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List of The Big Bang Theory franchise characters

2026-05-31T13:04:17Z

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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Big Bang Theory Panel.png|thumb|''The Big Bang Theory'' cast at [[San Diego Comic-Con International|Comic-Con]] 2009, from left: [[Kunal Nayyar]], [[Simon Helberg]], [[Kaley Cuoco]], [[Jim Parsons]], and [[Johnny Galecki]]|320x320px]]
The American television [[sitcom]] [[Media franchise|franchise]] ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', began with the [[Multiple-camera setup|multi-cam]] [[laugh track]] [[The Big Bang Theory|sitcom of the same name]] created and executive produced by [[Chuck Lorre]] and [[Bill Prady]], which premiered on [[CBS]] on September 24, 2007, and ended on May 16, 2019, followed by the [[Single-camera setup|single-camera]] [[Spinoff (media)|spinoff]] [[prequel]] television series ''[[Young Sheldon]]'', created and executive produced by Lorre alongside [[Jim Parsons]] and [[Steven Molaro]], which premiered on CBS on September 25, 2017, and concluded on May 16, 2024, with the third series in the franchise, a multi-cam spin-off sequel to ''Young Sheldon'' entitled ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]]'', premiering on October 17, 2024. A fourth series, a multi-cam spin-off sequel to ''The Big Bang Theory'', will be entitled ''[[Stuart Fails to Save the Universe]]''. It will feature [[Stuart Bloom]], Denise, and [[Bert Kibbler]], with [[Kevin Sussman]], [[Lauren Lapkus]], and [[Brian Posehn]] reprising their roles.<ref>[https://www.avclub.com/big-bang-theory-spin-off-stuart-fails-to-save-the-universe The latest Big Bang Theory spin-off has a name: Stuart Fails To Save The Universe]</ref>

''The Big Bang Theory'' initially centers on five characters: [[Sheldon Cooper|Sheldon Lee Cooper]] and [[Leonard Hofstadter]], two physicists and roommates; [[Penny (The Big Bang Theory)|Penny]], their neighbor who is a waitress and aspiring actress; Sheldon and Leonard's friends and coworkers [[aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]] [[Howard Wolowitz|Howard Joel Wolowitz]] and [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] [[Raj Koothrappali]].

Over time, several [[supporting character]]s have been introduced and promoted to starring roles, including physicist [[#Leslie|Leslie Winkle]], neuroscientist [[#Amy|Amy Farrah Fowler]], microbiologist [[#Bernadette Maryann Rostenkowski-Wolowitz|Bernadette Maryann Rostenkowski-Wolowitz]], and comic book store proprietor and friend of the other characters [[#Stuart|Stuart Bloom]]. The series also features numerous supporting characters, each of whom plays a prominent role in a [[story arc]]. Included among them are parents of the main characters, their dates, and their coworkers. Celebrities such as [[Stephen Hawking]] appear in [[cameo role]]s as themselves.

''Young Sheldon'' initially centers on Sheldon Cooper at the age of nine, going to high school and living with his family in the fictional town of Medford, [[East Texas]], Sheldon's mother, [[Mary Cooper (The Big Bang Theory)|Mary]]; his father and the head football coach at Medford High, George Sr.; his [[twin sister]], Missy; his older brother, George Jr.; and his grandmother, Constance "Connie" Tucker, also known as "Meemaw". The series also features numerous supporting characters, each of whom plays a prominent role in a [[story arc]]. Included among them are Sheldon's present and former classmates, their dates and coworkers, and those of his family. Celebrities such as [[Elon Musk]] appear in [[cameo role]]s as themselves. Jim Parsons, who portrays the adult Sheldon Cooper on ''The Big Bang Theory'', narrates the series and serves as an executive producer.

==Main characters==
===Cast table===
{{Cast indicator|tense=past|media=season|appeared=''The Big Bang Theory'', ''Young Sheldon'', and ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'' series with main role|V}}
: {{Color box|#deffde|border=darkgray}} = [[Ensemble cast|Main cast]] (credited)
: {{Color box|#ffe3e4|border=darkgray}} = [[Recurring character|Recurring cast]] (2+ episodes)
: {{Color box|#dbebfe|border=darkgray}} = [[Guest appearance|Guest cast]] (1 episode)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:240px;" | Character
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:160px;" | Portrayed by
! scope="col" colspan="12" | ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''
! scope="col" colspan="7" | ''[[Young Sheldon]]''
! scope="col" colspan="3" | ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]]''
! scope="col" colspan="1" | ''[[Stuart Fails to Save the Universe]]''
|-
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 1|1]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 2|2]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 3|3]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 4|4]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 5|5]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 6|6]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 7|7]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 8|8]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 9|9]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 10|10]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 11|11]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 12|12]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 1|1]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 2|2]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 3|3]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 4|4]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 5|5]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 6|6]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Young Sheldon season 7|7]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage#Episodes|1]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage#Episodes|2]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage#Episodes|3]]
!1
|-
| [[Leonard Hofstadter]]

| [[Johnny Galecki]]{{efn|name=season 2 finale|The ''Young Sheldon'' season 2 finale features a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] in which several characters from ''The Big Bang Theory'' are shown as children. None of the children had a speaking role. '''Leonard''' is portrayed by Isaac Harger; '''Penny''' by Quinn Aune; '''Howard''' by Ethan Reed Stern; '''Raj''' by Rishabh Prabhat; '''Bernadette''' by A. J. Coggeshall; and '''Amy''' by Lily Sanfelippo.}}
| colspan="12" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}}}
| colspan="8" {{cNone}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sheldon Cooper]]
| [[Jim Parsons]]
| colspan="12" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Voice only}}{{efn|Except in the series finale, where he makes a physical appearance as adult Sheldon.}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
| [[Iain Armitage]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Lead}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="1" {{TBA}}
| colspan="1" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Penny (The Big Bang Theory)|Penny Hofstadter]]{{efn|name=season 3 pool|Cuoco also makes a voice appearance in episode 10 of [[List of Young Sheldon episodes#Season 3 (2019–20)|Season 3 of ''Young Sheldon'']], voicing the pool in which Sheldon is afraid to swim.}}
| [[Kaley Cuoco]]{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}
| colspan="12" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest}}{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}{{efn|name=season 3 pool}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
| [[Howard Wolowitz]]
| [[Simon Helberg]]{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}
| colspan="12" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Raj Koothrappali|Rajesh "Raj" Koothrappali]]
| [[Kunal Nayyar]]{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}
| colspan="12" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[<includeonly>List of The Big Bang Theory characters</includeonly>#Leslie Winkle|Leslie Winkle]]
| [[Sara Gilbert]]
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CMain|{{Abbr|M|Main}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="14" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[<includeonly>List of The Big Bang Theory characters</includeonly>#Bernadette Rostenkowski|Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz]]
| [[Melissa Rauch]]{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Amy Farrah Fowler]] 
| [[Mayim Bialik]]{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="9" {{CMain|Main}}{{efn|In the fourth season, Bialik is initially credited as a guest star before being promoted to the main cast in the eighth episode.}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}{{efn|name=season 2 finale}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[<includeonly>List of The Big Bang Theory characters</includeonly>#Stuart Bloom|Stuart Bloom]]
| [[Kevin Sussman]]
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="4" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{CMain|{{Abbr|M|Main}}}}{{efn|In the sixth season, Sussman is initially credited as a series regular before being demoted to a guest star in the sixteenth episode onwards.}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="5" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| [[#Emily Sweeney|Emily Sweeney]]
| [[Laura Spencer (actress)|Laura Spencer]]
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CMain|{{Abbr|M|Main}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[#Mary Cooper|Mary Cooper]]
| [[Laurie Metcalf]]
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CGuest|Guest}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Zoe Perry]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#George Cooper Sr.|George Cooper Sr.]]
| [[Lance Barber]]{{efn|name=season 5 Jimmy|Barber also makes an appearance in the [[The Big Bang Theory season 5|fifth season of ''The Big Bang Theory'']] as a different character, Jimmy Speckerman, Leonard's former high school colleague who used to bully him.}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}{{efn|name=season 5 Jimmy}}}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| rowspan ="2" |[[#Georgie Cooper|George "Georgie" Cooper Jr.]]
| [[Jerry O'Connell]]
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Montana Jordan]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Lead}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[#Missy Cooper|Melissa "Missy" Cooper]]
| [[Courtney Henggeler]]
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Raegan Revord]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[#Constance "Connie" Tucker ("Meemaw")|Constance "Connie" Tucker ("Meemaw")]]
| [[June Squibb]]
| colspan="8" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="14" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Annie Potts]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| [[#Pastor Jeff Difford|Pastor Jeff Difford]]
| [[Matt Hobby]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="5" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" |[[Billy Sparks|William “Billy” Sparks]]
| Wyatt McClure
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="4" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Mandy McAllister|Amanda "Mandy" McAllister]]
| [[Emily Osment]]
| colspan="16" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Lead}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[List of The Big Bang Theory franchise characters#Jim McAllister|Jim McAllister]]
| [[Will Sasso]]
| colspan="17" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[List of The Big Bang Theory franchise characters#Audrey McAllister|Audrey McAllister]]
| [[Rachel Bay Jones]]
| colspan="17" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[List of The Big Bang Theory franchise characters#Connor McAllister|Connor McAllister]]
| Joseph Apollonio
| colspan="17" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Dougie Baldwin]]
| colspan="19" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[List of The Big Bang Theory franchise characters#Ruben Alvarez|Ruben Alvarez]]
| Jessie Prez
| colspan="19" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| [[<includeonly>List of The Big Bang Theory characters</includeonly>#Denise|Denise]]
| [[Lauren Lapkus]]
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Bert Kibbler|Bert Kibbler]]
| [[Brian Posehn]]
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Barry Kripke|Barry Kripke]]
| [[John Ross Bowie]]
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="5" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|}

===''The Big Bang Theory'' main characters===
====Leonard Hofstadter====
{{main|Leonard Hofstadter}}
[[File:Johnny Galecki at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Johnny Galecki]]]]
Leonard Leakey Hofstadter<ref name="S01E06">{{cite episode|title=The Middle Earth Paradigm|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 1#ep6|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=October 29, 2007|season=1|number=6|minutes=5:18}}</ref> (portrayed by [[Johnny Galecki]]; seasons 1–12) is an [[Experimental physics|experimental physicist]] with an [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] of 173. Originally from [[New Jersey]], he received his PhD at age 24, spending at least some of his time at [[Princeton University]]. He shared an apartment in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] with colleague and friend Dr. Sheldon Cooper for much of the series. Unlike his equally geeky friends, Leonard is interested and adept in building relationships with other people. Compared to his friends, he is relatively successful with women. Leonard comes from an accomplished family. His mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, is a [[neuroscientist]] and world-renowned [[psychiatrist]] with whom he has a strained relationship. His sister is a [[medical research]]er, his father, Dr. Alfred Hofstadter, is an [[anthropologist]], and his brother Michael is a Harvard law professor. He and Penny date on and off throughout the series, eventually marrying and finding out that Penny is pregnant in the series finale.

Leonard makes a brief non-speaking cameo as a child in the Season 2 finale of ''Young Sheldon''; he was portrayed by [[Isaac Harger]] as a child.

{{Clear}}

====Sheldon Cooper====
{{main|Sheldon Cooper}}

{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Jim Parsons at PaleyFest 2013.jpg
| image2 = Iain Armitage and Jane Fonda at Fire Drill Fridays protest (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = Jim Parsons
| caption2 = Iain Armitage
| caption_align = center
}}
Sheldon Lee Cooper (portrayed by [[Jim Parsons]]; ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 1–12, ''Young Sheldon'' season 7; voiced by Parsons; [[narrator]]: ''Young Sheldon''; and by [[Iain Armitage]]; guest: ''The Big Bang Theory'' season 12; main: ''Young Sheldon'') is a [[theoretical physicist]], possessing a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S]], [[Master of Science|M.S]], [[Master of Arts|M.A]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rW-RHdqy9E|title = The Big Bang Theory – best scene ever!|via = [[YouTube]]|access-date = May 31, 2021|archive-date = May 31, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210531021821/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rW-RHdqy9E|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]], [[Doctor of Science|Sc.D]], [[Intelligence quotient|I.Q.]] of 187, and [[eidetic memory]]. Born in [[East Texas]], he was a [[child prodigy]] and received his PhD at age 16 from the [[California Institute of Technology]]. He is a cold, condescending, self-centered, and immature person but is rarely malicious. He is obsessed with routines and any disruptions distress him enormously. He shows signs of [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]], often shown through his compulsive need to knock three times on a door while saying the name of the person behind the door three times too and the [[superiority complex]]. Despite his narcissism, selfishness, and lack of social graces, he does care about his friends and family. In seasons 1–9, he shares an apartment in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] with friend and fellow physicist Dr. Leonard Hofstadter. From then after, he moves in with his girlfriend and eventual wife, Amy. It is revealed in ''Young Sheldon'' that they have kids too.

His interest in science fiction and comic books borders on the extreme. He has a particular affinity for [[Spock]] from the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise. Although he has the tendency to take things literally, he is fond of occasionally telling a joke or playing a prank, which he typically punctuates with his trademark exclamation, "Bazinga!"

As portrayed in ''Young Sheldon'', he is a child prodigy who finishes primary school before his twin sister, Missy, and joins the same high-school class as his older brother, Georgie, at the age of nine. He reads widely and possesses an eidetic memory. He prefers to learn topics that interest him on his own—such as [[Electromagnetic induction|Faraday's law of induction]] and [[gravitational lens]]ing—than the standard curriculum of grade school. In this series, the origins of his interests in the sciences, engineering, computers, trains, comic books, and science fiction (especially the character [[Spock]] from ''[[Star Trek]]'') are revealed. Sheldon moves on to college while Missy remains in middle school. Despite their rivalry, Sheldon and Missy are closer than they first appear.

[[Iain Armitage]], who plays [[young Sheldon]] on the spin-off, briefly appears in a video tape being watched by Parsons during a final season episode of ''The Big Bang Theory''; it is the only time Parsons and Armitage have appeared together so far.

{{Clear}}

====Penny====

{{main|Penny (The Big Bang Theory)}}
[[File:Kaley Cuoco at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kaley Cuoco]]]]
Kindhearted and outgoing, Penny (portrayed by [[Kaley Cuoco]]) is Leonard and Sheldon's neighbor across the hallway from the inception of the series, replacing the apartment's former occupant, Louis/Louise, a "transvestite with a skin condition" according to Sheldon. Originally from a small town outside [[Omaha, Nebraska]], she was a waitress and occasional bartender at the local [[The Cheesecake Factory|Cheesecake Factory]] until season seven, and is an aspiring actress. Sheldon describes her as a "good-natured simpleton" and is critical of her dropping out of community college.

Initially, not much is known about Penny's family, but it is mentioned in the series that her father, Wyatt (portrayed by [[Keith Carradine]],<ref name="S04E9">{{cite episode|title=The Boyfriend Complexity|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 4#ep72|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=November 18, 2010|season=4|number=9|minutes=3:30}}</ref>) raised her like a boy, her mother Susan smoked marijuana while she was pregnant with her, her sister shot her husband while they were intoxicated, and her brother Randall is a [[Methamphetamine|meth]] dealer. Susan ([[Katey Sagal]]) and Randall ([[Jack McBrayer]]) are finally seen in the first episode of [[The Big Bang Theory season 10|season ten]]. Her last name is never revealed during the series; though it is hinted at in an episode of [[The Big Bang Theory season 10|season two]], she ultimately adopts the last name Hofstadter after marrying Leonard. Leonard and Penny date on and off throughout the series which is a big plot point of the show, they eventually marry and find out she's pregnant in the series finale.

Penny makes a brief non-speaking cameo as a child in the Season 2 finale of ''Young Sheldon'', she was portrayed by [[Quinn Aune]] as a child. Cuoco additionally voices the pool water, part of one of young Sheldon's nightmares, in the spinoff.

{{Clear}}

====Howard Wolowitz====
{{main|Howard Wolowitz}}
[[File:Simon Helberg at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Simon Helberg]]]]
Howard Joel<ref name="S04E7">{{cite episode|title=The Apology Insufficiency|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 4#ep70|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=November 4, 2010|season=4|number=7|minutes=12:50}}</ref> Wolowitz, [[Master of Engineering|M.Eng.]] (portrayed by [[Simon Helberg]]; main: ''the Big Bang Theory'' seasons 1–12; guest: ''Young Sheldon'' season 5) is an [[aerospace engineer]] at Caltech's Department of [[Applied physics|Applied Physics]] who often hangs out at Leonard and Sheldon's apartment. Unlike Sheldon, Leonard, and Raj, Howard does not have a doctorate and often gets disparaged as a result, especially by Sheldon. He defends this by pointing out that he has a master's degree in engineering from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and that the equipment he designs is launched into space, unlike the theoretical work of his friends. In the fifth-season finale, Howard goes to the [[International Space Station]] on [[Expedition 31]].

Howard lives in [[Altadena, California|Altadena]] with his domineering, belittling, and [[unseen character|unseen]] mother, who treats him like a child. While he sometimes expresses irritation at this treatment, for the most part, he appears to prefer it.<ref name="S06E7">{{cite episode|title=The Habitation Configuration|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 6#ep118|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=November 8, 2012|season=6|number=7}}</ref> Howard and his mother often communicate with each other from different rooms by yelling, a habit which Bernadette also adopts in later episodes. Howard fancies himself a ladies' man and attempts [[pick-up line]]s whenever a woman is present, although he drops this habit once he starts going out with Bernadette. He is a non-observant Jew. Over the course of the series, he and Bernadette marry and have two children.

In the pilot episode, he speaks English, French, Mandarin, Russian, Arabic, and Persian, along with constructed languages like [[Klingon language|Klingon]] and [[Sindarin]]. Howard has asthma, transient idiopathic arrhythmia, [[Peanut allergy|allergies to peanuts]], almonds, and walnuts, and is prone to canker sores and pink eye.

Howard makes a brief non-speaking appearance in the Season 2 finale of ''Young Sheldon'', in which he was portrayed by [[Ethan Stern]] as a child; he returns to reprise himself in a narration with Helberg's voiceover for a Season 5 episode.

{{Clear}}

====Raj Koothrappali====
{{main|Raj Koothrappali}}
[[File:Kunal Nayyar at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kunal Nayyar]]]]
Rajesh Ramayan<ref name="S02E21">{{cite episode|title=The Vegas Renormalization|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 2#ep38|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=April 27, 2009|season=2|number=21|minutes=9:42}}</ref><ref name="S03E12">{{cite episode|title=The Psychic Vortex|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 3#ep52|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=January 11, 2010|season=3|number=12|minutes=8:25}}</ref> Koothrappali, [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] (portrayed by [[Kunal Nayyar]]) is Howard Wolowitz's best friend. Often called "Raj" by his friends, he is from [[New Delhi]], [[India]], and works in the physics department at Caltech, researching [[astroparticle physics]]. Raj comes from a very wealthy family in India, and often communicates with his parents, Dr. and Mrs. Koothrappali, via webcam. He did at least part of his higher education at the [[University of Cambridge]] and like most of the scientists bar, Raj also has a PhD.<ref name="S01E08">{{Cite episode|title=The Grasshopper Experiment|episode-link=List of The Big Bang Theory episodes#ep8|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=November 12, 2007|season=1|number=8}}</ref> He has a younger sister, Priya. He lives in an apartment in Pasadena. As with his friends, he is mutually involved with and obsessed with science fiction and comic books in general. He is also a [[Harry Potter fandom|fan of Harry Potter]] and [[Music of India|Indian music]], but appreciates the Indian lullabies his mother sang and the catchiness of [[Hindi]] phrases. Unlike his male friends, Raj has many feminine interests, such as reading ''[[Archie Comics|Archie]]'' comics and ''[[Twilight (Meyer novel)|Twilight]]'' and watching [[chick flick]]s such as ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]''. It is speculated that Raj might be [[Homosexuality|gay]] due to his feminine interests and his close friendship with Howard, with whom he has arguments similar to those of a married couple. However, Raj has always stated that he is [[Heterosexuality|straight]], but [[metrosexual]]. He was infatuated with Penny, and secretly wrote love poems about Bernadette.

Raj is a [[Hindu]] and believes in [[karma]] ([[reincarnation]]), but eats beef. He is very shy around women outside of his family, and during the first six seasons of the show, found himself [[selective mutism|unable to speak to women while in their presence]] unless he drank [[alcoholic drink|alcoholic beverages]], or [[Placebo|believed he had done so]].<ref name="S01E08" /> He eventually is able to get over this condition and starts to, unsuccessfully and for short periods, date women.

Raj makes a brief non-speaking cameo as a child in the Season 2 finale of ''Young Sheldon'', he was portrayed by [[Rishabh Prabhat]] as a child.

{{Clear}}

====Leslie Winkle====
[[File:Sara Gilbert.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sara Gilbert]]]]
Leslie Winkle, PhD (portrayed by [[Sara Gilbert]]; main: season 2; recurring: season 1; guest: seasons 3 and 9) is an experimental physicist who shares her lab with Leonard. In appearance, she is essentially Leonard's female counterpart, equipped with black-framed glasses and sweat jackets. She has [[Amblyopia|lazy eye]]. She is one of Sheldon's archenemies due to their conflicting scientific ideas and takes every opportunity to insult Sheldon for mistreating her.
However, she and Sheldon are later shown to be more friendly and her antagonism becomes increasingly less malicious and more playful.

The character is based on Gilda, a coworker to Leonard and Sheldon envisioned by creators Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady in the unaired original pilot.

{{Clear}}

====Bernadette Rostenkowski====

[[File:Melissa Rauch at PaleyFest 2013 (edited).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Melissa Rauch]]]]
Bernadette Maryann<ref name="S04E20">{{cite episode|title=The Herb Garden Germination|series=The Big Bang Theory|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 4#ep83|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=April 7, 2011|season=4|number=20|minutes=19:08}}</ref> Rostenkowski-Wolowitz,<ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Stag Convergence|episode-link=The Stag Convergence|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=April 26, 2012|season=5|number=22|minutes=07:41}}</ref> PhD (portrayed by [[Melissa Rauch]]; main: seasons 4–12; recurring: season 3) is originally a waitress and co-worker of Penny's at [[The Cheesecake Factory]], using her wages to pay for her [[graduate school|graduate studies]] in [[microbiology]]. She is a smart, short-tempered, ruthless, competitive young woman. Despite her short stature and squeaky voice, she is regarded as being intimidating, largely because of her sharp tongue, aggressive demeanor and tendency to be a bully. A recurring joke in the series references Bernadette and her lab team handling dangerous or infectious specimens, leading to accidental byproducts.

Bernadette's approach to business and science is often shown to be somewhat unethical, which she acknowledges often in a cheerful or nonchalant way.

While initially not getting along with Howard's mother, she eventually becomes like her, domineering and passive aggressive, even adopting her signature yell.

Bernadette has a strong maternal personality on many occasions, and is one of the few characters who can easily control Sheldon, and frequently shows him more empathy than others might.

She and Howard have two children, Halley and Neil Michael (who they call Michael), in seasons 10 and 11 respectively.

Bernadette is of [[Poland|Polish]] origin and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] upbringing, and was originally seen wearing a cross necklace.

Bernadette makes a brief non-speaking cameo as a child in the Season 2 finale of ''Young Sheldon'', she was portrayed by [[A. J. Coggeshall]] as a child.

{{Clear}}

====Amy Fowler====
{{main|Amy Farrah Fowler}}
[[File:Mayim Bialik, March 2018 (4116) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mayim Bialik]]]]
Amy Farrah Fowler, PhD (portrayed by [[Mayim Bialik]]; main ''The Big Bang Theory'': seasons 4–12; guest: ''The Big Bang Theory'' season 3, ''Young Sheldon'' season 4, 7) is a neuroscientist with a research focus on addiction in primates and invertebrates, occasionally mentioning such experiments involving addiction. (Bialik herself has a PhD in neuroscience.) She is Sheldon's love interest in the series, and they marry at the end of season 11. They are revealed to have children in ''Young Sheldon''.

Early on, Amy is essentially a female counterpart to Sheldon; as the series progresses, she begins a campaign to increase Sheldon's feelings for her by becoming more involved in his interests, including video games and ''[[Star Trek]]'', and treating him as his mother did.

In 2020, a year after ''The Big Bang Theory'' went off the air, it was revealed that [[Kate Micucci]], who ultimately got the role of [[#Lucy|Lucy]], had auditioned for the role of Amy Farrah Fowler.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://screenrant.com/big-bang-theory-show-amy-actor-almost-cast/|title=The Big Bang Theory Actress Who Almost Played Amy Farrah Fowler|date=June 22, 2020|first=Ana|last=Dumaraog|access-date=June 22, 2020|archive-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625200834/https://screenrant.com/big-bang-theory-show-amy-actor-almost-cast/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Amy makes two appearances in ''Young Sheldon''. She makes an appearance as a child in the Season 2 finale where she is portrayed in a non-speaking role by [[Lily Sanfelippo]]. Bialik returns to play Amy in the narration of the season 4 premiere, and in a physical appearance in the series finale.

{{Clear}}

====Stuart Bloom====
[[File:Kevin Sussman by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kevin Sussman]]]]
Stuart David Bloom<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Commitment Determination|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 8#ep183|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=May 4, 2015|season= 8|number=24|time=13:35}} Howard tells Bernadette his middle name, because he wants her to make him move out of his mother's house.</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition|episode-link=The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|network=CBS|date=November 17, 2011|season=5|number=10|time=11:44}} Sheldon is viewing Stuart's Facebook page, where his name is shown as "Stuart Bloom".</ref> (portrayed by [[Kevin Sussman]]; main: ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 6 and 8–12, ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe''; recurring: ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 2–5 and 7) runs the Comic Center in Pasadena,<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Comet Polarization|series=The Big Bang Theory|network=CBS|date=April 19, 2018|season=11|number=21}}</ref> the comic book store that the characters often visit. Stuart is characterized by his low self-esteem and loneliness, which often result in pathetic attempts to engage with women and win favor with the gang. This is despite owning his own business and being a talented portraiture artist who attended the [[Rhode Island School of Design]].<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Hofstadter Isotope|series=The Big Bang Theory|network=CBS|date=April 13, 2009|season=2|number=20}}</ref>

One of the running gags on the show is Stuart's medical situation. It is depicted as disastrous, so much so that he can be seen under various medical treatments. He is said to have depression and possible malnutrition, among other problems.
In the last season, Stuart's life seems to be turning around. His comic store becomes successful and he gets a steady, long-term relationship.

Kevin Sussman was a recurring guest actor from seasons two to five, and was promoted to starring role for the sixth season onwards.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |title=''Big Bang Theory''{{'}}s Kevin Sussman Upped To Regular |url=https://deadline.com/2012/08/big-bang-theorys-kevin-sussman-upped-to-regular-323353/ |journal=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062252/http://deadline.com/2012/08/big-bang-theorys-kevin-sussman-upped-to-regular-323353/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stuart is the main protagonist of his own spin-off series ''[[Stuart Fails to Save the Universe]]''.

{{Clear}}

====Emily Sweeney====
Emily Sweeney, [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]], (portrayed by [[Laura Spencer (actress)|Laura Spencer]]; main: season 9; recurring: seasons 7–8; guest: season 10) is a [[dermatology]] [[resident (medicine)|resident]] at [[Huntington Hospital]], whom Raj finds on an online dating site. Raj enlists Amy's help to be his "online wingman" and talk to Emily in his behalf. Amy tells Emily about this and it puts her off. Amy and Emily end up hitting it off, having both gone to Harvard and both being into quilting. While Amy and Emily are at lunch together, Raj crashes the lunch. This drives Emily away from both Raj and Amy this time. Later, Raj and Emily meet again, accidentally and hit it off. They eventually double date with Howard and Bernadette, which horrifies Howard. He and Emily had a horrible date, which ended because Howard had gas station sushi, got food poisoning and clogged and overflowed her toilet. Emily is not afraid to stand up for herself or to others when necessary. She is shown to have a slightly alarming personality trait: she delights in the [[macabre]].
Raj ends up breaking up with her before Valentine's Day so he could be with Claire ([[Alessandra Olivia Toreson]]). Unfortunately for Raj, Claire had just gotten back together with her boyfriend. So, he eventually lost them both. Emily attempted to get back into Raj's good graces and did manage to sleep with him one last time, but it didn't last.

Laura Spencer was a recurring guest actress on the series in seasons seven and eight. During production of season 9, she was promoted to a "fractional" starring role; the upgraded status ensured her availability on an as-needed basis, without requiring her in every episode.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Michael |last=Ausiello |title=''The Big Bang Theory'': Laura Spencer Promoted to Series Regular |url=http://tvline.com/2015/10/12/big-bang-theory-season-9-laura-spencer-series-regular-emily/ |journal=[[TVLine]] |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225005057/https://tvline.com/2015/10/12/big-bang-theory-season-9-laura-spencer-series-regular-emily/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She returned as a guest in season 10.

{{Clear}}

===''Young Sheldon'' main characters===
====Sheldon Lee Cooper====
{{main|Sheldon Cooper}}

{{Clear}}

====Mary Cooper====

[[File:LaurieMetcalfFeb08 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Laurie Metcalf]]
Mary Cooper (''née'' Tucker)<ref name="sheldonS1E17">''[[Young Sheldon]]'' episode "Jiu-Jitsu, Bubble Wrap, and Yoo-Hoo"</ref> (portrayed by [[Laurie Metcalf]] in ''The Big Bang Theory''; recurring: seasons 7 and 9–12; guest: seasons 1 and 3–5 and by [[Zoe Perry]] in ''Young Sheldon'' and ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'') is Sheldon's short-tempered, but loving mother from Texas. Leonard once described her to Penny as "Sheldon's [[kryptonite]]" because she is able to control Sheldon. A devout [[Southern Baptist]], she also has two other children—Sheldon's twin sister, Missy, and brother, Georgie, who is five years older than the twins. Her husband, a rambunctious [[alcoholism|alcoholic]], was also named George, but he later died in Sheldon's childhood. To Mary's relief, her other children do not share Sheldon's precociousness, even once commenting to Leonard, "I thank the good Lord my other kids are as dumb as soup."

For her part, Mary is not an intellectual but is highly experienced in life, though she is prone to making outdated and insensitive remarks. She is nevertheless kind at heart and is tolerant of other faiths. Leonard wishes his mother were as loving as Sheldon's mother, although Sheldon himself appears at best ambivalent about her parenting. Sheldon mentions that Mary once hit him with a Bible because he refused to eat his [[Brussels sprout]]s. She apparently thought something was wrong with her son while he was growing up since Sheldon will often remark after someone calls him crazy, "I'm not crazy; my mother had me tested!" Mary confirms this, though she wishes that she had taken him to Houston for a follow-up examination.

A younger version of Mary, played by Zoe Perry, is a main character in the prequel series ''Young Sheldon''. Perry is Metcalf's real life daughter.

{{Clear}}

====George Cooper Sr.====
George Cooper Sr. (portrayed by [[Lance Barber]]; main: ''Young Sheldon''; guest: ''The Big Bang Theory'' season 12 and ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'' seasons 1,2) was the husband of Mary Cooper and father of Georgie, Sheldon, and Missy. He was the high school football coach for Medford High. In ''The Big Bang Theory'', it is established that he died when Sheldon and Missy were fourteen years old due to an off-screen [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Lynette |date=May 10, 2024 |title=''Young Sheldon'': How Producers Addressed The Inevitable Tragedy That Rocks The Cooper Family |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/young-sheldon-george-cooper-death-final-season-1235910517/ |access-date=May 10, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |title=''Young Sheldon'' tragedy: George Cooper's death is flawed father's ''Big Bang'' redemption |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2024/05/09/young-sheldon-george-cooper-death/73593800007/ |access-date=May 10, 2024 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

Barber previously portrayed Jimmy Speckerman in one episode of ''The Big Bang Theory'' (guest: season 5).

====Georgie Cooper====
[[File:Montana Jordan - Los Angeles Comic Con 2025.jpg|thumb|upright|Montana Jordan in 2025]]
{{vanchor|George Marshall "Georgie" Cooper Jr.}} (portrayed by [[Jerry O'Connell]] as an adult; recurring: ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 11–12 and [[Montana Jordan]] as a youth; ''Young Sheldon'' and ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]]'') is Sheldon and Missy's older brother who resides in Texas and runs a car tire business. Often at odds while growing up, the Cooper brothers later reconcile as adults. George Jr. is a laid-back character who likes to make money and is a known womanizer. By season 12 of ''The Big Bang Theory'', it is revealed that he has been twice married and divorced.

In ''Young Sheldon'', he has a brief fling with Mandy McAllister, a woman 12 years his senior, resulting in Mandy becoming pregnant. Although Mandy wanted to raise their child alone, Georgie chose to "man up" and marry Mandy, nurturing their fledgling infatuation into a proper relationship. Their daughter is named Constance (nicknamed CeeCee), after Meemaw.

{{Clear}}

====Missy Cooper====
[[File:Raegan Revord - LATFOB 2026-01.jpg|thumb|upright|Raegan Revord in 2026]]
{{vanchor|Melissa "Missy" Cooper}} ([[Courtney Henggeler]] as an adult; guest: seasons 1, 7, and 11 and [[Raegan Revord]] as a child, main: ''Young Sheldon'', recurring: ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'') is not as academically accomplished as her twin brother but displays better social skills. As a child, she was obsessed with [[ALF (character)|Alf]]. In season three of ''Young Sheldon'', Missy joins the baseball team in the fictional town of Medford. While Sheldon finishes high school and matriculates at university, Missy navigates the ordinary challenges of [[adolescence]]. Despite their differences, the twins are pretty close.

As an adult in ''The Big Bang Theory'', Missy is a tall, attractive woman who promptly catches the attention of Leonard, Howard, and Raj. She occasionally visits Sheldon, whom she calls a "[[Aerospace engineering|rocket scientist]]" to her friends, much to his annoyance.

{{Clear}}

====Constance "Connie" Tucker ("Meemaw")====
{{Multiple image
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Constance "Connie" Tucker<ref name="sheldonS1E17" /> ([[June Squibb]] in ''The Big Bang Theory''; guest: season 9 and [[Annie Potts]] in ''Young Sheldon''; guest: season 1 in ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'') is Mary's mother, George Sr.'s mother-in-law, and maternal grandmother to Georgie, Sheldon, and Missy, who call her "Meemaw". Like Sheldon's other family members, she is also native to Texas and is their neighbor in the town of Medford. Connie is depicted as free-spirited, adventurous and outspoken. Sheldon sees himself as her favorite grandchild, and Connie nicknames him "[[Moonpie]]". Sheldon, in turn, is very affectionate toward and protective of her. Meemaw is often mentioned by Sheldon but did not appear on the series until episode 14 of season nine, "The Meemaw Materialization".

In ''Young Sheldon'', recurring themes are her significant gambling habit and active dating life.

{{Clear}}

====Pastor Jeff Difford====
Pastor Jeff Difford (portrayed by [[Matt Hobby]]; main: ''Young Sheldon'' seasons 3–7; recurring: seasons 1–2 and ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'') is the upbeat lead pastor of a local Baptist church in Medford that Sheldon's family attends in ''Young Sheldon''. Like Mary, he, too, sometimes has friction with Sheldon's atheistic side but often encourages Sheldon to explore his own ideas logically.

{{Clear}}

====Billy Sparks====
Billy Sparks (portrayed by Wyatt McClure; main: ''Young Sheldon'' seasons 5–7; recurring: seasons 1–4) is a boy who lives with his parents and sister next to the Coopers and Meemaw. He has been mentioned in ''The Big Bang Theory'' as one of Sheldon's childhood bullies, although in ''Young Sheldon'', he is rather good-natured and at times is friends with Sheldon but is shown to be extremely dim-witted.

====Mandy McAllister====
[[File:Emily Osment - Los Angeles Comic Con 2025.jpg|thumb|upright|Emily Osment in 2025]]
Amanda Elizabeth "Mandy" McAllister (portrayed by [[Emily Osment]]; main: ''[[Young Sheldon]]'' seasons 6–7 and ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]]''; recurring: ''Young Sheldon'' season 5) is Georgie's wife who is 11 years his senior. Georgie gets her pregnant as a teenager after he lies to her about his age. By the time of ''The Big Bang Theory'', Georgie and Mandy have divorced as Sheldon receives congratulations on his Nobel Prize from several ex-sisters-in-law.

{{Clear}}

=== ''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage'' main characters ===

==== Jim McAllister ====
[[File:Will Sasso by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Will Sasso]]
Jim McAllister (portrayed by [[Will Sasso]]; recurring: ''[[Young Sheldon]]'' seasons 6–7; main: ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]])'' is Mandy's father and who owns the tire store that Georgie works at. He is a henpecked husband to Audrey and tries his best to be a supportive father and father in-law, despite his wife's disapproval of Georgie.

{{Clear}}

==== Audrey McAllister ====
[[File:Rachel Bay Jones - Los Angeles Comic Con 2025.jpg|thumb|upright|Rachel Bay Jones in 2025]]
Audrey McAllister (portrayed by [[Rachel Bay Jones]]; recurring: ''[[Young Sheldon]]'' seasons 6–7; main: ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]])'' is Mandy's short tempered, nitpicky and often rude mother, and wife to Jim McAllister. Audrey openly disapproves of Georgie after he knocked up Mandy, and ignores his best efforts to win her over. She is extremely protective of her introverted son Connor, despite him being a fully-grown adult. Audrey often has control over Jim and is quick to shut him down if he does something she doesn't agree with.

{{Clear}}

==== Connor McAllister ====
[[File:Dougie Baldwin - Los Angeles Comic Con 2025.jpg|thumb|upright|Dougie Baldwin]]
Connor McAllister (portrayed by Joseph Apollonio in ''[[Young Sheldon]]''; guest: season 6 and [[Dougie Baldwin]] in ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]])'' is Mandy's introverted and unemployed brother and youngest child of Jim and Audrey. Connor is a musician and spends most of his time in his room. He and Georgie have a good relationship, and he pretends to take interest in Connor's hobbies. Connor is very protected by Audrey, and doesn't share much of a relationship with Jim due to their differences.

{{Clear}}

==== Ruben ====
[[File:Jessie Prez - Los Angeles Comic Con 2025.jpg|thumb|upright|Jessie Prez]]
Ruben (portrayed by Jessie Prez) is Georgie's colleague who works with him at Jim's tire store. He is constantly disparaging towards Georgie for being Jim's son-in-law, feeling like Georgie only got the job through nepotism. At the end of the first season, he helps Georgie buy the tire store and becomes co-owner with him.

{{Clear}}

=== ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe'' main characters ===
==== Denise ====
[[File:Lapkus.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Lauren Lapkus]]]]

Denise (portrayed by [[Lauren Lapkus]]; recurring: ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 11–12; main: ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe'') is the assistant manager at Stuart's comic book store. She is quite a comic book geek. She first appears in season 11. At first, Sheldon does not like the change that comes with her hiring but later changes his mind because of her comic book knowledge and her ability to figure out his preferences in comic books. In Season 12, she enters a relationship with Stuart. Denise will appear in ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe''.

{{Clear}}

==== Bert Kibbler ====
[[File:Brian Posehn 1.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Brian Posehn]]]]

Professor Bertram Kibbler (portrayed by [[Brian Posehn]]; guest: ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 6–7; recurring: seasons 10–12; main: ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe'') is a [[geologist]] at Caltech, who meets Amy while she was working there in her own lab in the episode "[[The Occupation Recalibration]]"—where he attempts to ask her on a date, but is disheartened to learn that she is already in a relationship. In Season 10 ("The Geology Elevation"), he wins the $500,000 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship grant]], which makes Sheldon jealous. In Season 11, Bert asks Sheldon to collaborate with him. He joins Raj and Howard in their band, and sings a song from the point of view of the boulder seen near the beginning of the movie ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981). In season 12, Bert asks for Raj's help in cutting open a meteorite, and in the series finale, looks after Cinnamon for Raj, intending to use her to help him get girls. Bert will appear in ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe''.

{{Clear}}

==== Barry Kripke ====
[[File:John Ross Bowie by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Ross Bowie]]]]
Barry Kripke, PhD (portrayed by [[John Ross Bowie]]; recurring: ''The Big Bang Theory'' seasons 2–3, 5—9 and 11–12; guest; seasons 4 and 10; main: ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe'') is a colleague working in [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]] who frequently clashes with Sheldon. Kripke has a case of [[De-rhotacism|rhotacism]] in which he pronounces the letters "R" and "L" as "W" in much the same way as [[Elmer Fudd]] from ''[[Looney Tunes]]'', [[Jimmy Five]] from ''[[Monica's Gang]]'' and [[Gilda Radner]] in her "[[Baba Wawa]]" sketches. He first appears in the Season 2 episode "[[The Killer Robot Instability]]" pitting his robot, the Kripke Krippler against that of the main characters. He is a recurring rival of Sheldon. Kripke will appear in ''Stuart Fails to Save the Universe''.

==Supporting characters==
===Cast table===
{{Cast indicator|tense=past|media=season|appeared=''The Big Bang Theory'' and ''Young Sheldon'' series with recurring role|V}}
* {{Cast indicator/note|postm|P|a posthumous appearance using archived voice recording}}
: {{Color box|#ffe3e4|border=darkgray}} = [[Recurring character|Recurring cast]] (2+ episodes)
: {{Color box|#dbebfe|border=darkgray}} = [[Guest appearance|Guest cast]] (1 episode)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18%;" | Character
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14%;" | Portrayed by
! scope="col" colspan="12" | ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''
! scope="col" colspan="7" | ''[[Young Sheldon]]''
! scope="col" colspan="2" | ''[[Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage]]''
|-
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 1|1]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 2|2]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 3|3]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 4|4]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 5|5]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 6|6]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 7|7]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 8|8]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 9|9]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 10|10]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 11|11]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | [[The Big Bang Theory season 12|12]]
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 1
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 2
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 3
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 4
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 5
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 6
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 7
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 1
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | 2
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Althea Robinson|Althea Robinson]]
| [[Vernee Watson]]
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope=''row''| [[#Kurt|Kurt]]
| [[Brian Patrick Wade]]
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Dr. Eric Gablehauser|Eric Gablehauser]]
| [[Mark Harelik]]
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[#Mrs. Wolowitz|Mrs. Wolowitz]]
| [[Carol Ann Susi]]
| colspan="9" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}{{ref|postm|P}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Pamela Adlon]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Big Bang Theory Killed Off Howard's Mom, Mrs Wolowitz|url=https://screenrant.com/big-bang-theory-howard-wolowitz-mom-death-why/|first=Ana|last=Dumaraog|date=July 5, 2020|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706133106/https://screenrant.com/big-bang-theory-howard-wolowitz-mom-death-why/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#V. M. Koothrappali|V. M. Koothrappali]]
| [[Brian George]]
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Mrs. Koothrappali|Mrs. Koothrappali]]
| [[Alice Amter]]
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Ramona Nowitzki|Ramona Nowitzki]]
| [[Riki Lindhome]]
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[Stephanie Barnett]]
| [[Sara Rue]]
| {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Beverly Hofstadter|Beverly Hofstadter]]
| [[Christine Baranski]]
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="4" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[#Wil Wheaton|Wil Wheaton]]
| [[Wil Wheaton]]
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Zack Johnson|Zack Johnson]]
| [[Brian Thomas Smith]]
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CGuest|Guest}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[#Mrs. Fowler|Mrs. Fowler]]
| [[Annie O'Donnell]]
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="17" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Kathy Bates]]
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Priya Koothrappali|Priya Koothrappali]]
| [[Aarti Mann]]
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="16" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Wyatt|Wyatt]]
| [[Keith Carradine]]
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#President Siebert|President Siebert]]
| [[Joshua Malina]]
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[#Mike Rostenkowski|Mike Rostenkowski]]
| [[Casey Sander]]
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[#Dimitri Rezinov|Dimitri Rezinov]]
| [[Pasha Lychnikoff]]
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="15" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[#Alex Jensen|Alex Jensen]]
| [[Margo Harshman]]
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="15" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[#Janine Davis|Janine Davis]]
| [[Regina King]]
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Lucy|Lucy]]
| [[Kate Micucci]]
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Arthur Jeffries|Arthur Jeffries]]
| [[Bob Newhart]]
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}{{ref|voice|V}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Dan|Dan]]
| [[Stephen Root]]
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Dave Gibbs|Dave Gibbs]]
| [[Stephen Merchant]]
| colspan="8" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Claire|Claire]]
| [[Alessandra Torresani]]
| colspan="8" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Alfred Hofstadter|Alfred Hofstadter]]
| [[Judd Hirsch]]
| colspan="8" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Colonel Richard Williams|Colonel Richard Williams]]
| [[Dean Norris]]
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Ruchi|Ruchi]]
| [[Swati Kapila]]
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Guest stars|Mr. Fowler]]
| [[Teller (magician)|Teller]]
| colspan="10" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Anu|Anu]]
| [[Rati Gupta]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[#Tam Nguyen|Tam Nguyen]]
| [[Robert Wu]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| Ryan Phuong
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="4" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Marissa Johnson|Marissa Johnson]]
| [[Lindsey Kraft]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Guest stars|Dr. Kevin Campbell]]
| [[Kal Penn]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Guest stars|Dr. Greg Pemberton]]
| [[Sean Astin]]
| colspan="11" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="9" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Victoria MacElroy
| [[Valerie Mahaffey]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Tom Petersen
| [[Rex Linn]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Hubert Givens
| [[Brian Stepanek]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="4" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Evelyn Ingram
| [[Danielle Pinnock]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Coach Wayne Wilkins
| Doc Farrow
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| scope="row" | Sheryl Hutchins
| [[Sarah Baker (actress)|Sarah Baker]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
|{{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Herschel Sparks|Herschel Sparks]]
| [[Billy Gardell]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Peg
| [[Nancy Linehan Charles]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
|colspan= "2" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Brenda Sparks|Brenda Sparks]]
| [[Melissa Peterman]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan= "2"{{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Glenn
| [[Chris Wylde]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Dr. John Sturgis|John Sturgis]]
| [[Wallace Shawn]]
| colspan="12" {{cNone}}
| colspan="7" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan= "2" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Paige|Paige Swanson]]
| [[Mckenna Grace]]
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
| colspan="5" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Linda Swanson
| [[Andrea Anders]]
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Veronica Duncan|Veronica Duncan]]
| [[Isabel May]]
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="2" {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Robin|Officer Robin]]
| Mary Grill
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
| {{CGuest|{{Abbr|G|Guest}}}}
| {{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Dr. [[Grant Linkletter]]
| [[Ed Begley Jr.]]
| colspan="13" {{cNone}}
| colspan="6" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Dale Ballard|Coach Dale Ballard]]
| [[Craig T. Nelson]]
| colspan="14" {{cNone}}
| colspan="6" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
|{{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Jana Boggs
| Ava Allan
| colspan="14" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| scope="row" | Pastor Rob
| [[Dan Byrd]]
| colspan="15" {{cNone}}
| colspan="4" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
|scope="row" | Fred Fagenbacher
|[[Matt Letscher]]
|colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|colspan="2" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|scope="row" | Chloe Costa
|Kara Arena
|colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|colspan="2" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|scope="row" |Beth
|[[Casey Wilson]]
|colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|{{CRecurring|{{Abbr|R|Recurring}}}}
|{{cNone}}
|-
|scope="row" |Scott
|[[Christopher Gorham]]
|colspan="19" {{cNone}}
|colspan="2" {{CRecurring|Recurring}}
|}

=== ''The Big Bang Theory'' ===
==== Alex Jensen ====
[[File:Margo Harshman.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Margo Harshman]]]]
Alex Jensen ([[Margo Harshman]]) is a Caltech graduate student who [[The Big Bang Theory season 6|appears in season six]]. Sheldon hires her to review his kindergarten and elementary-school notebooks for any possible Nobel Prize–winning research and attend to the tasks that Sheldon perceives as a waste of his own valuable time, such as buying Amy a Valentine's Day gift.

Alex takes an interest in pursuing a relationship with Leonard (despite his involvement with Penny), though he is oblivious to her romantic overtures.


{{clear}}

==== Althea Robinson ====
Althea Robinson ([[Vernee Watson]]) is a nurse and receptionist at the hospital. She operated the sperm clinic during the original (unaired) Pilot episode when Leonard and Sheldon were considering donating. She was also present when Howard needed assistance in buying time to keep Leonard from returning home to see his surprise party getting set up. In Season 4 when Howard had a 'mishap' with a robot arm, she freed him by shutting off the computer. In Season 10, she appears in "The Birthday Synchronicity", serving as the delivery room nurse when Bernadette was having her baby, and is confused by the presence of Stuart and Raj alongside Howard, wondering if it is a "[[Mamma Mia! (musical)|Mamma Mia!]]" scenario. She is also the only character besides Leonard and Sheldon to be carried over from the original unaired pilot. Watson also portrays a younger version of Robinson in several episodes of Young Sheldon.

==== Anu ====

Anu ([[Rati Gupta]]) is the woman whom Raj's father wants him to marry. She first appears in season 12 and works at a hotel as a concierge. Anu and Raj get engaged after one date and start planning a wedding. Later after Raj starts questioning if he can trust her, they break it off due to Raj admitting doubts about their arranged marriage. The two later actually start dating for real of their own accord after admitting they have feelings and want to start at the beginning. They plan to get married for real, but while in London at a conference, she receives an offer of her dream job to run a hotel there. She asks Raj to move there with her, but Howard helps Raj realize there's girls out there who like him for him and won't have to settle for.

==== Arthur Jeffries ====
[[File:Comedian Bob Newhart.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bob Newhart]]]]

Arthur Jeffries, or Professor Proton ([[Bob Newhart]]), is the star of a fictional in-universe science show that Sheldon and Leonard watched as children. The character is a homage to [[Watch Mr. Wizard|Mr. Wizard]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/11/07/big-bang-theory-bill-nye/|title='Big Bang Theory': Bill Nye's preview|first=Erin|last=Strecker|date=November 7, 2013|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=October 17, 2019|archive-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017152118/https://ew.com/article/2013/11/07/big-bang-theory-bill-nye/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the show was canceled, Jeffries was not taken seriously as a scientist and resorted to doing children's parties as his persona. When Sheldon asks for his wisdom, Jeffries tells Sheldon to appreciate everything in life, including his friends, and never take it for granted. After dying, Jeffries appears periodically in Sheldon's dreams, as a [[Jedi]] ghost akin to [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]]. He provides Sheldon with advice, such as comforting him over taking his relationship further with Amy, his misgivings over Wil Wheaton being cast in a Professor Proton reboot, and his first argument with Amy, now his wife. For his role as Jeffries, in 2013, Newhart won his first [[Primetime Emmy Award]]. Newhart played the same character on ''[[Young Sheldon]]''.
Both in Sheldon's dreams and his old age Jeffries is sarcastic and pessimistic, although gradually becomes friendlier in his dream appearances.

{{Clear}}

==== Beverly Hofstadter ====
[[File:ROMY 2012 04 Christine Baranski crop.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Christine Baranski]]]]

Beverly Hofstadter ([[Christine Baranski]]) is Leonard's unloving, emotionally/psychologically abusive and overly analytical mother who works as a [[neuroscientist]], as well as a [[psychiatrist]]. She is Sheldon's female equivalent regarding neurotically strict [[Idiolect|speech pattern]]s, disregard for [[social convention]]s, and compulsive attention to detail. The lack of Beverly's maternal feelings and actions toward Leonard has led to him having an obsessive need to please. Mrs. Hofstadter and Mrs. Cooper do not get along. She first appears in Season 2 ("The Maternal Capacitance"), visiting her son. For her role as Beverly, in both 2009 and 2010, Baranski was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series]].{{clear}}

==== Claire ====
[[File:AlessandraTorresaniApr09.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alessandra Torresani]]]]

Claire ([[Alessandra Torresani]]) is a writer for a children's science fiction series whom Raj and Howard meet in the comic book store in season 9. Claire wants to collaborate with Raj on the science portions of a movie script. Raj immediately develops feelings for her, while still dating Emily. He contemplates what to do, and ends up dumping Emily on Valentine's Day to ask out Claire. Eventually Raj gets back together with Emily, while also dating Claire. Eventually he and Emily break up for good and leaves him with just Claire, though they hadn't officially started dating.

{{Clear}}

==== Chen ====

Chen ([[James Hong]]) is an elderly waiter at the Szechuan Palace in Season 1 until it was revealed to be shut down the following season. He is not too fond of Sheldon after he accuses the restaurant of passing off Orange Chicken as Mandarin and refers to Howard as the guy who thinks he can speak [[Chinese language|Chinese]].

{{Clear}}

==== Dan ====
[[File:StephenRootFeb09.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stephen Root]]]]

Dan ([[Stephen Root]]) is a senior member of staff at Zangen, who first appears in "The Locomotion Interruption" when he interviews Penny for a pharmaceutical sales representative position as a favor to Bernadette, and later bonds with her, upon learning that they are both terrified of Bernadette.

{{Clear}}

==== Dave Gibbs ====
[[File:StephenMerchantAltNov09.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stephen Merchant]]]]

Dave Gibbs ([[Stephen Merchant]]) is a tall British man who dates Amy after she breaks up with Sheldon. He is recently divorced, his wife having had an affair with a French chef, which he remains bitter over. To Amy's horror, he is an avid fan of Sheldon's work, constantly asking questions about him after learning that he and Amy dated. Gibbs uses Merchant's native [[West Country English|Bristol accent]], after Penny, Amy and Bernadette had raved over 'sexy' English accents.

{{Clear}}

==== Dr. Eric Gablehauser ====
{{anchor|Eric Gablehauser}}
[[File:Mark_Harelik_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mark Harelik]]]]

Dr. Eric Gablehauser ([[Mark Harelik]]) is the head of the Department of Physics, making him the boss of the main characters. Gablehauser later hosts the Physics Bowl,<ref name="S01E13">{{Cite episode|title=The Bat Jar Conjecture|episode-link=List of The Big Bang Theory episodes#ep13|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=April 21, 2008|season=1|number=13}}</ref> and gives Raj attention when he is featured in a [[People Magazine|''People'']] article for discovering [[2008 NQ17|a planet]]. Dr. Gablehauser is well acquainted with Dr. Cooper, Dr. Hofstadter, Dr. Koothrappali and Mr. Wolowitz.

==== Dr. Greg Pemberton ====
Dr. Greg Pemberton ([[Sean Astin]]) is part of a team of physicists at [[Fermilab]] who accidentally confirmed the Super-Asymmetry paper published by Sheldon and Amy. He and Kevin Campbell plan on nominating themselves and Sheldon for the Nobel Prize, but Sheldon refuses.

{{Clear}}

==== Dr. V. M. Koothrappali ====
[[File:Brian George CFC (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Brian George]]]]

Doctor V. M. Koothrappali ([[Brian George]]) is Raj's father in India. He is a [[gynecologist]] and a wealthy man. His wife and he communicate with their son via [[Skype]] and constantly try to arrange dates for him. They want their son to marry a woman of Indian descent and give them grandchildren.<ref name="S01E08" /> V. M. and his wife later divorce, devastating Raj.

==== Dr. Kevin Campbell ====
Dr. Kevin Campbell ([[Kal Penn]]) is one of the physicists at Fermilab who accidentally confirmed the Super-Asymmetry paper published by Sheldon and Amy. He and Greg Pemberton plan on nominating themselves and Sheldon for the Nobel Prize, but Sheldon refuses.

==== Mrs. Fowler ====
Mrs. Fowler (Annie O'Donnell) (season 5); [[Kathy Bates]] (Seasons 11 and 12) is the mother of Amy Fowler. She is rather dominating of her husband, the mild mannered Mr. Fowler.{{Clear}}

==== Mrs. Koothrappali ====
[[File:Alice Amter (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alice Amter]]]]

Mrs. Koothrappali ([[Alice Amter]]) is Raj's mother in India. Mrs. Koothrappali is especially worried that, despite Raj being old enough to marry, the closest they have to a daughter-in-law is "that little Jewish boy Howard".<ref name="S03E06">{{cite episode|title=The Cornhusker Vortex|episode-link=List of The Big Bang Theory episodes#46|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|date=November 2, 2009|season=3|number=6}}</ref> Mrs. Koothrappali later divorces her husband, devastating Raj.

{{Clear}}

==== Janine Davis ====
[[File:Regina King 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Regina King]]]]

Janine Davis ([[Regina King]]) is a [[Human resource management|human-resources]] representative working at the university. She first appears in Season 6 after Sheldon offends his assistant Alex while trying to deal with her crush on Leonard, leaving Mrs. Davis to handle Alex's sexual harassment complaint against Sheldon.

{{Clear}}

==== Kurt ====
Kurt ([[Brian Patrick Wade]]) is a tall, intimidating bodybuilder and Penny's ex-boyfriend at the beginning of the series. He physically belittles both Leonard and Sheldon when they go to collect Penny's things.

==== Larry Fowler ====
Larry Fowler ([[Teller (magician)|Teller]]) is the mild mannered and silent father of Amy Fowler. He is terrified of his wife, and does not speak for large portions of his appearances, much as Teller does during the Penn and Teller act, although he says "Thank you!" after his wife is told off by Penny during Sheldon and Amy's wedding and has a few lines in subsequent episodes. In another Teller nod, Larry is fascinated by Howard's magic tricks.

==== Lucy ====
[[File:Kate Miccuci GFDL cropped 2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kate Micucci]]]]

Lucy ([[Kate Micucci]]) shows up at a party at the comic-book store on Valentine's Day at an event for people who had no dates. She has social anxiety issues, something she shares in common with Raj. Originally, Kate Micucci had been one of the actresses considered for the Amy Farrah Fowler character.

==== Mike Rostenkowski ====
Mike Rostenkowski ([[Casey Sander]]) is Bernadette's father and a retired police officer. Mike has a rough and rude personality and often bullies others, although he deeply loves his daughter, whom he calls his "little girl". Before he is first seen, Bernadette establishes his personality by telling Howard a long list of subjects he cannot discuss with Mike, including [[Jimmy Carter]], foreigners, homosexuals, and even Howard's Jewish identity. When an earlier opportunity opens for his to travel to space, he supports Howard, although he later struggles to form a relationship with him. Mike oddly enough gets on very well with Sheldon, filling a role in his life vacated by the latter's deceased father, George.

{{Clear}}

==== President Siebert ====
[[File:Joshua Malina 2013.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Joshua Malina]]]]

President Siebert ([[Joshua Malina]]) is the [[California Institute of Technology#Presidents|president]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]]. He invites the guys to a get-together with the university's donors. He later supports Sheldon and Amy when they are nominated for a Nobel Prize. He approves of the term ''quirky'' in order to describe them to the press.

==== Priya Koothrappali ====
Priya Koothrappali ([[Aarti Mann]]) is Raj's younger sister. Having graduated at the top of her class at the [[University of Cambridge]], where, like Sheldon, she had a roommate from Texas. She is one of the lead attorneys at India's biggest car company. Leonard and Priya date for much of season 4 and part of 5 when she moves to Los Angeles.

{{Clear}}

==== Ramona Nowitzki ====
[[File:Riki Lindhome by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Riki Lindhome]]]]

Ramona Nowitzki, Ph.D. ([[Riki Lindhome]]) first appears in the season 2 episode "The Cooper–Nowitzki Theorem" as a graduate student at Caltech. She is a huge fan of Sheldon's work and develops a [[Puppy love|crush]] on him. Sheldon tries unsuccessfully to get rid of her until she expresses desire to share credit on a breakthrough he has, to which he yells at her to leave finally. In the season 10 finale, she comes back to Caltech and pursues a romantic relationship with Sheldon, knowing Amy is away at Princeton and can't stop her. He is oblivious to her advances until she kisses him, causing him to immediately fly to Princeton and propose to Amy. At the end of the first episode of season 11, Amy comes home and everyone thinks she's going to get into it with Ramona, but instead hugs and thanks her.

{{Clear}}

==== Ruchi ====

Ruchi (Swati Kapila) is a new colleague of Bernadette's at Zangen who first appears in season 11. Both Stuart and Raj pursue a relationship with her. When Raj tricks Stuart and tries to hang out with her alone, she expresses only wanting to find friends at the moment when Stuart arrives at the bar and tells her what Raj did. After apologizing, Stuart expresses interest in just being friends with Ruchi. When she leaves, he then states that his plan is working to get close to her.

==== Stephanie Barnett ====
[[File:Sara Rue.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sara Rue]]]]

Stephanie Barnett, MD ([[Sara Rue]]) is a doctor and highly distinguished surgical [[residency (medicine)|resident]] at [[Fremont Memorial Hospital|Fremont Memorial]]. She did her [[Internship (medicine)|medical internship]] at Lawrence Memorial in [[Galveston, Texas]], where Sheldon was born.<ref name="S02E09">{{Cite episode |title=The White Asparagus Triangulation |episode-link=List of The Big Bang Theory episodes#ep26 |series=The Big Bang Theory |series-link=The Big Bang Theory |date=November 24, 2008 |season=2 |number=9}}</ref> She was originally a romantic interest of Howard's, but the two don't hit it off and she falls for Leonard, much to the dismay of Howard, who they say will set him up with a friend to cheer him up. After dating, Leonard at first is fine with the relationship, but starts worrying they're moving too fast, but is afraid of what will happen if he asks to slow things down. At the advice of his friends, he asks her over text, and she agrees. Series co-creator Bill Prady described her role as "a chance for Leonard to learn that just because someone loves you, doesn't mean you'll love them back."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/season_pass/2009/05/big-bang-theory-we-didnt-anticipate-how-protective-the-audience-would-feel-toward-our-guys.html|title=Big Bang Theory: We didn't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 5, 2009|access-date=March 7, 2010|archive-date=May 25, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525183922/http://weblogs.variety.com/season_pass/2009/05/big-bang-theory-we-didnt-anticipate-how-protective-the-audience-would-feel-toward-our-guys.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==== Wil Wheaton ====
[[File:6.29.13WilWheatonByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wil Wheaton]], who plays a fictionalized version of himself]]

[[Wil Wheaton]] plays a fictionalized version of himself, who played [[Wesley Crusher]] in ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', a character that Sheldon idolized as a child. Wil Wheaton, [[LeVar Burton]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] (in voice-over only), [[Brent Spiner]], [[William Shatner]] and [[George Takei]] have all appeared on the show, making the ''Star Trek'' franchise the most represented franchise on the show in terms of guest appearances. He is first introduced as a nemesis to Sheldon since childhood for skipping out on a signing Sheldon was attending. He then later mends things with Sheldon after apologizing and giving him an autographed action figure of his character Wesley. He then appears numerous times later in different situations interacting with each of the gang on occasion.

{{Clear}}

==== Marissa Johnson ====
Marissa Johnson ([[Lindsey Kraft]]) is married to Penny's ex-boyfriend, [[#Zack Johnson|Zack Johnson]].

==== Mrs. Wolowitz ====

Mrs Debbie<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Status Quo Combustion|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 7#ep79|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=May 15, 2014|season=7|number=24|minutes=20:01}}</ref> Melvina<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Birthday Synchronicity|series=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=December 15, 2016|season=10|number=11}}</ref> Wolowitz (voiced by [[Carol Ann Susi]]) is Howard's over-protective, controlling, belittling, but loving and caring [[Stereotypes of Jews#Jewish mother|stereotypical Jewish mother]]. The character is [[Unseen character|not shown on-screen]] with only two exceptions: secondly in [[The Big Bang Theory season 6#ep126|one episode in season six]] where her body but not her face is briefly shown, and firstly in the Season 5 finale where she can be seen, albeit barely, in the [[Google Earth]] satellite picture taken during Howard and Bernadette's wedding. Mrs. Wolowitz's raspy voice is heard usually in scenes at her house, where Howard also lives. She always talks to Howard by yelling at him from another room, which results in awkward conversations with Howard having to respond by yelling back at her. She seems to be oblivious to Howard's work as an engineer and treats him as though he is still a child. She is a master at ''Wheel of Fortune'' and guessing answers at game shows. She frequently refers to Leonard, Sheldon, and Raj as Howard's "little friends" (as in, "I made some cookies and Hawaiian Punch for you and your little friends!") and often refers to Caltech as a "school". She puts on a brave face for Howard, but she does open up to Sheldon while dress shopping that she is lonely and upset over her current weight. Due to the death of her actress, Mrs. Wolowitz character is retired with the fact that she died in her sleep while visiting family. Her death hit her son hard, though he is comforted by his friends. It is later revealed the gang was devastated too and paid tribute to her while reminiscing about what they loved about her around the table while eating. Her voice is heard in later episodes in flashbacks, using voice clips already recorded.{{Clear}}

==== Wyatt ====
[[File:Aspettando Clint Keith Carradine (fcm).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Keith Carradine]]]]

Wyatt ([[Keith Carradine]]) is Penny's father. He approves of Leonard as his daughter's boyfriend. Wyatt later attends Penny's wedding, and two years later, agrees to stand in her corner when she [[Voluntary childlessness|chooses to not have children]]. The first mention of Penny's father was in "[[The Big Bang Theory season 2#ep32|The Maternal Capacitance]]", where she called him 'Bob'; however, his name was later changed to 'Wyatt'.

{{Clear}}

==== Zack Johnson ====
[[File:Brian_Thomas_Smith_2016.png|thumb|upright|[[Brian Thomas Smith]]]]

Zack Johnson ([[Brian Thomas Smith]]) is a dim-witted but friendly [[beefcake]] type whom Penny dates on and off after her second break-up with Leonard. He reveals that he has sold his menu company and become rich from the profits, and invites her and Leonard to dinner at his yacht with him and his new wife, [[#Marissa Johnson|Marissa Johnson]].
Zack takes an interest in science, although he is woefully lacking in scientific knowledge and also bonds with the main male characters over comic books and dresses as Superman for a group costume as the Justice League. Penny rejects him sexually for Leonard, finding his lack of intelligence a turn-off, marking a turning point in her character. She later states that Zack "did not challenge her intellectually" to the surprise of others.

=== ''Young Sheldon'' ===
==== Brenda Sparks ====
Brenda Sparks ([[Melissa Peterman]]) is Billy Sparks's mother who works at the bowling alley frequented by Meemaw. She frequently clashes with Mary due to her religious status. However they eventually become friends and help each other out with their kids.

==== Dale Ballard ====
Coach Dale Ballard ([[Craig T. Nelson]]) is the owner of a sporting goods store and a part-time baseball coach who lets Missy play after he declined but Meemaw intervened. He also ends up dating Meemaw after her breakup with Dr. Sturgis. Meemaw moves into his house after hers is destroyed in a tornado.

==== Dr. John Sturgis ====
Dr. John Sturgis ([[Wallace Shawn]]) is a physics professor at the university East Texas Tech, which Sheldon attends part-time. Dr. Sturgis is initially a pen pal of Sheldon Cooper before the child prodigy audits his course on [[quantum chromodynamics]]. Dr. Sturgis is instantly smitten with Sheldon's grandmother, and they begin dating. He also shows some childish behavior, such as going to bed at 7:30 and asking Meemaw's permission to do things as if she were his mother. They later split up after he went to a mental hospital but they remained friends.

==== Herschel Sparks ====
Herschel Sparks ([[Billy Gardell]]) is a neighbor of the Cooper family and Meemaw, the husband of Brenda Sparks, and the father of Billy and Bobbi Sparks. He runs his own garage, where he offers Georgie a part-time job. Georgie turns out to be a wonderful employee, something that makes George and Herschel happy and stunned. Herschel is often bossed around by his wife, something that he and George bond over since George is often bossed around by Mary as well. In the fourth season, he and Brenda get a divorce.

==== Paige Swanson ====
{{anchor|Paige}}
Paige Swanson ([[Mckenna Grace]]) is a 10-year-old child prodigy whom Sheldon meets in one of his classes with Dr. Sturgis. As his rival, she teases him about [[Leibniz integral rule|differentiating under the integral sign]]. She has higher social skills than Sheldon and is capable of being friends with nonintellectuals. She reacts negatively to her parents' divorce. Dr. Sturgis advises Sheldon to listen to her problems. He does, which results in Sheldon learning to listen. He attempts to console her by making her a hot beverage.

She makes several appearances in later seasons, showing an increasing rebellious streak due to her parents' divorce and her desire to be 'normal'. Her behavior includes running away, drinking, and dating older boys. The shortened final season likely prevented the completion of her story.

==== Robin ====
Robin (Mary Grill) is a police officer and Pastor Jeff's second wife. Pastor Jeff meets Robin in "A Broken Heart and a Crock Monster" when she stops him for passing a red light. She takes an interest in him and because of that, refuses to give him a ticket.

==== Tam Nguyen ====
Tam Nguyen (portrayed by [[Ryan Phuong]] in ''Young Sheldon'' and [[Robert Wu]] in ''The Big Bang Theory'') is a Vietnamese-American Catholic boy who, in ''Young Sheldon'', is Sheldon's classmate and only friend. His father Le Nguyen and mother Trang Nguyen run a store, Medford Mart. He has a troubled relationship with his parents, having been treated badly by both of them after moving to the United States. He has two sisters, Mai and Kim-Ly, with whom he has a good relationship. Tam laments his difficult childhood in [[Vietnam War|war-torn Vietnam]], which included his father being incarcerated in a [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|re-education camp]] to "become a good communist", and his encounter with the [[Ku Klux Klan]] when he first arrived in America.

==== Veronica Duncan ====
Veronica Duncan ([[Isabel May]]) is Georgie Cooper's first love interest on ''Young Sheldon''. Initially introduced as a popular and "easy" girl, Veronica becomes a devout Christian after going through a "[[Hell house]]" one Halloween. Georgie is obsessed with her and frequently takes every advantage he can to be close to her or impress her in any way.

== Minor characters ==
[[File:Judd Hirsch (edited).jpg|thumb|Judd Hirsch]]
* '''Dr. Alfred Hofstadter''' ([[Judd Hirsch]]): Leonard's father, an anthropologist who once worked with famed archaeologist [[Louis Leakey]]. (Leonard's middle name is Leakey in consequence.) He was miserable in his marriage to Leonard's mother Beverly. Alfred later attends his son's wedding to Penny, and takes an interest in Mary Cooper, Sheldon's mother.
* '''Captain Sweatpants''' (Ian Scott Rudolph) and '''Lonely Larry''' (Owen Thayer): sometimes seen at the guys' favorite comic-book store. Captain Sweatpants is a middle-aged bald man who wears grey sweatpants and a T-shirt with the "Statesman Star" logo from defunct MMORPG [[City of Heroes]]. Lonely Larry wears a brown suit and is extremely thin. They are also friends with Wil Wheaton. Both attend Howard's bachelor party.
* '''Cheryl''' (Erin Allin O'Reilly), an attendee at Penny's Halloween party in season one, episode six, "[[The Middle-Earth Paradigm]]". Cheryl is the very talkative, short-haired brunette dressed as a [[ladybug]], who shows interest in Raj. She is not identified within the episode, but her name is listed in the credits. She appears again as a Cheesecake Factory waitress in "The Pancake Batter Anomaly".
* '''Dale''' ([[Josh Brener]]), a replacement for Stuart at the comic-book store when Stuart goes on a date with Amy in "[[The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition]]". Also appears in "[[The Big Bang Theory season 6#ep127|The Tangible Affection Proof]]" at Stuart's Valentine's Day party.
* '''Dimitri Rezinov''' ([[Pasha Lychnikoff]]), a Russian [[cosmonaut]] who is Howard's colleague on his [[Soyuz programme|Soyuz]] mission to the [[International Space Station]].
* '''Dr. David Underhill''' ([[Michael Trucco]]), a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Grant]] recipient and a successful [[physicist]] in the episode "[[The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis]]"
* '''Jeanie''' (Kara Luiz) is the second-cousin with whom Howard lost his virginity in a Toyota Corolla after his Uncle Murray Wolowitz's funeral. Jeanie is mentioned by Howard in [[The Big Bang Theory season 3#ep45|The Creepy Candy Corollary]] and [[The Big Bang Theory season 3#ep48|The Adhesive Duck Deficiency]] (both episodes in season 3) but appears for the first and only time in [[The Big Bang Theory season 8#ep167|The Prom Equivalency]] (season 8) as Stuart's date.
* '''Halley Wolowitz''' ([[Pamela Adlon]], [[voice actor|voice only]]), Howard and Bernadette's baby daughter, born in the episode "[[The Birthday Synchronicity]]".
* '''Neil Michael Wolowitz''', Howard and Bernadette's baby son, born in the episode "[[The Neonatal Nomenclature]]".
* '''Constance “CeeCee” Cooper-McAllister''', Georgie and Mandy’s baby daughter in Young Sheldon and Georgie and Mandy’s First Marriage, born in the episode "A Launch Party and a Whole Human Being"

== Guest stars ==


=== ''The Big Bang Theory'' ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Jane Kaczmarek.jpg
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| image2 = Judy Greer, Comic-Con 2010.jpg
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| image4 = Yeardley Smith 2012.png
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| image5 = Katey Sagal by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
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}}

* '''Abby''' ([[Danica McKellar]]) and '''Martha''' (Jen Drohan), two women whom Raj and Sheldon meet at a university [[cocktail party|mixer]]. Abby takes a liking to Raj, and Martha takes a liking to Sheldon. While Raj is welcoming of Abby's moves, Sheldon rejects Martha.
* '''Alice''' ([[Courtney Ford]]), an attractive comic book enthusiast whom Leonard meets after Priya moves back to India. Meeting Alice triggers a chain of events which ends with Leonard and Priya splitting.
* '''Mandy Chao''' ([[Melissa Tang]]), a colleague of Leonard at the university who made out with him once when they were both drunk. The incident, which happened prior to Leonard's marriage to Penny, almost sabotages the marriage after Leonard tells Penny about it.
* '''Professor Crawley''' ([[Lewis Black]]), a former entomologist at the university with whom Sheldon, Howard, and Raj confer about a cricket; reveals he was given the nickname "Creepy Crawley"
* '''Issabella Maria Concepcion''' ([[Maria Canals-Barrera]]) a Cuban-American janitor working in Raj's telescope building whom Raj wants to date.
* '''Kenny Fitzgerald''' ([[Michael Rapaport]]), an intelligent thief who sells stolen liquid helium to Leonard and Sheldon. He later strikes up a friendship with the duo and they watch ''[[Ernest Goes to Jail]]'' together.
* '''Dr. Gallo''' ([[Jane Kaczmarek]]), a therapist to whom Penny attempts to sell products. She winds up conducting therapy on both Penny and Leonard.
* '''Jesse''' ([[Josh Peck]]), the owner of the comic book store Capitol Comics and Stuart's rival.
* '''Mrs. Latham''' ([[Jessica Walter]]), a donor for the university who goes on two dates with Leonard.
* '''Toby Loobenfield''' ([[DJ Qualls]]), a scientist at Caltech whom Sheldon hires to play his fictional drug-addicted cousin Leo
* '''Dr. Oliver Lorvis''' ([[Billy Bob Thornton]]), a medical doctor to whom Penny sells products. He misreads her flirtations and locks the guys in his basement while he goes to woo her (as well as Amy and Bernadette).
* '''Sunny Morrow''' ([[Ciara Renée]]), a newscaster who interviews Raj on the local news about an upcoming astronomical event.
* '''Octavia''' ([[Octavia Spencer]]), a DMV clerk with whom Sheldon interacts
* '''Agent Angela Page''' ([[Eliza Dushku]]), an [[FBI]] agent assigned to interview Howard's acquaintances to determine his eligibility to use the Defense Department Laser Equipped Surveillance Satellite team.
* '''Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton''' ([[Judy Greer]]), an acquaintance of Sheldon's, who upon visiting, engages in [[sexual roleplay]] with Leonard, Howard, and Raj simultaneously
* '''Randall''' ([[Jack McBrayer]]), Penny's brother who first appears in the season 10 premiere "The Conjugal Conjecture" when he attends his sister's re-wedding to Leonard. He has served several prison terms and had several other "troubles" over the years.
* '''Sandy''' ([[Yeardley Smith]]), interviewing clerk at a [[Employment agency|job center]] when Sheldon tries to find a menial part-time job to clear his head
* '''Jimmy Speckerman''' ([[Lance Barber]]), a former high school classmate of Leonard who used to bully Leonard during their high school days on a regular basis. He comes to visit with Leonard, not realizing that his actions in high school constituted bullying. In the prequel series, ''[[Young Sheldon]]'', and in "[[The VCR Illumination]]", Barber plays Sheldon's father, [[George Cooper, Sr.]]
* '''[[Spock]]''' ([[Leonard Nimoy]], [[voice actor|voice only]]), appears in Sheldon's dream
* '''Susan''' ([[Katey Sagal]]), Penny's mother who first appears in the season 10 premiere "The Conjugal Conjecture" when she attends her daughter's re-wedding to Leonard. Sagal and Cuoco previously appeared in the main cast of ''[[8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter]]'' where Sagal also played Cuoco's mother.
* '''Trevor''' ([[Blake Anderson]]), an individual with whom Sheldon has conflict when he cuts in front of them at the movie theater
* '''Josh Wolowitz''' ([[Matt Bennett]]), Howard's half brother.
* '''Theodore''' ([[Christopher Lloyd]]), An old man to whom Sheldon rents his room in "The Property Division Collision". However, the rental is apparently for one night only since he soon leaves and is never seen again.
* '''Sebastian''' ([[Steven Yeun]]), Sheldon's roommate before Leonard who was intolerant toward Sheldon's behavior in "The Staircase Implementation". He also warned Leonard to "Run away, dude". His intolerance of Sheldon becomes apparent when Leonard enters Sebastian's former room and sees the phrase "DIE SHELDON, DIE" written on the wall in red paint.

=== ''Young Sheldon'' ===

* '''[[Anjelika Washington]]''' as Libby, an eleventh grader who aspires to be a geologist and whom Sheldon and Tam befriend
* '''[[Mayim Bialik]]''' as [[Amy Farrah Fowler]], Sheldon's future lover and wife. This role is reprised from ''The Big Bang Theory''. She appears as part of the narration and is seen on the final episode as a hockey mom, 'Memoir'.
* '''[[Melanie Lynskey]]''' as Professor Dora Ericson, who teaches Sheldon philosophy in college
* '''[[Ming-Na Wen]]''' as Dr. Carol Lee, a cosmologist from UC Berkeley brought in to lead a project that Sheldon, Dr. Sturgis, and Dr. Linkletter are working on
* '''[[Taylor Spreitler]]''' as Sam, a member of Sheldon's project group. Sam is a vocal supporter of women's rights.

== Guest stars appearing as themselves ==
Various Hollywood [[celebrity|celebrities]] and famous scientists and engineers have made appearances on the show as themselves. In most cases, the appearances are brief [[cameo appearance]]s. These appearances are in contrast to [[Wil Wheaton]] who, [[#Wil Wheaton|as described above]], plays a character on the show which is a fictionalized version of himself.

