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List of awards and nominations received by Lata Mangeshkar

2026-05-06T19:35:23Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added some info more to come

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox musician awards
| name = Lata Mangeshkar
| image = File:Lata Mangeshkar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Lata Mangeshkar in 2013
| wins = 82
| nominations = 99
| customs = {{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Filmfare Awards]]|7|22}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[National Film Awards]]|4|4}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]|14|14}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]|5|5}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]|2|2}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Screen Awards]]|2|2}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine]]|1|3}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music]]|1|1}}
}}
{{For|the awards instituted in Mangeshkar's name|Lata Mangeshkar Award}}
'''[[Lata Mangeshkar]]''' (born as '''Hema Mangeshkar'''; 28 September 1929 – 6 February 2022) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[playback singer]], [[music director]] and [[music producer]] who made [[Bollywood]] music. This is a list of awards and nominations received by Mangeshkar in her such long career.

==[[Government of India]] Honours and Awards==
* 1969 - [[Padma Bhushan]]
* 1989 - [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
* 1999 - [[Padma Vibhushan]]
* 2001 - [[Bharat Ratna]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/bharatratna_awards.php |title=Bharat Ratna Award |website=india.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307062946/http://india.gov.in/myindia/bharatratna_awards.php |archive-date=7 March 2008}}</ref>
* 2008 - "One Time Award for Lifetime Achievement" honour to commemorate the 60th anniversary of India's Independence <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiafm.com/news/2008/06/21/11586/index.html |title="I have known Abhishek since Mohabbatein days" – Jimmy Sheirgill |orig-date=2 April 2011 |date=25 April 2016 |website=Indiafm.com |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626073910/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2008/06/21/11586/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Dilip-Kumar-gets-standing-ovation-at-award-ceremony/356818/ |title=Dilip Kumar gets standing ovation at award ceremony |date=3 September 2008 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202025823/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Dilip-Kumar-gets-standing-ovation-at-award-ceremony/356818/ |archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref>

==[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]==
* 1966 - [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]] for the songs of the film ''[[Sadhi Mansa (film)|Sadhi Mansa]]''
* 1966 - [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] for ''Sadhi Mansa'' (Marathi) under the name 'Anandghan'
* 1977 - [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]] for ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
* 1997 - [[Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/oct/16maha.htm |title=Maharashtra Bhushan award for Lata Mangeshkar |author=Prasanna Zore |work=Rediff.com |year=1997 |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530003731/http://www.rediff.com//news/oct/16maha.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2001 - Maharashtra Ratna (First Recipient)

==[[National Film Awards]]==
Lata Mangeshkar holds the record of being the oldest winner at the age of 61 of this award. She received her recent award in this category for the songs of film ''Lekin...''. The jury presented her this award "for singing with outstanding expressions with the rarest and purest of styles."<ref name="38thawardPDF"/>

* [[20th National Film Awards|1972]] - [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for songs of the film ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]''<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx |title=20th National Film Awards |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[22nd National Film Awards|1974]] - [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for songs of the film ''[[Kora Kagaz]]''<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf |title=22nd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404122730/http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[38th National Film Awards|1990]] - [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for songs of the film ''[[Lekin...]]''<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf |title=38th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163809/http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==[[Filmfare Awards]]==
The [[Filmfare Awards]] for playback singing first started in 1959. In 1956, the song "Rasik Balma" from the film [[Chori Chori (1956 film)|''Chori Chori'']] by [[Shankar Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]] won the Best Song Filmfare Award. Lata refused to sing it live in protest of absence of a Playback Singer category. The category was finally introduced in 1959. Though, separate awards for male & female singers were introduced later on. Lata Mangeshkar monopolized the best female playback singer award from 1959 to 1967. In 1970, Lata made the unusual gesture of giving up Filmfare awards in order to promote fresh talent.
* 1959 - "Aaja Re Pardesi" from ''[[Madhumati]]''
* 1963 - "Kahi Deep Jale Kahi Dil" from ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]''
* 1966 - "Tumhi Mere Mandir Tumhi Meri Pooja" from ''[[Khandan (1965 film)|Khandan]]''
* 1970 - "Aap Mujhe Achhe Lagne Lage" from ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]''
* 1993 - [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* 1994 - Filmfare Special Award for "[[Didi Tera Devar Deewana]]" from ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
* 2004 - Filmfare Special Award where a golden trophy was presented on the occasion of Filmfare Awards completing 50 years

==[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]==
All Best Female Playback Singer
* 1964 - for ''[[Woh Kaun Thi?]]''
* 1967 - for ''[[Milan]]''
* 1968 - for ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]''
* 1969 - for ''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]''
* 1970 - for ''[[Do Raaste]]''
* 1971 - for ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]''
* 1972 - for ''[[Pakeezah]]''
* 1973 - for ''[[Bon Palashir Padabali]]'' (Bengali film)
* 1973 - for ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
* 1975 - for ''[[Kora Kagaz]]''
* 1981 - for ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''
* 1983 - for ''A Portrait Of Lataji''
* 1985 - for ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]''
* 1987 - for ''Amarsangee'' (Bengali film)
* 1991 - for ''[[Lekin...]]''

