to understand his good nature.

On Shivani's birthday, a small party is organised. The only guests invited are Aakash and Bhaskar, but a third uninvited guest appears and introduces himself as Sanjay. Anu reveals she still has an untold part of what happened to Sanjay. He was sent to a nearby hospital, but the doctor plans to shift him to another hospital. Anu and her friend follow the ambulance but find that Sanjay is missing, and Anu discovers that Sanjay is a killer and sharpshooter. He had been using her to gain access to a party, had [[Assassination|assassinated]] her friend's father, who is a scientist, and had stolen a research hard disk containing locations of [[plutonium]] mines locations in the country. Anu is shocked because Sanjay not only used her but also seduced her in bed, resulting in her getting pregnant. Anu had moved away from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], gave birth to Shivani, and lived there since then.

Anu accepts Rangasamy's marriage proposal to Bhaskar to save herself and Shivani from Sanjay but fears putting Bhaskar and Aakash in danger and backs out at the last minute. She decides to move to Canada with Shivani permanently. Sanjay's parents intervene and request Anu to go to Kolkata with them one last time to retrieve the hard disk in Anu's locker. Anu goes to Kolkata with Sanjay to get his hard disk with Bhaskar and the kids. Suddenly, Sanjay's father kidnaps Aakash and Shivani and demands the hard disk from Sanjay, indicating that he has a purpose for it. A fight ensues, resulting in Bhaskar saving everyone and killing Sanjay and his father. Anu and Shivani cancel their Canada trip and reunite with Bhaskar and Aakash. Bhaskar and Anu get married. A few months later, Anu becomes pregnant with Bhaskar.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Bhaskar
* [[Amala Paul]] as Anu
* Baby Nainika as Shivani, Anu's daughter
* [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]] as Aakash, Bhaskar's son
* [[Nikesha Patel]] as Kalyani
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Sanjay, Anu's husband
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Rakkappa aka Rocky
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as M. A. M. Rangasamy, Bhaskar's father
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Sanjay's father
* [[Jennifer Antony]] as Sanjay's mother
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Devadas
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Arnold
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Riyas Ahmed IPS
* [[Narayan Lucky]] as Siddharth
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Registrar
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Parthasarathy from Triplicane
* A. K. Sajan as Scientist Jaswant Malhotra
* Orma Bose as Jaswant's daughter
}}