=== ''The Big Bang Theory'' ===
* '''[[Adam Nimoy]]:''' Appearing in "The Spock Resonance", Adam is the son of Leonard Nimoy, the actor of Spock. He records Sheldon for a documentary about his father, on a recommendation from Will Wheaton.
* '''[[Adam West]]''': Appearing in "The Celebration Experimentation", as a former Batman actor, Leonard hires Adam to attend Sheldon's birthday party, after hearing a sad story about how his sister Missy told him that Batman would come to his party.<ref name="200Ep">{{cite news |last=Prudom |first=Laura |date=February 3, 2016 |title='Big Bang Theory' 200th Episode: Wil Wheaton, Adam West Among Guest Stars |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/big-bang-theory-200-adam-west-wil-wheaton-1201696209/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225005145/https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/big-bang-theory-200-adam-west-wil-wheaton-1201696209/ |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Lio Tipton]]''': Appearing in "The Panty Piñata Polarization", is a model that Howard and Raj meet at the house used in ''America's Top Model''.{{efn|Tipton also makes an appearance in the [[The Big Bang Theory season 9|season 9]] episode ''The Mystery Date Observation'' as a minor character named Vanessa Bennett who correctly solves Sheldon's challenge, but misses the deadline by 15 seconds.}}
* '''[[Bill Gates]]''': Appearing in "The Gates Excitation" he spends the day with Penny at her company. Leonard tracks him down and breaks down in tears in front of him.
* '''[[Bill Nye]]''': First appearing in "The Proton Displacement", he meets Professor Proton, and in "The Conjugal Configuration" is intimidated by [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]].
* '''[[Brent Spiner]]''': Appearing in "The Russian Rocket Reaction", he attends Will Wheaton's party, where he becomes Sheldon's mortal enemy after opening a signed, mint-condition, limited-edition Wesley Crusher action figure.
* '''[[Brian Greene]]''': Appearing in "The Herb Garden Germination", he is a Columbia University string theorist known to the general public for popularizing physics with his books. Sheldon and Amy attend one of his book signings for ''The Hidden Reality'', amusing them, as they find him hysterical.
* '''[[Buzz Aldrin]]''': Appearing in "The Holographic Excitation", is a former NASA Astronaut who walked on the Moon during the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission. He appears in a video watched by Howard, bragging about his career in space to children collecting Halloween candy.
* '''[[Carrie Fisher]]''': Appearing in "[[The Convention Conundrum]]", James Earl Jones and Sheldon ring on her doorbell before running away.
* '''[[Charlie Sheen]]''': Appearing in "The Griffin Equivalency", Raj talks to him briefly about appearing in ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine.
* '''[[Ellen DeGeneres]]''': First appearing in "The Geology Elevation", as Sheldon and Bert attend a live recording of her show, she then appears in "The Laureate Accumulation", interviewing Dr. Greg Pemberton and Dr. Campbell.
* '''[[Elon Musk]]''': Appearing in "[[The Platonic Permutation]]", he volunteers at the same soup kitchen as Howard and gives him his contact information.
* '''[[Frances Arnold]]''': Appearing in "The Laureate Accumulation", is a Nobel Laureate who attends the university reception for Amy and Sheldon.
* '''[[George Smoot]]''': First appearing "The Terminator Decoupling", as the guys travel to see his conference in San Francisco, and then "The Laureate Accumulation", attending the university reception held for Amy and Sheldon.
* '''[[George Takei]]''': Appearing in "The Hot Troll Deviation" he appears in Howard's daydream while contemplating his feelings for Bernadette.
* '''[[Howie Mandel]]''': Appearing in "[[The Re-Entry Minimization]]", he gets off the same plane as Howard following his return from space.
* '''[[Ira Flatow]]''': First appearing in "The Vengeance Formulation" as a [[voice actor|voice only]], is a science radio host, in "The Discovery Dissipation" he interviews Sheldon, and in "The Retraction Reaction" he interviews Leonard.
* '''[[James Earl Jones]]''': Appearing in "[[The Convention Conundrum]]", when Sheldon cannot go to Comic-Con, he is sent on starting his own convention, and tracks down James Earl Jones to convince him to join, but ends up spending the evening with him, going on a Ferris wheel, singing karaoke, pranking Carrie Fisher, visiting a strip club and going to a sauna.
* '''[[Joe Manganiello]]''': Appearing in "The D&D Vortex", he is a member of Will Wheaton's ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' group.
* '''[[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]''': Appearing in "The D&D Vortex", he is a member of Will Wheaton's ''Dungeons & Dragons'' group.
* '''[[Katee Sackhoff]]''': First appearing in "The Vengeance Formulation", and then in "[[The Hot Troll Deviation]]", in both she appears in Howard's daydream while contemplating his feelings for Bernadette.
* '''[[Kevin Smith]]''': First appearing in "The Fortification Implementation", he is interviewed by Will Wheaton for his podcast, alongside Penny, and offers her an audition, and in "The D&D Vortex" he is a member of Will Wheaton's ''Dungeons & Dragons'' group.
* '''[[Kip Thorne]]''': Appearing in "The Laureate Accumulation", is a Nobel Laureate who attends the university reception for Amy and Sheldon.
* '''[[LeVar Burton]]''': First appearing in "The Toast Derivation", he receives an invitation to hang out by Sheldon, after the group has moved to Raj's place, while in "The Habitation Configuration" and "The Champagne Reflection", he is a guest on Sheldon's web show, ''Fun with Flags''.
* '''[[Mark Hamill]]''': Appearing in "The Bow Tie Asymmetry", after his dog is found by Howard, Hamill officiates Sheldon and Amy's wedding, which brings him to tears.
* '''[[Mike Massimino]]''': First appearing in "The Friendship Contraction", he nicknames Howard "Fruit Loops" for the space mission, and appears in "The Countdown Reflection", "The Decoupling Fluctuation", "The Re-Entry Minimization", as a fellow NASA Astronaut who bullies Howard. and offers Howard advice in "The Table Polarization" and "The First Pitch Insufficiency".
* '''[[Nathan Fillion]]''': Appearing in "The Comic Book Store Regeneration", he attempts to prove to Leonard and Raj that he is not Fillion, but relents and allows them to take a photo with him.
* '''[[Neil Gaiman]]''': Appearing in "The Comet Polarization", he provides a favorable review of Stuart's comic book store, providing it a much needed boost.
* '''[[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]''': First Appearing in "The Apology Insufficiency", Neil butts heads with Sheldon, due to his history with Pluto, and in "The Conjugal Configuration" enters a tweet feud with Raj.
* '''[[Samantha Potter]]''': Appearing in "The Panty Piñata Polarization", is a model that Howard and Raj meet at the house used in ''America's Top Model''.{{efn|Appearance is credited, but did not have a speaking role.}}
* '''[[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]''': Appearing in "[[The Stockholm Syndrome (The Big Bang Theory)|The Stockholm Syndrome]]", after sitting next to her on the plane, Raj invites her as his plus one to Sheldon and Amy's Nobel Prize acceptance ceremony.
* '''[[Stan Lee]]''': Appearing in "The Excelsior Acquisition", after Sheldon misses Stan Lee's signing at Stuart's store, Penny gets his address and takes Sheldon to meet him at his house, resulting in him getting a restraining order from him.
* '''[[Stephen Hawking]]''': First appearing in "[[The Hawking Excitation]]", Hawking meets Sheldon after Howard gives him his work, and provides Sheldon advice in "The Extract Obliteration", "The Relationship Diremption", "The Troll Manifestation", "The Celebration Experimentation", "The Geology Elevation" and "The Proposal Proposal".
* '''[[Steve Wozniak]]''': Appearing in "[[The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification]]", while using Shel-Bot to move around, Sheldon meets him at the Cheesecake factory.
* '''[[Summer Glau]]''': Appearing in "[[The Terminator Decoupling]]", the guys spot her while taking a train to San Francisco, and Raj, Howard and Leonard all attempt to approach her.
* '''[[William Shatner]]''': Appearing in "The D&D Vortex", he meets Sheldon while appearing on Will Wheaton's reboot of Professor Proton, and Sheldon subsequently vomits on him, and he is also a member of Will Wheaton's ''Dungeons & Dragons'' group.

===''Young Sheldon''===
* '''[[David Hasselhoff]]''': "Cowboy Aerobics and 473 Grease-Free Bolts"
* '''[[Stephen Hawking]]''': "The Grand Chancellor and a Den of Sin" (voice only.) Sheldon has a poster of him in his room.
* '''[[Cyndi Lauper]]''': "A Baby Tooth and the Egyptian God of Knowledge" ([[voice actor|voice only]], saying the words of the title of her song, "[[Girls Just Want to Have Fun]]")
* '''[[Elon Musk]]''': "[[List of Young Sheldon episodes#ep6|A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®]]" in a [[flashforward]] scene set 27 years into the future. Elon is seen reading Sheldon's notebook describing reusable rocket boosters.

===''Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage''===
* '''[[Jay Leno]]''': "Secrets, Lies, and a Chunk of Change" (voice only)
* '''[[Dr. Demento]]''': "Heartbreak and the Refuge of the Downtrodden" and "A Stuffed Monkey and an Ex-Girlfriend" (voice only)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.cbs.com/primetime/big_bang_theory/}}

{{The Big Bang Theory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Bang Theory, The}}
{{italic title|string=The Big Bang Theory}}
[[Category:Lists of American sitcom television characters]]
[[Category:The Big Bang Theory characters| ]]

India at the 2026 Asian Beach Games

2026-05-08T05:30:27Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started a article

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA)
| oldcode =
| year = 2026
| date = 22–30 April 2026
| games = Asian Beach Games
| location = [[Sanya]], [[China]]
| competitors = 31
| sports = 4
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 3
| silver = 2
| bronze = 1
| rank = 6
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
}}
'''[[India]]''' competed at the [[2026 Asian Beach Games]] from 22 to 30 April 2026 in [[Sanya]], [[Hainan]], [[China]]. This marks the return of the [[Asian Beach Games]], ten years since the [[2016 Asian Beach Games|2016 edition]] in [[Da Nang]], Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news |title=India names 31-member squad for Asian Beach Games 2026 in Sanya |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/india-names-31-member-squad-for-asian-beach-games-2026-in-sanya20260421172236/ |access-date=26 April 2026 |work=ANI News |date=21 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Beach Games 2026: India look to make a mark in kabaddi, 3x3 basketball - schedule, where to watch live |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-beach-games-2026-schedule-squad-watch-live-streaming-india |website=Olympics.com |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

== Competitors ==
The following is the list of the number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Discipline|url=https://wrs.sanya2026.cn/delegation/IND/entry?discipline=|publisher=SANYA HAINAN 2026 6th Asian Beach Games Organizing Committee|access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Participation of Indian Contingent in 6th Asian Beach Games scheduled to be held in Sanya, China from 22nd to 30th April, 2026- reg. |url=https://yas.gov.in/sites/default/files/Asian%20beach%20games%202026.pdf |publisher=Indian Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports |access-date=26 April 2026 |date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width=180|Sport
! width=55|Men
! width=55|Women
! width=55|Total
|-
|align=left|[[3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|3x3 basketball]]
| 4 || 0 || 4
|-
|align=left|[[Beach kabaddi at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach kabaddi]]
| 6 || 6 || 12
|-
|align=left|[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach wrestling]]
| 4 || 4 || 8
|-
|align=left|[[Sailing at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Sailing]]
| 4 || 3 || 6
|-
! Total|| 18 || 13 || 31
|}

==Medalists==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Medal
!Name
!Sport
!Event
!Date
|-
|{{Gold medal}}||[[Ritu Sheoran]] Manisha Kumari Simran Kamboj Manpreet Kaur Nikita Kumari Nikita Chauhan||[[Beach kabaddi at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach kabaddi]]||[[Beach kabaddi at the 2026 Asian Beach Games#Women|Women's tournament]]||27 April
|-
|{{Gold medal}}||[[Pushpa Yadav]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach wrestling]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Women's 60 kg]]||29 April
|-
|{{Gold medal}}||[[Priya (wrestler)|Priya]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach wrestling]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Women's +70 kg]]||29 April
|-
|{{Silver medal}}||Brijendra Singh Choudhary Jitendra Yadav Jai Bhagwan Neeraj Narwal Bhanu Pratap Tomar Yatharth Deshwal||[[Beach kabaddi at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach kabaddi]]||[[Beach kabaddi at the 2026 Asian Beach Games#Men|Men's tournament]]||27 April
|-
|{{Silver medal}}||[[Siddharth (wrestler)|Siddharth]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach wrestling]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Men's 70 kg]]||29 April
|-
|{{Bronze medal}}||[[Jaspreet Kaur (wrestler)|Jaspreet Kaur]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Beach wrestling]]||[[Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|Women's 70 kg]]||29 April
|}

==3x3 basketball==
{{main|3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games}}

;Summary
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Qualifiers
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[India men's national 3x3 team|Men's team]]
|{{3x3|KAZ}} '''W''' 19–11
|{{3x3|BHR}} '''W''' 20–12
|{{3x3|QAT}} '''L''' 12–15
| 2 '''q'''
|{{3x3|SRI}} ''' ''' –
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[India women's national 3x3 team|Women's team]]
|{{3x3w|SRI}} '''WD'''
|{{3x3w|SGP}} '''WD'''
|{{3x3w|THA}} '''WD'''
| {{N/A}}
| colspan=5| Did not advance
|-
|}
===Men's tournament===
;Team roster
*[[Harsh Dagar]]
*[[Kushal Singh]]
*[[Arvind Kumar (basketball)|Arvind Kumar]]
*[[Pranav Prince]]

;Preliminary rounds – Group C
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|C}}
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|C2}}
----
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|C4}}
----
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|C5}}

;Qualifier
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|QA1}}

===Women's tournament===
India entered a team in the women's tournament. However they withdrew with their fixtures declared a forfeit.<ref>{{cite web |title=6th Asian Beach Games - Schedule |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/events/1cc4b59c-ca1f-47ce-9f6f-8ca2b4e9a0bf/schedule |website=3x3 Play |publisher=FIBA |access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref>
;Preliminary rounds – Group D
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|H}}
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|H-IND1}}
----
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|H-IND2}}
----
{{#lst:3x3 basketball at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|H-IND3}}

== Beach kabaddi ==
{{main|Beach kabaddi at the 2026 Asian Beach Games}}
; Summary
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinals
! colspan="2" | Final
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[India national kabaddi team|Men's team]]
| {{kd|TPE}} '''W''' 66–23
| {{kd|THA}} '''W''' 52–32
| {{kd|SRI}} '''W''' 54–33
| 1 '''Q'''
| {{kd|PAK}} ''' W''' 50–28
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left|[[India women's national kabaddi team|Women's team]]
| {{kdw|SRI}} '''W''' 44–32
| {{kdw|SYR}} '''W''' 64–22
| {{n/a}}
| 1 '''Q'''
| {{kdw|BAN}} '''W ''' 50–31
|
|
|}

== Beach wrestling ==
{{main|Beach wrestling at the 2026 Asian Beach Games}}

;Men's
*Siddharth – 70kg
*Sachin Mor – 80kg
*Aryan – 90kg
*Jaspooran Singh – +90kg

;Women's
*Priyanshi Prajapat – 50kg
*Pushpa Yadav – 60kg
*Jaspeet Kaur – 70kg
*Priya – +70kg
== Sailing ==
{{main|Sailing at the 2026 Asian Beach Games}}

;Men's
*Vasu Chandrawanshi – ILCA 4 boys
*Krishna Venkatachalam Ramakrishnan – optimist boys
*Vinay Vishwanath Kulabkar – foil windsurfing boys
*Chitresh Tatha – formula kite men

;Women's
*Aastha Pandey – ILCA 4 girls
*Shringhari Roy – optimist girls
*Ovie Nair Shaffi – foil windsurfing girls

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://wrs.sanya2026.cn/delegation/IND/schedule India] at the 2026 Asian Beach Games official website

{{Nations at the 2026 Asian Beach Games}}

[[Category:2026 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Beach Games]]
[[Category:Nations at the 2026 Asian Beach Games]]

Fayezul Haque

2026-05-06T18:48:46Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fayezul Haque
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
| predecessor = Milton Rashid
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Fayezul Haque''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]] as a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fayezul Haque (Kajal Sk)(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- HANSAN(BIRBHUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=373 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Haque won the [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]] constituency seat in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Trinamool Congress]]. He defeated Nikhil Banerjee of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 28,298 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hansan constituency assembly election results 2026: Trinamool's Fayezul Haque defeats BJP's Nikhil Banerjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hansan-constituency-assembly-election-results-2026-trinamools-fayezul-haque-defeats-bjps-nikhil-banerjee/amp_articleshow/130669045.cms#amp_ct=1778083526889&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17780832138660&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fayezul Haque (Kajal Sk), HANSAN constituency, AITC, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/fayezul-haque-kajal-sk-373/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Fayezul}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Harshavardhan G. B.

2026-05-01T12:19:56Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2003)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|11|15}}
| birth_place =
| title = [[International Master]] (2020)
| peakrating = 2493 (May 2026)
| FideID = 25059009
}}

'''Harshavardhan G. B.''' is an Indian chess player and an [[FIDE titles|International Master]] (IM).

==Chess career==
In November 2022, he won the Asian Junior Chess Championship with an unbeaten score of 7/9, also earning a GM norm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Asian-Junior-Chess-Championships-2022-Round-9-report|title=Harshavardhan clinches Gold at Asian Junior 2022, Rakshitta Ravi Silver in Girls|date=November 26, 2022|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In December 2023, he won the gold medal in the Rapid Open section of the Western Asian Junior Chess Championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/India-wins-five-medals-at-Western-Asian-Junior-Chess-Championships-2023|title=India wins five medals at Western Asian Junior Chess Championships 2023|date=December 9, 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In March 2024, he shared second place with grandmasters [[Bharath Subramaniyam H]] and [[G. Akash]] at the ChessOrg Festival Bad Woerishofen Open A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Di-Li-wins-ChessOrg-Schachfestival-2024-Bad-Worishofen-Bharath-Harshavardhan-and-Akash-share-second-place|title=Di Li wins ChessOrg Schachfestival 2024 Bad Wörishofen, Bharath, Harshavardhan and Akash second|date=March 19, 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In May 2025, he defeated grandmaster [[Tin Jingyao]] (who was rated over 150 points higher) in the first round of the Dubai Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/25th-Dubai-Open-2025-Round-1-report|title=25th Dubai Open R1: Harshavardhan and Mayank stun Jingyao Tin and Abhijeet Gupta|date=May 28, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In August 2025, he finished in second place in the Chess Hub MCF GM IM Invitational, where he suffered his only loss against the winner [[Yeoh Li Tian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Yeoh-Li-Tian-wins-1st-Chess-Hub-MCF-GM-IM-Invitational-2025-Harshavardhan-G-B-second|title=Yeoh Li Tian wins 1st Chess Hub - MCF GM IM Invitational 2025, creates history, Harshavardhan G B second|date=August 31, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

He qualified for the [[Chess World Cup 2025]], where he was defeated by [[Mustafa Yılmaz]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-World-Cup-2025-to-take-place-in-India|title=FIDE World Cup 2025 to take place in India|date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:G. B., Harshavardhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Palakala Seetharam Bhat

2026-05-01T04:27:14Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: put up initial stub basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
'''Palakala Seetharam Bhat''' (16 August 1931 – 26 September 2017) was a [[Kannada]] writer. He received Bal sahitya puraskar for his Contribution to Children's Literature in 2012 by [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BAL SAHITYA PURASKAR (2010–2016) |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |accessdate=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630000355/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ಪಳಕಳ ಸೀತಾರಾಮ ಭಟ್ ಇನ್ನಿಲ್ಲ |url=http://themangaloremirror.in/palakala-seetharama-bhatt-dead/ |accessdate=26 August 2018 |publisher=themangaloremirror.in}}</ref>

==Background==
Bhat served as a primary school and high school teacher at Jain High School, Moodabidri till his retirement in 1988. He started writing for children inspired by the works of [[Panje Mangesh Rao]]. He founded the "Shishu Sahitya Male" in 1954, which has brought out more than 100 books for children. He wrote 25 dramas, 58 collection of stories, 35 poems, and other works for children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palakala Seetharam Bhat, writer, dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/palakala-seetharam-bhat-writer-dead/article19753945.ece |accessdate=26 August 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Awards==
*literary prize in 1955 instituted by the then Madras government.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಖ್ಯಾತ ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ಪಳಕಳ ಸೀತಾರಾಮ ಭಟ್ಟ ನಿಧನ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/district/dakshinakannada/palakala-seetharama-bhatt-dead/articleshow/60831695.cms |accessdate=26 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Rajarathnam Endowment Prize instituted by the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] in 1983,
*The Bala Shikshan Parishat Prashasthi in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ಪಳಕಳ ಸೀತಾರಾಮ ಭಟ್‌ ನಿಧನ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/kannada/news/mangalore-news/239923/children-s-writer-palika-sitaram-bhat-passed-away |accessdate=26 August 2018 |publisher=udayavani.com}}</ref>
*The [[Karnataka]] State Sahitya Academy award in 1999,
*[[Shivaram Karanth]] Award in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಹೊಸ ಕೃತಿಗಳ ರಚನೆಯಾಗಲಿ ಪಳಕಳ ಸೀತಾರಾಮ ಭಟ್ಟ |url=http://www.varthabharati.in/article/karavali/62194 |accessdate=26 August 2018 |publisher=varthabharati.in}}</ref>
* 2012 - [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada|Bala Sahitya Puraskara]] from [[Sahitya Akademi]]

==Poetry==
*Eḷeyara geḷeya
*Kandana koḷalu
*Kiriyara kinnari
*Gāḷipaṭa
*Tam'mana tambūri
*Tim'mana tuttūri
*Puṭṭana pīpi
*Bālara bāvuṭa
*Yaku Gothilla
*makkaḷa muddu<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada books |url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/nccl-images/Kannada%20%20final.Pdf |website=nbtindia.gov.in |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref>

==Books==
*Baa Nanna Magane<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada books |url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/nccl-images/Kannada%20%20final.Pdf |website=nbtindia.gov.in |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref>
*Bannada Meenu
*Haadi Kuni
*Kathe Helajjee
*Kittana Sahasa
*Ondu gidada atma kathe
*Parisara Kathegalu
*Puttiya guttu

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]

Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration

2026-04-30T00:21:20Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: put up new info basic info.

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the government-in-exile of Tibet}}
{{Redirect|Parliament of Tibet|the legislature of the Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
| coa_pic = Emblem of Tibet.svg
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = None
| new_session = 2021
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = [[Khenpo Sonam Tenphel]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Khenpo Sonam Tenphel and Dolma Tsering are elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of 17th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile|url=https://tibetanparliament.org/khenpo-sonam-tenphel-and-dolma-tsering-elected-speaker-and-deputy-speaker-of-17th-tibetan-parliament-in-exile/|website=Central Tibetan Administration|date=8 October 2021 |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
| election1 = October 2021
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = [[Dolma Tsering Teykhang]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Khenpo Sonam Tenphel and Dolma Tsering are elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of 17th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile
|url=https://tibetanparliament.org/khenpo-sonam-tenphel-and-dolma-tsering-elected-speaker-and-deputy-speaker-of-17th-tibetan-parliament-in-exile/|website=Central Tibetan Administration|date=8 October 2021 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>
| election2 = October 2021
| term_length = 5 years
| members = 45
|voting_system1=[[Plurality block voting]]|last_election1=2021| next_election1 = [[2026 Central Tibetan Administration general election|2026]]
| structure1 = Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration diagram.svg
| structure1_res = 200px
| political_groups1 =
* {{Color box|#FE0000|border=darkgray}} [[National Democratic Party of Tibet|NDPT]] (16)
* {{Color box|#3E4095|border=darkgray}} [[People's Party of Tibet|PPT]] (14)
* {{Nowrap|{{Color box|#808080|border=darkgray}} [[Buddhist schools|Four schools]] + [[Bon|Bön]] (13)}}
| meeting_place = Building of Central Tibetan Administration, [[Dharamshala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| session_room = Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration 02.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| website = {{URL|https://tibetanparliament.org/}}
|native_name=གྲོས་ཚོགས་ཐོག་གསུང་བཤད།|legislature=17th Tibetan Parliament}}
The '''Tibetan Parliament in Exile''' ('''TPiE'''), officially the '''Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration''', is the [[unicameral]] and highest [[Legislature|legislative organ]] of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], the [[government-in-exile]] of the Independent Country Of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]]. It was established and is based in [[Dharamshala]], [[India]]. The creation of this [[Election|democratically elected]] body has been one of the major changes that the [[14th Dalai Lama]] brought about in his efforts to introduce a [[democracy|democratic]] system of administration.

Today, the [[parliament]] consists of 45 members: ten members each from [[Ü-Tsang]], [[Kham]], and [[Amdo]], the three traditional provinces of [[Tibet]]; the four major schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and the traditional [[Bon|Bön]] faith elect two members each; five members are elected by Tibetans in the west: two from Europe, one from [[Australasia]], one from North America and one from [[Canada]]. The Tibetan Parliament in Exile is headed by a [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] and a Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members amongst themselves. Any Tibetan who has reached the age of 25 has the right to contest elections to the parliament.

The elections are held every five years and any Tibetan who has reached the age of 18 is entitled to vote. [[Legislative session|Sessions]] of the parliament are held twice every year, with an interval of six months between the sessions. When the parliament is not in session, there is a [[Committee#Standing committee|standing committee]] of eleven members: two members from each province, one member from each religious denomination. The members of the parliament undertake periodic tours to Tibetan settlements to make an assessment of people's overall conditions. On their return, they bring to the notice of the administration all the grievances and matters which need attention. The Tibetan Parliament in Exile also keeps in touch with people through local parliaments established in thirty-eight major Tibetan communities. The Charter provides for the establishment of a local parliament in communities having a population of at least 160.

Local parliaments are scaled-down replicas of the Tibetan Parliament in Exile. They keep an eye on the activities of their respective settlement/welfare officers. They also make laws for their respective communities according to the latter's felt-needs. Laws passed by local parliaments must be implemented by their respective settlement/welfare officers.

== Historical background ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2019}}

===Background (before 1959)===
The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] had, in fact, initiated the process of democratization in Tibet itself. In his autobiography "My Land and My People", he recalls how he appointed a Reforms Committee of eminent citizens to redress the inequalities prevailing in Tibet at the time; but the reforms were obstructed by the Chinese invasion. In his foreword to the constitution for Tibet drafted in 1963, the Dalai Lama stated: "Even prior to my [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|departure from Tibet]] in March 1959, I had come to the conclusion that in the changing circumstances of the modern world, the system of governance in Tibet must be modified and amended so as to allow the elected representatives of the people to play a more effective role in guiding and shaping the social and economic policies of the State. I also firmly believed that this could only be done through democratic institutions based on social and economic justice."

Before the Chinese occupation of Tibet, important decisions were taken by the Tsogdu (National Assembly), in which monks and other societal groups were represented along with the Kalons (Cabinet Minister) and other officials. Though, no direct elections were held, rather, members were selected as representatives of communities and trade groups. Thus, the Tsogdu was made up of the abbots of the three great monasteries and lay representatives of various classes and professions such as: artisans, tradesmen, soldiers and boatmen. Thus, the Tibetans had little or no experience of democratic governance when they came to India. However, one of the first pronouncements made by the Dalai Lama after arriving in India showed that he had already envisaged a process of democratization that would maintain close links with the land from which the Tibetans had been forced to flee.

===Establishment of the Commission of Tibetan People's Deputies===
In February 1960, at [[Bodh Gaya]] (where Buddha achieved enlightenment), the Dalai Lama outlined a detailed program designed to introduce the exiled Tibetans about the practice of democratic. He advised them to set up an elected body with three exile representatives each from the three provinces and one each from the four religious schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Elections were duly held and the first elected representative body in Tibetan's history "The Commission of Tibetan People's Deputies (CTPD)" took oath on 2 September 1960. This historic date is observed by the Tibetan exile community as Tibetan Democracy Day.

On 4 September 1960, the Dalai Lama explained to the elected members about the importance of fully functioning polity which should be rooted in traditional values but adapted to the widely accepted modern democratic system of governance. With this end in view, the Dalai Lama provided the agenda for the meeting. For the first time ever, a weeklong joint meeting of the elected Deputies and Cabinet Minister was held to discuss the positive aspects and the shortcomings of the existing Tibetan polity, the future course of action, the expansion of the existing departments of the Central Tibetan Administration and the appointment of civil servants. The members proposed a list of 29 names to administer the Councils for Religion, Home, Foreign Relations, and Education; the Office of Finance, Information and Security, as well as the Civil Service Commission.

However, the Commission at that time had no secretariat and the facilities for its functioning were limited. The Deputies were engaged to various departments of the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) to gain an experience, while the supervision of the infant administration was entrusted to the Dalai Lama and the Kalons. This practice was followed till the Fourth CTPD. The Deputies met twice each month to assess the situation and discuss important issues. The Deputies, members of the [[Kashag]] (Cabinet) and the administrative heads of the departments met as the National Working Committee once every six months to present reports and review activities. The Chairmanship was on the rotation basis among the members.

===1963 "Constitution"===
On 10 March 1961, the 2nd anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day, the Dalai Lama formulated a draft constitution of Tibet; he sought views from the people and their elected representatives to suggest amendments and for the improvement.

On 10 October 1961, a synoptic version of a draft constitution was circulated among the [[Tibetan diaspora]]. Settlement Officer, the Deputies and the civil servants unanimously appreciated it and pledged to follow its provisions, which incorporated traditional Tibetan values within modern democratic norms. However, they expressed inability to accept the provisions which curtailed the powers of the Dalai Lama.

Eventually, on 10 March 1963, the Dalai Lama promulgated a constitution consisting of 10 chapters and 77 articles. He also made structural changes to the governmental institutions and the appointment of civil servants. The term of the elected Assembly Deputies was set at three years. It was also decided that there should be an elected chairman and a Vice Chairman of the commission. On 8 February 1964, rules were also framed concerning the election and terms of office for a three Gharthue (Local Assembly Members) in the larger settlements. The members were to be a representative from each of the three provinces elected directly by the people to assist the Settlement Officer in overseeing development activities.

For the Second and Third CTPD, the total strength of the elected representatives was increased from 13 to 17 with one additional seat reserved for a woman from each of the three provinces, while the Dalai Lama began nominating an eminent Tibetan as per the new constitution.

In 1965, the role of the Deputies was enhanced when the commission was entrusted with the authority to abolish the traditional practice of appointing both monks and lay officials to each office, and to abolish the various hereditary titles and prerogatives. The CTPD restructured the rules of public service and framed new ranks and designations. By the end of the Third CTPD's term in 1969, the Deputies had been authorized to oversee the work of the CTA's departments. On 3 May 1966, a separate Commission house and secretariat was set up. The Commission meets twice a month, and the presentation of bi-annual report and reviewing the meeting of the National Working Committee continued.

On 10 March 1970, the First Annual General Meeting (replacing the biannual meetings) was held in conjunction with the anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day. People's representatives, administrators at all levels and monastic representatives participated in this meeting. This practice was followed till 1981. The first photo exhibition to showcase the achievements of the Tibetan refugees in agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industries and religious institution was also held alongside. The Deputies held their Commission sessions, scrutinized the work reports of the CTA departments and held the Kashag responsible for lapses in redressing public grievances. The commission, thus, acted as a bridge between the people and the CTA.During the Fourth and Fifth CTPD, the Dalai Lama did not nominate any members in the Assembly; hence, the number of Deputies came down to 16.

In 1972, a group of public-spirited Tibetans from Varanasi approached the administration with a ten-point memorandum and sought permission to visit the settlements to rouse the Tibetan public's support to their action plan for the cause of Tibet's freedom. The permission was granted and in July 1972, the preliminary convention of the Tibetan Freedom Movement was held. In order to strengthen their legitimizing bond with the CTA, all Tibetans above the age of six were obliged to pay at least one rupee per month as a form of voluntary contribution. For this purpose the Tibetan Freedom Movement sub-committee, known as Bhod Rawang Denpai Legul (BRDL) was set up in each Tibetan community across the world. This formalized the commitment of the entire exiled community to the democratic functioning of the CTA, including their participation and responsibility for it. The members of the Tibetan Freedom Movement sub-committees replaced the Gharthue.

In 1973, during the Fifth CTPD, the Fourth Annual General Meeting was held in conjunction with the second photo exhibition. In the same year on 25 August, new rules for the recruitment, appointment and transfer of civil servants was framed and announced.

Till the Fifth CTPD, the Election Commission adopted many different ways and means to elect the Deputies of the CTPD. In 1974, the election system was reviewed and positive elements from the Indian electoral system were incorporated. On 21 November 1974, a new set of electoral rules was put into the place; it includes the seats reservation for women in CTPD.

Till 1975, the Kashag was fully responsible for the budget of the departments and there was no financial accountability to the CTPD. In 1975, new rules were framed regarding the control of the CTA's budget. It was decided that the income and expenditure of all the departments of the CTA should be approved and sanctioned during the annual meeting of the National Working Committee chaired by the Chairman of CTPD. In the same year, during the National Annual General Meeting, it was decided that the 2nd day of September should be commemorated annually as the founding day of Tibetan Democracy and declared a national holiday.

In 1977, during the 8th Annual General Meeting, the 3rd Photo Exhibition of the Tibetan diaspora was held. In the same year, the budget session was held on 1 February for the coming financial year which starts from 1 April every year. On 5 October 1977, In addition to the four Tibetan Buddhist schools, followers of the Bon religion also came to have a separate Deputy, hence, the strength of Deputies were increased to 17 during the 6th and 7th CTPD.

===The Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies and electoral reforms===
In 1979, the term of the Cabinet Ministers was fixed for 5 years, and the Dalai Lama was entrusted to appoint or dismiss any of the Cabinet Ministers. At the time of the 6th CTPD session, the Commission of Tibetan People's Deputies (CTPD) was renamed as the Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies (ATPD).

It was decided during the Annual General Meeting of 1981 that this meeting would now be held once every two years rather than annually.
[[File:Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration 01.jpg|thumb|Building of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration, [[Dharamsala]]]]
Since 1974, the Tibetan Youth Congress has been carrying out a persistent campaign, urging that the Deputies to the ATPD be elected by the combined electorate of all the three provinces. In 1981, the High-Level Standing Committee decided by a majority vote to hold the election to the 8th ATPD as petitioned by the Youth Congress and this was duly announced by the Election Commission. But the Do-toe public then protested that the existing system was adequate. As a result, the High-Level Standing Committee reviewed its decision and decided that a one-time voting would be held for the 8th ATPD and the Dalai Lama would then nominate the members from the primaries.

The Dalai Lama reduced the number of provincial Deputies to two each from three provinces and one eminent Tibetan besides the 5 Deputies from the religious traditions, which brought the total strength to 12. As entrusted, the Dalai Lama selected all the members of the ATPD from the list determined by the primary election voting.

In 1984, the Election Commission announced the election schedule for the 9th ATPD. Again, the Do-toe public demanded for the continuance of the previous system, therefore, on the advice of the Dalai Lama, a meeting was held under the auspices of the ATPD. The meeting was attended by representatives of the provinces, the Tibetan Youth Congress and new arrivals from Tibet. And it was decided that so long as a unanimous decision could not be reached, the Dalai Lama should appoint the ATPD members. Also it was decided on the meeting that the term of the ATPD be increased to five years, and on 8 July 1985 it was announced and extended the term of the 8th ATPD by two years to make it five.

===Towards an elected head of government===
The Dalai Lama nominated all the members of the 9th ATPD. That was an interim measure proposed during the National General Assembly and approved by the High Level Standing Committee that it should continue till common acceptable solution is found. The 9th ATPD lasted only for one year, as the election for the 10th ATPD was notified.

On 3 September 1988, during the Dalai Lama's first audience to the 10th ATPD, the Dalai Lama stressed that he shall not hold any state responsibility when a new government is set up in future Tibet. He also said that the members of the ATPD should be elected by the people rather than him. He further added that Tibetans should be educated about democracy and be able to shoulder more responsibilities of the government.

Again, on 6 May 1989, during the General Assembly, The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] emphasized the need for more democratic reforms, including the election of a head of the government. He suggested setting up a constitution drafting committee for this purpose. The leaders and the people of Tibet felt that their inherent faith in the Dalai Lama was more democratic than any alternative arrangement that might be set up. On this basis, they pledged to undertake democratic reforms but pleaded the Dalai Lama not to withdraw from the leadership.

The Dalai Lama once again advised the Kashag to continue discussions on possible reforms. In August 1989, the Kashag convened a conference of 230 participants comprised by members of the ATPD, government officials, NGOs and representatives of new arrivals from Tibet. Following it, the Kashag circulated a five-point discussion paper and called for feedback on it from Tibetans both in exile and in Tibet. The five points were: 1) Whether to have a Prime Minister in the existing government set up. 2) Whether the Ministers should be elected or appointed as before by the Dalai Lama. 3) Whether a political party system should be introduced for government formation. 4) Whether any change should be made in the number of ATPD members and their responsibilities. 5) What other democratic changes could be made.

A total of 287 suggestions were received from Tibetans inside and outside of Tibet. Then, on 11 May 1990, a Special People's Congress was called, and on the basis of suggestion received, it was decided that the ministers shall continue to be appointed by the Dalai Lama; however, the elected ATPD members no longer required approval from The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]. Also, on that day, the Kashag and the ATPD were declared dissolved. The Dalai Lama directed participants in the Special Congress to elect an interim Kashag, to hold office until the proclamation of a new charter.

===Interregnum===
The interregnum period was from 12 May 1990 to 28 May 1991. During this period, the Dalai Lama appointed a Constitution Review Committee with instructions to draft a democratic charter for the Tibetans in exile and also to review the existing draft constitution for future Tibet. The draft charter for the Tibetans in exile was to incorporate well defined provisions based on the realities of the situation in exile although the Dalai Lama agreed to be the head of the state and government owing to the prevailing circumstances. But he emphasized that when a truly democratic system is achieved in Tibetan society then the Dalai Lama would no longer hold any official responsibility or political designation.

The charter drafting committee consulted a number of Tibetan and non-Tibetan experts and scholars and came out with a documents which reflected the above directives.

The draft charter was based on: the draft constitution of 1963, the Five Point Peace Plan of 1987, the Dalai Lama's address to the European Parliament in 1988, and his addresses to the 10th ATPD in 1988, the 16th General Assembly in 1989, and the Special Congress in 1990.

In the years that followed, the community in exile showed extreme reluctance to accept the Dalai Lama's directives suggesting limits on his powers. However, in 1990, thirty years after initiating the democratic process, the Dalai Lama announced a dramatic change, empowering the parliament to conform the established norms of democracy.

The Dalai Lama address on 11 May 1990 to the Deputies attending the 10th session of the ATPD, and other eminent Tibetans, that he is renouncing the supreme authority vested in him to approve the members of the Assembly and to supervise its functioning. Further, the Dalai Lama went on to outline proposals for expanding the membership of the assembly, electing Kalons, who were not the members of the Assembly, for giving more representation to women, and on the advisability of setting up two Houses of the legislature. He spoke on the need for a judicial tribunal to look into the people's complaints and also on other requirements of a fully functioning democracy. The future administration was thus projected as a fully democratic government capable of shouldering greater responsibilities.

===Expanded Assembly and new Charter===
On 29 May 1991, the Dalai Lama addressed the 11th ATPD on the outcome of his epochal pronouncement of the previous year. The membership of the Assembly had risen from 12 to 46, which represented from all sections of the society. 10 members each from the three traditional provinces of Tibet, namely, U-Tsang, Do-toe and Do-mey; 2 each from the four Buddhist schools and Bon; 2 from Europe, 1 from North America, and 3 nominated by the Dalai Lama as being the head of the state.

When the Charter was adopted on 14 June 1991, it provided that a candidate needed to win at least 70% of the Assembly votes to be declared elected as Kalon. When the Assembly failed to elect the required seven Kalons, the Dalai Lama was urged to nominate a list of not less than double the number of Kalons to be elected. The impractical provision was amended in 1993, so that seven candidates securing the highest number of votes would be declared elected as Kalons.

A Supreme Justice Commission was set up as the apex tribunal for arbitrating civil cases within the Tibetan diaspora and for interpreting the Tibetan laws. Thus, the three pillars of democracy were firmly established, ensuring a fully functioning democratic polity, with a system check and balance and accountability system. An independent Audit Commission was set up to audit the accounts of all central and local offices. An independent Public Service Commission was set up to oversee the recruitment and maintain the records of all Tibetan public servants. To oversee the election of Kalons, members of the ATPD, Settlement Officers and Local Assembly, an independent Election Commission was set up.

The Assembly approves and sanctions the budget of the Government in exile presented by the Finance Minister. Though members could propose cuts or seek to raises on the recurring budget expenses, the planned budget for social welfare activities are generally approved without much discussion. However, the Kalons remain accountable for the utilization of the funds. The Assembly was empowered to impeach the Kashag, the Supreme Justice Commissioners, and the heads of the three independent bodies: Audit, Public Service and Election by two-thirds majority; and under special circumstances, even the Dalai Lama could be impeached by a three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly.

On 16 September 1998, the Dalai Lama proposed further reforms to the election of Kalons, citing dissatisfaction on his part in finding suitable candidates. He also said the existing process was inadequate and did not fulfill the norms of real democracy. He suggested that a Kalon Tripa be elected by the Assembly from a list of three nominees by him. The elected Kalon Tripa was then to nominate at least 14 candidates for the Assembly to vote on to elect his ministerial colleagues. The other option proposed was for the Kalons to be elected by an electorate consisting of the Assembly members, all civil servants above the rank of Deputy Secretary, members of the Local Assemblies, the Tibetan Freedom Movement Sub-Committee members and representatives of NGOs. The candidate with the maximum number of votes could be the Chief Kalon, or the elected Kalons could vote for Kalon Tripa among themselves.

These proposals were thoroughly discussed in the Assembly and seek suggestions from the public. On 3 October 2000, the Dalai Lama approved the amendment of the Charter regarding the election of the Kalong Tripa and the other Kalons. Under it, the Assembly would elect the Kalon Tripa from a list of not less than two members provided by the Dalai Lama and the Kalon Tripa would nominate his ministerial colleagues, subject to approval or rejection by the Assembly by a simple majority vote. The Kalon Tripa could appoint a maximum of seven Kalon.

However, sensing that the latest amendment may need to be further amended sooner or later, the Dalai Lama suggested that the Kalon Tripa be directly elected by the people. In his landmark address to the last session of the 12th ATPD, on 15 March 2001, he referred to the latest amendment and said that the process had brought the system closer to the essence of democracy. Accordingly, the Charter was amended to provide for direct election of the Kalon Tripa and for the Kalon Tripa to nominate candidates for the election of his ministerial colleagues. This was another significant milestone in the democratic reform of the Tibetan polity.

===Direct election===
The 13th ATPD formally began with the opening of its first session on 31 May 2001. The direct election of the Kalon Tripa, the Chief Executive of the Central Tibetan Administration, in 2001 was the most significant democratic development during its term. The Assembly approved far reaching policies of the Kashag on a negotiated solution to the Tibet issue, the new education policy, privatization of businesses, organic and natural farming policy in the settlements and better functioning of the Tibetan cooperatives, etc. The 12th Kashag brought in a new sense of accountability and transparency to the Assembly. The financial status of the Central Tibetan Administration was made public and the funds earmarked for social welfare were placed under complete control of the Assembly.

In September 2003, the Dalai Lama pushed further reforms to give up the last vestiges of his administrative power. He suggested that he no longer make direct nominations to the Assembly, or directly appoint the heads of the three independent institutions of Audit, Public Service and Election Commission, or nominate the Supreme Justice Commissioners. The commissions were placed under a common head in view of their limited workload under the current situation.

Regarding these, the Assembly amended the relevant articles of the Charter, leaving it open for the Dalai Lama to decide whether to nominate up to three eminent Tibetans to the Assembly. Selection committees were to be formed for the appointment of the Supreme Justice Commissioners and the heads of the three independent institutions.

The five-year term of the 13th ATPD ended on 30 May 2006 and the 14th was constituted on 31 May 2006 till 30 May 2011. The 14th Assembly began with having no direct nominee from the Dalai Lama, so therefore, its strength became 43. Also the Assembly formally changed its name from Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies (ATPD) to Tibetan Parliament in Exile (TPiE), and the chairman's title to that of Speaker and Vice Chairman to Deputy Speaker.

The 14th TPiE began with a constitutional crisis owing to its inability to elect a Speaker. Despite repeated polling, Do-Mey provincial representative Mr. Penpa Tsering and U-Tsang representative Mr. Karma Choephel kept getting identical number of votes. The impasse was finally resolved with guidance from Chief Election Commissioner, despite the absence of such provision in the Charter, it was suggested to share the speakership between the two candidates for two and half years each.

The 14th TPiE took an important decision to allocate area/zonal responsibilities to the MPs for the purpose of ensuring the well-being of the Tibetan people residing in them. After touring their respective zones, they have to submit their reports to the TPiE's Standing Committee, which, after careful consideration, refer to the Kashag for action through the concerned Ministries and Departments.

The most historic event took place when on 10 March 2011, during the 52nd Anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day, The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] has announced about his retirement from the political position. He said, "During the forthcoming eleventh session of the fourteenth Tibetan Parliament in Exile, which begins on 14 March, I will formally propose that the necessary amendments be made to the Charter for Tibetans in Exile, reflecting my decision to devolve my formal authority to the elected leader."

"As early as the 1960s, I repeatedly stressed that Tibetans need a leader, elected freely by the Tibetan people, to whom I could devolve power. Now, we have clearly reached the time to put this into effect…. Since I made my intention clear I have received repeated and earnest requests both from within Tibet and outside, to continue to provide political leadership. My desire to devolve authority has nothing to do with a wish to shirk responsibility. It is to benefit Tibetans in the long run. It is not because I feel disheartened. Tibetans have placed such faith and trust in me that as one among them, so I am committed to playing my part in the just cause of Tibet. I trust that gradually people will come to understand my intention, will support my decision and accordingly let it take effect," said The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]].

Following two days of debate in the Tibetan Parliament in Exile, the resolution was passed by a majority of 37 to 1, with five members being on leaves of absence. It asked the Dalai Lama to continue to be both the temporal and spiritual leader of the Tibetan people, saying his leadership was pre-eminently democratic and there was no better alternative to it. However, on 19 March 2011, the Dalai Lama had rejected a resolution passed by the exile Tibetan parliament and reiterated what he has stated in his letter to the parliament on 14 March 2011, to carry out the necessary constitutional and other sweeping amendments to effectuate it.

Also on 25 May 2011, the Dalai Lama rejected a unanimous request from all the 418 delegates to the second Tibetan National General Meeting, held at Dharamsala from 21 to 24 May, that he remain a ceremonial head of the exile Tibetan administration. He did, however, agree to being enshrined as the protector and symbol of the Tibetan nation in a new Preamble and Article 1 of the Charter of Tibetans in Exile.

The Dalai Lama wanted full democratization to be carried out while he was still available to help resolve any problems that may arise along the way, that the decision was a culmination of a reform process he had initiated back in Tibet before 1959, and he said many times that there is no room for kings and religious rulers in today's age of progress toward full democracy. Thus, without any option, the Tibetan Parliament in Exile reluctantly agreed to make necessary changes in the Charter.

On 27 April 2011, the Chief Election Commissioner of the Central Tibetan Administration, Mr. Jamphel Choesang announces new members of the 15th TPiE and Dr. [[Lobsang Sangay]] as the Chief of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa) of CTA in an election held on 20 March 2011, in exile Tibetan community all over the world. The term of the 15th TPiE is from the year 2011 to 2016.

It consists of anywhere between 43 and 47 members, including:
* two delegates from the Tibetan diaspora in Europe
* two delegates from the Tibetan diaspora in North America (an amendment in September 2010 raised the number to two from one)
* ten delegates from each one of the three traditional provinces of Tibet
* two members each from the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism and the traditional Bon school

Election to the parliament is open to all Tibetans who are at least 25 years old, and the minimum voting age is 18. There are [[Nonpartisanism|no political parties]] in the elections. Sessions are held twice every year between six month intervals. A standing committee of 12 members is in place when the Parliament is not in session, consisting of two members from each traditional region, one member from each religious denomination, and one member who is directly nominated by the Dalai Lama.

The parliament also helps with organization of local parliaments established in 38 major Tibetan communities.

On April 26, 2026, Tibetans in 27 countries voted for their parliament-in-exile, the India-based [[Central Tibetan Administration]]. China condemned the election, calling the CTA a separatist group, amid its broader control over Tibetan affairs. The five-year parliament of 45 members represents provinces, religious traditions, and the diaspora, continuing the Dalai Lama's “Middle Way” policy seeking autonomy rather than full independence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-26 |title=Tibetans-in-exile vote for new government as future without Dalai Lama looms |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20260426-exiled-tibetans-elect-government-vote-condemned-china |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Ning |date=2026-04-26 |title=Parliament-in-exile: Tibetans from 27 countries have voted |url=https://table.media/en/china/news-en/parliament-in-exile-tibetans-from-27-countries-have-voted |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Table.Briefings |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the 17th TPiE ==
{| class = "wikitable"
|- bgcolor = "#EFEFEF"
! Members<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tibet.net/about-cta/legislature/#code0slide2|title=Legislature {{!}} Central Tibetan Administration|website=tibet.net|access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref>||Constituency or tradition
|-
|
# Ven. Khenpo Sonam Tenphel
# Ven. Khenpo Jamphal Tenzin
| [[Nyingma]] tradition
|-
|
# Ven. Mr. Kunga Sotop
# Ven. [[Tenpa Yarphel]]
| [[Kagyu]] tradition
|-
|
# Ven. Lopon Thupten Gyaltsen
# Ven. Khenpo Kada Ngedup Sonam
| [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] tradition
|-
|
# Ven. Geshe Lharampa Gowo Lobsang Phende
# Ven. Geshe Lharampa Atuk Tseten
| [[Gelug]] tradition
|-
|
# Ven. Geshe Atong Rinchen Gyaltsen
# Ven. Geshe Monlam Tharchin
| [[Bon|Bön]] tradition
|-
|
# Ms. Dolma Tsering Tekkhang
# Mr. Dawa Phunkyi
# Mr. Migyur Dorjee
# Mr. Ngodup Dorjee
# Mr. Lobsang Gyatso Sithar
# Ms. Tsering Yangchen
# Mr. Rigzin Lhundup
# Ms. Lhagyari Namgyal Dolkar
# Mr. Dawa Tsering
# Ms. Tenzin Choezin
| [[Ü-Tsang]]
|-
|
# Mr. Dorjee Tseten
# Mrs. Youdon Aukatsang
# Ms. Juchen Konchok Chodon
# Mr. Tenzin Jigdal
# Mr. Serta Tsultrim
# Mr. Choephel Thupten
# Ms. Tsering Dolma
# Mr. Phurpa Dorjee Gyaldhong
# Mr. Kunchok Yangphel
# Mr. Wangdue Dorjee
| [[Do-Toe]]
|-
|
# Ms. Pema Tso
# Mr. Dhondup Tashi
# Ms. Tsering Lhamo
# Mr. Serta Tashi Dhundup
# Mr. Ratsa Sonam Norbu
# Mr. Karma Gelek
# Ms. Yeshi Dolma
# Mr. Lobsang Thupten
# Ven. Geshe Ngaba Gangri
# Mr. Choedak Gyatso
| [[Do-Mey]]
|-
|
# Ven. Thubten Wangchen
# Mr. Thupten Gyatso
| [[Europe]]
|-
|
# Mr. Tenzing Jigme
# Mr. Thondup Tsering
| North America
|-
| Mr. Doring Tenzin Phuntsok
| Australasia and Asia (Excluding India, Nepal and Bhutan)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tibetan Parliament in Exile}}
* [http://www.chithu.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=364&Itemid=222 Legislature: The Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile]
* [http://www.tpprc.org/tpie.html The Tibetan Parliament in Exile] (Tibetan Parliamentary & Policy Research Centre)
* [http://tibetonline.tv/subcategory/22/tibetan-parliament-in-exile Video: The Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225074653/http://www.tibetonline.tv/subcategory/22/tibetan-parliament-in-exile |date=25 December 2012 }} (Tibetonline.tv)
* [http://tibet.net/ Central Tibetan Administration]
* [http://www.tibetsociety.com/ Tibet Society]

{{Central Tibetan Administration}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parliament Of The Central Tibetan Administration}}
[[Category:Central Tibetan Administration]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]
[[Category:India–Tibet relations]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dharamshala]]

Shantisudha Ghosh

2026-04-28T08:31:00Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1907–1992)}}
{{about|Indian politician and teacher (1907 – 1992)|Indian freedom fighter (1893 – 1966)|Santi Sudha Ghosh}}
'''Shantisudha Ghosh''' (27 June 1907 – 7 May 1992) also written as '''Shanti Sudha Ghosh''' was an Indian politician, writer, teacher and communist thinker and an admirer of [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. She was a sister of [[Debaprasad Ghosh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Santi Sudha Ghosh |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4320 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sutanuka |date=July 2010 |title=Expressing the Self in Bengali Women's Autobiographies in the Twentieth Century |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272801003000201 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.1177/026272801003000201 |issn=0262-7280|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She was the Founder Principal of [[Hooghly Women's College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.hooghlywomenscollege.org/About%20Us/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.hooghlywomenscollege.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ghosh was born to Kshetranath Ghosh, a professor of [[Brojomohun College|Brajmohan College]], at Alokananda village of [[Barishal]] (now in Bangladesh) on 27 June 1907.

She got her early education from Brahmo Balika Bidyalaya and passed the B.A. Examination in 1928 and the M.A. Examination in 1930 from [[Calcutta University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shantisudha Ghosh |url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/institute/shantisudha |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org}}</ref> An Ishan scholar in the BA Examination (1928) and a First Class MA in Mathematics (1930) from the Calcutta University, Shantisudha Ghosh (1893-1966), daughter of Kshetranath Ghosh, was born in an affluent family of Barishal in undivided Bengal. Sister of the renowned communist thinker and founder of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (SUCI), Debaprasad Ghosh, she did not subscribe to the political ideology of her elder brother.

She admired Aurobindo Ghosh’s integration of political activism with spiritual practice and expressed interest in secret society activities. She regarded Mahatma Gandhi as a leader but did not support his strategy of non-violent resistance.

She was primarily a revolutionary collaborator. Following Satin Sen’s Tarun Samgha (Youth Club), she organized a women's club called Shakti Vahini (Force of Strength) (1930) in Barishal to prepare them as a supplementary force for the revolution. Shantisudha had taught in premier colleges: Victoria Institution, Calcutta; Mohammad Mohasin College, Hooghly; and the Barishal Braja Mohan College; but always in association with her role as a revolutionary collaborator.

All these brought her under the police scanner. In 1934, she was arrested in Calcutta and interned in Barishal, but released on health grounds in 1937; when she drifted to Gandhian agitation. In 1942-43, she was imprisoned again; after her release she joined the famine relief work; followed by her escape to West Bengal in 1947, leaving behind her birth and workplace.<ref>https://amritkaal.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail?4320</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shantisudha Ghosh - শান্তিসুধা ঘোষ Archives - Granthagara |url=https://granthagara.com/writer/2285-shantisudha-ghosh/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=granthagara.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Shantisudha}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:People from Banaripara Upazila]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal]]

Gurjars in Uttarakhand

2026-04-25T19:23:40Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: starting data

{{Short description|Ethnic Group in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = 
| native_name = Uttarakhandi Gujjars
| image =Gujjar Girl.jpg
| image_caption = Gurjar tribal girl from [[Uttarakhand]]
| regions = {{flagicon|India}} [[Uttarakhand]]
| population =
|region1 =
| pop1 =
|region2 =
| pop2 =
|region3 =
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| languages = [[Gujari]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]
| religions = • ''Majority'': [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]][[Sunni Islam|Islam]]
• ''Minority'': [[File:Om symbol.svg|18px]][[Hinduism]]
| related_groups = [[Gurjar]], [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gurjars]]
| footnotes =
[[File:UttarakhandDistricts.png|thumb|270x270px|center|Map of [[Uttarakhand]], showing the districts found in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] divisions.]]
}}

'''Gurjars in Uttarakhand''', '''Uttarakhandi Gujjars''', or '''Uttaranchali Gujjars'''{{efn| [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]/{{langx|hi|({{nq|उत्तराखंड में गुर्जर / उत्तराखंडी गुर्जर}}}}); [[Gujari]]: (اتراکھنڈ ماں گجر/ اتراکھنڈی گجر); {{langx|ur| ({{nq| اتراکھنڈ میں گجر/ اتراکھنڈی گجر}}}})}} are a community native to the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]]. They descended from [[Gurjar]]s who moved into this region during [[Medieval India|medieval]] times. They are mainly found in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] divisions<ref name=":David" />{{Reference page|page=56-70}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages=105–165 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Baidyanath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Life_style_and_Ecology.html?id=FDa0AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Life-style and Ecology |date=1998 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0103-7 |pages=3 - 60 |language=en}}</ref> and scattered across almost all [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|districts of Uttarakhand]]; they are densely populated in [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]], Nainital, [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]], [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]], [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]], and [[Almora district|Almora]] districts, while [[Pithoragarh district]] has the smallest Gujjar population. In the [[1931 Census of India]], 63.21% of Gurjars in present-day Uttarakhand state were [[Muslim]]s, while the remaining 36.79% were [[Hindu]]s.<ref name=":1931 UK" />

Hindu Gujjars in the state have traditionally been settled, with some being nomads, while Muslim Gujjars are mainly [[nomads]] with some settled communities. Amongst the nomadic [[Muslim Gurjars|Muslim Gurjar]] communities [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]] is a major subgroup.<ref name=":Paul">{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Vijay Paul |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ce2e5274a31e00014fa/ZC0181b.pdf |title=Pastoralism in India: A Scoping Study |last2=John Mortan |first2=Kohler-Rollefson |date=2020 |publisher=Natural Resources institute, [[University of Greenwich]], UK |pages=5–7}}</ref>

==Etymology and origin==
=== Etymology ===
The word Gurjar is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Gurjara, which means "enemy destroyer"''.<ref name=":Paul" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandhe |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLAEAAAAMAAJ |title=Bonded Labour in India |date=1976 |publisher=India Book Exchange : [exclusive distributors, K. P. Bagchi] |pages=35 |language=en |quote=The Gujjars take their name from the Sanskrit "Gurjara" (enemy destroyer).}}</ref><ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=23}}

=== Origin ===
Some historians believe Gurjars were nomad from [[Central Asia]] who moved to India between 5th and 6th centuries.<ref name=":Paul" /><ref name=":Pandhe">{{Cite book |last=Pandhe |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLAEAAAAMAAJ |title=Bonded Labour in India |date=1976 |publisher=India Book Exchange : [exclusive distributors, K. P. Bagchi] |pages=34–37 |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=23}} Another theory is that they were originally from [[India]], specifically in western [[Rajasthan]], Malwa, and [[Gujarat]], and later moved [[Punjab]] and [[Uttarakhand]] around the 16th century.<ref name=":Paul" /><ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=23}}

==History==
Ancient [[Religious text|religious writings]] related to the "''Uttaranchal region''" mention the names of different tribes that lived in the region, including the [[Saka|Sakas]], [[Kol-Munds]], [[Naga people|Nagas]], [[Khasas]], [[Hungary|Hunas]], [[Kirata|Kiratas]], [[Gurjar|Gurjars]] and [[Aryan|Aryans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sati |first=Vishwambhar Prasad |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Uttaranchal/ct6YMRvYJQ4C?hl=en |title=Uttaranchal: Dilemma of Plenties and Scarcities |last2=Kumar |first2=Kamlesh |date=2004 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-898-3 |pages=9 |language=en |quote=The scriptural texts mention a number of tribes that inhabited the region such as the Sakas, Kol-Munds, the Nagas, Khasas, Hunas, Kiratas, [[Gurjar|Gujars]] and Aryans.}}</ref>

The [[Gazetteer of Dehradun]] notes that [[Gurjar]]s and Rajputs lived in [[Dehradun district]] around the 18th century. This probably refers to when Gurjars first moved to [[Uttarakhand]], around the same time as the [[Rajputs]].<ref name=":David" />{{Reference page|page=62}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2024 |editor-last=Degen |editor-first=A. Allan |editor2-last=Dana |editor2-first=Léo-Paul |title=Lifestyle and Livelihood Changes Among Formerly Nomadic Peoples |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-51142-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=21344fca-2515-417b-9a6f-a23652e7545d |journal=Ethnic and Indigenous Business Studies |pages=194–195 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51142-4 |isbn=978-3-031-51141-7 |issn=2948-1635}}</ref> Many scholars believe Gurjars came to the region of ''Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand)'' about 150 or 200 years ago from [[Jammu division|Jammu]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU3inCiGFYYC |title=Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia |date=2006 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-552-5 |pages=187–193 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=23}}

During the 1700s, Gurjar and Sikh raiders repeatedly attacked the [[Doon Valley]]. In 1775, [[Sikhs]] raided the area, looting settlements, killing residents, and setting places on fire. But raiders from the [[Saharanpur district]], both Gurjars and Rajputs, caused worse damage in the valley than the Sikhs did.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Prem Hari Har |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Doon_Valley_Down_the_Ages/pm_iAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Doon Valley Down the Ages |date=1993 |publisher=Interprint |isbn=978-81-85017-64-8 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thadhani |first=Prem K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chronicles_of_the_Doon_Valley_an_Environ/yUOezV-JjvgC?hl=en |title=Chronicles of the Doon Valley, an Environmental Exposé |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-84-1 |pages=228 |language=en |quote=Gujjars either raided or ruled the Doon to plunder its forest wealth . 1803 The Gorkhas conquered the Doon . Heavy taxation led to an exo- dus of the people.}}</ref>

It is generally believe that Gurjars initially moved to the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]] between the mid 19th and 19th century, which are now part of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Disha |date=2019 |title=TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD MIGRATION IN INDIA: Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment & Future Directions in 12 States of India |url=https://shramshakti.tribal.gov.in/Docs/Tribal%20Migartion%20Study-%20Full%20Report%202020%20(wecompress.com).pdf |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, [[Government of India]]. |pages=77}}</ref><ref name=":Paul" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Trz1zpRIy4C&q=Gujars+Uttarakhand&dq=Gujars+Uttarakhand&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp6u3eh-6TAxWo3gIHHZrzMdAQ6wF6BAgHEAU#Gujars |title=Nomadic Peoples |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref>

Gujjars are believed to have migrated to the [[Garhwal division]] of Uttarakhand from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], via [[Himachal Pradesh]], looking for [[grassland]]s for their livestock.<ref name=":Paul" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothari |first=Ashish |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Building_Bridges_for_Conservation/KRDbAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Building Bridges for Conservation: Towards Joint Management of Protected Areas in India |date=1997 |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration |isbn=978-81-86641-07-1 |pages=195 |language=en |quote=Information about the origins of the Gujjars in the Shivaliks is sketchy. According to some sources (Khati nd, Vikalp nd) these Gujjars are originally from the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] and were brought to the [[Doon Valley]] (Uttaranchal).}}</ref>

In the late 1800s, the Jaunsar-Bawar forest division in [[Dehradun district]] was a key spot for nomadic Gurjars. It connected nearby regions, and when summer came, Gurjars would gather there to head to highland pastures with their cattle. Some stayed there for summer, while others moved on to other areas.<ref name=":Dangwal"/>{{reference page|page=92}}

===Dynasties/states===
====Landaura state====
[[File:Landhaura estate flag.jpg|thumb|Flag of Landaura state]]
The Panwar Gurjars ruled in the [[Landhaura State|Landhaura state]] in the [[Landaura]] town of [[Haridwar district]] over more than 600 villages for about 375 years. In 1759–60, the Mughal governor gave Nahar Singh, a Gurjar leader of Panwar clan rights to collect revenue in the area of Landaura.<ref name=":Dirk" >Dirk H.A. Kolff: Grass in Their Mouths: The Upper Doab of India Under the Company's Magna Charta, 1793-1830 p. 453-493</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Garhwal_1358_1947/RYVuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=History of Garhwal, 1358-1947: An Erstwhile Kingdom in the Himalayas |date=1989 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-85182-18-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> Many Gurjars joined him, and he became a powerful local leader. Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]], Gurjars traded cattle, paying taxes to the Mughals. Nahar Singh switched sides between Mughals and [[Sikhs]], was imprisoned, and eventually lost part of his land. He later worked with the Mughals to drive out Sikhs. After his death, his son Ram Dayal Sin took over.<ref name=":Dirk" /><ref name=":David" />{{Reference page|page=67}}
[[File:Rang Mahal Landhaura.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahal of Landaura state]]

In 1804, Ram Dayal Singh supported the [[East India Company]] during a local rebellion. After his death in 1813, a dispute over leadership was settled when [[Dhan Kunwar]] paid off her husband's relative, Badan Singh, to keep control of Landaura state for her infant son, Kushal Singh. In 1824, a relative of Ram Dayal Singh, Vijay Singh Gurjar tried to take over but failed and was killed.<ref>Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Documents of the Indian Uprising, Vol 1, p.35-39</ref> Kushal Singh died in 1829, followed by his mother Dhan Kunwar in 1849. His son Harbans Singh died young in 1850, leaving behind a baby son, Ragubir Singh.<ref name=":Dirk" />

====Timli state====
In the 15th century, Phoda Singh and Lal Karan Singh from the Chokar clan of Gujjars established Timli state in Dehradun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C&dq=Timli+State&pg=PA251 |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref> The state was ruled by their [[dynasty]] until it was annexed by [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Rana Ali Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZmvnQEACAAJ |title=A Short History of the Gurjars: Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Chauhan Publications |isbn=978-969-8419-00-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Walton 1911">{{Cite book |last=Walton |first=h G. Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94182 |title=Dehra Dun, a Gazetteer, vol.1 |date=1911}}</ref> Their family ruled until the [[Mughals]] took over. Later, in 1548, they again took control, founded [[Timli]] town and ruled it. Bhagwan Singh, a notable king from the same family, even controlled prices in [[north India]]. When took over some areas in Dehradun, Timli state remained independent. After Bhagwan Singh's death, his daughter [[Satyaditi]] ruled the state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murtaza |first1=Mahnoor |last2=Shad |first2=Dr Elizabeth |date=2024-03-05 |title=An overview of Ada Jafri's Autobiography "Jo Rahi So Bekhabri Rahi"|url=https://ojs.lgu.edu.pk/index.php/nooretahqeeq/article/view/2136 |journal=Noor e Tahqeeq |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=6–17 |doi=10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2024.08012136 |issn=2521-0157|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Walton 1911"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George Robert Carlisle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wQ3AQAAMAAJ&dq=Timlee+Goojur&pg=RA1-PA101 |title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Dehra Doon |date=1874 |publisher=Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press |language=en}}</ref>

====Kunja estate====
[[File:Raja Vijay Singh Gurjar.jpg|thumb|Raja Vijay Singh]]
In the 19th century Kunja principality was ruled Raja Vijay Singh Gurjar in [[Dehradun district]]. In 1857 he started a rebellion against the British. He killed many British with the help of Gurjars but a large army of the British killed him and his commander Kalyan Singh Gurjar and set fire to Kunja village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ&dq=vijay+singh+gurjar&pg=PA581 |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXxDAAAAYAAJ&q=koonja+goojur |title=Cassell's Illustrated History of India |date=1978 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Gurjars and Van Gujjars communities mainly found in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]], Kalsi, [[Jim Corbett National Park]] and [[Rajaji National Park]] forest areas of Uttarakhand.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Man Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7cBAAAAMAAJ |title=Through the Valley of Gods: Travels in the Central Himalayas |date=1978 |publisher=Vision Books |pages=248 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=23}} The [[Tons River#Tons Valley|Tons Valley]] in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region of the [[Garhwal division]] and districts like [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]], Uttarkashi, [[Roorkee]], [[Nainital district|Nainital]], [[Almora district|Almora]] and [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]] and also have large settlements of Gurjars.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bedi |first=Freda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY8LUG9o3ZkC |title=Social Welfare |date=1979 |publisher=Publications Division |pages=4–32 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=36}}
[[File:Uttarakhand administrative divisions.svg|thumb]]

The Shivalik region east of [[Garhwal division]] has a pastoral area stretching from [[Kalsi, Dehradun|Kalsi forest]] to [[Kotdwar]]. Gujjars live in many places here, including Gangabhogpur, Gauhari range, Gaendikhata,Dumet, Dhaula Tapad, [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]], Batoli, Dharmawala, Majri, Kulhal, Simlash, Dudhli, Bhaniyawala, Timli, Kadwapani (Dehradun), Sajanpur, Aamsaut, Katebad, Sherpur, Chidiyapur Rang, South Nlowala, North Nlowala (Haridwar), Shikroda, Khanpur, Laldang, Jakhan, Nastarwari, Dasoywala, Shyampur, Peeli beet, Sidha beet, Mithi beri, Kanswali (Haridwar), and the Rajaji National Park area.<ref name=":6" />

==Religion==
Gurjars in Uttarakhand are divided into two distinct [[Ethnoreligious group|ethno religious]] groups: [[Hindu Gurjars]] and [[Muslim Gurjars]]. Muslim Gurjars of Uttarakhand predominantly belong to the [[Sunni]] sect of [[Islam]]. In the [[1931 Census of India]], 63.21% of Gurjars in present-day Uttarakhand state were [[Muslim]]s, while the remaining 36.79% were [[Hindu]]s.<ref name=":1931 UK" />

The [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjars]] of Uttarakhand state adopted [[Islam]] in the 13th to 14th centuries,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Raghav |date=2022 |title=The making of pastoralisms: An account of the Gaddis and Van Gujjars in the Indian Himalaya |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=42 |doi=10.1186/s13570-022-00259-z |doi-access=free|issn=2041-7136 |pmc=9590384 |pmid=36311345 |bibcode=2022Pasto..12...42S }}</ref> but other [[Gurjar]]s of the state mostly adopted Islam in the 17th century.<ref name=":David">Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response By David Emmanuel Singh 2012</ref>{{Reference page|page=62}}

==Population==
In the [[Census in British India|1931 census]], the total population of Gurjars in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] was ''2,210'', of which 1,397 were [[Muslims]], making up ''63.21%'' of the total [[Gurjar]] population.<ref name=":1931 UK" /> An unknown number of [[Hindu Gurjars]] live in Uttarakhand, and the Muslim Van Gurjars population in the state approximately reached to 70,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=2024-04-18 |title=Ground report: Why this Muslim nomadic tribe in Uttarakhand has little to gain from elections |url=https://scroll.in/article/1066606/ground-report-why-this-muslim-nomadic-tribe-in-uttarakhand-has-little-to-gain-from-polls |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hamilton-Jones |first1=Phoebe |url=https://publications.smartforests.net/community-led-forest-technologies |title=COMMUNITY-LED FOREST TECHNOLOGIES: A SMART FORESTS INTERIM REPORT |last2=Gabrys |first2=Jennifer |last3=Westerlaken |first3=Michelle |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2024 |location=UK |pages=44 |quote=The Van Gujjars, who identify as Indigenous to South Asia, follow Islam and practice transhumance and semi-nomadic activities in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Within Uttarakhand, where this case study is located, about ''70,000 Van Gujjars'' are spread out across various constituencies in forested landscapes.}}</ref>

Population of Gurjars recorded in different census reports of [[British Raj|British India]] for the present-day Indian state of Uttarakhand (formerly a region as ''Uttaranchal'' in [[Uttar Pradesh]]).
{{historical populations|11=1891|12=9,97|13=1901|14=1,250|15=1911|16=2,148|17=1921|18=2,609|19=1931|20=2,210|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1891 census]] - [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 UK">Census of India, 1901. Vol. XVI A: North West Provinces and Oudh. Part II p. 201</ref> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 UK">Census of India, 1911. Vol. XV North West Provinces and Oudh. Part II pp. 252 & 282</ref> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 UK">Census of India, 1921. Vol. XVI United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Part II pp. 204 & 222</ref> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 UK">Census of India, 1931. Vol. XVIII United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. pp. 509 & 525</ref>|align=right}}

==Gotras==
Some important clans ([[Gotra]]s) found among the [[Gurjar]]s of Uttarakhand state are as follows:
*Aamre<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=A. M. |date=2018 |title=Demographic Study of Dode Gurjar Community of Khandesh A Geographical Perspective: (Chapter 5) |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/350175 |journal=University |language=English |pages=89 |quote=Gurjars in Uttaranchal: They consist of mainly Khubad (Pawar), Aamre, Daape (Chauhan), Solanki, etc. Gotras.}}</ref>
*Baniya (Vania)<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Baidyanath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Life_style_and_Ecology.html?id=FDa0AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Life-style and Ecology |date=1998 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0103-7 |pages=27 |language=en |quote=''Symbiotic Relationships Between Man, Animal and Nature A Study of the Gujar of Garhwal'': The Gujar are divided into various gotras, (clans) which are the same as among the Hindu Gujar. Some of the clan names of the Gujar inhabiting the Siwaliks and the lower Himalayas are Kushan, Khatana, Chechi, Chauhan, Theckari, Dhinda, Pathan, Poshwal(d), Vania/Bania, Maisi, Lodha and Kaalas. They follow gotra exogamy, although there may be exceptions as in cases of elopement. Parallel cousin marriages may take place.}}</ref>
*[[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":Paul" />
*Chechi<ref name=":Paul" />
*Kaalas<ref name=":9" /> (Kalas)
*Kushan (Kasana)<ref name=":Paul" /><ref name=":9" />
*Mehsi or Maisi<ref name=":9" />
*Theckari (Thikariya)<ref name=":Paul" />
*Dhinda<ref name=":Paul" />
*Pathan<ref name=":Paul" />
*Poshwal ([[Poswal]])<ref name=":Paul" />
*Pathan<ref name=":9" />
*Lodha<ref name=":Paul" />
*Kaalas<ref name=":Paul" />
*Khubar (Pawar)<ref name=":7" />
*Dhape (Dheepe)<ref name=":7" />
*Solanki<ref name=":7" />

==Culture==
=== Attire and appearance ===
"[[Gurjar]]s in [[Uttarakhand]]" are typically tall, dark and sharp in appearance. Gurjar men wore checked [[lungi]]s, loose kurtas, [[waistcoat]]s, and unique colorful embroidered caps in shades of pink and blue. Many went shoeless with sturdy feet like the [[Dhobi|Dhobi people]]. Some modern Gurjars wore shirts, cheap [[Gomusin|rubber shoes]], and even [[Watch|wristwatches]].<ref name=":Pandhe" /> Nowadays, Gurjar men typically wear a [[turban]], a loose [[sarong]], and often have a long beard, with some adding embroidered waistcoats to their outfit especially in winter.