==Doctor of Letters==
* [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/speech/spemsa/msa044.pdf |title=Speech by Montek Singh Ahluwalia at the 2005 convocation of M S University of Baroda |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410042053/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/speech/spemsa/msa044.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
* [[Pune University]], India
* [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Khairagarh]], India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rumela.com/women/lata_award.htm |title=Lata Mangeshkar profile |work=Rumela's web |access-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041631/http://www.rumela.com/women/lata_award.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref><ref>[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]][http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=340&at=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227220422/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=340&at=1|date=27 February 2020}}[http://visitcg.in/upload/brouchre_pdf/57a0521664f48_14%20Khairagarh%20Leaflet.pdf]</ref>
* [[Fellow]] at [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1989<ref>http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421165120/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/ |date=21 April 2019 }}[http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=af&awtype=&page=6 Sangeet Natak Akademi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302105351/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=af&awtype=&page=6 |date=2 March 2020 }}</ref>
* [[University of Hyderabad|Hyderabad University, India]]
* [[York University]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/#M |title=Honorary Degree Recipients - University Secretariat |access-date=30 July 2023 }}</ref>
* Baroda University

==Other awards and honours==
* 1974 - Recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records for having sung the maximum number of songs in the world
* 1980 - Presented key of the city of [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], [[Guyana]]
* 1980 - Honorary Citizenship of the [[Suriname|Republic of Surinam]]
* 1985 - 9 June, declared as Asia Day in honour of her arrival in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada
* 1987 - Honorary Citizenship of United States in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
* 1990 - ''[[Raja-Lakshmi Award]]'' by [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]], [[Chennai]]
* 1996 - [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Screen Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
* 1996 - [[Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Lata gets Rajiv Gandhi award |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970821/23350323.html |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 August 1997}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 1996 - [[Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* 1997 - Rajiv Gandhi Award<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/revents/01/19970199.htm National Events in 1997] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023142907/http://hindu.com/thehindu/revents/01/19970199.htm |date=23 October 2010 }}</ref>
* 1998 - Lifetime Achievement Award by the South Indian Educational Society <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980410/10050424.html |title= Doyens conferred lifetime awards|website=www.indianexpress.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124618/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980410/10050424.html |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
* 1999 - [[NTR National Award]]
* 1999 - [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement]]
* 1999 - [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Dil To Pagal Hai"
* 2000 - [[IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* 2000 - Jeevan Gaurav Puraskar by the Chaturang Pratishthan
* 2001 - Best Playback Singer of the Millennium (Female) by Hero Honda and file magazine "Stardust"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/anisharaja/honda-stardust.html |title=ANISHA & RAJA's HOME PAGE - Bachchan wins Honda-Stardust Best artist of Millenium Award |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-date=24 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024160341/http://geocities.com/anisharaja/honda-stardust.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2001 - Noor Jehan Award (First Recipient)
* 2002 - Sahyadri Navratna Award for 'Swar Ratna' of the year.
* 2002 - Felicitation By [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] (For Contribution to Music & the Film Industry)
* 2002 - Hakim Khan Sur Award (For National Integration by Maharana Mewar Foundation)
* 2002 - Asha Bhosle Award (First Recipient)
* 2003 - Inspiration / Special Award by [[MTV Immies]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603100021/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/star-power-at-mtv-immies/story-aK2pXI0tbg7RsvI0oAVaCK.html Lata Mangeshkar honoured with "Inspiration / Special" award]</ref>
* 2004 - [[Living Legend Award]] by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry ([[FICCI]]).<ref>[http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/bollywood/march_2004/living_legends.htm Living Legend Awards] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928192435/http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/bollywood/march_2004/living_legends.htm |date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
* 2005 - Legend Honour by Sahara One Sangeet Awards [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109143903/http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20050901-0.html]
* 2006 - Life Achievement Award by Merrill Lynch investment managers and Adora (India's second largest diamond exporter)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindisong.com/MusicHappening/MusicHappening.asp?ContentID=831&cID=1583 |title=A fitting honor to Lata Mangeshkar |access-date=17 June 2007 |archive-date=26 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225424/http://www.hindisong.com/MusicHappening/MusicHappening.asp?ContentID=831&cID=1583 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2007 - Forever Indian Award{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* 2007 - [[Jialal Vasant|Uttam Vaggayekar Jialal Vasant Award]]<ref>[http://news.oneindia.in/2007/02/26/lata-mangeshkar-honoured-with-uttam-vaggayekar-jialal-vasant-award-1172564406.html Lata Mangeshkar honoured with 'Uttam Vaggayekar Jialal Vasant' award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182651/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/02/26/lata-mangeshkar-honoured-with-uttam-vaggayekar-jialal-vasant-award-1172564406.html |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>
* 2009 - [[ANR National Award]]
* 2010 - Knight of the [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honour]] (French highest civilian award)
* 2010 - "Pride of India - Kala Saraswathi" Music Award. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100209081219/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/54050.html]
* 2010 - Bhojpuri Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for Umaria Kaili Tohre Naam
* 2010 - Big Marathi Music Award for Lifetime Achievement (Best Playback Singer)
* 2010 - GIMA Award for Lifetime Achievement.
* 2010 - GIMA Award for Best Devotional Album for "Shree Hanuman Chalisa".
* 2011 - Swarbhaskar Awards by Pune Municipal Corporation (First Recipient)
* 2011 - Sri Chanrasekarendra Saraswathi National Eminence Award.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2011 |title=Lata is 'Vishwa Ratna', says Maharashtra Governor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1118838.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022212232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1118838.ece |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=23 January 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

* 2011 - [[Swaralaya Yesudas Award|Swaralaya Yesudas Legendary Award]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=8050 |title=Swaralaya Awards for Lata Mangeshkar and Shreya Ghoshal |access-date=6 August 2011 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041447/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=8050 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011 - [[Pazhassi Raja]] award 2011's ''Sangeetha Ratna'' Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/08/pazhassiraja-award-2011-announced |title=Pazhassi Raja award 2011 announced. |publisher=Kottaka.com |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426194641/http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/08/pazhassiraja-award-2011-announced/ |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>
* 2018 - Swara Mauli award, Swara Mauli title by spiritual guru Vidya Narsimha Bharati Swami<ref>https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/lata-mangeshkar-conferred-with-swara-mauli-award-588598 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