== Production ==
The success of [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s Malayalam film, ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'' (2015) prompted the makers to consider making a Tamil version, with [[Ajith Kumar]] linked to the lead role in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2015 |title=No Ajith in Bhaskar the Rascal remake: Siddique |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-Ajith-in-Bhaskar-the-Rascal-remake-Siddique/articleshow/49702647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111113815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-Ajith-in-Bhaskar-the-Rascal-remake-Siddique/articleshow/49702647.cms |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After the plans failed to materialise, Siddique began discussions with actor [[Rajinikanth]] in early 2016 to play the lead role, but the actor eventually chose not to do the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2017 |title=Rajini in Tamil remake of Bhaskar the Rascal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rajini-in-Tamil-remake-of-Bhaskar-the-Rascal/articleshow/51068251.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226102300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rajini-in-Tamil-remake-of-Bhaskar-the-Rascal/articleshow/51068251.cms |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In September 2016, Siddique finalised [[Arvind Swamy]] as the male lead and held unsuccessful discussions with [[Nayanthara]] and then [[Sonakshi Sinha]] to star opposite him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Not signed anyone yet for &nbsp;Bhaskar the Rascal &nbsp;remake |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jan/02/not-signed-anyone-yet-for--bhaskar-the-rascal--remake-1555390.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jan/02/not-signed-anyone-yet-for--bhaskar-the-rascal--remake-1555390.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2016 |title=Arvind Swami and Nayanthara to act in Tamil remake of Bhaskar the Rascal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arvind-swami-and-nayanthara-to-act-in-tamil-remake-of-bhaskar-the-rascal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082324/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arvind-swami-and-nayanthara-to-act-in-tamil-remake-of-bhaskar-the-rascal.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In early 2017, Siddique selected [[Amala Paul]] and Nainika to play the other lead roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Bhaskar the Rascal's Tamil remake has Baby Nainika with Amala Paul and Arvind Swamy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/27/bhaskar-the-rascals-tamil-remake-has-baby-nainika-with-amala-paul-and-arvind-swamy-1575484.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082806/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/27/bhaskar-the-rascals-tamil-remake-has-baby-nainika-with-amala-paul-and-arvind-swamy-1575484.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Swamy, Amala & Nainika in 'Bhaskar The Rascal' Tamil remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-amala-nainika-in-bhaskar-the-rascal-tamil-remake-news-malayalam-rc1jO4ebdffah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227192046/http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-amala-nainika-in-bhaskar-the-rascal-tamil-remake-news-malayalam-rc1jO4ebdffah.html |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> For the role a young male actor, the makers initially approached Aarav, the son of actor [[Jayam Ravi]], and then Aahil, the son of actor [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], to star in the film. The pair's refusal meant that Raghavan, who had previously appeared in ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016) and ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' (2017), was added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarav or Aahil- who will play Aravind Swamy's son? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aarav-or-aahil--who-will-play-aravind-swamys-son-news-tamil-regjVhciehaeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409002043/http://www.sify.com/movies/aarav-or-aahil--who-will-play-aravind-swamys-son-news-tamil-regjVhciehaeh.html |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Siddique revealed that he planned to keep the essence of the original Malayalam film, but would incorporate more action scenes for the Tamil version. Comedy actors including [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Ramesh Khanna]] and [[Robo Shankar]] were also drafted in to work on the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2017 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal is more action oriented |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/14/bhaskar-oru-rascal-is-more-action-oriented-1593362.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162714/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/14/bhaskar-oru-rascal-is-more-action-oriented-1593362.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This is movie is the director's fifth in Tamil after [[Friends (2001 film)|''Friends'']] (2001), ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004), ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' (2008). and ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011). The shoot of the film began in [[Kochi]] during early April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2017 |title=IndiaGlitz&nbsp;– Arvind Swamy Amala Paul Baskar oru Rascal film shooting starts in Cochin&nbsp;– Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/arvind-swamy-amala-paul-baskar-oru-rascal-film-shooting-starts-in-cochin-tamil-news-182638.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162540/http://www.indiaglitz.com/arvind-swamy-amala-paul-baskar-oru-rascal-film-shooting-starts-in-cochin-tamil-news-182638.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Earlier the release was planned for October 2017, now the plan is to release in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baskar Oru Rascal (Bhaskar Oru Rascal) Tamil Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers&nbsp;– Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/baskar-oru-rascal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628052709/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/baskar-oru-rascal.html |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2017 |title=Bhaskar The Rascal in Tamil |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200717/bhaskar-the-rascal-in-tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720051843/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200717/bhaskar-the-rascal-in-tamil.html |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Movie Review by Praveena |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-by-praveena-arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar8951/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032706/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-by-praveena-arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar8951/ |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Movie Review |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review--arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar--siddique8943/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120446/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review--arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar--siddique8943/ |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Pa. Vijay]], Karunakaran, [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], and [[Madhan Karky]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Songs Download: Bhaskar Oru Rascal MP3 Tamil Songs Online Free on |url=https://gaana.com/album/bhaskar-oru-rascal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914060831/https://gaana.com/album/bhaskar-oru-rascal |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=Gaana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal - Amrish, Baby Sreya, Shreya Ghoshal - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Bhaskar-Oru-Rascal-2017/XTydMk1If6g_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022320/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Bhaskar-Oru-Rascal-2017/XTydMk1If6g_ |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Soundtrack received positive reviews with a critic calling it "decent work by Amresh".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2017 |title=Music Review: Bhaskar Oru Rascal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-bhaskar-oru-rascal/articleshow/62305394.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706065546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-bhaskar-oru-rascal/articleshow/62305394.cms |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Music Review - Top 10 Cinema |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/45175/bhaskar-oru-rascal-music-review |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401095154/https://top10cinema.com/article/45175/bhaskar-oru-rascal-music-review |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Bhaskar Oru Rascal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 April 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:22
| label = Triple V Records
| producer = Amresh Ganesh
| prev_title = [[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Charlie Chaplin 2]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:32%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Time
|-
| "Amma I Love You" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sreya Jayadeep]] || 4:46
|-
| "Bhaskar Is a Rascal" || Amresh Ganesh || 3:58
|-
| "Thookanangoodu" || Krish, [[Vandana Srinivasan]] || 4:08
|-
| "Ippodhu Yen" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || 4:20
|-
| "Bhaskar Theme" || Amresh Ganesh || 1:10
|}