In appearance Gurjar women are generally smaller than the men. They wear a hill-styled [[salwar]]-[[Kurta|kameez]], similar to the one worn in the plains, with a shalwar featuring many pleats and small floral prints on a green or blue background. Their attire is very similar to salwar-kameez of [[Gurjars in Kashmir|Gujjar women of Kashmir]]. They wear minimal silver jewellery.<ref name=":Pandhe" />

Gurjar women usually wear a long kurta type shirt, tight pants ([[pajamas]]), and a jacket. Women of Hindu and [[Muslim Gurjars]] in Uttarakhand typically do not cover their faces or practice [[Purdah]] system.<ref name=":4" />

=== Festivals ===
Gurjars in Uttarakhand celebrate various regional and religious festivals. [[Muslim Gurjars]] celebrate [[Islamic holidays|Islamic festivals]] like [[Ramadan|Ramazan]], [[Muharram]], [[Eid al-Fitr]], and [[Eid al-Adha]], while [[Hindu Gurjars]] celebrate [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]] like [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]], and [[Lohri]].<ref name=":4" />

Gurjars in the Siwalik Hills are mostly Muslims, specifically Sunni. They practice all Islamic festivals and like to pray in mosques on Fridays but can't often afford to go on Hajj. Some Gurjars, especially from the Bania clan, celebrate Diwali a Hindu festival. They used to celebrate seasonal festivals like Lohdi and Baishakhi, but these aren't common anymore.<ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=29}}

=== Dwelling ===
[[File:Van Gujjar Dera at night.jpg|thumb|A typical dwelling of tribal Gujjars in night views]]
Tribal Gujjars in the forest areas of Rajaji National Park live in deras (traditional dwelling), simple homes made from forest materials. They move in big family groups to find good grazing land and set up temporary homes for the stay.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref>

In the Siwalik Hills, Gurjars' winter homes are semi-permanent. They used to take them apart when moving to higher pastures, but the spots stayed the same. The Forest Department would take or auction off the wood, or locals would steal it. Gurjars would rebuild when they returned, often getting materials from the Forest Department. Their homes are usually near water sources like streams, and are named after them (e.g., Munal Sot, Amla Sot).<ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=32}}

===Marriages===
Gujjars practice various [[Weddings in India|marriage customs]] in Uttarakhand. Hindu Gurjars mostly practice polyandry marriages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bisht |first=B. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ethnography of a Tribe: Study of Anwals of Uttarakhand Himalaya |date=2001 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-663-1 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raha |first=Manis Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlxjEQAAQBAJ |title=Marriage in Human Society: Global Perspective (Volume 2) |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5594-637-9 |pages=524 |language=en}}</ref> Muslim Gujars practice [[Cousin marriage|cousins marriages]] and [[Sister exchange|exchange marriages]] (where families swap a boy and a girl).<ref name=":0" />

====Monogamy====
Most Gurjars are monogamous, having one wife at a time. But Islam allowed maximum four marriages for Muslim Gurjars, but they still prefer one marriage. More common is remarrying after a wife dies or divorces. If a Gurjar guy has multiple wives, they often live separately with their kids, and he splits time with them.<ref name=":MRG" />

====Exchange marriages====
Muslim Gurjars in Uttarakhand often choose exchange marriages, where two families swap kids (a son and daughter from one family marry a daughter and son from another). This way, they avoid paying bride-price or dowry, keeping their animals and wealth within the families.<ref name=":MRG">{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Baidyanath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Life_style_and_Ecology.html?id=FDa0AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Life-style and Ecology |date=1998 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0103-7 |pages=26 - 27 |language=en}}</ref>

====Widow-remarriage====
Gurjars allow window remarriage, but the new husband might have to pay the dead man's family. [[Hindu Gurjars]] often practice junior levirate (marrying the window to her husband's brother). Buffaloes are exchanged as bride-price or dowry, but money's becoming more common now. If a couple sets up their own home after a service marriage, the girl's dad usually gives them some buffaloes.<ref name=":MRG" />

====Service marriage====
Gurjars also practice "service marriage". A guy works for a family with a daughter, and if they like him, he gets to marry her. Poor guys without sisters often choose this option, avoiding bride-price or dowry system.<ref name=":MRG" />

====Ghar Jawan====
Gurjars sometimes do "Ghar jawain" or 'Ghar Jamayi' marriages". A rich Gurjar with a daughter brings a guy to live with them and marries him to her. The couple lives with the girl's family.<ref name=":MRG" />

===Language===
In Uttarakhand, they speak various regional languages, including [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and Gujari. The Garhwali and Kumaoni language mainly spoken by [[Hindu Gurjars]] in the state. [[Muslim Gurjars]] in the state mostly speak [[Gujari]] as their mother tongue. In the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], there were 3,822 Gujari speakers among the Muslim Gurjars in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Uttarakhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Social status==
In Uttarakhand [[Hindu Gurjars]] are socially classified as [[Other Backward Class|Other Backwards classes]] (OBC) in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central List of OBCs - Uttarakhand |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/uk.pdf&ved}}</ref> However, [[Muslim Gurjars]] in state are not included in the OBC list.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/International_Journal_of_Human_Developme/-f51p2PgtCkC?hl=en |title=International Journal of Human Development and Sustainability Vol.4, No.1 |date=2011-09-28 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-61233-519-3 |pages=95 |language=en |quote=The [[Muslim Gurjars|Muslim Gujjars]] of Uttaranchal are not included in the list of Other backward classes. This implies that State governments of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh have owned up the responsibility of their Muslim Gujjar population, while the development of the nomadic [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] in Uttaranchal has been the sole responsibility of the forest department which has wanted to re-strict the grazing of the Gujjars buffaloes in the forests of the area.}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] promised to give [[Schedule Tribe]] (ST) status to ''Gurjars of Uttarakhand'' and Muslim [[Van Gujjar]]s, but this promise hasn't been kept yet. The Van Gujjars, a [[Nomad|semi-nomadic]] pastoral community, have been fighting for this recognition, which would grant them rights to forest land and other benefits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legal |first=India |date=2012-07-26 |title=Gujjars to get tribal status, other facilities |url=https://www.legalindia.com/news/gujjars-to-get-tribal-status-other-facilities |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Legal News India - Supreme Court & High Court Updates |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Economy and income ==
===Economy===
Many people in Uttarakhand were [[Herding|herders]], [[farmer]]s, or both. They mainly raised cattle, which was a big part of their economy. Some groups in [[Uttarakhand]] like the Gurjars and [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]], relied entirely on [[livestock]].<ref name=":Dangwal">{{Cite journal |last=Dangwal |first=Dhirendra Datt |date=2009 |title=The Lost Mobility: Pastoralism and Modernity in Uttarakhand Himalaya (india) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123852 |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages= 84–101|doi=10.3167/np.2009.130206 |jstor=43123852 |issn=0822-7942}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{reference page|page=84}}

===Income===
In Uttarakhand Tribal Gurjars earn around Rs. 4,500 monthly per family (Rs. 450 per person), but they're stuck in debt. This debt is a big obstacle to improving their lives. They can't move forward or change how they live until they pay off what they owe.<ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=28}}

==Traditional Veterinary Practices==
In 2023, a study was conducted in the [[Terai|Terai region]] of southern [[Uttarakhand]]. The areas located at [[Terai-Bhabar]] of [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] and foothills of [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]], and [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri]] districts were part of the study. This study found 90 plants from 47 families that the [[Gurjar]]s in Uttarakhand uses for women's health issues.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Jyotsana |last2=Singh |first2=Kanwaljeet |last3=Gairola |first3=Sumeet |date=2023-12-01 |title=Plants used in female reproductive healthcare by the Gujjar tribe of the sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210803323001641 |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine |volume=42 |article-number=100786 |doi=10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100786 |issn=2210-8033}}</ref> [[Fabaceae|Leguminosae]] was the most common plant family. [[Asparagus racemosus]] was the top plant used, mainly for [[Menstrual disorder|menstrual problems]] and [[leucorrhoea]]. The Gurjar tribe mostly used roots (22%) and made medicines by boiling the plants (52%). The plants treated issues like [[menstrual disorder]]s (37), [[leucorrhoea]] (26), post -delivery, fever (10), and [[breastfeeding]] problems (10). Other commonly used plants included A. [[Abrus precatorius|precatorius]], B. [[Ceiba]], M. [[Oleifera]], C. [[Curculigo orchioides|Orchioides]], and C. Hirsutism.<ref name=":2" />

Gurjars have good knowledge about the animals-related diseases. They've kept their traditional remedies alive. In the past, vets were scarce, but now there are more options in towns like Dehradun and Haridwar. Still, Gurjars usually try their own treatments first, turning to vets only if that doesn't work.<ref name=":8" />{{reference page|page=44 - 45}}

==Relocation==
The [[Government of India]] relocated around 1,902 Gujjars families from forests areas of [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]], Chila, Motichur, Chilawali, Ramghar and [[Gohri]] in [[Rajaji National Park]], to [[Gaindhikhata]] and [[Pathri, Uttarakhand|Pathri]] in Uttarakhand between 1985 and 1998.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Ritesh |last2=Ranbhir |first2=Singh |date=2009 |title=Gujjar Community Rehabilitation from Rajaji National Park: Moving Towards an Integrated Approach for Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Conservation |journal=Journal of Human Ecology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=203|publisher=SERC Division, Department of Science and Technology (DST), [[Government of India]] |doi=10.1080/09709274.2009.11906240 |s2cid=126816795 }}</ref>

Another 400 Gujjar families families were relocated from [[Jim Corbett National Park]] to Gaindhikhata in March 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand Gujjars being ousted without compensation |url=https://indiatogether.org/gujjars-human-rights}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeoJAQAAMAAJ |title=Down to Earth: Science and Environment Fortnightly |date=2008 |publisher=Society for Environmental Communications, [[Indiana University]] |volume=16 |pages=19 |language=en }}</ref>

==Notable==
*[[Pranav Singh]], MLA and current ruler of Landaura state from Haridwar district<ref>{{cite web | title=Champion urges ired Gurjars to stall Mahapanchayat | Garhwal Post | date=29 January 2025 | url=https://garhwalpost.in/champion-urges-ired-gurjars-to-stall-mahapanchayat/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हरिद्वार: पूर्व विधायक प्रणव चैंपियन ने जेल से लिखा पत्र, गुर्जर महापंचायत स्थगित, कोर्ट में सुनवाई के बारे में जानिए |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/haridwar-rishikesh/haridwar-ex-mla-pranav-champion-wrote-letter-from-jail-gurjar-mahapanchayat-postponed-know-about-court-hearing/articleshow/117642790.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
*Kiran Chaudhary, [[District council (India)|Zila Panchayat]] Adhyaksh from Haridwar district<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bjps Kiran Singh Chaudhary elected unopposed as district panchayat chairperson Haridwar |url=https://garhwalpost.in/bjps-kiran-singh-chaudhary-elected-unopposed-as-distt-panchayat-chairperson-haridwar/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-10-10 |title=हरिद्वार जिला पंचायत अध्यक्ष प्रत्याशी किरण चौधरी ने किया नामांकन, निशंक समेत दिग्गज रहे मौजूद |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/haridwar/haridwar-district-panchayat-president-candidate-kiran-chaudhary-filed-nomination/uttarakhand20221010135534156156979 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Kartar Singh Bhadana]], Indian politicians<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rudki Khedajat village visit Kartar Singh Bhadana development promise for the region |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/uttarakhand/haridwar/roorkee/news/rudki-khedajat-village-visit-kartar-singh-bhadana-development-promise-137271872.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-03-10 |title=हरिद्वार लोकसभा सीट पर बसपा को बड़ा झटका, करतार सिंह भड़ाना ने ज्वाइन की बीजेपी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/bsp-leader-kartar-singh-bhadana-joins-uttarakhand-bjp-utn24031003343 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
*Pramod Khari, Politician from [[Haridwar district]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=सिंह |first=श्याम |title=कांग्रेस के प्रदेश महामंत्री प्रमोद खारी ने थामा बीजेपी का दामन, कल ही छोड़ी थी पार्टी |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-congress-leader-pramod-khari-joins-bjp-in-the-presence-of-trivendra-singh-rawat-ann-2221851 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=ABP News |date=22 September 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
*Sanjeev Kumar, chairman of [[Laksar]], Haridwar district<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Palika Parishad, Laksar {{!}} District Haridwar, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India |url=https://haridwar.nic.in/nagar-palika-parishad-laksar/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Sumit Chaudhary, chairman of Selauqi, [[Dehradun district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates Background Profile - Selaqui (For Chairman) {{!}} District Dehradun {{!}} India |url=https://dehradun.nic.in/candidates-background-profile-selaqui-for-chairman/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Jagadish Chandra |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/6537890 |title=The pastoral Gujjar : A study in Uttarakhand |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]], Kolkata, West Bengal |year=2013 |isbn=9789382984054 |language=En |bibcode=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://sndtclibrary.ourlib.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=301677&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20Gujjars |title=Gujjars - the forest dwellers of sub Himalayan Tarai |date=1994 |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Ghidiyal |first1=J.C. Geetasanda |last2=Uniyal |first2=K.M. |last3=Diwakar |first3=Bebni |last4=Prabhakar |first4=Bebni |date=2006 |title=ETHNO-MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS BY THE GUJJARS OF FOOT HILLS OF UTTARANCHAL |url=https://jmr.sharadpauri.org/papers/2006/115-121.pdf |journal=Journal of Mountain Research |publisher=Government Post Graduate college KOTDWAR (Garhwal) [[Uttarakhand|Uttaranchal]]. |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=115–121}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Dalal |first=Brinda |date=1996-01-30 |title=Gujjars in Garhwal. Parallel lives: situational identity and exchange |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283707 |journal= |publisher=University of Cambridge |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.17863/CAM.31076}}
*{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Ritesh |date=2012 |title=Gujjar community resettlement from Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand, India |url=https://www.conservationevidence.com/reference/pdf/3530 |website=Conservation Evidence |publisher=Ministry of Environment And Forest, [[Government of India]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Shyam |date=2010-03-01 |title=Socio-economic aspects of the Van Gujjars -A tribal community of Pathri forest of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.bsmpsbooks.com/journal/2000/article/OVRNMEEw |journal=Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=45–48 |doi=10.54207/bsmps2000-2010-9TM0A0 |issn=0971-9415}}
*{{Cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Devīdatta |url= |title=Cultural History of Uttarakhand |publisher=D.K. Printworld |year=2009 |isbn=978-8124604342 |language=En |bibcode=}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]

Kagitha Krishna Prasad

2026-04-25T03:33:40Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kagitha Krishna Prasad
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024 - till date
| predecessor = [[Jogi Ramesh]]
| constituency = [[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 26 June 1982
}}
'''Kagitha Krishna Prasad''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the MLA from Pedana constituency [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kagitha Sri Hari Krishna Prasad, IND Candidate from Pedana Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/kagitha-sri-hari-krishna-prasad-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a074e2024c004/ |website=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedana Assembly Election Results 2024: Pedana Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pedana-constituency-result-1074 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is also the spokes person of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP).

In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Krishna Prasad unsuccessfully contested as a [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Pedana Assembly constituency]]. In the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA for Pedana.

== Political career ==
He was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Pedana Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Pedana Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pedana-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917137.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedana Constituency Election Results 2024: Pedana Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pedana |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Krishna Prasad born in a Telugu family to kagita Venkat Rao (Former MLA Since 1985 - 2019 ) and Manikyam.He completed B.Tech from [https://bvcgroup.in/ BVC Engineering].

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Pedana Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Pedana Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Kagitha Krishna}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

P. Ravi Shankar filmography

2026-04-19T03:42:11Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: put up a stub more to come

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
The following is the filmography of Indian actor, dubbing artist, director and writer '''[[P. Ravi Shankar]]''' (also known as Sai Ravi). He has dubbed more than 3,500 films.<ref name="TNN3500"/>

==Partial filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Gorintaku (1979 film)|Gorintaku]]'' || || rowspan="7" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||Child artist
|-
|1980
|''[[Challenge Ramudu]]''
| Young Raju
|Child artist
|-
| 1981 ||''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]'' || ||Child artist
|-
| 1986 || ''Aalochinchandi'' ||{{Unknown}} ||<ref name="DHerald"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991 || ''Madhura Nagarilo'' || ||
|-
|''Keechurallu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Jagannatakam]]''
|Chakarvathy
|
|-
|''[[Halli Krishna Delhi Radha]]'' || || rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]||<ref name="DHerald"/>
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Mana Mecchida Sose]]'' || Diwakar ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' || Raja's friend || rowspan="6" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|1995
|''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]''
|
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'' || Kailash ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''[[Malli Malli Chudali]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Vooru Manadiraa]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Kurradu]]'' || Satya ||
|-
|''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' || Chella Vedanayagam ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Happy Happy Ga]]'' || Suri ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011 || ''[[Kote (film)|Kote]]'' || Katari || rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]''|| Armugam || also playback singer<ref name="TOIfilms"/>
|-
|''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]'' || Appu || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Bodinayakkanur Ganesan]]''|| Thiruvaachi || credited as Sai Ravi
|-
|''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]'' || Tamate Shiva ||[[Kannada]]||<ref name="DHerald"/>
|-
|''[[Once Upon a Warrior]]''
|Narrator
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012 || ''[[Kollaikaran]]'' || Nagendran ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Shakti (2012 film)|Shakti]]'' ||Huchche Gowda
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]]||Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
|-
|''[[Chaarulatha]]'' || Samiyar ||
|-
|''[[Dandupalya (film)|Dandupalya]]'' || Inspector Chalapathi ||
|-
|''[[Dhamarukam]]'' ||Andhakasura ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|''[[Edegarike]]'' || [[Inspector|Police Inspector]] J. Nayak || rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Yaare Koogadali]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2013 || ''[[Aadhi Bhagavan]]'' || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Varadanayaka]]'' || Section Shankar || rowspan="4" |[[Kannada]]|| Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
|-
|''[[Topiwala]]''|| Sarkaar ||
|-
|''[[Dilwala]]''|| Devaraj ||
|-
|''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]''|| Jayaraj ||
|-
|''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' || Bhikshapathi||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' || Mafia || rowspan="9" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Bahaddur]]''||Appaji gowda
|
|-
|''[[Huchudugaru]]''|| Maari Gowda ||
|-
|''[[Maanikya]]''|| Beera ||<ref name="TOIfilms">{{cite news |last1=Christopher |first1=Kavya |title=Sudeep is demanding, says P Ravi Shankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-is-demanding-says-p-ravi-shankar/articleshow/34355752.cms |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=29 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adyaksha]]''|| Shivarudre Gowda ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2015 || ''[[Shivam (2015 Kannada film)|Shivam]]'' || Amanulla Khan ||
|-
|''[[Abhinetri (2015 film)|Abhinetri]]''|| Betageri Gangaraju || <ref name="NIEFilms">{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Ravi Shankar Says I Am Equally Good at Being Bad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/jan/28/ravi-shankar-says-i-am-equally-good-at-being-bad-710411.html?botrequest=true&pm=331 |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raja Rajendra]]''|| Bottle Mani || <ref name="NIEFilms"/>
|-
|''[[Rudra Tandava]]''|| Narasimha Reddy || <ref name="NIEFilms"/>
|-
|''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]''|| Kuzhandaivelu ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Aatagara]]'' || Inspector Ravi Gowda || rowspan="13" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[RX Soori]]''||Paritala Ravi
| <ref name="NIEFilms"/>
|-
|''[[Luv U Alia]]''|| Zulfi ||
|-
|''[[Plus (film)|Plus]]''|| Rankasura ||<ref name="NIEFilms"/>
|-
|''Mana Mechida Bangaru''|| ||
|-
|''[[Rathavara]]''|| Manikantha ||
|-
|''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]''|| Boss (Drug Mafia Don) ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2016 || ''[[Kathe Chitrakathe Nirdeshana Puttanna]]'' ||Boss
|
|-
|''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]] ''|| Surender Singh ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Jodi (2016 film)|Bhale Jodi]]''|| Gejje Kesari ||
|-
|''[[Apoorva (2016 film)|Apoorva]]''||Terrorist
| Guest appearance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/apoorva-life-advice-ravichandran-style/article8659450.ece|title=Review of Apoorva: Life advice, Ravichandran style|work=The Hindu |date=28 May 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaggu Dada]]''||Shankar Dada|| <ref>{{cite news |last1=SM |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Jaggu Dada movie review: This senseless commercial comedy encashes on stardom |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110616/jaggu-dada-movie-review-encashes-on-stardom-in-this-senseless-commercial-comedy.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jigarthandaa|Jigarthanda]]''||Aarumuga ||
|-
|''[[Kotigobba 2|Kotigobba 2 / Mudinja Ivana Pudi]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Kishore ||[[Kannada-Tamil|Kannada/Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Nataraja Service]]'' ||Baba
| rowspan="10" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''|| Cable Babu ||
|-
|''[[Mungaru Male 2]]''||Ponnappa ||
|-
|''[[Mukunda Murari]]''|| Leeladhara Swamy || Nominated – SIIMA Award for Best Actor In A Negative Role
|-
|''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''|| Dubai Bhai (Dummy) ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 || ''[[Hebbuli]]'' || "Arasikere" Anjanappa ||Nominated - [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role - Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Raj Vishnu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[2 (film)|Dandupalya 2]]''|| Inspector Chalapathi ||
|-
|''[[College Kumar (2017 film)|College Kumar]]''|| Shiva Kumar ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha |title=Santhu out to tell a good tale with College Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/santhu-out-to-tell-a-good-tale-with-college-kumar/articleshow/61543588.cms |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=8 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anjani Putra|Anjani Puthra]]'' || [[Police superintendent|SP]] Surya Prakash ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2018
|''[[Kanaka (film)|Kanaka]]'' ||Mallikarjuna
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Rajaratha]]''|| Uncle ||
|-
|''[[Dandupalya 3]]'' || Inspector Chalapathi ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Damu ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|''[[Raambo 2]]'' || Jocker || rowspan="4" |[[Kannada]]||Nominated - City Cine Award for Best Villain - Kannada
|-
|''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]''|| Bacche Gowda ||Nominated - Filmibeat Award for Best Villain - Kannada Nominated - City Cine Award for Best Villain - Kannada Nominated - [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role - Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Victory 2]]''|| Maamu ||
|-
|''[[Ananthu Vs Nusrath]]''|| Gavilingaswamy Kethamaranahalli ||
|-
|''[[Raja Loves Radhe]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
||''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' ||  Cycle Shankar ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
|''[[Seetharama Kalyana]]''||Narasimahaiah
| rowspan="7" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]''||Pulla Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Natasaarvabhowma|Nata Sarvabhouma]]''|| Ghanashyam Yadhav||
|-
|[[Sinnga (film)|''Sinnga'']]
|Rudraswamy
|
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' ||[[Shakuni]]||
|-
|''[[Bharaate]]''
|Pallava
|
|-
|''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]'' ||Narasimha ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020||''[[Utraan]]'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]'' || Konda Reddy || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pogaru]]'' || M. Ramakrishna
| rowspan="4" |[[Kannada]]
|
|-
| ''[[Roberrt]]''
|Sarkar
|
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 3]]'' || Kishore
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudeep is a director's delight: Shiva Karthik |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Oct/12/sudeep-is-adirectorsdelightshiva-karthik-2370481.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Abbara]]'' || Vairamudi ||
|-
|''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]''
| Sai Krishna
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|''[[Mukhachitram (Telugu film)|Mukhachitram]]''
|Lawyer Vasishta
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|''[[Kaaneyaadavara Bagge Prakatane]]''
|Krishnamurthy
| [[Kannada]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thaggedele]]'' || Chellapa || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Triple Riding]]'' || Annaiah || [[Kannada]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]] ''
|Narasappa
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|''[[Pentagon (film)|Pentagon]] ''
|
|Anthology film; segment ''Doni Saagali Munde Hogali''
|-
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|Home Minister
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Also dubbed for [[Duniya Vijay]]
|-
|''[[Bhola Shankar]]''
| Local goon
|
|-
|[[Bhagavanth Kesari|''Bhagavanth Kesari'']]
|Umesh Dutt's friend
|
|-
|[[Garadi (film)|''Garadi'']]
|Shivappa Rane
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
|''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
| Kata Madhu
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|''[[Bhaje Vaayu Vegam]]''
| David
|
|-
| ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]''
|Rajappa
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cherukuri |first1=Abhilasha |title='Ooru Peru Bhairavakona' film review: A wafer-thin comedy disguised as a mystery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Feb/17/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-film-review-a-wafer-thin-comedy-disguised-as-a-mystery |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Karataka Damanaka]]'' || Jagga || rowspan="4" |[[Kannada]] || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title='Karataka Damanaka' movie review: Shivarajkumar-Prabhudeva take on water scarcity in this commercial entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/09/karataka-damanaka-movie-review-shivarajkumar-prabhudeva-take-on-water-scarcity-in-this-commercial-entertainer |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Not Out (film)|Not Out]]'' || Ontikoppal Devaraj || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |title='Not Out' movie review: A perfect weekend family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828022610/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ronny (2024 film)|Ronny]]'' || Kaali || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/12/ronny-movie-review-kiran-rajs-dual-portrayal-elevates-ronny-despite-a-familiar-plot|title='Ronny' Movie Review: Kiran Raj’s dual portrayal elevates Ronny, despite a familiar plot|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=September 12, 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhairadevi]]'' || Aghori ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]''
|Central Minister
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|''[[Raju James Bond]]''
|MLA Bhootayya
|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2026
|''[[Surya: The Power of Love]]''
|Maari
|Kannada
|
|}

===As dubbing artist===
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Voiced for
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
||1990 ||''Rowdyism Nasinchali'' || [[Mohan Raj]] ||Telugu||
|-
||1991 || [[Chaitanya (film)|''Chaitanya'']] || [[Raghuvaran]] ||Telugu||
|-
|1991||''Vaidehi Vandhachu'' ||Charan Raj||Tamil ||
|-
|| 1992 || ''[[Antham]]'' || [[Salim Ghouse]] ||Telugu||
|-
|| 1992 || [[Lathi (1992 film)|''Lathi'']] || [[Raghuvaran]] ||Telugu||
|-
|| 1993 || ''[[I Love India]]'' || [[Babu Antony]] || Tamil ||
|-
||1994 ||''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' ||[[Suresh Gopi]] ||Tamil ||
|-
||1994 ||''[[The Lion King]]'' ||[[Jeremy Irons]] ||Telugu || For the character Scar
|-
|1994 ||''[[Thendral Varum Theru]]'' || [[Rizabawa]]|| Tamil ||
|-
||1994 ||''[[Honest Raj]]'' || Devan || Tamil ||
|-
|| 1994 ||''[[Muddula Priyudu|Sabhash Ramu]]'' || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] || Tamil ||
|-
|1994||''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!|Anbalayam]]'' || Mohnish Behl|| Tamil ||
|-
|| 1995 || ''[[Mounam]]''|| [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|1995 ||[[Sisindri|''Chutti Kuzhandhai'']] || Nagarjuna ||Tamil ||
|-
|1995 ||[[The King (1995 film)|''The King'']] || Devan || Tamil ||also for Telugu version
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995 || rowspan="2" |''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' || rowspan="2" | Jeff Goldblum || Tamil || rowspan="2" |dubbed versions
|-
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1995 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Baashha|Baasha]]''||[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]|| rowspan="2" |Tamil || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Charan Raj]]
|-
|| 1995 || ''[[Ragasiya Police]]''
|[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|| 1995 || ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]''|| [[Jackie Shroff]]
|Tamil
| Dubbed version
|-
|| 1996 || ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai|Amalapuram Alludu]]'' || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] || Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
|| 1996 || ''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' || [[Kazan Khan]] || Tamil
|
|-
|| 1996 || ''[[Sivasakthi]]'' || [[Mahesh Anand]] || Tamil
|
|-
|1996||''[[Deyyam (1996 film)|Deyyam]]'' ||Ajinkya Deo || Telugu ||
|-
||1996||''[[Yuvathurki|Delhi Diary]]'' || Suresh Gopi ||Tamil ||
|-
||1996 ||''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' ||[[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] || Tamil ||
|-
|1996||''Jagadeka Veerudu''||Mahesh Anand||Telugu||
|-
|1996||''[[Police Story (1996 film)|Police Story]]''||Sathyaprakash||Telugu||Dubbed from Kannada film of same name
|-
|| 1997 || ''[[Lelam]]'' || [[Charan Raj]] || Malayalam ||Dubbed for Suresh Gopi in Tamil version
|-
|1997||''[[Ugadi (1997 film)|Ugadi]]''||Sharat Saxena||Telugu||
|-
|| 1997 || ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] ||Telugu ||
|-
|| 1998 || ''[[Suswagatham]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]]
|Telugu||
|-
|| 1998 || ''[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|1998||''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara?]]'' ||Paresh Rawal
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 1998 || ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]'' || Sathyaprakash || rowspan="2"| Tamil ||
|-
|| 1998 || ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]'' || Sathyaprakash ||
|-
|1998||''[[Bobbili Vamsham]]''|| [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]]||Telugu||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' || [[Raja Ravindra]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sneham Kosam]]'' || [[Prakash Rai]] ||Telugu ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Padayappa|Narasimha]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]]
|Telugu
| Dubbed version
|-
| 1999 || [[Anaganaga Oka Ammai|''Anaganaga Oka Ammai'']]|| [[Raghuvaran]]
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1999 ||''[[Prema Katha]]'' || [[Manoj Bajpai]]
|Telugu
| [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Mudhalvan|Oke Okkadu]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]]
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' || [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
|Telugu
|also for Tamil version
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' || [[Raja Ravindra]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 1999 ||''[[Pathram]]'' || Suresh Gopi
|Tamil||
|-
|1999 ||''Crime File'' || Suresh Gopi
|Tamil||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Seetharama Raju|Sathriya Dharmam]]'' ||[[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]
|Tamil|| Dubbed version
|-
|1999||''Government''||[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]||Kannada
|-
|1999||''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain|Premanuragam]]''||[[Mohnish Behl]]
|Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam|Prema Gharshana]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja]] || Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
|2000 ||''[[Valliettan|Periya Gounder]]'' || [[Mammootty]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Pelli Sambandham]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu
|
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]'' || [[Arun Pandian|Arun Pandiyan]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Vallarasu]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || [[Rahul Dev]] || Tamil ||
|-
|2001||''[[Rakshasa Rajavu|Commissioner Eeswara Pandiyan]]'' ||Mammootty ||Tamil ||also dialogue writer for Tamil version
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Dhill]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] ||Tamil ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|-
||2001 ||''[[Bava Nachadu|Hello Mama]]'' || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] || Tamil ||also dialogue writer for Tamil version
|-
|2001 ||''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Telugu ||
|-
|2001 ||''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Moothavan]]'' || [[Chiranjeevi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Kotigobba]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Kannada ||
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Seema Simham]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Parva (film)|Parva]]'' || [[Radha Ravi]] || Kannada ||
|-
| 2002 ||''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santhosha Vaanile]]'' || Nagarjuna ||Tamil ||
|-
|| 2002 || [[Bobby (2002 film)|''Bobby'']] || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Sreeram]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]]
|Telugu|| Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist; also dubbed for Chiranjeevi in its Tamil dubbed version ''Indhiran''
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|2002||''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O Kaveri]]'' || Upendra ||Tamil ||Tamil version only
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]]|| Tamil || Dubbed for Prakash Raj in Telugu dubbed version (''Kurradochadu'')
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || rowspan="2" |''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| rowspan="2" | Dubbed for Ashish Vidyarthi in Telugu dubbed version
|-
|[[Sayaji Shinde]]
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Ezhumalai]]''|| [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|Tamil||
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Samasthanam]]''
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|Tamil||
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[CID Moosa]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || [[Malayalam]] || for his Tamil Voice as he is a Tamilian in this film
|-
| rowspan=2| 2003
| rowspan=2| ''[[Dhool]]''
| [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Sayaji Shinde]]
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|Tamil||
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]'' || [[Vijayan (stunt coordinator)|Vijayan]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Naaga]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu
|
|-
|| 2003 || [[Johny (film)|''Johny'']] || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu
|
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Palanati Brahmanaidu (film)|Palanati Brahmanaidu]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|2003
|''[[Bhoot (film)|12 Va Anthasthu]]''
|[[Nana Patekar]]
|Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Mukesh Rishi]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Veede]]''|| [[Manoj K. Jayan]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Sayaji Shinde]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' || [[Paresh Rawal]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|-
|2004||''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu|Yuva]]''||[[Suriya]]||Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]'' || [[Atul Kulkarni]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Naani]]''|| [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Venky]]'' || [[Ashutosh Rana]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Yagnam]]'' || [[Devaraj]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Vincent Asokan]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' || [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist
|-
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Ghilli]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]''||[[Kalabhavan Mani]] || rowspan="2" | Kannada || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Naa Alludu]]'' || [[Charan Raj]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2005 || ''No''|| [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Nammanna]]'' || Subbaraju || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Narendra Jha]]
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Athanokkade]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || [[Arbaaz Khan]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005 || rowspan="3" | ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || rowspan="3" | Telugu || rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Puneet Issar]]
|-
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' || Sudheer Sukumaran || Malayalam ||
|-
||2005||''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Ashish Vidyarthi ||Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005 || rowspan="3" | ''[[Athadu]]'' || [[Sonu Sood]] || rowspan="3" | Telugu || rowspan="3" |<ref name="TOIfilms"/>
|-
|[[Charan Raj]]
|-
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|-
|| 2005 ||''[[Gowtam SSC]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] ||Telugu ||
|-
|| 2005 ||''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]'' || [[Devaraj]] ||Telugu ||
|-
|| 2005 || [[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']] || [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'' || [[Biju Menon]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Asadhyudu]]'' || [[Ravi Kale]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Pokiri (2006 film)|Pokiri]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]''|| [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] ||Malayalam ||
|-
|| 2006 ||''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'' || [[Manoj Bajpayee]] || Telugu ||
|-
|2006||''[[Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi|Himsinche Raju 23rd Pulikesi]]'' ||Nassar|| Telugu||dubbed version
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]'' || [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Vathiyar]]'' || [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Sudesi]]'' || [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Vikramarkudu]]''|| [[Vineet Kumar]]|| rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]'' || [[Murali Sharma]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || [[Mukesh Tiwari]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Manikanda]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Police Ante Veedera]]'' || [[Sarath Kumar]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | Dubbed version
|-
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Sayaji Shinde]]
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Dheena|Dada]]'' || [[Suresh Gopi]] || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|2007||''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''||Sathyaraj||Telugu||Dubbed version
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Athisayan]]'' ||[[Jackie Shroff]] || Malayalam ||
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Police Story 2 (2007 film)|Police Story 2]]'' || Shobhraj || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]'' ||[[Rahul Dev]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|Sridhar Rao
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Singamalai]]'' || ROWSPAN="2"| [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2007 || ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || Telugu || Dubbed Version
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|-
||2008 ||''[[Okka Magadu]]'' ||Ashutosh Rana || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Aatadista]]'' || [[Raghuvaran]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || Samay || Tamil || For the character [[Duryodhan]]
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Jalsa]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Nayagan (2008 film)|Nayagan]]'' ||[[J. K. Rithesh]] ||Tamil ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkatraman |first1=Janane |title=The Nayagan of the evening |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/Dec/05/the-nayagan-of-the-evening-430946.html |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=5 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[The Dark Knight]]''
|[[Heath Ledger]]
|Telugu
|Dubbed version.
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' || [[Rajkiran]] || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]'' || [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Malaikottai|Bhayya]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Santhosh Subramaniam]]'' || [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Sathyam / Salute]]'' || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] || Tamil / Telugu ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Thenavattu]]'' || [[Saikumar Pudipeddi]] || Tamil ||
|-
||2008 ||''[[Phoonk|Bommayi]]'' ||[[Sudeep]] ||Tamil ||dialogue writer for Tamil version
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' ||[[Mukul Dev]] ||Telugu ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || [[Devaraj]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' || [[Sonu Sood]] || Telugu / Tamil || Nandi /Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist Dialogue writer for Tamil Dubbed version; Dubbed in both Telugu and Tamil
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Engal Aasan]]'' || Ramki Shetty || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2009 || [[Bank (film)|''Bank'']] || [[Raghuvaran]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Naalai Namadhe (2009 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2009
| rowspan="2"|''[[Jayeebhava]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
| Ashish Vidyarthi
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]'' || [[Sonu Sood]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2"| Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist
|-
| [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]'' || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Supreeth]]
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Magadheera]]'' || [[Dev Gill]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Arya 2]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'' || [[Kelly Dorjee]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Varudu]]'' || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Kalyanram Kathi]]'' || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || rowspan="2" |''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Vineet Kumar]]
|-
|2010 ||''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] ||Tamil ||
|-
|| 2010 ||''[[Komaram Puli]]'' ||[[Manoj Bajpai]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010 || rowspan="3" |''[[Adhurs]]'' ||[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || rowspan="3" | Telugu || rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|-
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011 || rowspan="2" |''[[Oosaravelli]]''|| [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Adhvik Mahajan]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]''|| [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || Tamil || Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu || rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]''|| [[Jackie Shroff]]||Tamil ||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Markandeyan]]''|| [[Srihari]]
|Tamil||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Prema Kavali]]''|| [[Dev Gill]]||Telugu ||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]''|| [[Sarath Kumar]]
|Telugu
| Dubbed version
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Kandireega]]''||[[Sonu Sood]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Osthe]]''
|[[Sonu Sood]]
| Tamil ||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Only Vishnuvardhana]]''
|[[Sonu Sood]]
| Kannada ||
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Snehitudu]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]] ||Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' || [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
|Telugu||<ref name="TNN3500">{{cite news |last1=Nasreen |first1=Raisa |title=3500 Films, That's how Many Films Birthday Boy Ravi Shankar Has Dubbed For |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/3500-films-thats-how-many-films-birthday-boy-ravi-shankar-has-dubbed-for-article-105552721 |access-date=2 June 2024 |publisher=Times Now News |date=28 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Julayi]]'' || [[Sonu Sood]]
|Telugu||Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kothari |first1=Sunil |title=Amala Shankar's world of Kalpana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/amala-shankars-world-of-kalpana/article32231732.ece |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=30 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
|[[Saikumar Pudipeddi]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| rowspan="2"|''[[Naayak]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu|| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Sevakudu]]'' || [[Nasser]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Udhayam NH4|NH4]]'' || [[Kay Kay Menon]]
|Telugu
| Dubbed version
|-
|| 2013 ||''[[Tadakha]]'' || [[Ashutosh Rana]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2013 ||''[[Balupu]]''
|[[Ashutosh Rana]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2013 ||''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' || [[Boman Irani]] & [[Mukesh Rishi]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Yevadu]]'' || [[Rahul Dev]]
|Telugu
| also for Tamil dubbed version under the title ''Magadheera''
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014
| rowspan="3"|''[[Race Gurram]]'' || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| [[Ravi Kishan]]
|-
| [[Mukesh Rishi]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| rowspan="2"|''[[Aagadu]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Sonu Sood]]
|-
|| 2015 ||''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' ||[[Mithun Chakraborty]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[Pataas]]'' || [[Ashutosh Rana]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' || [[Kabir Duhan Singh]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]]
|Telugu
|<ref name="TNN3500"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015
| rowspan="3"|''[[Kick 2]]'' || [[Ravi Kishan]]
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
|-
|[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]'' || [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' || [[Boman Irani]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2015||''[[Aambala|Maga Maharaju]]''||Pradeep Rawat||Telugu (dubbed)||
|-
|| 2016 || ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] ||Telugu
|
|-
|| 2016 || ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)| Pradeep Rawat]] ||Telugu<ref name="NIEFilms"/>
|
|-
|| 2017 || ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' ||[[Ashutosh Rana]] ||Tamil||
|-
|| 2017 || ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]] || Telugu ||<ref name="TNN3500"/>
|-
|| 2017 || ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' ||[[S. J. Surya]]
|Telugu
|Only for Telugu version
|-
|| 2017 || ''[[Mersal (film)|Adhirindhi]]''
|[[S. J. Surya]]
|Telugu
| Dubbed version
|-
|| 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || [[Boman Irani]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|| 2018 || ''[[Bhaagamathie|Bhaagmati]]'' || [[Jayaram]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2018
|[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan|''Vyuham'']]
|[[Sujith Shankar]]
|Telugu
|For the character C.I Simon George in the Dubbed Version; '''(D)-'''Released in 2020
|-
|2018
|[[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']]
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|Telugu
|Dubbed Version
|-
|2019||''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]]
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[James Earl Jones]]
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |For the character Mufasa
|-
|Telugu
|-
|2019 || ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]] || Telugu ||
|-
|2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|[[Samuthirakani]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2021 || ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' || [[Sonu Sood]] || Telugu ||
|-
|2021 || ''[[Uppena]]''|| [[Vijay Sethupathi]] || Telugu ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Uppena First Wave: First teaser of Panja Vaishnav Tej' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uppena-first-wave-first-teaser-of-panja-vaishnav-tejs-debut-outing-unveiled/articleshow/73978561.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]
|[[Sonu Sood]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''
|[[Samuthirakani]]
|Telugu
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Kalaavathi' song from Mahesh Babu's 'Sarkaru Vaari Pa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalaavathi-song-from-mahesh-babus-sarkaru-vaari-paata-is-out-now/articleshow/89546727.cms |access-date=2 June 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Pakka Commercial]]''
|[[Sathyaraj]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|[[Duniya Vijay]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Adipurush]]''
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|Telugu
|Dubbed in Telugu,Tamil,Kannada
|-
|2023
|''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
|[[Sanjay Dutt]]
|Tamil
|Also for Telugu version
|-
|2024
|''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
|[[Jayaram]]
|Telugu
|Also for Tamil version
|-
|2024
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|Telugu
|Also for Tamil version
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
| rowspan="2"|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]'' || [[Bobby Deol]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Ravi Kishan]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|[[Dalip Tahil]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|[[Sanjay Dutt]]
|Telugu
|}

===As director===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]'' || Kannada ||<ref name="DHerald">{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Nina C |title=Ravi Shankar: Dad was straightforward, mom encouraged creativity |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ravi-shankar-dad-was-straightforward-mom-encouraged-creativity-848886.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=17 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''Subrahmanyam''||Telugu/Kannada||
|-
|}

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Song !! Language !!Notes
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santhosha Vaanile]]'' || "Enuyire Enuyire" || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]'' || "Just Say Hai" || Kannada ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Rakta Charitra|Rakta Charitra – I]]'' || "Thudilenidhi" || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Rakta Charitra 2|Rakta Charitra – II]]'' || "Kondani Dee" || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Rakta Charitra|Raththa Sarithiram]]'' || "Manidham Yendra" || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]'' || "Shankara" || Kannada ||
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]'' || "Aigiri Nandini" || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Varadanayaka]]''|| "Theme" || Kannada ||
|-
|| 2016 || ''[[Jigarthanda (2016 film)|Jigarthanda]]''|| "Kai Ethi Thatdha" || Kannada ||
|-
|| 2016 || ''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''|| "Self Made Shehzaada" || Kannada ||
|-
|| 2016 || ''[[Vangaveeti (film)|Vangaveeti]]''|| "Aigiri Nandini" || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2018 || ''[[Rajaratha]]'' ''Rajaratham''|| "Gandaka" "Chal Chal Gurram" || Kannada Telugu||
|}

===As dialogue writer ===
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !!Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sainikudu|Kumaran]]'' || Tamil ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5698493|P. Ravi Shankar}}



[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Miao Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:47Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: made a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Miao
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 50
| district = [[Changlang district|Changlang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Miao Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Kamlung Mossang]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 22,296
}}
'''Miao''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Changlang district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, its representative is [[Kamlung Mossang]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | Samchom Ngemu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=5 | [[Kamlung Mossang]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref name="Miao (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Miao (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/miao |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531055408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/miao |archivedate=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Miao">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Miao |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0250.htm |accessdate=31 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531055416/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0250.htm |archivedate=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Miao Assembly Election Result 2024: Kamlung Mosang of BJP wins">{{cite news |title=Miao Assembly Election Result 2024: Kamlung Mosang of BJP wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/miao-assembly-election-results-2024-miao-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110637989.cms |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531055410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/miao-assembly-election-results-2024-miao-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110637989.cms |archivedate=31 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,021 |percentage=57.62% |change={{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatu Longri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,894 |percentage=41.27% |change={{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=211 |percentage=1.10% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,127 |percentage=16.35% |change= {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,126 |percentage=85.78% |change= {{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,296 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,760 |percentage=61.38% |change={{increase}}25.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatu Longri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,904 |percentage=37.13% |change={{decrease}}25.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=237 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,856 |percentage=24.25% |change= {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,901 |percentage=79.61% |change= {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,974 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,806 |percentage=62.88% |change={{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chomjong Haidley |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,982 |percentage=35.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=216 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,824 |percentage=27.31% |change= {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,004 |percentage=78.28% |change= {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,890 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,151 |percentage=59.69% |change={{increase}}6.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,180 |percentage=40.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,971 |percentage=19.38% |change= {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,331 |percentage=81.86% |change= {{increase}}16.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,728 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,587 |percentage=53.09% |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kittang Kitnal Muklom |party=Independent politician |votes=4,936 |percentage=46.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=651 |percentage=6.19% |change= {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,523 |percentage=64.55% |change= {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,018 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,334 |percentage=51.75% |change={{decrease}}7.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,973 |percentage=48.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=361 |percentage=3.50% |change= {{decrease}}15.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,307 |percentage=71.96% |change= {{decrease}}15.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,637 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,140 |percentage=59.32% |change={{increase}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamlung Mossang]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,210 |percentage=40.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,930 |percentage=18.65% |change= {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,350 |percentage=87.72% |change= {{increase}}16.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Miao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,582 |percentage=56.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kittang Kitnal Muklom |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,779 |percentage=43.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=803 |percentage=12.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,361 |percentage=71.06% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,137 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Changlang district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.49|96.21|display=title}}

[[Category:Changlang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Thavar Chand Meena

2026-04-16T08:22:38Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: adding basic info initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources| date= November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thavar Chand Meena
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|7|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bhandla, [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh, Rajasthan]]
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Dhariawad Assembly constituency|Dhariawad]]
| predecessor = [[Nagraj Meena]]
| spouse =
| father =
| mother =
| party = [[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
| other_party =
}}
'''Thavar Chand Meena''' (born 20 July 1995) is an Indian politician who is the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He represents [[Dhariawad Assembly constituency|Dhariawad]]. He is a member of the [[Bharat Adivasi Party]].<ref name="q277">{{cite web | title=Dhariawad (ST) assembly election results 2023: Dhariawad (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share | website=India Today | date=4 January 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/dhariawad-st-assembly-result-20157 | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Adivasi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Todabhim Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:46Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: adding some post initial version - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Todabhim
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-81-Todabhim.svg
| mla = [[Ghanshyam Mahar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Karauli district|Karauli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli-Dholpur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:281647}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 81
}}
'''Todabhim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] constituencies, of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It covers [[Nadoti tehsil]] and parts of [[Todabhim tehsil]], both in [[Karauli district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Ghanshyam Mahar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{Efn|resigned in 2009}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|2009{{efn|by-election}}
|Ramesh Chand<ref name=byElections2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2009-10/Bye-election-2009.xls |title=Details of Assembly By-Elections 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Ghanshyam Mahar]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Prithviraj Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ghanshyam Mahar]]
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Todabhim<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ghanshyam
|votes = {{formatnum:97389}}
|percentage = 54.08
|change = -11.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramniwas Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:68528}}
|percentage = 38.05
|change = +17.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghav Ram Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:5311}}
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Rajnish Mehar
|votes = {{formatnum:3436}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kalpana
|votes = {{formatnum:2529}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change = -7.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1125}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28861}}
|percentage = 16.03
|change = -28.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180079}}
|percentage = 63.94
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Todabhim<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prithviraj Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:107691}}
|percentage = 65.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramesh Chand
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:34385}}
|percentage = 20.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Dayal
|votes = {{formatnum:14857}}
|percentage = 9.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kamla Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:2118}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Mahendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1550}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1474}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:73306}}
|percentage = 44.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164379}}
|percentage = 64.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karauli district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.92|76.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Karauli district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Jawali Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:45Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started biography

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jawali
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 9
| map_image = 9-Jawali constituency.svg
| mla = [[Chander Kumar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:99572}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Department, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/showfile.php?lang=1&dpt_id=6&level=1&sublinkid=21406&lid=19924 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Jawali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of India. Jawali is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jawali Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jawali.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Chandra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vikram Singh
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Sujan Singh Pathania]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan=2| [[Rajan Sushant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sujan Singh Pathania]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Rajan Sushant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Sujan Singh Pathania]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Rajan Sushant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2009{{efn|by-election}}
| [[Sujan Singh Pathania]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Neeraj Bharti
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Arjun Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Chander Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-

|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,243 |percentage=51.22% |change={{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Guleria |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,212 |percentage=47.16% |change={{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=373 |percentage=0.50% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Kumar |party=Himachal Jan Kranti Party |votes=306 |percentage=0.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Raj |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=277 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=258 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,031 |percentage=4.06% |change= {{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,669 |percentage=73.32% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,845 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,999 |percentage=53.93% |change={{increase}}20.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,786 |percentage=41.96% |change={{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=518 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,213 |percentage=11.97% |change= {{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,600 |percentage=75.96% |change= {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,307 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neeraj Bharti |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,798 |percentage=41.43% |change={{decrease}}9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,364 |percentage=33.71% |change={{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Guleria |party=Independent politician |votes=10,924 |percentage=19.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,221 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=693 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=493 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Kumar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=315 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,434 |percentage=7.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,443 |percentage=71.03% |change= {{increase}}5.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,874 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2009 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Jawali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,168 |percentage=50.72% |change={{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,919 |percentage=40.14% |change={{decrease}}7.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,580 |percentage=7.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Somal |party=Independent politician |votes=952 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,249 |percentage=10.58% |change= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,619 |percentage=65.68% |change= {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,541 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,729 |percentage=48.02% |change={{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,548 |percentage=38.71% |change={{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vicky (Rajan Mankotia) |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,229 |percentage=5.80% |change={{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilaber Singh Chhotu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,665 |percentage=4.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Somal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,433 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,181 |percentage=9.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,667 |percentage=72.53% |change= {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,749 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,147 |percentage=52.02% |change={{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,314 |percentage=40.84% |change={{decrease}}16.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=2,452 |percentage=4.70% |change={{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=526 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=409 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=337 |percentage=0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,833 |percentage=11.18% |change= {{decrease}}5.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,185 |percentage=77.47% |change= {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,440 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,041 |percentage=57.65% |change={{increase}}12.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,014 |percentage=40.80% |change={{decrease}}8.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=292 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjeet Kumar |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=266 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,027 |percentage=16.85% |change= {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,699 |percentage=74.84% |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,220 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,409 |percentage=49.49% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,773 |percentage=45.32% |change={{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fouza Singh Sombal |party=Independent politician |votes=994 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanak Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=474 |percentage=1.21% |change={{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Singh Gulfria |party=Independent politician |votes=434 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,636 |percentage=4.17% |change= {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,216 |percentage=75.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,062 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,508 |percentage=50.57% |change={{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,787 |percentage=46.10% |change={{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=675 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milap Chand |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=295 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mast Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=196 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,721 |percentage=4.46% |change= {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,580 |percentage=77.92% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,919 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,040 |percentage=49.76% |change={{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,684 |percentage=48.49% |change={{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mast Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=494 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=356 |percentage=1.26% |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,218 |percentage=79.48% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,841 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf|access-date=17 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajan Sushant|Dr. Rajan Sushant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,669 |percentage=47.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,141 |percentage=45.12% |change={{increase}}20.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badhawa Sijngh |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=314 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander Dhiman |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fakar Deen |party=Lokdal |votes=149 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=528 |percentage=2.14% |change= {{decrease}}21.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,693 |percentage=77.94% |change= {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,253 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sujan Singh Pathania]] |party=Janata Party |votes=9,965 |percentage=48.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikram Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,075 |percentage=24.73% |change={{decrease}}55.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Raj Kaundal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,548 |percentage=17.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Chand Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,107 |percentage=5.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gagan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,890 |percentage=23.83% |change= {{decrease}}42.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,522 |percentage=70.58% |change= {{increase}}13.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}32.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikram Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,136 |percentage=80.58% |change={{increase}}32.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punjab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,937 |percentage=14.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=469 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulfi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=278 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,199 |percentage=66.56% |change= {{increase}}57.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,820 |percentage=57.50% |change= {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,619 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}32.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,229 |percentage=48.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,764 |percentage=39.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=795 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mast Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=705 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=2.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,465 |percentage=8.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,972 |percentage=70.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,695 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jawali, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|32.15|76.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Shantadurga

2026-04-08T11:57:48Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: adding new data w/ infobox

{{short description|Form of the Hindu goddess Durga}}
{{Redirect|Santeri|the given name|Santeri (given name)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Shantadurga in Mumbai.jpg
| caption = Shantadurga in the Shitaladevi temple complex in Mumbai
| name = Shantadurga
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Śāntādurgā}}
| mount = Lion
| affiliation = [[Parvati]] [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] [[Adishakti]] Santeri [[Durga]]
| abode = Keloshi Kavlem [[Shanta Durga Temple]]
| mantra =
| temple = Shree Shantadurga Temple Kavlem
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = Sharad Navratri, Vasant Panchami, Margashirsh Shuddha Panchami, Lalita Panchami, Magh Shuddha Panchami, Jatraustav
| other_names = Lalita, [[Rudrani]] [[Narayani (deity)|Narayani]], [[Maheshi]] [[Sharvani]] [[Bhawani]] [[Mrudani]] [[Saraswati]]
}}

'''Shantadurga''' ({{IAST|Śāntādurgā}}) is the most popular form of the Hindu goddess [[Durga]] revered in [[Goa]], India, as well some parts of [[Karnataka]]. She is a form of the ancient [[Mother goddess]] known as '''Santeri'''.<ref name=mitra>{{cite book|last1=Mitragotri|first1=Vithal Raghavendra|title=A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara|date=1999|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza|location=Panaji|page=139,175–180}}</ref> She is worshipped in almost all villages of Goa & Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra as an [[Ant colony|ant hill]]. This is seen in some temples dedicated to Shantadurga.<ref name=GHTND>{{cite book|last1=Gomes Pereira|first1=Rui|title=Goa: Hindu temples and deities(tranlslated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto)|date=1978|publisher=Pereira, 1978|pages=1–231}}</ref>

==Origins==
The second chapter of the [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|Nāgavya Mahātmya}}'', ''{{IAST|Śāntādurgā prādurbhāvaḥ}}'', is a part of [[Sahyadrikhanda|Sahyādrikhaṇḍa]] which is the chapter of ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' gives detail about this.<ref name=shastri>Shastri, P. (1995) ''Introduction to the Puranas'', New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, pp.118-20</ref> Only the title of the chapter mentions the goddess Shantadurga and no where else is this epithet of the goddess mentioned. This section refers to a certain sage {{IAST|Śāntāmuni}}, a resident of [[Nagoa|Nagavya (modern Nagoa)]]. The goddess appeared before Shantamuni and hence she's known as Shantadurga. Durga is portrayed in her ferocious nature in many of the places,yet the adjective ''Shanta'' (peaceful) is found in almost all Namavalis of Durga.In verses 16,19,34 of Sahyadrikhanda, the goddess is called {{IAST|Śāntādevi}} (Shanta-devi). The verse 18 of this section mentions about the disappearance of the goddess into an ant hill.<ref name=sahya>{{cite book|last1=Gaitonde|first1=V.D.|title=Sahyadrikhanda (Skanda Purana), in Marathi Translated from Sanskrit|date=1972|publisher=Katyayani Publications|location=Mumbai|pages=254–257}}</ref> These ant hills symbolically represent goddess Shantadurga as well as goddess Santeri.

According to another lore, once there was a terrible war between the gods Shiva and [[Vishnu]] due to which the entire world was distressed. Hence the god [[Brahma]] prayed and implored [[Shakti]] (the Divine Mother) to intervene and stop the war. The Goddess held Shiva by one hand and Vishnu by the other hand and brought about reconciliation among them. This stopped the war and brought peace to the world. Such an idol of goddess is found in the [[garbhagriha|inner sanctum]] of [[Shanta Durga Temple]] of [[Kavale]].<ref name=dhume>{{cite book|last1=Sinai Dhume|first1=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The Cultural History of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|publisher=Broadway book centre|location=Panaji|isbn=9788190571678|page=103|edition=second|year=2009}}</ref> The 17th-century [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ''{{IAST|Koṅkaṇa Mahātmya}}'' furnishes an exhaustive account of the conflict between the followers of the [[Vaisnavism]] (sect of Vishnu worshippers) and [[Shaivism]] (Shiva followers) in Goa. It is quite possible that, this lore of Shantadurga symbolically represents these sectarian conflicts.<ref name=mitra />

==Iconography==
Though in few shrines dedicated to Shantadurga, an ant hill is found inside the sanctum in place a stone, metal image of the deity or a [[Kalasha]] is consecrated. Especially in Kavale temple metal image of the deity which is four handed, is depicted holding two male figures (Vishnu and Shiva) in her lower hands and snakes in the upper hands.<ref name=kavle>{{cite web|title=Official website of Shri Shantadurga temple, Kavle|url=http://shreeshantadurga.com/history_devi.asp|website=shreeshantadurga.com|publisher=Shantadurga Saunsthan Kavle Goa|accessdate=4 April 2015|archive-date=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409021158/http://shreeshantadurga.com/history_devi.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of the Shantadurga temples have stone sculpture of [[Mahishasuramardini]] aspect of Shakti. Whereas some have stone or metal idol with four hands, sometimes seen holding any of the following: sword ({{IAST|Khaḍga}}), bowl of ambrosia ({{IAST|Pānapātra}}), a shield ({{IAST|Kheṭaka}}), [[trident]]({{IAST|Triśūla}}), hand kettle drum ({{IAST|Ḍamaru}}), lotus ({{IAST|Padma}}), and snakes ({{IAST|Nāga}}). The deity is also portrayed with her hands in [[Mudra|{{IAST|Abhaya Mudrā}} and {{IAST|varada|Mudrā}}]]. In rare cases a Kalasha is worshiped as a symbol of the deity (especially in Shantadurga Kumbharjuvekarin temple at Marcela, Goa). Few temples also worship ant hill alongside an image.<ref name=GHTND />

==Temples in Goa==
*Shri Shantadurga Temple at Kandoli(Candolim) Goa.
*[[Shanta Durga Temple|Shri Shantadurga Temple]] at [[Kavale]]<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Kunkalikarin at [[Fatorpa]]<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Fatarpekarin at Fatorpa<ref name=GHTND />
*Shri Shantadurga Khandparkarin at [[Khandepar]]<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Chamundeshwari Kudtari Mahamaya at Avedem, Quepem<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurna Kunkaliekarin at Kunkolie Ponda<ref name=GHTND />
*Shatadurga Kumbharjuvekarin at [[Mashel|Marcela]], Ponda<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Verlekarin at Marcela Ponda<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Talaulikarin at Marcela<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Mhapsekarin at Dhargal<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Sangodkarin at [[Sangolda]]<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga at Veroda<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Shankhavaleshvari at Veling, Gothan<ref name=GHTND />

*Shantadurga Ballikarin at Balli<ref name=GHTND />
*[[Shantadurga Kalangutkarin Temple]], Nanora, near Asnora<ref name=GHTND />
*Shantadurga Pilarnkarin Devasthan Narve Bicholim<ref name=GHTND />
*Shri Shantadurga Temp
le at Gaonkar Wada, Bicholim
*Shree Sateri Shantadurga Devasthan, Khandola Goa
*Shri Shantadurga Devasthan Vaghurme,Vaghurme-Vere,Ponda-Goa
*Shantadurga Temple at Mhapan, Vengurla<ref

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Goa}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Konkan]]

Lippa, Kinnaur

2026-04-01T03:30:47Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: made new post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Lippa''' is a village in the [[Kinnaur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.

Lippa is situated at 2,438 meters above sea level, in the Morang tehsil of Kinnaur district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lippa, Kinnaur |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/kinnaur/attractions/lippa/#:~:text=Lippa,%20Kinnaur,a%20species%20of%20wild%20goat. |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.nativeplanet.com |language=en}}</ref> The villagers of Lippa belong to the [[Kinnauri language|Kinnaura]] community. They follow the [[Drukpa Kagyu]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], intermixed with the worship of local animist deities and ancestral spirits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Asher |first=Manshi |title=A Himalayan village’s struggle to assert its forest rights |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/himalayan-villages-struggle-assert-forest-rights |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=LaMacchia |first=Linda |date=2016 |title=Buddhist women masters of Kinnaur: Why don’t nuns sing about nuns? |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40613-016-0029-5.pdf |journal=International Journal of Dharma Studies |volume=4 |issue=5}}</ref> The famous 20th century Buddhist scholar and poet [[Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen]] received his earliest instruction in Tibetan Buddhism at Lippa village.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Pitkin |first=Annabella |title=Renunciation and Longing: The Life of a Twentieth-Century Himalayan Buddhist Saint |date=2022 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=xxviii}}</ref>[[File:Lippa Monastery.jpg|thumb|Monastery at Lippa village, Kinnaur. |331x331px]]Jangrami or [[Jangshung language|Jangshung]] is the traditional language of Lippa, though today they speak Hindi and English as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/International_Encyclopedia_of_Linguistic/sl_dDVctycgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lippa+kinnaur&pg=RA3-PA254&printsec=frontcover |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Important annual festivals celebrated in Lippa include 'Fulch', usually in August or September, and 'Ormi', in February.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Kinnaur - Himachal Tourism Official Website |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/kinnaur/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618223252/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/kinnaur/ |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=Himachal Tourism Official Website |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanan |first=Deepak |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Exploring_Kinnaur_in_the_Trans_Himalaya/u4STz7t15FkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lippa+kinnaur&pg=PA200&printsec=frontcover |title=Exploring Kinnaur in the Trans-Himalaya |last2=Swadi |first2=Dhanu |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-131-3 |language=en}}</ref>

The nearby Lippa Asarang Wildlife Sanctuary of Kinnaur is partly named after Lippa village. The [[Brown bear|Asiatic brown bear]], [[musk deer]], [[goral]], [[ibex]], [[Bharal|blue sheep]], and [[wild yak]] can be found in this wildlife sanctuary, spread over 31 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lippa Asrang Wildlife Sanctuary (India) IBA {{!}} Summary {{!}} BirdLife International |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lippa-asrang-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref>

The villagers of Lippa have been opposed to the Integrated Kashang Hydroelectric Project, which was first proposed in 2002, claiming that it will negatively affect their agriculture, horticulture, and forest produce.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Locals Oppose the Kashang Valley Project; Await Forest Rights Titles {{!}} Kinnaur,Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/locals-oppose-the-kashang-valley-project-await-forest-rights-titles# |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.landconflictwatch.org}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Kinnaur district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

C. H. Mohammed Koya

2026-03-25T11:11:55Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. H. Mohammad Koya
| image = Indian Union Muslim League leader C. H. Mohammed Koya.jpg
| office = 2nd [[List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala|Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| term_start = 24 May 1982
| term_end = 28 September 1983
| predecessor = ''Office Vacant''
| successor = [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = K. Karunakaran
| term_start1 = 28 December 1981
| term_end1 = 17 March 1982
| successor1 = ''Office Vacant''
| predecessor1 = [[R. Sankar]]
| order2 = 8th
| office2 = Chief Minister of Kerala
| term_start2 = 12 October 1979
| term_end2 = 1 December 1979
| predecessor2 = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| successor2 = [[E. K. Nayanar]]
| office3 = [[List of speakers of the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 9 June 1961
| term_end3 = 11 November 1961
| predecessor3 = [[K. M. Seethi Sahib]]
| successor3 = Alexander Parambithara
| office4 = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 25 February 1962
| term_end4 = 21 February 1967
| successor4 = [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
| predecessor4 = K. P. Kutti Krishnan Nair
| constituency4 = [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| term_start5 = 5 February 1973
| term_end5 = 20 March 1977
| successor5 = [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
| predecessor5 = [[M. Muhammad Ismail|Muhammad Ismail]]
| constituency5 = [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
| office6 = [[Niyamasabha|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 5 April 1957
| term_end6 = 6 March 1962
| constituency6 = [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]]
| successor6 = C. Muhammed Kutty
| predecessor6 = ''Position established''
| term_start7 = 6 March 1967
| term_end7 = 17 September 1970
| constituency7 = [[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]]
| successor7 = M. Moideen Kutty
| predecessor7 = P. Abdul Majeed
| term_start8 = 17 September 1970
| term_end8 = 5 February 1973
| constituency8 = [[Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)|Kondotty]]
| successor8 = P. Seethi Haji
| predecessor8 = Sayed Ummer Bafakhy
| term_start9 = 25 March 1977
| term_end9 = 3 January 1980
| constituency9 = [[Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)|Malappuram]]
| successor9 = [[U. A. Beeran]]
| predecessor9 = [[U. A. Beeran]]
| term_start10 = 26 March 1980
| term_end10 = 28 September 1983
| constituency10 = [[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeri]]
| successor10 = [[Ishaq Kurikkal]]
| predecessor10 = Abdulla Kurikkal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|7|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1983|9|28|1927|7|15}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|K K Amina|1950}}
| children = Two daughters and a son ([[M. K. Muneer]])
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| footnotes =
| date = 2 November
| year = 2007
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20051219145038/http://www.keralacm.gov.in/mohammed.html Govt. of Kerala
| caption =
}}
'''Cheriyankandi Muhammad Koya''' (15 July 1927 – 28 September 1983) popularly known as '''C. H. Muhammad Koya''' was an Indian social reformer and statesman who served as the 10th [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]] from October to December 1979.<ref name=":1" /> He is more often noted for being the Minister of Education of Kerala from 1967 to 1973 and again from 1977 to 1979.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219145038/http://www.keralacm.gov.in/mohammed.html Chief Minister of Kerala (Official Website)]</ref> After his Chief Ministership, Koya went on to become the 2nd [[List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala|Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala]] from 1981 until his death in 1983. He is the first [[Indian Union Muslim League]] member to lead a state in independent India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aravamudan|first1=Gita|last2=Louis|first2=Arul B.|date=30 Nov 1979|title=RSS is Attacking the Muslim minority: Mohammed Koya|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19791130-rss-is-attacking-the-muslim-minority-mohammed-koya-822379-2014-02-21|website=India Today|location=Trivandrum}}</ref>

As the Minister of Education, Koya championed the progress of the education of [[Other Backward Class|backward classes]] in northern Kerala.<ref name=":0">Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. 204, 235–36, 329, 333, and 345.</ref> He also served as the Home Minister (1969–73) and the [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Kerala|Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala]] (1981–83).<ref name=":1" />

== Life and career ==

Cheriyan Kandi Muhammad Koya was born in 1927 at [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]] in northern Kerala, to Payampunathil Ali and Mariyumma.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458–56.</ref> Koya floated the Muslim Students Federation, the students wing of the [[All-India Muslim League]], in Malabar District while he was at [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Zamorin's College]], [[Kozhikode]] and later helped to organize an admirable reception for the prominent Muslim League leader and later Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] at [[Kozhikode]] (1945).<ref name=":0" /> He joined the ''[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]'' newspaper, the official organ of the Muslim League, in 1946.<ref name="robin 1">Jeffrey, Robin. "Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became a Model" Palgrave McMillan (1992); 112 and 114.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>[http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Speakers%20&%20Deputy%20Speakers%20Book%20Final.pdf Speakers & Deputy Speakers Book – Kerala Legislative Assembly]</ref>

Koya was first elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Assembly]] in the [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative elections]]. He went on to hold several key Kerala cabinet posts (Minister for Education, Deputy Chief Minister, [[Interior minister|Home Minister]], and Minister for Finance). He served under both [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Communist Party of India]] Chief Ministers ([[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[C. Achutha Menon]], [[K. Karunakaran]], [[A. K. Antony]], and [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in the [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] (1962–67) and in 1973 (1973–77,<ref name=":0" /> by-elections, replacing recently deceased [[M. Muhammad Ismail|M. Muhammed Ismail]]).<ref name=":2" />

He was a Member in the [[University of Kerala|Kerala University Senate]] and served as chairman, Governing Body, [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|REC, Kozhikode]].<ref name=":2">[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m424.htm Kerala Legislative Assembly]</ref>

Koya died suddenly due to a massive [[hemorrhagic stroke]] on 28 September 1983 while serving as the Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala.<ref name=":2" /> He was aged just 56 at the time of his death.<ref name=":2" /> His death came in [[Hyderabad]], where he had gone for a meeting of state Industrial Ministers. His dead body was flown back to [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and later transported to his native place, where he was buried with full state honours. He was survived by his mother, wife, three children and many siblings.

== Legacy ==
{{Blockquote|title=|quote="Young men like C. H. Muhammad Koya realized that violent revolt promised nothing for them [the Kerala Muslims]. Electoral politics, on the other hand, might offer a great deal."|source=[[Robin Jeffrey]] (historian)<ref name="robin 1"/>|author=}}
Koya was known his eloquent oratory and was described by scholar [[Roland E. Miller|R. E. Miller]] as "grassroots star of the Mappila community" and the "ranking hero of Muslim youth" in Kerala.<ref name=":0" /> He acted as a "bridge-builder" among various social and religious groups of Kerala.<ref name=":0" /> Koya is remembered for his "spirited" reply to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]] when the latter publicly criticized [[Indian Union Muslim League]] as "a dead horse" at Kozhikode (1955).<ref name=":0" />

As the Minister of Education, Koya championed the progress of the Mappila community in secular education.<ref name=":0" /> During Koya's tenure as the Minister of Education, the [[University of Calicut]] was established in northern Kerala.<ref name=":0" /> He also advocated higher standards in the 'Arabic Colleges'.{{Efn|Kerala 'Arabic Colleges' are the equivalent of north Indian [[madrasas]]|name=|group=}}<ref name=":0" />

== Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly ==
Source: [http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m424.htm Kerala Legislative Assembly (profile)]
*1st Assembly (1957–59) – Tanur
*2nd Assembly (1960–64) – Tanur (resigned on 6 March 1962)<ref name=":2" />
*3rd Assembly (1967–70) – Mankada
*4th Assembly (1970–77) – Kondotty (resigned on 5 February 1973)<ref name=":2" />
*5th Assembly (1977–79) – Malappuram
*6th Assembly (1980–82) – Manjeri
*7th Assembly (1982–87) – Manjeri (died on 28 September 1983)

== In Kerala council of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ministry
!Office
!Term of office
!Source(s)
|-
|[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom]] Ministry
|Speaker (independent)
|09-06-1961 to 10–11–1961
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2nd [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|E. M. S.]] Ministry
|Minister for Education
|06-03-1967 to 21–10–1969
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1st [[C. Achutha Menon|Achutha Menon]] Ministry
|Minister for Home
Minister for Education
|01-11-1969 to 01–08–1970
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2nd [[C. Achutha Menon|Achutha Menon]] Ministry
|Minister for Home
Minister for Education
|04-10-1970 to 01–03–1973
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1st [[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry
|Minister for Finance
Minister for Education
|25-03-1977 to 25–04–1977
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1st [[A. K. Antony|Antony]] Ministry
|Minister for Education
|
*27-04-1977 to 20–12–1977
*04-10-1978 to 27–10–1978
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair|P. K. V.]] Ministry
|Minister for Education
|29-10-1978 to 07–10–1979
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Koya Ministry
|[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
|12 October to 1 December 1979
|
|-
|2nd [[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry
|[[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Kerala|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|28 December 1981 to 17 March 1982
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|3rd [[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry
|[[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Kerala|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|24 May 1982 to 28 September 1983
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== Works ==
Source: [http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m424.htm Kerala Legislative Assembly (profile)]
* ''My Haj pilgrimage''
* ''Caux-London-Cairo''
*''The Malaysia I Saw''
* ''How Legislative Assembly Works''
*''Soviet Union''
*''Muslim Rule in India Through Stories''
* ''Five Days in Sri Lanka''
* ''Camel to Cadillac''
*''Travel Around the World''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}

==External links==
{{commons category|C. H. Mohammed Koya}}
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19791130-rss-is-attacking-the-muslim-minority-mohammed-koya-822379-2014-02-21 C. H. Mohammad Koya: Interview with India Today (1979)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwuWCkRqVDM&list=PLGWCePdgnqHxg6dQJTSby5SmSLv28UnX2&index=5&t=0s C. H. Mohammed Koya in Louis Malle's ''Phantom India'']
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[P.K. Vasudevan Nair]] | title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] | years = 1979– 1979 | after = [[E.K. Nayanar]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Seethi Sahib]] | title = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] | years = 1961– 1961 | after = Alexander Parambithara}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koya, C. H. Mohammed}}
[[Category:1927 births|Koya, C.H. Mohammed]]
[[Category:1983 deaths|Koya, C.H. Mohammed]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Home ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1957–1959]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]

2013 Egyptian coup d'état

2026-03-24T21:36:30Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Military overthrow of Mohamed Morsi in Egypt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox Civil Conflict
| date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|7|3}}
| title = 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
| partof = the [[Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]], the [[Arab Winter]], the aftermath of the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egyptian Revolution]], and the [[Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict]]
| image = Anti-coup sit-in at Rabaa Adiweya mosque 2013.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| caption = Anti-coup demonstrations at Rabaa Square, 1 August 2013
| place = [[Egypt]]
| coordinates =
| causes = [[June 2013 Egyptian protests]]
| goals = Overthrow [[Mohamed Morsi]] and establish a new government
| methods =
| status =
| result = President [[Mohamed Morsi]] deposed by the Egyptian army
* [[Egyptian Constitution of 2012|Constitution]] suspended, and a transitional roadmap declared
* Democratic transition following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|2011 revolution]] interrupted, return to authoritarian military rule
* [[Adly Mansour]] becomes interim president
* [[2014 Egyptian presidential election|presidential elections]] are held and General Abdel Fattah El-Sisi is elected and becomes president.
* Arrests and detention of [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leaders and members, including Morsi
* Closure of perceived pro-Muslim Brotherhood media outlets
* Dissolution of [[Shura Council (Egypt)|Shura Council]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BREAKING: Egypt's interim president dissolves Shura Council: State TV|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75786/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-dissolves-Shura-.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|access-date=17 July 2013|date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926042431/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75786/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-dissolves-Shura-.aspx|archive-date=26 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sinai insurgency#July 2013 escalation following Morsi ousting|Escalation of militant attacks in the Sinai Peninsula]]
* [[Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)|Increasing unrest]] and instability in response to coup
* Temporary suspension of Egypt from the [[African Union]]
* New [[2014 Egyptian presidential election|presidential election held in 2014]]
* Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures jailed on various charges
* Crackdown on the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
* [[Mohamed Morsi]] dies during his court trial on 17 June 2019
| side2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} '''[[Qandil Cabinet|Egyptian Government]]''' 
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg}} [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]]
* [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]
*

----
{{flagicon|Egypt}} Pro-Morsi protesters
----
'''Supported by:''' {{TUR}} {{QAT}}
| side1 = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg}} '''[[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]]'''
** {{armed forces|Egypt}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Police.svg}} [[Egyptian National Police]]
*** [[Central Security Forces]]
{{tree list/end}}
* [[Al-Azhar al-Sharif]]
* [[Coptic Orthodox Church]]
* [[Al-Nour Party]]
* [[Nasserism|Nasserists]]
'''Supported by:''' {{flagcountry|Israel}}<ref>{{cite web | title=ארצות הברית מגנה בתוקף את דברי ארדואן| website=makorrishon.co.il| url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/501/030.html | access-date=11 February 2024|language=he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190403-israel-general-israel-was-behind-coup-against-egypts-morsi/|title=Israeli General: Israel was behind coup against Morsi|date=3 April 2019 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> {{UAE}}<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|title=UAE offers Egypt $3 billion support, Saudis $5 billion|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-loan/uae-offers-egypt-3-billion-support-saudis-5-billion-idUSBRE9680H020130709|access-date=9 July 2013|publisher=Reuters|date=9 July 2013}}</ref> 
| leadfigures2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_President_of_Egypt.svg}} '''[[Mohamed Morsi]]''' (President of Egypt, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} [[Hesham Qandil]] (Prime Minister of Egypt) {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} [[Saad El-Katatni]] (Chairman of the FJP) {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} [[Mohammed Badie]] (Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood) {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} [[Khairat el-Shater]] (Deputy Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood)
| leadfigures1 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg}} '''[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]''' (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Minister of Defense) {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Hosni Mubarak]]''' (Former President of Egypt) {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg}} [[Sedki Sobhi]] (Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces) {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg}} [[Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa|Mohamed Ibrahim]] (Minister of Interior) {{flagicon image|Al-Azhar_University_logo.svg}} [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]] ([[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]]) [[Yunis Makhyun]] (Chairman of [[Al-Nour Party|Al-Nour]])
[[Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria]]
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| fatalities = 1,150+<ref name=hrw/><ref>{{cite news|title=90 Egyptians killed in week's clashes|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=112593|access-date=6 July 2013|publisher=World Bulletin|date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172829/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=112593|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| injuries = 4,000+<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/health-ministry-52-dead-unrest-began |title=Health Ministry: 52 dead since unrest began |work=[[Egypt Independent]] |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705192029/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/health-ministry-52-dead-unrest-began |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=31 Egyptians killed in clashes|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=112531|access-date=6 July 2013|publisher=World Bulletin|date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706135136/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=112531|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Islamist unrest in Egypt (2013–present)}}
}}
{{Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)}}
{{Mohamed Morsi}}

The '''2013 Egyptian coup d'etat''' refers to the overthrow of the Egyptian president, Mohamed Morsi, on July 3, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diab |first=Khaled |title=Egypt's suicidal state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/1/25/egypts-suicidal-state |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Egypt: A Decade of Counter-Revolution - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/50688/egypt-a-decade-of-counter-revolution |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=www.rosalux.de |language=en-US}}</ref> The Egyptian army chief General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] led a coalition to remove President of Egypt [[Mohamed Morsi]] from power and suspended the [[Egyptian Constitution of 2012|Egyptian constitution of 2012]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelmoez |first=Joel W. |date=1 June 2017 |title=Is it a revolution or a coup? Scandinavian media representations of the ousting of Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1386/ajms.6.2.109_1 |journal=Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=109–131 |doi=10.1386/ajms.6.2.109_1 |issn=2001-0818|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The move came after an ultimatum that the government "resolve its differences" with protesters during [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|widespread national protests]]. Morsi and [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leaders,<ref>{{cite news|title=Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; deposed president under 'house arrest'|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests|first=Ben|last=Wedeman|work=CNN|date=4 July 2013|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090828/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> were placed under house arrest and Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)|Supreme Constitutional Court]] [[Adly Mansour]] was declared interim president of Egypt. The announcement was followed by demonstrations and clashes between supporters and opponents of the move throughout Egypt.<ref name=Hauslohner/>

There were mixed international reactions to the events.<ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://blog.chron.com/bakerblog/2013/07/egypt-after-the-revolution-only-the-beginning-of-the-beginning/ Egypt after the coup: Only the beginning of the beginning |Baker Institute Blog |a Chron.com blog]{{dead link|date=July 2016}}. Blog.chron.com (17 July 2013). Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> Most Arab leaders were generally supportive or neutral, with the exception of [[Qatar]] and [[Tunisia]] who strongly condemned the military's actions. The US avoided describing the action as a [[coup]].<ref name=biddle /> Other states either condemned or expressed concern over the removal of Morsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373223029610370.html|title=International reactions to Morsi's removal|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053410/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373223029610370.html|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the regulations of the [[African Union]] regarding the interruption of constitutional rule by a member state, Egypt was suspended from that union. There has also been debate in the media regarding the labeling of these events. It has been described by some global media outlets as a coup<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt-coup|title=26 dead, more than 850 wounded as post-coup violence hits Egypt|agency=[[CNN]]|date=5 July 2013|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103231/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt-coup|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/75996/World/Region/Turkey-strongly-condemns-Egypt-killings.aspx|title=Turkey 'strongly condemns' Egypt killings|agency=[[Al Ahram]]|date=7 July 2013|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103315/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/75996/World/Region/Turkey-strongly-condemns-Egypt-killings.aspx|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/05/egypt-coup-violence/2493373/|title=Amid post-coup clashes, Egypt's Islamists split|agency=[[USA Today]]|date=5 July 2013|access-date=7 July 2013|first1=Oren|last1=Dorell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103855/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/05/egypt-coup-violence/2493373/|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-stance-on-egypt-coup-shows-its-democratic-maturity.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50210&NewsCatID=338|title=Turkey's stance on Egypt coup 'shows its democratic maturity'|agency=Hurriyet Daily News|date=7 July 2013|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620015900/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-stance-on-egypt-coup-shows-its-democratic-maturity.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50210&NewsCatID=338|archive-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/when-is-a-military-coup-not-a-military-coup-when-it-happens-in-egypt-apparently-8688000.html|title=When is a military coup not a military coup? When it happens in Egypt, apparently|agency=[[The Independent]]|date=4 July 2013|access-date=15 July 2013|location=London|first=Robert|last=Fisk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714194044/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/when-is-a-military-coup-not-a-military-coup-when-it-happens-in-egypt-apparently-8688000.html|archive-date=14 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> or as a [[revolution]].{{refn|See<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/revolution-in-egypt-again/a-16928333|title=Revolution in Egypt, again|agency=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=4 July 2013|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707163908/http://www.dw.de/revolution-in-egypt-again/a-16928333|archive-date=7 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution|title=Mohamed Morsi ousted in Egypt's second revolution in two years|agency=The Guardian|date=3 July 2013|access-date=6 July 2013|location=London|first1=Patrick|last1=Kingsley|first2=Martin|last2=Chulov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730110206/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution|archive-date=30 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/was-morsi-ouster-a-coup-or-new-egyptian-revolution.html|title=Was Morsi's Ouster a Coup Or New Egyptian Revolution?|publisher=[[Al Monitor]]|date=4 July 2013|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719121519/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/was-morsi-ouster-a-coup-or-new-egyptian-revolution.html|archive-date=19 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Egyptian State media outlets mainly referred to the ousting as a revolution, and this term was also favoured by a majority of the Egyptian public.<ref name="auto"/>

Ensuing protests in favour of Morsi were violently suppressed culminating with the [[Rabaa massacre|dispersal and massacre of pro-Morsi sit-ins]] on 14 August 2013, amid [[Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)|ongoing unrest]]; journalists<ref name=CPJ>{{cite news|title=In Egypt, two more journalists killed, several injured |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |url=http://www.cpj.org/2013/08/in-egypt-two-more-journalists-killed-several-injur.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818124823/http://cpj.org/2013/08/in-egypt-two-more-journalists-killed-several-injur.php |archive-date=18 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and several hundred protestors were killed by police and military force. Muslim Brotherhood members claim 2,600 people were killed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381522364486906.html |title=Egypt's Brotherhood to hold 'march of anger' |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 August 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816123944/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381522364486906.html |archive-date=16 August 2013 |quote=Muslim Brotherhood members have said the true death toll was far higher, with a spokesperson saying 2,600 people had been killed in the "massacre". |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] documented a minimum of 904 deaths, describing it as [[crimes against humanity]] and "one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history," while the government puts the figure at 624.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt|title=All According to Plan|date=12 August 2014|newspaper=Human Rights Watch|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115143057/https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hrw>{{cite news |url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity |title= Egypt: Rabaa Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity |date= 12 August 2014 |access-date= 15 August 2014 |work= [[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140816131321/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date= 16 August 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Further|2011 Egyptian revolution|Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF|2012–2013 Egyptian protests|June 2013 Egyptian protests}}
[[File:Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel meets with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy in Cairo, Egypt, April 24, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mohamed Morsi|Then President Mohamed Morsi]] (right) and [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|General el-Sisi]] (left) listen to visiting U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Chuck Hagel]] (center), during a meeting with U.S. officials on 24 April 2013. El-Sisi, chosen by Morsi to be the first post-[[Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak]] era Defense Minister,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19256730|title=Profile: Egypt armed forces chief Abdul Fattah el-Sisi|work=BBC News|date=3 July 2013|access-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704175903/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19256730|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> would later sanction the removal of Morsi from office.]]