*2020 - Only Singer Ranked all-India 23rd in TRA's Most Desired Personality list 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/old-is-gold-says-tra-s-most-desired-personality-list-2020-90895.html |title= |website=www.adgully.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505104058/https://www.adgully.com/old-is-gold-says-tra-s-most-desired-personality-list-2020-90895.html |archive-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/bollyy-epaper-bolyy/old+is+gold+says+tra+s+most+desired+personality+list+2020-newsid-164077548/amp |title=Dailyhunt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.therahnuma.com/rajanikant-ram-charan-ravi-teja-figure-in-tras-most-desired-personality-list-2020/ |title=Rajanikant, Ram Charan & Ravi Teja figure in TRA'S Most Desired Personality List 2020 {{!}} The Rahnuma Daily|newspaper=The Rahnuma Daily |date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://retropoplifestyle.com/old-is-gold-says-tras-most-desired-personality-list-2020/ |title= Old is gold says TRA's Most Desired Personality list 2020 – Retropoplifestyle|website=retropoplifestyle.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212235526/https://retropoplifestyle.com/old-is-gold-says-tras-most-desired-personality-list-2020/ |archive-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>
*2023 - Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time" placed her at number 84.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-01-01 |title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>
; Year unknown
* "Avadh Samman" by the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/story.asp?section=Movies&slug=Anil+Kapoor+to+be+awarded+the+Avadh+Samman&id=1020 |title=Anil Kapoor to be awarded the Avadh Samman |access-date=24 June 2007 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141211/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/story.asp?section=Movies&slug=Anil+Kapoor+to+be+awarded+the+Avadh+Samman&id=1020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* "Swar Bharati" award given by [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Sankeshwar]]
* The only Asian to have received the Platinum Disc of [[EMI]] London
* Conferred the title of ''Asthaan Sangeet Vidwaan Sarloo'' ("Court Musician of the Shrine"), Tirupathi.
* Member of the Rajya Sabha

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Lata Mangeshkar}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician|Mangeshkar, Lata]]
[[Category:Lata Mangeshkar|Awards]]

M. Santosh

2026-05-05T03:19:18Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added basic pg w/ infobox...

'''M. Santosh''' is an Indian [[Geologist|geoscientist]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shujuan |first=Lin |last2=Yingqi |first2=Cheng |title=Attraction of the great outdoors - USA - Chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201302/05/WS5a2f75f0a3108bc8c672474f.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=global.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> and researcher in [[petrology]], [[geochemistry]], [[geochronology]], [[metallogeny]] and [[Tectonics|supercontinent tectonics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandakumar |first=T. |date=2013-11-12 |title=Ancient microcontinent discovered in Coorg block |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ancient-microcontinent-discovered-in-coorg-block/article5339660.ece |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is foreign expert and professor at the [[China University of Geosciences (Beijing)]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |first=Dannie |date=2024-07-14 |title=The Chinese science detectives hard on the trail of academic misconduct |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3268242/study-ethics-chinese-science-detectives-hard-trail-academic-misconduct |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> and emeritus professor at [[Kōchi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Santosh M Honorary Professor At The University Of Adelaide Australia Foreign Expert And Professor At The China University Of Geosciences Beijing China And Emeritus Professor At The Faculty Of Science Kochi University – författare |url=https://www.akademibokhandeln.se/forfattare/japan-santosh-m-honorary-professor-at-the-university-of-adelaide-australia-foreign-expert-and-professor-at-the-china-university-of-geosciences-beijing-china-and-emeritus-professor-at-the-faculty-of-science-kochi-university?srsltid=AfmBOoq7q8u8c1ZuG8hUn_sfVyI_XxpnhiHiLNT5XQGTFzw9R4pnO4qD |website=Akademibokhandeln}}</ref> He is also a distinguished scholar at [[Yonsei University]].

== Early life and education ==
Santosh was born in [[Kerala, India]].<ref name=":0" /> He obtained a B.Sc. in Geology from the [[University of Kerala]] in 1979, and an M.Sc. in Applied Geology from the [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] in 1981. He earned a Ph.D. in Petrology from the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in 1986 and a D.Sc. in Petrology from the [[Osaka City University]] in 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Palin |first=Richard |title=M. Santosh Institution: China University of Geosciences Beijing China |url=http://www.geosciencefrontiers.com/news/413 |website=Geoscience Frontiers}}</ref> He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. (Honoris Causa) by the [[University of Pretoria]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Berrick |date= |title=Miss South Africa, provincial education leader and 81-year-old British Knight receive degrees from the University of Pretoria {{!}} University Of Pretoria |url=https://www.up.ac.za/news/miss-south-africa-provincial-education-leader-and-81-year-old-british-knight-receive-degrees |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.up.ac.za |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Santosh began his research career at the [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies|Centre for Earth Science Studies]], serving as a Research Fellow from 1981 to 1983 and subsequently as a Scientist and Senior Scientist from 1983 to 2000.<ref name=":2" />

From 2000 to 2012, he was Professor at [[Kōchi University|Kōchi University, Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Years of research, thought lead geologist to propose new supercontinent Columbia |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/794402 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> Since 2012, he has served as Foreign Expert and Professor at [[China University of Geosciences (Beijing)]]<ref name=":0" />, while continuing as Emeritus Professor at [[Kōchi University|Kōchi University, Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-20 |title=複合領域科学部門主催 M.Santosh名誉教授の受賞記念講演会 - 高知大学 |trans-title=Commemorative lecture by Professor Emeritus M. Santosh, hosted by the Department of Interdisciplinary Sciences. |url=https://d1uzrjg1nysubm.cloudfront.net/events/2017041200014/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Kochi University |language=en}}</ref> He also held the position of Professorial Fellow at the [[University of Adelaide]], Australia, from 2016 to 2024.