==Release==
The film was initially scheduled to be released on January 14 but later got postponed to April 27 however failed to meet the expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Baskar Oru Rascal new release date and reason for postponement |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/baskar-oru-rascal-new-release-date-and-reason-for-postponement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160917/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/baskar-oru-rascal-new-release-date-and-reason-for-postponement.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Despite May 11 being announced as the release date, it was finally released on May 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Swamy's 'Bhaskar Oru Rascal' postponed to May 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-s-bhaskar-oru-rascal-postponed-to-may-11-news-tamil-sezj5Dcgicdeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425080638/http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-s-bhaskar-oru-rascal-postponed-to-may-11-news-tamil-sezj5Dcgicdeh.html |archive-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=ZEE TAMIL BUYS THIS BIG UPCOMING FILM! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/bhaskar-oru-rascal-satellite-rights-acquired-by-zee-tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412080905/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/bhaskar-oru-rascal-satellite-rights-acquired-by-zee-tamil.html |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was also dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] as ''Mawali Raaj'' on [[YouTube]] on 27 December 2019.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mawali Raaj (Bhaskar Oru Rascal) 2019 New Released Full Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Arvind Swamy, Amala |date=27 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWQxBZs75K0 |access-date=2022-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206175643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWQxBZs75K0 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''Indian Express'' wrote "The film's setting, story and characters fall flat, reducing Bhaskar Oru Rascal to a very few enjoyable moments that come far in between."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal movie review: This Arvind Swami film lacks focus and depth |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-aravind-swami-amala-paul-5180269/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602112757/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-aravind-swami-amala-paul-5180269/ |archive-date=2 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "It's nice to see Arvind Swami loosen up on screen, but ‘Bhaskar Oru Rascal’ fails to create an emotional connect."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=18 May 2018 |title='Bhaskar Oru Rascal' review: The story doesn't go where it ought to have |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-the-story-doesnt-go-where-it-ought-to-have/article23925707.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908014019/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-the-story-doesnt-go-where-it-ought-to-have/article23925707.ece |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Hindustan Times'' wrote "Barring moments where one can find relief in comedy, Siddique's Bhaskar Oru Rascal falls flat on its face and emerges as one of the most boring films in recent times."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal movie review: Arvind Swami is the saving grace in this lousy remake |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-arvind-swami-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-lousy-remake/story-mW6uLwb7n3gGk4TWj9fg9K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604170811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-arvind-swami-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-lousy-remake/story-mW6uLwb7n3gGk4TWj9fg9K.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> ''Sify'' called it "average entertainer" falls flat in "comedy and sentiments".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal review: Falls flat both in comedy and sentiments |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-falls-flat-both-in-comedy-and-sentiments-review-tamil-sfrkWzifiggbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517094710/http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-falls-flat-both-in-comedy-and-sentiments-review-tamil-sfrkWzifiggbf.html |archive-date=17 May 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt7088032}}

{{Siddique (director)}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2018 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amresh Ganesh]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

Kuldeep Vats

2026-03-22T07:10:19Z

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native name =
| image =
| caption = Kuldeep Vats
Assembly constituency|
| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| predecessor1 = [[O. P. Dhankar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| term_start1 = October 2024
| office2 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| predecessor2 = [[O. P. Dhankar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| term_start2 = October 2019
| term_end2 = September 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|5|5|df=y}}
| parents =
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar district|Surehti]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| residence = [[Pataudi]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Babita Vats
| children = 3
| image name =
| website = https://kuldeepvats.in/
}}

'''Kuldeep Vats''' (born 5 May 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He won from [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Badli Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Haryana Assembly Election 2019: JJP Party Result - Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024024507/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp |archive-date=24 October 2019 }}</ref> The Congress party nominated him to contest again from Badli in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Amid collapse of Haryana alliance bid with Cong, a look at 20 seats on AAP's first list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/amid-collapse-of-haryana-alliance-bid-with-cong-a-look-at-20-seats-on-aaps-first-list-9558669/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won from the constituency again.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Badli Assembly Election Result 2024: Congress's Kuldeep Vats wins with 68160 votes against BJP's Omprakash Dhankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/badli-assembly-election-result-2024-counting-of-votes-today/articleshow/114012595.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vats is from Badli, Jhajjar district, Haryana. He is the son of late Sat Narayan. He completed his Class 10 exam conducted by Board of School Education, Haryana in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuldeep Vats(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BADLI(JHAJJAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7921 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vats, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
Kuldeep Vats is an Indian politician from Haryana and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He represents the [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Badli Assembly constituency]] in the Haryana Legislative Assembly.

In the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election, he won the Badli seat with 45,441 votes, defeating Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate [[Om Prakash Dhankhar]] by a margin of 11,245 votes.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Badli Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Badli Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/haryana-election/badli-assembly-election-result-2019-65.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Badli Election Results 2019 Live Updates (बादली): Kuldeep Vats of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/badli-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359285.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election, he was re-elected from Badli, securing 68,160 votes and again defeating BJP candidate [[Om Prakash Dhankhar]] by a margin of 16,820 votes.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuldeep Vats Performance in Badli Assembly Elections 2024: Vote Margins & Live Trends – India TV News|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/badli-constituency/candidate-list/kuldeep-vats |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | date=2026-02-18 |title=Badli Assembly Election 2024: Badli Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/haryana/badli-assembly-result-7065 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.aajtak.in |language=en}}</ref>

He has served as MLA for the Badli constituency since October 2019, winning consecutive terms in 2019 and 2024

== References ==
<references />