In February 2011, [[Hosni Mubarak]] resigned after [[2011 Egyptian revolution|18 days of mass demonstrations]] that ended [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak|his 29-year rule of Egypt]]. In July 2011, the caretaker government approved an election law, leading to the election of a Parliament in December 2011 – January 2012, and an advisory council in January–February 2012. An alliance led by the Freedom and Justice Party won the most seats in each election. An additional 25% of the members of the advisory council were to be appointed by the President. In June 2012, Mohamed Morsi won the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|presidential election]] with 51.73% of total votes to become the first democratically elected president of Egypt.<ref name=Hauslohner/><ref>{{cite news |last=Khalil |first=Ashraf |url=https://world.time.com/2013/07/03/egypts-military-ousts-democratically-elected-president-morsi-angering-his-islamist-supporters/ |title=Egypt: President Morsi's Ouster Angers Islamist Supporters |magazine=Time |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707055115/http://world.time.com/2013/07/03/egypts-military-ousts-democratically-elected-president-morsi-angering-his-islamist-supporters/ |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lederman |first=Josh |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/Pentagon+Secretary+Hagel+calls+Egyptian+defence+minister/8611323/story.html |title=Egypt's future uncertain, US takes cautious approach and urges quick return to elected govt |work=Edmonton Journal |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006074344/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Pentagon%2BSecretary%2BHagel%2Bcalls%2BEgyptian%2Bdefence%2Bminister/8611323/story.html |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> In June 2012, prior to Morsi being sworn in as president, the Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that the election law was unconstitutional and ordered the elected bodies dissolved. After assuming office, President Morsi appointed additional members to the advisory council from 35 political parties and invited the elected bodies to meet to discuss the ruling of the court.

The elected parliament determined that the constitutional court did not have authority to dissolve an elected parliament, then referred the matter to the Court of Cassation. The elected parliament could not pass any laws, but the advisory council continued to give advice on proposed Presidential Decrees. Parliament also proceeded with the creation of a new constitutional committee to draft amendments to the Egyptian Constitution, replacing the committee created in March 2012 but dissolved by the constitutional court. Proposed constitutional amendments were approved in December 2012 by a national referendum. New elections were scheduled for April 2013 under a law approved in draft by the constitutional court, but were postponed to October 2013 to comply with a technical order of an administrative court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-elections-law-idUSBRE93A0J720130411 |publisher=Reuters |title=Egyptian parliament approves revamped election law |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180608/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/11/us-egypt-elections-law-idUSBRE93A0J720130411 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/state-agency-representing-egypt-president-loses-appeal-high-court-upholds-election-suspension/ |publisher=Fox News |title=State agency representing Egypt president loses appeal, high court upholds election suspension |date=21 April 2013 |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314072900/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/21/state-agency-representing-egypt-president-loses-appeal-high-court-upholds/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2012, following the protests against the [[Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt#President Morsi's temporary assumption of full constitutional power and push for new constitution|Constitutional Declaration]] by Morsi, opposition politicians – including [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], [[Amr Moussa]] and [[Hamdeen Sabahi]], according to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' – started holding confidential meetings with army leaders, in order to discuss ways of removing President Morsi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578601700051224658|title=In Egypt, the 'Deep State' Rises Again|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=12 July 2013|access-date=15 July 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Levinson|first2=Matt|last2=Bradley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125163752/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578601700051224658|archive-date=25 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 April 2013, [[Tamarod]] was started as a grassroots movement to collect signatures to remove Morsi by 30 June. They called for peaceful demonstrations across Egypt especially in front of the Presidential Palace in Cairo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt's 'Rebel' campaign gathered 22 mn signatures, says spokesman|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75244/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Rebel-campaign-gathered--mn-signatures,-say.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=29 June 2013|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630063239/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75244/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Rebel-campaign-gathered--mn-signatures,-say.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The movement was supported by the [[National Salvation Front (Egypt)|National Salvation Front]], [[April 6 Youth Movement]] and [[Strong Egypt Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reactions vary to the Rebel movement's 30 June plans|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/05/reactions-vary-to-tamarods-30-june-plans/|agency=Daily News Egypt|date=5 June 2013|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609134657/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/05/reactions-vary-to-tamarods-30-june-plans/|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Strong Egypt Party supports protest on 30 June, opposes military coup|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/74273/Egypt/Politics-/Strong-Egypt-Party-supports-protest-on--June,-oppo.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=18 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618133832/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/74273/Egypt/Politics-/Strong-Egypt-Party-supports-protest-on--June,-oppo.aspx|archive-date=18 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a poll published by the [[Pew Research Center]] in May 2013, 54% of Egyptians approved of Morsi against a 43% who saw him negatively, while about 30% were happy with the direction of the country, 73% thought positively of the army and only 35% were content about local policy authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/05/16/egyptians-increasingly-glum/|title=Egyptians Increasingly Glum|date=16 May 2013|work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422092925/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/05/16/egyptians-increasingly-glum/|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In the lead up to the protests, a [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll indicated a drop in approval of the national government from 57% in November 2012 to 24% in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Egyptians' Views of Government Crashed Before Overthrow |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/163796/egyptian-views-government-crashed-overthrow.aspx |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> About a third of Egyptians said they were "suffering" and viewed their lives poorly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/163877/morsi-ousted-suffering-shot-egypt.aspx |title=As Morsi Ousted, "Suffering" Shot Up in Egypt |date=8 August 2013 |publisher=Gallup.com |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921185808/http://www.gallup.com/poll/163877/morsi-ousted-suffering-shot-egypt.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At a conference on 15 June, Morsi called for [[Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war|foreign intervention in Syria]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mursi cuts Egypt's Syria ties, backs no-fly zone |work=Reuters |date=15 June 2013 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-egypt-mursi-idINDEE95F00Q20130616 |access-date=4 October 2021 }}</ref> According to Yasser El-Shimy, an analyst with the [[International Crisis Group]], this statement crossed "a national security red line." The army rebuked this statement the next day by stating that its only role was to guard Egypt's borders. Although the [[Egyptian constitution]] ostensibly declares the president as the supreme commander of the armed forces, the Egyptian military is independent of civilian control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-army-says-morsi-role-at-syria-rally-seen-as-turning-point/1693911.html|title=Morsi role at Syria rally seen as tipping point for Egypt army|agency=Reuters|date=2 July 2013|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203233910/http://www.voanews.com/content/egypt-army-says-morsi-role-at-syria-rally-seen-as-turning-point/1693911.html|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

As the first anniversary of Morsi's presidential inauguration approached in 2013, his supporters such as the [[Anti-Coup Alliance|National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy]] started demonstrations at multiple places including [[El-Hossari Mosque]], [[El-Nahda Square]], outside [[Cairo University]], outside Al-Rayan Mosque in the posh suburb of Maadi, and in [[Ain Shams]] district. They had started open-ended rallies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.focac.org/eng/zjfz/fzsz/t1054696.htm |title=17 gunmen arrested before reaching pro-Morsi protest in Egypt |publisher=Focac.org |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235407/http://www.focac.org/eng/zjfz/fzsz/t1054696.htm |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The largest protest was planned for 30 June.<ref name="human">{{cite web |url=http://www.humanevents.com/2013/07/03/pro-morsi-terrorists-threaten-christians-against-protesting/ |title=Pro-Morsi Terrorists Threaten Christians against Protesting |publisher=Humanevents.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706015804/http://www.humanevents.com/2013/07/03/pro-morsi-terrorists-threaten-christians-against-protesting/ |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Causes==
The removal of Morsi from office by the coalition was a result of a [[coup d'état]] following protests, that were instigated by frustration with Morsi's year-long rule in which Egypt faced economic issues, energy shortages, lack of security, and diplomatic crises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://masroregypt.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/the-revolution-continues/|title=The Revolution Continues|work=Masr or Egypt|date=16 August 2013|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325205820/https://masroregypt.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/the-revolution-continues/|archive-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the issues that might have caused the protests and lead to the later removal of Morsi include:

* Claims by the National Salvation Front and other opposition organizations that there were irregularities in the 2012 referendum on changes to Egypt's constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/61118/Egypt/0/Egyptians-approve-first-postuprising-constitution.aspx|title=Egyptians approve first post-uprising constitution|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124211/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/61118/Egypt/0/Egyptians-approve-first-postuprising-constitution.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Various members of the Constituent Assembly including church representatives subsequently withdrew due to their dissatisfaction with the content of the changes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/11/24/all-civilian-parties-withdraw-from-constitutional-assembly/ |title=Non-Islamist members withdraw from Constitutional Assembly |work=Daily News Egypt |date=24 November 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228214420/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/11/24/all-civilian-parties-withdraw-from-constitutional-assembly/ |archive-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-churches-withdraw-constituent-assembly |title=Egyptian churches withdraw from Constituent Assembly |work=Egypt Independent |date=17 November 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002072240/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-churches-withdraw-constituent-assembly |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-constitution-idUSBRE8970RA20121008 |title=U.S.-based rights group says draft Egypt constitution flawed |publisher=Reuters |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228180729/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/08/us-egypt-constitution-idUSBRE8970RA20121008 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Unprecedented economic crises including power, fuel and foreign currency shortages.<ref>{{cite news|title=Short of Money, Egypt Sees Crisis on Fuel and Food|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/world/middleeast/egypt-short-of-money-sees-crisis-on-food-and-gas.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 March 2013|first=David D.|last=Kirkpatrick|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128143559/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/world/middleeast/egypt-short-of-money-sees-crisis-on-food-and-gas.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=28 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/diesel-fuel-crisis-adds-to-egypts-cocktail-of-political-economic-woes/ |agency=Associated Press |title=Diesel fuel crisis adds to Egypt's cocktail of political, economic woes |publisher=Fox News |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005194246/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/11/diesel-fuel-crisis-adds-to-egypt-cocktail-political-economic-woes/ |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Worsening state security with incidents including the murder of 16 border guards in Sinai, kidnappings and the blowing up of a gas pipeline supplying Israel and Jordan on numerous occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/49660/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATE---Egyptian-soldiers-killed-at-the-Israel-bo.aspx |title=16 Egyptian soldiers killed at Israel border – Politics – Egypt |publisher=Ahram Online|date=5 August 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002091640/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/49660/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATE---Egyptian-soldiers-killed-at-the-Israel-bo.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Egyptian Military|Egyptian military]] economic interests.<ref name="التفاصيل الأخيرة لحكم مرسي">{{Cite episode |title= التفاصيل الأخيرة لحكم مرسي |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60ByKuFtH7w |via=YouTube |access-date= 21 December 2013 |series= [[Bela Hodod]] |network= [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date= 18 December 2013 |minutes= 50 |language= ar |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140105094007/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60ByKuFtH7w |archive-date= 5 January 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> Estimates of the military's share of Egypt's economy range from 5% to 40% and include industries such as mining, real estate, farming and the production of household appliances. The military has long opposed modern economic policies such as privatization that threaten their position in the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/2012215195912519142.html |first1=Sherine |last1=Tadros |title=Egypt military's economic empire|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=15 February 2012|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210043806/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/2012215195912519142.html|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usat.ly/13roA1H |first1=Oren |last1=Dorell |title=Egypt military fights for macaroni, as well as security |work=[[USA Today]]|date=17 August 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>
* Foreign interference: In 2015 secret audio recordings of [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and members of his inner circle were leaked that indicated that during Morsi's presidency the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] provided funds to the Egyptian Defense Ministry to launch a protest campaign against [[Mohamed Morsi|President Mohamed Morsi]] and funded the [[Tamarod]] protest movement. The recordings contained other highly controversial contents.<ref name=nytleakedtapes/><ref>{{cite news|title=Audio forensics experts authenticate Sisi's voice on leaked tapes|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/acoustic-experts-authenticate-sisis-voice-leaked-tapes-591410379|access-date=28 May 2015|publisher=middleeasteye|date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529040330/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/acoustic-experts-authenticate-sisis-voice-leaked-tapes-591410379|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Planning==
Leaked tapes from the summer of 2013 that were later verified by J. P. French Associates<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=Davud |title=Leaks Gain Credibility and Potential to Embarrass Egypt's Leaders |work=The New York Times |date=12 May 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/world/middleeast/leaks-gain-credibility-and-potential-to-embarrass-egypts-leaders.html |access-date=19 June 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140439/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/world/middleeast/leaks-gain-credibility-and-potential-to-embarrass-egypts-leaders.html |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> recorded figures of the Egyptian military, including former General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, suggesting that the Egyptian military was involved in the mass-protests preceding Morsi's ouster.<ref name=nytleakedtapes>{{cite news|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=David|title=Recordings Suggest Emirates and Egyptian Military Pushed Ousting of Morsi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/recordings-suggest-emirates-and-egyptian-military-pushed-ousting-of-morsi.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2015|work=The New York Times|date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529025542/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/recordings-suggest-emirates-and-egyptian-military-pushed-ousting-of-morsi.html?_r=0|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=couptapes>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/10/secret-tapes-of-the-2013-egypt-coup-plot-pose-a-problem-for-obama.html |first1=Mark |last1=Hertsgaard |title=Secret Tapes of the 2013 Egypt Coup Plot Pose a Problem for Obama|work=The Daily Beast|date=10 May 2015|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515011350/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/10/secret-tapes-of-the-2013-egypt-coup-plot-pose-a-problem-for-obama.html|archive-date=15 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In one of the leaked tapes, the generals are heard discussing rigging the legal case against Morsi, and in another, authorizing the withdrawal of a large sum of money for the army's use from the bank account of [[Tamarod]], the ostensibly independent grassroots group that was organizing protests against President Morsi.<ref name=nytleakedtapes /><ref name=couptapes /> The tapes also suggest high-level collusion between the coup plotters and the [[Politics of the United Arab Emirates|Government of the United Arab Emirates]] as the money that was to be transferred from Tamarod's account into the army's account was provided by the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref name=couptapes /> The tapes were first released on the Qatari-owned Egyptian Islamist channel [[Mekameleen TV|''Mekameleen'']], a fact that the Egyptian government says discredits the tapes as fakes.<ref name=couptapes /> American officials later confirmed that the United Arab Emirates was indeed providing financial support for the protests against Morsi that preceded the military coup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/sunday-review/obama-egypt-coup-trump.html |url-access=subscription |title=The White House and the Strongman|work=The New York Times |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120106/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/sunday-review/obama-egypt-coup-trump.html|archive-date=21 November 2018|url-status=live|last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. }}</ref> There is also evidence on the support of the military coup plotters by the Egyptian economic elites.<ref>Korotayev, A., Issaev, L., & Shishkina, A. (2016). [https://www.academia.edu/37205002/Egyptian_coup_of_2013_an_econometric_analysis_The_Journal_of_North_African_Studies Egyptian coup of 2013: an 'econometric'analysis. ''The Journal of North African Studies'', 21(3), 341–356] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215058/https://www.academia.edu/37205002/Egyptian_coup_of_2013_an_econometric_analysis_The_Journal_of_North_African_Studies |date=28 March 2019 }}.</ref> Egypt's Interior Ministry was seen as most influential in the lead-up to the coup d’état as a revenge for powers lost during the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011]] according to a [[Reuters]] analysis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asma Alsharif, Yasmine Saleh |title=Special Report: The real force behind Egypt's 'revolution of the state' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-interior-specialreport-idUSBRE99908D20131010 |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=Reuters |date=10 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==Events==
{{main|June 2013 Egyptian protests}}

[[File:Anti Morsi protest march at 28th June 2013.jpg|thumb|Anti-Morsi demonstrators marching in Cairo on 28 June]]

On 28 June, protests against Morsi started to build throughout Egypt including in such cities as [[Cairo]], [[Alexandria]], [[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]], [[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbiya]] and [[Aswan]] as a "warm up" for the massive protests expected on 30 June that were planned by Tamarod. Pro-Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters started counter demonstrations at the [[Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque]] in Nasr City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/75483.aspx |title=Egypt warms up for a decisive day of anti- and pro-Morsi protests |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=7 February 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703014947/http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/75483.aspx |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the protests, Christians, particularly in Upper Egypt, received threats from pro-Morsi protestors, pressuring them not to take part in the protests. Sheikh Essam Abdulamek, a member of parliament's Shura Council, said in an interview on television that Christians should not participate in the protests and warned them "do not sacrifice your children [since the] general Muslim opinion will not be silent about the ousting of the president."<ref name="human"/>

According to information that came out after President Morsi was removed from office, officials claimed that Morsi stopped working at the [[Egyptian Presidential Palace]] on 26 June and moved with his family to El-Quba Palace.<ref name="bigstory1">{{cite web|last=Hendawi |first=Hamza |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/his-final-days-morsi-was-isolated-defiant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707111210/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/his-final-days-morsi-was-isolated-defiant |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=In his final days, Morsi was isolated but defiant |publisher=Bigstory.ap.org |date=1 July 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 July 2013 }}</ref>

On 29 June, Tamarod claimed that it collected more than 22 million signatures from a petition calling for Morsi to step down as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tahrir Square protesters show President Mursi the 'red card'|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/06/30/Egypt-braces-for-June-30-rebellion-as-Mursi-marks-first-year-.html|access-date=1 July 2013|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124420/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/06/30/Egypt-braces-for-June-30-rebellion-as-Mursi-marks-first-year-.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|access-date=1 July 2013|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702013829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the other hand, the coup was preceded by the reconciliation of military and economic elites who organized shortages of fuel to provoke discontent of general population toward the Morsi administration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Korotayev |first1=Andrey |last2=Issaev |first2=Leonid |last3=Shishkina |first3=Alisa |date=2015 |title=Egyptian coup of 2013: an 'econometric' analysis |url=https://www.academia.edu/25995601 |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=341 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1124238 |issn=1362-9387 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222103942/http://www.academia.edu/25995601/Egyptian_coup_of_2013_an_econometric_analysis |archive-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>

===30 June: Anti-Morsi demonstrations===
On 30 June, according to unverified military sources, 14 million protesters demonstrated across Egypt against Morsi. The protestors expressed their anger at the Brotherhood, which they accuse of hijacking Egypt's revolution and using electoral victories to monopolize power and impose Islamic law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130630 |work=Reuters |first=Asma |last=Alsharif |title=Millions flood Egypt's streets to demand Mursi quit |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/30/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130630 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, independent observers raised concerns about the wild exaggeration of the number of actual anti-Morsi protestors, with one crowd statistical expert study indicating that a little over than 1 million people protested against Morsi across the whole country.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Egypt's generals used street protests to stage a coup|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/07/03/how-egypts-generals-used-street-protests-to-stage-a-coup/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elmasry|first1=Mohamad|title=Morsi myths: Re-examining justifications for Egypt's coup|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/myths-about-morsi-examining-justifications-egypt-s-2013-cou-1248467631|access-date=7 March 2018|work=Middle East Eye|date=3 July 2015|language=en}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands in support of Morsi gathered in Rabaa Square in Cairo and other cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |first1=David D. |last1=Kirkpatrick |first2=Kareem |last2=Fahim |first3=Ben |last3=Hubbard |title=By the Millions, Egyptians Seek Morsi's Ouster |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722024213/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/heres-what-todays-massive-anti-morsi-protests-egypt-looked/66728/ |title=What Sunday's Massive Anti-Morsi Protests in Egypt Looked Like – Abby Ohlheiser |date=July 2013 |publisher=The Atlantic Wire |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702115324/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/heres-what-todays-massive-anti-morsi-protests-egypt-looked/66728/ |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Damietta]], 250 fishing boat sailors demonstrated against Morsi by sailing through the Nile and chanting against him.<ref>{{cite news|title=250 fishing boats sail in Damietta, protest Morsy|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/250-fishing-boats-sail-damietta-protest-morsy|access-date=7 July 2013|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234807/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/250-fishing-boats-sail-damietta-protest-morsy|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The president moved that day from Quba Palace to the Republican Guard headquarters, while protesters thought he was at Ittihadeya Palace.<ref name="bigstory1"/>

===1 July: Deadlines and options===
{{External media|video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxhcDzoCe9g Helicopter view of the protesters]|float = right}}
On 1 July, again more than 1 million demonstrators against Morsi gathered in [[Tahrir Square]] and outside the [[Heliopolis Palace|presidential palace]], while other demonstrations were held in the cities of Alexandria, [[Port Said]] and [[Suez]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt crisis: Mass protests over Morsi grip cities|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23115821|access-date=1 July 2013|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701001742/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23115821|archive-date=1 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Some police officers wearing their uniforms joined the anti-Morsi protests and chanted: "The police and the people are one."<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt on the edge: Troops seen preparing for unarmed combat after President Morsi rebuffs army 48-hour deadline|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-on-the-edge-troops-seen-preparing-for-unarmed-combat-after-president-morsi-rebuffs-army-48hour-coup-deadline-8681882.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 July 2013|location=London|first1=Alastair|last1=Beach|first2=Heather|last2=Saul|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180930/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-on-the-edge-troops-seen-preparing-for-unarmed-combat-after-president-morsi-rebuffs-army-48hour-coup-deadline-8681882.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In clashes around the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters in [[Mokattam]], eight people died. Their headquarters were ransacked and burned while protesters threw objects at windows and looted the building, making off with office equipment and documents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt protesters storm Muslim Brotherhood headquarters|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23125387|access-date=1 July 2013|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701125318/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23125387|archive-date=1 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamarod gave President Mohamed Morsi until 2 July at 17:00 to resign or face a civil disobedience campaign.<ref name="bbc"/> That was followed by the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] issuing a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abdelaziz|first=Salma|title=Egyptian military issues warning over protests|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|access-date=1 July 2013|publisher=CNN|date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706130601/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Four ministers also resigned on the same day: [[Ministry of Tourism (Egypt)|Tourism Minister]] [[Hisham Zazou]] (who previously offered to resign a few months earlier after Morsi appointed an Islamist member of [[Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya|al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]], the group allegedly responsible of the [[Luxor massacre]], though the group has denied this charge, as governor of [[Luxor]]), [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Egypt)|Communication and IT Minister]] [[Atef Helmi]], State Minister for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs [[Hatem Bagato]], and State Minister for Environmental Affairs [[Khaled Abdel Aal]],<ref>{{Cite news|author=Patrick Werr|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-ministers-idUSBRE9600IE20130701|access-date=1 July 2013|title=Four Egyptian ministers resign after protests: cabinet official|work=Reuters|date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704101159/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/us-egypt-protests-ministers-idUSBRE9600IE20130701|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> leaving the government with only members of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]].

On the same day, [[Barack Obama]] called Morsi. The call went along the [[United States]]' vision that the only option out of the stressed situation would be to call for an early general presidential election in which Morsi is not a candidate. Morsi replied, "the Egyptian people decide," before he closed the line.<ref name="التفاصيل الأخيرة لحكم مرسي"/>

===2 July: Morsi speech===
On 2 July, opponents and supporters of Morsi gathered in the capital, Cairo. The deadline set by the military for Morsi to solve the escalating political problem approached. The military said that they would intervene without eliminating either side, but they betrayed their word by engineering a coup the next day.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23142387|title=Egypt rivals take to streets ahead of Morsi deadline|work=BBC News|access-date=16 March 2014|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23142387|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Helicopters were also present around Cairo with armored vehicles taking up positions.<ref name="bloom"/> On 3 July, clashes between protestors and local residents erupted around a pro-Morsi rally near Cairo University, leaving 18 people dead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/05/egypt-deadly-clashes-cairo-university|title=Egypt: Deadly Clashes at Cairo University|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519002350/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/05/egypt-deadly-clashes-cairo-university|archive-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Foreign Minister [[Mohamed Kamel Amr]] also resigned, in support of the anti-government protestors.<ref>{{cite news|title=FM becomes fifth cabinet official to resign|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/fm-becomes-fifth-cabinet-official-resign|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702163513/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/fm-becomes-fifth-cabinet-official-resign|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The presidency rejected the [[Egyptian Army]]'s 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23140212|access-date=2 July 2013|title=Egypt crisis: President Morsi rejects army ultimatum|work=BBC News|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702013806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23140212|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Defense Minister [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] was also said to have told Morsi that he would impose a military solution if a political one could not be found by the next day.<ref name="bloom">{{cite news |last=Shahine |first=Alaa |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-02/mursi-trust-in-military-man-s-loyalty-backfires-as-egypt-teeters.html |title=Mursi Trust in Army's Man Loyalty Backfires as Egypt Teeters |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705035822/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-02/mursi-trust-in-military-man-s-loyalty-backfires-as-egypt-teeters.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Incidentally, the [[Court of Cassation (Egypt)|Court of Cassation]] ordered the reinstatement of former general prosecutor [[Abdel Meguid Mahmoud|Abdel Maguid Mahmoud]] who was replaced with [[Talaat Abdallah]] following the constitutional declaration on 22 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court orders return of Meguid Mahmoud as prosecutor general|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/court-orders-return-meguid-mahmoud-prosecutor-general|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702163844/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/court-orders-return-meguid-mahmoud-prosecutor-general|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The presidential spokesman and the spokesman for the cabinet resigned as well.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/latest-wave-resignations-cabinet-presidency-spokesmen-quit|date = 2 July 2013|title = Latest wave of resignations as Cabinet, Presidency spokesmen quit|work = Egypt Independent|access-date = 2 July 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131003170216/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/latest-wave-resignations-cabinet-presidency-spokesmen-quit|archive-date = 3 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref>

The newspaper ''[[Al-Ahram]]'' reported that if there were no political resolution, the military would suspend the [[constitution of Egypt]] and appoint a new council of experts to draft a new one, institute a three-person executive council, and appoint a prime minister from the military.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David D.|title=Morsi Defies Egypt Army's Ultimatum to Bend to Protest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html|access-date=3 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 July 2013|author2=Hubbard, Ben|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702184950/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Morsi's military advisor, [[Sami Hafez Anan]], also resigned and said that the army would not "abandon the will of the people."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137215593626253.html |title=Morsi tells Egypt army to withdraw ultimatum |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702193028/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137215593626253.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a late-night television address Morsi declared that he would "defend the legitimacy of his elected office with his life."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23154233|title=Egypt's Mohammed Morsi vows to stay in office|date=3 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114221607/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23154233|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He added that "there is no substitute for legitimacy" as he vowed not to resign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137222343142718.html |title=Egypt's Morsi says he will not step down |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703075607/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137222343142718.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Morsi accused supporters of Hosni Mubarak of exploiting the wave of protests to topple the government and fight democracy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/egypt-protesters-mass-after-morsi-snub/story-fn3dxix6-1226673461184 |title=Egypt military chiefs hold crisis talks |work=The Australian |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> After Morsi's statement, an official Facebook page of the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] wrote a post under the title "The Last Hours" saying in response to Morsi: "The Supreme Commander in Chief of the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] had mentioned before that it's better for us to die rather than seeing the Egyptian People being threatened or horrified, and we swear that we would sacrifice our lives and our blood for Egypt against every terrorist or extremist or ignorant. Long live Egypt."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Last Hours|website=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/Egyptian.Armed.Forces.Admins/posts/633415760005031|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904035740/https://www.facebook.com/Egyptian.Armed.Forces.Admins/posts/633415760005031|archive-date=4 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's President Mohammed Morsi, Army Chiefs Prepare For Showdown Hours Ahead of Ultimatum|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/egypt-president-morsi-army-showdown_n_3539548.html?ref=topbar|work=Huffington Post|access-date=16 March 2014|first=Eline|last=Gordts|date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531111931/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/egypt-president-morsi-army-showdown_n_3539548.html?ref=topbar|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===3 July: Day of Action===
[[File:Abdel Fattah El-Sisi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]]]
As the deadline of the Armed Forces' ultimatum approached on 3 July, there was renewed expectation of an increase in violence, according to the media.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kholaif |first=Dahlia |date=3 July 2013 |title=Fears of bloodshed loom large in Egypt |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/201373104310728444.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703131136/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/201373104310728444.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> As in other days, there were both anti-Morsi and pro-Morsi protests, the latter particularly in Nasr City and near Cairo University. Army tanks were reported to surround two smaller pro-Morsi rallies as the demonstrators vowed to defend the government with their lives.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sm1th |first=Winston |date=7 March 2013 |title=Al Jazeera Reports that Tanks Ordered to Pro-Morsi Rally |url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/07/03/1220929/-Al-Jazeera-Reports-that-Tanks-Ordered-to-Pro-Morsi-Rally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706183648/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/07/03/1220929/-Al-Jazeera-Reports-that-Tanks-Ordered-to-Pro-Morsi-Rally |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |work=Daily Kos}}</ref>

As the 16:35 deadline set by the army approached, the coalition met with the military leaders for emergency talks, with the expectation that the army would issue a statement when the deadline passed. [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], who was chosen to represent the [[National Salvation Front (Egypt)|National Salvation Front]], was also said to have met army chief General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137394753443155.html |title=Egypt's Morsi offers consensus government |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703124304/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137394753443155.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

That same day, shortly before the deadline, Morsi offered to form a consensus government. An army statement read: "The General Command of the Armed Forces is currently meeting with a number of religious, national, political and youth icons...There will be a statement issued from the General Command as soon as they are done." At the same time the Freedom and Justice Party's senior leader, Waleed al-Haddad, said: "We do not go to invitations (meetings) with anyone. We have a president and that is it."<ref name=autogenerated1/>

At about 17:30, the head of the Republican Guard [[Mohamed Ahmed Zaki]], joined Morsi with some of the Republican Guard officers and conducted the arrest. It was reported from Morsi's assistant Yahya Hamed the flow of conversation took place as Morsi saying "Mohammed (the head of the Republican Guard) you know well you are going to be tried for that." And Mohammed Zaki replying: "I know, however I had already told them I don't want in, because of my special good relations with the president."<ref name="التفاصيل الأخيرة لحكم مرسي"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33003/106 |title=Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=4 October 2021 }}</ref>

==== 3 July military coup ====
On 3 July, General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that there would be new presidential and Shura Council elections. The coalition appointed Chief Justice [[Adly Mansour]] as the interim president and charged him with forming a transitional [[Technocracy|technocratic]] government.<ref name="BBCOust">{{cite news |date=4 July 2013 |title=Egypt's Shura Council dissolved: Judicial source |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23173794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705215107/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23173794 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |work=BBC News |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Military vehicles drove throughout Cairo. Morsi was put under house arrest,<ref name=BBCOust/><ref>{{cite web|title=Reports: Morsi under house arrest|date=3 July 2013 |url=http://hotair.com/archives/2013/07/03/report-morsi-under-house-arrest-military-coup-underway-in-egypt/|publisher=HotAir|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706061901/http://hotair.com/archives/2013/07/03/report-morsi-under-house-arrest-military-coup-underway-in-egypt|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and was believed to be at the [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Republican Guard]] barracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137319828176718.html |title=President Morsi overthrown in Egypt |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703213701/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137319828176718.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to other sources he was taken to a military base and his travel was restricted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Morsi taken from presidential palace to military base|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/07/03/Report-Morsi-taken-from-presidential-palace-to-military-base/UPI-43551372830618/?spt=hs&or=tn|work=United Press International|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211024931/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/07/03/Report-Morsi-taken-from-presidential-palace-to-military-base/UPI-43551372830618/?spt=hs&or=tn|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Army troops and tanks were reported to have surrounded key facilities and installations.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hendawi |first1=Hamza |last2=Michael |first2=Maggie |date=3 July 2013 |title=Egyptian Troops Surround Pro-Morsi Ralliers, Key Facilities |url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/egyptian-troops-surround-pro-morsi-ralliers-key-facilities.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703190702/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/egyptian-troops-surround-pro-morsi-ralliers-key-facilities.php |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Talkingpointsmemo.com}}</ref> At noon, the Republican Guard, who had Morsi in their care, left his side to allow Army commandos to take him to an undisclosed Ministry of Defence building. He offered no resistance.<ref name="bigstory1"/>

General el-Sisi said: "The president's speech last night failed to meet and conform with the demands [of the people, prompting the armed forces to consult] with some of the symbols of the national forces and the youths without excluding anyone. [They agreed on a road map] that includes initial steps that realize the building of a strong and coherent Egyptian society that does not exclude any of its sons and currents and that ends the state of conflict and division."<ref>{{cite news |last=El |first=Tarek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-03/mursi-proposes-power-sharing-as-egypt-army-deadline-approaches.html |title=Mursi Ousted as Egypt's President; Constitution Suspended |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705001349/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-03/mursi-proposes-power-sharing-as-egypt-army-deadline-approaches.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> He added the army was standing apart from the political process but was using its vision as the Egyptian people were calling for help and discharged its responsibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373203740167797.html |title=Transcript: Egypt's army statement |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703213701/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373203740167797.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> El-Sisi named former Chief Justice [[Adli Mansour]] as the interim president and added that he would be sworn in on 4 July. The [[Shura Council (Egypt)|Shura Council]] was also dissolved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75668/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Shura-Council-dissolved-Judicial-source.aspx |title=Egypt's Shura Council dissolved: Judicial source – Politics – Egypt |publisher=Ahram Online|date=23 April 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706093850/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75668/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Shura-Council-dissolved-Judicial-source.aspx |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Morsi condemned his removal as a "full coup" by the general. He also urged everyone to "adhere to peacefulness and avoid shedding blood of fellow countrymen."<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Army Ousts Morsi, Who Calls It A 'Coup' |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=198226951 |newspaper=NPR |date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707163525/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=198226951 |archive-date=7 July 2013}}</ref>
The Office of Assistant to President of Egypt on Foreign Relations called Morsi's removal a "military coup",<ref>{{cite web|title=Morsi advisor: Military coup is under way in Egypt|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-07-03/morsi-advisor-military-coup-is-under-way-in-egypt/|publisher=ITV|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234846/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-07-03/morsi-advisor-military-coup-is-under-way-in-egypt/|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supporters of Egyptian president say military coup is underway|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/03/19261466-supporters-of-egyptian-president-say-military-coup-is-underway?lite?ocid=twitter|work=NBC News|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217015012/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/03/19261466-supporters-of-egyptian-president-say-military-coup-is-underway?lite%3Focid=twitter|archive-date=17 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and said "there is no democracy without the ballot box".<ref>Murphy, Dan. "[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2013/0703/Egypt-s-Muslim-Brotherhood-and-Morsi-have-their-backs-to-the-wall Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi have their backs to the wall,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706211222/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2013/0703/Egypt-s-Muslim-Brotherhood-and-Morsi-have-their-backs-to-the-wall |date=6 July 2013 }} ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', 3 July 2013</ref>

The announcement of the removal of Morsi was met with cheers in Tahrir Square.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradley|first=Matt|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323899704578583191518313964|title=Morsi Ousted By Egypt Military|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 July 2013|date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230819225356/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB10001424127887323899704578583191518313964|archive-date=19 August 2023|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Anti-Morsi protesters shouted "[[Allahu akbar]]" and "Long live Egypt" and launched fireworks<ref name=NPR/> as green laser lights held by those in the crowd lit the sky.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Army tightens grip as Egypt awaits final move|url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2013/07/03/army-tightens-grip-as-egypt-awaits-final-move/30035130007/|website=Spartanburg Herald Journal|access-date=2 December 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> Mohamed el-Baradei says the coup was to rectify the issues of the revolution. The [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Pope]] [[Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria|Tawadros II]], [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]] [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]], [[Mohamed ElBaradei]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt military unveils transitional roadmap|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75631/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-military-unveils-transitional-roadmap.aspx|access-date=3 July 2013|work=Ahram Online|date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002091612/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75631/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-military-unveils-transitional-roadmap.aspx|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and some of the youth leaders of [[Tamarod]], [[Mahmoud Badr]] and Mohamed Abdelaziz, spoke in support of the military intervention. The [[al-Nour party]] also commented in saying that the events occurred as they were not heard in their call for dialogue. Party Secretary-General Galal Murra commented that: "we took this position (on agreeing to the army political road map) and we took these decisions only so we stop the bloodshed of our people."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373193715857906.html |title=Egyptians react to Morsi's removal |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706145542/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373193715857906.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pro-Morsi protesters heard a statement from Morsi, which was published on his Facebook page. He called the move a "coup" and rejected the Armed Forces' statement.

The Freedom and Justice Party's Gamal Heshmat said: "There is absolutely no direction towards violence. The Brotherhood are not raised on violence. Their cause is a peaceful one, defending their rights, which is stronger than a "military coup". The army has perpetrated a "shameful coup". We are still in the street, we still don't know if all of the armed forces will accept what Sisi has done."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-reaction-idUSBRE9621F720130703?feedType=RSSM |title=Egypt's Brotherhood will not use violence: senior leader |publisher=Reuters |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |first=Tom |last=Perry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214021528/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/03/us-egypt-protests-reaction-idUSBRE9621F720130703?feedType=RSSM |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A party spokesman said that what started as a military coup was "turning into something much more."<ref name="au"/> The [[National Salvation Front (Egypt)|National Salvation Front]], an alliance of multiple political parties, stated on 4 July that "what Egypt is witnessing now is not a military coup by any standards. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the 25 January Revolution."<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's National Salvation Front: It is not a coup|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75683/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-National-Salvation-Front-It-is-not-a-coup.aspx|access-date=6 July 2013|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705170947/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75683/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-National-Salvation-Front-It-is-not-a-coup.aspx|archive-date=5 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Arrests===
According to Morsi, he was abducted by the [[Egyptian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and held at the [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Republican Guard]] headquarters one day before the army announced his removal, and held there until 5 July 2013, after which he and his aide were forcibly moved to a naval base for the next four months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Morsi claims to be kidnapped|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Egypts-Morsi-says-he-was-kidnapped-before-being-removed-by-army-331597|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210145902/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Egypts-Morsi-says-he-was-kidnapped-before-being-removed-by-army-331597|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Georgy|first=Michael|title=Morsi Claims He Was Kidnapped Before Being Removed By Army|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/morsi-claims-kidnapped_n_4265964.html|work=Huffington Post|access-date=16 March 2014|date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110910/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/morsi-claims-kidnapped_n_4265964.html|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> His family had stated earlier Morsi was kidnapped on 3 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Morsi Kidnapped|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/family-of-ousted-egypt-president-mohammed-morsi-accuses-military-of-kidnapping-him/|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201645/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/family-of-ousted-egypt-president-mohammed-morsi-accuses-military-of-kidnapping-him/|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesperson of the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], [[Colonel]] [[Ahmed Mohammed Ali|Ahmed Ali]] later denied allegations that Morsi was badly treated, saying they had nothing to hide.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news|title=Egypt Army Hiding Morsi in Secret Location, Extreme Measures Taken To Keep Detention Site Hidden |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/31/egypt-army-hiding-morsi_n_3685041.html |work=Huffington Post |date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221174056/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/31/egypt-army-hiding-morsi_n_3685041.html |archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Egyptian Armed Forces|Egyptian Army]] later gave [[Catherine Ashton]] the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for the [[European Union]] permission to meet Morsi. Ashton later stated that Morsi was doing well: "Morsi was keeping up with the latest developments in the country through television and newspapers. So we were able to talk about the situation, and we were able to talk about the need to move forward. The people around him do care for him. I looked at the facilities."<ref>{{cite news|title=Catherine Ashton Meets With Mohammed Morsi, Says Egypt's Ex-President Doing Well |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/catherine-ashton-meets-mohammed-morsi_n_3675740.html |work=Huffington Post |date=30 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221174034/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/catherine-ashton-meets-mohammed-morsi_n_3675740.html |archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ousted Egypt leader Morsi in good health, says EU's Ashton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23500117|work=[[BBC News]]|date=30 July 2013|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006192851/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23500117|archive-date=6 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EU's Catherine Ashton meets with Mohammed Morsi: 'He is well'|website=[[The Washington Times]]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/30/eus-catherine-ashton-meets-mohammed-morsi-he-well/|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225052915/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/30/eus-catherine-ashton-meets-mohammed-morsi-he-well/|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Morsi later met an [[African Union]] delegation also.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

[[File:Morsi supporter after mass killings of 27-July-2013.jpg|thumb|Morsi supporter after mass killings in Cairo, 27 July 2013]]
The army arrested the former speaker of parliament and the head of [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] [[Saad El-Katatni]], along with [[Rashad al-Bayoumi]], a Muslim Brotherhood deputy,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Egypt-police-arrest-top-Brotherhood-leaders-318651 |title=Egypt police arrest top Brotherhood leaders |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com |publisher=Jpost.com |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706055022/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Egypt-police-arrest-top-Brotherhood-leaders-318651 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as other top leaders of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt-police-arrest-top-brotherhood-leaders-as-deadly-clashes-leave-at-least-10-dead.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50000&NewsCatID=352 |title=Egypt military confirms it is holding Morsi as deadly clashes leave at least 10 dead |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211034359/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt-police-arrest-top-brotherhood-leaders-as-deadly-clashes-leave-at-least-10-dead.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50000&NewsCatID=352 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Al-Jazeera'' quoted unnamed security officials saying that "more than a dozen" members of the Muslim Brotherhood had been arrested,<ref name="Carlstrom"/> while ''[[Al-Ahram]]'' reported that the Egyptian police had been ordered to arrest more than 300 members of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10158775/Egypts-army-drives-Mohammed-Morsi-from-presidency-and-power-in-dramatic-coup.html |title=Egypt's army drives Mohammed Morsi from presidency and power in dramatic coup |work=The Telegraph|date=7 April 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Spencer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705020121/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10158775/Egypts-army-drives-Mohammed-Morsi-from-presidency-and-power-in-dramatic-coup.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A travel ban was also put on Morsi, the head of his Muslim Brotherhood [[Mohammed Badie]], Badie's deputy [[Khairat El-Shater]], the Muslim Brotherhood's former leader [[Mahdi Akef]], another Muslim Brotherhood figure [[Mohamed Beltagy]], Salafi preacher close to the Muslim Brotherhood [[Safwat Hegazi]] and the leader of the [[al-Wasat Party]] [[Abou Elela Mady]] and his deputy [[Essam Sultan]].<ref name="Hauslohner">{{cite news |author=Hauslohner |first=Abigail |date=3 July 2013 |title=Egypt protests: Protesters joyous as army removes Morsi, Morsi rejects 'coup' |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/03/egypt_protests_mohammed_morsi_banned_from_travel_military_coup_underway_advisor_says.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706003744/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/03/egypt_protests_mohammed_morsi_banned_from_travel_military_coup_underway_advisor_says.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Badie and Akef were arrested for "incitement to murder."<ref name="au"/>

In December 2013, Morsi as well as high-echelon Muslim Brotherhood leaders were charged with "terrorism and plotting with foreign militants against Egypt" while the Muslim Brotherhood was officially classified as a terrorist group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-explosion-brotherhood-idUSBRE9BO08H20131225|newspaper=Reuters|date=25 December 2013|author=Shadia Nasralla|quote=Since Mursi's overthrow, the state has killed hundreds of his supporters in the streets and arrested thousands more. Mursi and other top Brotherhood leaders were last week charged with terrorism and plotting with foreign militants against Egypt.|title=Egypt designates Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227024638/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/25/us-egypt-explosion-brotherhood-idUSBRE9BO08H20131225|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt sets date for presidential election|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/egypt-sets-date-for-presidential-election-20140331-zqosp.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=31 March 2014|author=Shadia Nasralla|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402023208/http://www.smh.com.au/world/egypt-sets-date-for-presidential-election-20140331-zqosp.html|archive-date=2 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, had been imprisoned since the coup.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21601577-mass-death-sentences-may-not-be-carried-out-horrify-all-same-hang-them Hang them all? Mass death sentences may not be carried out, but horrify all the same] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529065555/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21601577-mass-death-sentences-may-not-be-carried-out-horrify-all-same-hang-them |date=29 May 2017 }}, economist.com.</ref>

===Media restrictions and violence against journalists===
Police and military forces made statements against four television channels and took them off the air.<ref name="aljazmedia"/><ref name=Ahram/> [[Misr 25]], a channel owned by the Muslim Brotherhood, was shut down and officials said that journalists working for the channel were arrested.<ref name="Carlstrom">{{cite web |author=Gregg Carlstrom |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137412240752156.html |title=Despondent scenes at pro-Morsi rally |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704102740/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137412240752156.html |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Al Hafez]] and [[Al Nas]] channels were shut down as well. A few hours later, ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s ''[[Al Jazeera Mubasher|Mubasher Misr]]'', which had been criticized for its alleged pro-Morsi slant, was also taken off the air, its offices raided and its employees detained.<ref name=Ahram>{{cite news|title=Egyptian security cracks down on Al-Jazeera Mubasher Misr|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75646/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-security-cracks-down-on-AlJazeera-Mubashe.aspx|access-date=4 July 2013|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815194851/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75646/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-security-cracks-down-on-AlJazeera-Mubashe.aspx|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Five staff were arrested, including managing director Ayman Gaballah, who was still in custody after the others were released. It was also prevented from broadcasting a pro-Morsi rally in northern Cairo. ''[[Associated Press Television News]]'' was ordered not to provide ''Al Jazeera'' with footage of protests in the country or with any filming equipment, while the ''[[Cairo News Company]]'' was warned against providing broadcasting equipment. Al Jazeera Media Network's acting Director General Mostafa Souag condemned the move, saying "regardless of political views, the Egyptian people expect media freedoms to be respected and upheld. Media offices should not be subject to raids and intimidation. Journalists should not be detained for doing their jobs."<ref name="aljazmedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201374223725841263.html |title=Groups condemn raids on Egypt TV channels |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705194147/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201374223725841263.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) reported that two journalists and one student were killed while covering Egyptian unrest in the two weeks leading up to 8 July 2013.<ref name=cpj-2013>{{cite web|title=Egyptian press under fire after Morsi's ouster|url=http://cpj.org/2013/07/egyptian-journalist-killed-press-targeted-after-mo.php|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|access-date=10 July 2013|date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713071136/http://cpj.org/2013/07/egyptian-journalist-killed-press-targeted-after-mo.php|archive-date=13 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> According to CPJ research, before those deaths only four journalists had been killed in Egypt since 1992.<ref name=cpj-2013/> One of the journalists killed while documenting the 2013 clashes was 26-year-old photographer Ahmed Assem el-Senousy, also known as Ahmed Samir Assem.<ref name=cpj-2013/><ref name=bennett-2013>{{cite web|last=Bennett|first=Dashiell|title=Photographer May Have Captured His Own Death During Egypt Protests|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/07/egyptian-photographer-captured-his-own-death/67013/|publisher=The Atlantic Wire|access-date=10 July 2013|date=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806072522/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/07/egyptian-photographer-captured-his-own-death/67013/|archive-date=6 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bennett-smith-2013>{{cite news|last=Bennett-Smith|first=Meredith|title=Ahmed Assem El-Senousy, Egyptian Photographer, Films Own Death By Egyptian Sniper?|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/ahmed-assem-el-senousy-photographer-death-sniper-egypt-video_n_3573705.html|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=10 July 2013|date=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212065841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/ahmed-assem-el-senousy-photographer-death-sniper-egypt-video_n_3573705.html|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The photographer was shot by a sniper after he recorded security forces firing on protestors.<ref name=bennett-2013/><ref name=bennett-smith-2013/> According to media reports, el-Senousy may have captured his own death on film. A video clip posted on his Facebook page shows a sniper firing on crowds before turning toward the camera, at which point the clip abruptly ends.<ref name=bennett-2013/><ref name=bennett-smith-2013/>

While reporting for the [[BBC News|BBC]], journalist [[Jeremy Bowen]] was hit in the head with birdshot fired by Egyptian security forces on 5 July.<ref name=cpj-2013/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Damietta protests.jpg|thumb|Supporters of the ousted President Morsi demonstrate in [[Damietta]] on 5 July 2013.]]
On 4 July, violence continued with over 100 people wounded and at least two deaths, believed to be that of children.<ref name="au"/> The Muslim Brotherhood's spokesman called for "strictly peaceful" protests to defy the "military coup".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/1695591.html |title=Egypt Braces for New Round of Protests |date=5 July 2013 |publisher=Voice of America |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706001520/http://www.voanews.com/content/article/1695591.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Islamist groups threatened armed retaliation, while the police arrested four armed men on 5 July over claims that they had planned a reprisal attack, according to state-run ''[[Al-Ahram]]''. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces added that it would protect all groups from revenge attacks and that Egyptian values "do not allow for gloating."<ref name="au"/>

Protests after [[Friday prayers]] were called by Morsi supporters, now in opposition, and termed "Rejection Friday." That morning, troops [[2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes|opened fire killing at least 51 pro-Morsi protesters]] at the Republican Guard headquarters in which Morsi was believed to be held.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23202096|work=BBC News|title=Egypt troops kill pro-Morsi marchers|date=6 July 2013|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129085622/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23202096|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some witnesses, the military opened fire without provocation towards the end of morning prayers, immediately using live ammunition and shooting to kill.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', 8 July 2013, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0&hp Army Kills 51, Deepening Crisis in Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818215305/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0&hp |date=18 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1111961/egypt-coup-three-killed-in-cairo-gun-battle|title=Egypt Coup: Three Killed in Cairo Gun Battle|publisher=Sky News|date=6 July 2013}}</ref> At least 51 Morsi supporters were killed and 435 were injured. Though the Egyptian Army denied firing at the protesters, ''[[BBC News]]'' reporter [[Jeremy Bowen]] said he saw soldiers firing on protesters.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23202096 |title=Egypt unrest: Morsi marchers die as army fires |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706013820/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23202096 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Qena]], security forces opened fire on protesters trying to storm a security building, injuring two of them. Shots were also fired in Alexandria.<ref name="BBC"/> This occurred as tens of thousands of Egyptians took to the street to condemn the coup and support Morsi.<ref name="theStar">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/05/egypt_uprising_tens_of_thousands_of_morsi_supporters_take_to_streets.html |title=Egypt uprising: Tens of thousands of Morsi supporters take to streets |work=Thestar |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231003656/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/05/egypt_uprising_tens_of_thousands_of_morsi_supporters_take_to_streets.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite claiming to respect all sides, the military also issued a statement warning Islamists who planned on protesting.<ref name="theStar"/> Tamarod, which had organised anti-Morsi protests, called for protests to "protect the revolution."<ref name="BBC"/> During the night pro and anti-Morsi demonstrators clashed over the [[6th October Bridge]]; at least two people were killed and more than 70 people were injured, according to state television, who quoted medical personnel at a makeshift hospital in the square. At least three deaths were that of Morsi supporters during the march towards the military barracks after the Friday prayer in Cairo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201375183931989733.html |title=Fierce fighting in Cairo as protests continue |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705205354/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201375183931989733.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In all, through the night of rioting, throughout the country 30 people were killed. Pro-Morsi demonstrators continued to call for protests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013767313227438.html |title=Egypt tense after night-long clashes |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706085557/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013767313227438.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Protesters continued to demand the reinstatement of Morsi throughout the weekend, some of which were violent protests.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137614383778288.html Morsi supporters mass in Cairo's Nasr City – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708025306/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137614383778288.html |date=8 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref>

Palestinian officials in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] also said that the Egyptian Armed Forces had shut the [[Rafah border crossing]] and that only certain people, such as patients and students, would be allowed through. Egyptian Intelligence Service official Nader al-Asar telephoned Palestinian [[Prime Minister of the Gaza Strip|Prime Minister in Gaza]] [[Ismail Haniyeh]] on the afternoon of 5 July and Haniyeh briefed him about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza as a result of the restrictions on tunnels and the Rafah crossing. Al-Asar promised to seek remedies on the situation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/6478-egyptian-army-demands-closure-of-rafah-crossing#sthash.4gBn1njS.dpuf|title=Egyptian army demands closure of Rafah Crossing|publisher=Middleeastmonitor.com|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151622/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/6478-egyptian-army-demands-closure-of-rafah-crossing#sthash.4gBn1njS.dpuf|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After dawn prayers on 8 July [[2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes|clashes erupted]] between pro-Morsi protesters and the army at the Republican Guard compound. According to the army, "terrorists" tried to storm the compound and one officer and 42 other people were injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 42 killed in Egypt, Islamists call for uprising|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130708|access-date=8 July 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708133730/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/08/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130708|archive-date=8 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, the Muslim Brotherhood said that 42 of its supporters were killed and over 300 were injured after shootings that followed the police storming their peaceful sit-in demanding the reinstatement of Morsi. MP [[Mohamed Beltagy]] described the incident as a "massacre" during dawn prayers.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137821320932698.html Massacre in Cairo deepens Egypt crisis – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207153326/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137821320932698.html |date=7 December 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> After the incident, the Freedom and Justice Party, called for "the international community and international groups and all the free people of the world [to] intervene to stop further massacres [...] and prevent a new Syria in the Arab world."<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137872812532255.html Muslim Brotherhood calls for Egypt uprising – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711212647/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137872812532255.html |date=11 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> The Nour party said it would suspend taking part in the political process as a response to the deadly clashes. And Ahmed el-Hawary, a founding member of the [[Al-Dustour (Egypt)|al-Dustour]] party and a member of 30 June front, said: "We cannot blame the Muslim Brotherhood without blaming the army. They are both held accountable for this catastrophe...The Brotherhood is playing victims to gain international sympathy yet losing whatever is left of the sympathy at home. A speedy formation of the new cabinet is essential at this point, and although consensus is critical. Egypt must not be the hostage of a concurrence based on non-pertinent arguments."<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137884857657920.html Reactions to Cairo shootings – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711212652/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137884857657920.html |date=11 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> At the same time, Morsi supporters were said by the military of having forced two soldiers, Samir Abdallah Ali and Azzam Hazem Ali, to make pro-Morsi statements on a loudspeaker and that one of them was "severely beaten up" and filmed while making the statements. However, an army official later said that they had "managed to escape their captors."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2013 |title=Seized Egyptian soldiers escape |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/9/seized-egyptian-soldiers-escape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712001434/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137891839289850.html |archive-date=12 July 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

On 8 July, following reports that many [[Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war|fighters in Syria]] were returning in support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt slapped restrictions on Syrians entering the country and required them to obtain visas before entering the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/world/article/Syria-s-ruling-party-elects-new-command-amid-war-4651842.php |title=Egypt puts travel restrictions on Syrians |first1=Zeina |last1=Karam |author1-link=Zeina Karam |first2=Bassem |last2=Mroue |agency=Associated Press |date=8 July 2013|website=}}</ref> An arrest warrant was issued against Mohamed Badie also as the party refused to join a transitional government.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013710132614672647.html Egypt orders arrest of Brotherhood leader – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715124826/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013710132614672647.html |date=15 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> The Investigative Reporting Program at the [[University of California at Berkeley]] showed that a State Department programme ostensible to support democracy provided funds to activists and politicians for fomenting unrest in Egypt after the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/2013710113522489801.html Exclusive: US bankrolled anti-Morsi activists – Features] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722112927/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/2013710113522489801.html |date=22 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> The Muslim Brotherhood vowed to continue its resistance to the military's ouster of Morsi. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. The statement also read: "We will continue our peaceful resistance to the bloody military coup against constitutional legitimacy. We trust that the peaceful and popular will of the people shall triumph over force and oppression."<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371113239887638.html Egypt's Brotherhood vows to keep defying coup – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714203934/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371113239887638.html |date=14 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> The public prosecutor issued a freeze on the assets of the Muslim Brotherhood's leaders, as well as other supporters pending investigations in ongoing cases related to events in al-Mokatam, al-Nahda square and the Republican Guards Club. This would affect Mohamed Badie, Khairat al-Shater, [[Mahmoud Ezzat]], [[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]], Saad El-Katatni, [[Essam el-Erian]], [[Mohamed Elbeltagy]] and the Muslim Brotherhood's allies, including Essam Sultan, Assem Abdul Majed, [[Safwat Hegazi]] and [[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]], will also be affected by the freeze.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2013 |title=Brotherhood leaders' assets frozen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/14/egypt-freezes-muslim-brotherhood-funds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717052737/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013714145744713127.html |archive-date=17 July 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

In addition to continuing daily protests, the Muslim Brotherhood called for more protests after Friday prayers on 19 July.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371817824261205.html Egypt's Brotherhood promises more protests – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721121338/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371817824261205.html |date=21 July 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> The protests were held in Cairo and Alexandria with two formations of fighter jets flying over both cities after noon prayers ended and some military helicopters flew low over roof tops in Cairo. Amongst the tens of thousands of protesters present, they chanted "Islamic, Islamic" calling for an Islamic state.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013719105846819271.html Egypt's deadly political stalemate drags on – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902050241/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013719105846819271.html |date=2 September 2017 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> The protests again turned violent and fatal in Cairo and [[Qalyub]] on 22 July.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201372216452414482.html Attacks in Egypt lift death toll amid turmoil – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902051129/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201372216452414482.html |date=2 September 2017 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> Morsi's family also held a press conference in Cairo in which his children accused the military of kidnapping him, as well as announcing local and international legal measures they had initiated against General Abdul Fatah el-Sisi.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013722113223508246.html Family accuses Egypt army of kidnapping Morsi – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902050137/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013722113223508246.html |date=2 September 2017 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref>

In mid-August, the violence against Islamists by the army escalated further, with at least hundreds killed, and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700663|title=Egypt declares national emergency|date=14 August 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163845/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700663|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21583702-generals-killing-spree-reckless-denial-lessons-arab-spring-battle|title=Egypt's bloodbath: The battle for Egypt|date=17 August 2013|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173303/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21583702-generals-killing-spree-reckless-denial-lessons-arab-spring-battle|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the mid-August incidents and the imposition of a state of emergency, security forces targeted the Brotherhood and its allies with a wave of arrests of leaders and senior members.

===14 August crackdown===
{{main|Rabaa massacre}}

[[File:Dead bodies in RABIA Massacre (3).jpg|thumb|180px|Bodies of pro-Morsi demonstrators]]
On 14 August 2013, Egyptian security forces raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque. The two sites had been occupied by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi, who was removed from office by the military after mass street protests for and against his rule. The camps were raided after initiatives to end the six-week sit-ins failed and as a result of the raids the camps were cleared out within hours.

The Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim announced that police used water hoses to disperse the campers. Yet, all videos and photos from the scenes of the raids never showed water or hoses. Tents and bodies were on fire, and the main mosque of [[Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque|Rabaa Al-Adawiya]] was burned with hundreds of unidentified bodies.<ref>{{cite book |last=El-Hewie |first=Mohamed F. |title=Islam Facts and Fiction and the Fight For Egypt |publisher=Shaymaa Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1493577538 |location=USA |page=246}}</ref>

According to [[Human Rights Watch]] at least 904 people were killed in what was described as [[crimes against humanity]]. However, the Egyptian Health Ministry claimed 638 people were killed and at least 3,994 injured. According to the [[National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy]] (NCSL), the number of deaths from the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque sit-in alone were some 2,600. Violent retaliation followed in several cities across the country. The military appointed interim government declared a month-long state of emergency in response and curfews were instituted in many areas. The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day since the 2011 Egyptian revolution which toppled former President Hosni Mubarak. The violent dispersals carried out by the security forces were widely denounced by world leaders, with the exception of Gulf Arab states: the U.A.E., Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain.

A study conducted by the Egyptian Centre for Media Studies and Public Opinion{{Disputed inline|the organisation is literally unknown|date=November 2016}} revealed that 79% of Egyptians believe the massacres on 14 August were [[crimes against humanity]]. 73% hold General El-Sisi, the Defence Minister, responsible for the massacres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/7043-new-study-reveals-73-of-egyptians-believe-sisi-is-responsible-for-massacres|title=Middle East Monitor|work=middleeastmonitor.com|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201412/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/7043-new-study-reveals-73-of-egyptians-believe-sisi-is-responsible-for-massacres|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another poll by Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research later showed that 67 percent of Egyptians were satisfied about the method in which the Rabaa al-Adaweya and Nahda sit-ins were dispersed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poll: 67% of Egyptians satisfied about method of ending pro-Morsy sit-ins |date=22 August 2013 |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-67-egyptians-satisfied-about-method-ending-pro-morsy-sit-ins |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213092522/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-67-egyptians-satisfied-about-method-ending-pro-morsy-sit-ins |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Egyptian opinion on sit-in dispersals: Finding truth in reported facts|date=26 August 2013 |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/26/egyptian-opinion-on-sit-in-dispersals-finding-truth-in-reported-facts/|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213124802/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/26/egyptian-opinion-on-sit-in-dispersals-finding-truth-in-reported-facts/|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Baseera">{{cite web
|title=67% of Egyptians are satisfied with dispersal of Brotherhood sit-ins: Baseera
|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79701/Egypt/Politics-/-of-Egyptians-are-satisfied-with-dispersal-of-Brot.aspx
|access-date=19 December 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212174151/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79701/Egypt/Politics-/-of-Egyptians-are-satisfied-with-dispersal-of-Brot.aspx
|archive-date=12 December 2013
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

On 10 December, thirteen Egyptian and international human rights organizations urged Cairo's interim authorities to probe the mass killing of protesters in the capital on 14 August. The joint call issued by organizations that included Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, said an investigation must be launched into the killing of "up to 1,000 people by security forces" almost four months ago when they dispersed sit-ins by supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi. "There can be no hope for the rule of law and political stability in Egypt, much less some modicum of justice for victims, without accountability for what may be the single biggest incident of mass killing in Egypt's recent history," said Gasser Abdel-Razak, associate director at the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. "As a first step toward accountability, the government should establish an effective independent fact-finding committee to investigate responsibility throughout the chain of command for the unlawful killings," the rights groups said. They said that on 14 August a "small minority of protesters used firearms... but the police responded excessively by shooting recklessly, going far beyond what is permitted under international law." "After the unprecedented levels of violence and casualties seen since the ousting of Mohamed Morsi, investigations must provide real answers and cannot be another whitewash of the security forces' record," Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui of Amnesty International said in the statement. "Egypt's authorities cannot deal with the carnage through PR in world's capitals, rewriting events and locking up Morsi's supporters." The groups also said the probe should determine whether there is any evidence of a policy to kill protesters or commit other serious crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/88788/Egypt/Politics-/Rights-groups-urge-probe-of-mass-killing-in-Egypt.aspx|title=Rights groups urge probe of mass killing in Egypt|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120731/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/88788/Egypt/Politics-/Rights-groups-urge-probe-of-mass-killing-in-Egypt.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Violence against Coptic Christians===
Since Morsi's overthrow, Egypt's Christian minority, a reported 6 to 12% of the population, have been the target of sectarian divide tactics by unidentified groups.<ref name=APstory1>Hendawi, Hamza. (7 July 2013) [http://bigstory.ap.org/article/egypts-christians-face-backlash-morsi-ouster Egypt's Christians face backlash for Morsi ouster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726095544/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/egypts-christians-face-backlash-morsi-ouster |date=26 July 2013 }}. Bigstory.ap.org. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> On 5 July 2013 – two days after Morsi was ousted— mobs rampaged through the Christian village of Nagaa Hassan, burning over seventy churches, as well as burning dozens of homes, ransacking stores and stabbing to death at least four people. This included pro-military Christian activist Emile Naseem, who was hacked and beaten to death.<ref name=APstory1/> Dozens of Christian families sought protection in a local church.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/egypts-christians-face-backlash-morsi-ouster |title=Egyptian |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726095544/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/egypts-christians-face-backlash-morsi-ouster |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Port Said's al-Manakh, masked gunmen opened fire at the Mar Mina Church.<ref>[http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/masked-gunmen-open-fire-port-said-church Masked gunmen open fire at Port Said church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711234228/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/masked-gunmen-open-fire-port-said-church |date=11 July 2013 }}. Egypt Independent. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref> Since 30 June, mobs carried out attacks on Christians in six out of Egypt's twenty-seven provinces.<ref name=APstory1/> Churches across Egypt cancelled their evening Mass and social activities.<ref name=APstory1/> Other incidents include [[Coptic Christian]] priest Mina Abboud Sharobeen being killed in an outdoor market.<ref>Berman, Lazar. (11 July 2013) [http://www.timesofisrael.com/second-christian-in-a-week-murdered-in-sinai/ Second Christian in a week murdered in Sinai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716174554/http://www.timesofisrael.com/second-christian-in-a-week-murdered-in-sinai/ |date=16 July 2013 }}. The Times of Israel. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.</ref>

Ramy Jan, a Christian journalist and activist, claims that Islamic violence against Copts is rather fabricated and that Muslims would not commit any type of sectarian violence. He considered all previously mentioned incidents as "accusations" to Islamists, to which he reacted by starting the [[Christians Against the Coup]] movement in demand of "reestablishing democracy", joining with his movement the [[Anti-Coup Alliance]]. However, Jan's credibility and that of the group he supposedly represented was severely challenged when it was revealed that he was also in fact a member of the Egyptian Nazi Party.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/egyptian-nazi-will-no-longer-participate-at-georgetown-conference/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0/|title=Egyptian Nazi Will No Longer Participate at Georgetown Conference|work=By Liam Stack, New York Times|access-date=20 November 2013|date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053416/https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/egyptian-nazi-will-no-longer-participate-at-georgetown-conference/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0%2F|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Egypt opened a probe on former Interior Minister Habib el-Adly's reported role in the New Year's Eve bombing of al-Qiddissin Church in Alexandria in which twenty-four people were killed. According to the UK diplomatic sources quoted in the reports, the former interior ministry had masterminded the deadly church attack with the intent to blame it on Islamists, escalate government crackdown on them, and gain increased western support for the regime.
The former interior minister had built up in over six years a special security system that was managed by twenty-two officers and that employed a number of former radical Islamists, drug dealers and some security firms to carry out acts of sabotage around the country in case the regime was under threat to collapse. The proclamation also pointed, sourcing reports on UK intelligence services, that interior ministry officer Maj. Fathi Abdelwahid began on 11 December 2011, preparing Ahmed Mohamed Khaled, who had spent eleven years in Egyptian prisons, to contact an extremist group named Jundullah and coordinate with it the attack on the Alexandria church. Khaled reportedly told the group he could assist with providing weapons he had allegedly obtained from Gaza and that the act was meant to "discipline the Copts."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/07/136723.html|title=Ex-minister suspected behind Alex church bombing|work=alarabiya.net|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120182322/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/07/136723.html|archive-date=20 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Other incidents===
{{See also|Sinai insurgency}}
The day after the coup, militant gunmen staged multiple attacks on security forces in the Sinai and Suez. One soldier was killed and two others were wounded at a police station near the local headquarters of military intelligence in Rafah as it was attacked by rocket fire. Attackers also fired rocket-propelled grenades at army checkpoints guarding El Arish airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-sinai-idUSBRE96400920130705 |title=Islamist gunmen stage multiple attacks in Sinai |publisher=Reuters |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707111314/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/05/us-egypt-protests-sinai-idUSBRE96400920130705 |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A protest by hundreds of people occurred in [[Al-Arish]] the day after the ouster with calls to form a war council to combat the army. Ten areas in north Sinai were witness to clashes, including the Central Security Force camp and a number of checkpoints along the ring road. The airport was also closed after being targeted by unidentified armed men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75792/Egypt/Politics-/Clashes-in-Sinai-over-Morsi-removal.aspx |title=Clashes in Sinai over Morsi removal |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=7 May 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706182054/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75792/Egypt/Politics-/Clashes-in-Sinai-over-Morsi-removal.aspx |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late July 2013 the Egyptian military reportedly launched "Operation Sinai" in an effort to quash the militants.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hauslohner |first=Abigail |date=28 July 2013 |title=In Egypt's Sinai, insurgency taking root |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/insurgency-takes-root-in-egypts-sinai/2013/07/28/2e3e01da-f7a4-11e2-a954-358d90d5d72d_story.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022082026/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-28/world/40859120_1_military-coup-popular-mandate-bedouin |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=23 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

On 5 December, a court in Egypt sentenced Mohammed Badie, the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, to life imprisonment for his part in the violence in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1492426/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-leader-sentenced-life-over-2013-violence |title=Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood Leader Sentenced to Life over 2013 ViolenceWednesday, 5 December |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015907/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1492426/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-leader-sentenced-life-over-2013-violence |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2014 referendum===
{{Main|2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum}}

According to the official results 38.6% of eligible voters participated in a referendum held on 14–15 January 2014 on a new constitution; 98.1% of those who voted supported the new constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypt-announce-results-constitutional-referendum-080015068.html |title=Egypt constitutional referendum turnout reaches 38.6 |work=AFP |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122032841/http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-announce-results-constitutional-referendum-080015068.html |archive-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>

===Propaganda===
In April 2021, an Egyptian series called 'The Choice' received condemnation on social media platforms for depicting the controversial Rab’a massacre by apparently adopting the state's narrative. The depiction has also been disputed by human rights organizations for the glorification of the Egyptian army and security forces. On the contrary, rights organizations like Human Rights Watch claim that the security forces crushed demonstrators at the peaceful sit-ins in Rab’a and Al-Nahda squares, killing approximately 800 people in the 2013 massacre. According to media reports, 'The Choice' has been produced by an Egyptian production house called Synergy, which allegedly has links to the Egyptian regime and thus, is in line with the regime's propaganda. The team behind the series claims to have used archival footage of the event issued by news media like [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]] and the Egyptian Center for Human Rights, along with witness testimonies. However, a careful selection of short clips and pictures was done, not masking, but manipulating the reality concerning the Egyptian security personnel and their role in the massacre, portrayed as a terror event in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/how-egyptian-tv-series-the-choice-is-stirring-controversy-about-the-raba-massacre/|title=How Egyptian TV series 'The Choice' is stirring controversy about the Rab'a massacre|accessdate=29 April 2021|website=Open Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/04/10/how-egyptian-entertainment-has-changed-under-military-rule|title=How Egyptian entertainment has changed under military rule|accessdate=10 April 2021|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

==Reactions==

===Domestic===
Amid months of protests, and after his trial had started, Morsi said on 13 November that he was kidnapped by the military the day before his removal and that the move was [[treason]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/morsi-my-removal-was-treason-against-egypt-20131113103529838473.html|title=Egypt's Morsi calls his removal treason|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225185628/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/morsi-my-removal-was-treason-against-egypt-20131113103529838473.html|archive-date=25 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

A poll by the Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research (Baseera) showed 17% of Egyptians believed that the sit-ins were peaceful, while 67% believed they were not.<ref name="Baseera" /> Another poll by Baseera showed 69% of Egyptians do not approve of the Muslim Brotherhood's continuation (in politics) and 57% of Egyptians feel the Muslim Brotherhood is responsible for all instances of violence since the sit-in dispersals.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===International===

====Supranational bodies====
* {{flag|African Union}} – A statement from the group read that its head, [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], "observes that the removal of...Mursi [sic] was in violation of the provisions of the Egyptian Constitution and falls under the AU doctrine on unconstitutional changes of Government. [The Peace and Security Council (PSC)] will deliberate on the situation in Egypt and take the required decisions."<ref name="au2"/> It added of Dlamini-Zuma that "she is particularly concerned about the tension prevailing in the country and the risks that this situation poses to stability and security in Egypt as well as to the consolidation of its democratic process. [The AU's] principled position on unconstitutional changes of government" underscores the need "to find an appropriate response to the popular aspirations within the framework of legality and Egyptian institutions."<ref name="reacts">{{cite web|last=Watkins |first=Tom |url=http://www.wdbj7.com/news/nation/World-reacts-to-Egypt-s-coup/-/20128494/20840874/-/5u33vo/-/index.html |title=World reacts to Egypt's coup |publisher=Wdbj7.com |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001731/http://www.wdbj7.com/news/nation/World-reacts-to-Egypt-s-coup/-/20128494/20840874/-/5u33vo/-/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Following debate on 5 July,<ref name="au2">{{cite news |last=Maasho |first=Aaron |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-africa-idUSBRE9630QK20130704?feedType=RSS |title=African Union likely to suspend Egypt after army deposes president |publisher=Reuters |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014207/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/04/us-egypt-protests-africa-idUSBRE9630QK20130704?feedType=RSS |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> the PSC made a decision to suspend Egypt over the coup and added that it was sending a team of "high-level personalities" in order work toward restoring constitutional order.<ref name="au">{{cite news |date=28 June 2013 |title=26 dead, more than 850 wounded as post-coup violence hits Egypt |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt-coup/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223113112/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt-coup/index.html |archive-date=23 February 2017 |access-date=6 July 2013 |work=CNN}}</ref>
* {{flag|European Union}} – [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] [[Catherine Ashton]] said: "I urge all sides to rapidly return to the democratic process, including the holding of free and fair presidential and parliamentary elections and the approval of a constitution, to be done in a fully inclusive manner, so as to permit the country to resume and complete its democratic transition. I hope that the new administration will be fully inclusive and reiterate the importance of ensuring full respect for fundamental rights, freedoms, and the rule of law and will hold the authorities to account for this. I strongly condemn all violent acts, offer my condolences to the families of the victims, and urge the security forces to do everything in their power to protect the lives and well-being of Egyptian citizens. I call on all sides to exercise maximum restraint."<ref name="bbcr"/> During a visit to Cairo, Ashton met the interim president, Adly Mansour, but she also said that she regretted being unable to meet Morsi. She said: "I believe he should be released. I was assured he is well. I would have liked to see him."<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013717124459915328.html EU calls for Morsi release amid protests – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418131424/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013717124459915328.html |date=18 April 2019 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>
* {{flag|United Nations}} – Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] said: "At this moment of continued high tension and uncertainty in the country, the secretary-general reiterates his appeals for calm, non-violence, dialogue and restraint. An inclusive approach is essential to addressing the needs and concerns of all Egyptians. Preservation of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and assembly remain of vital importance. In their protests many Egyptians have voiced deep frustrations and legitimate concerns. At the same time, military interference in the affairs of any state is of concern. Therefore, it will be crucial to quickly reinforce civilian rule in accordance with principles of democracy."<ref name="bbcr">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23175379 |title=World reaction to the ousting of Egypt's Mohammed Morsi |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705014220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23175379 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also called for "speedy resumption of civilian rule."<ref name="telereact"/> He spoke to Egyptian Foreign Minister [[Nabil Fahmy]] and "called for an end to all violence, especially sexual violence against women."<ref name="cbcreact">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-leaders-put-egypt-on-notice-over-democracy-1.1347854 |title=World leaders put Egypt on notice over democracy |publisher=CBC News |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706102725/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/07/04/f-egypt-world-reaction.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]] urged all parties to make a concerted effort to restore calm by ensuring that the human rights of all citizens are respected and protected and are subsequently entrenched in sound laws and institutions. She also urged Egypt to stop arbitrary detentions.<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/Media.aspx Media Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512235709/https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/Media.aspx |date=12 May 2019 }}. Ohchr.org. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>