Santosh is the founding Editor-in-Chief of the international geoscience journal ''[[Gondwana Research]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof M. Santosh awarded in China’s 1000 Talent Award program |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/gondwana-research/about/news/prof-m-santosh-awarded-in-chinas-1000-talent-award-program |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> and serves as Executive Advisor of ''Habitable Planet'' and Editorial Advisor of ''Geoscience Frontiers''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial board - Geoscience Frontiers {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/geoscience-frontiers/about/editorial-board |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> He has also served as Editorial Advisor of ''Geosystems and Geoenvironment'' and as Associate Editor of ''Ore Geology Reviews'' and ''[[Geological Journal]]''.<ref name=":2" />

He is the founding Secretary-General of the International Association for Gondwana Research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yoshida |first=M. |title=Officials elected for the term January 2026 to December 2028 |url=https://iagrglobal.org/officials-elected-for-the-term-january-2026-to-december-2028/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=IAGR Global |language=en-US}}</ref> He has acted as co-leader of an international research project under the framework of [[UNESCO]] on [[East Gondwana]], and has led research projects on the geological evolution of [[South India|Southern India]] and [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]] supported by the [[Japanese Ministry of Education]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosh |first=M. |last2=Tanaka |first2=Kitaru |last3=Yoshimura |first3=Yasutaka |date=2005-01-22 |title=Carbonic fluid inclusions in ultrahigh-temperature granitoids from southern India |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.1016/j.crte.2004.12.003/ |journal=Comptes Rendus. Géoscience |language=en |volume=337 |issue=3 |pages=327–335 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2004.12.003 |issn=1778-7025}}</ref>

== Research and scholarly works ==
Santosh’s research focuses on [[petrology]], [[mineralogy]] and [[geochemistry]], [[Isotope geochemistry|isotope geology]] and [[geochronology]], crust–mantle evolution, [[metallogeny]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holm |first=Daniel K. |last2=Widanagamage |first2=Inoka |last3=Dunbar |first3=Nelia |last4=Heizler |first4=Matthew |date=2025 |title=Long duration ∼600–500 Ma high-T metamorphism ended with early Ordovician rapid intermediate-T cooling and stabilization of Sri Lanka in central Gondwana |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/long-duration-600500-ma-hight-metamorphism-ended-with-early-ordovician-rapid-intermediatet-cooling-and-stabilization-of-sri-lanka-in-central-gondwana/2C7EBCD6A7D56059711ED74A6BE31A3B |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=162 |pages=e11 |doi=10.1017/S0016756825000044 |issn=0016-7568}}</ref>, [[Supercontinent|supercontinent assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veeraswamy |first=K |title=Antarctica crust similar to South India, Mozambique: study |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/370929/antarctica-crust-similar-south-india.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and breakup, [[environmental geology]], [[Geological hazard|geohazards]] and early life evolution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maruyama |first=Shigenori |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Earth_System_and_Evolution_of_Life.html?id=NKcPRAAACAAJ |title=The Earth System and Evolution of Life |last2=Santosh |first2=Madhava Warrier |date=2016-05-23 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-90-481-9047-8 |language=en}}</ref> His work integrates field geology, mineral chemistry, [[isotope geochemistry]] and [[Tectonics|tectonic]] reconstruction to understand the long-term evolution of continents, oceans and mineral systems, as well as topics on habitability and sustainability and his research papers have gained over 0.1 million citations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antarctica crust similar to South India, Mozambique: study |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/pti-stories/antarctica-crust-similar-to-south-india-mozambique-study-113112500139_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140316025334/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/pti-stories/antarctica-crust-similar-to-south-india-mozambique-study-113112500139_1.html |archive-date=2014-03-16 |access-date=2026-04-30}}</ref>

In 2013 Santosh and his team identified a 3.2-billion-year-old [[microcontinent]], the Coorg block<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosh |first=M. |last2=Yang |first2=Qiong-Yan |last3=Shaji |first3=E. |last4=Tsunogae |first4=T. |last5=Mohan |first5=M. Ram |last6=Satyanarayanan |first6=M. |date=2015-01-01 |title=An exotic Mesoarchean microcontinent: The Coorg Block, southern India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X13003493 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=165–195 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2013.10.005 |issn=1342-937X}}</ref>, within [[South India|peninsular India]], with findings published in ''Gondwana Research''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yingqi |first=Cheng |title=Ancient microcontinent discovered {{!}}Sci-Tech {{!}}chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-11/15/content_17109004.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> The study indicates that continental formation began earlier than previously estimated (3.2–3.8 billion years ago) and documents rocks up to 3.8 billion years old.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Alan S. |last2=Clark |first2=Chris |last3=Plavsa |first3=Diana |date=2014-01-01 |title=Peninsular India in Gondwana: The tectonothermal evolution of the Southern Granulite Terrain and its Gondwanan counterparts |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X13000105 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–203 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2013.01.002 |issn=1342-937X}}</ref>

He is also a co-author of the book ''Continents and Supercontinents'', published by Oxford University Press, which synthesises geological, geophysical and geochemical evidence for the evolution of Earth’s supercontinents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=John J. W. |url=https://books.google.com.cy/books?id=RHs8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Continents and Supercontinents |last2=Santosh |first2=M. |date=2004-09-16 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516589-0 |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Gondwana Research]]
*[[Columbia (supercontinent)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santosh, M.}}
[[Category:Indian geologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:Cochin University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of China University of Geosciences]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Adelaide]]
[[Category:Academic journal editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Zayn al-Abidin the Great

2026-05-04T00:03:09Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added new article w/ refs

{{Short description|Sultan of Kashmir (r. 1418–1419, 1420–1470)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Other people5|Zayn al-Abidin (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Monarch
| name = Zayn al-Abidin{{break}}{{lang|fa|{{nq|{{nobold|زين العابدين}}}}}}
| title = {{ubl|{{transliteration|ks|[[Padishah|Baḍshāh]]}}|{{transliteration|ar|[[Naib|Na'ib]] [[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}}|{{transliteration|ar|[[Sultan|Sultan al-Az'am]]}}}}
| image = King of Kashmir (2).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Depiction of a "King of Kashmir" in the ''[[:Commons:Category:Anvar-i Suhayli|Anwar-e-Sohaili]]'' of [[Husayn Kashifi]], {{circa|1500}}, [[Herat]] <ref>{{cite book |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=The making of the artist in late Timurid painting |date=2019 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781474437455 |pages=56-57 |quote=Figure 1.7 ‘Story of the King of Kashmir’ from a copy of the Anwar-i suhayli of Husayn Wa’iz Kashifi. Herat (?), c. 1480. 16.7 × 9.7 cm (jadwal). Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: The Art and History Collection, LTS1995.2.155. (...) The accompanying text does not include any narrative. It describes the king of Kashmir, emphasizing his wealth and his military power.}}</ref>
| regnal name = {{plainlist|
* Qutb al-Din Abu al-Mujahid al-Adil us-Sultan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=294|doi=10.4324/9781032666709 }}</ref>
* {{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|قطب الدین ابو المجاهد العادل السلطان}}|label=none}}
}}
| succession1 = [[Kashmir Sultanate|Sultan of Kashmir]]
| reign1 = {{Nowrap|20 February 1418 – December 1419}}
| coronation1 = 20 February 1418
| predecessor1 = [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]]
| successor1 = [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]]
| reign2 = {{Nowrap|7 July 1420 – 5 April 1470}}
| coronation2 = 7 July 1420
| predecessor2 = [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]]
| successor2 = [[Haider Shah Miri|Haider Shah]]
{{infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Vizier|Wazir of Kashmir]]
| term_start = 30 December 1416
| term_end = 20 February 1418
| monarch = [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]]
| predecessor = Hamsa Bhat
| successor = ''[[Suspension (punishment)|Office suspended]]''
}}
| issue = Adham Khan [[Haider Shah Miri|Haji Khan]] [[Hasan Shah Miri|Hasan Khan]] Bahram Khan Jasrat Khan ''two daughters''
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| house = [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mir]]
| dynasty = [[Gibarid dynasty|Gibari]]{{efn|Modern scholarship differ on the origin of the Shah Mirs. However, most modern historians generally accept that Shah Mir, the founder of the dynasty, was from [[Sultanate of Swat|Swat]] in [[Dardistan]].<ref name=Schimmel/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wani |first1=Muhammad Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgymEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT255 |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation |last2=Wani |first2=Aman Ashraf |date=2023-02-22 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-83655-4 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Balrafiq/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Jamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-42271-1 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA25 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |date=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA40 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2004-09-24 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> Some accounts including those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam trace his descent from the [[Sultanate of Swat|Gibarid rulers of Swāt]].<ref>{{citation |last=Gull |first=Surayia |title=Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldvXAAAAMAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-581-9 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Saligram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA108 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace: Proceedings of National Seminar by Kashmir Education Culture & Science Society (K.E.C.S.S.), New Delhi |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0402-0 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&pg=PA42 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| father = [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar Shah]]
| mother = Mira Khatun
| spouse-type = Consort
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Taj Khatoon]]|1421|1468|end=died}} A sister of Manik Dev, Raja of Jammu<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|year=1959|page=82|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3147/page/82/mode/2up}}</ref> Sunder Devi, daughter of Sunder Sena, Raja of Rajauri{{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=82}}
| full name = Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan {{nq|غیاث الدین شاہ رخ شاهی خان}} Zayn al-Abidin {{nq|زین العابدین}}
| posthumous name = Akbar-e-Kashmir ([[Akbar]] of Kashmir)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1395|11|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Sultanate]] {{small|(present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)}}
| birth_name = Shah Rukh
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1470|04|05|1395|11|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = Srinagar, Kashmir Sultanate
| burial_date = 12 April 1470
| burial_place = Mazar-e-Salatin, Zaina Kadal, Srinagar
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]{{efn|School of [[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]]: [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]}}
}}

'''Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan''' ({{Langx|fa|{{nq|غیاث الدین شاه رخ شاهی خان}}|translit=Ghiyāth al-Dīn Shāh Rukh Shāhī Khān}}; 25 November 1395 – 5 April 1470), commonly known as '''Zayn al-Abidin the Great''',{{efn|{{Langx|fa|{{nq|زین العابدینِ اعظم}},|translit=Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn-e-Āzam}}}} was the ninth sultan of the [[Kashmir Sultanate]], ruling first from 1418 to 1419 and then from 1420 to 1470. He was famously called '''Baḍshāh''' (The Great King) by his subjects.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Walter Slaje, Three Bhaṭṭas, Two Sulṭāns, and the Kashmirian Atharvaveda. In: The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. Ed. by ARLO GRIFFITHS and ANNETTE SCHMIEDCHEN. [Geisteskultur Indiens. Texte und Studien.11. = Studia Indologica Univer-sitatis Halensis.] Aachen 2007: 329–353.</ref>

The first 35 years of his reign are described by [[Jonaraja]] in the ''[[Rajatarangini]] Dvitiya'', while the subsequent years are described by his pupil, [[Shrivara|Srivara]], in the ''[[Rajatarangini]] Tritiya''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkpTy-_jEoYC&pg=PA37 |title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing |date=2005 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-155-3}}</ref> The Sultan also composed poetry in Persian under the pen name of '''Qutb'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=91|doi=10.4324/9781032666709 }}</ref>

Under Zayn al-Abidin’s five-decade rule, Kashmir flourished with a remarkable economic stability, which spurred significant commercial growth. Diplomatic missions were dispatched to foreign lands, enhancing trade networks and boosting the region's commercial standing. This led to the expansion of bustling central markets in [[Srinagar]] and [[Anantnag]]. His reign also witnessed a vibrant [[Culture of Kashmir|cultural renaissance]], with advancements in [[Education in Jammu and Kashmir|education]], [[Literature of Kashmir|literature]], and poetry. Additionally, Kashmiri architecture evolved, incorporating elements of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic styles]], further enriching the region's heritage.