==== States ====
* {{flag|Argentina}} – The Foreign Ministry issued a statement that read that "the Argentine government follows with concern the recent events in Egypt that led to the interruption of the democratic process, the destitution of its legitimate authorities, and a complex political and social situation."<ref>{{cite news|title=Argentina and the International community reacts to Egypt's coup|url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/135168/world-reactions-to-egypt%E2%80%99s-coup|newspaper=Buenos Aires Herald|date=3 July 2013|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110752/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/135168/world-reactions-to-egypt%E2%80%99s-coup|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Australia}} – Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] called for a swift return to democracy in Egypt and upgraded the national travel warning for Egypt to its second highest level.<ref>{{cite news|last=Perry|first=Nick|title=Rudd wants return to democracy in Egypt|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/rudd-wants-return-to-democracy-in-egypt-20130704-2pd0l.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=4 July 2013|access-date=19 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707053753/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/rudd-wants-return-to-democracy-in-egypt-20130704-2pd0l.html|archive-date=7 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bahrain}} – King [[Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa]] wrote to his Egyptian counterpart, Adly Mansour, "With great honor we take this opportunity to congratulate you on taking over the reins of power in Egypt at this important time in history. We are confident that you will take the responsibility to achieve the aspirations of the Egyptian people."<ref name="reacts"/>
* {{flag|Canada}} – Foreign Minister [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] called for "a transparent democratic system that respects the voices of its citizens." A spokesperson for the foreign ministry called the removal of president Morsi a "coup".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/news/Coup+Cairo+thrills+millions+Egyptians+poses+stark+democratic+dilemma/8610641/story.html#ixzz2Y39Pnp3P |title=Coup in Cairo thrills millions of Egyptians, but poses a stark democratic dilemma |publisher=Canada.com |access-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706022839/http://www.canada.com/news/Coup%2BCairo%2Bthrills%2Bmillions%2BEgyptians%2Bposes%2Bstark%2Bdemocratic%2Bdilemma/8610641/story.html |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|China}} – Foreign Ministry spokeswoman [[Hua Chunying]] said: "China respects the choice of the Egyptian people. We also hope that all parties concerned in Egypt can avoid using violence and properly solve their disputes through dialogue and consultation and realise reconciliation and social stability."<ref name="telereact">{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Harriet |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10159658/World-reaction-to-Egypt-coup.html |title=World reaction to Egypt coup |work=The Telegraph |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707101848/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10159658/World-reaction-to-Egypt-coup.html |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Colombia}} – The Foreign Ministry issued a press release stating that "the National Government is following with major attention the current events that have been taking place in the Arab Republic of Egypt and expresses its confidence in the corresponding political characters and the Egyptian society to deploy their best efforts to promptly hold elections, re-establish democracy and the constitutional order in that country. [Colombia] calls on their friends, the Egyptian people, to exercise their rights in a peaceful manner and that the authorities in charge of the political transition to avoid any violent situation that might hamper the reconciliation and the aspirations of the Egyptian people to establish a solid and prosperous democracy in the country. The National Government will be kept informed on the evolution of the situation through its ambassador in the Arab Republic of Egypt."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/comunicado-del-ministerio-relaciones-exteriores-sobre-la-situacion-la-republica-arabe |title=Comunicado del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores sobre la situación en la República Árabe de Egipto |language=es |publisher=Cancillería | Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001340/http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/comunicado-del-ministerio-relaciones-exteriores-sobre-la-situacion-la-republica-arabe |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|France}} – President [[Francois Hollande]] talked of Tunisia as an Arab Spring model on the first visit there by a French leader since the [[Tunisian revolution]] where he said that Islam and democracy were "on the same path." He compared this to other Arab Spring countries in saying: "You (Tunisia) are heading in the right direction. In Libya the [[Aftermath of the Libyan civil war|transition has been tainted by violence]]; in Egypt the transition was stopped after the removal of the elected president; and in Syria, desire for change [[Syrian civil war|led to war]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/france-backs-tunisia-model-contrasts-egypt-154447089.html |title=France backs Tunisia as 'model', contrasts with Egypt |publisher=Yahoo! News |agency=Reuters |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709035353/http://news.yahoo.com/france-backs-tunisia-model-contrasts-egypt-154447089.html |archive-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> Foreign Minister [[Laurent Fabius]] said: "In a situation that has worsened seriously and with extreme tension in Egypt, new elections have finally been announced, after a transition period. [A timetable should be drawn up respecting] civil peace, pluralism, individual liberties and the achievements of the democratic transition, so that the Egyptian people can freely choose their leaders and their future."<ref>{{cite news |agency=Aljazeera |url=http://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/international-reactions-egypts-coup-011441721.html |title=International reactions to Morsi's removal |publisher=Yahoo! News Maktoob |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707015449/http://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/international-reactions-egypts-coup-011441721.html |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}} – Foreign Minister [[Guido Westerwelle]] said: "This is a major setback for democracy in Egypt. It is urgent that Egypt return as quickly as possible to the constitutional order. There is a real danger that the democratic transition in Egypt will be seriously damaged."<ref name="bbcr"/>
* {{flag|Iran}} – Foreign Minister [[Ali Akbar Salehi]] asked the military government to hold a new election soon. In a statement published by the Foreign Ministry: "Iran will respect to the Egyptian political requirements and it is hoped that future political developments will happen in the interests of the people."<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=وزارت امورخارجه ایران درایت مردم مصر در تحولات کشورشان را خواستار شد |trans-title=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran called for the tact of the Egyptian people in the developments of their country |url=http://khabaronline.ir/detail/301912/Politics/diplomacy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707155448/http://khabaronline.ir/detail/301912/Politics/diplomacy |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |publisher=Khabar Online |language=ar}}</ref> Foreign Ministry spokesman Abbas Araqchi said that Iran was concerned about the "continuance of clashes between the opposition and Morsy supporters. Unfortunately, the unrest during last few days left several dead and injured, but Egyptians should be united and stop the violence."<ref name="reacts"/> He later said: "We do not consider proper the intervention by military forces in politics to replace a democratically elected administration. Islamists and revolutionaries should not be frustrated. We do not see the recent events in Egypt as a defeat for Islamic awakening."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-says-egyptian-military-intervention-that-toppled-president-mohammed-morsi-was-improper/2013/07/07/c8315bc2-e6ea-11e2-818e-aa29e855f3ab_story.html |title=Iran in 1st official reaction: Egyptian military overthrow of Islamist president was improper |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708063418/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-says-egyptian-military-intervention-that-toppled-president-mohammed-morsi-was-improper/2013/07/07/c8315bc2-e6ea-11e2-818e-aa29e855f3ab_story.html |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iraq}} – Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]]'s spokesman, Ali al-Moussawi, said that he expressed support for the Egyptian people's choices, while also congratulating the interim president, Adly Mansour. al-Moussawi said that Iraq is "looking forward to boosting bilateral relations" and is "certain that the new president will move on with the new plan in holding elections and safeguarding national reconciliation."<ref name="aljazreact"/>
* {{flag|Israel}} – Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ordered his cabinet ministers "not to release public statements or grant interviews," according to ''[[Haaretz]]''. Yet Transportation Minister [[Yisrael Katz (politician born 1955)|Yisrael Katz]] told [[Israeli Army Radio]]: "It is an Egyptian matter; we must worry about our own interests, and I am sure we are doing just that."<ref name="cbcreact"/>
** Former Ambassador to Egypt [[Eli Shaked]] said: "Instability is bad for Israel, period."<ref name="react">{{cite web|last=Eyal |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/asia-report/politicsdiplomacy/story/egypt-crisis-cautious-reactions-middle-eastern-gov |title=Egypt crisis: Cautious reactions from Middle Eastern governments |work=The Straits Times|date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000800/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/asia-report/politicsdiplomacy/story/egypt-crisis-cautious-reactions-middle-eastern-gov |archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Jordan}} – A government statement read that it respected the wishes of the Egyptian people as well as the role of the armed forces.<ref name=GCCreactions/>
* {{flag|Kuwait}} – [[Kuwait News Agency]] reported: "In his name and the country's name, [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah|His Highness]] expressed his congratulations to the president of the Republic of Egypt, for taking the lead during the transitional and historical stage."<ref name="reacts"/> The country then also gave US$4 billion in aid following Morsi's removal.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10243952/Violence-in-Egypt-global-reaction.html Violence in Egypt: global reaction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626235418/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10243952/Violence-in-Egypt-global-reaction.html |date=26 June 2018 }}. Telegraph. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>
* {{flag|Lebanon}} – Prime Minister-designate [[Tammam Salam]] cabled Adly Mansour to congratulate him on his appointment as interim leader.<ref name="reacts"/>
* {{flag|Libya}} – Speaking from [[Rome]], Prime Minister [[Ali Zidan]] said: "We support any political choice by the Egyptian people and we are with it. We support the Egyptian people and we wish to it peace and stability as its stability and security are also Libya's. Our relationship with Egypt will not be affected by any change. It is strategic and it will always be strong based on mutual respect, neighborhood and brotherhood. Libya does not intervene in the internal affairs of other countries."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=10407 |title=Zidan: Libya Supports the Choices of the Egyptian People |work=The Tripoli Post|date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720004116/http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=10407 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} – Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]] said "Malaysians should learn from the conflict in Egypt when the changes you want to claim is not a guarantee of prosperity and well-being of the people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bm.harakahdaily.net/index.php/berita-utama/20548-isu-mesir-kj-jauh-lebih-matang-berbanding-najib- |title=Isu Mesir: KJ jauh lebih matang berbanding Najib |work=Harakah Daily |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707172842/http://bm.harakahdaily.net/index.php/berita-utama/20548-isu-mesir-kj-jauh-lebih-matang-berbanding-najib- |archive-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)|Minister of Youth and Sports]] [[Khairy Jamaluddin]] stated "UMNO Youth Malaysia condemned the coup and the arrest of Dr. Morsi. Incident erupted after prolonged demonstration were not only killed, but also bring the riots and violent clashes between supporters and opponents of the government there."<ref>{{cite news |last=Fayed |first=Shaimaa |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130630 |title=Millions flood Egypt's streets to demand Mursi quit |publisher=Reuters |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/30/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130630 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]]'s Murshidul Am Tuan Guru [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] described it as another "dark moment" repeating in Egypt.
** Meanwhile, PKR de facto leader [[Anwar Ibrahim]] said any military coup must be condemned by democratic countries. "A leader democratically elected through free and fair elections should not be deposed in such a manner. [The coup is a] major setback for the Arab Spring. Whatever the ends, the means are not justified."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.harakahdaily.net/index.php/berita-utama/7521-egypt-nik-aziz-anwar-condemn-military-coup.html |title=Egypt: Nik Aziz, Anwar condemn military coup |publisher=Harakah Daily |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233318/http://en.harakahdaily.net/index.php/berita-utama/7521-egypt-nik-aziz-anwar-condemn-military-coup.html |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}} – Foreign Minister [[Espen Barth Eide]] said Norway regretted that the political process has not led to a unifying solution for Egypt and instead the army intervened to oust President Morsi. "Norway has always encouraged Morsi and the opposition to find solutions to the country's challenges through a broad and inclusive process" and added that Norway provides full support for democratic development in Egypt and moreover it was essential to allow for a civilian government with a democratic election quickly.<ref name="africareact"/>
* {{flag|Netherlands}} – Spokesman for Consular Affairs Toon van Wijk said that "we are following the situation in Egypt closely. But there's no reason for us to make reductions to our embassy staff in Cairo or to ask personnel to come home."<ref name="cnnreact"/>
* {{Flag|Pakistan}} – Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] called for the immediate release of Morsi. A statement issued by the Foreign Office read: "Pakistan therefore urges all sides in Egypt to address the legal and constitutional issues in an inclusive and peaceful manner to enable the country to successfully restore the democratic institutions as early as possible. We also call for the immediate release of President Muhamed Morsi."<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-24406-Nawaz-calls-for-release-of-Morsi-in-major-policy-decision Nawaz calls for release of Morsi in major policy decision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723232304/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-24406-Nawaz-calls-for-release-of-Morsi-in-major-policy-decision |date=23 July 2015 }}. Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>
* {{flag|Palestinian National Authority|name=Palestinian Authority}}– The Fatah-[[President of the State of Palestine|President]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] called on Palestinians "not to interfere in internal issues of Arab countries," which was read by the media as supportive of the ouster.<ref name="react"/> PLO executive committee member [[Hanan Ashrawi]] said: "I don't see this as a coup d'état. We see this as recognising the will of the people there for the armed forces serving and protecting the people as they should."<ref name="cnnreact"/>
* {{flag|Philippines}} – President [[Benigno Aquino III]]'s spokesman, [[Edwin Lacierda]], advised Filipinos to avoid areas of conflict. Lacierda also assured that the personnel of the Philippine embassy in Cairo will not be pulled out and that the number one concern of the [[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Department of Foreign Affairs]], is to ensure the safety of Filipino nationals in Egypt. However, Lacierda refused to comment if the Philippine government supported the ousting of Morsi.<ref>{{cite web |last=San Pedro |first=Dexter |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/65581/ph-embassy-personnel-to-stay-in-cairo-amid-egyptian-army-coup |title=PH embassy personnel to stay in Cairo amid Egyptian army coup |publisher=InterAksyon.com |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707173740/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/65581/ph-embassy-personnel-to-stay-in-cairo-amid-egyptian-army-coup |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}} – Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman, Marcin Bosacki, said: "It is with concern that we received news of the suspension of Egypt's constitution and the removal of President Mohamed Morsy from power. Such a solution must be treated as at least a temporary freeze of the democratic process initiated by the Egyptian nation over two years ago. What is most important today is that the current Egyptian authorities – staying true to their promises – undertake the fastest possible steps to return full power to democratically elected representatives of society."<ref name="cnnreact"/>
* {{flag|Qatar}} – Qatar was reported to be unhappy over the move after it spent about US$10 billion in financial aid towards the Morsi government; while they were said to also be unhappy about the closure of [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'s offices in Cairo.<ref name="react"/> Yet the new emir, [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]], sent "a cable of congratulations" to the new interim president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Law|first=Bill|title=Qatar hails new Egypt leader in apparent policy shift|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-qatar-idUSBRE9630I220130704|access-date=5 July 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707171751/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/04/us-egypt-protests-qatar-idUSBRE9630I220130704|archive-date=7 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Foreign Ministry released a statement that read: "Qatar will continue to respect the will of Egypt and its people across the spectrum."<ref name="aljazreact"/> After a month of protests and international mediation efforts, Foreign Minister [[Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah|Khalid Al Attiyah]] said that he had not been able to meet all those he was promised he could meet and that "my wish for the brothers in Egypt is to release the political prisoners as soon as possible because they are the key to unlocking this crisis. Without a serious dialogue with all the parties, and most importantly with the political prisoners because they are the main element in this crisis, I believe things will be difficult."<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/20138782227491364.html Qatar: Egypt must free political prisoners – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130907/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/20138782227491364.html |date=18 April 2019 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref> Qatar also continued to send free shipments of oil that were promised under Morsi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21586886-new-emir-wants-more-discipline-home-and-less-risk-taking-abroad-no-more-own|title=Qatar: No more own goals|newspaper=The Economist|date=28 September 2013|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723234733/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21586886-new-emir-wants-more-discipline-home-and-less-risk-taking-abroad-no-more-own|archive-date=23 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign Ministry]] issued a statement that read: "We consider it important for all political forces in Egypt to exercise restraint...to consider the broad national interests of their actions, and to prove that they strive to solve the brewing political and socio-economic problems in a democratic framework, without violence, and accounting for the interests of all social groups and religious confessions."<ref name="bbcr"/>
* {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} – [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] was the first international head of state to send a message of congratulations to Interim President Adly Mansour. "In my own name and on behalf of the people of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, I congratulate you on assuming the leadership of Egypt at this critical point of its history. By doing so, I appeal to Allah Almighty to help you to shoulder the responsibility laid on your shoulder to achieve the hopes of our sisterly people of the Arab Republic of Egypt. At the same time, we strongly shake hands with the men of all the armed forces, represented by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who managed to save Egypt at this critical moment from a dark tunnel God only could apprehend its dimensions and repercussions, but the wisdom and moderation came out of those men to preserve the rights of all parties in the political process. Please accept our greetings to you and deep respect to our brothers in Egypt and its people, wishing Egypt steady stability and security."<ref name="GCCreactions">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/07/04/Saudi-king-congratulates-Egypt-new-interim-president.html|title=Saudi king congratulates Egypt's new interim president|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=4 July 2013|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703232414/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/07/04/Saudi-king-congratulates-Egypt-new-interim-president.html|archive-date=3 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Sudan}} – Foreign Minister [[Ali Karti]] called his former Egyptian counterpart, [[Mohamed Kamel Amr]], to ask about the situation in Egypt. He also expressed hope that Egypt will enjoy security, stability and social peace, while saying Sudan respected the people's will and that the event was an internal matter. Further, he underscored the [[Egypt-Sudan relations|unique nature of the relationship]] between their two countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article47196 |title=Sudan affirms the internal nature of events in Egypt |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055124/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article47196 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government also said that the ouster was a "domestic affair" and that "Sudan calls on all parties in Egypt to make as a priority to preserve Egypt's stability and security, peace and unity of its people," while saying that it wanted "brotherly ties" with Egypt.
** Islamist opposition leader, [[Hassan al-Turabi]] said: "This is a coup against the constitution, against the legitimacy. He (Morsi) was the first democratically elected leader. He issued a constitution which the people wanted."<ref>{{cite news |last=Abdelaziz |first=Khalid |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-sudan-idUSBRE9630SX20130704?feedType=RSS& |title=Sudan's Turabi denounces Mursi's ousting |publisher=Reuters |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531112025/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/04/us-egypt-sudan-idUSBRE9630SX20130704?feedType=RSS& |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Sweden}} – Foreign Minister [[Carl Bildt]] wrote on ''Twitter'': "I'm horrified by the large number of dead in the demonstrations in Egypt. Security forces can't avoid responsibility."<ref>[https://twitter.com/carlbildt/status/361039953641226240 Twitter / carlbildt: I'm horrified by the large] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205343/https://twitter.com/carlbildt/status/361039953641226240 |date=5 March 2016 }}. Twitter.com. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref> The tweet came after at least 80 protesters were confirmed dead and 411 were injured after security forces had opened fire on pro-Morsi demonstrators on a road near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque.<ref>[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77565/Egypt/Politics-/At-least--killed-in-Egypts-fresh-unrest-Health-Min.aspx At least 80 killed in Egypt's fresh unrest: Health Ministry – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171925/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77565/Egypt/Politics-/At-least--killed-in-Egypts-fresh-unrest-Health-Min.aspx |date=6 November 2018 }}. English.ahram.org.e.g. (27 July 2013). Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>
* {{Flag|Switzerland}} – The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs issued a statement that read: "Switzerland expects to see a swift return to democracy in which all the social forces in the country are involved and in which fundamental human rights are respected. It expresses the hope that a peaceful solution can be found to the current political polarization in Egypt and it calls on all sides to renounce the use of violence."<ref name="cnnreact">{{cite news |last=Watkins |first=Tom |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/04/world/meast/egypt-react |title=World reacts to Egypt's coup |publisher=CNN |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000018/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/04/world/meast/egypt-react |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Ba'athist Syria}} – President [[Bashar al-Assad]] told the newspaper ''Thawra'' that "whoever brings religion to use in politics or in favour of one group at the expense of another will fall anywhere in the world. The summary of what is happening in Egypt is the fall of what is called political Islam.<ref name="Reuters"/> You can't fool all the people all the time, let alone the Egyptian people who have a civilisation that is thousands of years old, and who espouse clear, Arab nationalist thought. After a whole year, reality has become clear to the Egyptian people. The Muslim Brotherhood's performance has helped them see the lies the [movement] used at the start of the popular revolution in Egypt."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/islamist-rule-in-egypt-fails-syrias-assad/ |title=Islamist rule in Egypt fails: Syria's Assad |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=17 June 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703221414/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/03/islamist-rule-in-egypt-fails-syria-assad/#ixzz2Y3cuv2Kc |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Tunisia}} – The government of the founding state of the [[Arab Spring]], condemned the "flagrant coup," with [[Ennahda]] party leader [[Rachid Ghannouchi]] expressing his astonishment and said that the removal of Morsi would undermine democracy and feed radicalism.<ref name="aljazreact">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373223029610370.html |title=International reactions to Morsi's removal |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705123954/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373223029610370.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Turkey}} – Turkey has signaled to the coup negatively and used statements, diplomatic channels and financial measures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yegin|first=Mehmet|date=3 July 2016|title=Turkey's reaction to the coup in Egypt in comparison with the US and Israel|journal=Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies|volume=18|issue=4|pages=407–421|doi=10.1080/19448953.2016.1196010|issn=1944-8953|hdl=11693/36593|s2cid=148138268|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] said: "No matter where they are...coups are bad. Coups are clearly enemies of democracy. Those who rely on the guns in their hands, those who rely on the power of the media cannot build democracy...Democracy can only be built at ballot box." He also criticised the West for not terming the actions as a coup, while praising the African Union's decision to suspend Egypt over the coup. "The West has failed the sincerity test. No offence, but democracy does not accept double standards."<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20130705-turkey-pm-blasts-egypt-coup-enemy-democracy Turkey PM blasts Egypt 'coup' as enemy of democracy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709000520/http://www.france24.com/en/20130705-turkey-pm-blasts-egypt-coup-enemy-democracy |date=9 July 2013 }}. FRANCE 24 (5 July 2013). Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref> Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoglu]] said in a televised statement that "The toppling of a government that came into office through democratic elections, through methods that are not legal – and what is worse, through a military coup – is unacceptable, no matter what the reasons".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/turkey-egypt_n_3545765.html |title=Turkey Calls Military Overthrow of Egypt's Mohammed Morsi 'Unacceptable' |work=Huffington Post|date=4 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704151343/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/turkey-egypt_n_3545765.html |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref> [[Hüseyin Çelik]], a spokesman for the governing [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] and former cabinet member in the [[Cabinet Erdoğan II|Erdoğan administration]], condemned the ouster as a sign of "backwardness" and accused unnamed Western countries of supporting Morsi's overthrow. "Some Western countries have not accepted Muslim Brotherhood's rise to power. They have mobilized the streets, then issued a memorandum, and are now staging the coup." He also advised Morsi's supporters to avoid bloodshed in response. Erdoğan would himself confront [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|a coup in 2016]], but withstand being deposed.
** The leader of the opposition [[Republican People's Party]], [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]], also criticised Egypt's military over the ouster, "Staging a military coup to design societies is not a correct thing in the 21st century and it shouldn't be accepted."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-main-opposition-criticizes-militarys-move-in-egypt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50005&NewsCatID=338|title=Main opposition leader deems coup in Egypt 'unacceptable'|publisher=Hurriyet Daily News|date=4 July 2013|access-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803034034/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-main-opposition-criticizes-militarys-move-in-egypt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50005&NewsCatID=338|archive-date=3 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169587#.UdVS2229Iuc|title=Turkey's Ruling Party, Opposition Unite to Condemn Egypt Coup|publisher=Arutz Sheva|date=4 July 2013|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704120446/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169587#.UdVS2229Iuc|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} – Foreign Minister [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] said that his government was satisfied with the developments in Egypt. Al Nahyan also praised the Egyptian army as a "strong shield" and a "protector," while expressing confidence that Egypt can overcome the crisis "to reach a safe and prosperous future."<ref name=GCCreactions/>
* [[File:SISI protesters in Cardiff, Wales - 2013-09-21.jpg|thumb|Egyptian protesters carry [[Anti-Coup Alliance|Anti-Coup]] signs in [[Cardiff, UK]] on 21 September 2013.]]{{Flag|United Kingdom}} – Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] said that the United Kingdom "never supports intervention by the military. But what now needs to happen...in Egypt is for democracy to flourish and for a genuine democratic transition to take place and all the parties need to be involved in that. And that's what Britain and our allies will be saying very clearly to the Egyptians."<ref name="reacts"/> Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]] said the United Kingdom "does not support military intervention as a way to resolve disputes in a democratic system." He also called the situation "dangerous" and called on all sides to "avoid violence" and resort to "a political process that includes all groups on an equal footing leading to early and fair elections which all parties are able to contest, and civilian-led government."<ref>{{cite news |author=Press Association |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/hague-uk-opposes-military-egypt |title=Barack Obama urges swift return to civilian rule in Egypt |work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908182743/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/hague-uk-opposes-military-egypt |archive-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flag|United States}} –
** President Barack Obama said he was "deeply concerned" by the actions of Egypt's military and urged a return to democratic governance. He ordered his administration to review United States aid to Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kent Klein |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/obama-orders-review-of-us-aid-to-egypt-after-morsi-ousted/1694817.html |title=Obama Orders Review of US Aid To Egypt After Morsi Ousted |publisher=Voice of America |date=8 March 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705001347/http://www.voanews.com/content/obama-orders-review-of-us-aid-to-egypt-after-morsi-ousted/1694817.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> He added: "No transition to democracy comes without difficulty, but in the end it must stay true to the will of the people. An honest, capable and representative government is what ordinary Egyptians seek and what they deserve. The long-standing partnership between the United States and Egypt is based on shared interests and values, and we will continue to work with the Egyptian people to ensure that Egypt's transition to democracy succeeds."
** The State Department also expressed concern over the military intervention and ordered the mandatory evacuation of its embassy in Cairo, while it issued a travel advisory that "the Department of State ordered the departure of non-emergency US government personnel and family members from Egypt due to the ongoing political and social unrest."<ref name="aljazreact"/> On 5 July, State Department Spokeswoman [[Jennifer Psaki]] said: "We call on all Egyptian leaders to condemn the use of force and to prevent further violence among their supporters. As President Obama said, we expect the military to ensure that the rights of all Egyptians are protected, including the right to peaceful assembly, and we call on all who are protesting to do so peacefully."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdsu.com/news/national/URGENT-Egypt-US-Reaction/-/9853500/20856786/-/l7c59iz/-/index.html#ixzz2YGSUAMc7 |title=URGENT – Egypt US Reaction |publisher=WDSU |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927132124/http://www.wdsu.com/news/national/URGENT-Egypt-US-Reaction/-/9853500/20856786/-/l7c59iz/-/index.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>
** Deputy Secretary of State [[William J. Burns (diplomat)|William J. Burns]] said on 15 July: "Only Egyptians can determine their future. I did not come with American solutions, nor did I come to lecture anyone. We know that Egyptians must forge their own path to democracy. We know that this will not mirror our own and we will not try to impose our model on Egypt. [The U.S. would] stand behind certain basic principles, not any particular personalities or parties."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371516241117948.html|title=Police fire tear gas at protesters in Cairo|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204011/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371516241117948.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He also criticised the exclusion of Islamist parties from the political process: "If representatives of some of the largest parties in Egypt are detained or excluded, how are dialogue and participation possible?"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/16/world/middleeast/us-steps-up-public-diplomacy-in-egypt-crisis.html|title=U.S. Warns Egypt's Generals Against Jeopardizing 'Second Chance' at Democracy|work=[[The New York Times|New York Times]]|date=15 July 2013|access-date=17 July 2013|first1=David D.|last1=Kirkpatrick|first2=Kareem|last2=Fahim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716144119/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/16/world/middleeast/us-steps-up-public-diplomacy-in-egypt-crisis.html|archive-date=16 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
** On 26 July, the United States said that it would not make a formal determination of whether the events in Egypt constituted a coup. State Department spokeswoman [[Jen Psaki]] said: "The law does not require us to make a formal determination ... as to whether a coup took place, and it is not in our national interest to make such a determination."<ref name=biddle>{{cite news|last=Biddle|first=Jo|title=US ducks decision on Egypt 'coup'|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/us-ducks-decision-on-egypt-coup/story-fn3dxix6-1226686668544|access-date=15 August 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=27 July 2013|quote=WASHINGTON has decided to avoid the tricky question of whether the toppling of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi was a coup, which would have forced a freeze of US$1.5 billion (A$1.63 billion) in aid. 'The law does not require us to make a formal determination ... as to whether a coup took place, and it is not in our national interest to make such a determination,' State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said on Friday. She clearly signaled that for the time being millions of dollars in US military and economic assistance would continue to flow to Egypt, the most populous Arab country and a key regional ally.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726221655/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/us-ducks-decision-on-egypt-coup/story-fn3dxix6-1226686668544|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Republican Senator [[John McCain]], who is a member of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], said: "We have to suspend aid to Egyptian military because the military has overturned the vote of the people. We cannot repeat the same mistakes that we made in other times of our history by supporting removal of freely elected governments." He added that once a timetable was arranged for a new election and a new constitution "we should evaluate whether to continue with aid or not."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/07/2013766819603784.html |title=McCain urges US to suspend Egypt military aid |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708030200/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/07/2013766819603784.html |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first U.S. politician to refer to the events as a coup.<ref>[http://everything-pr.com/john-mccain-steps-up-big-on-egypt-coup-dialogue/244673/#.Ughr5Sq6aM8 John McCain Steps Up Big on Egypt "Coup" Dialogue] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919011804/http://everything-pr.com/john-mccain-steps-up-big-on-egypt-coup-dialogue/244673/#.Ughr5Sq6aM8 |date=19 September 2013}}. Everything-pr.com. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>
** Representatives [[Ed Royce (politician)|Ed Royce]], the chairman of the [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]], and [[Eliot Engel]], members of different parties released a statement that declared:<ref>[http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-royce-and-ranking-member-engel-release-joint-statement-ongoing-events-Egypt Chairman Royce and Ranking Member Engel Release Joint Statement on Ongoing Events in Egypt |House Committee on Foreign Affairs – Ed Royce, Chairman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708070630/http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-royce-and-ranking-member-engel-release-joint-statement-ongoing-events-egypt |date=8 July 2013 }}. Foreignaffairs.house.gov (5 July 2013). Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref><blockquote>The decision by the Egyptian military to take state authority out of the hands of the ruling Muslim Brotherhood government marks another sharp turning point in Egypt's incomplete revolution. What the Brotherhood neglected to understand is that democracy means more than simply holding elections. Real democracy requires inclusiveness, compromise, respect for human and minority rights, and a commitment to the rule of law. Morsi and his inner circle did not embrace any of these principles and instead chose to consolidate power and rule by fiat. As a result the Egyptian people and their economy suffered greatly. It is now up to the Egyptian military to demonstrate that the new transitional government can and will govern in a transparent manner and work to return the country to democratic rule. We are encouraged that a broad cross-section of Egyptians will gather to rewrite the constitution. All parties in Egypt must show restraint, prevent violence, and prepare to be productive players in the future democratic Egypt. We encourage the military to exercise extreme caution moving forward and support sound democratic institutions through which the people and future governments can flourish</blockquote>
** Ambassador to Israel [[Dan Shapiro]] said from [[Tel Aviv]] that the U.S. supports any democratic regime in Egypt and such a commitment towards democracy is what pushed Obama to call for a swift [[peaceful transition of power]].<ref name="africareact">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201307080311.html Egypt: International Reactions Over Egypt's Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129225213/http://allafrica.com/stories/201307080311.html |date=29 January 2014 }}. allAfrica.com (5 July 2013). Retrieved on 15 August 2013.</ref>
** [[United States Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] said that Egypt's army had "restored democracy" by removing Morsi from power.<ref name="bbc-kerry">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23543744|date=1 August 2013|access-date=31 August 2015|title=Egypt army 'restoring democracy', says John Kerry|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824110325/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23543744|archive-date=24 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian-kerry">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/egypt-army-restoring-democracy-kerry|title=Egypt army was 'restoring democracy', claims Kerry|access-date=31 August 2015|date=2 August 2013|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104193308/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/egypt-army-restoring-democracy-kerry|archive-date=4 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<blockquote>The military was asked to intervene by millions and millions of people, all of whom were afraid of a descendance into chaos, into violence And the military did not take over, to the best of our judgement – so far. To run the country, there's a civilian government. In effect, they were restoring democracy.<ref name="bbc-kerry"/><ref name="guardian-kerry"/></blockquote>
* {{Flag|Yemen}} – President [[Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] congratulated his Egyptian counterpart, Adly Mansour, raising the ire of his Islamist coalition partners.<ref name="yemenreact">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/yemen-divided-egypt-crisis-morsi.html|title=Yemenis Divided Over Egypt|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=12 July 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714172121/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/yemen-divided-egypt-crisis-morsi.html|archive-date=14 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Hamid al-Ahmar]], a leading member of the [[Al-Islah (Yemen)|Yemeni Congregation for Reform]], that supported Morsi since the movement was formed by members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood#Yemen|Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood]], said: "What happened in Egypt was an overturn of democracy. With sincere hearts, we should ask God to help Morsi."<ref name="yemenreact"/>

====Media====
Syrian state-television carried live coverage of the anti-Morsi protests.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-egypt-protests-syria-idUKBRE96219620130703 |title=Syria's Assad says political Islam being defeated in Egypt |work=Reuters |access-date=3 July 2013 |first=Dominic |last=Evans |date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723232140/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/07/03/uk-egypt-protests-syria-idUKBRE96219620130703 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It also said of the statement that "Syria's people and leadership and army express their deep appreciation for the national, populist movement in Egypt which has yielded a great achievement."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/syria-hails-ouster-of-egypt-s-morsi-as-great-achievement-1.295254 |title=Syria hails ouster of Egypt's Morsi as 'great achievement' |publisher=The National |agency=AFP |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708012735/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/syria-hails-ouster-of-egypts-morsi-as-great-achievement#ixzz2YDSNwu00 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The United States media pointed out that Obama did not call the removal of Morsi a coup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/03/19273203-we-pray-for-god-to-help-you-reactions-to-military-take-over-in-egypt?lite |title='We pray for God to help you': Reactions to military take-over in Egypt |publisher=NBCNews.com |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704145212/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/03/19273203-we-pray-for-god-to-help-you-reactions-to-military-take-over-in-egypt?lite |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> If Obama accepts that a coup had taken place, then U.S. law requires him to cut off military and economic aid to Egypt such as previous incidents in [[2005 Mauritanian coup d'état|Mauritania]], [[2012 Malian coup d'état|Mali]], [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|Madagascar]] and [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|Pakistan]]. The U.S. funds 20% of Egypt's military costs (US$1.3 billion) and gives another US$250 million in economic aid.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Zeke J |url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/07/03/apparent-egyptian-military-coup-puts-obama-in-bind-on-military-aid/ |title=Apparent Egyptian Military Coup Puts Obama in Bind on Aid |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707000904/http://swampland.time.com/2013/07/03/apparent-egyptian-military-coup-puts-obama-in-bind-on-military-aid/ |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Al Jazeera'' noted that the refusal to term the events as a coup were tied with the U.S. stance in stopping military aid to countries that have perpetrated a coup.<ref name="aljazreact"/>

The media noted that the U.K. did not condemn the removal of Morsi, nor call for him to be restored to power.<ref name="reacts"/> Some media reports refer to the events as another "revolution"<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohamed Morsi ousted in Egypt's second revolution in two years|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 July 2013|location=London|first1=Patrick|last1=Kingsley|first2=Martin|last2=Chulov|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730110206/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution|archive-date=30 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fisher|first=Max|title=Is what happened in Egypt a coup or a revolution? It's both.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/is-what-happened-in-egypt-a-coup-or-a-revolution-its-both/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=3 July 2013|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724080704/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/is-what-happened-in-egypt-a-coup-or-a-revolution-its-both/|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and there has been debate as to whether events are best named as being a coup or not.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marcus |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23180222 |title=Egypt turmoil: Coup or no coup? |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705045528/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23180222 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Others====
* {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]] – Al-Qaeda's Egyptian leader [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] commented in a video released on the Internet by criticising the Islamists for losing power and not uniting to implement [[Sharia]]. He said: "The battle isn't over, it has just started...the Islamic nation should offer victims and sacrifices to achieve what it wants and restore power from the corrupt authority governing Egypt."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/06/al-zawahiri-calls-for-victims-and-sacrifices/|title=Al-Zawahiri calls for "victims and sacrifices"|date=6 July 2013|work=Daily News Egypt|access-date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720010131/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/06/al-zawahiri-calls-for-victims-and-sacrifices/|archive-date=20 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|Islamic Emirate of Somalia}} [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]] announced on [[Twitter]]: "It's time to remove those rose-tinted spectacles and see the world as accurately as it is, change comes by the bullet alone; NOT the ballot. [The Muslim Brotherhood] should perhaps learn a little from the lessons of history and those 'democratically elected' before them in Algeria or even Hamas. When will the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) wake up from their deep slumber and realize the futility of their efforts at instituting change. After a year of stumbling on the hurdles, the MB horse is finally off to the knacker's yard, never to see the light of day again."<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2013 |title=Egypt shows power only comes from force, Somali militants say |url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypt-shows-power-only-comes-force-somali-militants-155413042.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707153152/http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-shows-power-only-comes-force-somali-militants-155413042.html |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! News |agency=Reuters}}</ref>
*[[Hamas]] [[Governance of the Gaza Strip|Member of Parliament in Gaza]], [[Yahia Moussa]] said: "The [Hamas] movement does not interfere in Egyptian affairs [and has] no comment on the Egyptian army's decision to isolate President Morsi."<ref name="bbcr" /> A senior [[Hamas]] figure [[Ahmad Yousef]], said: "We do not fear the fall of President Mohamed Morsy. {{Sic}} We fear the dramatic changes that could cause things to go out of hand and lead to bloodshed. We only care about stability in Egypt regardless of who is in charge. Egypt is a lifeline to us; it's a major factor in the stability of the internal Palestinian situation – it is our backbone."<ref name="reacts" />
*[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]] member of the central committee in Gaza, [[Jamil Mezher]], said that the leftist group supports the Egyptian people's choice and their chief demands for freedom and social justice. He also refused to call the military's action a "coup" and added: "Legitimacy doesn't lie only in the ballot box. Legitimacy lies in the people's calls and their aspirations; it is the millions who filled Egypt's streets and squares demanding change and calling for freedom and political inclusion."<ref>{{cite web|date=12 July 2013|title=PFLP Supports Egypt Coup|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/pflp-egypt-palestine-morsi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718120140/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/pflp-egypt-palestine-morsi.html|archive-date=18 July 2013|access-date=16 July 2013|publisher=Al-Monitor}}</ref>

[[Egyptian American]]s, particularly in the Arab-dominated areas of [[Michigan]], had mixed views of the event with some wary of the Muslim Brotherhood, but also wary of usurping democratic rights following a 30-year dictatorship.<ref>{{cite web|last=Warikoo |first=Niraj |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130703/NEWS05/307030163/1008/NEWS06/Egyptian-Americans-mixed-reaction-Morsi-s-removal |title=Egyptian Americans in metro Detroit have mixed reaction to Morsi's removal |publisher=Detroit Free Press |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231010459/http://www.freep.com/article/20130703/NEWS05/307030163/1008/NEWS06/Egyptian-Americans-mixed-reaction-Morsi-s-removal |archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] called on foreign governments to stop supplying further arms to the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20926 |title=Egypt: bloodshed underscores urgent need for all countries to halt arms transfers to country |publisher=Amnesty International |date=20 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823011954/http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20926 |archive-date=23 August 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Egypt}}
* [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre]]
* [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]]
* [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]]
* [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919]]
* [[Nassef Sawiris]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Al-Anani |first1=Khalil |last2=Malik |first2=Maszlee |title=Pious Way to Politics: The Rise of Political Salafism in Post-Mubarak Egypt |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |year=2013 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.1111/dome.12012}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Nathan J. |last=Brown |title=Redoing the Egyptian Revolution: How to Get the Transition Right This Time |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=3 July 2013 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139555/nathan-j-brown/redoing-the-egyptian-revolution?page=show}}
* {{cite book |last=Tadros |first=Mariz |title=The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt: Democracy Defined or Confined? |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-46596-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weber |first=Peter C. |title=Modernity, Civil Society, and Sectarianism: The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and the Takfir Groups |journal=Voluntas |year=2013 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=509–527 |doi=10.1007/s11266-012-9299-4|s2cid=144705193 }}

==External links==
* [http://egiuliani.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/president-sisi-egypts-next-autocrat/ 2014 Egyptian Presidential Elections]
* Live coverage: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23159066 '''BBC''']. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/egypt-morsi-removed-army-live ''The Guardian'']

{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}
{{Egypt Protests and Revolutions}}
{{Arab Spring}}
{{Egypt topics}}
{{Coup d'état}}
{{African coups d'état}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Egyptian coup d'etat, 2013}}
[[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état| ]]
[[Category:2013 crimes in Egypt|Coup d'etat]]
[[Category:2013 protests]]
[[Category:2010s coups d'état]]
[[Category:July 2013 in Africa]]
[[Category:Arab Winter in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)|Coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Military coups in Egypt|2013]]
[[Category:Protests in Egypt]]
[[Category:Protest-related deaths in Egypt]]
[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]
[[Category:Mohamed Morsi]]
[[Category:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]
[[Category:Counter-revolution]]

Isha Talwar

2026-03-23T14:02:50Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Isha Talwar
| image = Isha Talwar at the premiere of Punjabi film Ardaas Sarbat De Bhale Di (cropped).jpg
| caption = Talwar in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1987|12|22}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

'''Isha Talwar''' (born 22 December 1987) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Talwar started her career as a model, and made her film debut with the Malayalam film ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' (2012), winning [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ammu Zachariah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Isha-Talwar-2-years-to-prepare-for-a-debut/articleshow/12220292.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701125815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/news-interviews/31145592_1_malayalam-film-industry-debut-mollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Isha Talwar: 2 years to prepare for a debut?|date=12 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> She is known for her role in ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' (2013), ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014), ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' (2014) and ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'' (2019). Talwar is also known for her portrayal in the series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' (2020-present), ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]'' (2023) and ''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]'' (2024).

==Early life and background==
Isha Talwar was born on 22 December 1987<ref name="IE Talwar bday">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/meet-tubelight-actress-isha-talwar-age-biography-best-hd-hot-and-hq-photos-instagram-ads-and-more-4726003/ |title=Meet Tubelight Actress Isha Talwar |work=The Indian Express |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> to film director Vinod Talwar and Suman.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Shevlin |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article565389.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823000437/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article565389.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2012 |title=Isha Talwar, about her dream debut in Malayalam |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Ammu |title=My dad is a proud man: Isha Talwar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/My-dad-is-a-proud-man-Isha-Talwar/articleshow/16140899.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204000622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-01/news-and-interviews/33534816_1_proud-man-isha-talwar-thattathin-marayathu |url-status=live |archive-date=4 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> She was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], and is a graduate in [[Economics]] from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/St.-Xavier%27s-College,-Mumbai-alumni |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Talwar joined choreographer [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]'s dance school in 2004, where she learned various dance forms like ballet, jazz, hip-hop, and salsa and went on to become a tutor in the dance studio.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |author=Ammu Zachariah, TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Terrance-changed-me-completely-Isha-Talwar/articleshow/16281138.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204000240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news-and-interviews/33648971_1_contemporary-dance-dance-studio-dance-school |url-status=live |archive-date=4 February 2014 |title=Terrance changed me completely: Isha Talwar |date=6 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> She stated that her choreographer, Terence Lewis, was "one person who changed me completely."<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

==Career==
[[File:Isha Talwar grace GQ Style Awards (09).jpg|thumb|upright|180px|Talwar at an event in 2018]]

Talwar worked as a model and appeared in more than 40 commercials for brands like [[Pizza Hut]], Vivel Fairness Cream, [[Kaya Limited|Kaya Skin Clinic]], [[Dulux|Dulux Paints]], and Dhatri Fairness Cream,<ref name="face forward">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/face-forward/article3822453.ece |title=Face forward |last=parshathy. j. nath |date=26 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 March 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> besides a music video with [[Hrithik Roshan]] for the ''[[Just Dance (Indian TV series)|Just Dance]]'' competition.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> She says she spent two years preparing for her film debut.<ref name="TOI debut">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Isha-Talwar-2-years-to-prepare-for-a-debut/articleshow/12220292.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701125815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/news-interviews/31145592_1_malayalam-film-industry-debut-mollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Isha Talwar: 2 years to prepare for a debut? |last=Ammu Zachariah |date=12 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref> Although she had worked as a child actress in the 2000 Bollywood film ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-go-with-my-gut-feelings-Isha-Talwar/2013/06/06/article1621418.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610012406/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-go-with-my-gut-feelings-Isha-Talwar/2013/06/06/article1621418.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2013 |title=I go with my gut feelings: Isha Talwar |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> her full-length film debut was with the Malayalam film ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'',<ref name=toiJune2012>{{cite news |title=When Isha met her voice! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/When-Isha-met-her-voice/articleshow/13994910.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103164353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-11/news-and-interviews/32156742_1_muslim-girl-big-screen-chance-meeting |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 June 2012}}</ref> for which she took a four-month voice training class, went through a course to learn the language,<ref name="TOI debut"/> and learned to play the guitar.<ref name="face forward"/> The film which saw her play Aisha, a Muslim girl who falls in love with a Hindu boy,<ref name=toiJune2012/> became a blockbuster and was listed by [[Rediff.com]] in their "Top five Malayalam films of 2012" list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-malayalam-films-of-2012/20130102.htm |title=The Top five Malayalam films of 2012 |work=Rediff.com |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> Critics noted that she "looked beautiful",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thattathin-marayathu-review-malayalam-15002496.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312062429/http://www.sify.com/movies/thattathin-marayathu-review-malayalam-15002496.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2013 |title=Movie Review : Thattathin Marayathu |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> but had "nothing much to do" in the film.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> In a later interview, she stated that the role of Aisha had given her "a lot of recognition" and that she was "really happy with" her [[girl next door|girl next-door]] image from the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Fahadh-and-Isha-let-their-hearts-talk/articleshow/18482766.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-14/news-and-interviews/37080180_1_thattathin-marayathu-valentine-s-day-ideal-man |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Fahadh and Isha let their hearts talk |date=14 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> Her second film ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] had her playing the female lead alongside [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Unni Mukundan]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Vijay George |author2=P. K. Ajith Kumar |author3=Saraswathy Nagarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/stars-at-the-marquee/article4222316.ece |title=Stars at the marquee |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=20 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She said that her character in the film Samantha had "shades of grey".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Isha-is-game-for-negative-roles/articleshow/17767511.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616062230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-and-interviews/36008431_1_isha-talwar-negative-roles-tinseltown-debut |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Isha is game for negative roles |date=27 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, she had two releases – her Telugu debut, ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/enjoying-the-perks/article4615616.ece |title=Enjoying the perks |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |location=Chennai, India |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary}}</ref> which opened to a positive response,{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} and her Tamil debut, ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'', a remake of the [[Thillu Mullu|same-titled 1981 Tamil comedy film]] which was also a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mollywood-gives-me-space-to-experiment-Isha/articleshow/17706243.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-22/news-and-interviews/35953871_1_isha-talwar-mollywood-m-wood-debut |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Mollywood gives me space to experiment: Isha |date=22 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> In 2014, she was seen in the Malayalam films, ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'',<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Isha-is-Suhra-in-Balyakalasakhi/articleshow/21455858.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Isha is Suhra in Balyakalasakhi – The Times of India}}</ref> ''Utsaha Committee'', ''God's Own Country'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Men-on-a-Mission/2014/05/08/article2211679.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223641/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Men-on-a-Mission/2014/05/08/article2211679.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2014 |title=Men on a Mission |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> and [[Anjali Menon]]'s ''[[Bangalore Days]]''. She has shot for an "extended cameo role" in [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Isha-to-share-screen-space-with-Mammootty/articleshow/46896692.cms |title=Isha to share screen space with Mammootty |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> She has also been shooting for the Tamil remake of ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'', reprising her own role.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Thattathin-Marayathu-is-quite-different-in-Tamil-Isha-Talwar/articleshow/44947986.cms |title=Thattathin Marayathu is quite different in Tamil: Isha Talwar |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> She made her Bollywood debut in the Hindi movie [[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]] alongside [[Salman Khan]]. She also appeared alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]] in [[Kaalakaandi]]. In 2020, she appeared in the Amazon Prime web series [[Mirzapur (TV series)|''Mirzapur'']]. In 2023, she worked on Hotstar web series ''Saas, Bahu aur Flamingo''.

==Media image==
[[File:Isha Talwar snapped at a store launch in Khar (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|140px|Talwar in 2023]]

Talwar was named the [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Women]] of 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 15 Most Desirable Woman 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-top-15-desirable-women-of-2013/articleshow/36947428.cms |access-date=25 September 2014 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She was placed 2nd in 2013 and 6th in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 15 Most Desirable Woman 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-15-most-desirable-women-in-2014/articleshow/46944844.cms |access-date=23 September 2013 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/kochi-times-most-desirable-woman-2015-deepti-sati/articleshow/51980970.cms |access-date=27 September 2015 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2000
|''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]''
| Preeti's youngest sister
|[[Hindi]]
|Child artist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' || Aysha Rehman || rowspan="2" |[[Malayalam]] || Debut film in a leading role
|-
| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || Samantha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' || Shruti || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || Janani || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014 || ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]''|| Suhra || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ulsaha Committee]]'' || Rosemary ||
|-
| ''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's Own Country]]''|| Asha ||
|-
| ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || Shalini || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'' ||Rani Kabeer|| rowspan="2" |Malayalam || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Two Countries]]''|| Simran ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]'' || Chaitra || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'' || Aysha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]'' || Maya
| Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Crossroad (film)|Crossroad]]'' || Gaya Parameshwaran || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Kaalakaandi]] ''|| Rakhi || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]'' || Seema ||Malayalam ||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2019
| ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]''|| Aditi Ranjan || rowspan="5" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Roam Rome Mein]]''||Parul ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Kaamyaab]]'' || Isha||
|-
|''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]'' || Neha Gulati ||Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
| ''[[Sharmaji Namkeen]]''
| Urmi Kaul
|
|-
| ''[[Theerppu]]''
| Mythili Ram Kumar
| Malayalam
|
|-
|rowspan = "1" | 2023
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]''|| Priyanka || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan = "3"| 2024
| ''[[Shahkot (film)|Shahkot]]''
| Aisha
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|-
|''Durga''
|Archana
|[[Odia Language| Odia]]
|
|-
|''[[Ella (film)|Ella]]''
|Ella
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Oru Jaathi Jaathakam]]''
|Thathri kutty
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Kaushaljis vs Kaushal]]''
|Kiara Meena Bansal
|Hindi
|
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Series !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2010 || ''[[Rishtey (season 2)|Rishtey]]'' || || rowspan=2|[[Hindi]] || Episode 46: "Itni Chhoti Baat, Itni Lambi Raat"
|-
|2011 || ''[[Just Dance (Indian TV series)|Just Dance]]'' || || Music video
|-
|2014 || ''Comedy Stars'' || Celebrity judge || rowspan=5|[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2015 || ''[[D 4 Dance]]'' || Celebrity guest ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Laughing Villa]]'' || Guest ||
|-
|2017 || ''Comedy Super Night 3'' || Dancer || In the title song
|-
|2018 || ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]'' || Herself || Episode 91, 92, 95, 96
|-
|rowspan='2' | 2019 || ''Home Sweet Office''|| Shagun Agarwal||rowspan="10"|Hindi ||Dice Media, Pocket Aces<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/pocket-aces-teams-up-with-amazonin-for-first-web-series-of-the-year-home-sweet-office-95005.html |title=Pocket Aces teams up with Amazon.in for first web series of the year, 'Home Sweet Office' – Exchange4media |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzincontent.com/story/pocket-aces-single-web-series-home-sweet-office-brings-on-board-amazon-in-butterfly-ayurveda-and-pipa-bella/ |title=Pocket Aces' web series Home Sweet Office brings on board Amazon.in, Butterfly Ayurveda and Pipa • Bella |last=Delhi |first=BuzzInContent Bureau |website=buzzincontent.com |access-date=2 March 2019 |date=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Parchhayee''|| Hameeda|| [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5 originals]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/parchhayee-episode-7-topaz-review-sumeet-vyas-and-isha-talwar-tell-a-tale-worth-watching/amp/ |title=Parchhayee Episode 7 Topaz Review: Sumeet Vyas And Isha Talwar Tell A Worth Watch |website=Zee Tv |language=en-IN |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113092322/https://zeetv.zee5.com/parchhayee-episode-7-topaz-review-sumeet-vyas-and-isha-talwar-tell-a-tale-worth-watching/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan='2' | 2020||''Swaha''|| ||[[Flipkart]]
|-
|[[Mirzapur (TV series)#Season 2 (2020)|''Mirzapur'']]||Madhuri Yadav Tripathi/Madhuri Yadav ||[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2021||''Roz Roz''||Dancer||[[Sony India]]
|-
| 2023||''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]'' || Bijli || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| 2023||''[[Chamak (web series)|Chamak]]'' || Jazz || [[SonyLIV]]
|-
| 2024|| ''[[Indian Police Force (web series)|Indian Police Force]]''|| Rashmi Malik || Filming |[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Single Papa]]'' || Aparna Gehlot|| [[Netflix]] series
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending series|Teen Kauwe}} || {{TableTBA}} || [[Amazon Prime Video]] series<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title='Teen Kauwe' First Look Out: Sidhant Gupta-Bobby Deol Led Spy Thriller About a Mole Inside Mumbai’s Secret Agency |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/teen-kauwe-first-look-out-sidhant-gupta-bobby-deol-led-spy-thriller-about-a-mole-inside-mumbais-secret-agency-roy-kapoor-films |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
* 2013: [[Amrita TV]] Film Award for Best Pair – ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=New |first=Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/Amrita-Film-Awards-tomorrow/2013/04/19/article1551328.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614003903/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/Amrita-Film-Awards-tomorrow/2013/04/19/article1551328.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2013 |title=Amrita Film Awards tomorrow |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>
* 2013: [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Award for New Sensation in Acting]] – ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Finthecity%2F2012%2FNovember%2Finthecity_November41.xml&section=citytimes |title=City Times – Southern charm |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=12 November 2012 |access-date=22 April 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112023702/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Finthecity%2F2012%2FNovember%2Finthecity_November41.xml&section=citytimes |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2013: Indian Movie Award in Qatar For Best Debutant Actress – ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/Qatar/178/details/350057/IMAQ-show-will-be-%E2%80%98innovative,-creative%E2%80%99 |title=IMAQ show will be 'innovative, creative' |date=22 April 2013 |work=Gulf Times |access-date=19 December 2017 |language=ar}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1589340|name=Isha Talwar}}
* {{Instagram | id= talwarisha | name= Isha Talwar }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talwar, Isha}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Kerala Cafe

2026-03-23T13:53:15Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: improved article

{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kerala Cafe
| image = Kerala Cafe.jpg
| director = {{ubl|[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]|[[M. Padmakumar]]|[[Shanker Ramakrishnan]]|[[Shaji Kailas]]|[[Uday Ananthan]]|[[Anjali Menon]]|[[B. Unnikrishnan]]|[[Shyamaprasad]]|[[Anwar Rasheed]]|[[Revathi|Revathy]]|[[Lal Jose]]}}
| producer = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Deedi Damodaran]]|Rajesh Jayaram|Lal Jose|Anjali Menon|[[Joshua Newton (writer)|Joshua Newton]]|M. Padmakumar|[[Unni R.]]|Shanker Ramakrishnan|[[Ahmed Sidhique]]|B. Unnikrishnan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]|[[Dileep]]|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]|[[Suresh Gopi]]|[[Fahadh Faasil]]|[[Mammootty]]|[[Navya Nair]]|[[Jyothirmayi]]|[[Nithya Menen]]|[[Sona Nair]]|[[Rima Kallingal]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Manoj Pillai|Anil Nair|Vijay Ulaganath|[[Sujith Vaassudev]]|[[Hari Nair]]|[[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]|[[Shamdat|Shamdat Saifudheen]]|Alagappan|Suresh Rajan|Prakash Kutty|[[Madhu Ambat]]|[[S. Kumar]]}}
| editing = {{ubl|[[Ranjan Abraham]]|[[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]|Samjith Mohammed|Vijay Shankar|V. T. Sreejith|[[John Kutty]]|[[B. Lenin]]|[[Vivek Harshan]]|Rajalakshmi|[[Mahesh Narayan]]}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Ishaan Dev]]|[[Ouseppachan]]|[[Bijibal]]|[[M. Jayachandran]]|[[Rahul Raj]]|[[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]|[[Rex Vijayan]]|[[Bombay Jayashree]]|Manu Ramesan|Thej Marvin}}
| studio = Capitol Theatres
| distributor = Backwater Media & Entertainment Private Ltd.
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2009|10|9|[[Abu Dhabi]]|2009|10|29|[[Kerala]]|df=y}}
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kerala Cafe : a film joint ''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[anthology film]] consisting of ten short film segments, combined together by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], [[M. Padmakumar]], [[Shanker Ramakrishnan|Shankar Ramakrishnan]], [[Shaji Kailas]], [[Uday Ananthan]], [[Anjali Menon]], [[B. Unnikrishnan]], [[Shyamaprasad]], [[Anwar Rasheed]], [[Revathi|Revathy]], and [[Lal Jose]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of all segments.

== List of short films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Cinematographer
|-
|''[[Prologue]]''
|[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|{{Dash}}
|Manoj Pillai
|-
|''Nostalgia''
|[[M. Padmakumar]]
|[[M. Padmakumar]] (Based on the poem ''Nattuvaazhikal'')
|Anil Nair
|-
|''Island Express''
|[[Shanker Ramakrishnan|Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
|Shankar Ramakrishnan
|[[S Kumar]]
|-
|''Lalitham Hiranmayam''
|[[Shaji Kailas]]
|Rajesh Jayaraman
|[[Sujith Vaassudev]]
|-
|''Mrityunjayam''
|[[Uday Ananthan]]
|[[Ahmed Sidhique]]
|[[Hari Nair]]
|-
|''Happy Journey''
|[[Anjali Menon]]
|Anjali Menon
|[[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|''Aviraamam''
|[[B. Unnikrishnan]]
|B. Unnikrishnan
|[[Shamdat Sainudeen]]
|-
|''Off-season''
|[[Shyamaprasad]]
|[[Joshua Newtonn]]
|Alagappan
|-
|''Bridge''
|[[Anwar Rasheed]]
|[[Unni R.]]
|Suresh Rajan
|-
|''Makal''
|[[Revathy]]
|[[Deedi Damodaran]]
|[[Madhu Ambat]]
|-
|''Puram Kazchakal''
|[[Lal Jose]]
|[[Lal Jose]] (Based on [[C. V. Sreeraman]]'s short story ''Puramkazchakal'')
|[[Vijay Ulaganath]]
|}

==Plots ==
Kerala Cafe is an anthology film comprising ten distinct short stories, each narrating a different tale. Though independent in theme and characters, the stories are subtly interconnected. The Kerala Cafe serves as the sole common link, with each narrative either passing through or making a brief visit to the cafe.
=== ''Nostalgia'' (First segment) ===
''Nostalgia'' that is loosely based on Venugopal's poem ''Naatuvazhikal'' is the first film that unfolds.
Johnykutty is employed in the Middle East, who claims to friends to long to return to [[Kerala]] some day. On a vacation back to India though, he despises the government and the potholes on the road, the bureaucracy and the people. Having signed a deal to sell off his ancestral mansion, enrolling his kids in a boarding school, and making fake promises to his old friend, he flies back to Dubai, to commence his nostalgic laments all over again.

=== ''Island Express'' (Second segment) ===
The hero zooms down and starts whispering to us about Jesus, Frankenstein and [[Devasuram|Mangalassery Neelakantan]], the idol trio who have had a say in his life.
With his 'editor-publisher hanging around his arms, the writer that he is, speeds off to Kerala, promising her that he would provide traditional attire to cover her up when they reach there.
An aged woman waits for her bus at a bus station, while an army officer sitting nearby dozes off, his head resting gently on her shoulders.
A dishevelled looking man in his fifties, brushes aside the advances of a teenage girl in a shabby looking lodge, as he prepares to go somewhere.
Island Express splendidly bonds together these diverse characters and more in a dramatic climax.

=== ''Lalitham Hiranmayam'' (Third segment) ===
Ramesh is caught between his wife Lalitha and mistress Mayi and has to take the big decision now.
The turmoil that goes on inside the man's mind is slickly edited and trendily depicted on screen.
Ramesh discloses his affair with Mayi to Lalitha before his accidental death, and Lalitha accepts Mayi and her child as part of her life.

=== ''Mrityunjayam'' (Fourth segment) ===
''Mrityunjayam'' has a journalist doing an investigative story on a spooky old 'Mana' (ancestral Kerala house) that in its owner's own words is a 'very different and peculiar place'.
He falls in love with a girl, the owner's granddaughter who greets him at the door there, and straight away ask her if she would marry him. She is taken aback but all the more impressed by his candidness. He then proceeds to the "Mana" to unveil the mystery despite its owner's cautionary warning, and returns to visit the girl again. In the end the journalist also succumbs to the mystery of the "Mana", and is found dead inside, the next morning. It is revealed that it was his ghost that came to visit the girl that night.

=== ''Happy Journey'' (Fifth segment) ===
A middle aged man delights himself with a bit of flirting with a girl sitting beside him on a bus from [[Ernakulam]] to [[Kozhikode]]. Edging his way into the girl's seat and engaging in worthless conversation, he is all optimistic about the night that lies ahead. The girl on the other hand is initially uncomfortable, but all of a sudden composedly takes on a different garb that stuns the man. Against all odds, she would keep her head above the water, and a calmness descends on her that is at once creepy and confident.
A psychological combat between the two ensues that concludes in an impressive climax.

=== ''Aviramam'' (Sixth segment) ===
''Aviramam'' talks of life that would go on, even as one strives to put an end to it all.
Devi wakes up to find her doting husband Ravi beside her with a cup of tea. Gulping down the tea, she talks of 'how horrible a kisser' he was.
There is talk of the recession eating into the IT sector and Ravi's business in particular before they get ready to leave for the railway station with their kids. Having seen off his family on a short vacation of three days, Ravi heads back home and gets a noose ready to finally call it a day. But the true love of Devi prevents any mishaps and they decide to take on life as it comes.

=== ''Off Season'' (Seventh segment) ===
Kunjappai gets all pepped up as he comes across a foreigner couple on an almost empty [[Kovalam]] beach. His hopes of earning some quick money are dashed when he learns that they are broke and have actually traveled all the way from [[Lisbon]] looking for work in India. But Kunjappai and the couple bond well, and soon all's well that ends well

=== ''Bridge'' (Eighth segment) ===
''Bridge'' illustrates the obvious symbols of loss, misery and desolation.
The film talks about two parallel tracks, the first one involving a boy and his pet kitten. The father discards the pet kitten to discipline the child, but the child falls ill, and the father then sets out to find the kitten to calm his son, but to no avail.
The other story has a son, who lives in poor surroundings, deciding to leave his ailing mother in the street.
In the end, it is shown that the old lady and the kitten have found each other, and both are sitting on the verandah of Kerala Cafe.

=== ''Makal'' (Ninth segment) ===
''Makal'' explores the theme of child exploitation. The story follows a girl who is taken from her village by a couple under the guise of adoption. While it initially appears to be a generous act, the narrative gradually reveals a darker motive, exposing issues related to child-trafficking.

=== ''Puram Kazhchakal'' (Tenth segment) ===
''Puram Kazhchakal'' portrays a nameless man aboard a bus trudging along a hill terrain.
His anger and impatience at the slow moving vehicle is being amusedly watched by a fellow passenger who gulps down his own memories.

==Cast==
*[[Sathyan Anthikkad]] as himself (introduces the film)
=== ''Nostalgia'' ===
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Johny
* [[Navya Nair]] as Sheela, Johny's wife
* [[Sudheesh]] as Jose, Johny's classmate
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Suresh, Johny's coworker
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Johny's father
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Johny's mother
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as the mother superior
* [[Anil Murali]] as Sreekumar Pillai

=== ''Island Express'' ===
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Leon
* [[Jayasurya]] as Vishal Krishnan
* [[Sukumari]] as Narayani
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Renjith
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as the driver of Island Express
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Zeba, Leon's love interest
* [[Shelly (actress)|Shelly Kishore]] as Kaveri
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as a person in the club
* [[M. A. Baby]] as himself
* Geethu Christie as Renjith's love interest

=== ''Lalitham Hiranmayam'' ===
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Ramesh
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Lalitha, Ramesh's wife
* [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Hiranmayi, Ramesh's love interest
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Ramesh's friend

=== ''Mrityunjayam'' ===
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as the journalist, after died (Sprit)
* [[Thilakan]] as Thirumeni, owner of Vanneri Mana
* [[Rima Kallingal]] as Thirumeni's granddaughter
* [[Anoop Menon]] as James, officer of IB
* [[Meera Nandan]] as James' step-sister

=== ''Happy Journey'' ===
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as 'JK'
* [[Nithya Menen]] as a JK's co-passenger
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as JK's wife (voice only)
* [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]] as the journalist
* [[Mythili]] as a person in the cafe
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as a person in the cafe

=== ''Aviraamam'' ===
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Ravi
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Devi, Ravi's wife
* [[Sudheesh]] as Jose (Character in segment Nostalgia)

=== ''Off Season'' ===
* [[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Kunjappayi, a tour guide
* Vindhyan as Razak

=== ''Bridge'' ===
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Manikandan
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Manikandan's wife
* [[Kozhikode Shantha Devi]] as Manikandan's mother
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as the father
* Molly Kannamali as Mary

=== ''Makal'' ===
* [[Sona Nair]] as Sethulekshmi
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Sathashivan
* [[Sreenath]] as Sajeevan
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as the person who traffics the child

=== ''Puram Kazhchakal'' ===
* [[Mammootty]] as a passenger in the bus
* [[Sreenivasan]] as a writer
* [[Sshivada]] as the writer's former lover
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as the conductor of the bus
* [[Shalu Kurian]] as a passenger in the bus

==Themes ==
On a common theme of journeys, each filmmaker presents their cinematic impression of contemporary times in Kerala. The independent narratives integrate when, during these journeys, their characters pass through Kerala Cafe—a quaint railway cafeteria—thereby creating a joint mosaic of issues and impressions.<ref name="mb">{{cite web |title=Kerala Cafe |url=http://www.keralacafe.moviebuzz.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009064703/http://keralacafe.moviebuzz.org/ |archive-date=9 October 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>

The project involved ten different cinematographers from the industry. The project features ten different stories from different settings in [[Kerala]], providing ample scope for a diverse bouquet of visual styles. The intersection of the ten stories happens in a railway cafeteria called "Kerala Café", where there is an interaction among the characters of the different stories. This portion was collectively shot by the participating directors and the cinematography was done by Prakash Kutty. [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] was the compiler and the producer of the project.

==Soundtrack==
The only song featured in the film is "Kathayamama, Kathayamama, Kathakalathisadaram", an ode to [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchath Ezhuthachan]]'s famous verse, shown in the end credits. The lyrics of the song were written by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] and the music was composed by [[Bijibal]], and sung by [[P. Jayachandran]].

==Release==
The film was released in [[Abu Dhabi]] on 9 October 2009.<ref>[http://www.snehasallapam.com/showthread.php/yes-we-are-858.html Yes we Are]. Sneha Sallapam. {{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> The film released in India on 29 October 2009.

==Reception==
Critics gave the film generally favourable reviews. Giving it four stars out of five, Nowrunning.com commented: "Open up this box of assorted candies, and you see them all laid out on a salver, quite uneven in manner and matter, posture and perspective and yet it all builds into something quite incredible that makes this ambitious enterprise a fascinating filmic feast."<ref>{{cite web |author=Veeyan |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6976/malayalam/kerala-cafe/2383/review.htm |title=Kerala Cafe Review — Malayalam Movie Review by VN |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=2009-10-31 |access-date=2012-10-18 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094401/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6976/malayalam/kerala-cafe/2383/review.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Movie Buzz of Sify.com said, "Here is a film that looks different from the rest and catches the viewers' attention quite easily."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-caf-review-malayalam-pclxtkiedhaca.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701144138/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-caf-review-malayalam-pclxtkiedhaca.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2016|title = Kerala Caf|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-malayalam-review-kerala-cafe/20091029.htm|title=Review: Kerala Cafe is a worthwhile experiment}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Some of the emotional scenes became viral through social media. Also, one of the dialogue by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in this film became a subject to trolls and memes in social media.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1539997|Kerala Cafe}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Kerala Cafe
| list =
{{Anwar Rasheed}}

{{Shaji Kailas}}
{{Lal Jose}}
{{Shyamaprasad}}
{{M. Padmakumar}}
}}

{{Ranjith}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2000s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Padmakumar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anjali Menon]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyamaprasad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anwar Rasheed]]
[[Category:Films directed by Revathi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rex Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Isaac Thomas]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]

Mani Ratnam filmography

2026-03-21T08:57:05Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: Revised and enhanced article content

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
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[[Mani Ratnam]] is an Indian filmmaker who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]]. Regarded as one of the greatest Indian filmmakers,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=14 January 2010 |title=All-Time 100 Movies |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/nayakan-1987/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505050739/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/nayakan-1987/ |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=29 April 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> he is credited with redefining the "range and depth of Tamil cinema".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHF1AAAAIAAJ |title=Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |year=1991 |location=[[Mumbai]] |page=18}}</ref> As of 2025, he has directed 29 films, and produced over 15 under his production company [[Madras Talkies]].

Mani Ratnam made his directorial debut, without formal training or education in filmmaking, with the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983). The critically acclaimed film, which he also wrote, won him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]].<ref name="Ramachandran2014">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=London |pages=165–166 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108153955/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC |archive-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=live}}</ref> Then he entered Malayalam film industry with ''[[Unaroo]]'', which was based on then prevailing trade union politics. His first Tamil film ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' (1985) was a commercial failure, but immediately followed ''[[Idaya Kovil]]'' (1985) found theatrical success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S |date=9 November 2012 |title=Leader for all times |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/leader-for-all-times/article4079107.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051415/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/leader-for-all-times/article4079107.ece |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The following year, he made the [[romantic drama]] ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'', which narrated the story of a young woman who is forced into an arranged marriage by her family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZQLAQAAMAAJ |title=Fragmented Frames: Reflections of a Critic |publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-223-1016-0 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217115236/https://books.google.com/books?id=WZQLAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> The critical and commercial success of the film established him as a leading filmmaker in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=8 February 2013 |title=Cinema Current: Mani Ratnam gestures hypnotically |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Pgp6FRFUhMoAwCVjpfH2CO/CINEMA-CURRENT-Mani-Ratnam-gestures-hypnotically.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052338/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Pgp6FRFUhMoAwCVjpfH2CO/CINEMA-CURRENT-Mani-Ratnam-gestures-hypnotically.html |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> His next release ''[[Nayakan]]'', starring [[Kamal Haasan]], was inspired by the life of the [[Mumbai|Bombay]]-based gangster [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tejonmayam |first=U |date=7 October 2010 |title='Nayagan' daughter planned to settle in US |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article288682.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052221/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article288682.ece |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The film was submitted by [[List of submissions to the 60th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|India as its official entry for the 60th Academy Awards]]. Later in 2005, ''Nayakan'' was included in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "[[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|All-Time 100 Movies]]" list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2014 |title=A Brilliant Tribute To The Wonderful Kamal Haasan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/A-Brilliant-Tribute-To-The-Wonderful-Kamal-Haasan/quickstirshow/45079862.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505053155/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/A-Brilliant-Tribute-To-The-Wonderful-Kamal-Haasan/quickstirshow/45079862.cms |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mani Ratnam followed this with the tragic romance ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (1989), which marked his [[Telugu cinema]] debut; the tragedy ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990),{{efn|The film was India's official entry to the [[63rd Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2009 |title=India's Oscar failures |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/oscars-2009/story/indias-oscar-failures-39783-2009-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051852/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Indias%2BOscar%2Bfailures/1/29289.html |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=30 April 2016 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>}} which narrated the story of an intellectually disabled child; and the [[crime drama]] ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991), loosely adapted from the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2015 |title=Happy Birthday Rajinikanth: How the superstar came to be |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/happy-birthday-rajinikanth-how-the-superstar-came-to-be/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052233/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/happy-birthday-rajinikanth-how-the-superstar-came-to-be/ |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> In 1992, he made the [[romantic thriller]] ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' for [[Kavithalayaa Productions]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA165 |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis#Acquired companies and discontinued imprints|Psychology Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 |location=[[New York City]] |page=165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217110105/https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA165 |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was dubbed into many Indian languages, including Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandara |first=Anupama |date=15 November 1995 |title=Audible success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19951115-started-by-roja-and-jurassic-park-dubbing-for-hollywood-blockbusters-becomes-big-business-807911-1995-11-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051911/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/started-by-roja-and-jurassic-park-dubbing-for-hollywood-blockbusters-becomes-big-business/1/289543.html |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref> and its widespread success brought national recognition to Mani Ratnam.<ref name="IT1995">{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=15 January 1995 |title=Falling in love with the 'Enemy' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19950115-mani-ratnams-bombay-views-communalism-through-eyes-of-common-man-806701-1995-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051925/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mani-ratnams-bombay-views-communalism-through-eyes-of-common-man/1/287685.html |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2010 |title=Will the dubbed 'Enthiran' work? |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article298788.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052243/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article298788.ece |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivaswamy |first=Saisuresh |date=18 June 2010 |title=Vikram's Raavanan is better, as is Prithviraj's Dev |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051700/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> Three years later, he made ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995), which was based on the [[Bombay riots|1992–93 Bombay riots]].<ref name=IT1995 /> Although controversial for its depiction of religious riots,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=21 August 2014 |title=Why India loves to ban films |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28877947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052846/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28877947 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> the film met with wide critical acclaim and became commercially successful in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=G. Tilak |first1=Sudha |last2=Jung Thapa |first2=Vijay |date=15 April 1995 |title=Treading on a dangerous divide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19950415-critical-acclaim-and-howls-of-protest-for-mani-ratnam-bombay-806737-1995-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051937/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/critical-acclaim-and-howls-of-protest-for-mani-ratnam-bombay/1/287840.html |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=30 April 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay: Interesting facts about the film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bombay-Interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/47802356.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505053345/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bombay-Interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/47802356.cms |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=30 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 1997, Mani Ratnam co-produced and directed the [[political drama]] film ''[[Iruvar]]'' starring [[Mohanlal]] with an ensemble supporting cast including [[Prakash Raj]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], [[Revathi]], [[Gautami]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]].
{{efn|The film was the debut venture of [[Madras Talkies]].}} The film was loosely based on the [[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics|relationship between cinema and politics in Tamil Nadu]].{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=164–165}} The following year, he made his [[Bollywood]] debut with ''[[Dil Se..]]'', the third film in his "terrorism trilogy".{{efn|The preceding films are ''Roja'' and ''Bombay''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Omar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW0-CQAAQBAJ |title=Studying Indian Cinema |publisher=Auteur Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-9932384-9-9 |location=[[Leighton Buzzard]] |page=186 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217105926/https://books.google.com/books?id=oW0-CQAAQBAJ |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} A box-office failure in India, the film emerged a success overseas; it became the first Indian film to be placed among the top 10 at the [[List of highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom box-office]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sattar |first=Miral |date=27 October 2010 |title=Dil Se – 1998 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2022076_2022068_2022065,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505050645/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2022076_2022068_2022065%2C00.html |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |magazine=Time}}</ref> In 2002, Mani Ratnam directed the critically acclaimed drama ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', which was set against the backdrop of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhakar |first=Jyothi |date=26 August 2014 |title=Films with Sri Lankan connect run into trouble in TN |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Films-with-Sri-Lankan-connect-run-into-trouble-in-TN/articleshow/40868300.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505053410/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Films-with-Sri-Lankan-connect-run-into-trouble-in-TN/articleshow/40868300.cms |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The commercial failure was the most successful film at the [[50th National Film Awards]], winning six honours including the award for the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=4 September 2002 |title=Switching over to action |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/04/stories/2002090400060200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051433/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/04/stories/2002090400060200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=50th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm50NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=50nfa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105323/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm50NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=50nfa.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> He returned to Bollywood after a six-year hiatus with the political drama ''[[Yuva]]'' (2004); the project was simultaneously filmed in Tamil as ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' with a different cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=19 May 2004 |title='I am today's woman – very independent, very bindaas' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19esha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612005830/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19esha.htm |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> His next release was the biographical film ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007), a [[film à clef]] inspired by the life of the industrialist [[Dhirubhai Ambani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=29 January 2007 |title=Polyester Perfect |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20070129-film-review-of-mani-ratnams-guru-749358-2007-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524055208/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-of-mani-ratnams-guru/1/156632.html |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=6 November 2006 |title=Abhishek goes the Ambani way |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/06sd1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524055156/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/06sd1.htm |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> In 2010, Mani Ratnam worked on the Tamil-Hindi bilingual ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''/''Raavan'', which was based on the Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=11 July 2010 |title=Promises not kept |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/promises-not-kept/article510094.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524055201/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/promises-not-kept/article510094.ece |archive-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> Three years later, he produced and directed the crime drama ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'', a critical and box office failure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=13 February 2013 |title=Mani Ratnam's Kadal in trouble |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-s-kadal-in-trouble/story-crGBh1EEjwdmT7n1QV3B5N.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612005835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-s-kadal-in-trouble/story-crGBh1EEjwdmT7n1QV3B5N.html |archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> This was followed by ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015), a romantic drama about a [[Cohabitation in India|cohabiting couple]]. The critically acclaimed film was his first commercial success in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2015 |title=Mani Ratnam's Tamil film 'O Kadhal Kanmani' mints over Rs.14 crore in 4 days of release |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mani-ratnams-tamil-film-o-kadhal-kanmani-mints-over-rs-14-crore-in-4-days-of-release/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052255/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mani-ratnams-tamil-film-o-kadhal-kanmani-mints-over-rs-14-crore-in-4-days-of-release/ |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2015 |title='Kanchana 2', 'OK Kanmani' rock the box office this week |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kanchana-2-ok-kanmani-rock-the-box-office-this-week-2079704 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505050750/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kanchana-2-ok-kanmani-rock-the-box-office-this-week-2079704 |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Mani Ratnam film credits as director
|-
!scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Year
!scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Title
!scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Language
!scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-

|-
|1983
!scope="row" | ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Ramachandran2014" />
|-
|1984
!scope="row" | ''[[Unaroo]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
!scope="row" | ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Idaya Kovil]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
|-
|1986
!scope="row" | ''[[Mouna Ragam]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Ramachandran2014" />
|-
|1987
!scope="row" | ''[[Nayakan]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Ramachandran2014" />
|-
|1988
!scope="row" | ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
|-
|1989
!scope="row" | ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Ramachandran2014" />
|-
|1990
!scope="row" | ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
| rowspan="6" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Ramachandran2014" />
|-
|1991
!scope="row" | ''[[Thalapathi]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Ramachandran2014" />
|-
|1992
!scope="row" | ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="MontiRozzonelli">{{Cite book |last1=Monti |first1=Alessandro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3dPCwAAQBAJ |title=Experiments in Film Appreciation |last2=Rozzonelli |first2=Carole |date=21 March 2016 |publisher=[[Lulu (company)|Lulu]] |isbn=978-1-326-41841-0 |location=[[Raleigh, North Carolina]] |page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322025544/https://books.google.com/books?id=y3dPCwAAQBAJ |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1993
!scope="row" | ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]''
| rowspan="3"| Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}}
|-
| 1995
!scope="row" | ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=292}}
|-
|1997
!scope="row" | ''[[Iruvar]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=292}}
|-
|1998
!scope="row" | ''[[Dil Se...]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}} {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=136}} {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=293}}
|-
|2000
!scope="row" | ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" | Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}} {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=293}}
|-
|2002
!scope="row" | ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=293}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2004
!scope="row" | ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]''
| rowspan="2" | simultaneous shots
Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2005 |title=Shah Rukh, Rani Mukherjee bag awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/28/stories/2005022809430300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051509/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/28/stories/2005022809430300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Yuva]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=294}}
|-
|2007
!scope="row" | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}} {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=294}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
!scope="row" | ''[[Raavan (2010 film)|Raavan]]''
| rowspan="2" | simultaneous shots
Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}} {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=295}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''
| rowspan="9" |Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=295}}
|-
|2013
!scope="row" | ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''
| rowspan="7" | Also producer{{efn|He worked as a co-producer with:
* [[S. Sriram]] under [[Aalayam Productions]] from 1990-1995
* G. Srinivasan under [[Madras Talkies]] in 1997 and from 2000-2007
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the banner titled India Talkies in 1998
* [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Lyca Productions]] from 2018-2023
* [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] in 2025.|name=Director}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=291}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=15 August 2012 |title=50 crore for Mani Ratnam's next? |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/50-crore-for-Mani-Ratnams-next/articleshow/15492085.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505053054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/50-crore-for-Mani-Ratnams-next/articleshow/15492085.cms |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2015
!scope="row" | ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=28th Tokyo International Film Festival |url=http://2015.tiff-jp.net/en/lineup/works_sp.php?id=154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052856/http://2015.tiff-jp.net/en/lineup/works_sp.php?id=154 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |publisher=[[Tokyo International Film Festival]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
!scope="row"| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=17 March 2017 |title=Mani Ratnam's Kaatru Veliyidai official release date announced |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-kaatru-veliyidai-official-release-date-announced-karthi-aditi-rao-hydari-4573644/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170321104759/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-kaatru-veliyidai-official-release-date-announced-karthi-aditi-rao-hydari-4573644/ |archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|2018|2018}}
!scope="row" | ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2018 |title='Chekka Chivantha Vaanam': Mani Ratnam's next film has a rich ensemble cast |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-next-film-has-a-rich-ensemble-cast/article22706486.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212092808/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-next-film-has-a-rich-ensemble-cast/article22706486.ece |archive-date=12 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!scope="row" | ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharanya |first=CR |date=12 December 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' starts rolling in Thailand |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-starts-rolling-in-thailand/articleshow/72474323.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191212063316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-starts-rolling-in-thailand/articleshow/72474323.cms |archive-date=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan Part 2 will release 6 to 9 months after part 1's release, says Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-part-2-will-release-6-to-9-months-after-part-1-s-release-says-mani-ratnam-2001430-2022-09-17 |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|2025
!scope="row"|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title='KH 234' titled 'Thug Life': Kamal Haasan looks supreme in Mani Ratnam's directorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kh-234-titled-thug-life-kamal-haasan-looks-supreme-in-mani-ratnams-directorial/articleshow/105012430.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107212343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kh-234-titled-thug-life-kamal-haasan-looks-supreme-in-mani-ratnams-directorial/articleshow/105012430.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
!Untitled Project
|
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}
{{pending films key}}

===As producer and writer===
This is a list of films that Mani Ratnam worked for other directors.{{efn|name=Director}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Mani Ratnam film credits as producer or writer
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Title
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Language
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Notes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! Producer
! Writer
|-
|1990
!scope="row" | ''[[Chatriyan]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=136}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Vignesh |date=2 June 2015 |title=Happy b'day Ilayaraja-Mani Ratnam: 10 magical film scores of the duo |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-b-day-ilayaraja-mani-ratnam-10-magical-film-scores-of-the-duo/story-8p9Lyrg7Mn7BTEKu33EohJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505052403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-b-day-ilayaraja-mani-ratnam-10-magical-film-scores-of-the-duo/story-8p9Lyrg7Mn7BTEKu33EohJ.html |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
!scope="row" | ''[[Dasarathan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=125}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Gaayam]]''
|
|{{partial|Story}}
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2013 |title=When Mani Ratnam worked with RGV |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/When-Mani-Ratnam-worked-with-RGV/articleshow/18464017.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505053506/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/When-Mani-Ratnam-worked-with-RGV/articleshow/18464017.cms |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|1995
!scope="row" | ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]''
|
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|rowspan="6"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |page=197}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Aasai]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" />
|-
|1997
!scope="row" | ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=17 August 1998 |title=Starry Sush |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/28ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051720/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/28ss.htm |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|1999
!scope="row" | ''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 1998 |title=3 men and a movie |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19980406-three-movie-moguls-from-south-india-team-up-for-film-taj-mahal-826050-1998-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051957/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/three-movie-moguls-from-south-india-team-up-for-film-taj-mahal/1/263815.html |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-

|2001
!scope="row" | ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=28 April 2001 |title=Drums for Dum Dum Dum! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/28dum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051733/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/28dum.htm |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
!scope="row" | ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=7 October 2002 |title=A five star debut |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/10/07/stories/2002100701030200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051445/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/10/07/stories/2002100701030200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2003 |title=Filmfare awards: 'Devdas' bags 11, 'Saathiya' 4 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/02/23/stories/2003022301711100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051500/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/02/23/stories/2003022301711100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2017
!scope="row" | ''[[Ok Jaanu]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2016 |title=Ok Jaanu first look: Aditya Roy Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor light up OK Kanmani remake, see pic |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ok-jaanu-first-look-aditya-roy-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-light-up-ok-kanmani-remake-see-pic-4418373/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212041428/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ok-jaanu-first-look-aditya-roy-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-light-up-ok-kanmani-remake-see-pic-4418373/ |archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|2020|2020}}
!scope="row" | ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=18 July 2019 |title=How team 'Vaanam Kottatum' shot on busy city roads when it rained heavily |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sky-is-the-limit/article29118883.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829040622/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sky-is-the-limit/article29118883.ece |archive-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=1 October 2020 |title=Amazon and Netflix Reveal Tamil-Language Anthology Films |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/amazon-netflix-reveal-tamil-language-anthology-films-1234788731/ |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Mani Ratnam television credits
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Creator
! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Producer
! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Writer
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Language
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Network
! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2021
| ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Netflix]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=8 July 2021|title=Exploring nine emotions: Mani Ratnam, Jayendra on upcoming Tamil anthology 'Navarasa'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-ratnam-on-the-ott-boom-and-tamil-anthology-navarasa/article35205998.ece|access-date=8 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708052319/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-ratnam-on-the-ott-boom-and-tamil-anthology-navarasa/article35205998.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2012 |isbn=9788184756906 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratnam, Mani}}
[[Category:Director filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Memory of the World Programme

2026-03-13T11:35:23Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: content update

{{Short description|UNESCO initiative to preserve heritage}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Unesco Memory of the World Logo (English).png|thumb|Logo of the Memory of the World Programme]]
[[UNESCO]]'s '''Memory of the World''' ('''MoW''') '''Programme''' is an international initiative that recognises documentary heritage of global importance. It aims to safeguard the [[documentary heritage]] of humanity against [[collective amnesia]], neglect, decay over time and climatic conditions, as well as deliberate destruction. It calls for the [[historic preservation|preservation]] of valuable [[archival holdings]], library collections, and private individual compendia all over the world for posterity and increased accessibility to, and public awareness of, these items.<ref name="intro">{{cite book |last1=Edmondson |first1=Ray |editor1-last=Edmondson |editor1-first=Ray |editor2-last=Jordan |editor2-first=Lothar |editor3-last=Prodan |editor3-first=Anca Claudia |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |isbn=978-3-030-18441-4 |pages=21–22 |chapter=Memory of the World: An Introduction}}</ref><ref name=official>{{cite web| title=Official website |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref><ref name=2003_memory>{{cite web| title= Twenty-three new inscriptions on Memory of the World Register of Documentary Collections | date=2003-09-01 |url= http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php@URL_ID=14264&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |publisher=UNESCO Press |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref>

Following the establishment of the Memory of the World International Register, UNESCO and the Memory of the World Programme have encouraged the creation of autonomous national and regional committees as well as national and regional registers which focus on documentary heritage of great regional or national importance, but not necessarily of global importance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=MoW Committees |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/committees |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>

[[Image:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|The [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789) was used to disseminate to the political community the first [[Constitution of France|French Constitution]].<ref name="rights_of_man">{{cite web| title= Original Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789–1791) |url= https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/original-declaration-rights-man-and-citizen-1789-1791 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2025-03-03}}</ref>]]

==Memory of the World International Register==
The Memory of the World International Register is a list of the world's documentary heritage with outstanding global significance – such as [[manuscript]]s, [[oral tradition]]s, audio-visual materials, and library and archive holdings.<ref name="strategy" /> It catalogues documentary heritage that has been recommended by the International Advisory Committee and endorsed by the [[Director-General of UNESCO]], using the selection criteria "world significance and outstanding universal value."<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2023 |title=Memory of the World: Documentary heritage treasures of Africa |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/memory-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217100352/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/memory-world |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-06-17 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |language=en}}</ref> As well as raising awareness of this heritage, the register aims to promote its preservation, digitization, and dissemination by calling upon the programme's networks of experts.<ref name="2003_memory" /> The program also uses technology to provide wider accessibility and diffusion of information about the items inscribed on the register.<ref name="2003_memory" />

The first inscriptions on the International Register were made in 1997.<ref name="intro" /><ref name="2003_memory" /><ref name="1997_report">{{cite web |date=October 1997 |title=Third Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme, Tashkent, 29 September-1st October 1997: final report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000109753 |access-date=2025-06-17 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref> The various properties in the register include recordings of [[folk music]]; [[ancient language]]s and [[phonetics]]; aged remnants of religious and secular manuscripts; collective lifetime works of renowned giants of literature; science and music; copies of landmark motion pictures and short films; and accounts documenting changes in the world's political, economic, and social stage.

As of April 2025, 570 pieces of documentary heritage had been inscribed in the International Register.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memory of the World |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref> The register is divided into five regional groups, and some inscriptions relate to international organisations. An inscription can be associated with more than one region if multiple countries are involved in its nomination.

The program is not without controversy. During the 2015 cycle, for example, there was a significant degree of conflict within East Asia, as registry with the MoW Program was becoming viewed as an approval of particular views of contested history, specifically with respect to the [[Nanjing Massacre]] and the [[comfort women]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Yamamoto |first=Mayumi |date=2016 |title=Heritage and Diplomacy: A Cultural Approach to UNESCO's Document Registry Program in East Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/32367448 |journal=Annual Journal of Cultural Anthropology |volume=11 |access-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Region
! Number of inscriptions to the Register
|-
| [[Memory of the World Register in Africa]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 41
|-
| [[Memory of the World Register in Arab States]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 24
|-
| [[Memory of the World Register in Asia and the Pacific]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 180
|-
| [[Memory of the World Register in Europe and North America]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 315
|-
| [[Memory of the World Register in Latin America and the Caribbean]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 83
|-
| [[Memory of the World Register of International Organizations]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
|}

===Top 10 countries by number of inscriptions===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Number of inscriptions
|-
|1
| {{flag|Germany}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 33
|-
| 2
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 27
|-
| 3=
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| 3=
| {{flag|France}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| 5
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 21
|-
| 6
| {{flag|Poland}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
|-
| 7
| {{flag|China}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
|-
| 8=
| {{flag|Spain}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
|-
| 8=
| {{flag|Russia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
|-
| 8=
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
|}

=== Process ===
Any organization or individual can nominate a documentary item for inscription on the International Register via [[Member states of UNESCO|UNESCO Member States]] through their [[National Commissions for UNESCO|National Commission for UNESCO]]. In the absence of a National Commission, the nomination is sent through the relevant government body in charge of relations with UNESCO, involving, if one exists, the relevant national MoW committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=Memory of the World General Guidelines |url=https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/mow_general_guidelines_en.pdf |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Two proposals per UNESCO Member State are considered in each nomination cycle. There is no limit on joint nomination proposals from two or more UNESCO Member States.

The program is administered by the International Advisory Committee (IAC), whose 14 members are appointed by the [[Director-General of UNESCO]].<ref name="strategy" /><ref name="2003_memory" /> During its meetings, the IAC examines the full documentation of the item's description, origin, world significance, contemporary state of conservation and other criteria for admissibility. The IAC recommends to the [[UNESCO#Executive Board|Executive Board of UNESCO]] the items proposed for inscription.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Guidelines of the Memory of the World (MoW) Programme |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378405 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> The IAC is responsible for the formulation of major policies, including the technical, legal and financial framework for the program. It also maintains several subsidiary bodies:<ref name="IAC">{{cite web |date=2009-08-11 |title=International Advisory Committee |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2254&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160311102614/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2254&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=2016-03-11 |access-date=2009-12-09 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref>
* ''Bureau'': Maintains an overview of the Programme between IAC meetings and makes tactical decisions in liaison with the Secretariat, reviews the use of the Memory of the World logo, and liaises with national Memory of the World committees and monitors their growth and operation.
* ''The Preservation Sub-Committee'': Develops, regularly revises and promulgates information guides on the preservation of documentary heritage, and offers advice on technical and preservation matters.
* ''Register Sub-Committee'': Oversees the assessment of nominations for the Memory of the World International Register and provides recommendations, with reasons, for their inscription or rejection to each meeting of the IAC.
* ''Education and Research Sub-committee'': Develops strategies and concepts for institutionalizing education and research on documentary heritage and helps developing innovative curricula and research on Memory of the World.
* ''The Secretariat at UNESCO:'' Provides support services to the International Advisory Committee (IAC) and its subsidiary bodies, and the general administration and monitoring of the Program. It is the contact point of the Program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=Secretariat |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/secretariat |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>
* The Memory of the World Programme is implemented by UNESCO through ''regional and national committees''. These committees are autonomous from UNESCO and are composed of dedicated local heritage professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoW Committees |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/committees |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>

== National and regional registers ==
Some national and regional Memory of the World committees maintain their own Memory of the World registers, highlighting documentary heritage of great national or regional importance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocking the Past, Shaping the Future: UNESCO's Memory of the World Registers for Collective Memory |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/documentary-heritage/explore |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="russell_registers" /> National registers include:

* [[Brazil Memory of the World Register]]
* Canada Memory of the World Register<ref>{{Cite news |last=Monkman |first=Lenard |date=11 September 2019 |title=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation archives added to UNESCO world register |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/national-centre-for-truth-and-reconciliation-archives-added-to-unesco-world-register-1.5280185 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205044951/https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/national-centre-for-truth-and-reconciliation-archives-added-to-unesco-world-register-1.5280185 |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=CBC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Memory of the World Register |url=https://en.ccunesco.ca/initiatives/memory-of-the-world/canada-memory-of-the-world-register |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Canadian Commission for UNESCO |language=en}}</ref>
* Mexican National Register of the Memory of the World<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=National Register of the Memory of the World incorporates 14 new inscriptions |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/national-register-memory-world-incorporates-14-new-inscriptions |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>
* [[Memory of the World Aotearoa New Zealand Ngā Mahara o te Ao]]
* [[List of Memory of the World Documentary Heritage in the Philippines|Philippines Memory of the World Register]]
* [[UK Memory of the World Register]]

There are presently two regional registers: the Asia Pacific Regional Register and the Register for Latin America and the Caribbean regional register'<ref name="russell_registers">{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Roslyn |editor1-last=Edmondson |editor1-first=Ray |editor2-last=Jordan |editor2-first=Lothar |editor3-last=Prodan |editor3-first=Anca Claudia |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |isbn=978-3-030-18441-4 |page=44 |chapter=The Memory of the World Registers and Their Potential}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific |title=MOWCAP Regional Register |url=https://www.mowcapunesco.org/core-activities/regional-register/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=Regional Register |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/lac/regional-register |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> An African Regional Register is currently being established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa Regional Committee of the Memory of the World Programme (ARCMoW) |title=Africa Regional Committee of the Memory of the World Programme (ARCMoW) |url=https://arcmow.org/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Africa Regional Committee of the Memory of the World Programme (ARCMoW)}}</ref> In the Asia-Pacific region, in 2014–2015, there were 18 member nations of [[MOWCAP]] (6 without national committees), while in 2016, there were 16 national MoW committees.<ref name=":0" />

==''Jikji'' Prize==
[[Image:SelectedTeachingsofBuddhistSagesandSonMasters1377.jpg|thumb|The ''Jikji'', created in 1377, is the earliest known book printed with [[Movable type|movable metal type]].]]
The ''Jikji'' Prize was established in 2004 by UNESCO<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/jikji |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> in cooperation with the South Korean government to further promote the objectives of the Memory of the World Programme, and to commemorate the 2001 inscription of the country's ''[[Jikji]]'' on the Register.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |title=About the Prize |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/jikji/about |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> The award, which includes a cash prize of $30,000 from the Korean government, recognizes institutions that have contributed to the preservation and accessibility of documentary heritage.<ref name="2005_memory">{{cite web |date=2005-06-21 |title=Twenty-nine new documentary collections inscribed on the Memory of the World Register |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28029&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |access-date=2009-09-06 |publisher=UNESCO Press}}</ref>

The prize has been awarded biannually since 2005 during the meeting of the IAC.<ref name="2005_memory" />

===Recipients===
* 2005: [[National Library of the Czech Republic|Czech National Library]] ([[Prague]])<ref name="2005_memory" /><ref name="2005_report">{{cite web |title=Seventh Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000142730 |access-date=2025-03-03 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
* 2007: Phonogrammarchiv of the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]]
* 2009: [[National Archives of Malaysia]] ([[Kuala Lumpur]])<ref>{{cite web | title= UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World 2009 Prize awarded to National Archives of Malaysia | date= 2009-08-21 | url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29057&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150314195327/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29057&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2015-03-14 | publisher= UNESCO Memory of the World Programme | access-date= 2009-09-07 }}</ref>
* 2011: [[National Archives of Australia]]<ref>{{cite web | title= National Archives of Australia to receive UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize | date= 2011-05-30 | url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31409&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | archive-date= 2015-03-14 | archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150314182107/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D31409%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html | url-status= dead| publisher= UNESCO News Service | access-date= 2012-01-10 }}</ref>
* 2013: Apoyo al Desarrollo de Archivos y Bibliotecas ([[Mexico City]])
* 2016: Iberarchivos Programme for the Development of Ibero-Ameran Archives
* 2018: SAVAMA-DCI (Mali)
*2020: [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]] (Cambodia)<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO / Jikji Memory of the World Prize 2020 awarded to the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (Cambodia) |date=April 9, 2020 |website=UNESCO |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-jikji-memory-world-prize-2020-awarded-tuol-sleng-genocide-museum-cambodia |access-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref>
*2022: [[AUC Libraries and Learning Technologies|American University in Cairo's Libraries and Learning Technologies, Rare Books and Special Collection Library in Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The American University in Cairo to receive 2022 UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize {{!}} UNESCO |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/american-university-cairo-receive-2022-unescojikji-memory-world-prize |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref>
*2024: [[National Library of Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Library of Indonesia to receive 2024 UNESCO-Jikji Memory of the World Prize |date=September 3, 2024 |website=UNESCO |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/national-library-indonesia-receive-2024-unesco-jikji-memory-world-prize |access-date=November 18, 2024}}</ref>

==History==
In 1992, the program began as a way to preserve and promote documentary heritage, manuscripts, maps, rock inscriptions, court documents, diplomatic exchanges and more that are deemed to be of such global significance as to transcend the boundaries of time and culture.<ref name="strategy" /> This recorded memory reflects the diversity of languages, people, and cultures.<ref name="2005_memory" /> UNESCO, the world agency responsible for the protection of the world's [[cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage]], realized the need to protect such fragile yet important component of cultural heritage. The Memory of the World Programme was established to facilitate the preservation of, universal access to, and public awareness about humanity's documentary heritage.<ref name="2007_memory">{{cite web |author=Jasmina Sopova |date=2007-06-20 |title=Thirty-eight new inscriptions for Memory of the World Register |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=38423&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111132741/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D38423%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2009-11-11 |access-date=2009-09-06 |publisher=UNESCO Press}}</ref>

{{blockquote|People the world over are creating [memories] in forms that are less and less permanent—be it sound recordings, film, videotape, newsprint, photographs, or computer-based documents. It must be said that the output of the present century alone is probably greater than the total output of all previous centuries put together; and ironically and tragically, it is being lost faster than ever before. It is a tragedy indeed, for what is at stake is the recorded memory of mankind.|Dato' Habibah Zon, Director-General of the [[National Archives of Malaysia]]|<ref name=strategy>{{cite web|title=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: The Asia-Pacific Strategy |url=http://www.geocities.com/seapavaa/whatsnew/memory.htm |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2017-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228192535/http://www.geocities.com/seapavaa/whatsnew/memory.htm |archive-date=2005-02-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

Regular meetings were held by the IAC in its interim capacity beginning in 1993, culminating in the creation of the Memory of the World International Register during its second meeting in 1995,<ref name="strategy" /><ref name="1997_report" /> with the first inscriptions on the register in 1997, after the statutes that created the IAC as a standing committee took effect.<ref name="1999_report">{{cite web |date=July 1999 |title=Fourth meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme, Vienna, 10-12 June 1999: final report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000116830 |access-date=2025-06-17 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref>

===Memory of the World IAC meetings===

Biennial meetings of the International Advisory Committee are used to discuss and inscribe items onto the register. The meeting normally takes place in odd-numbered years:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:90%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! IAC Session
! width="60" | Date
! Site
! IAC chairperson
! width="70" | Number of nominations evaluated
! width="70" | Number of inscriptions to the register
! References
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1st
| style="text-align:center;" | 1993 Sept 12–14
| [[Pułtusk]], Poland
| [[Jean-Pierre Wallot]] (Canada)<ref name="1999_report" />
| style="text-align:center;" | none
| style="text-align:center;" | none
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="strategy" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2nd
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995 May 3–5
| Paris, France
| Jean-Pierre Wallot (Canada)<ref name="1997_report" />
| style="text-align:center;" | none
| style="text-align:center;" | none
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="strategy" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3rd
| style="text-align:center;" | 1997 Sept 29 – Oct 1
| [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan
| Jean-Pierre Wallot (Canada)
| style="text-align:center;" | 69
| style="text-align:center;" | 38
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="strategy" /><ref name="1997_report" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Bureau Meeting''
| style="text-align:center;" | 1998 Sept 4–5
| London, United Kingdom
| Jean-Pierre Wallot (Canada)
| style="text-align:center;" | none
| style="text-align:center;" | none
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="strategy" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4th
| style="text-align:center;" | 1999 Jun 10–12
| [[Vienna]], Austria
| [[Bendik Rugaas]] (Norway)
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="1999_report" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2001 Jun 27–29
| [[Cheongju]], South Korea
| Bendik Rugaas (Norway)
| style="text-align:center;" | 42
| style="text-align:center;" | 21
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2001_report">{{cite web |title=Fifth Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000123628 |access-date=2025-03-03 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003 Aug 28–30
| [[Gdańsk]], Poland
| [[Ekaterina Genieva]] ([[Russian Federation]])
| style="text-align:center;" | 41
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2003_memory" /><ref name="2003_report">{{cite web |title=Sixth Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000234017 |access-date=2025-03-03 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005 Jun 13–18
| [[Lijiang City|Lijiang]], [[China]]
| [[Deanna B. Marcum]] (US)
| style="text-align:center;" | 53
| style="text-align:center;" | 29
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2005_memory" /><ref name="2005_report" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007 Jun 1–15
| [[Pretoria]], South Africa
| [[Alissandra Cummins]] (Barbados)
| style="text-align:center;" | 53
| style="text-align:center;" | 38
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2007_memory" /><ref name="2007_report">{{cite web |date=2007 |title=Eighth Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000234032 |access-date=2025-03-03 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2009 Jul 27–31
| [[Bridgetown]], Barbados
| Roslyn Russell (Australia)
| style="text-align:center;" | 55
| style="text-align:center;" | 35
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2009_memory">{{cite web |author=Joie Springer |date=2007-06-20 |title=Thirty-eight new inscriptions for Memory of the World Register |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24786&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150314182231/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24786&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=2015-03-14 |access-date=2009-09-06 |publisher=UNESCO Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2009 |title=9th Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme, Christ Church, Barbados, 29-31 July 2009: report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000234040 |access-date=2025-06-17 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011 May 22–25
| [[Manchester]], United Kingdom
| Roslyn Russell (Australia)
| style="text-align:center;" | 84
| style="text-align:center;" | 45
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2011_report">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=10th Meeting of the International Advisory Committee Memory of the World Programme Manchester, United Kingdom, 22–25 May 2011 Report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000234043 |access-date=2025-03-03 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 11th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013 Jun 18–21
| [[Gwangju]], South Korea
| [[Helena Asamoah-Hassan|Helena R Asamoah-Hassan]] (Ghana)
| style="text-align:center;" | 84
| style="text-align:center;" | 56
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2013_report">{{cite web |year=2013 |title=54 new inscriptions on UNESCO Memory of the World Register |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/54-new-inscriptions-unesco-memory-world-register |access-date=2025-06-17 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 12th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015 Oct 4–6
| [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| Abdulla El Reyes (United Arab Emirates)
| style="text-align:center;" | 86
| style="text-align:center;" | 44
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2015_report">{{cite web |date=October 2015 |title=12th Meeting of the International Advisory Committee of the Memory of the World Programme, 4-6 October 2015, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: final report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265143 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 13th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2017 Oct 24–27
|[[Paris]], France
| Abdulla El Reyes (United Arab Emirates)
| style="text-align:center;" | 132
| style="text-align:center;" | 78
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="2017_report">{{cite web |date=November 2017 |title=Report of 13th Meeting of the International Advisory Committee (IAC), UNESCO, Paris, 24-27 October 2017 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265145 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 14th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023 Mar 8–10, Apr 11
|[[Paris]], France + online
|
| style="text-align:center;" |88
| style="text-align:center;" |64
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations of new items of documentary heritage to be inscribed on the Memory of the World international register: list of nominations|date=14 April 2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000385138 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 15th
| style="text-align:center;" | 2025 Feb 26–28
|[[Paris]], France
|
| style="text-align:center;" |122
| style="text-align:center;" |74
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Nominations of new items of documentary heritage to be inscribed on the Memory of the World International Register: list of nominations |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000393153 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Digital preservation]]
* [[Domesday Project]]
* [[National memory]]
* [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [[World Heritage Site]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Sites of International Memory |year=2023 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2zjz7d9.16 |chapter=International Conflict, National Pasts, and UNESCO World Heritage and Memory of the World |pages=294–320|first1=Kristal |last1=Buckley |first2=Kate|last2=Darian-Smith|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-1-5128-2406-3|oclc=1376193602|editor1-first=Glenda |editor1-last=Sluga|
editor2-first=Kate |editor2-last=Darian-Smith| editor3-first=Madeleine |editor3-last=Herren}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|www.unesco.org/en/memory-world}}

{{Memory of the World}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Memory of the World Register| ]]
[[Category:UNESCO]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage conservation]]
[[Category:1992 establishments]]
[[Category:1992 introductions]]
[[Category:1995 introductions]]

Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh

2026-03-07T15:18:05Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[ Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a four-time member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kakching Assembly constituency]] in [[Thoubal district]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the National People's Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kakching, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: NPEP's Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh defeats BJP's Yengkhom Surchandra Singh with 150 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kakching-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923469-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kakching Manipur Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: NPP Candidate MAYANGLAMBAM RAMESHWAR SINGH wins from Kakching, Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kakching-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-aap-manipur-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518590 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Kakching]], Thoubal district, Manipur. He is the son of late Mayanglambam Aber Singh. He completed his M. A. In political science in 2002 at [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]. Earlier, he did Bachelor of Law in 2020 at [[Manipur University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh (NPP):Constituency- Kakching (Thoubal) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=182 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Kakching Assembly constituency as the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] candidate in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 8,546 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Yengkhom Surchandra Singh of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by 1,205 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kakching Election Result 2022 LIVE: NPP's Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh ahead of BJP's Yengkhom Surchandra Singh - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/kakching-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-kakching-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12750312.htm |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakching Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh of NPP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kakching-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4858049.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Kakching (Manipur) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kakching-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810020/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mayanglambam Rameshwar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Manipur University alumni]]

Murali Meets Meera

2026-03-06T02:48:58Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Murali Meets Meera
| image = Murali_Meets_Meera.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Mahesh Rao]]
| producer = Yogish Hunsur
| writer =
| starring = [[Prajwal Devaraj]] [[Reema Vohra]] [[Harshika Poonacha]]
| music = [[Abhiman Roy]]
| cinematography = Jai Anand
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|4|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Murali Meets Meera''''' is a 2011 [[Kannada film]] in the [[romance film|romance]] genre starring Prajwal Devaraj and Reema Vohra in the lead roles . The film has been directed and written by director Mahesh Rao and produced by Yogish Hunsur. [[Abhiman Roy]] has composed the soundtrack and the background score. The film was released on 22 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Oct/27/mangeshs-murali-meets-meera-198611.html|title=Mangesh's 'Murali meets Meera'|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 October 2010}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on a novel love story with recession and its aftermath as the backdrop

==Cast==
* [[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Murali
* [[Reema Worah]] as Meera
* [[Harshika Poonacha]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* P. N. Sathya
* Kaddipudi chandru
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* Neenasam Ashwath

==Awards==
[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]: Best Female Dubbing Artist - Anushree<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/%E2%80%98My-Focus-is-to-Become-a-Good-Actor-Not-the-Top-Heroine%E2%80%99/2014/07/08/article2320447.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715065049/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/%E2%80%98My-Focus-is-to-Become-a-Good-Actor-Not-the-Top-Heroine%E2%80%99/2014/07/08/article2320447.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2014|title='My Focus is to Become a Good Actor, Not the Top Heroine'|publisher=www.newindianexpress.com|date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Abhiman Roy]] has composed the music for the film. The song "Neenadena" sung by [[Avinash Chebbi]] became sensational hit which was originally planned with a different style. Eventually the track song became the actual song winning many hearts. Another song "Ninna Mukha Nodi" became an anthem for all those in love.

{|class="wikitable" width="70%"
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Neenadhe Naa" || [[Avinash Chebbi]]
|-
| "Ninna Mukha Nodi" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
|-
| "Ondu Chandra" || Ananya Bhagath, Bhadri Prasad
|-
| "Scenu Hodi" || G Erappa, L R Ramanujam, Ajneesh, Ritesh
|-
| "Baaninda Minchondu" || P. Kiran Sagar
|-
| "Neenadhe Naa" || Supriya Ramakrishnayya
|-
| "Your Eyes Are Lying" || Avinash Chebbi
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.123musiq.com/Murali-Meets-Meera.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104100728/http://www.123musiq.com/Murali-Meets-Meera.htm |archive-date=4 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Prajwal Devaraj for his brilliant performance. Reema Vohra is simply superb. Harshika shines. Music by Abhiman Roy and camera by Jai Anand are impressive".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/murali-meets-meera/movie-review/12172582.cms?from=mdr|title=MURALI MEETS MEERA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[NDTV]] wrote "The highlight of the film is the climax and the sequences leading to it. Mahesh Rao has succeeded in narrating this important part of the film quite well".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kannada-movie-review-murali-meets-meera-599558/amp/1|title= Kannada Movie Review: Murali Meets Meera|work=[[NDTV]]|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Abhiman Roy's music is soothing, but it is not compelling enough to make way into your mp3 players. Lighting and camera work add weightage to the film. Murli Meets Meera is a love story sans sleaze and compulsive romantic film watchers may consider giving the film a try".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-murli-meets-meera/20110422.htm|title=Review: Murli Meets Meera is another love story|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 April 2011}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh from [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] wrote "One does get the feeling that there could’ve been someone more seasoned to carry off the multi-layered character of Meera, played by Reema, which would have clinched it for the film. The story is breezy and is quite Gen Next. Good music and a nice storyline - go for this one".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-murali-meets-meera-is-a-good-attempt-1535205/amp|title='Murali Meets Meera' is a good attempt|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=23 April 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3317954}}

[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Abhimann Roy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Rao]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Captain (1999 film)

2026-03-03T21:18:24Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Captain
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Nissar (director)|Nissar]]
| producer = Anil Menon
| writer = Baton Bose
| screenplay = Thrissur Kannan
| starring = [[Vani Viswanath]] [[Babu Antony]] [[Captain Raju]] [[Roopa Sri]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = Alleppey Ranganath
| cinematography = Utpal V. Nayanar
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Jayakerala Movies
| distributor = Jayakerala Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|10|||ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Captain''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Nissar (director)|Nissar]] and produced by Anil Menon. The film stars [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Roopa Sri]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Alleppey Ranganath.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3163|title=Captain|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?329|title=Captain|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105554/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?329|archivedate=6 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/captain-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100109/http://spicyonion.com/title/captain-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Captain|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}

*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Renuka Varma
*[[Babu Antony]] as Ranger Haridas
*[[Captain Raju]] as Ranger Jayadevan
*[[Roopa Sri]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Ananthan Menon
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Sathyanathan
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Rajan
*[[Madhupal]] as David
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as C.I. Antony Mathews
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Keshavankutty
*American Achayan
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Rangan
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Kuttappan
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as James Samuel
*[[Jose Pellissery]] as Alex
*Master Aswin
*[[Shakeela]]
*[[Usha (actress)|Usha]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Alleppey Ranganath.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kaakkothikkunnallayo" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Kalabhavan Sabu || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 2 || "O Maanathu" || K. S. Chithra, M. G. Sreekumar || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0255029}}

[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nissar]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Vikaasa Parva

2026-03-03T12:12:32Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: adding the pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vikasa_Parva_movie_poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = K Anbu Aras
| writer = Vishruth Naik
| producer = Nagesh H.P
| starring = Rohith Nagesh [[Bala Rajwadi]] Ashwin Hassan Swathi
| cinematography = Naveen Suvarna K
| editing = Srinivas Kalaal
| music = APO
| studio = Mind Thoughts Media
| distributor = Deewin Media
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 113 minutes <ref>{{cite web |title=Film Certification Details |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMjI1MDQyMDI0MDAwMTA= |website=CBFC |publisher=Central Board of Film Certification |access-date=2025-02-14}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Vikaasa Parva (Vikaasaparva)''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]] language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by K. Anbu Aras, with a [[screenplay]] by Vishruth Naik, who also served as the executive producer. The film was produced by Nagesh H.P and Sameer under the banner of Mind Thoughts Media.<ref name=":2" /> Rohith Nagesh takes the lead in the movie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=Rohith Nagesh Takes Lead in Upcoming Film 'Vikaasaparva' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rohith-nagesh-takes-lead-in-upcoming-film-vikaasaparva-article-112410390 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Bala Rajwadi]], Ashwin Hassan, Swathi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ವುಡ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ "ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ" ಶುರು! |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/vikasa-parwa-makes-a-sound |access-date=2025-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cinematography|The cinematography]] is by K. Naveen Suvarna,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ “ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ” ಆರಂಭ . ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಶುಭ ಹಾರೈಸಿದ ಭಾ.ಮ.ಹರೀಶ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಕೆ.ಎಂ.ಚೈತನ್ಯ . |url=https://rcvtalkies.com/with-good-message-vikasaparva-movie-shooting-started/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=rcvtalkies.com |language=kn}}</ref> editing by Srinivas Kalaal, the music score was composed by APO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ವುಡ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ "ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ" ಶುರು! |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/vikasa-parwa-makes-a-sound |access-date=2025-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> The action sequences were choreographed by Tiger Shivu, dance [[choreography]] by Dhanu Kumar and Jai master.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ 'ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ'ಕ್ಕೆ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಕೆ.ಎಂ.ಚೈತನ್ಯ ಸಾಥ್ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/entertainment/movie/vikasa-parva-title-reveal-event/ka20231215192008589589064 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMjI1MDQyMDI0MDAwMTA= |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>

''Vikaasa Parva'' was released theatrically on 13 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-08-27 |title=ಅಮೆರಿಕದಲ್ಲೂ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾಗಲಿದೆ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಸಂದೇಶವುಳ್ಳ 'ವಿಕಾಸಪರ್ವ' - Vikasa Parva |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!entertainment/social-message-based-vikasa-parva-to-be-released-in-america-too-karnataka-news-kas24082705892 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Vikaasa Parva'' centers on Vikas Chandra, a man born into privilege who leads a life dominated by [[Alcoholism|alcohol]], indulgence, and reckless [[behavior]]. Vikas's lifestyle revolves around excess and a lack of responsibility, and despite the death of a close friend, he remains indifferent, continuing his destructive patterns. The loss does not prompt him to evaluate his choices, and he continues his [[lifestyle]] without acknowledging the impact of his actions.

Vikas's [[personal life]] becomes strained due to his behavior, especially his relationship with his wife, Sharada, who struggles to support him. In an attempt to get away, they embark on a road trip. However, while intoxicated, Vikas chooses a shortcut that leads them into a series of unforeseen and dangerous situations. These event force Vikas to confront the consequences of his action and the toll his behavior has taken on both his life and his relationship with Sharada.

As the narrative progresses, Vikas faces a critical turning point that challenges his perspective, as Vikas begins to reassess his past decisions, it follows his efforts to reconcile with Sharada and to change his ways, while addressing the broader consequences of addiction and hasty choices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=govindaraj.s |title=Vikasa Parva Film Review: ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ‘ಮದ್ಯ’ಮ ಸಂ‘ಸಾರ’ದ ವ್ಯಥೆಗಳು |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/rohith-nagesh-swati-starrer-vikasa-parva-kannada-film-review-gvd-sjsw2z |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Vikasa Parva Movie Review: ಜೀವನ ಪಾಠದ ‘ವಿಕಾಸ ಯಾತ್ರೆ’ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/movie-review/vikasa-parva-movie-review |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Rohith Nagesh as Vikas Chandra <ref name=":0" />
* Swathi as Sharada
* Ashwin Hassan as Pradeep
* Kuri Ranga as Sathish
* Vignesh
* [[Bala Rajwadi]]
* Sameer Saragad
* Krithi
* Renuka Haneef
* Harsha
* Santhu Chikkamagaluru
* Bhagya
* Nishitha Gowda

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vikaasa Parva
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = APO
| cover =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2024|8|12}}
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:24
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]] {{!}} [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| year = 2024
| misc = {{External music video|1={{YouTube|OtrxcW3gAZE|Vikaasa Parva - Full Album on YouTube}}|header=Official audio }}
}}

The [[soundtrack]] for ''Vikaasa Parva'' was composed by APO, with [[lyrics]] by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The soundtrack was released by [[Lahari Music]]. The tracks include: <ref name=":1" />

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Irulinaache Belakina Haadu
| extra1 = [[Harsha Uppar]]
| length1 = 03:36

| title2 = Payana Payana
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length2 = 03:38

| title3 = Jolly Jolly
| extra3 = [[Chethan Naik]]
|length3 = 03:51
}}

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of ''Vikaasa Parva'' began in February 2024, coinciding with the title announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ 'ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ'ಕ್ಕೆ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಕೆ.ಎಂ.ಚೈತನ್ಯ ಸಾಥ್ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/entertainment/movie/vikasa-parva-title-reveal-event/ka20231215192008589589064 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title="ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ" ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟೈಟಲ್ ರಿಲೀಸ್ |url=https://www.cinisuddi.com/vikasa-parva-title-launch/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Cini Suddi |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was shot at multiple locations across [[Karnataka]]. The official trailer was released in August 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರಣಯರಾಜ ಶ್ರೀನಾಥ್‌ ಸಾಥ್‌; ಟ್ರೇಲರ್‌ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಹರಸಿದ ಹಿರಿಯ ನಟ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-rohit-nagesh-acted-vikasa-parva-movie-trailer-released-by-veteran-actor-pranaya-raja-srinath-mnk-181723284562752.html?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=whatsappChannel |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ “ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ” ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರಣಯರಾಜನ ಬೆಂಬಲ |url=https://www.cininewskannada.com/cinema/pranayarajas-support-for-the-social-movement-film-vikasa-parva/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Cininews Kannada |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕಳಕಳಿಯ "ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ" ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟ್ರೈಲರ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ. |url=https://www.cinisuddi.com/vikasa-parva-movie-trailer-launch/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Cini Suddi |language=en-US}}</ref> followed by its theatrical release on 13 September 2024. The [[Film|movie]] was certified U/A by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Movie; ಸೆನ್ಸಾರ್ ಪಾಸಾದ ‘ವಿಕಾಸ ಪರ್ವ’ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/vikasa-parva-kannada-movie |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33083593}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikaasa Parva (Film)}}
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

Dhanya Ramkumar

2026-03-02T04:31:15Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: starting a biography.

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Dhanya Ramkumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|12|23| df=y}}<ref name="Bio1"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| years_active = 2021–present
| father = [[Ramkumar]]<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |last=N, DHNS |first=Rakshitha M. |title=Girl from Rajkumar family enters films as leading lady |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/girl-from-rajkumar-family-enters-films-as-leading-lady-737673.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| family = [[List of South Indian film families#Rajkumar family|Rajkumar family]]
| awards = [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada]] (2022)<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite web |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''Dhanya Ramkumar''' is an Indian actress and model who works in Kannada films. She started her career as an employee at PR firm in [[Bangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=Did you know Dhanya Ramkumar once had a regular 9-5 job |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/did-you-know-dhanya-ramkumar-once-had-a-regular-9-5-job/articleshow/86910367.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and as a fashion model.<ref name="Bio1">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2015-03-23 |title=Dhanya Enters the Fashion World |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/Mar/23/dhanya-enters-the-fashion-world-732132.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South for her role in ''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''. After the success in her debut movie, she got the role in Kannada movies ''Hide and Seek'',<ref name="Film1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=Exclusive: I have always wanted to do something in the thriller & mystery genre: Dhanya Ramkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-i-have-always-wanted-to-do-something-in-the-thriller-mystery-genre-dhanya-ramkumar/articleshow/92882280.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''The Judgement -- See You in Court'',<ref name="Film2">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-04-22 |title=Diganth, Dhanya Ramkumar join the cast of 'The Judgement' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Apr/22/diganth-dhanya-ramkumar-join-the-cast-of-the-judgement-2568179.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and ''Ella Ninagagi''.<ref name="Film3">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-05-02 |title=Dhanya Ramkumar, Rahul Arcot to headline Kashi's romantic drama 'Ella Ninagagi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/May/01/dhanya-ramkumar-rahul-arcot-to-headline-kashis-romantic-dramaella-ninagagi-2571219.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dhanya is the grand daughter of veteran actor and one of the biggest icon of Indian cinema, [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and daughter of actor [[Ramkumar]] and Poornima. She grew up in Bangalore, Karnataka.<ref name="Bio"/> After completing her schooling pursued a B.A. degree in Mass Communication Studies from [[Jain University]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''
| Amrutha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
| ''[[Hide and Seek (2024 film)|Hide and Seek]]''
| Hasini
|
|<ref name="Film1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hide-and-seek/movie-review/108521614.cms|title=Hide And Seek Movie Review : Hide and Seek review: An engrossing crime thriller|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Judgement (2024 film)|The Judgement]]''
|
|
|<ref name="Film2"/>
|-
| ''[[Powder (2024 film)|Powder]]''
|Nithya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaalapatthar]]''
| Ganga
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Chowkidar (2026 film)|Chowkidar]]''
|Chaitra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yella Ninagagi]]''
| TBA
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2022
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada]]
|''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="Filmfare"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10941854}}
* {{Instagram|dhanya_ramkumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramkumar, Dhanya}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]

Kellton

2026-03-01T11:29:28Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started a page

{{Short description|Indian company}}
{{COI|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Kellton Tech Solutions Limited.
| logo = Kellton logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|519602}}; {{NSE|KELLTONTEC}}
| founder = Niranjan Chintam Krishna Chintam
| key_people = Karanjit Singh (CEO, APAC) Srinivas Potluri (CEO, United States)
| industry = [[IT service management|IT services]], [[Information technology consulting|IT consulting]]
| services = [[Digital Transformation]], [[Enterprise Application Integration|Enterprise Solutions]]
| num_employees = 1800<ref name="No of Employees">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kellton-tech-eyes-revenues-of-300-mn-to-hire-400-employees/article35161928.ece|title=Kellton Tech eyes revenues of $300 mn, to hire 400 employees|date=6 July 2021 |publisher=}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.kellton.com}}|
| location_city = Hyderabad
| location_country = India
}}

'''Kellton Tech Solutions Ltd. (KTSL)''' is an Indian multinational company specializing in Digital Engineering and [[technology]] consulting services, headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]] with offices in [[United States]] and [[Europe]]. The company reported net revenues of USD 110.6 Million in FY22-23 with more than 1800 employees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmanath |first=K. V. |date=2021-07-06 |title=Kellton Tech eyes revenues of $300 mn, to hire 400 employees |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kellton-tech-eyes-revenues-of-300-mn-to-hire-400-employees/article35161928.ece |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kellton Tech Annual Report 2015-16 |url=https://kellton-revamp-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2019-05/Kellton%20Tech%20Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kellton Tech Annual Report 2016-17 |url=https://kellton-revamp-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2019-05/KT%20Annual%20Report%202016-2017.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

Kellton Tech Solutions Ltd. (KTSL) was established in 2009 by Niranjan Chintam and Krishna Chintam. The company's name, ‘Kellton,’ was inspired by the founders' alma maters, the Kellogg School of Management and Wharton Business School.

'''Early Beginnings (Pre-2009)'''

The US-based serial entrepreneurs Niranjan Chintam and Krishna Chintam took over VMF Soft Tech Ltd. in 2009 and renamed it to Kellton Tech.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vasanthi Marine Foods changes company name to Kellton Tech Solutions| date=16 November 2012 |url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/vasanthi-marine-foods-changes-company-name-to-kellton-tech-solutions_783371.html}}</ref> Kellton has, since then, expanded their business portfolio by making acquisitions in the US and India.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|title = From VMF Soft to Kellton Tech, a Bumpy Ride for Chintam Brothers|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/From-VMF-Soft-to-Kellton-Tech-a-Bumpy-Ride-for-Chintam-Brothers/2015/08/06/article2960140.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150809235021/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/From-VMF-Soft-to-Kellton-Tech-a-Bumpy-Ride-for-Chintam-Brothers/2015/08/06/article2960140.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 9 August 2015}}</ref>

'''Kellton (2022 - Present)'''

In March 2022, Kellton Tech announced its strategic business realignment, OneKellton’ initiative rebranding itself to Kellton and integrating its global operations to enhance client services.<ref>Kellton Tech Announces Strategic Business Restructuring Under 'OneKellton' Initiative</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kellton Tech announces strategic business restructuring under 'OneKellton' initiative |url=https://indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/kellton-tech-announces-strategic-business-restructuring-under-onekellton-initiative-122031600193_1.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Locations ==

The company has offices in [[Hyderabad]], [[Gurgaon]], and Pune in India; Singapore in APAC; London, Poland, [[Ireland]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2016 |title=Indian IT firm Kellton Tech to set up base in Ireland |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/indian-it-firm-kellton-tech-to-set-up-base-in-ireland/articleshow/52052858.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> and UAE in EMEA; and at the Dallas, D.C., and NY/NJ areas in the [[United States]]. Its head offices are located in Hyderabad, India, and Plano, Texas, USA.

== Acquisitions ==
Source:<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>
* 2013: Acquired Supremesoft Global Inc, Inc. US based IT consulting company<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kellton Tech Solutions to acquire US-based Supremesoft Global {{!}} VCCircle |url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/technology/2013/10/22/kellton-tech-solutions-acquire-us-based-supremesoft-global |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221553/https://www.vccircle.com/kellton-tech-solutions-acquire-us-based-supremesoft-global/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=www.vccircle.com}}</ref>
* 2014: Acquired Vivos Professional Services, LLC, USA focusing in the life sciences and healthcare service<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/kellton_tech_completes_the_acquisition_of_vivos_professional_services_llc_new_jersey_usa/prweb12286399.htm|title=Kellton Tech Completes the Acquisition of VIVOS Professional Services, LLC. New Jersey, USA|website=PRWeb|access-date=2016-04-19}}</ref>
* 2014: Acquired eVantage Technologies Inc., US-based IT consulting company
* 2015: Acquired US-based Prosoft Technology Group, ERP-EAI provider
* 2016: Acquired US-based Bokanyi Consulting, an enterprise, analytics and cloud services provider
* 2017: Acquired US-based Lenmar Group of Companies, an IT services and solutions group with presence in banking and financial services<ref>{{Cite news|title = In BFSI thrust, Kellton Tech buys US-based Lenmar Group| newspaper=The Economic Times | date=30 March 2017 |url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/kellton-tech-acquires-us-based-lenmar-group/articleshow/57912299.cms}}</ref>
*2019: Acquired US-based firm known as Tivix that develops cloud-connected web and mobile applications
*2023: Acquired Hooper Labs, a US-based firm in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Hyper-automation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News & Announcements |url=https://www.hooperlabs.com/news-announcements |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=hooperlabs.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:Business process outsourcing companies of India]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Rani Padmini (actress)

2026-02-23T06:50:09Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{About|the Indian actress|the legendary queen of Chittor|Rani Padmini}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rani Padmini
| image =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1980–1986
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1962|}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|10|15|1962|||df=yes}}
| death_cause = [[Homicide]]
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Chaudri|Indirakumari}}
}}

'''Rani Padmini''' (1962 – 15 October 1986) was an Indian actress during the 1980s in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and a few [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. She entered the film field with ''Sangharsham'' and played notable roles in ''[[Parankimala (1981 film)|Parankimala]]'', ''[[Sharam]]'', ''Bandham'' and ''[[Kilikonchal]]''.

She was murdered on 15 October 1986 at her home, along with her mother, by three of her employees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/double-murder-at-anna-nagar-that-shook-the-film-industry/article67669141.ece |title=Double murder at Anna Nagar that shook the film industry |work=The Hindu|date=24 December 2023 |last1=Sivaraman |first1=R. }}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born to Chaudri and Indirakumari at Anna Nagar, Madras. She was their only child.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/343727-mangalam-special-death-aniversari-rani-padmini.html |title=മലയാള സിനിമ കണ്ട ഏറ്റവും വലിയ കൊലപാതകം, സെക്സി ഇമേജില്‍ യുവമനസുകളെ കോരിത്തരിപ്പിച്ച നായികയുടേയും അമ്മയുടേയും ജഡങ്ങള്‍ ആശുപത്രിയില്‍ കൊണ്ടുപോയത് ടാക്സികാറിന്റെ ഡിക്കിയില്‍; റാണി പദ്മിനിയുടെ ദുരൂഹമരണത്തിന്റെ 33 വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍}}</ref>

==Death==
On the morning of 15 October 1986, Rani Padmini's driver, Jebaraj, watchman Lakshmi Narasimhan alias Kutty, and cook, Ganeshan attacked her mother Indirakumari and killed her. Hearing her mother's screams, Rani Padmini came to investigate but was overpowered by the men and murdered. The three were, however, arrested and sentenced to life terms. Rani Padmini's murder caused ripples all over [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] and it was alleged that the three men were arrested in order to protect a high-profile person who was in close contact with Rani Padmini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/207803 |title=State Of Tamil Nadu vs Kutty @ Lakshmi Narasimhan on 10 August, 2001 |publisher=Malayalam Movie Database |accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Narasimhan |first1=T. A |last2=Kolappan |first2=B. |title=A hint of scandal in Madras |url=http://www.thehindu.com/madras375/a-hint-of-scandal-in-madras/article6321907.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1981 || ''Vilangum Veenayum'' || ||
|-
| ''Sangharsham'' || Lekha ||
|-
| ''[[Thenum Vayambum]]'' || Aasha ||
|-
| ''[[Thaaraavu]]'' || Kaarthu ||
|-
| ''[[Thushaaram]]'' || Shobha ||
|-
| ''[[Parankimala (1981 film)|Parankimala]]'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
| ''[[Kathayariyathe]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1982 || ''[[Aasha (1982 film)|Aasha]]'' || Neena Cheriyan ||
|-
| ''[[Marupacha]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Divasam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakrosham]]'' || Rekha ||
|-
| ''[[Anuraagakkodathi]]'' || Mini ||
|-
| ''[[Vidhichathum Kothichathum]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[Sharam]]'' || Anitha ||
|-
| ''[[Bheeman]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1983 || ''[[Nizhal Moodiya Nirangal]]'' || Leela ||
|-
| ''[[Himavahini]]'' || Sainaba ||
|-
| ''[[Kuyilinethedi]]'' || Chithra Thampatti ||
|-
| ''Bandham'' || Sharmila ||
|-
| ''[[Iniyenkilum]]'' || Rekha ||
|-
| ''[[Naseema]]'' || Naseema ||
|-
| ''[[Eettappuli]]'' || Hema ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' || Madhavi ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1984 || ''[[Athirathram]]'' || Naseema ||
|-
| ''[[Manasse Ninakku Mangalam]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Amme Naaraayana]]'' || Naanikutty (Yakshi) ||
|-
| ''Kadamattathachan'' || Bivathu ||
|-
| ''[[Nishedi]]'' || Ajitha ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Guruvaayoorappa]]'' || Sharada ||
|-
| ''[[Kilikkonchal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ithaa Innu Muthal]]'' || Nimmy ||
|-
| ''[[Akkare]]'' || Valsala ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1985 || ''[[Akkacheede Kunjuvava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarthezhunelpu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idanilangal]]'' || Subhadra ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1986 || ''[[Annoru Raavil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karinaagam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Vamban]]'' || Dominic's daughter ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Bheekaran]]'' || Suma ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''Matravai Neril'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1981 || ''Pattam Padhavi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Andhi Mayakkam]]'' || Stella ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1982 || ''[[Krodham]]'' || Kavitha ||
|-
| ''Kaduvulluku Oru Kadidham'' || ||
|-
| ''Anu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanavugal Karpanaigal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pakkathu Veetu Roja]]'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Villiyanur Matha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1984 || ''[[Niraparaadhi]]'' || Aruna ||
|-
| ''[[Rajathanthiram (1984 film)|Rajathanthiram]]'' || Maya ||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''Anurakthe'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Romanchana'' || ||
|-
|}

===Hindi===
* ''Prem Sandesh'' (1988).. (Released posthumously)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2367669}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Rani%20Padmini&limit=29 Rani Padmini at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmini, Rani}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Rakhee Gulzar

2026-02-12T04:04:31Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{short description|Indian film actress (born 1947)}}
{{Redirect|Raakhee|similar uses|Rakhi (disambiguation){{!}}Rakhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Rakhee Gulzar at IFFI 2024.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Rakhee Gulzar in 2024
| name = Rakhee Gulzar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|08|15|df=yes}}
| years_active = 1967–present
| birth_name = Rakhee Majumdar
| birth_place = [[Ranaghat]], [[West Bengal]], [[Dominion of India]] (present-day [[India|Republic of India]])
| spouse = {{ubl|
* {{marriage|Ajay Biswas|1963|1965|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Gulzar]]|1973|1974|end=separated}}
}}
| occupation = Actress
| children = [[Meghna Gulzar]] (daughter)
| honors = [[Padma Shri]]|
}}

'''Raakhee Gulzar''' ({{IPA|bn|rakʰi}}; {{nee}} '''Majumdar'''; born 15 August 1947), professionally known as '''Raakhee''', is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] films. One of the leading and greatest actresses of the 1970s and early 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakhee occupied a special place though she was neither an arthouse fave nor had western chutzpah |work=The Telegraph |access-date=21 August 2023 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-occupied-a-special-place-though-she-was-neither-an-arthouse-fave-nor-had-western-chutzpah/cid/1959142 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830142138/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-occupied-a-special-place-though-she-was-neither-an-arthouse-fave-nor-had-western-chutzpah/cid/1959142 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raakhee is a recipient of several awards including two [[National Film Awards]] and three [[Filmfare Awards]]. In 2003, she received [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rakhee-gulzar-is-unrecognizable-in-her-recent-photos-1389213.html |title=Rakhee Gulzar is Unrecognizable as She Makes a Rare Public Appearance |work=News18 |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704005935/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rakhee-gulzar-is-unrecognizable-in-her-recent-photos-1389213.html |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Raakhee made her film debut with the Bengali film ''Badhu Bharan'' (1967). She had her first Hindi film with ''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]'' (1970). Raakhee's career marked a turning point with ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' (1972), ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' (1973), for which she won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]], and ''[[27 Down]]'' (1974). She won her first and only [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]'' (1976).

Raakhee went on to establish herself as one of the leading and greatest actresses of Hindi cinema with films like - ''[[Blackmail (1973 film)|Blackmail]]'' (1973), ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976), ''[[Doosra Aadmi]]'' (1977), ''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]'', ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (both 1978), ''[[Kaala Patthar (1979 film)|Kaala Patthar]]'', ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'' (both 1979), ''[[Barsaat Ki Ek Raat]]'' (1981), ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' (1982), ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (1989), for which she won her second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress, ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995), ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997), ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' (2001) and ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]'' (2003). For the last of these, she won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].

Raakhee married poet, lyricist and author [[Gulzar]] in 1973 with whom she has a daughter, writer and director [[Meghna Gulzar]].

==Early life==
Raakhee was born in a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family at [[Ranaghat]] in the [[Nadia district]] of [[West Bengal]] on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Renu |title=Encyclopedia of Bollywood–Film Actresses |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-691-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raakhee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnhTAAAAYAAJ |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=Film World |publisher=T.M. Ramachandran |date=February 1972 |page=11 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410060907/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnhTAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> She received her early education in a local girls' school. Her father had a flourishing shoe business in his native village located in Meherpur, [[Bangladesh]] which was then a part of Nadia district of undivided India (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]), before the [[partition of India]], and thereafter he settled in West Bengal.

==Career==
===Early work and breakthrough (1967–1975)===
In 1967, the 20-year-old Raakhee acted in her first Bengali film ''Bodhu Boron'' and ''Baghini'', after which she was offered the lead role in [[Rajshri Productions]]' successful crime thriller ''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]'' (1970) opposite [[Dharmendra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghini (1968) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/baghini-33701/cast-crew |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=Cinestaan |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226123442/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/baghini-33701/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="aparajeya">{{cite book |author=Phani Sarma |title=অসমীয়া কথাছবি |year=1978}}</ref>

Raakhee played a triple role opposite [[Shashi Kapoor]] in the musical romance ''[[Sharmeelee]]'', and also starred in the dramas ''[[Lal Patthar]]'' and ''[[Paras (1971 film)|Paras]]''; all three films emerged as commercial successes and she quickly established herself as a leading actress of [[Hindi Cinema]]. ''[[Shehzada]]'' (1972) opposite Rajesh Khanna and ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' (1972) opposite a relative newcomer [[Rakesh Roshan]] showcased her comic abilities, though their box office returns was unsatisfactory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aankhon-aankhon-mein-1972/article9086185.ece |title=Aankhon Aankhon Mein (1972) - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217175500/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Aankhon-Aankhon-Mein-1972/article14628607.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1973, she continued to display versatility even in relatively small roles in the romances ''[[Heera Panna]]'' and ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'', with her strong performances, earning her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/daag-yash-chopras-debut-as-producer-broke-the-mould-with-its-shades-of-bigamy/515621/ |title=Daag, Yash Chopra's debut as producer, broke the mould with its shades of bigamy |work=The Print |date=3 October 2020 |accessdate=3 October 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010160310/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/daag-yash-chopras-debut-as-producer-broke-the-mould-with-its-shades-of-bigamy/515621/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1974, Raakhee won a Special Souvenir prize at the [[National Film Awards]] for ''[[27 Down]]''. [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']] commended her "nuanced take on an independent working woman who has more steel in her than the film’s flawed protagonist – truly a break from the synthetic women in films of the era".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-occupied-a-special-place-though-she-was-neither-an-arthouse-fave-nor-had-western-chutzpah/cid/1959142 | title=Rakhee occupied a special place though she was neither an arthouse fave nor had western chutzpah | access-date=6 September 2023 | archive-date=6 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906122403/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-occupied-a-special-place-though-she-was-neither-an-arthouse-fave-nor-had-western-chutzpah/cid/1959142 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Widespread success and critical acclaim (1976–1984)===
In 1976, Raakhee's career peaked after starring in two movies that garnered her widespread acclaim. The first was [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'', for which she earned her second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] nomination.<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== Box Office 1976] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208235743/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |date=8 December 2011 }}</ref> The film had been written with Raakhee in mind, and she had agreed to do it during the making of ''Daag''. Citing her as having "one of the most gorgeous faces to have been seen on the Hindi screen", ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine retrospectively called it "a perfect ode to her exquisiteness: Her wine eyes, a prism of myriad emotions. Her poignant voice holding back the surging sadness. She played the beautiful muse, whose parting leaves poet [[Amitabh Bachchan]] devastated. [The film] threw open a second innings for the actress who then went on to star in blockbusters that left critics overwhelmed and art house actors envious. From initially being compared to actress [[Nimmi]], given her hazel eyes, and later to [[Meena Kumari]], given her proclivity towards the tragic, Raakhee cut through it all to stand apart".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/she-walks-in-beauty-8084-1.html | title=She walks in beauty | access-date=6 September 2023 | archive-date=6 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906115520/https://www.filmfare.com/features/she-walks-in-beauty-8084-1.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The phenomenal success of [[Rajshri Productions]]' ''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]'' (1976), a heroine-dominated drama, established Raakhee as a box-office name to reckon with. Starring opposite [[Asrani]] and [[Parikshit Sahni]], her portrayal of a family breadwinner who sacrifices her dreams and ambitions for the future of her younger siblings, earned Raakhee her first and only [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. ''[[The Hindu]]'' acknowledged her role as a "calculated risk", which required her to be shown in a "mature, somewhat middle aged role", and praised her "amazing restraint and conviction" in it.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-tapasya-1976/article6767871.ece | title=Tapasya (1976) | newspaper=The Hindu | date=8 January 2015 | access-date=6 September 2023 | archive-date=24 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924081135/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-tapasya-1976/article6767871.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> She later described the film as "one of the most important films of my career" and regards her performances in ''[[Blackmail (Hindi Movie)|Blackmail]]'' (1973), ''Tapasya'' and ''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]'' (1980) as her best.<ref>{{cite news |title=Silences of the heart |author=Shubhra Gupta |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/silences-of-the-heart/971265/0 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=19 May 2013 |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315141820/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/silences-of-the-heart/971265/0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raakhee-gulzar-remembers-tarachand-barjatya-the-pioneer-of-hindi-cinema-who-produced-many-success-stories/articleshow/100128870.cms?from=mdr | title=Raakhee Gulzar remembers Tarachand Barjatya the pioneer of Hindi cinema who produced many success stories | newspaper=The Times of India | date=10 May 2023 | access-date=6 September 2023 | archive-date=6 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906120602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raakhee-gulzar-remembers-tarachand-barjatya-the-pioneer-of-hindi-cinema-who-produced-many-success-stories/articleshow/100128870.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref>

Raakhee starred with [[Dev Anand]] in ''Heera Panna'', ''[[Banarasi Babu (1973 film)|Banarasi Babu]]'' (1973), ''[[Joshila]]'' (1973) and ''[[Lootmaar]]'' (1980). She starred opposite Shashi Kapoor in 10 released films: ''Sharmeelee'', ''[[Jaanwar Aur Insaan]]'' (1972), ''Kabhie Kabhie'' (1976), ''[[Doosra Aadmi]]'' (1977), the critically acclaimed ''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]'' (1978), ''[[Baseraa]]'' (1981),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/201209162012091610462676ba55680a/Three%E2%80%99s-company.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111152720/http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/201209162012091610462676ba55680a/Three%E2%80%99s-company.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=Three's company |date=16 September 2012 |newspaper=Pune Mirror |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka]]}} (1983), ''[[Zameen Aasmaan (1984 film)|Zameen Aasmaan]]'' (1984), and ''[[Pighalta Aasman]]'' (1985) and the unreleased ''Ek Do Teen Chaar.''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/56/20110529201105290608173525ca4ac7d/The-only-memory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111152952/http://www.punemirror.in/article/56/20110529201105290608173525ca4ac7d/The-only-memory.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=The only memory |date=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Pune Mirror |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> Her exemplary chemistry with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] was showcased in eight films: ''Kabhie Kabhie'', ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikander]]'' (1978), ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' (1978), ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978), ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' (1979), ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'' (1979), {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Barsaat Ki Ek Raat]]}} (1981), and ''[[Bemisal]]'' (1982). In some films such as ''Jurmana'', her name is even credited ahead of the hero. She also formed a popular pair with [[Sanjeev Kumar]] in films like ''[[Hamare Tumhare]]'' (1979) and ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' (1982).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Retrospect-Vijetha-1985 |title=Retrospect: Vijetha (1985) |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811163349/http://www.telugucinema.com/Retrospect-Vijetha-1985 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mir |first1=Raza |title=The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry |date=2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-5118-725-7 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217175458/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1981, a 23-year-old aspiring director [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] asked her to star in an out-and-out female oriented role in his debut film ''Shradhanjali''. After the success of the film, Raakhee was flooded by strong heroine-dominated roles. At the peak of her career as a popular heroine, she surprised everyone by accepting strong character roles as sister-in-law to Rajesh Khanna in ''Aanchal'', Shashi Kapoor and Amitabh in ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' (1980), Mithun Chakraborty in ''[[Dhuan]]'' (1981)'','' and mother to Amitabh in ''Shakti'' and Rishi Kapoor in ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (film)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' (1982). She also starred in several [[Bengali language|Bengali]] films at the time, with ''[[Paroma]]'' (1984) earning her the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)]].<ref name="bangla">{{cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/SXA/info |title=1978 Bangla Cinema Chameli Memsaheb |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201012943/https://indiancine.ma/SXA/info |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Supporting parts and sporadic work (1985–present)===
Towards the late 1980s, 1990s and 2000's, she played strong character roles as the elderly mother or a woman of principles in commercially successful films such as ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (1989),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=M. L. |date=27 October 2002 |title=On the sands of time: 1989 {{!}} Year of spell-binding films |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021027/spectrum/main3.htm |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=The Sunday Tribune |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607040848/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021027/spectrum/main3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993), ''[[Khal Nayak|Khalnayak]]'' (1993), ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995), ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997), ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' (1998), ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' (2001) and ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Karan-Arjun |title=Bollywood Movie Karan Arjun Shooting Location |website=bollylocations.com |language=en-gb |access-date=25 May 2017 |archive-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614204011/http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Karan-Arjun |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=J P Dutta: Making BORDER was like fighting a war |url=http://www.screenindia.com/may30/border.htm |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041113193956/http://www.screenindia.com/may30/border.htm |archive-date=13 November 2004 |date=13 November 2004}}</ref> In 2003, she appeared in Rituparno Ghosh's mystery thriller ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]'', which earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/05/24/ek_rishtaa_2001_review.shtml |title=BBC - Films - review - Ek Rishtaa (Bond of Love) |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303184901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/05/24/ek_rishtaa_2001_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Shubho Mahurat' - Rituparno Ghosh and his memorable National Award-winning films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/rituparno-ghosh-and-his-memorable-national-award-winning-films/Shubho-Mahurat/photostory/64556573.cms |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406055245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/rituparno-ghosh-and-his-memorable-national-award-winning-films/Shubho-Mahurat/photostory/64556573.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2012 interview, she said that her favourite heroes were Rajesh Khanna and Shashi Kapoor. In 2019, Kolkata International Film Festival the film ''Nirbon'' directed by Goutam Halder was premiered, where Raakhee portrayed the role of Bijolibala, a 70 year old lady with a strong conviction. "Doing films is not on my agenda right now, but the story fascinated me" said Raakhee said about the adaptation of Moti Nandi's novel ''Bijolibalar Mukti''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Todays-hits-are-7-day-wonders-Rakhee/articleshow/16445127.cms?from=mdr |title=Today's hits are 7-day wonders: Rakhee |first=Vickey |last=Lalwani |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709131330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Todays-hits-are-7-day-wonders-Rakhee/articleshow/16445127.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other work==
Apart from her acting career, Raakhee delved into various other field, some of which include costume designing (for ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]'' (1998)) and dress assistance (for ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]'' (1999)). In 1982, she lent her voice for the film ''Taaqat'' in the song "Teri Nindiya Ko Lag Jaaye Aag Re" sung alongside [[Kishore Kumar]].<ref name="nirbon">{{cite web |title=Rakhee Gulzar interview: 'My reward is when people come up to me even now and say they recognise me' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/942906/rakhee-gulzar-interview-my-reward-is-when-people-come-up-to-me-even-now-and-say-they-recognise-me |access-date=11 November 2019 |date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108181008/https://scroll.in/reel/942906/rakhee-gulzar-interview-my-reward-is-when-people-come-up-to-me-even-now-and-say-they-recognise-me |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Whilst still a teenager, Raakhee had an arranged marriage to Bengali journalist/film director Ajay Biswas, which ended shortly afterwards.

At the start of her film career, she dropped her surname and was mentioned in film credits only as "Raakhee", by which name she attained stardom, but upon marrying lyricist-director Sampooran Singh Kalra, professionally known as [[Gulzar]], she took his pen name as her surname and is credited thereafter as Raakhee Gulzar. The couple has a daughter, [[Meghna Gulzar]]. When their daughter was only one year old, they separated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raakhee and Gulzar's love story |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-fairytale-that-crumbled/articleshow/22616047.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=14 August 2016 |date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230214636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-fairytale-that-crumbled/articleshow/22616047.cms |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After completing her graduation in films from New York University, Meghna went on to become a director of films including ''[[Filhaal...]]'' (2002), ''[[Just Married (2007 film)|Just Married]]'' (2007) and ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |title=Women directors scale Bollywood |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1832430.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=21 February 2002 |access-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606000021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/1832430.stm |archive-date=6 June 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> and authored a biography of her father in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=On the Shelf |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/38822/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Life beyond ''Filhaal'' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/life-beyond-filhaal/articleshow/1963770.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2006 |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028183812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/life-beyond-filhaal/articleshow/1963770.cms |archive-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At one point, Raakhee stayed in her bungalow, "Muktangan" (bought from the Marathi playwright [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande|P. L. Deshpande]]), on Sarojini Road in [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]], [[Mumbai]]. Later, she sold the property and moved to an apartment two buildings away, though the new highrise is still called by the same name, as she had wished. "My mother has lived her professional and personal life with tremendous dignity and grace", said Meghna Gulzar, daughter of Raakhee, in an interview.<ref name ="meghna1">{{cite web |first=Shreya |last=Mukherjee |title=Meghna Gulzar on parents Rakhee and Gulzar: I learned dignity from my mother and simplicity from my father |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-on-parents-rakhee-and-gulzar-i-learned-dignity-from-my-mother-and-simplicity-from-my-father/story-bGT5iQT4nIooAcGxnrjWAK.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |date=30 July 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605073401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-on-parents-rakhee-and-gulzar-i-learned-dignity-from-my-mother-and-simplicity-from-my-father/story-bGT5iQT4nIooAcGxnrjWAK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Presently, she lives a reclusive life in her farmhouse at [[Panvel]] on the outskirts of Mumbai, spending time in tending to a huge flock of animals, growing vegetables and reading books.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=Bipasha to rebuild home to suit her 'energy' |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14707044&cid=2359 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424142709/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14707044&cid=2359 |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |date=24 February 2009 |title=Rakhee-Meghna delight on Gulzar's win |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rakhee-Meghna-delight-on-Gulzars-win-/articleshow/4177596.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-24/news-interviews/28051771_1_gulzar-oscar-night-lyrics |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Because He is |author=Megna Gulzar |page=67 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="meghna2">{{cite web |last=De |first=Hemchhaya |date=28 October 2018 |title=The life and times of Rakhee Gulzar |url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/the-life-and-times-of-rakhee-gulzar-108351.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113154516/https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/the-life-and-times-of-rakhee-gulzar-108351.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Language
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1967 ||''Badhu Bharan''|| – || Bengali
|
|
|-
| 1968 ||''[[Baghini]]''|| || Bengali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baghini (1968) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/baghini-33701/cast-crew|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720152513/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/baghini-33701/cast-crew|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1970 ||''Aparajeya''|| Bina|| Assamese
|
|<ref name="aparajeya"/>
|-
|''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]''|| Deepa
|Hindi
|Hindi debut
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1971 ||''[[Sharmilee]]''|| Kanchan/Kamini
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''|| Gopal's Wife
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Paras (1971 film)|Paras]]''|| Barkha Singh
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Lal Patthar]]''|| Sumita
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1972 ||''[[Anokhi Pehchan]]''||
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Aan Baan (1972 film)|Aan Baan]]''|| Rekha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]''|| Parvati
|Hindi
|Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|<ref>{{cite web| url = http://m.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aankhon-aankhon-mein-1972/article9086185.ece| title = Aankhon Aankhon Mein (1972) - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| access-date = 21 July 2023| archive-date = 17 December 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231217175500/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Aankhon-Aankhon-Mein-1972/article14628607.ece| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Beimaan]]''|| Sapna
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Janwar Aur Insaan]]''|| Meena
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Shehzada]]''|| Chanda
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]''|| Shova
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Sub Ka Saathi]]''|| Rosie
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Wafaa (1972 film)|Wafaa]]''|| Saraswati
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Yaar Mera]]''|| Sarla
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1973 ||''[[Heera Panna]]''|| Reema Singh
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]''|| Chandni
|Hindi
|Won – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/daag-yash-chopras-debut-as-producer-broke-the-mould-with-its-shades-of-bigamy/515621/|title=Daag, Yash Chopra's debut as producer, broke the mould with its shades of bigamy|work=The Print|accessdate=3 October 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010160310/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/daag-yash-chopras-debut-as-producer-broke-the-mould-with-its-shades-of-bigamy/515621/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Blackmail (1973 film)|Blackmail]]''|| Asha Mehta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Banarasi Babu (1973 film)|Banarasi Babu]]''|| Neela
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Joshila]]''|| Sapna
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974 ||''Pagli''|| Gori
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[27 Down]]''|| Shalini
|Hindi
|Won – [[21st National Film Awards|National Film Award, Special Souvenir]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Silences of the heart|author=Shubhra Gupta|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/silences-of-the-heart/971265/0|work=The Indian Express|date=7 July 2012|accessdate=19 May 2013|archive-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315141820/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/silences-of-the-heart/971265/0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 ||''[[Mere Sajna]]''|| Kammo
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Angaarey''|| Shova
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976 ||''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]''|| Indrani Sinha (Indu)
|Hindi
|Won – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Retrospect-Vijetha-1985 |title=Retrospect: Vijetha (1985) |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811163349/http://www.telugucinema.com/Retrospect-Vijetha-1985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]''|| Pooja Khanna
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mir |first1=Raza |title=The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry |date=2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-5118-725-7 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217175458/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Doosra Aadmi]]''|| Nisha
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress & for Best Supporting Actress
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1978 ||''Chameli Memsaheb''|| Chameli
| Bangla
|
|<ref name="bangla"/>
|-
|''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]''|| Aarti Gupta
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
|''[[Kasme Vaade]]''|| Suman
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]''|| Geeta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''|| Kaamna
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1979 ||''[[Hamare Tumhare]]''|| Maya
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]''|| Rama Sharma
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
|''[[Kaala Patthar]]''|| Dr. Sudha Sen
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Shyamla''||
|Bengali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1980 ||''Lootmaar''|| Raksha Bhagat
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]''|| Shanti
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Hum Kadam''|| Indu Gupta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''|| Sheetal Kumar
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1981 ||''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]''|| Parvati
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/201209162012091610462676ba55680a/Three%E2%80%99s-company.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111152720/http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/201209162012091610462676ba55680a/Three%E2%80%99s-company.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=Three's company |date=16 September 2012 |newspaper=Pune Mirror |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''|| Vidya
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Dhuaan]]''|| Rani Gayatri
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Barsaat Ki Ek Raat]]}}|| Rajni
|Bengali-Hindi bilingual
|
|
|-
|''Anusandhan''|| Tamosha || Bengali-Hindi bilingual
|
|
|-
|''[[Baseraa]]''|| Sharda Balraj Kohli
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
|''Shradhanjali''|| Bhabhi maa
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1982 ||''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (film)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''|| Sharda Rai Bahadur
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Taaqat''|| Devi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Shriman Shrimati]]''|| Parvati Devi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Bemisal]]''|| Kavita
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Dil Aakhir Dil Hai''|| Kusum Desai
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''|| Sheetal
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| 1983 ||{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka]]}}|| Bhavna
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/56/20110529201105290608173525ca4ac7d/The-only-memory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111152952/http://www.punemirror.in/article/56/20110529201105290608173525ca4ac7d/The-only-memory.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=The only memory |date=29 May 2011 |newspaper=Pune Mirror |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 ||''[[Anand Aur Anand]]''|| Mrs. Arun Anand
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Bandh Honth''||
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Parama''|| Parama || Bengali
|
|
|-
|''Zindagi Jeene Ke Liye''||
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Zameen Aasmaan (1984 film)|Zameen Aasmaan]]''|| Kavita
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985 ||''[[Pighalta Aasman]]''|| Aarti
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Saaheb]]''|| Sujata Sharma
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 ||''Amma''|| Shanta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Zindagani]]''|| Sumitra Devi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 ||''[[Muqaddar Ka Faisla]]''|| Laxmi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Dacait]]''|| Devi Choudhrain
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988 ||''Gold Medal''|| Shobha/Dimple
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Mere Baad''|| Vidya
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Falak''|| Durga Verma
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Prateek''|| Sunanda || Bengali
|
|
|-
|''Sagar Sangam''|| Ganga
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 ||''[[Ram Lakhan]]''|| Sharda Pratap Singh
|Hindi
|Won – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=M. L. |date=October 27, 2002 |title=On the sands of time: 1989 {{!}} Year of spell-binding films |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021027/spectrum/main3.htm |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The Sunday Tribune |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720153921/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021027/spectrum/main3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Santosh (1989 film)|Santosh]]''|| Rachna
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| 1990 ||''[[Jeevan Ek Sangharsh]]''|| Dharam Verma
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 ||''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]''|| Ganga
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Pratikar]]''|| Saraswati Devi
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Todays-hits-are-7-day-wonders-Rakhee/articleshow/16445127.cms?from=mdr |title=Today's hits are 7-day wonders: Rakhee |first=Vickey |last=Lalwani |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709131330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Todays-hits-are-7-day-wonders-Rakhee/articleshow/16445127.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993 ||''[[Rudaali]]''|| Bhikni/Euli
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Pratimurti''||
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|''[[Khal Nayak]]''|| Mrs. Aarti Prasad
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]''|| Maheshwari Devi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]''|| Nirmala Devi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]''|| Savitri
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|
|-
|''[[Baazigar]]''|| Mrs. Shobha Sharma
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 ||''[[Phiriye Dao]]''|| Arjun's mother || Bengali
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rakhee Gulzar interview: 'My reward is when people come up to me even now and say they recognise me' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/942906/rakhee-gulzar-interview-my-reward-is-when-people-come-up-to-me-even-now-and-say-they-recognise-me |access-date=11 November 2019 |date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108181008/https://scroll.in/reel/942906/rakhee-gulzar-interview-my-reward-is-when-people-come-up-to-me-even-now-and-say-they-recognise-me |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Swami Vivekananda''|| Rajasthani tribal
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 ||''[[Karan Arjun]]''|| Durga Singh
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Karan-Arjun|title=Bollywood Movie Karan Arjun Shooting Location|website=bollylocations.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614204011/http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Karan-Arjun|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kismat (1995 film)|Kismat]]''|| Geeta
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 ||''Durjan''||
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaan (film)| Jaan]]''|| Rukmini
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997 ||''Achena Atithi''||
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''|| Dharamvir's mother
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|<ref>{{cite web |title=J P Dutta: Making BORDER was like fighting a war |url=http://www.screenindia.com/may30/border.htm |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041113193956/http://www.screenindia.com/may30/border.htm |archive-date=13 November 2004 |date=13 November 2004}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jeevan Yudh]]''|| Mrs. Rai
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Ankhon Mein Tum Ho]]''|| Ranimaa (Mrs. Burman)
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 ||''Sham Ghansham''|| Ganga Satyadev Singh
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]}}|| Gayatri Sharma
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''|| Geeta Malhotra
|Hindi
|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|
|-
| 1999 ||''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''|| Chief Minister Gayatri
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2001 ||''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]''|| Pratima Kapoor
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/05/24/ek_rishtaa_2001_review.shtml|title=BBC - Films - review - Ek Rishtaa (Bond of Love)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=21 July 2023|archive-date=3 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303184901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/05/24/ek_rishtaa_2001_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 ||''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins]]''|| Purnima
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]''|| Mrs. Sharma
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/17dil.htm|title=The Dil Ka Rishta Review|website=Rediff.com|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215223243/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/17dil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shubho Mahurat]]''|| Ranga Pishima
| Bengali
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title='Shubho Mahurat' - Rituparno Ghosh and his memorable National Award-winning films|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/rituparno-ghosh-and-his-memorable-national-award-winning-films/Shubho-Mahurat/photostory/64556573.cms|access-date=2020-09-16|website=The Times of India|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409063634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/rituparno-ghosh-and-his-memorable-national-award-winning-films/shubho-mahurat/photostory/64556573.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 ||''Classmates''||
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2019 ||''Nirbaan''|| Bijolibaba
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Aamar Boss]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|
|}

== Accolades ==
=== Civilian Award ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2003
| [[Padma Shri]]
| [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–2009)|Contribution in the field of Arts]]
| {{honoured}}
|<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Film Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 1972
| rowspan="16"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=Check out all the Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2020|accessdate=30 December 2021|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1973
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1976
| rowspan="3"|Best Actress
| ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1977
| rowspan="2"|''[[Doosra Aadmi]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1978
| rowspan="4"|Best Actress
| ''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=[[Filmfare Awards]] |pages=61–63}}</ref>
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Baseraa]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/download/FilmfareAwards/FilmfareAwards.pdf |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=[[The Times Group]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Filmfare|title=Some things never change at the awards...Thank the lord|issue=April 2002|author=Gahlot, Deepa|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/fb3.html|access-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170426/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/fb3.html|archive-date=3 July 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1985
| rowspan="6"|Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Saaheb]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhirad |first1=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |website=deep750.googlepages.com |date=2006 |page=69 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Ram Lakhan]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=FILMFARE NOMINEES AND WINNER|url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=9 June 2018|work=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Juhi Chawla, Shah Rukh bag Filmfare Awards |date=14 February 1994 |work=The Indian Express - Indian Express Limited |page=9 |location=Bombay, India }}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Karan Arjun]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/jan97/update.htm |title=The day we were |date=January 1997 |work=[[Filmfare]] - The Times Group |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970204103953/http://www.filmfare.com/site/jan97/update.htm |archive-date=4 February 1997 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/filmfare/524048/filmfare-awards-awards-ceremony-awa.html |title=43rd Filmfare Awards 1998 |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 1998 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006172948/https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/filmfare/524048/filmfare-awards-awards-ceremony-awa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite book |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories (in 36 Volumes) |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |volume=16 |last1=Bhatt |first1=SC |last2=Bhargava |first2=Gopal K. |date=2006 |isbn=81-7835-372-5 |page=685 }}</ref>
|-
| 1974
| rowspan="2"|[[National Film Awards]]
| [[21st National Film Awards|Special Souvenir]]
| ''[[27 Down]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/95_21stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|work=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010030543/https://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/95_21stNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|work=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725233131/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1973
| rowspan="2"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| [[BFJA Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Hindi)|Best Supporting Actress (Hindi)]]
| ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |title=37th Annual BFJA Awards |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197437.htm |work=BFJA Awards |access-date=2011-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422070342/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197437.htm |archive-date=22 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 1984
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]]
| ''[[Paroma]]''
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=0347901}}
{{Commons}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{FilmfareBestActressAward}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActressAward}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulzar, Raakhee}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Gulzar]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

Edward Sassoon

2026-02-07T18:59:44Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: added references

{{short description|British politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix = [[Baronet|Sir]]
| name = Edward Sassoon
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|MP}}
| image = Edward Sassoon Vanity Fair 1900-02-01.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = "[[Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)|Hythe]]" Sassoon as caricatured by Spy ([[Leslie Ward]]) in [[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]], February 1900
| birth_name = Edward Albert Sassoon
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1856|6|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Company rule in India|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1912|5|24|1856|6|20}}
| death_place = Brighton, England
| death_cause =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Aline Caroline de Rothschild]]|1887}}
| children = [[Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet|Philip Albert Gustave David]] ({{abbr|b.|born}} 1888) [[Sybil Sassoon|Sybil Rachel Bettie Cécile, Marchioness of Cholmondeley]] ({{abbr|b.|born}} 1894)
| parents = [[Albert Sassoon]] Hannah Moise
| relatives =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Edward Albert Sassoon, 2nd Baronet''' (20 June 1856 – 24 May 1912) was a British businessman and politician.