Zayn al-Abidin was succeeded as sultan by his son, Haji Khan, later known as [[Haider Shah Miri|Haider Shah]].

== Early life ==
[[File:Tanka Coin of Sikandar Shah Miri.png|thumb|200px|[[History of the taka|Tanka coin]] of Sikandar Shah, {{circa|1394}}]]
After Sultan of Kashmir [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar Shah]] defeated the chief of [[Attock Khurd|Ohind]], Firuz, in the early part of his reign, Sikandar married his daughter Mira Khatun as a form of sovereignty. Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan was born to them on 25 November 1395 (the eleventh day of [[Safar]], 798 [[Hijri year|AH]]) at the royal palace in Srinagar.

On 30 December 1416 (on the day of [[Eid al-Adha]]), Shahi Khan assassinated the rebellious [[Vizier|Wazir]] of Sultan [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]], Hamsabhatta, in the [[Eidgah]]. Ali Shah, who was glad at his fall, appointed Shahi Khan as his Wazir.

== Rise to power ==
{{Main|Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420)}}
Shahi Khan was given the charge of the sultanate, when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of {{Transliteration|ar|Zayn al-Abidin}} (ornament of worshippers). Although a religious man, Ali Shah was weak-willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead. He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father-in-law, the Raja of [[Jammu]] Bhim Dev, and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu and [[Rajauri]] in order to regain his throne. The ancient texts vary regarding why it was that Zayn al-Abidin relinquished his recently acquired status without a fight but there is no disagreement that this is in fact what happened.<ref name=Hasanp70>{{harvp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=70}}</ref>

Retiring to [[Sialkot]], Zayn al-Abidin sought the support of its ruler, [[Jasrat]]. Ali Shah became angered when this support was forthcoming and he rashly set out with his army to challenge Khokhar which resulted into a [[Shah Mir Civil War|civil war]]. The forces met at [[Thanamandi|Thanna]] and Jasrat routed his forces, who had ignored the advice of his father-in-law to hold back until the Jammu army could join him. According to [[Srivara]], Ali Shah was killed by Jasrat. However, later Persian chronicles state that he was able to escape from the battlefield. Zayn al-Abidin was then able to return to the capital city of [[Srinagar]], where he was welcomed by his subjects. This however did not end the civil war as Ali Shah with the support from the Raja of Jammu, entered the Valley. Zayn al-Abidin marched against him through the [[Baramulla]] pass. Both the forces met at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] but Ali Shah was defeated again. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.<ref name=Hasanp70/>

== Reign ==
[[File:Islamic_Sultanates._Kashmir._AR_Sasnu_(6.26_g)._Kashmir_mint._Fixed_date_AH_842_on_reverse.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Silver coin|Sasnu]] coin issued by Zayn al-Abidin, {{circa|1428}}]]
Although fundamentally a peaceful man, Zayn al-Abidin was protective of his territory. He raised and led an army to stabilise the fractious areas of [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]] which had originally been conquered by his grandfather, [[Shihabu'd-Din Shah]], and then had become independent on his death until Sikander reasserted control. With the arrival of Ali Shah on the throne, the territories had once again begun to assert their independence and Zayn al-Abidin recognised that they had an economic and strategic significance which entailed that they could not be allowed to secede. Similarly, he regained control of [[Ohind]], the chief of which had been overcome by Sikander but had then announced independence during the period of rule by Ali Shah.{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=78}}

He was on friendly terms with regard to the rulers of territories over which he inherited no historic control. The ancient records indicate that he gave and received presents to, and also exchanged embassies with [[Mamluk Egypt]], [[Timurid Empire|Timurid Khurasan]], [[Tomaras of Gwalior]], [[Sharif of Mecca]], [[Bengal Sultanate]], [[Samma dynasty|Sindh Sultanate]], [[Gujarat Sultanate]], [[Phagmodrupa dynasty|Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet]], [[Kar-Kiya dynasty|Kar-Kiyas of Gilan]], and elsewhere. Many of the gifts demonstrated the cultured nature of Zayn al-Abidin; they included works about music, manuscripts and people who were scholars, the latter being sent to him when he commented that an original gift of precious stones was of less interest to him than a gift of a learned nature would have been.{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=80}}

During the last days of his reign, his three sons, Adam Khan, Haji Khan and Bahram Khan rebelled against him but he took energetic measures to crush them. He was succeeded by his son Haji Khan, who took the title of Haidar Khan.{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=383}}

=== Administrative policies ===
Zayn al-Abidin enforced the system of responsibility of the village communities for local crimes. He regulated the price of the commodities. He stabilized the currency which had been debased during the reign of his predecessors. He was responsible for a large number of public works.<ref name="Mahajan, V.D. 1991, p.277">Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.277</ref> He founded several new cities, built many bridges and dug many irrigation canals. He also prevented the local governors from exacting illegal taxes and gave the peasants much needed tax relief.{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=382}}

=== Religious policies ===
Zayn al-Abidin earned a name for himself for his policy of religious toleration and public welfare activities. He abolished ''[[Jaziya]]'' on the Hindus of Kashmir. Although he was a Muslim ruler, he banned the slaughter of cows. He extended liberal patronage to [[Sanskrit]] language and literature.<ref name="Mehta">{{citation |last=Mehta |first=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA86 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=86–}}</ref> He knew [[Farsi|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], and Tibetan. The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Kalhana|Kalhana's]] ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' were translated into Persian by his order. He was known for his religious tolerance. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign.<ref name="Mahajan, V.D. 1991, p.277" />{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=87}} He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the [[Dharmashastra]]s. He stopped the killing of cows by means of poison and passed some regulations about eating beef. He re-introduced the grant of stipends to the learned Brahmans.{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=382}}