==Early life==
A member of the [[Sassoon family]], he was born on 20 June 1856 in [[Mumbai|Bombay, India]]. He was the son of Hannah Moise and [[Albert Sassoon|Albert Abdullah David Sassoon]] (1818–1896). He graduated from the [[University of London]]. He served as a major in the [[Yeomanry|Middlesex Yeomanry (Duke of Cambridge's Hussars)]].

==Career==
He was elected as the [[Liberal Unionist Party]] Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)|Hythe]] in March 1899. Active in [[Jew]]ish community affairs, he served as a vice-president of [[London School of Jewish Studies|Jews' College, London]] and the Anglo-Jewish Association.

He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1896 on the death of his father.

== Wireless telegraphy bill ==
On 13 July 1910, Sassoon proposed a bill in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] that would make installation of [[wireless telegraphy]] on passenger ships compulsory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wireless Telegraph Installation (Passenger ships) |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1910/jul/13/wireless-telegraph-installa-tion|date=13 July 1910 |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Opposition to the bill was led by [[Thomas Gibson Bowles]], who argued that the expense involved for shipping lines would make them less competitive and the bill failed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booth |first1=John |last2=Coughlan |first2=Sean |title=Titanic – Signals of Disaster |year=1993|publisher=White Star Publications|isbn=0951819011|page=5}}</ref> It would take the sinking of the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'']] two years later and the resulting 1914 [[SOLAS Convention|International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea]] to make Sassoon's proposal a reality.<ref>{{citation | url = https://archive.org/details/textofconvention00inte | title = Text of the Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, Signed at London, January 20, 1914 [with Translation.] | publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office by Harrison and Sons | location = London | year = 1914|page=73}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
In 1887, he married [[Aline Caroline de Rothschild]] (1867–1909), daughter of [[Gustave Samuel de Rothschild|Baron Gustave de Rothschild]] and [[Cécile Anspach]] from Paris. They had two children:
*[[Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet|Philip Albert Gustave David]] (1888–1939).
*[[Sybil Sassoon|Sybil Rachel Bettie Cécile, Marchioness of Cholmondeley]] (1894–1989).

He died in 1912 at the age of fifty-five. His body was placed in a mausoleum in an Indian style, behind his house at Eastern Terrace, [[Brighton]]. The [[Sassoon Mausoleum]] had been built in 1876 by his father as a family resting place. However, there were no more burials after 1933, when it was emptied and sold, becoming first a furniture store, then a decorator's, next a restaurant and finally the ballroom of the ''Hanbury Arms'' [[public house]]. In 2006, the building was again sold to be converted to a private members' club.

His great-great-grandson is actor [[Jack Huston]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-edward-sassoon | Sir Edward Sassoon }}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=269&letter=S Sir Edward Sassoon in the Jewish Encyclopedia]

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)|Hythe]]
| years = [[1899 Hythe by-election|1899]]–[[1912 Hythe by-election|1912]]
| before = Sir [[James Bevan Edwards]]
| after = [[Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet|Philip Sassoon]]
}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Sassoon Baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Kensington Gore, London)'''
| years = 1896–1912
| before = [[Albert Abdullah David Sassoon]]
| after = [[Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet|Philip Sassoon]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sassoon, Edward}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:London School of Jewish Studies]]
[[Category:British people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Sassoon baronets|102]]
[[Category:Sassoon family|Edward]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1895–1900]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1900–1906]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1906–1910]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918]]
[[Category:Jewish British politicians]]
[[Category:Burials at Liberal Jewish Cemetery, Willesden]]
[[Category:19th-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:British people of Indian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Emigrants from British India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:British businesspeople of Indian descent]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{UK-business-bio-1850s-stub}}

K. G. Jayan (cinematographer)

2026-02-07T13:37:12Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. G. Jayan
| image = K.g.jayan.JPG
| birth_name = Kodapully Gangadharan Jayan
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Cinematographer]]|[[Dean (education)|dean]]}}
}}

'''Kodapully Gangadharan Jayan''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He has won a [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)|National Film Award]], two [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Kerala State Film Awards]], a [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]] and a Kerala State Television Award. He is a member of [[Indian cinematographers#The Indian Society of Cinematographers|Indian Society of Cinematographers]] (ISC).

==Early life==
Jayan was born and brought up in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. His father Gangadharan was a [[radiologist]]. His uncle Velappan Alappad was a renowned film critic. He did his schooling from [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]]. He pursued his [[bachelor's degree]] and [[master's degree]] from [[Mar Ivanios College]] and [[Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. Jayan went to [[Film and Television Institute of India]] for pursuing diploma in cinematography, in where [[Santosh Sivan]] was his classmate and [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] was his senior.<ref name="h1">{{Cite web |last=Satyendran |first=Nita |date=April 23, 2010 |title=Viewfinder |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Viewfinder/article16372061.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221154449/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Viewfinder/article16372061.ece |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Jayan began his career in [[Malayalam cinema]] with [[Harikumar (director)|Harikumar]]'s ''[[Jaalakam]]'' after taking over from [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]], who had to withdraw from the shoot after a couple of days. He continues to work in [[parallel cinema]] with directors like [[T. V. Chandran]] and [[Priyanandanan]].

Jayan has shot over 1000 documentaries. His work in [[K. R. Mohanan]]'s documentary ''Oru Vanavyavasthayude Sheshippukal'' won him the Kerala State Television Award for Best Videography, the first ever for a documentary in Kerala, and ''The 18th Elephant'', in which he worked with P. Balan, won him the National Film Award for Best Cinematography in non-feature film section. He has also shot 197 episodes for [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]'s landmark travelogue ''Ente Keralam''.<ref name="h1" />

Jayan also worked as a deputy director at the [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] from 1990 to 2014. He is currently working as the head of department of cinematography at [[L. V. Prasad]] College of Media Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff K.G. JAYAN |url=https://lvpcollege.edu.in/staff-k-g-jayan/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=LVPERF}}</ref>

In 2016, he made his directorial debut with the short film ''Chennikuthu''.<ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=Manu |first=Meera |date=June 9, 2016 |title=Lensman dons director's cap |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/090616/lensman-dons-director-s-cap.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1987
|''[[Jaalakam]]''
|[[Harikumar (director)|Harikumar]]
|<ref name="h1" />
|-
|1988
|''Rugmini''
|[[K. P. Kumaran]]
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Jaathakam]]''
|[[Suresh Unnithan]]
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Marupuram]]''
|[[Viji Thampi]]
|
|-
|1999
|''Saree''
|[[Suma Josson]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]''
|[[T. V. Chandran]]
|<ref name="h1" />
|-
|''[[Kattu Vannu Vilichappol]]''
|Sashi Paravoor
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|''Pularvettam''
|Harikumar
|
|-
|''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
|rowspan="2"|T. V. Chandran
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="h1" />
|-
|2003
|''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
|''Pravasam''
|Kalidas Puthumana
|
|-
|''[[Kathavaseshan]]''
|T. V. Chandran
|-
|''[[Chithariyavar]]''
|Lalji George
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|''[[Pulijanmam]]''
|[[Priyanandanan]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 23, 2006 |title=Pulijanmam Malayalam movie review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pulijanmam-review-malayalam-movie-8296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327093300/https://www.indiaglitz.com/pulijanmam-review-malayalam-movie-8296 |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nottam]]''
|Sashi Paravoor
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnavadhyar |first=Ratheesh |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Nottam |url=https://ratheesh.livejournal.com/308738.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[LiveJournal]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Drishtantham]]''
|[[M. P. Sukumaran Nair]]
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Paradeshi]]''
|[[P. T. Kunju Muhammed]]
|<ref name="h1" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|''[[Raamanam]]''
|M. P. Sukumaran Nair
|
|-
|''[[Boomi Malayalam]]''
|T. V. Chandran
|<ref name="h1" />
|-
|2010
|''[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]''
|Priyanandanan
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. B. |first=Vivekanandan |title=Sufi Paranja Katha: Exploring Love, Religion, and Identity in Film |url=https://www.studocu.com/in/document/university-of-kerala/ma-english-language-and-literature/sufi-paranja-kadha/64721702 |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=Studocu}}
</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Ithramathram]]''
|K. Gopinathan
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajmohan |first=Sooraj |date=August 16, 2012 |title=Memories of another day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/memories-of-another-day/article3779479.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221135530/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/memories-of-another-day/article3779479.ece |archive-date=2019-12-21 |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014
|''[[Nayana (film)|Nayana]]''
|K. N. Sasidharan
|
|-
|''[[Chayilyam]]''
|Manoj Kana
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Vijay |date=January 30, 2014 |title=Colours of life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/colours-of-life/article5634433.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081051/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/colours-of-life/article5634433.ece |archive-date=2014-02-03 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
</ref>
|-
|''[[Jalamsham]]''
|M. P. Sukumaran Nair
|
|-
|2015
|''Vidooshakan''
|T. K. Santhosh
|
|-
|2016
|''Amoeba''
|Manoj Kana
|<ref name="dc" />
|-
|2017
|''[[Crossroad (film)|Crossroad]] - Lake House''
|Sashi Paravoor
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Gramavrikshathile Kuyil]]''
|K. P. Kumaran
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Kumaran Asan biopic Gramavrikshathile Kuyil set for release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Apr/07/kumaran-asan-biopic-gramavrikshathile-kuyil-set-for-release-30751.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|}

===Documentaries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1994
|''Oru Vanavyavasthayude Sheshippukal''
|K. R. Mohanan
|
|-
|2003
|''The 18th Elephant: Three Monologues''
|P. Balan
|<ref name="dc" />
|-
|2013
|''In Search of our Lost Rice Seeds''
|[[Suma Josson]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 25, 2013 |title=Crowning glory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/crowning-glory/article5272179.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028080433/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/crowning-glory/article5272179.ece |archive-date=2013-10-28 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''In Return: Just a Book''
|Shiny Benjamin
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragesh |first=G. |date=November 26, 2016 |title=In Return: Just a Book - a filmic tribute to Dostoyevsky and Perumbadavam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/iffi-2016-goa-film-festival/iffi-2016-news/a-filmic-tribute-to-dostoyevsky-and-perumbadavam.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Maythil''
|K. Gopinathan
|
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2016
|''Chennikuthu''
|Himself
|<ref name="dc" />
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1994
|Kerala State Television Awards
|Best Videography
|''Vanavyavasthayude Sheshippukal''
|<ref name="h1" />
|-
|2000
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]'', ''[[Kattu Vannu Vilichappol]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2020 |title=Film Critics Award 1977 - 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association]]}}
</ref>
|-
|2001
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
|
|-
|2003
|[[51st National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)|Best Cinematography (non-feature film)]]
|''The 18th Elephant: Three Monologues''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2004 |title=51st National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924070138/https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Kerala State Film Awards
|Best Cinematography
|''[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2000 - 2012 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021732/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|PRD Kerala]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0419676|K.G. Jayan}}
{{Kerala State Film Award Best Cinematography}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayan, K. G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]

B. Jaya (director)

2026-02-06T05:51:02Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: Put Up A Data

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{for|the actress|B. Jaya (actress)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Jaya
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 11 January 1964<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/happy-birthday-to-b-jaya_51621.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216221829/http://timesofap.com/cinema/happy-birthday-to-b-jaya_51621.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |title=Happy Birthday to B Jaya |publisher=timesofap.com |date=11 January 2013 |accessdate=11 January 2013 }}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2018|08|30|1964|1|11}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| yearsactive = 2003–2018
| spouse = B. A. Raju<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/83861.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150708021014/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/83861.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 8 July 2015|title= Mahesh congratulates Lovely team|work=IndiaGlitz |date=17 July 2012|accessdate=11 January 2013 }}</ref>
| website =
}}

''' B. Jaya''' (11 January 1964 – 30 August 2018) was an Indian film director who worked in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/89954.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130112082551/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/89954.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 12 January 2013|title= Happy birthday to B Jaya|work=IndiaGlitz |date=11 January 2013 |accessdate=11 January 2013  }}</ref>

==Early life==
Jaya completed an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in English literature and received a diploma in [[journalism]] at [[University of Madras|Chennai University]]. She also received an MA in [[psychology]] from [[Annamalai University]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web |url= http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-jaya.html |title= Interview with Jaya by Jeevi |publisher= [[idlebrain.com]] |date=16 February 2004 |accessdate=11 January 2013  }}</ref>

Jaya married producer and publicist B. A. Raju (died 2021). They have two sons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu film producer 'Super Hit BA Raju' passes away at 61|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/may/23/telugu-film-producer-super-hitba-raju-passes-away-at-61-2306265.html|url-status=live|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523173123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/may/23/telugu-film-producer-super-hitba-raju-passes-away-at-61-2306265.html |archive-date=23 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Career==
After completing her education, she started her career as a writer for the Telugu daily newspaper [[Andhra Jyothi|Andhra Jyothy]]. She wrote for the publication's "Jyothi Chitra" section, which covers news regarding the Telugu cinema industry. She made her debut as a director with the successful 2003 film ''[[Chantigadu]]''.<ref name="idlebrain"/>

==Death==
Jaya died on 30 August 2018 at the age of 54 due to heart related ailments.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/journalist-turned-director-b-jaya-passes-away-at-54-1328321-2018-08-31 | title=Director B Jaya dies at 54 | date=31 August 2018 | publisher=India Today | accessdate=6 October 2018 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chantigadu]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Premikulu]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Gundamma Gaari Manavadu]]'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Saval'' ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vaisakham]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1512420}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaya, B.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Missing middle or first names]]
[[Category:Telugu women film directors]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Laltluangliana Khiangte

2026-02-05T22:46:00Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: made a details

{{short description|Mizo academic, playwright and poet}}
{{morefootnotes|date=April 2020}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Latluangliana Khiangte
| image = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte, reputed scholar, at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Laltluangliana receiving Padma Shri from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|6|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Playwright Poet Scholar
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Mizo literature]]
| spouse = Lalramhluni (Mahluni)
| domesticpartner =
| children = Four sons
| parents = Tlanghmingthanga, Darngeni
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Pu Buanga Award Rashtriya Lok Bhasa Sanman Bharat Adivasi Sanman Distinguished Playwright Award 1997 Book of the Year Award Lelte Best Writer Award K. Zawla Award Khuangchera Award
}}

'''Latluangliana Khiangte''' is a Mizo academic, playwright and poet of [[Mizo literature]].<ref name="Life of Laltluangliana Khiangte">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Personalities/WritersandPoets/Laltluangliana-Khiangte.html | title=Life of Laltluangliana Khiangte | publisher=India Online | date=2015 | access-date=7 December 2015 | archive-date=21 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321035315/http://www.indiaonline.in/About/Personalities/WritersandPoets/Laltluangliana-Khiangte.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the principal of the [[Serampore College]] and a former professor at [[Pachhunga University College]] and the [[North Eastern Hill University]]. He is presently serving as the senior most professor at the Department of [[Mizo language|Mizo]] at [[Mizoram University]].<ref name="mzu.edu.in">{{cite web |url=https://mzu.edu.in/department-of-mizo/ |title=Department of Mizo – Mizoram University |website=mzu.edu.in |access-date= 24 December 2020}}</ref> He is a recipient of the Pu Buanga Award, the highest literary award of the Mizo Academy of Letters.<ref name="Laltluangliana Khiangte Awarded the Pu Buanga Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/58-2010/june/1016-laltluangliana-khiangte-awarded-the-pu-buanga-award | title=Laltluangliana Khiangte Awarded the Pu Buanga Award | publisher=Eastern Panorama | date=June 2010 | access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2006, for his contributions to Indian literature.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Latluangliana Khiangte is a well-known playwright-dramatist, poet, scholar-critic, essayist, biographer and folklorist from the state of [[Mizoram]]. He has taken life as known to the [[Mizo people|Mizo]] tribal society as his subject and fictionalized it, thus instituting a different genre especially in the field of playwriting. He has not only achieved distinction of being recognized as a playwright and poet but is also one of the most prominent writers and folklorists of North East India.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} He has received many awards for his remarkable contribution to the development and growth of [[Mizo language and literature]]. He was born on 28 June 1961 to a [[Presbyterian]] church elder Tlanghmingthanga (formerly teacher and Synod Music Instructor) of Khiangte clan and Mrs. Darngeni of Khawlhring clan. Being born and brought up in Christian home and since he had attended Sunday School at the age of 4 till 18 years of age, he became Sunday School teacher in different stages of learning right from 1976 till 2012, and he had undergone the required Biblical training courses for a number of times.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

His literary artistry comes to the fore in his writings on varied fields such as literature, culture, folklore, socio-religious studies, sports and social education including journalistic writings with equal ease and perfection. For his remarkable and historical contribution to [[Mizo language|Mizo]] language and literature, he has been selected for '''''Padma Shri''''' (in Literature and Education) for the year 2006 by the [[President of India]]. Prior to this, in addition to other decorations, he was also given two other National Awards viz. ''Rashtriya Lok Bhasha Samman-2003'' & ''Bharat Adivasi Samman-2005'' by the Ramnika Foundation and All India Tribal Literary Forum.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

A regular choir member since 1975 till 2000 and he had even served as conductor of the choir for some years visiting different places of India as member of the singing group. An active member in Christian youth movement for 27 years, he had served as youth leader for about 20 years in different capacities even in [[Northeast India|North East]] and the whole of [[India]]. As a former secretary of [[Presbyterian Youth Fellowship of India]] and that of North East India Christian Council youth, he had taken an active part in the socio-religious, cultural, moral and educational programmes and he was also the president of NEICC Youth Assembly for three terms. He was convener of Civil Rights Committee under NEICC, former executive member in [[North East India]] Christian Council for three terms, and a church elder with important engagements in God's mission in various capacities. As an active Christian youth leader, he had also attended the grand Presbyterian Youth Triennium at [[Purdue University]], [[US]], in 1995 as a special fraternal delegate from [[India]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

His books and other writings had clearly depicted his deeper involvement for ecumenical and inter-denominational zeal as well as his participations in the world-wide evangelisation as a member of the community of women and men in mission. And of course, as an editor and writer, while serving as youth leader for a quarter of a century, he had recorded his experiences and other valuable information in the form of educational books for future generations. All his contributions and involvements in socio-cultural and religious activities cannot be mentioned in detail herewith.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

His exemplary contribution in the field of playwriting and theatre direction has been recognized with the award of the ''Distinguished Playwright Award-2002'' and ''Rastriya Lok Bhasha Samman-2003''. His contributions towards nurturing nationalistic sentiments in the field of language and literature have been appropriately recognised with the ''K.Zawla Award-2007'' and ''Khuangchera Award-2000.'' He has written more than 30 plays (including short plays), out of which 24 have been published.

As a Noted Playwright-dramatist, he was awarded ''India Tribal Drama Award-2012'' on 16- November 2012. Ten of his plays and more than ten of his essays and poems have been prescribed as texts for different stages of studies under four Universities of [[North East India]]. He has 58 books in English and Mizo, 34 Edited books in English and Mizo, 27 booklets in Mizo & English and about 14 of his books have been translated into [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]] etc.

His plays, articles, essays and poems have been translated into [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Kokborok]] and his play '''''Chharmawia''''' has been serialised for [[Doordarshan]]. Three of his long plays and Seven Short plays have been translated into Hindi. He has also been acclaimed as Writer of the year in the years 2002, 2003 and 2004 by the popular opinion poll conducted by ''Lelte Weekly'' in Mizoram. His play – '''''Pasaltha Khuangchera''''' was also declared as ''the Mizo Book of the Year'' in 1997.
His contribution in the field of drama and theatre has been recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi with its Purushkar-2018 (an Award instituted by the National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama) in the field of playwrighting).

Professor Khiangte has also edited a literary journal called ''Thu leh Hla(Monthly)'' and other journals including ''Hruaitu(Monthly).'' His articles have also been published in various journals of India including Sahitya Akademi's ''Indian Literature'' and Mumbai's ''Midday'', Bangladesh's ''Bharat Bachitra'' etc. in [[English language|English]] and in ''Yudhrat Aam Admi'' in [[Hindi]] and several popular journals and edited volumes. Five of his plays had been translated into [[Hindi]] for wider readership in India. He is the present Editor-in-Chief of Mizo Studies, a quarterly refereed journal with {{ISSN|2319-6041}} published by the Department of Mizo, [[Mizoram University]].

He has been awarded Fellow Membership (FUWAI) by the ''United Writers Association of India''; decorated with ''Distinguished Leadership Award-1997'' ABI, USA; included in the ''International Who’s Who – 1997'' by IBC; included in ''Asia / Pacific Who’s Who (2000) Cambridge UK'' and the Indian National Sahitya Akademi included his bio-data in the latest ''Who’s Who of Indian Writers'', 1999 edition. He has also been included in the edition of ''Directory of Eminent Writers of the North East India'' and ''Reference Asia: Asia’s Who’s Who of Men & Women of Achievement'' and also in the ''Indigenous Writers of India.''

He has presented more than 320 papers in Seminars, Consultations, Training and Workshops, of which more than 170 are written in [[English language|English]] for the International, National, Regional programmes. He has published over 100 research papers and contributed more than 1000 articles / essays / poems in different journals and magazines of the country, published in various Indian languages.

A former member of the General Council of [[Indian National Sahitya Akademi]] (2003-2007) and [[Sangeet Nataak Akademi]] (2004-2008) and Vice-President of All India Tribal Literary Forum, he is also an active Member of [[Indian Folklore Congress]]. He also continues to be active in the North East Writer Forum, Tribal Literary Conference of India, Community of women and men in Mission (under Council for World Mission). He has been involved in various capacities in Mizo Literature & Language Teachers Academy, Mizo Academy of Letters, Zoppen Club International, Mizo Writers Association, Mizo History Association, North East India Oral Literature Centre etc.

He is a life member of INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage), YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association), YMA (Young Mizo Association), Leprosy Mission of India, Mizo Academy of Letters, United Writers Association of India, All India Tribal Literary Forum, Indian Society of Authors, Tribal Literary Forum of India, Gideons International etc. and the chief patron member of the Bible Society of India.

His invaluable contributions to the promotion of tribal language, folklore and literature are deemed a noteworthy addition to Indian literature in Mizo. He taught Mizo language and literature in Aizawl's premier institution of learning, [[Pachhunga University College]], from 1985. He joined the postgraduate department of [[Mizo language|Mizo]] as a reader in 1999 under North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Mizoram Campus, and became a full-fledged professor in 2005. Khiangte obtained his Ph.D. in literature in 1991 and D.Litt. in folklore in 1999 and also D.D. (Doctor of Divinity-honoris causa) in 2012 (March).

A former dean, [[School of Education & Humanities]], and executive council member of [[Mizoram University]], ex-principal and secretary of the Council of Serampore College (University), Khiangte is the senior most professor in the [[Department of Mizo]], MZU. He was an active member of CABE (Central Advisory Board of Education: India) & National Monitoring Committee for Education of SCs, STs and Persons with Disabilities (2012-2015), national member for Continuing Professional Development of Teachers (NEUPA), task force member for North East India (2012–2015) and former chairman of the Board of Studies-Mizo-MZU; chief editor of refereed journal Mizo Studies; active member of the executive board of All India Association for Christian Higher Education and former vice president in North East Writers Forum & TLFI, NEICCYA.

Presently serving as professor of Mizo Department in Mizoram University; a member of board of governors in ICFAI University Mizoram; a trained member of Assessors (National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Hqrs. Bangaluru, India) and Mizo Language Committee, Govt. of Mizoram, now actively working on in some projects for the enrichment of Mizo language and literature. He has been elected for the president of Mizo Academy of Letters (2017-2019), that is the State Academy of Mizoram. He is also the president of Tribal Literary Forum of India (TLFI) and vice president of All India Tribal Literary Forum (AITLF)

He is now residing in Fakrun, B-43, Mission Veng, Aizawl-796001, Mizoram, India.

== Awards and honours ==
Khiangte was awarded the ''Book of the Year'' by the Mizo Academy of Letters for his play, ''Pasalṭha Khuangchera'' in 1997.<ref name="The Principal – Prof.(Dr.) Laltluangliana Khiangte">{{cite web|url=http://www.seramporecollege.org/arts-science-commerce/principal-serampore|title=The Principal – Prof.(Dr.) Laltluangliana Khiangte|date=2015|publisher=Serampore College|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208214416/http://www.seramporecollege.org/arts-science-commerce/principal-serampore|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a three-time winner of the ''Lelte Best Writer Award'', winning it in 2001 through 2003.<ref name="The Principal – Prof.(Dr.) Laltluangliana Khiangte" /> He received the ''Rashtriya Lok Bhasa Sanman'' in 2003 and the ''Bharat Adivasi Sanman'' in 2005 and the Distinguished Playwright Award, in between.<ref name="Life of Laltluangliana Khiangte" /> The Government of India awarded him with the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2006 and the Mizo Academy of Letters honoured him again in 2010, with the Pu Buanga Award, the highest literary award of the Academy, given once in five years.<ref name="Laltluangliana Khiangte Awarded the Pu Buanga Award" /> He is also a recipient of the K. Zawla Award in Literature (2007) and Khuangchera Award (2008).<ref name="The Principal – Prof.(Dr.) Laltluangliana Khiangte" />

The followings are some awards given to Khiangte:

* Rashtriya Lok Bhasha Samman in 2003
* Bharat Adivasi Samman – 2005
* Padma Shri in Literature & Education in 2006
* Indian Tribal Drama Award -2012 (16 November 2012)
* National National Service Scheme Medal for Excellence 2011–2012
* Sahitya Shiromani (International) on 27–28 December 2014 at Trivandrum
* Dr. Sam Higginbottom Best Principal Award 2014-15 (31 January 2015)
* Surya Inter-Indian Language Award / Bhasha Samman-2017
* Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-2018 (Puraskar on Playwrighting)
* Ph.D. in 1991 (Literature-Drama), NEHU (Indian Central University).
* Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) in 1999 (Folklore), Int. Univ. of Washington.
* Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) 12 March 2012, Trinity College & Seminary

===Prizes and recognitions received===

* Awarded 1st. Prize in State Level Drama Writing Competition in 1990 with cash incentive.
* Awarded Book of the Year-1997 in Mizoram with cash incentive.
* Awarded Man of the Year (Top Five), Sabereka Khuangkaih Popular Poll-1998
* Awarded Distinguished Leadership Award-1998 by ABI
* Awarded FUWAI (Fellow) officially given by the United Writers Association of India Headquarters, Madras, 1999
* Awarded Chawimawina Diploma (25 Yrs Distinguished Service) by MSSU: 2001
* Awarded Best Writer of Mizoram in 2001, 2002, 2003 by Lelte Weekly
* Awarded Distinguished Playwright Award in 2004
* Awarded K.Zawla Award in Literature in 2007
* Awarded Khuangchera Award (Drama) in 2008.
* Awarded Outstanding Contribution Award in 2010.
* Awarded National Integration Memento & Citation in 2010
* Awarded Pu Buanga Award: Literary Award in 2010 with cash incentive
* Awarded Valued Son of Saitual-Centenary on 13 March 2015 at Aizawl
* Awarded Golden Jubilee Memento For Centurion Talker 2016, by Prasar Bharti-AIR
* Felicitated by Governor of Nagaland on 17 January 2017 (NEI Integration) at Guwahati
* Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav-2017 Felicitation on 31 March 2017 (NEI Integration) at Guwahati, Assam
* Arunodoi North East Achiever's Felicitation on 17 September 2017 (NEI Integration) at New Delhi, India
* Several Other Prizes in Drama, Poetry, Essay Writing Competitions including books.

== Published works ==
===Books in English ===
* ''English Poetry – Study Aid''. p. 198, (Edited),1986 & p. 244, Aizawl: 1988.
* ''Mizo Drama-Origin, Development & Themes''. p. 277 (Hard Bound), Cosmo Publications, New Delhi: 1993. (Released at New Delhi)
* ''Mizo Folklore-I: Folktales of Mizoram''. p. 218, (Hard bound)Art &Culture Dept. and L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl:1997
* ''Songs of Precious Blood''. p. 56 (PYF Song book-Edited) Aizawl: 2000
* ''The Golden Lines'' (Poems & Prose pieces) p. 153 L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2000
* ''An Introduction of Mizo Literature'' (Papers & Poems-compiled) Aizawl: 2001
* ''Memorable Poems & Essays'' (Study Aid-Edited), Aizawl: 2001& 2004
* ''Mizo Songs and Folk Tales'', Published by the Sahitya Akademi, ({{ISBN|81-260-1364-8}}, p. 171, Released at New Delhi: 2002
* ''World Literature'' (Collection of Poems & Essays-Edited) p. 191, Aizawl: 2005;Revised & Enlarged Kolkata, West Bengal: 2011.
* ''Joy to the world Peace Festival'' (Handbook-cum-Song book-Edited) p. 130, Aizawl: 2005
* ''Capt. L.Z. Sailo: Padma Bhushan Awardee'' (Biography) p. 126 L.T.L. Publication: 2007 & Revised & Enlarged, Kolkata: 2011
* ''Mizos of North East India'': Culture, Folklore, Language, Literature. p. 216, 2008, First released at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
* ''Unwritten Lesson & Other Poems'' (North East Poets’ Meet Handbook) p. 112, Aizawl: 2010
* ''Tribal Languages and Literature'' (Papers-Edited) p. 202. L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2010
* ''Unsung Tribal Pastor & Writer'' (Memorable contribution of a Mizo Pastor), LTL Publications, Printed at Kolkata: 16 July 2011.
* ''A brief History of Mizo Drama & Theatre'', L.T.L. Publications, 15 November 2012: Aizawl.
* ''Tribal Culture, Folklore and Literature'', Mittal Publications, New Delhi: 2013 {{ISBN|81-8324-334-7}}
* ''Pioneer Tribal Scholar-Pastor'', ISPCK Publications: New Delhi: 2013 {{ISBN|978-81-8465-279-6}}
* ''Expect and Attempt'', Council of Serampore College Publication: 6 February 2014: Kolkata
* ''A Study of Mizo Novel'', ISPCK Publication {{ISBN|978-81-8465-395-3}}: New Delhi: 2014
* ''Mizo Folklore: Folktales of Mizoram'', Written Words, Christian World Imprints Publication, {{ISBN|978-9351482024}}, New Delhi: 2017
* ''An Album of Books'', {{ISBN|978-81-935083-3-6}}, KL Offset Printer, Aizawl: 2017
* ''Let-Us-Learn: Mizo-English-Hindi'', p. 184, {{ISBN|978-81-935083-9-8}}, LTL Publications Aizawl: 2018 (Released by Governor of Nagaland on 18 October 2018)

===Books in Mizo===
* ''Thupui Zirbingte'' (Literature & Language workshop papers -Edited) p. 120, Aizawl:1989.
* ''Thupui Pawimawh Pali'' (Four Important Themes, M.L.A. Publication-Edited)Aizawl: 1989.
* ''Lehkhabu Ramtiam'' (The World of Literature, Culture & Arts) p. 230, Aizawl: 1993.
* ''Thalai Chanchin'' (Origin, development, various activities of Christian Youth Association), GCCS No.9.p. 230: 1993
* ''Chanchintha Meichher'' (The Gospel Torch: Selected play for Gospel Centenary Celebration in 1994, acted in all over Mizoram) p. 100, Aizawl: 1993.
* ''Lemchan Khawvel –I'' (The World of Drama: Three plays) p. 172, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl:1994.
* ''Thuhlaril-Literary trends and History of Mizo Literature''. p. 267.Edited -1995 / 2005, {{ISBN|978-81-938711-4-0}} (paperback: 2018)
* ''Biakliana Robawm''(Writer, Poet, Novelist & his works. p. 266, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 1996, {{ISBN|978-81-932919-7-9}} (2017)
* ''Pasaltha Khuangchera'' (The Great patriot & Indian freedom fighter) p. 218: 1997: Book of the year – 1997. {{ISBN|978-81-937438-3-6}} (2015)
* ''Infiamna Khawvel leh Rawngbawlna'' (Sport & Mission) (Missionary Training Text book), Mission Board Publication, Aizawl: 1998
* ''Mizo Thuziak Thlan Chhuahte'' (Selected Essays-Edited) L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl 1999.
* ''Mizo Hlahril Thlan Chhuahte'' (Selected Poems-Edited) Aizawl: 1999.
* ''Liangkhaia Lungphun''. (Pillars of Rev. Liangkhaia. p. 412, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl, Dec.2000.
* ''Chantual Ennawm –I'' (Collection of plays) L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2001
* ''Thlifim'' (Breeze: Collection of Poems), L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl 2001.
* ''Hamlet leh a ziaktu'' (Hamlet and its writer) L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl 2002.
* ''Thlaler Nula'' (Desert's Maid: Writer & her Works) p. 310, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2002.
* ''Zalenpar –I'' (Collection of fifty Literary Essays) p. 384, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl:2003. {{ISBN|978-81-932951-6-8}}
* ''Lunghlu'' (Golden Jubillee Souvenir of the Writer's parents) L.T.L. Publications.Aizawl: 2004.
* ''Mizo Lehkhabu Zempui'' (A compendium of Mizo Bibliography-Edited) Aizawl:2005
* ''Rochuam'' (Collection of own poems & articles) p. 184, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2006
* ''Khawlkungi leh a kutchhuak'' (Authoress and her works) L.T.L. Publications, p. 247, Aizawl: 2007 & 2011
* ''Korea & Ramfan Thukhawchang'' (Traveloque), L.T.L. Publications, p. 293, Aizawl:2009.
* ''Mizo Hla leh Chhamhlate'' (Study of Songs & Poems),L.T.L. Publications, p. 210, Aizawl:2009
* ''Rangka Dârtui Luan'' (Golden Jubilee Commemoration) L.T.L. Publications, p. 100, Aizawl: 2010
* ''Chantual Ennawm-2'', (Collection of Short plays) L.T.L. Publications, p. 232, Aizawl: 2012
* ''Kâkpui Pathum'' (Biography of 3 Honorary Doctorate Degree holders, released on 16 May 14 by the moderator of the PCI, Mizo Synod)
* ''Sulzâm'', (Collection of Essays & Traveloque) {{ISBN|978-93-85263-34-7}}, Aizawl: 2015.
* ''Thu leh hla thlitfimna lam'' (''Literary Criticism''), p. 330. {{ISBN|978-81-932951-1-3}}. Aizawl: 2016 Released on 16 May 2016.
* ''Chantual Ennawm – 3: Milim Pathum'', (Collection of Short plays) p. 210, {{ISBN|97881-932951-0-6}} Aizawl: 2016. Released on 14 September 2016.
* ''Thang-Zui'' (Author & His Works: Lalzuithanga) p. 180, {{ISBN|978-81-932951-7-5}} Aizawl, 2016.
* ''Zonu Cheipar – 1 Ngur-Lian'': H.Lalngurliani leh a kutchhuak, p. 257, {{ISBN|978-81-932919-4-8}}, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2017
* ''Za-Thum'' (Birth Centenary Volume of 3-Prose Writers) L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl:2017
* ''William Shakespeare Leh A Hnuhma'' (Shakespeare & his Hamlet in Mizo) {{ISBN|978-81-937438-5-0}}, Aizawl: 2018 (Released by Governor on 19 October 2018)
* ''Zacham Par-chhuang'' (Birth Centenary Volume) {{ISBN|978-81-937438-7-4}}, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl: 2018 (Released by Governor of Nagaland on 18 October 2018)
* ''Liangah Khai ang aw'', (Rev. Liangkhaia nuna thil thleng & kum pawimawhte) 17 October 2019.
* ''Dar-Tlang-Mal'', (Memorial Stone Souvenir) Released on 1 November 2019.

* ''Hmangaih Lungdi'' (Lemchan Khawvel-3) LTL Publications, Aizawl 19 December 2019
== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=Mizo Drama | publisher=South Asia Books | author=Laltluangliana Khiangte | year=1993 | pages=226 | isbn=978-0836458114}}
* {{citation | title=Folktales of Mizoram | publisher=Indian Folklore Research Journal | date=2003 | author=Laltluangliana Khiangte}}
* {{cite book | title=A Study of the Mizo Novel | publisher=Pothi | author=Laltluangliana Khiangte | year=2014 | pages=190 | isbn=978-8184653953}}

== See also ==
* [[Mizo literature]]
* [[Serampore College]]
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89-193712/ | title=Khiangte, Laltluangliana 1961- | publisher=WorldCat | date=2015 | access-date=7 December 2015}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khiangte, Laltluangliana}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the North-Eastern Hill University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Idris Kandhlawi

2026-01-27T13:47:04Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started a entry

{{Short description|Pakistani Sunni scholar (1899–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''[[Sheikh al-Hadith]]''' [[Mawlānā]]
| name = Idris Kandhlawi
| native_name = ادریس کاندھلوی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Idris Kandhlawi.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Bhopal State]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|8|20|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|7|28|1899|8|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Mazahir Uloom]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]]
| main_interests = {{Unbulleted list|[[Hadith studies]]|[[Quranic studies]]}}
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list|''[[Maarif al-Quran (Kandhlawi)|Maarif al-Quran]]''|''[[Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh ala Mishkat al-Masabih|Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh]]''|''[[Seerat-e Mustafa]]''}}
| teachers = {{unbulleted list|[[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]|[[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]|[[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]|[[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]]}}
| disciples =
| influences =
| influenced =
| students = [[Harun Islamabadi]]
}}
}}
'''Idris Kandhlawi''' ({{langx|ur|ادریس کاندھلوی}}; 20 August 1899 – 28 July 1974) was a Pakistani [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar during the mid-twentieth century, widely recognized for his contributions to various fields of [[Islamic studies]], including hadith, [[Quranic studies]], [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[Prophetic biography]], and theology. Holding the titles of [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] and Sheikh al-Tafsir, he traced his lineage to [[Abu Bakr]] on his father's side and [[Umar]] on his mother's side. He studied in [[Thana Bhawan]] under [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]. He studied hadith, first at [[Mazahir Uloom]] under [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], and later at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] under [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]. He started his professional career at [[Madrasa Aminia]] and later went to Darul Uloom Deoband. In 1929 he took a position in [[Hyderabad State]], where he had access to the [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|Asafia Library]]. This experience enabled him to produce a five-volume Arabic commentary on ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'' titled [[Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh ala Mishkat al-Masabih|''Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh'']], of which the first four volumes were published in [[Damascus]]. His scholarly work garnered recognition in the [[Arab world]]. He later assumed the roles of Sheikh al-Tafsir at Darul Uloom Deoband and Sheikh al-Hadith wa al-Tafsir at [[Jamia Ashrafia]]. In addition, he served as the Chancellor of [[Islamia University of Bahawalpur]] during its tenure as Jamia Abbasia.

He actively engaged in politics and worked in the [[Pakistan Movement]] as one of the top members of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]. Following the [[partition of India]], he migrated to Pakistan. He wrote over a hundred works, including an eight-volume Quran commentary called [[Maarif al-Quran (Kandhlawi)|''Maarif al-Quran'']], which aimed to counter the influence of Western-oriented exegesis trends in South Asia. His approach to writing this Quran commentary drew from the methodology of ''[[Bayan al-Quran]]''. He also wrote a biography in Urdu of [[Muhammad]], called ''[[Seerat-e Mustafa]]''. The initial three volumes were printed in 1941, with the final volume, designed as a supplement, published in Deoband in 1966. He also wrote many works to refute Christianity and [[Qadiani|Qadianism]].

==Name and introduction==
In the introduction to one of his works, he introduces himself as "[[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]] Muhammad Idris ibn [[Maulana]] Hafiz Muhammad Ismail Kandhlawi, Siddiqi by ''nasab'' (lineage), Hanafi by ''[[madhhab]]'' (school of jurisprudence), and Chishti by ''mashrab'' (spiritual disposition, lit. 'spring')."<ref name="siddiqi">{{Cite book |last=Muḥammad Miyān̲ Ṣiddīqī |title=تذکرہ مولىٰنا محمد ادریس کاندھلوی / Taz̲kirah-yi Maulānā Muḥammad Idrīs Kāndhlawī |date=July 1977 |publisher=Maktabah-yi ‘Us̲mānīyah Jāmi‘ah Ashrafīyah |location=Lāhaur |language=Urdu}}</ref><ref name="idris">{{Cite book |last=Muḥammad Idrīs Kāndhlawī |title=معارف القرآن / Ma'āriful-Qur'ān |date=2001 |publisher=Maktabah al-Ma‘ārif Dārul-‘Ulūm Ḥusainīyah |volume=1 |location=Shahdādpūr |language=Urdu |chapter=مقدمہ / Muqaddimah |trans-chapter=Introduction |orig-year=1963}}</ref> Elsewhere, in one of his Arabic works, he writes, "as-Siddiqi al-Faruqi by ''nasab'', al-Bawfali by birth and origin, al-Kandahlawi by home, al-Hanafi by ''madhhab'', an-Naqshbandi, al-Mujaddidi."<ref name="siddiqi" />

He was [[Siddiqi]] on his father's side, tracing his ancestry to [[Abu Bakr as-Siddiq]],<ref name="siddiqi" /><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name="saad">{{Cite book |last=Muḥammad Sa‘d Ṣiddīqī |title=مولانا محمد ادریس کاندھلوی : احوال وآثار|chapter=مولانا محمد ادریس کاندھلوی : احوال وآثار / Maulānā Muḥammad Idrīs Kāndhlawī: aḥwāl o ās̱ār}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=معارف القرآن / Ma'āriful-Qur'ān| volume=1|date=2001|publisher=Maktabah al-Ma‘ārif Dārul-‘Ulūm Ḥusainīyah|location=Shahdādpūr|author=Muḥammad Idrīs Kāndhlawī|language=Urdu}}</ref> while on his mother's side he was [[Farooqi]], claiming descent from [[Umar ibn Khattab]].<ref name="siddiqi" /> Thus he referred to himself as both Siddiqi and Faruqi. He adhered to the [[Hanafi]] school of ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence) and his ''[[tariqah]]'' (order) in [[Sufism]] was the [[Chishti|Chishtiyah Sabiriyah]], which incorporates several orders, including the [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandiyah Mujaddidiyah]]. He was born in [[Bhopal]] and so he was "al-Bawfali" (Urdu: Bhopali). However he is commonly known by the ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisbat]]'' "[[Kandhlawi]]", referring to his home, [[Kandhla]], a north-Indian town known for producing many [[Islamic scholar]]s. A descendant of [[Mufti]] Ilahi Bakhsh Kandhlawi,<ref name="siddiqi" /><ref name=saad/> his ''[[nasab]]'' (patronymic) is as follows: Muḥammad Idrīs ibn Muḥammad Ismā‘īl ibn Muḥammad Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad Abul-Qāsim ibn Ilāhī Bak͟hsh.<ref name="siddiqi" />

==Birth and early life==
Kandhlawi was born on 12 Rabi ath-Thani 1317 [[anno hegirae|AH]] ({{circa}} 20 August 1899), the son of Maulana Muhammad Ismail Kandhlawi (d. 1942<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=idris/>), in [[Bhopal]], capital of the princely [[Bhopal State]].<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari">

{{cite book|title=اکابر علماء دیوبند / Akābir 'Ulamā'-i Deoband|year=1999|publisher=Idārah-yi Islāmiyāt|location=Lāhaur|author=Muḥammad Akbar Shāh Buk͟harī|language=Urdu}}

</ref><ref name=saad/> Ismail, an Islamic scholar and a disciple of [[Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], worked in Bhopal in the State's Forest Department.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/> When Kandhlawi was a few years old, Ismail resigned from his post and began teaching hadith in the Jami Masjid in Kandhla. Kandhlawi grew up in a religious household. It was common for even the women in the family to know the Qur'an by heart.<ref name="siddiqi"/> As per the family tradition, Kandhlawi memorized the Qur'an, completing it with his father at the age of nine in Kandhla.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/>

==Education==
After Kandhlawi completed ''[[hifz]]'' (memorization) of the Qur'an, his father entrusted him to [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] for religious education at [[Khanqah]] Imdadiyah Ashrafiyah in [[Thana Bhawan]].<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/><ref name=rizvi>{{cite book|title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband|volume=2 |year=1981|publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam, Dar al-Ulum|location=Deoband, India|author=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|others=Translated by Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi|author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}</ref> At the [[madrasah]] there he completed his primary education in the [[Dars-i Nizami]] curriculum with Thanawi as well as with Maulana Abdullah Gangohi.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=saad/> Then, as Madrasah Ashrafiyah only had arrangements for the primary curriculum, Kandhlawi was admitted to [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]] for further training in the Islamic sciences.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/><ref name=rizvi/> Thanawi took Kandhlawi to [[Saharanpur]] and presented him to [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]. At Mazahir Uloom his teachers included Maulana Saharanpuri, Maulana Sabit Ali, Maulana Abdul Latif, and Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani. After completing ''dawrah'' of hadith he received his ''sanad-i faraghat'' (certificate of completion) at the age of 19.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/>

Thereafter, Kandhlawi completed ''dawrah'' of hadith a second time at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], with scholars including [[Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Allamah Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], Mufti Azizur Rahman Usmani, Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi, Maulana Habibur Rahman Usmani, and Sayyid Asghar Husain Deobandi.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/><ref name=rizvi/> At Deoband his fellow students included [[Muhammad Shafi]] and [[Qari Muhammad Tayyib]].<ref name="sadat">Sadat, Saleem. In {{cite book|title=The Great Scholars of the Deoband Islamic Seminary|year=2013|publisher=Turath Publishing|location=London|isbn=9781906949266|author=Muhammad Taqi Usmani|authorlink=Muhammad Taqi Usmani|at=Footnote on pp.60–61|others=Translated by Abdul Rahim Qidawi, annotated by Saleem Sadat}}</ref>

==Career==
Kandhlawi spent the majority of his life in the service of institutions of Islamic learning. His career can be summarized as follows:<ref name="siddiqi"/>
* 1921–1922: Madrasah Aminiyah Delhi
* 1922–1929: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
* 1929–1939: Hyderabad State
* 1939–1949: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in the post of Shaykh at-Tafsir
* 1949–1951: Jamiah Abbasiyah Bahawalpur in the post of Shaykh al-Jamiah
* 1951–1974: [[Jamia Ashrafia]] Lahore in the post of Shaykh al-Hadith wat-Tafsir

===Madrasah Aminiyah===
Upon completing his education, in 1921<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/> / 1338 AH<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=saad/> he was appointed to his first teaching post at Madrasah Aminiyah, [[Delhi]].<ref name=rizvi/> This was during the time of [[Mufti Kifayatullah Dihlawi]]'s leadership at the madrasah.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/> However, after only one year, Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi, ''muhtamim'' ([[vice-chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]]) of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], and Maulana Habibur Rahman Usmani, ''na'ib muhtamim'', ([[pro-vice-chancellor]]), invited Kandhlawi to teach at the Darul Uloom.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name=saad/><ref name=rizvi/>

===First stint at Darul Uloom Deoband===
Kandhlawi began teaching at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1922. He was never assigned the elementary books; instead, the books initially assigned to him were ''Hidayah awwalin'' in Hanafi fiqh and ''Maqamat-i Hariri'' in Arabic literature.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=saad/> Later he was assigned to teach the hadith collection ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]''. ''[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn]]'' was also his responsibility.<ref name="siddiqi"/> He remained with the Darul Uloom for nine years. During this time he regularly delivered a lecture on the Qur'an after [[Fajr prayer]] in the madrasah's Naudarah building. Attended by both intermediate and advanced students, in these lessons difficult issues in tafsir, hadith, ilm al-kalam, and fiqh were discussed.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=saad/>

===Hyderabad State===
In 1929, due to disagreements with the Darul Uloom's leadership, Anwar Shah Kashmiri and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani left the madrasah followed by other teachers and students. Kandhlawi left Deoband, taking up a post in [[Hyderabad State]], where he remained for approximately nine years.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=rizvi/> There, in addition to teaching, he engaged in the writing and compilation of various works, including ''at-Ta'liq as-sabih'', an Arabic commentary on ''Mishkat al-Masabih'' in several volumes. He had access to the Asafiyah Library, where he made use of books including a rare manuscript of at-Turbashti's ''sharh'' (commentary) of ''[[Masabih as-Sunnah]]'', said to be the only such manuscript in India at the time. Though much of his time in Hyderabad was spent in research and authorship he did continue to teach; he taught the hadith collection ''Mishkat al-masabih'' in its entirety several times. In Hyderabad State Kandhlawi met [[Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall]]. The two lived across from each other for some time and would often engage in conversation regarding Islam. Other friends and contacts included [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]] and [[Abdul Bari Nadwi]], in whose gatherings many learned individuals would congregate. During his stay Kandhlawi also met [[Abul Ala Maududi]] and his brother Abul Khair Maududi, both with whom he remained in contact with until the end of his life.<ref name="siddiqi"/>

===Second stint at Darul Uloom Deoband===
In 1936 and 1937 He was twice invited to take up a post at Madrasah Islamiyah Arabiyah in [[Dabhel]], where Kashmiri and Usmani had shifted, but he refused both offers. However, in 1939 he was invited to take the post of Shaykh at-Tafsir at Darul Uloom Deoband by Usmani, who by then had returned to the Darul Uloom as ''sadr muhtamim'' ([[chancellor]]), and Qari Muhammad Tayyib, who was then ''muhtamim''. Kandhlawi accepted, although the salary was less than half of what he was receiving in Hyderabad.<ref name="siddiqi"/>

Thus in 1939 he returned to Darul Uloom Deoband as Shaykh at-Tafsir and remained there until 1949.<ref name="sadat"/> In addition to teaching ''Tafsir Ibn Kathir'' and ''Tafsir al-Baydawi'', the main books of the ''dawrah'' tafsir curriculum, he also taught ''Tafsir al-Jalalayn'', ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]'', and ''[[Tahawi]]''.<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=rizvi/> He also continued to conduct his regular Qur'an lecture.<ref name="siddiqi"/>

===Jamiah Abbasiyah Bahawalpur===
After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, who had migrated to Pakistan before independence, repeatedly called Kandhlawi to come to Pakistan. He decided to leave India in 1949, due to what he perceived as the worsening of conditions for Islam and Muslims in the country. In May 1949 he resigned from Darul Uloom Deoband and returned home to Kandhla. He received invitations from other institutions in India, which he refused. He was invited to take the post of Shaykh al-Hadith at [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]] in [[Chittagong]], [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]). Despite the high salary, he also refused this offer since he wished to migrate to [[West Pakistan]].<ref name="siddiqi"/>

In October 1949 he was invited to [[Islamia University|Jamia Abbasia]] in Bahawalpur, West Pakistan.<ref name="siddiqi"/> Jamia Abbasia was an old university in the princely Bahawalpur State whose educational and administrative system was in need of reform.<ref name=rizvi/> The State's Ministry of Education had requested Shabbir Ahmad Usmani in the capacity of chancellor (''raʾīs al-jāmiʿah'') and Kandhlawi as vice-chancellor (''shaykh al-jāmiʿah'').<ref name="siddiqi"/><ref name=rizvi/> he assumed this post on 25 December. Apart from administrative responsibilities he taught ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Tafsir al-Baydawi]]''.<ref name="siddiqi"/> Usmani, however, fell ill shortly after arriving in Bahawalpur and died there in December 1949.<ref name=rizvi/>

===Jamiah Ashrafiyah Lahore===
In August 1951 he resigned from Jamia Abbasia and went to the recently established [[Jamia Ashrafia]] Lahore at the request of Mufti Mahmud Hasan, the madrasah's founder and ''muhtamim''.<ref name="siddiqi"/> At Jamia Ashrafia he served as Shaykh al-Hadith wa-at-Tafsir and taught ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', ''[[Jami at-Tirmidhi]]'', and ''Tafsir al-Baydawi''.<ref name="sadat"/><ref name="siddiqi"/> He remained with the Jamia until the end of his life. He died in Lahore on the morning of 7 Rajab 1394<ref name=rizvi/> / 28 July 1974, and is buried there.<ref name=rizvi/>
== Publication ==
The period of his writing and authorship has spanned over more than half a century. His first work is the Arabic commentary on the famous book ''[[Al-Hariri of Basra]]'', which he wrote at the age of 21. The series of writing and authorship continued until fifteen days before his demise. In the span of fifty years, he wrote close to a hundred books. His writing can be classified into two categories. One category includes those written in a narrative style, not intended to highlight any particular group or theory. From a purely scientific and research point of view, it has clarified the path of [[Sunni Islam|Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah]]. The second category comprises those intending to present a particular group or theory. His publications include:
=== Quranic studies ===
==== Arabic ====
* ''Al-Fath Al-Samadi: Tawdih Tafsir Al-Bukhari:''
* ''Wail Al-Furqan 'ala Madhhab Al-Nu'man:''
==== Urdu ====
* ''[[Maarif al-Quran (Kandhlawi)|Maarif al-Quran]]:''
* ''Sharayat Mafar wa Mutarjam:''
* ''I'jaz Al-Quran:''
=== Hadith studies ===
==== Arabic ====
*''[[Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh ala Mishkat al-Masabih]]:''
*''Muqaddimah Al-Hadith:''
*''Munhah Al-Hadith Fi Sharh Al-Fiyah Al-Hadith:''
*Hujjit al hadith<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |page=176 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Al abwab wa at tarajim
*Al hairul zari
==== Urdu ====
*''Kalimatu Allah Fi Hayat Ruhi Allah:''
*''Al-Qawl Al-Muhkam:''
*''Lata'if Al-Hikam Fi Asrar Nazul 'Isa Ibn Maryam:''
*''Al-Din Al-Qayyim:''
*''Ahsan Al-Bayan Fi Mas'alah Al-Kufr Al-Iman:''
*''Nahayat Al-Adrak Fi Haqiqat Al-Tawhid:''
*''Walaa Shirk:''
*''Fath Al-Ghafur Sharh Manzumah Al-Qubur:''
*''Islam Aur Marzaiyat Ka Usooli Ikhtilaf:''
=== Historiography ===
==== Urdu ====
*''[[Seeratul Mustafa]]:''
*''Khilafat-e Rashida:''

== Legacy ==
{{Further|Bibliography of Idris Kandhlawi}}
In a Q&A on [[Darulifta-Deoband.com]], he was acclaimed as an great commentator and hadith scholar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مولانا محمد ادریس کاندھلوی صاحب کون ہیں؟ جہاں تک مجھے علم ہے کہ شاید وہ تبلیغی جماعت کے بانی ہیں۔میں ان کی ایک کتاب لایا ہوں جس کا نام " عقائد الاسلام" ہے، یہ عقائد پر بہت اچھی مفصل کتاب ہے۔مجھے اچھی لگی، اس لیے میں نے لی ہے۔ |url=https://darulifta-deoband.com/home/ur/history-biography/61190 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=darulifta-deoband.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [[iarchive:Maktaba-Maulana-Muhammad-Idrees-Kandhlavi-ra|Works of Idris Kandhlawi]] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Islamic scholars from Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandhlawi, Idris}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Ashrafia]]
[[Category:Students of Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]

Narnaul

2026-01-26T13:28:32Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narnaul
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Unsourced
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = File:Jal Mahal of Narnaul,Haryana, India..JPG
| image_alt = Jal Mahal of Narnaul, Mahendragarh district, Haryana, India
| image_caption = Jal Mahal of Narnaul, Haryana
| image_flag =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Narnaul in Mahendragarh district, Haryana, India
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
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| coordinates = {{coord|28|02|40|N|76|06|20|E|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
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| seat = Government of Haryana
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| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
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| postal_code = 123001
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 01282
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgc |website=Ethnologue |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> & [[English language|English]]
registration_plate = HR-35 xxxx ([[Commercial vehicle|for non-commercial vehicles]]) HR-66 xxxx ([[Commercial vehicle|for commercial vehicles]])
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 901 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
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| website = {{URL|https://mahendragarh.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
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}}

'''Narnaul''' is a city, a [[Municipal Council]], and location of headquarters of the [[Mahendragarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. It is located in the [[National Capital Region of India]].

== Etymology ==
{{anchor | Etymology }}
{{ see also | History of Haryana }}
[[File:Chor Gumbad at Narnaul.jpg|right|thumb|Chor Gumbad at Narnaul which was made by Afghan Noble Jamal after impressed by Rao Ranmal Singh of Narnaul.]]

During the early [[Vedic period]] of [[Rigveda]], this area was called the ''Nandigram'' where [[rishi]] [[Chyavana]] lived in his [[ashram]]. During the later Vedic period of [[Mahabharta]], this area was called the ''Nara Rashtra'' which later became corrupted to Narnaul.<ref name="asin1"/>

== History ==
{{anchor| History }}

=== Vedic period ===

During the [[Mahabharta]] period, the Nara Rashtra, on the [[Hastinapur]] to [[Chambal division|Chambal]] route, was conquered by the youngest [[Pandava]] brother [[Sahdev]].<ref name="asin1">Monuments & Sites in Haryana, Archaeological Survey Of India, page 35.</ref>

Narnaul is built on a prominent [[tell (archaeology)|tell]], but the tell has never been excavated so the site's earliest history is unknown.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993">{{cite book |last1=Burton-Page |first1=J. |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Pellat |editor4-first=Ch. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII (MIF-NAZ) |date=1993 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-09419-9 |pages=965–6 |url=https://archive.org/details/volume-5/Volume%207/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=21 December 2022 |chapter=NĀRNAWL}}</ref> The Muslim invader Shah Wilayat came to Narnaul in 1137 CE with sword and jewels (bribes), and he was killed here by the native Nuniwal in the battle — over half a century before the Muslim conquest of [[Delhi]].<ref name=asin1/><ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> The [[dargah]] built for him has a coffered roof similar to early monuments at [[Ajmer]] and [[Bayana]] and may have been built during this early period.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> Some architecture from the time of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] survives in Narnaul; the earlier phases are mostly concentrated in and around the dargah complex of Shah Wilayat, while many buildings from the [[Lodi dynasty]] are found both in Narnaul itself and on the road to Delhi.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> These buildings are typically undated.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/>

=== Medieval period===

During [[medieval India|medieval period]], the native Nuniwal Kshatriyas(Ahir Clan) ruled the area. In 1137 CE, foreign-origin Muslim invader Hazrat Turkman, also known as Shah Wilayat, was killed by the native Nuniwal.<ref name="asin1"/>

Narnaul is likely the birthplace of the emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s grandfather Ibrahim Khan Suri; his family is known to have had ties here for multiple generations before him.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> After his defeat of [[Humayun]] in 1540, Sher Shah built a monumental tomb for his grandfather, Ibrahim Khan Suri, inside the dargah complex at Narnaul.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> This tomb is built in the Lodi architectural style.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> Later buildings from the [[Mughal Empire]] include the [[Jal Mahal (Narnaul)|Jal Mahal]] and the octagonal tomb of Shah Quli Khan.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/> An ornate [[haveli]], the Chhata Rai Bal Mukund Das, reflects the "Bengali" architectural style that was spread to northern India at the time of [[Shah Jahan]] and was later popular under the Rao Kings of Ahirwal.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/>

=== Maratha Ahir period===

In the 1700s, Narnaul variously came under [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and [[Ahir clans]] control.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993" /> The Muslim Nawab of Narnaul took part in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and, after its suppression, the British confiscated his lands and gave them to the [[Patiala State|Maharaja of Patiala]], who had sided with them during the war.<ref name="Burton-Page 1993"/>

=== British raj===

==== Battle of Narnaul ====
{{anchor | Battle of Nasibpur | Battle of Narnaul }}
{{see also | History_of_Haryana#Colonial_period | Rao Gopal Dev| Rao Tula Ram | :simple:Ahirwal | :simple:Pran Sukh Yadav | label 1 = Haryana in 1857| label 2 = Rao Gopal Dev | label 3 = Rao Tula Ram | label 4 = Ahirwal | label 5 = Pran Sukh Yadav}}

The [[Battle of Narnaul]] (also called Battle of Nasibpur) was fought on 16 November 1857, between the [[British Raj]] and Aheer forces during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name=malik/> In 1857, Aheer leader
[[:simple:Pran Sukh Yadav|Pran Sukh Yadav]] of [[Behror]] along with [[Rao Tula Ram]], the King of [[Rewari]] and Rao Dhan Singh of [[Charkhi Dadri]] fought with the British at Nasibpur village near Narnaul. The battle was one of the most ferocious battles of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. {{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

During the Battle of Narnaul at Nasibpur on 16 November 1857, [[British Raj|British]] lost 2000 British soldiers and their commanders Colonel Gerrard and Captain Wallace, 5000 British soldiers and officers Captain Craige, Captain Kennedy and Captain Pearse were wounded{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}. Colonel Gerrard died after getting mortally wounded in a military engagement against Rao Kishan Singh.<ref name="Tribune India">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071204/haryana.htm#8 | title=Tribune India | date=3 December 2007 | access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/feb/central-indian.htm |title=The Central India Campaign |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404115213/http://defencejournal.com/2000/feb/central-indian.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2025}} <ref name=malik>Dr Malti Malik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&dq=nahar+singh+ballabhgarh&pg=PA356 History of India], p. 356.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2025}} When [[:simple:Pran Sukh Yadav|Pran Sukh Yadav]] took aim at the Colonel Gerrard wearing a red coat whose rest of the soldiers were in khaki uniform, he missed his aim the first time but hit it right the second time and Colonel Gerard was killed in Narnaul.<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190735/http://www.antiquesinternational.co.uk/alwar-india-princely-state-victoria-empress-silver-one-rupee-mangal-singh-1880-2355-p | title=Product Details | url=http://www.antiquesinternational.co.uk/alwar-india-princely-state-victoria-empress-silver-one-rupee-mangal-singh-1880-2355-p | archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Now mostly population are of Ahirs.<ref name="Tribune India" />

Rao Krishan Gopal, from Nangal Pathani village of Gurgaon district was the Kotwal of [[Meerut]], who had played a prominent part in collaboration with Raja [[Nahar Singh]] of [[Ballabgarh (jagir)|Ballabhgarh State]], Nawab of [[Jhajjar]], and [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Khanzada Rajput]] Raja Salamat Khan of [[Mewat]], by organising the patriotic forces and participating in several battles against the British troops. He and his younger brother, Rao Ram Lal, were killed in this battle of Nasibpur.<ref name=rvw1>1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDtazHR4ls4C ''Haryana Review''], Volume 15, p. 29.</ref>

== Monuments ==

=== Forts ===
{{anchor | Fort }}

* '''Nivajpur Fort''', built by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[jagir]]dar ''Nivaj Ali'' at Nivajpur village 10 km from Narnaul, has 3 ft wide and 20 ft high stone walls. It had a system of wells, warehouses, stables and a 42 ft wide gateway, all of which now lie in ruins.<ref name=ta2>Sohan Singh Khattar and Reena Kar, 2021, [https://books.google.com/books?id=M60zEAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+loharu+fort&pg=PA308 Know Your State Haryana], Arihant Publications, pp 308.</ref>
* '''Islampur Fort''', situated in the fields on a hillock between two villages Islampura and Sareli, has enclosing walls.<ref>[https://haryanatourism.gov.in/places_of_interest/fortress-of-islampur/ Fortress of Islampur], Haryana Tourism, accessed 17 Oct 2025.</ref> It lies in northwest forested corner of Islampura, 20 km south of Narnaul bus stand and 17 km west of Nangal Chaudhary. In 2025, Haryana government announced a INR 95 crore restoration plan for upgrade of 20 monuments across the state including the Islampur Fort.<ref name=bhai1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/20-protected-heritage-sites-to-be-restored-beautified-in-state/ 20 protected heritage sites to be restored, beautified in state], The Tribune, 19 Sept 2025.</ref>
[[File:Gopal Sagar.jpg|thumb|Gopal Sagar Narnaul.]]
[[File:Chatta Rai Bal Mukund Das of Narnaul, Haryana, India.JPG|thumb|Chatta Rai Bal Mukund Das of Narnaul.]]

=== Stepwells and waterbodies ===
{{anchor | Baoli | Baolis | Stepwell | Stepwells }}
{{see also | Stepwell#Delhi_and_Haryana | l1= Stepwells of Haryana }}

* '''Nagpurian Baoli''' or '''Mirza Alijan baoli''', an 18th-century three tier stepwell next to the Chotta Bada Talab and Shiv Temple, is a protected archaeological monument which was built by the local people of trading community who had migrated to Nagpur.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/18th-century-nagpurian-baoli-in-narnaul-now-a-protected-monument/ 18th-century Nagpurian Baoli in Narnaul now a protected monument], The Tribune, 10 Aug 2025.</ref>
* '''Baba Kheta Nath Baoli''', at the campus of Baba Kheta Nath Government Polytechnic College.<ref name=bhai1/>
* '''Mukundpura Baoli''', 10 km south of Narnaul in Mukundpura.<ref name=bhai1/>
* [[Jal Mahal (Narnaul)|Jal Mahal]] in southern suburbs of Narnaul.<ref name=bhai1/> Fifteen years after building his tomb, Shah Quli Khan began constructing the Jal Mahal palace for himself in 1588-89 AD.<ref name=":1">Alexander Mikaberidze, (2011). ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World a Historical Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 707. {{ISBN|9781598843378}}.</ref> The palace was built in the middle of an artificial lake, and is adorned with art and carvings. One such carving was done in such a way as to praise Shah Quli Khan's victory over Hemu.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Shobha Sarovar''', south of Narnaul on Narnaul-Behror Road.<ref name=bhai1/>
* [[Dhosi Hill]]: velconic hill and ashram of [[vedic period]] rishis, such as [[Chyavana]] Rishi who formulated [[Chyavanprash]].<ref>Manu Smriti, Translated by Pt. Tulsi Ram Swami, published by 'Sarvdeshic Arya Sabha' New Delhi, Chapter 2, Shalok No. 17, page 74.</ref><ref>Bhargava, Sudhir (20–22 November 2009). Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river. Saraswati river – a perspective. organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. pp. 114–117</ref>

=== Other monuments ===
{{anchor | Other }}
* '''Chatta Rai Balmukund Das''' ('''Birbal ka Chatta'''),<ref name=bhai1/> built by the Diwan of Narnaul during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], is a five-storey building with several halls and pillars.
* Chor Gumbad,<ref name=bhai1/> located on NH-11 west of and adjacent to Government ITI in Narnaul, this square shaped double-storied single chamber with four minarets at each corner, was constructed by an Afghan Jamal Khan as his tomb during the rule of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351-88 CE).<ref>[https://haryanatourism.gov.in/places_of_interest/chor-gumbad/ Chor Gumbad], Haryana Tourism, accessed 17 Oct 2025.</ref>
* Tomb and mosque of Peer Turkman,<ref name=bhai1/> 12th century foreign-origin [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] Muslim invader known as Hazrat Turkman and Shah Wilayat, was killed in 1137 CE by the native Hindu Nuniwal people of Narnaul.<ref name="asin1"/> His tomb is built in [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq]] architectural style.
* Tomb of [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]] (died 1567-68) of [[Sur Empire]], situated close to the tomb of Pir Turkman. [[Sher Shah Suri]] in the memory of his grandfather, who was a ruler of Bengal. The tomb was designed and built by the Sher Shah’s architect, Sheikh Ahmad Niyazi.
* [[Shah Quli Khan's Tomb]], 16th century the governor of Narnaul [[Shah Quli Khan (governor)|Shah Quli Khan]] during the reign of [[Akbar]], is built in Mughal architecture in Narnaul. Shah Quli Khan commissioned the two-storeyed octagonal tomb on a raised plinth with black and yellow marble and red sandstone during his lifetime. During the pivotal [[Second Battle of Panipat]] in 1556, Shah Quli fought against and wounded last Hindu King of Delhi [[Hemu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&q=Shah+Quli+Khan&pg=PA83|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521267281|language=en}}</ref>
* Islam Quli Khan's tomb, Islam Quli Khan was a brother of Shah Quli Khan. Islam Quli Khan's brock tomb is situated at a small distance northeast of Shah Quli Khan's Tomb.
* Tripolia Gateway,<ref name=bhai1/> lies west of Shah Quli Khan's Tomb.

[[File:Grand Commander Sri Guru Ajanubahu Rao Dhan singh ji Brahman Rao of Charkhi Dadri.jpj.jpg|thumb|Ajanubahu Rao Dhan Singh, a [[Brahman]] Rao of Charkhi Dadri.]]
[[File:Rao Kishan Singh (KrishanGopal).jpg|thumb|Rao Kishan Singh who defeated British contingent at Nasibpur in 1857 and wounded Col Gerrad in direct conflict.]]

== Geography ==

Narnaul is located at {{coord|28.04|N|76.11|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Narnaul.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Narnaul, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 300 meters (977 feet). The district is rich in mineral resources such as [[iron ore]], [[copper]] ore, [[beryl]], [[tourmaline]], [[muscovite]], [[biotite]], [[albite]], [[calcite]], and [[quartz]].

===Climate===
In winters, the temperature can reach a low of 3 °C. In summer the highest temperature is 48.5 °C, on 28 May 2024.

{{Weather box
| location = Narnaul (1991–2020, extremes 1965–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 30.6
| Feb record high C = 35.0
| Mar record high C = 41.0
| Apr record high C = 44.0
| May record high C = 48.5
| Jun record high C = 48.4
| Jul record high C = 45.0
| Aug record high C = 43.0
| Sep record high C = 41.0
| Oct record high C = 40.5
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 30.6
| year record high C = 48.5
| Jan high C = 20.5
| Feb high C = 24.3
| Mar high C = 31.2
| Apr high C = 37.8
| May high C = 41.5
| Jun high C = 41.5
| Jul high C = 36.8
| Aug high C = 34.3
| Sep high C = 35.3
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 29.6
| Dec high C = 24.0
| year high C = 32.4
| Jan mean C = 12.9
| Feb mean C = 16.3
| Mar mean C = 22.2
| Apr mean C = 28.8
| May mean C = 33.1
| Jun mean C = 33.5
| Jul mean C = 31.2
| Aug mean C = 29.9
| Sep mean C = 29.4
| Oct mean C = 25.5
| Nov mean C = 20.8
| Dec mean C = 15.5
| year mean C = 24.5
| Jan low C = 5.3
| Feb low C = 8.2
| Mar low C = 13.2
| Apr low C = 19.7
| May low C = 24.6
| Jun low C = 25.5
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 25.4
| Sep low C = 23.5
| Oct low C = 17.3
| Nov low C = 12.0
| Dec low C = 6.9
| year low C = 16.6
| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Feb record low C = 0.1
| Mar record low C = 2.0
| Apr record low C = 9.8
| May record low C = 11.5
| Jun record low C = 11.0
| Jul record low C = 17.0
| Aug record low C = 18.6
| Sep record low C = 14.3
| Oct record low C = 9.3
| Nov record low C = 0.1
| Dec record low C = -0.9
| year record low C = -0.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 13.6
| Feb rain mm = 15.3
| Mar rain mm = 5.1
| Apr rain mm = 5.8
| May rain mm = 35.2
| Jun rain mm = 54.7
| Jul rain mm = 151.8
| Aug rain mm = 138.0
| Sep rain mm = 52.3
| Oct rain mm = 10.9
| Nov rain mm = 4.4
| Dec rain mm = 4.0
| year rain mm = 491.0
| Jan rain days = 0.7
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 0.4
| May rain days = 2.2
| Jun rain days = 3.1
| Jul rain days = 5.5
| Aug rain days = 5.4
| Sep rain days = 3.0
| Oct rain days = 0.8
| Nov rain days = 0.2
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 23.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 58
| Feb humidity = 58
| Mar humidity = 40
| Apr humidity = 36
| May humidity = 43
| Jun humidity = 47
| Jul humidity = 62
| Aug humidity = 74
| Sep humidity = 61
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 56
| Dec humidity = 61
|year humidity = 55
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Narnaul Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 541–542
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M66
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Narnaul had a population of 74,581. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Narnaul has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 58%. Narnaul having more than 70% majority as Rao Sahab also called Yadavs. In Narnaul, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

[[Hindi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Ahirwati]] are the languages majorly spoken in Narnaul.

== See also ==

* [[Divisions of Haryana]]
* [[Tourism in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mahendragarh.nic.in/ Mahendragarh district website]

{{Mahendragarh district topics|Nangal choudhary=}}
{{Forts of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}{{Municipalities of Haryana}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mahendragarh district]]

Vinod Dham

2026-01-26T02:12:00Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=June 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vinod Dham
| image = Vinod Dham (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra State]], [[India]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2025)
| website =
| citizenship = India
| alma_mater = [[Delhi College of Engineering]] ([[Delhi Technological University]]); [[Delhi University]]
| education = B.Tech, MS<ref name="edu"/>
}}

'''Vinod Dham''' is an [[Indian-American]] engineer, entrepreneur, and [[venture capital]]ist. He is known as the 'Father of the Pentium Chip' for his contribution to the development of [[Intel|Intel's]] [[Pentium]] micro-processor.<ref>{{cite web|author=Om Malik |date=7 October 1998 |url=https://www.forbes.com/1998/10/07/side1.html |title=Dham Good |work=Forbes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Harsimran Julka |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/news/27589252_1_pentium-chip-industry-microprocessor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812060452/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/news/27589252_1_pentium-chip-industry-microprocessor |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2011 |title=Economic Times Nov 2010 |work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2010 }}</ref> He is also a mentor and advisor, and sits on the boards of companies, including startups funded through his India-based fund Indo-US Venture Partners,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iuvp.com/ourppl_vinoddham.htm |title=IUVP |publisher=IUVP }}</ref> where he is the founding managing director.

Vinod Dham's accomplishments as 'Pentium Engineer' and as an Indian-American technology pioneer from [[Silicon Valley]] were observed at an exhibition on South Asians at the [[National Museum of Natural History]], highlighting Indian-Americans who have helped shape America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/plaque-honoring-vinod-dham-mounted-with-intel-486-pentium-chip/HAG7X0UNMUfYtw|title=Plaque honoring Vinod Dham, mounted with Intel 486 Pentium chip - Google Arts & Culture|website=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=20 January 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2014/02/27/beyond-bollywood-explores-indian-american-culture-and-history-at-the-national-museum-of-natural-history/|title='Beyond Bollywood' explores Indian-American culture and history at the National Museum of Natural History|first=Sadie|last=Dingfelder|date=27 February 2014|access-date=20 January 2018|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20140317-exhibition-indians-have-been-part-of-us-history-since-1790-800436-2014-03-07|title=Discovery of America: A new exhibition in Washington shows how Indians have been part of US history since 1790|date=7 March 2014|website=India Today|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>

In recognition of his groundbreaking contributions, the Indian government honored Vinod Dham with the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award, in 2025. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shiksha.com/news/engineering-vinod-dham-father-of-pentium-chip-and-dtu-alumnus-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-2025-ref>blogId-197660#:~:text=Vinod%20Dham%20Centre%20of%20Excellence,as%20the%20India%20Semiconductor%20Mission.}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PadmaAwards/padmaawardees}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vinod Dham was born in the 1950s in Pune, India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Takahashi|first=Dean|date=3 July 2008|title=Interview with Vinod Dham, father of the Pentium, on a life in technology and venture investing|url=https://venturebeat.com/2008/07/03/interview-with-vinod-dham-father-of-the-pentium-on-a-life-in-technology-and-venture-investing/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807101340/https://venturebeat.com/2008/07/03/interview-with-vinod-dham-father-of-the-pentium-on-a-life-in-technology-and-venture-investing/|archive-date=7 August 2020|access-date=14 April 2021|website=Venture Beat}}</ref> His father was a member of the army civilian department who had moved from [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]], to [[India]] during the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciol.com/content/developer/newsmakers/2006/106101703.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126150619/http://www.ciol.com/content/developer/newsmakers/2006/106101703.asp|url-status=dead|title=Vinod Dham and Pentium|archivedate=26 November 2006}}</ref>

Dham graduated with a [[Electrical engineering|BE degree in Electrical Engineering]] from [[Delhi Technological University|Delhi College of Engineering]] in 1971 at the age of 21. At the age of 25, he left his family in [[Delhi]], India, to study for an MS degree in [[Solid-state physics|Physics (Solid State)]] in the US, arriving with just $8 in his pocket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ebiz/9907/em0714.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009090159/http://www.businessweek.com/ebiz/9907/em0714.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 1999 |title=Businessweek – Seasoned Chip Star |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek }}</ref>

He is married to Sadhana and has two sons. He has three brothers and a sister.

==Career==
After completing a BE degree in Electrical Engineering in 1971, Dham joined Delhi-based [[semiconductor]] manufacturer Continental Devices,<ref>{{cite web|author=Fleagen |url=http://hrmtrend.blogspot.com/2010/09/nri-entrepreneur-6-vinod-dham.html |title=hrmtrend.Blogspot |publisher=hrmtrend.Blogspot |date=19 September 2010 }}</ref> one of India's only private silicon semiconductor start-ups at the time, which collaborated with Teradyne Semiconductor Company, USA. He was a part of the early team that put together a facility in Delhi, where he worked for four years. It was while he worked at this company that his love for semiconductors bloomed. He found it to be an exciting field because it applied the knowledge he had learned as an engineer to his developing interests in understanding the physics behind the behaviour of semiconductor devices.

In 1975, he left this job and went to the [[University of Cincinnati]]<ref name="edu">[http://globalgoodgroup.com/india/2011/05/20/vinod-dham-father-of-chips-processors/ Global Good Group]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817075217/http://globalgoodgroup.com/india/2011/05/20/vinod-dham-father-of-chips-processors/ |date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> in Ohio to pursue an MS degree in Physics (Solid-State). After completing his MS degree in 1977, he joined [[NCR Corp]]oration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esummit2011.in/blog/?p=153 |title=e Summit |publisher=Esummit2011.in |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815203524/http://esummit2011.in/blog/?p=153 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Dayton, Ohio]], as an engineer. He did cutting-edge work on developing advanced non-volatile memories while there. Joining NCR was not a planned career move, though. At the University of Cincinnati, when NCR needed help, Dham was the student in his class who had worked the longest in semi-conductors. His leading-edge work on the non-volatile memories helped NCR get a patent in 1985 on mixed dielectric process and non-volatile memory device.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4534104|title=Patents|date=13 August 1985 }}</ref>

He then joined Intel Corporation<ref>{{cite web|author=Vinod K.Dham |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=1122528&privcapId=3095607&previousCapId=105448&previousTitle=INFINEON%20TECHNOLOGIES%20AG |title=Profiles |work=BusinessWeek }}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> as an engineer, where he led the development of the world-famous [[Pentium]] processor. He is called the "Pentium Engineer"<ref>{{cite web|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2008/mar/28/vinoddhamfatherofthepenti?INTCMP=SRCH |title=The Guardian UK |work=The Guardian |date=28 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/wharton-india-economic-forum-to-define-global-indian_10029312.html |title=Wharton India Economic forum to define 'Global Indian' |publisher=Thaindian |date=20 March 2008 |access-date=30 December 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505044214/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/wharton-india-economic-forum-to-define-global-indian_10029312.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> for his role in the development of the Pentium Micro-Processor. He was then the Vice President of the Microprocessor Product Group and General Manager of Microprocessor Division 5/7 at the time.<ref>Ivey, Mark, "Building the Pentium Processor" Intel Corporation, Solutions, May/June 1993, page 4</ref> He is also one of the co-inventors of Intel's first [[Flash Memory]] Technology (ETOX).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2008/07/03/interview-with-vinod-dham-father-of-the-pentium-on-a-life-in-technology-and-venture-investing |title=Venturebeat – Technology and investing |date=3 July 2008 |publisher=Venturebeat.com }}</ref> He rose to the position of the Vice President of Micro-Processor Group at Intel.

During a presentation of his work on non-volatile memory for the NCR Microelectronics at an IEEE workshop, he was approached by Intel and, in 1979, joined Intel as an engineer, where he worked with the non-volatile memory team and was one of the co-inventors of Intel's first flash memory (ETOX). He later moved to the micro-processor division, where he honed his skills for leading the Pentium project by working on two earlier generations of micro-processors—Intel's 386 and 486—in various capacities. In the 1980s, PCs had become mainstream tools for productivity enhancement at the workplace. By the time he started the Pentium project, many established and new players, including the AIM consortium (led by Apple, IBM, and Motorola) and the ACE (Advanced Computing Environment) consortium formed in 1991 and led by Compaq, Microsoft, DEC, and MIPS Technologies, and a consortium by Sun Microsystems (which comprised Sun, Fujitsu, Philips, Tatung, and Amdahl) using superior RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) had all begun aggressively working on their big idea for the PC industry, and these projects seriously threatened Intel's dominance in this segment. Dham believes that Intel's ability to 'focus and execute' while maintaining full compatibility of the application with its previous-generation microprocessors was the key reason for its success over dozens of these big competitors. In a Business Week cover story on Intel's new processors, Dham was quoted as General Manager of the 586 processor group (586 was the internal name for the project until it was named 'Pentium' at launch).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesmartceo.in/detail_article.html?rid=305&rId=1|title=SmartCEO|website=TheSmartCEO.in|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>

He left Intel in 1995 and joined the startup [[NexGen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcealumni.net/nostalgia/vinoddham.html |title=Profile on Delhi College of Engg |publisher=Dcealumni.net |access-date=30 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411231233/http://www.dcealumni.net/nostalgia/vinoddham.html |archive-date=11 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which was subsequently acquired by [[AMD]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://business.highbeam.com/5338/article-1G1-17502766/amd-challenge-intel-800m-nexgen-purchase |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011175654/http://business.highbeam.com/5338/article-1G1-17502766/amd-challenge-intel-800m-nexgen-purchase |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title= AMD to Challenge Intel with 800 M NexGen Purchase  |publisher= |date=30 October 1995 }}</ref> Dham played an instrumental role in the launch of the [[AMD K6|K6]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.entrepreneursstartup.com/tag/vinod-dham-nexgen/ |title=Entrepreneurs Startup |publisher=Entrepreneurs Startup |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821142039/http://www.entrepreneursstartup.com/tag/vinod-dham-nexgen/ |archive-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>—the "Pentium killer" processor at rival AMD Co. He held the vice president position of AMD's computation products group. He then went on to lead a startup, Silicon Spice,<ref>{{cite web|author=Chidanand Rajghatta Posted: Thu 10 August 2000 IST |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/158152/ |title=The Indian Express Aug 2000 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 August 2000 }}</ref> in April 1998, which he re-directed to build a VOIP chip and sold it to [[Broadcom]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/broadcom-to-buy-silicon-spice-for-1-24b/ |title=ZDNet News |publisher=Zdnet.com |date=8 August 2000 }}</ref> in 2000. He then launched an incubator, NewPath Ventures, where he co-founded companies with the objective of using India's emerging talent in chip design for R&D. He is currently the managing director and founder of Indo-US Venture Partners,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=A633A07F3CB7421D8DC572CF528AE398&AudID=0A2DD881F6EF45E19EAC48E93C07BF66 |title=IVenture Capital: Vinod Dham |work=Indus Bus Journal |date=7 November 2008 |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721112540/http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=A633A07F3CB7421D8DC572CF528AE398&AudID=0A2DD881F6EF45E19EAC48E93C07BF66 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an early-stage India-focused fund that he founded after NewPath. Dham has, over the years, been a board member and technical advisor to dozens of private and public companies worldwide.

==Entrepreneurial career==
===NexGen===
When Dham joined Intel, it had $1 million in revenue. By the time he left in 1995, Intel's revenues had soared to US$16.2 billion. Dham said he was a keen observer of how Andy Grove built strategy and organisation for Intel's success in the microprocessor business. At Intel, Dham made a decision to work on processors when he decided to leave R&D. By the time he left Intel, his achievements had reached great prominence. It was also the time when the entrepreneurial revolution in Silicon Valley was at its peak.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} He came across a company called NexGen, a boutique processor design company that was eight years old, and joined as COO. The design engineering team at NexGen proved itself to be very capable, but the company did not have a chip that was bus-compatible with the Pentium, an important functionality that was needed to fit in the PC industry dominated by Intel. Dham, with his wide-ranging experience, did changes in NexGen's strategy, knowing that NexGen had to license intellectual property (IP) that would piggyback on infrastructure that had already been created by the rest of the PC industry and needed access to manufacturing capabilities and advanced technology by partnering with established players to build its chips competitively with Intel's.

While looking for the right partner for NexGen, Dham discovered that Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Inc. was Intel's main competitor in the computer hardware industry, but its microprocessor product, [[AMD K5|K5]], which has been positioned to be a response to Intel's Pentium Processor, had failed to deliver on its promise. Dham convinced the NexGen management to explore what appeared to be a perfect synergy for merging the two companies - NexGen had a product but no factories and process technology, whereas AMD had a factory and advanced technology but no product. His insights proved right, and AMD acquired NexGen's product and process technology for $857 million. AMD's next product, K6, was built using NexGen's core technology. For a short while, it was the fastest processor in the world. It was the first time ever anybody beat Intel at its own speed game. The success of K6 was critical from one more angle: microprocessors were expensive, which meant that PCs had to be sold for over $1500. AMD, under Dham's leadership in the microprocessor business, priced K6 to create a PC below $1000. AMD's ability to give relevant competition to Intel and create a sub-$1000 PC played a key role in creating a sub-$1000 category for the first time. This positioning forced Intel to initially respond with a truncated Pentium under the brand name Celeron. (These days, desktop computers are priced at less than $300.) After spending a year at AMD, post-acquisition of NexGen, Dham joined another startup in April 1998—Silicon Spice as CEO and president.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

===Silicon Spice===

Dham, who had made a career out of microprocessors, was no longer interested in just chips and gained interest in communications processors. In his opinion, the Internet was the mother of all [[killer application]]s, which could use most computing power if there were no connectivity bottlenecks. Anyone who could help unclog this bottlenecks, would hold the key to a multi-billion-dollar bounty. "The PC was designed for computing and not for communication. The microprocessor has gone beyond its use," he said. In other words, hardware is far ahead of the current computing requirements," he said. With demand for communications-related chips then growing at 20% per annum, Dham and Silicon Spice's three MIT-graduate co-founders wanted a piece of the pie. Silicon Spice raised more than $34 million in VC funding from New Enterprise Associates and Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers.

Silicon Spice was initially experimenting with using an innovative reconfigurable technology to design chips. It turned out that the chips designed in this fashion lacked the necessary performance and cost to be of much commercial use. Meanwhile, Er. Ing. Dham learned from dealing with several customers that there was an emerging need for developing chips that could effectively transfer voice over the Internet. Dham explains, "The Internet protocol was being used mainly for data and delivering voice over the Internet, which was designed primarily for data transfer and was a tricky problem in terms of technology". Dham re-directed the company to build this new chip to support VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), among the first in the world at the time. Silicon Spice's technology was promising. In a little over two years (in August 2000), Er.Ing. Dham sold Silicon Spice to Broadcom for $1.2 billion in an all-stock deal. The deal was Broadcom's largest ever (at the time of acquisition) and its seventh acquisition in the year 2000. Broadcom's former CEO, Henry Nicholas, said that Silicon Spice's architecture for communications processors, which enables banks of chips to be replaced with a single piece of silicon, is Broadcom's most strategic buy yet and opens 'a multi-billion-dollar' opportunity. "This is kind of the holy grail of carrier-class communication equipment," Nicholas said. "What Silicon Spice has created is a whole new computational element of the same significance of what microprocessor was to PC."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-244141.html |title=CNET news – 7 August 2000 |date=2 January 2002 |publisher=News.cnet.com }}</ref> "One of the biggest lessons I learnt was that it always helps to start defining your product with very early involvement with customers, "said Dham.

==Mentor and venture capitalist==
In December 2001, Dham made a trip to India, where he met several businesses. With seed capital from other venture capitalists in April 2002, he co-founded the incubator New Path Ventures. It invested in chip and system design companies like Telsima (WiMAX chips), Montalvo Systems (low-power chips), Silica (chips for multimedia and digital printing processors), and Nevis (secure networking) with development teams in India for markets in the U.S. The timing was right, with Silicon Valley looking at reducing expenditure in the chip development space. Dham, with his partner, was extremely hands-on in helping these companies in their day-to-day operations. However, the experience highlighted that with so much focus on software, India had not yet developed the critical mass of skills for chip design work and specialised software expertise to support the 'offshoring' model. These start-ups were subsequently acquired. Having learned that opportunities for venture-backed startups in India will likely revolve more around services required to meet needs of India's growing consumer class, Dham subsequently co-founded NEA-a Indo-US Ventures, a cross-border, India-focused fund, in 2006. The firm was later rebranded as Indo-US Venture Partners. Currently, Dham runs IUVP with his two Bengaluru, India{{En dash}}based investment partners. IUVP's focus has been on investing in Indian companies across sectors including mobile technology, [[knowledge process outsourcing]], internet, education and healthcare.<ref name="rakabroad.in">{{Cite web|url=http://rakabroad.in/|title=RAK ABROAD study education consultancy|website=RakAbroad abroad education consultancy}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Dham and his wife, Sadhana, are donors to many charities in the US and India. He has been a trustee of the American India Foundation (AIF) since 2001. Former President Bill Clinton serves as the honorary chair.<ref>[http://www.aifoundation.org/aboutUs/aifPeople/councilOfTrustees.htm American India Foundation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410131732/http://www.aifoundation.org/aboutUs/aifPeople/councilOfTrustees.htm |date=10 April 2011 }}</ref> In July 2006, he was named to the Board of Directors and was appointed Chair of the Digital Equaliser (DE) Program,<ref>{{cite web|url= |title=Digital Equalizer Program |publisher=}}</ref> with a mission to provide underprivileged children in India with the opportunity to enhance their learning through the use of digital technology in a scalable and sustainable manner. As Chair of the DE Programme, he led the programme's strategic direction and growth. He has been actively involved in fund-raising and was awarded the Visionary Award for his DE work by [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aif.org/pdf/Newsletters/Newsletter_09_Q4_FINAL.pdf |title=AIF Visionary Award|access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903122927/http://www.aif.org/pdf/Newsletters/Newsletter_09_Q4_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Recognition==
In 1993, Dham was named one of the Top 25 Executives in the US Computer Industry. In 1999, he was named one of the top 100 Most Influential Asian Americans of the decade. In 2000, he was appointed to serve on the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders by President Bill Clinton.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rediff India Abroad Home |url=http://www.rediff.com/us/vinoddham_top50.html |title=Influential Indian Americans |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 }}</ref>

On 1 January, India's magazine ''[[India Today]]'' listed Dham among the Global Indian Achievers. Dham said the survival instinct is the critical factor underlying the success of Indians in Silicon Valley.

Dham was profiled at the Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas in 2007, organised by the Ministry of Overseas Affairs of the government of India, a high recognition for accomplished Indians including [[Amar Bose]], [[Indra Nooyi]], [[Vinod Khosla]], [[Arun Sarin]] and [[Lakshmi Mittal]].<ref name="rakabroad.in"/>

Dham was profiled by [[India Abroad]] among 50 Most Influential Indian Americans.

Dham was also profiled by China Daily BBS, along with [[JC Bose]], [[Amar Bose]], [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/viewthread.php?gid=2&tid=569000&page=4 |title= Indian Role Models |work=China Daily }}</ref>

Scribd profiled Dham among the great Indians of this century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/6071149/A-Few-Great-Indian-Personalities |title=Sribd – Great Indian Personalities |via=Scribd|date=15 October 1931 }}</ref>

Dham was awarded the NRI Achievement Award at the NRI Global Summit in October 2009 by the NRI institute, a New Delhi–based nonprofit. NRI Institute has a nearly 30-year history of recognising Pravasi (non-resident) such as [[Sam Pitroda]], Chairman of India's National Knowledge Commission; Lord [[Swaraj Paul]], British Parliamentarian and Founder of Caparo Group; and Baron [[Karan Bilimoria]] of Cobra Beer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giftofvision.org/sankara_awards.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010647/http://www.giftofvision.org/sankara_awards.htm|url-status=dead|title=NRI Institute – NRI Achievement Award|archivedate=20 July 2011}}</ref>

Dham was profiled among the first and notable Indian American Achievers by the Asian Pacific American Program established HomeSpun: Smithsonian Indian American Heritage Project, which will chronicle the story of immigrants from India and their descendants in America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homespun.si.edu/resources/notable_firsts.asp |title=Smithsonian |publisher=Homespun.si.edu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702164808/http://homespun.si.edu/resources/notable_firsts.asp |archivedate=2 July 2009}}</ref>

On 22 April 2011, Dham was given the People Choice Award and Special Jury Award in the category of Science and Technology by the [[Times of India]] Group's 'Light of India Awards', recognising Indian achievers abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightofindiaawards.com/lightofindia2011/jsp/winners.jsp |title=Light of India Awards |publisher=Light of India Awards |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063550/http://www.lightofindiaawards.com/lightofindia2011/jsp/winners.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rakabroad.in"/>

On 13 November 2014, Dham was honoured with the 'Lifetime Accomplishments Award' by VC Taskforce, a Silicon Valley–based organisation boasting 6000 members dedicated to promoting innovation through the Venture Community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaabroad-digital.com/indiaabroad/20141128?pg=48#pg48 |title=Lifetime Accomplishments Award |publisher=India abroad |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150550/http://www.indiaabroad-digital.com/indiaabroad/20141128?pg=48#pg48 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2025, he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Full list of Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awards-2025/article69141094.ece |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Quotes==
*"The best thing that happened to me was joining Intel and the best thing that happened to me was leaving Intel."<ref name="dcealumni1">{{cite web |url=http://www.dcealumni.net/nostalgia/dham.html |title=DCE Alumni |publisher=DCE Alumni |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926074333/http://www.dcealumni.net/nostalgia/dham.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vinod Dham (Biography)–Father of Pentium Chip|url=http://businesssaga.com/vinod-dham/|website=BUSINESSSAGA}}</ref>
* "Electrons move at the same speed whether at Intel or AMD."<ref>WSJ 2 April 1997</ref>
* "You know, if you are here in Silicon Valley 10 to 15 years and you have not stepped out and done a startup, there's something wrong with you."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4270 |title=Wharton |publisher=Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |date=20 March 2008 }}</ref>
* "Speed was God for us when we designed Pentium. All we did was to build the fastest BMW or Lamborghini equivalent of a chip, and you were a hero. Now, its more like building an efficient Prius or a Nano. It may not go very fast but consumes less power. A total paradigm shift has occurred in the chip industry. It is evident with the ARM chips, being used to build new devices. These chips may not run as fast but they can run your iPad or netbook for weeks. That wasn't the case in the 80s and 90s."<ref>''Economic Times'' 16 November 2010.</ref>
*"To stay globally competitive the nation must do better at steering its youth toward engineering careers". Vinod Dham is among a growing number of technology executives warning that the U.S. faces an Engineer shortage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111205197910891294 |title=Even Tech Execs Can't Get Kids To Be Engineers |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=29 March 2005 }}</ref>
*"More and more, Sand Hill Road (a key location for VCs in Silicon Valley) money is moving to India. It's clear India's time has come."<ref>''WSJ'', 14 October 2004</ref>
*Dham on cell phones usage and its future: "There is nothing except maybe Excel spreadsheets that you can't do on a cell phone. You can do mails, SMS, MMS. You can do photo sharing. You can find the nearest restaurant. You can't do the latter on a laptop. It's a far richer medium. You will see a lot of big screens in the home and a cell phone won't compete with that. But the ubiquitous device that you won't leave home without is the cell phone. In India, when they're fishing, they call back and say how many pounds of fish they caught and when they will be back. That creates a real-time market with buyers."<ref>''Venturebeat'', 3 July 2008</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{sister project links}}
* [http://www.realworldtech.com/page.cfm?ArticleID=RWT062000000000&p=6 Real World Tech]

{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dham, Vinod}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:AMD people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Intel people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Cincinnati alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian venture capitalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]

Sringeri Sharadamba Temple

2026-01-24T02:28:42Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Sringeri Sharadamba Temple
| native_name = ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ ಶಾರದಾಂಬೆ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ
| image = Sharadamba Temple.jpg
| alt = Sringeri Sharadamba temple with red and white banded frieze and a gilded multi-tier entrance.
| caption = Entrance of Sharadamba Temple
| pushpin_map = 
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.418|75.252|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chikkamagaluru]]
| location = [[Sringeri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Sharadamba]] ([[Saraswati]])
| architecture = [[South Indian]]
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments =
| inscriptions =
| completed = 5th Century BCE
| creator = [[Adi Shankara]]
| website =
| festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Saraswati Puja]], [[Varalakshmi Vratam]]
}}

'''Sri Sharadamba Temple''' (ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ ಶಾರದಾಂಬೆ) is a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Saraswati|Sharadamba]]{{Source needed|date=May 2025}} in the town of [[Sringeri]] in Karnataka, India, on the [[Tungabhadra River|Tunga]] river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Kerala - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/thiruvambadi-sri-krishna-temple-kerala/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Sharadamba Temple is an 8th-century temple, established by [[Adi Shankara]], who also established his first Peetham and monastery at the site. The temple is part of the larger complex called [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]], which is the southern cardinal monastery established by Shankara. The other four are located in [[Dwarka]] (West), [[Puri]] (East) and [[Jyotirmath]] (North).
During Third Anglo-Mysore war (1791), this Shringeri temple was destroyed by Pindaris. When Tipu Sultan (Mysore Ruler of that time) heard of this incident, he was deeply angered. Despite being a Muslim ruler, he respected the Math and the Jagadguru. He immediately wrote letters of sympathy to the Sringeri Shankaracharya, offering protection, money, and gifts to restore the temple.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sringeri Sharada Peetham}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shringeri Sharadamba Temple}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Saraswati temples]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]

Namah (Thaikkudam Bridge album)

2026-01-23T06:27:05Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: made a info

{{short description|2019 studio album by Thaikkudam Bridge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox album|cover=Namah (Thaikkudam Bridge album).jpg
| name = Namah
| type = Album
| artist = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2019|11|30}}
| recorded = March 2017 – September 2019
| studio = {{hlist|Rajiv Menon Studio ([[Chennai]])|K7 Studios ([[Kochi]])|NHQ Studio (Kochi)}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|rock|pop|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]|[[Music of India|Indian folk]]|[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]|[[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]|[[trance music]]|jazz}}
| length = 1:08:53
| language = {{hlist|[[Malayalam]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Hindi]]|English}}
| producer = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
| prev_title = [[Navarasam (album)|Navarasam]]
| prev_year = 2017
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Namah
| type = album
| single1 = Inside My Head
| single1date = {{start date|df=yes|2017|10|27}}
| single2 = Saalaikal
| single2date = {{start date|df=yes|2018|02|09}}
| single3 = Kanne
| single3date = {{start date|df=yes|2020|03|11}}
}}
}}

'''''Namah''''' ({{translation|Salutations}}) is a 2019 studio album produced by the band [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]. Following the success of their studio album ''Navarasam'', the band started working on the album during March 2017, and was officially revealed to the public and the media in August 2017. The album is considered as a "tribute to various renowned artists that influenced and inspired their music and made them who they are today". It was considered as the band's "most ambitious project" and had planned to rope international and national musical artists who were renowned for their works in the [[Indian Music|Indian]] and [[world music]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=5 Indian Musicians With Cross Cultural Collaborations|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/5-indian-musicians-with-cross-cultural-collaborations-3624215.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> The process made the team to delay the prospects of the album until they completed recording and compiling the entire album within September 2019.

Before the official album launch on 30 November 2019, Thaikkudam Bridge unveiled two songs as singles to have a glimpse for the album. The first being titled "Inside My Head", whose music video was uploaded by the band in October 2017 and another track titled "Saalaikal" was performed live by the band at a concert held in [[Bangalore]] in February 2018. The album release was coincided with the promotional concert from the band held at [[The Forum Mall|Forum Shantiniketan Mall]] in Bangalore and was simultaneously released in various music platforms for [[Streaming media|streaming]] and [[Digital download (music)|digital download]].

== Creation ==
According to Mithun Raju, the lead guitarist, Namah translates to 'salutation' in English language, saying that "the album marks as an inspiration to all the 'great' musicians".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-19|title=Inside Thaikkudam Bridge's new album Namah, a collaboration-heavy tribute to their musical influences|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-thaikkudam-bridges-new-album-namah-a-collaboration-heavy-tribute-to-their-musical-influences-7904591.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref> It was touted to be the ambitious and the biggest projects of Thaikkudam Bridge; the album featured different genres bridging from [[Indian folk music]] to [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]], fused with rock, pop, [[rhythm and blues]], [[electronic dance music]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[trance music]] and jazz music and had songs featuring in multiple languages: [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], English, also with an inclusion of an instrumental track, similar to the band's previous studio album ''Navarasam''. Mithun said that "We have stuck with the band's identity — the multi-lingual and multi-genre aspect, apart from the two or three heavy tracks".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Salute to great music: Thaikkudam Bridge's new album, Namah|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2017/jun/30/exclusive-thaikkudam-bridge-about-their-upcoming-album-2479.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> Eventually, the album features renowned musical artists from across the country and the world, featuring [[sitar]] artist [[Niladri Kumar]], Hindustani vocalist [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]], [[Mohan veena|Mohanveena]] exponent and [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winner [[Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] and renowned German-musician and multi-instrumentalist [[Marco Minnemann]]. All the artistes agreed to be part of the project after listening the tracks from their first album, ''Navarasam'' and other works from the band.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2017-08-18|title=Saluting the best|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/thaikkudam-bridge-on-their-new-album-namah/article19517860.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The band decided to continue production of the album, especially on the basis of [[crowdfunding]], to meet the enormous production cost.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A bridge across genres: Thaikkudam Bridge on their evolution as an experimental band|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/feb/23/a-bridge-across-genres-thaikkudam-bridge-on-their-evolution-as-an-experimental-band-6207.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Composition ==
In March 2017, Thaikkudam Bridge started working on the album by composing for three of the tracks in the album. They finished one of the tracks titled "Kaliyankaattu Neeli" which had [[Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], playing [[mohan veena]].<ref name=":1" /> The song had gone through 16 takes to be perfect. Later, another song from the album featuring [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] (which was later deciphered as "Jeele Jebhar"), was recorded within 15 minutes. All the tracks were recorded within the short-span of the time, but the production of the album was delayed as the band wanted to collaborate with more notable artists across the world, deferring its launch in September.<ref name=":0" /> Later, Govind Vasantha scored for three films during the album's production: ''[[Asuravadham]]'', ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' and ''[['96 (film)|96]]'', and after the success of the latter, Govind decided to concentrate on film music.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Govind Vasantha reveals why he isn't concentrating just in films, leaving Thaikkudam Bridge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/govind-vasantha-reveals-why-he-isnt-concentrating-just-in-films-leaving-thaikkudam-bridge/articleshow/68059941.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Times of India|language=en |last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thaikkudam Bridge's frontman Govind Vasantha talks about music and more|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/20/thaikkudam-bridges-frontman-govind-vasantha-talks-about-music-and-more-2036363.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Ashok Nelsan, the band's member met [[Jordan Rudess]], lead keyboardist from the [[Dream Theater]] band when he was in [[Ratmalana Airport]]. In the progress, Rudess played the keyboard for one of the tracks named "Saalaikal", which speaks of harmony and friendship.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Thaikkudam keep bridging genres|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/nov/27/bridging-genres-2067513.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Another track titled "Thekkiri" was recorded during mid-April 2018 and featured drummer [[Chris Adler]], and mridangam artist [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]].<ref name=":3" /> It is considered to be a heavy-beat track that has a peculiar blend of mridangam and drums. Nelson said that "It ended up becoming the closing track on the album, but it remains eerie and heavy, Adler amping up on double-bass drumming while Sivaraman's mridangam portions coming in the second half of the track, almost apocalyptic in its intent, if Carnatic music ever could be that."<ref name=":3" />

In February 2019, Anandraj Benjamin Paul, lead vocalist from the band [[Avial (band)|Avial]] recorded the track titled "Kanne" during February 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2019-02-07|title=Thaikkudam Bridge's 'Namah' to feature Avial-fame Anandraj Benjamin Paul|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/avials-former-lead-vocalist-anandraj-benjamin-paul-works-with-thaikkudam-bridge/article26202795.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is about a father-daughter bond, how he promises to take care of her and raise her without any hatred.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-07|title=Thaikkudam Bridge and Agam: Bearing the torch for fusion|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/thaikkudam-bridge-and-agam-bearing-the-torch-for-fusion-5972776/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Govind tried to keep in-touch with Anand through social media, though he stepped back initially, he later agreed, as being a family-man, he was emotionally attached with the song. Anand had practised several times a day for nearly a month because he wanted to ensure that the result did not disappoint.<ref name=":4" /> A listening session of the album was conducted by the band through virtual media at [[Palarivattom]] on 28 November 2019, two days before the official launch.<ref name=":3" />

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| length9 = 6:00
| title7 = Jeele Jeebhar
| length7 = 8:15
| lyrics7 = Sandeep S. Patil
| extra7 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]
| title8 = I Can See You
| length8 = 6:35
| extra8 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Guthrie Govan]]
| title6 = Nee
| lyrics8 = Ranjini Achuthan
| title9 = Kalliyankatt Neeli
| lyrics9 = Dhanya Suresh
| extra9 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt|Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
| title10 = Thekkini
| length10 = 9:20
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Chris Adler]], [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]]
| lyrics6 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| extra6 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Niladri Kumar]]
| length6 = 6:57
| lyrics3 = Ganesh Kumar Krish
| title1 = Saawariya
| title4 = Inside My Head
| extra1 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Ram Narayan|Pt. Ram Narayan]]
| title2 = Kanne
| length2 = 4:55
| lyrics2 = Dhanya Suresh
| extra2 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Avial (band)|Anandraj Benjamin Paul]]
| title3 = Saalaikal
| extra5 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Rakesh Chaurasia]]
| extra3 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], [[Jordan Rudess]]
| length3 = 6:25
| lyrics1 = Kenny, Santosh Bote
| length4 = 7:01
| lyrics4 = Ashok Nelson
| extra4 = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], Anish Krishnan, [[Marco Minnemann]]
| title5 = Kaadum Malayum
| length5 = 5:52
| lyrics5 = Dhanya Suresh
| length1 = 7:33
| total_length = 1:08:53
| all_music = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The album was first revealed to the public and media by Thaikkudam Bridge in June 2017 to ''[[The New Indian Express]]''-based subsidiary publication ''[[IndulgeXpress]]'', with the band briefly describing about the album and the prospects.<ref name=":1" /> A teaser for the album was unveiled during August, and the band had planned to release the album during mid-September but was deferred as the band's frontrunner and composer [[Govind Vasantha]] had said: "We planned to collaborate with worldwide artists as it is very important album to us. Also we had to promote the album in unique ways, but could not be achieved the cost we planned, so there is much delay in the production of the album".<ref name=":0" /> During the production of the album, the makers planned to release two music videos from the songs, based from the album — one of the tracks titled "Inside My Head" was performed by the band with [[Marco Minnemann]] handling the drums, released on 27 October 2017 through YouTube and digital platforms.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=cris|date=2017-11-04|title=Into a mad man's mind|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/041117/into-a-mad-mans-mind.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> Ashok Nelson said that "It is basically one mad man inviting others to the inside of his head. There are three men, a lot of chasing around, violence, blood, water and a beautiful forest, all appearing inside of a man's head.<ref name=":5" /> Thaikkudam Bridge released the music video of the track "Salaikal" on 9 February 2018 as the second song from the album.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Sripada|first=Krishna|date=2018-05-14|title=Thaikkudam Bridge: The magic makers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/members-of-thaikkudam-bridge-have-great-fun-making-music-and-it-shows-an-interview-with-the-band-ahead-of-their-concert-in-hyderabad/article23882148.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The album was released at the [[The Forum Mall|Forum Shantiniketan Mall]] held in [[Whitefield, Bangalore]] on 30 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thaikkudam Bridge to launch Namah|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/thaikkudam-bridge-to-launch-namah/articleshow/72294924.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Times of India|language=en |last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref> In addition to the album release, the team conducted a mini-concert for fans at the location and performed all the songs from the album at the venue.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Shefeek|first=Afrin|date=2019-11-30|title=Namah, saluting the luminary|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/301119/namah-saluting-the-luminary.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tagat|first=Anurag|date=2019-11-28|title=Thaikkudam Bridge, Swarathma and others bring music to Bengaluru this weekend|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/thaikkudam-bridge-swarathma-and-more-this-weekend-in-bengaluru/article30107599.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The songs were also made available in music streaming platforms such as [[Spotify]], [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]], [[JioSaavn]], [[Apple Music]], [[iTunes]], [[Wynk]], [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] and [[Google Play Music]] for [[Digital download (music)|digital download]] and [[Streaming media|streaming]].<ref name=":7" />

== Live performance ==
Thaikkudam Bridge performed the song "Salaikal" live at the [[YouTube Fame|YouTube Fanfest]] showcase event held in [[Bangalore]] on 9 February 2018, and the music video was uploaded the same day.<ref name=":6" /> Initially, they planned to release the entire album during-June 2019 at the 51st edition of [[Summerfest]], a 11-day music festival held at [[Wisconsin]], United States, where they got the recognition of being the first Indian band to be performed at the event.<ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2019-04-18|title=Thaikkudam Bridge to perform at Summerfest in the US|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/thaikkudam-bridge-to-perform-at-summerfest-in-the-united-states/article26872874.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 19, 2019|title=Thaikkudam Bridge to perform in Summerfest {{!}} Kochi News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/thaikkudam-bridge-to-perform-in-summerfest/articleshow/69853444.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, it did not happen, the band performed the singles "Salaikal" and "Inside My Head" at the event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thaikkudam Bridge to perform at 51st edition of Summerfest in the US|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jun/19/thaikkudam-bridge-to-perform-at-51st-edition-of-summerfest-in-the-us-1992058.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=m.g|first=Gokul|date=2019-06-20|title=The show must go on|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/200619/the-show-must-go-on-1.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> Despite the album launch in November, the band hosted a show at the Kochi Design Week, in [[Bolgatty Palace]] and [[Island Resort]] on 14 December 2019, to perform all the songs from the album.<ref name=":7" /> The band performed the album in their concert tour of 2020, which was halted in that March, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]] being announced the same month.<ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2020-11-10|title=Govind Vasantha is on song|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-composer-govind-vasantha/article33066196.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As a part of the concert tour in [[Kochi]], the video song for "Kanne" was released on 11 March 2020 which was recorded in that concert.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anandraj Benjamin Paul's powerful rendition for Thaikkudam Bridge's Namah album|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/anandraj-benjamin-pauls-powerful-rendition-for-thaikkudam-bridges-namah-album/articleshow/74611877.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Times of India|language=en |last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2020-03-11|title='Kanne', the track from Thaikkudam Bridge's album, 'Namah' brings back Avial-fame Anandraj Benjamin Paul|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/avial-fame-anandraj-benjamin-paul-in-thaikkudam-bridges-album/article31060020.ece|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Eventually, it was reported that Thaikkudam Bridge had planned to shoot music videos for rest of the tracks in the album, and also planned to attend further international tours to perform the album live, but they could not do so, following lockdown and travel restrictions.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Anurag Tagat of ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'' gave the album 4 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-24|title=#ReviewRundown: January 2020 -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/reviewrundown-january-2020/|access-date=2021-08-26|work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Music critic Vipin Nair said that "Namah is a brilliant and efficient album from Thaikkudam Bridge and is worth the hype that we have waited for four long years" giving 3.5 out of 5 to the album;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-30|title=Namah by Thaikkudam Bridge – Music Review|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2019/11/30/navarasam-by-thaikkudam-bridge-music-review/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> he listed "Kaliyankaattu Neeli", "Nee", "Saalaikal" and "Inside My Head" in their ''Music Aloud Playback {{En dash}} Best of 2019'' in his review.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Music Aloud Playback – Best Songs of 2019!|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2019/12/31/music-aloud-playback-best-songs-of-2019/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' said that "though it is less engaging, the album is a sprawling, ambitious effort with a lot of interesting collaborations. But that, perhaps forced them to think in a different direction for the album's overall sound. It is a highly listenable effort." He noted "Saalaikal" as "the most accessible track in the entire album along the four other tracks".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namah (Music review), Indipop – Thaikkudam Bridge by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2013/11/23/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-music-review-tamil-justin-prabhakaran/|access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> Ramesh of ''Assorted Collections'' said "the guitar riffs with the progressive rock arrangements is a spellbinding listen".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-01|title=Assorted Collections: Music Review (Indipop): Namah|url=http://ramesh-edutainment.com/2019/11/music-review-indipop-namah.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Assorted Collections}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from Thaikkudam Bridge official website<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thaikkudam Bridge Official Website {{!}} #BeTheBridge|url=https://thaikkudambridge.com/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Thaikkudam Bridge|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{div col}}
* [[Govind Vasantha]] – Vocalist, violin
* Mithun Raju – Lead guitar
* Ashok Nelson – [[Rhythm]], bass guitar, [[Audio engineer|sound engineer]]
* Vian Fernandes – Bass guitar, vocalist
* Ruthin Theij – Keyboards
* Anish T N – Drums
* [[Ram Narayan|Pt. Ram Narayan]] – [[Sarangi]]
* [[Niladri Kumar]] – [[Sitar]]
* Jordan Rudess – Keyboard
* [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt|Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] – [[Mohan veena]]
* [[Rakesh Chaurasia]] – Flute
* [[Marco Minnemann]] – Drums
* [[Guthrie Govan]] – Acoustic guitar
* [[Chris Adler]] – Drums
* [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]] – [[Mridangam]]
* Anandraj Benjamin Paul – Vocalist
* [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] – Vocalist
* Peethambaran Menon – Vocalist
* Vipin Lal – Vocalist, sound engineer
* Christin Jos – Vocalist, sound engineer
* Anish Gopalakrishnan – Vocalist
* Krishna Bongane – Vocalist
* Nila Madhab Mohapatra – Vocalist
* Amith Bal – Vocalist, [[mixing engineer]]
* Rajan K S – Vocalist, mixing engineer
* Hemanth Mukundan – Vocalist, [[mastering engineer]]
* Jayakrishnan Nalinkumar – Mastering engineer
* Frank Arkwright – Mastering engineer ([[Abbey Road Studios]], London)
* Recorded at – Rajiv Menon Studio ([[Chennai]]), K7 Studio ([[Kochi]]), NHQ Studio (Kochi)
* Sujith Unnithan – [[Studio manager]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 albums]]

Bachchu Kadu

2025-12-31T15:58:33Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bachchu Kadu
| image = Clipped image 20241021 200700.png
| office = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister of State]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 30 December 2019
| term_end = 27 June 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| 3blankname = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata = [[Akola district|Akola District]]
| minister = * [[Ministry of Water Resources (Maharashtra)|Water Resources.]]
* [[Ministry of Command Area Development (Maharashtra)|Command Area Development.]]
* [[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|School Education]]
* [[Ministry of Woman and Child Development Government of Maharashtra|Woman and Child Development.]]
* [[Ministry of Other Backward Classes (Maharashtra)|Other Backward Classes]]
* [[Ministry of Other Backward Bahujan Welfare (Maharashtra)|Other Backward Bahujan Welfare]]
* [[Ministry of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (Maharashtra)|Socially and Educationally Backward Classes]]
* [[Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)|Vimukta Jati]]
* [[Ministry of Nomadic Tribes (Maharashtra)|Nomadic Tribes]]
* [[Ministry of Special Backward Classes Welfare (Maharashtra)|Special Backward Classes Welfare]]
* [[Ministry of Majority Welfare Development (Maharashtra)|Majority Welfare Development]]
* [[Ministry of Labour (Maharashtra)|Labour]]
| governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| predecessor =
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 13 October 2004
| term_end2 = 20 November 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]]
| successor2 = [[Pravin Tayade]]
| constituency2 = [[Achalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Achalpur]]
| office3 = President of [[Ministry of Disability Welfare (Maharashtra)|Divyang Mantralaya (Cabinet Minister Status) Disability Welfare Ministry]] of Maharashtra
| term_start3 = 25 May 2023
| term_end3 = 4 January 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|7|5}}
| party =
| nationality = Indian
| website =
}}

'''Omprakash Babarao ""Bachchu" Kadu''' is a founder of [[Prahar Janshakti Party]] and also a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Achalpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Achalpur assembly constituency is a part of [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He has been elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for four consecutive terms from 2004 to 2024.
He is currently President of Divyang Mantralaya (Ministry) Maharashtra State (Cabinet Minister Rank). <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/mla-bachchu-baburao-kadu-gets-2-years-for-assault-on-public-servant/articleshow/98503634.cms|title=Nashik MLA in Jail|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 March 2023 }}</ref>

==Career==
On 19 October 2014, Kadu won the assembly election, defeating congress candidate Bablu Deshmukh candidate by more than 10000 votes. This was the first time in Achalpur assembly elections that a candidate won three times in succession. In 2019 election he won the assembly election by total of 81,252 votes which is 44% of the total voters. In 2024 election he lost to BJP candidate by 12,131 votes. He is the first candidate to be elected for a fourth consecutive term in Achalpur Assembly elections. He is leader of Prahar Janshakti Party. He is part of newly formed MahaVikas Aaghadi or MVA,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/achalpur.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Achalpur Assembly Constituency}}</ref> the banner called Prahar Yuvashakti Sanghatana that became the Prahar Party. He then rebelled against MVA along with [[Eknath Shinde]] in [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/maharashtra-crisis-not-eknath-shinde-this-bahubali-minister-may-seek-no-trust-vote-against-uddhav-thackeray-2479098.html/ | title=Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates }}</ref>

In March 2023, he sparked controversy when he said stray dogs should be sent to Assam to be eaten for dog meat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/mla-bachchu-baburao-kadu-gets-2-years-for-assault-on-public-servant/articleshow/98503634.cms|title='Send stray dogs to Assam for consumption': Maharashtra MLA's bizarre advice sparks row|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 March 2023 }}</ref>

On 22 April 2017, [[Punjab]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MP [[Hema Malini]] said she would take action against Kadu for making derogatory comments towards Malini days earlier.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hema-malini-to-take-action-against-maharashtra-mla/articleshow/58318473.cms |title = Bacchu Kadu: Hema Malini to take action against Maharashtra MLA | India News|work=Times of India| date=22 April 2017 }}</ref>

In Loksabha 2024 elections Bacchu Kadu's [[Prahar Janshakti Party|Prahaar Janshakti]] Party has given a candidate from [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] Constituency. This move was taken as a response for [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] announcing candidature of controversial candidate [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navneet Rana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2024 |title=BJP's move to field Navneet Rana from Amravati LS seat invites wrath of some 'Mahayuti' constituents |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjps-move-to-field-navneet-rana-from-amravati-ls-seat-invites-wrath-of-some-mahayuti-constituents/articleshow/108843383.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1997: Elected as member of Panchayat Samiti
* 1997: Elected as Chandurbazar Panchayat Samiti
* 2004: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1st term)
* 2009: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (2nd term)
* 2014: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (3rd term)
* 2019: Re-elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (4th term)
* 2019: Swear in as minister of state in Udhav Thackeray Government.
* 2019: Appointed minister of state for Water Resources (Irrigation) & Command Area Development, School Education, Woman & Child Development, Labour, OBC-SEBC-SBC-VJNT Welfare<ref name = MaharashtraCabinet>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html |title= Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069 |title= महाराष्ट्र मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>
* 2020: Appointed guardian minister of [[Akola district]]<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-govt-appoints-guardian-ministers-for-all-36-districts-aaditya-gets-mumbai-suburban-pune-goes-to-ajit-pawar-2808645 | title = 2020: Maharashtra govt appoints guardian ministers for all 36 districts }}</ref>
2022 Appointment as President of [[Ministry of Disability Welfare (Maharashtra)|Divyang Mantralaya (Cabinet Minister)]] Rank Status of Maharashtra.

==See also==
*[[Uddhav Thackeray ministry]]

==External links==
*[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/legislator-bacchu-kadu-feted-with-efficient-mla-award-116030900626_1.html/html MLA Award For Bacchu Kadu]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203615/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/maha-mla-bachchu-kadu-arrested-for-assault-on-govt-officer/story-bKTDyqYoTA1hvy5cXS0zwM.html/html Government officer beat by MLA due to Corruptipon]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Bachchu-Kadu/html Times Story]
*[http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/maharashtra-mla-bacchu-kadu-granted-bail-by-esplanade-court-asked-to-surrender-passport_1871189.html/html Bacchu Kadu Passport]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161129151327/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-PUN-HMU-assembly-winter-session-mla-bacchu-kadu-5189535-PHO.html/html Winter Session news bacchu Kadu]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadu, Bachchu}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:Prahar Janshakti Party politicians]]

Sohan Singh Josh

2025-12-17T11:07:23Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: add formatting further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and communist activist (1898–1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sohan Singh Josh
| image =Amarjit Chandan (3rd from left) with Sohan Singh Josh and others. 13 Jul 1974. Amritsar.jpg
| caption = Sohan Singh Josh with young Punjabi writers, 1974
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|07|29|1898|11|12|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060511/aplus.htm#1|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS}}</ref>
| death_place = Amritsar, Punjab, India
|party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Indian independence movement|Independence activist]]|[[politician]]}}
}}
'''Sohan Singh Josh''' (1898–1982) was an Indian communist activist and freedom fighter.

==Life==
[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, S. S. Josh, [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]

Josh was born on 12 November 1898 at village Chetanpura in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]. His father, Lal Singh, wished for his son to be educated but there was no school nearby, so Sohan Singh entered school rather late. He passed the Middle standard examination from Church Mission School, Majitha, and the Matriculation examination from D. A. V. School, Amritsar. For his tertiary education, Josh joined the Khalsa College, Amritsar, but had to leave soon after owing to financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060511/aplus.htm#1|title=Sohan Singh Josh: A forgotten hero|date=11 May 2006|agency=Tribune India|accessdate=8 May 2016|author=Varinder Walia}}</ref>

Following his short tenure at Khalsa College, Josh went to [[Hubli]] in [[Bengal Presidency]] and later to [[Bombay]] where he worked up to 1918 in the Censor's office. He returned to Amritsar later to pursue a career as a school teacher.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

In 1921, Josh took an active interest in the [[Akali movement]] for the liberation of [[gurdwara]]s from [[mahant]]s. Josh zealously opposed the [[British Raj]] in India, and as a result of his anti-British activities was arrested. He was tried and sentenced to three years imprisonment. At that time he became a member of the Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. Josh was a prolific writer. In 1925 he helped to bring out a revolutionary paper, ''Kirti'', which was the main vehicle for [[Bhagat Singh]] to propagate his ideas.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NfZHAAAAMAAJ&q=kirti+bhagat My tryst with secularism: an autobiograph-Sohan Singh Josh,Page 134]</ref>

Josh was a leader both of the [[Kirti Kisan Party]] and the [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]], being one of several people who were prominent in both organizations simultaneously. He was imprisoned for his role in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]], was released in November 1933 and thereafter aligned himself with the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants in India's Non-Violent Revolution: Practice and Theory |first=Mridula |last=Mukherjee |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-13210-289-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8iGAwAAQBAJ |pages=45, 116}}</ref>

In 1943, he became the editor of a newly founded communist paper, ''Jang-i-Azadi'' ("War of Independence").

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Josh, Sohan Singh}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Mamta Wahab

2025-12-16T16:34:41Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: expanded content per standard format and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mamta Wahab
| office = Deputy Minister of Health
| term_start = 1986
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2012
| death_place =
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]
| relations = [[Rowshan Ershad]] (sister)
| office2 = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start2 = 1988
| term_end2 = 1991
| predecessor2 = [[Motiur Rahman (politician, born 1942)|Motiur Rahman]]
| successor2 = [[AKM Fazlul Haque (Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician)|AKM Fazlul Haque]]
}}
'''Mamta Wahab''' is a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]] politician in Bangladesh and a former member of parliament for [[Mymensingh-4]]. She is the older sister of [[Rowshan Ershad]]<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের রাজনীতিতে কে কার আত্মীয়? |url=https://www.ppbd.news/lead-news/12822|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Purboposchim |language=bn}}</ref> and was arrested on 14 December 1991 after her brother-in-law was removed from power.<ref>{{cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Part III |date=1991 |publisher=Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGUD65lZWcC&q=Begum+Mamta+Wahab |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Wahab was elected to parliament from Mymensingh-4 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 4th Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101931/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> She served as the deputy minister of health. Her sister, [[Rowshan Ershad]],<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:মান ভাঙেনি রওশনের!|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/politics/news/bd/108772.details|access-date=2020-06-02|work=Banglanews24.com|language=bn}}</ref> her brother-in-law, [[Hussain Mohammad Ershad]], was the president of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Ministers |url=https://guide2womenleaders.com/Bangladesh.htm |website=guide2womenleaders.com |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wahab, Mamta}}
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Deputy ministers of health of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:Wakil family]]

{{JatiyaParty-politician-stub}}

Ballekere

2025-11-25T05:35:41Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: reworked intro per standard format

{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Balleker
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1157
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577548
| registration_plate = KA-66
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.495|76.035|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Ballekere''' is a village near [[Kadur]] of [[Chikkamagaluru district]] of [[Karnataka]], India.

It is known for being visited by Former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] during her election campaign, where she contested by-election from the [[Chickmagaluru]] constituency following [[The Emergency (India)|Indian emergency]]. The village now belongs to the [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] constituency .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19781031-indira-gandhi-seeks-election-to-lok-sabha-from-karnatakas-chikmagalur-constituency-823135-2014-03-13|title=By-election: On the comeback trail|work=India Today|author=Arul B.Louis|date=17 August 2016|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> Every March the religious and cultural event Anjaneya Jatra Mahothsava is organized by the people of Ballekere.

== 2011 Census details ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Population
Census Parameter Census Data
Total Population 1157
Total No of Houses 288
Female Population 49.4% ( 572)
Total Literacy rate 67.0% ( 775)
Female Literacy rate 29.2% ( 338)
Scheduled Tribes Population 0.0% ( 0)
Scheduled Caste Population 22.5% ( 260)
Working Population 53.6%
Child(0 -6) Population by 2011 81

Ballekere's Local Language is Kannada. Ballekere's total population is 1157, and the number of houses is 288. Females account for 49.4% of the population.

==Local governance and amenities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
The village is governed by the [[Panchayati raj|village panchayat]] headed by a Sarpanch (Head of Village) along with Panchayti members who are the elected representatives of the village. They are assisted by the local bureaucrats, the PDO and bill collector, who were appointed by the [[Government of Karnataka]].

The village offers a Government-run primary school up to grade 7. Also available is a primary health care centre, located close to the [[Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Shamanur|Sri Anjaneya Swami Temple]].

==Agriculture and irrigation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
The main occupation of the people is agriculture, with the main crops being [[Finger millet|Ragi]], [[Jowar]], [[Peanut|Groundnut]], and [[Sunflower]]. These low water demanding crops are preferred by the farmers, since the [[farming]] practice of the area is [[rainfed agriculture]].

Presently there is no irrigation available in the village however; a small reservoir is available in close proximity which is rain-dependent. There are plans to connect this reservoir with [[Ayyanakere]] to assist farmers. The area is prone to droughts, as the village is situated [[geographically]] in the [[rain shadow]] region of the [[Western Ghats]].

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Ballekere is about 7 km away from [[Kadur]]. The railway station is located approximately 1 km from the village, where it connects to cities such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru]], [[Shimoga]], and [[Hubli]].

==Languages==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
The primary local language is Kannada.

==Schools in Ballekere==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
G.h.p.s. Ballekere
Address : ballekere, kadur, chikkamangalore, Karnataka . PIN- 577548, Post - Kadur Town

==Government health centers near Ballekere==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
1) Located near Anjaneya Swami Temple.

== Cultural rituals ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Traditionally, the village celebrates "Sri Anjaneya Swamy Ratotsava" every year, along with the locally played drama "Sri Shani Mahatme Pouranika Nataka". And also holi is happening after the completion of Jatra mahotsava Other vital rituals like "Hanuma Mala" during the [[Sankranti]] period, and "Ambu" during the [[Navarathri]] period, are also celebrated annually.

== See also ==
* [[Ballecer]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chikmagalur district]]

Vishakha and Others v. State of Rajasthan

2025-11-06T05:09:54Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: adding some info from scratch - done

{{Short description|1997 Indian Supreme Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan:
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = Vishaka and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan and Ors.
|date decided = 13 August 1997
|citations = AIR 1997 SC 3011
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = J.S. Verma ([[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]]), [[Sujata V. Manohar]], [[B.N. Kirpal]]
|number of judges = 3
|decision by = J.S. Verma (Chief Justice)
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions = Superseded by [[The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]] ("[[Sexual Harassment]] Act").
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}
'''Vishaka and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan''' was a 1997 [[Indian Supreme Court]] case where various women's groups led by Naina Kapur and her organisation, Sakshi, filed a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) petition against the state of [[Rajasthan]] and the central [[Government of India]] to enforce the fundamental rights of working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the [[Constitution of India]]. The petition was filed after [[Bhanwari Devi]], a social worker in [[Rajasthan]], was brutally gang raped for stopping a [[child marriage]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sexualharassmentatworkplace/571636|title=Sexual harassment at workplace|date=26 January 2010|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=6 September 2019}}</ref>

The court decided that the consideration of "International Conventions and norms are significant for the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity in Articles 14, 15, 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards against [[sexual harassment]] implicit therein." The petition resulted in what are popularly known as the Vishaka Guidelines. The judgment of August 1997 given by a bench of [[J. S. Verma]] (then [[Chief Justice of India]]), [[Sujata Manohar]], and [[B. N. Kirpal]], provided the basic definitions of [[sexual harassment]] at the workplace and provided guidelines to deal with it. It is seen as a significant legal victory for women's groups in India.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ | title=Vishaka & Ors vs State of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vishaka & Others Vs. State of Rajasthan & Others|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/vishaka-others-v-state-of-rajasthan-others/1270 |access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.legitquest.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iiap.res.in/files/VisakaVsRajasthan_1997.pdf | title=Vishaka and others V. State of Rajasthan and others.}}</ref>

==Background==

In India, before 1997, there were no formal guidelines for how an incident involving sexual harassment at workplace should be dealt by an employer. Women experiencing sexual harassment at workplace had to lodge a complaint under Section 354 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] that dealt with the 'criminal assault of women to '''outrage women's modesty'''' and Section 509 that punishes an individual or individuals for using a 'word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman'. These sections left the interpretation of 'outraging women's modesty' to the discretion of the police officer.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-explained-vishaka-judgment-on-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-1923309|title=Explained: Vishakha judgment on sexual harassment at workplace|date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

During the 1990s, [[Rajasthan]] state government employee [[Bhanwari Devi]] who tried to prevent [[child marriage]] as part of her duties as a worker of the Women Development Programme was raped by the landlords of the [[Gujjar]] community. The feudal patriarchs who were enraged by her (in their words: "a lowly woman from a poor and potter community") 'guts' decided to teach her a lesson and raped her repeatedly.<ref>{{cite book|last=Samhita|title=The Politics of Silence|year=2001|location=Kolkata}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=If this was rape, the culprits should have been booked under section 376 IPC. However, the earlier description mentions only very "lighter" sections like 354 and 509?|date=August 2023}} The rape survivor did not get justice from [[Rajasthan High Court]] and the rapists were allowed to go free. This inspired several women’s groups and non-governmental organizations to file a petition in the Supreme Court under the collective platform of Vishaka<ref name="Infochangeindia">{{cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/women/analysis/a-brief-history-of-the-battle-against-sexual-harassment-at-the-workplace.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070700/http://infochangeindia.org/women/analysis/a-brief-history-of-the-battle-against-sexual-harassment-at-the-workplace.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 July 2011|title=A brief history of the battle against sexual harassment at the workplace|accessdate=2013-12-07}}</ref>

This case brought to the attention of the Supreme Court of India "the absence of domestic law occupying the field, to formulate effective measures to check the evil of sexual harassment of working women at all work places."

==Judgement==
[[File:Vishaka.pdf|thumb|In 1997, the Supreme Court laid down guidelines in the Vishakha case, pending formal legislation, for dealing with [[sexual harassment]] of women at the workplace.]]
In 1997, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgment laying down guidelines to be followed by establishments in dealing with complaints about sexual harassment. "Vishaka Guidelines" were stipulated by the Supreme Court of India, in ''Vishaka and others v State of Rajasthan'' case in 1997, regarding sexual harassment at workplace. The court stated that these guidelines were to be implemented until legislation is passed to deal with the issue.<ref name="Infochangeindia" />

The court decided that the consideration of "International Conventions and norms are significant for the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity in Articles 14, 15 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards against [[sexual harassment]] implicit therein."

The court also defined sexual harassment as including such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour (whether directly or by implication) like physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favours, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography, or any other unwelcome physical verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. The court recognised that where any of these acts is committed in circumstances where under the victim of such conduct has a reasonable apprehension that in relation to the victim’s employment or work whether she is drawing salary, or honorarium or voluntary, whether in government, public or private enterprise such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem. The court noted that it was discriminatory when the woman has reasonable grounds to believe that objecting to sexual harassment would disadvantage her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promotion or when it creates a hostile work environment. Thus, sexual harassment need not involve physical contact. Any act that creates a hostile work environment — be it by virtue of cracking lewd jokes, verbal abuse, circulating lewd rumours etc. — counts as sexual harassment.<ref>{{cite web|author=FP Staff |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/sexual-harassment-and-vishakha-guidelines-all-you-need-to-know-1241649.html |title=Sexual harassment and Vishaka guidelines: All you need to know |publisher=Firstpost |date=2011-02-23 |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> The creation of a hostile work environment through unwelcome physical verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature may consist not of a single act but of pattern of behaviour comprising many such acts.

Noting that in some cases, the psychological stigma of reporting the conduct of a co-worker might require a great deal of courage on the part of the victim and they may report such acts after a long period of time. The guidelines suggest that the compliance mechanism should ensure time-bound treatment of complaints, but they do not suggest that a report can only be made within a short period of time since the incident occurred. Often, the police refuse to lodge [[First Information Report|FIR]]s for [[sexual harassment]] cases, especially where the harassment occurred some time ago.<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-07/ranchi/39089462_1_police-station-police-officer-khunti |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131121180958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-07/ranchi/39089462_1_police-station-police-officer-khunti |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-21 |title=Most harassment cases go unreported |date=2013-05-07 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>

== Subsequent legislation ==

The [[Supreme Court of India]]'s judgement only proposed guidelines to alleviate the problem of [[sexual harassment]] in 1997. India finally enacted its law on prevention of sexual harassment against female employees at the workplace. [[The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]] ("[[Sexual Harassment]] Act") has been made effective on 23 April 2013 by way of publication in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''.<ref name="mondaq1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/238076/Discrimination+Disability+Sexual+Harassment/Indias+New+Labour+Law+Prevention+Of+Sexual+Harassment+At+The+Workplace |title=India's New Labour Law - Prevention Of Sexual Harassment At The Workplace - Employment and HR - India |publisher=[[Mondaq]] |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Bhanwari Devi]]
*[[The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title=Vishaka Guidelines against Sexual Harassment at Workplace (text)| url = http://www.iitb.ac.in/WomensCell/data/Vishaka-Guidelines.pdf}}

[[Category:1997 in Indian case law]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Gender equality]]
[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Judicial activism in India]]
[[Category:Harassment case law]]
[[Category:Sex laws in India]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights legislation]]
[[Category:Workplace harassment and bullying]]

Khaidem Leikai

2025-10-23T15:19:55Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started a details

{{Short description|Village in Imphal East district, Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khaidem Leikai
| native_name_lang = mni
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8136|N|93.9503|E|type:city(2724)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Imphal East district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name3 = [[Porompat]]
| established_title = Established
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 99.04
| elevation_m = 786
| population_total = 2,724
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei (Manipuri)]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 795005
| registration_plate = MN
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency|Khurai]]
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
}}

'''Khaidem Leikai''' is a village located in the [[Porompat]] subdivision of [[Imphal East district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]. With 2,724 residents living in 598 households across 99.04 hectares, the village has a balanced sex ratio (1,032 females for every 1,000 males) and a literacy rate of nearly 78%, according to the '''2011 Census'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khaidem Leikai Population – Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/270294-khaidem-leikai-manipur.html |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Khaidem Leikai – Porompat Sub‑Division |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/mn/imphal-east/porompat/khurai-khaidem-leikai |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Geolysis.com}}</ref>

It is governed by a locally elected '''Sarpanch''' under the '''Panchayati Raj''' system.<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Role of a sarpanch ... |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2054877.html |website=Research Directorate, IRB Canada via ECOI.net |date=28 May 2021 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Panchayati raj system overview |url=https://panchayat.gov.in/en/ |website=Ministry of Panchayati Raj (Government of India) |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

* '''Population''' (2011): 2,724 (1,340 males; 1,384 females; Sex ratio: 1,033)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Khaidem Leikai Village Population – Porompat – Imphal East, Manipur |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/270294-khaidem-leikai-manipur.html |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Census2011.co.in}}</ref>
* '''Child population''' (0–6 years): 330 (12%)<ref name="auto1"/>
* '''Literacy rate''': 89% overall (Male: 94.7%, Female: 83.8%)<ref name="auto"/>

== Administration ==
'''Khaidem Leikai''' is part of the Porompat subdivision's Khurai Khaidem Leikai Gramme Panchayat. It is included in both the [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]] and the [[Khurai Assembly constituency.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Khurai Khaidem Leikai Gram Panchayat in Porompat Tehsil |url=https://gramvikas.nskmultiservices.in/india/manipur/imphal-east/porompat/gp/khurai-khaidem-leikai |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=GramVikas.nskmultiservices.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Gram Panchayats in Assembly Constituency Khurai |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayats-list-in-assembly-khurai-1507 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=LocalBodyData.com}}</ref>

== Geography and transport ==
The distance between the Imphal East district offices and the Porompat sub-district headquarters is roughly 2 km. Imphal is the closest large city (about 4 km).<ref name="auto1"/>

== See also ==

* [[Porompat]]
* [[Imphal East district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Imphal East district]]

Hapur chemical plant explosion

2025-09-20T11:09:18Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: started a article

{{short description|2022 explosion in Hapur, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| name = Hapur chemical plant explosion
| date = 4 June 2022
| time =
| place = [[Hapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|39|34.0632|N|83|23|53.8800|E|}}
| cause = Chemical plant explosion
| reported deaths = 13
| reported injuries = 20
| reported missing =
| notes =
}}
On 4 June 2022, a major [[explosion]] and fire occurred at a [[chemical plant]] in [[Hapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. At least 13 people were killed and 20 others injured.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayak |first=Mammath |date=4 June 2022 |title=9 Killed, Over 19 Injured in Fire at Chemical Factory in UP's Hapur; PM Modi Expresses Grief |url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/breaking-massive-fire-after-explosion-breaks-out-at-chemical-factory-in-ups-hapur-casualties-feared-5433122/ |work=India.com}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
[[File:India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Hapur.svg|alt= |thumb|A map of Hapur district, part of Uttar Pradesh, India]]

== Details of the disaster ==
The explosion took place on a Saturday afternoon<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=9 Killed, 19 Injured At Hapur Chemical Factory Blaze Near Delhi (outlookindia.com) |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/8-killed-at-hapur-chemical-factory-blaze-near-delhi-news-200368 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> at the Ruhi Industries <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gunpowder used at UP factory suspected behind blast that killed 12 {{!}} What we know so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hapur-factory-blast-people-killed-injured-owner-factory-uttar-pradesh-1958502-2022-06-05 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> electronic equipment manufacturing unit where 33 people were working.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Vani |last2= |first2= |date=2022-06-05 |title=Hapur factory fire: Gunpowder suspected behind blast; plastic pallets recovered from spot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hapur-chemical-factory-fire-explosion-gunpowder-plastic-pallets-recovered-boiler-blast-fsl-report-2022-06-05-782061 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> The magnitude caused roofs to blow off houses,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=12 Killed In Fire At Chemical Factory in UP's Hapur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/explosion-fire-at-chemical-factory-in-west-up-casualties-feared-3038011 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> with sound travelling 10 km away.<ref name=":0" /> The factory was owned by Dilshad of [[Meerut]], and had been leased to Wasim of Hapur.<ref name=":0" /> After the explosion, Wasim fled the scene after receiving medical treatment but was later arrested.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Hapur factory explosion: Unit operator arrested, toll rises to 13 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/explosion-at-up-factory-fir-against-firm-owner-operator/articleshow/92018119.cms |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref> A [[forensic science laboratory]] criminal investigation<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-06-04 |title=Uttar Pradesh chemical factory explosion: 9 dead, 19 injured in Hapur district |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-chemical-factory-explosion-8-dead-15-injured-in-hapur-district-11654344270673.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> was launched initiated by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] in order to determine the exact cause of the blast.<ref name=":1" />

=== After further investigation ===
Initial reports were of a burst [[boiler]] which had caused the explosion.<ref name=":2" /> However the subsequent suspected cause was [[gunpowder]] used to manufacture toy gun [[Shot (pellet)|pellets]],<ref name=":2" /> because police retrieved plastic pellets used in their manufacture from the scene.<ref name=":2" /> This was despite the factory's [[license]] obtained in 2021 to [[Manufacturing|manufacture]] electronic equipment not toy guns.<ref name=":0" />

== Location ==
The factory is located in [[Dhaulana|Dhaluana]], at the [[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]] governed industrial district of Hapur,<ref name=":3" /> 60 Kilometers from [[New Delhi]], the capital of India.<ref name=":1" /> Hapur coordinates:
{{coord|25|39|34.0632|N|83|23|53.8800|E|display=inline}}

== Local response ==
The local response was rapid.<ref name=":3" /> The Chief Minister announced a rescue and relief operation with victims to be supported.<ref name=":3" /> Firefighters worked for three hours to extinguish the fire,<ref name=":1" /> and forensic technicians gathered evidence. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] offered his condolences to those affected,<ref name=":0" /> and the state government offered support for the treatment of victims.<ref name=":1" />

== Mortality and morbidity ==
Thirteen people were killed and 20 injured.<ref name=":5" /> Eleven of those who died came from the areas of [[Bahraich]] (Uttar Pradesh) and [[Bihar]]. Wasim, owner of the factory suffered burns and incurred stitches.<ref name=":4" /> Victims were taken to hospitals for medical care in Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad and Meerut,<ref name=":4" /> including [[Safdarjung Hospital]] for optimal treatment.<ref name=":1" />

== Consequences ==
The owner and operator of the factory were charged under [[Indian Penal Code]] sections 286, 287, 304, 308, 337 and 338.<ref name=":5" /> As a result, further investigations were carried out in neighboring factories to ensure licenses were correctly used.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[2022 Sitakunda fire]], on the same day
* [[List of explosions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2022 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2022 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chemical plant explosions]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2022]]
[[Category:Hapur|Chemical plant explosion]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:June 2022 in India]]
[[Category:Man-made disasters in India]]

Amaravati art

2025-09-05T02:24:16Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: Put Up A Info - done

{{Short description|Ancient Indian art style}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox art movement|name=Amaravati art|image={{photomontage
|photo1a= Amaravati Stupa relief at Museum.jpg
|photo2a= అమరావతి స్తూప, ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్.jpg
|size = 250
|color_border = #AAAAAA
|color = #F9F9F9
}}|caption=Top: Amaravati Maha Stupa relief, 1st–2nd century CE; Bottom: Limestone railing pillar from Amaravati|yearsactive=2nd century BCE–3rd century CE|location=[[South Asia]] [[Southeast Asia]]}}

'''Amaravati school of art''' is an [[Outline of ancient India|ancient Indian]] art style that evolved in the region of [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]] (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) in the modern-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumari |first=Sabita |date=2012 |title=Representation of the Birth of the Buddha in Buddhist Art of Andhradesa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156202 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=163–168 |jstor=44156202 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> It is also called the '''Andhra School''' or '''Vengi School'''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=294, 295 |language=en}}</ref> Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the [[Art of Mathura|Mathura]] style, and the [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandharan]] style.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&q=Andhra+style+of+sculpture |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05991-7 |pages=154 |language=en |author-link=Pratapaditya Pal}}</ref>

In addition to the ruins at Amarāvati, the style is also seen in the stupa remains at [[Bhattiprolu]], [[Jaggayyapeta]], [[Nagarjunakonda]], [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]], and [[Goli, Andhra Pradesh|Goli]], in Andhra Pradesh, and as far west as [[Ter, Maharashtra|Ter]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":3">Ramachandran, A. "Amaravati Buddhist Images in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 53, 1992, pp. 686–91. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|44142888}}. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023.</ref> Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]] (as seen at [[Anuradhapura]]) and [[South-East Asia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rowland|1967|p=210}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amarāvatī sculpture |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Amaravati-sculpture |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Sreyashi Ray |date= 24 October 2022|title=Impact of Amarāvatī on early schools of art of South-East Asia |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/amaravati-art-study/d/doc1147549.html |access-date=27 March 2023 |website= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |language=en |via=Wisdom Library}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Buddha image in sculptures which later on became the prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Jermsawatdi |first=Promsak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0O9je9dECH8C&dq=Amaravati+Schooli&pg=PA48 |title=Thai Art with Indian Influences |date=1979 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-090-7 |pages=48, 49 |language=en}}</ref> The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[Amaravati Stupa]]
* [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandharan Art]]
* [[Buddhist art]]
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[History of Buddhism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rowland |given=Benjamin |title=The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain |publisher=[[Penguin Books#Pelican History of Art|Pelican History of Art, Penguin]] |year=1967 |isbn=0140561021 |edition=3rd}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist art]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amaravati]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

Prasanna Kumar Bezawada

2025-09-02T12:21:15Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci:

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter and lyricist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Biography|date=June 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasanna Kumar Bezawada
|image = Prasanna Kumar Bezawada.jpg
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Lyricist]]}}
| years_active = 2008 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Mounika|29 July 2020}}
}}

'''Prasanna Kumar Bezawada''' (born 16 June 1985) is an Indian [[screenwriter]] and [[Lyricist|lyricis]]t who works in [[Telugu films]].<ref name="Tricky art of writing for films">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Tricky art of writing for films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tricky-art-of-writing-for-films/article22350879.ece |accessdate=3 July 2022 |date=2 January 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703052825/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tricky-art-of-writing-for-films/article22350879.ece |archivedate=3 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is known for writing films like ''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]'', ''[[Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends]]'', ''[[Nenu Local]]'', ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'', ''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]'' and ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''.<ref name="Prasanna Kumar to collaborate with Dil Raju?">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Prasanna Kumar to collaborate with Dil Raju? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190417/prasanna-kumar-to-collaborate-with-dil-raju.html |access-date=27 August 2022 |work= |date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827162650/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190417/prasanna-kumar-to-collaborate-with-dil-raju.html |archive-date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was married to Mounika on 29 July 2020.<ref name="Prasanna gets hitched to Mounika">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Prasanna gets hitched to Mounika |url=https://www.klapboardpost.com/prasanna-gets-hitched-to-mounika/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827162359/https://www.klapboardpost.com/prasanna-gets-hitched-to-mounika/ |archive-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="4" |Credited as
|-
!Screenplay
!Dialogues
!Lyricist
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Run (2016 film)|Run]]''
|{{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]''
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Nenu Local]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Paagal]]''
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|<ref name="'Naa Saami Ranga' X reviews: Fans hail Nagarjuna's 'family entertainer'">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title='Naa Saami Ranga' X reviews: Fans hail Nagarjuna's 'family entertainer' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-saami-ranga-x-reviews-nagarjuna-vijay-binni-ashika-ranganath-2488526-2024-01-14 |access-date=18 January 2024 |date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118135829/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-saami-ranga-x-reviews-nagarjuna-vijay-binni-ashika-ranganath-2488526-2024-01-14 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naa Saami Ranga movie review: Nagarjuna is the redeeming factor">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Naa Saami Ranga movie review: Nagarjuna is the redeeming factor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naa-saami-ranga-movie-review-nagarjuna-is-the-redeeming-factor-9109336/ |access-date=18 January 2024 |date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118135818/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naa-saami-ranga-movie-review-nagarjuna-is-the-redeeming-factor-9109336/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mazaka]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Twitter|KumarBezwada}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Tuza Maza Jamena

2025-09-02T03:38:05Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: adding a data initial version - done

{{Short description|Marathi-language comedy TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tuza Maza Jamena.png
| image_size =
| genre = [[Comedy]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = [[Pravin Tarde]]
| director = Girish Vasaikar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 125
| list_episodes =
| company =
| producer = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| news_editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|05|13}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2013|10|05}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Tuza Maza Jamena''''' ({{translation|You don't agree with me}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] comedy TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi presents ‘Tuza Maza Jamena’ from 13th May 2013 every Mon to Sat at 9pm|url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-marathi-presents-tuza-maza-jamena-from-13th-may-2013-every-mon-to-sat-at-9pm/}}</ref> It starred [[Manava Naik]], [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]] and [[Reema Lagoo]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Manjrekar to produce a Marathi serial 'Tujha Majha Jamena'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahesh-manjrekar-to-produce-a-marathi-serial-tujha-majha-jamena-1824057/amp|website=[[Daily News & Analysis|DNA]]}}</ref> It premiered from 13 May 2013 by replacing ''Ajunahi Chandraat Aahe''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सासू सुनेच्या नात्यातली गंमत सांगणारी मालिका 'तुझं माझं जमेना'|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-tuza-maza-jamena-on-zee-marathi-from-13th-may-mon--sat-9pm-4256070-PHO.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> It ended on 5 October 2013 completing 125 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Vaibhav Tatwawaadi gets nostalgic, shares a throwback picture from the set of Tuza Maza Jamena - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-vaibhav-tatwawadi-gets-nostalgic-shares-a-throwback-picture-from-the-set-of-tuza-maza-jamena/articleshow/76706991.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and directed by Girish Vasaikar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Waman Manjarekar forays into Marathi television with Tuza Maza Jamena only on Zee Marathi|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/mahesh-waman-manjarekar-forays-into-marathi-television-with-tuza-maza-jamena-only-on-zee-marathi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108085339/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/mahesh-waman-manjarekar-forays-into-marathi-television-with-tuza-maza-jamena-only-on-zee-marathi.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 November 2013|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref>
It is a TV adaptation of the Marathi movie [[Matichya Chuli]] written by Mahesh Manjrekar.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Manava Naik]] as Manava Vaibhav Limaye
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Reema Shridhar Limaye
* [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]] as Vaibhav Shridhar Limaye

=== Recurring ===
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]]
* Shridhar Limaye
* Shriram Pendse
* Vidyadhar Joshi
* Abhijeet Kelkar
* Pournima Manohar
* Savita Malpekar
* Dipti Lele

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=919 | title = Tuza Maza Jamena | archive-date = 2013-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130809105047/http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=919 | access-date = 2022-11-30 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt5644718}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]

Indian states ranking by media exposure

2025-08-26T05:04:37Z

ClaudiaEncarnaci: correct lead also and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Update|part=List|reason=The data is outdated|date=January 2023}}
{{India divisions by}}
This is a list of the '''[[States of India|States]]''' of '''[[India]]''' ranked in order of percentage of people exposed to the media. This information was compiled from NFHS-4. [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi round survey conducted by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai designated by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] (MOHFW), [[Government of India]]. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) was based on year 2015-16 and the detailed survey can be viewed in the following website.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Family Health Survey|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Report.shtml|website=rchiips.org|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131317/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Report.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The DHS Program - India: Standard DHS, 2015-16 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-355.cfm |website=dhsprogram.com}}</ref>

== List ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Media Exposure
(Female %)
! Females Rank
!State
! Male Rank
! Media Exposure
(males%)
|-
| 97|| 1
|[[Kerala]]
| 1
| 99
|-
| 96 || 2
|[[Goa]]
| 1
| 99
|-
| 93 || 5
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 2
| 96
|-
| 92 || 6
|[[Mizoram]]
| 2
| 96
|-
| 91 || 7
|[[Telangana]]
| 2
| 96
|-
| 90 || 8
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 2
| 96
|-
| 95 || 3
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
| 3
| 95
|-
| 91|| 7
|[[Karnataka]]
| 3
| 95
|-
| 95 || 3
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| 4
| 94
|-
| 85 || 10
|[[Uttarakhand]]
| 5
| 93
|-
| 85|| 10
|[[Maharashtra]]
| 6
| 92
|-
| 83|| 12
|[[Manipur]]
| 7
| 91
|-
| 94 || 4
|[[Sikkim]]
| 8
| 90
|-
| 79 || 15
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 8
| 90
|-
| 78 || 16
|[[West Bengal]]
| 9
| 88
|-
| 82 || 13
|[[Gujarat]]
| 10
| 87
|-
| 84 || 11
|[[Tripura]]
| 11
| 86
|-bgcolor="#ffdead"
| '''75'''|| '''18'''
|'''[[India]]'''<ref>{{cite web|title=NFHS-4Reports|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-date=2023-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821192850/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| '''11'''
| '''86'''
|-
| 58 || 23
|[[Assam]]
| 17
| 76
|-
| 56 || 24
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 19
| 73
|-
| 66 || 22
|[[Nagaland]]
| 18
| 74
|-
| 75 || 18
|[[Odisha]]
| 14
| 81
|-
| 68|| 21
|[[Rajasthan]]
| 16
| 79
|-
| 70 || 19
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 15
| 80
|-
| 40 || 26
|[[Bihar]]
| 20
| 68
|-
| 80|| 14
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
| 12
| 85
|-
| 69 || 20
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 16
| 79
|-
| 76 || 17
|[[Meghalaya]]
| 13
| 82
|-
| 49 || 25
|[[Jharkhand]]
| 21
| 65
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214051628/http://www.nfhsindia.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20071214051628/http://www.nfhsindia.org/]

[[Category:Demographics of India]]
[[Category:Lists of mass media in India]]
[[Category:Influence of mass media]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India]]