=== Construction projects ===
[[File:Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother.jpg|thumb|Tomb of the mother of Zayn al-Abidin known as the Budshah Tomb]]
Zayn al-Abidin undertook numerous construction projects during his reign, although only two or three of his buildings still exist. He founded the new town of Naushahr, which is now part of Srinagar, to serve as his capital. The ''[[pièce de résistance]]'' of the new capital was a spectacular 50-room palace built out of wood. [[Mirza Haidar Dughlat]] described this palace as having 12 storeys, a dome made out of gold, and halls lined with glass.{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=97-8}}

Besides Naushahr, Zayn al-Abidin founded at least three other towns: Zaynapur, Zaynagir, and Zaynakot. Zaynagir boasted an impressive palace of its own, which was surrounded by a picturesque garden. This palace was probably destroyed during the later Shah Mir period. Zaynakot still exists as a village 4 km west of Srinagar. Another project Zayn al-Abidin undertook was the [[land reclamation|reclaiming]] of an island in the northeastern part of [[Wular Lake]]. The island had existed before, but by his time, it had become submerged. In 1443-4, he had a palace, mosque, and garden built on the reclaimed island, which was dubbed Zaynalank.{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=98, 105}}

The only buildings commissioned by Zayn al-Abidin that still exist are the tomb of his mother, and the mosque and [[Madin Sahib|tomb of Madani]].{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=97-8}}

== Death ==
[[File:Zeinulabuddin-tomb-srinagar1866.JPG|center|thumb|Tomb of Zayn al-Abidin in 1866]]
At the end of his career, Zayn al-Abidin suffered from [[amnesia]] and [[schizophrenia]]. His consort, [[Taj Khatoon]], was dead, and all four of his sons were busy quarrelling, among themselves for the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=Kashmir's 'Great King' Who Turned Schizophrenic During His Last Days |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/05/28/kashmirs-great-king-who-turned-schizophrenic-during-his-last-days/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He neglected his official duties and let the ministers do the paperwork. He also developed a [[persecution complex|persecution delusion]] as he abstained from the food given to him by his ministers, fearing a chance of being poisoned. Zayn al-Abidin died on his bed on 5 May 1470 and was buried in the Mazar-e-Salatin in Srinagar on 12 May. Kashmir fell into several days of mourning after the demise of the Budshah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=79–80|doi=10.4324/9781032666709 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Zayn al-Abidin is acknowledged by scholars as a great ruler of Kashmir. Historian [[Mohibbul Hasan]] calls him the greatest of all the sultans of Kashmir, who provided half a century of "peace, prosperity and benevolent rule" to the people of Kashmir.{{sfnp|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005|p=71}}
{{quote|Of all the Sulṭāns who sat on the throne of Kashmīr, Zainu'l-Ābidīn was undoubtedly the greatest.|source=Kashmir Under the Sultans|author=Mohibbul Hassan}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-date=first published 1959 |page=78 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |ref={{sfnref|Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last=Majumdar |first=A. K. |chapter=Chapter XIII, Part C: Kāshmir |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |title=The Delhi Sultanate |edition=second |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |year=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]
[[Category:1395 births]]
[[Category:1470 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Shah Mir dynasty]]

Thoppampatti

2026-05-01T04:42:10Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added first stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thoppampatti
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_footnotes = 10°34'30.0"N 77°31'45.2"E
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 373
| population_total = 3,443
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Thoppampatti block
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Indian English|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 624617
| area_code_type = [[STD Code]]
| area_code = 04545
| registration_plate = TN-94
| website = {{URL|https://dindigul.nic.in/directory/bdo-thoppampatti/}}
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type = [[Town Panchayat]]<ref>[https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf List of Towns] tn.gov.in
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215012528/https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf |date=2022-02-15 }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|34|30|N|77|31|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| named_for =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[South India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dindigul district|Dindukkal]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Palani taluk|Palani]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
}}
'''Thoppampatti''' is a small town located in [[Palani taluk]] of [[Dindigul district]] in Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Thoppampatti block|Thoppampatti Panchayat Union]] in [[Tiruppur district]]. It is located {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} away from [[Dharapuram]] and {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} away from [[Palani]] in [[Erode]]-[[Dharapuram]]-[[Palani]] highway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoppampatti Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Thoppampatti, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/dindigul/thoppampatti |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701205636/https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/dindigul/thoppampatti |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharapuram to Thoppampatti |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Dharapuram,+Tamil+Nadu/Thoppampatti,+Tamil+Nadu+624617/@10.675428,77.4638614,12z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9bf8dce0d08cb:0x2a6c8d1c21a80cad!2m2!1d77.5257693!2d10.7369152!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9c2e849bfffd7:0xf8aac01c9ae59d82!2m2!1d77.5296535!2d10.5763109 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Dharapuram to Thoppampatti |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
Thoppampatti's economy is based on agriculture. Thoppampatti comes under Palani taluk, Dindigul district and headquarters of Thoppampatti block.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoppampatti Block - Panchayat Secretaries {{!}} Dindigul District {{!}} India |url=https://dindigul.nic.in/department/thoppampatti-block-panchayat-secretaries/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701205638/https://dindigul.nic.in/department/thoppampatti-block-panchayat-secretaries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It falls under [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani state assembly constituency]] and [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22101.htm?ac=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20 |publisher=Electro Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2008-10-11 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] are the major political parties in this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title="பாஜக தன் தனித்துவத்தை நிரூபித்துவிட்டது"- அண்ணாமலை பெருமிதம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/bharatiya-janata-party-has-proved-its-uniqueness-annamalai-proud |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701205639/https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/bharatiya-janata-party-has-proved-its-uniqueness-annamalai-proud |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=[[nakkheeran]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=நாகராஜ் |date=2022-06-21 |title=உணவுத்துறை அமைச்சரை கண்டித்து பாஜகவினர் ஆர்ப்பாட்டம்..பழனியில் பரபரப்பு..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/madurai/dindigul-the-bjp-has-besieged-the-panchayat-council-office-to-protest-against-the-food-minister-57520 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701205637/https://tamil.abplive.com/news/madurai/dindigul-the-bjp-has-besieged-the-panchayat-council-office-to-protest-against-the-food-minister-57520 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-19 |title=BJP leader H. Raja detained near Palani |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bjp-leader-h-raja-detained-near-palani/article65427304.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621114632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bjp-leader-h-raja-detained-near-palani/article65427304.ece |archive-date=2022-06-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

This town also houses a police station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Directory of Dindigul {{!}} Dindigul District {{!}} India |url=https://dindigul.nic.in/contact-directory-of-dindigul/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531054812/https://dindigul.nic.in/contact-directory-of-dindigul/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
There are buses available 24/7 to [[Coimbatore]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Palladam]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Madurai]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Palani]] and [[Dindigul]]. A nearby railway station is [[Palani railway station]] and a nearby airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance between Dharapuram and Kundadam is 14 KM / 9.2 miles |url=http://distancebetween2.com/dharapuram/kundadam |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=distancebetween2.com |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701205638/http://distancebetween2.com/dharapuram/kundadam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundadam to Coimbatore International Airport - CJB |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kundadam,+Tamil+Nadu+638702/Coimbatore+International+Airport+-+CJB,+Airport+Road,+Peelamedu+-+Pudur+Main+Rd,+Coimbatore,+Tamil+Nadu+641014/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba9bba366496023:0x9080407e67d8027a!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba857bc9b5ea9af:0x317ea10df48c4678!3e0?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieo72XoZX3AhVHTmwGHTuwBuYQox16BAgJEBE |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Kundadam to Coimbatore International Airport - CJB |language=en-IN |archive-date=2022-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415044747/https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kundadam,+Tamil+Nadu+638702/Coimbatore+International+Airport+-+CJB,+Airport+Road,+Peelamedu+-+Pudur+Main+Rd,+Coimbatore,+Tamil+Nadu+641014/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba9bba366496023:0x9080407e67d8027a!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba857bc9b5ea9af:0x317ea10df48c4678!3e0?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieo72XoZX3AhVHTmwGHTuwBuYQox16BAgJEBE |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dharapuram]]
* [[Palani]]
* [[Palani Hills]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dindigul district]]

{{Improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Purang apin

2026-04-27T13:35:44Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding entry

{{Short description|Traditionally cooked rice of the Mising community of Assam}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Purang apin

| image = Purang apin.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Purang apin wrapped in [[Alpinia nigra]] leaf
|alternate_name =
| main_ingredient = [[Glutinous rice]]
| type = cooked rice
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| national_cuisine = [[Assamese cuisine|Assamese]]
}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
'''Purang apin''' is a traditionally cooked rice of the [[Mising people]] of Assam. It is prepared by boiling ''[[bora saul]]'' a type of [[glutinous rice]] wrapped in ''[[Alpinia nigra]]'' leaf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruite |date=October 2, 2020 |title=Dinner With The Mishing Tribe |url=https://www.bruitemagazine.com/dinner-with-the-mishing-tribe/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Bruite Magazine |language=en}}https://www.bruitemagazine.com/dinner-with-the-mishing-tribe/</ref> In addition to various festivals such as [[Ali A:yé Lígang]], purang apin is also prepared on other occasions and is served with various dishes. Alternatively, it can also be consumed with milk and [[jaggery]].<ref name="Monikut3">{{Cite news |last=Barua |first=Pankaj |date=2020-02-14 |title=মিচিং সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কৃষি ভিত্তিক উৎসৱ আলি আই লৃগাং |trans-title=Agricultural-based festival of the Mising community Ali I Ligang |url=https://monikut.com/2020/02/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307162540/https://monikut.com/2020/02/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=Monikut |language=Assamese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assam.gov.in/about-us/399|title=Fairs and Festivals|publisher=assam.gov.in|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Voice3">{{cite web |author=Chakraboti |first=Nita |date=15 February 2023 |title=Today, 'Ali-Aye-Ligang'. The seasonal festival of the Mishings, Ali-Aye-Ligang |url=https://voice24x7.in/culture/today-is-ali-aye-lhrigang-ali-aye-lhrigang-the-seasonal-festival-of-the-mishings/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307172607/https://voice24x7.in/culture/today-is-ali-aye-lhrigang-ali-aye-lhrigang-the-seasonal-festival-of-the-mishings/ |archivedate=7 March 2023 |accessdate=7 March 2023 |publisher=voice24x7.in |language=Assamese}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
Purang apin is cooked in ''[[Alpinia nigra]]'' leaf.<ref name="ব্লগ2">{{cite web |date=21 Feb 2020 |title=মিচিং সমাজৰ উলাহৰ উৎসৱ – আলি আঃয়ে লৃগাং আৰু পঃৰাগ |url=https://blog.mygov.in/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%B1-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2/ |accessdate=23 July 2020 |publisher=blog.mygov.in |language=Assamese}}</ref> It is mainly prepared using ''[[bora saul|bora rice]]'' or ''lahi'' rice.<ref name="Monikut3" /> The rice is washed first and soaked in water for some time. This rice is extracted from the water. Leaves are then laid out horizontally and small portions of the rice are placed onto them. The stems of the Alpinia nigra tree or the stem of the banana leaf are used to tie these bundles. The bundles are boiled for about 20-25 minutes. It is then taken out of the water and kept for some time and served with various non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes when the water dries up.<ref name="Slurl3">{{cite web|url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/a-must-try-purang-apin-recipe-of-assams-mising-community-1661417436899|title=A Must-Try Purang Apin Recipe Of Assam's Mising Community|publisher=Slurrp.com|date=7 December 2022|accessdate=7 March 2023|author=Ranita Ray}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
Purang apin occupies an important place in the communal feast of the Mising spring festival [[Ali A:yé Lígang]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mipun |first=Jatin |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1993%20The%20Mishings%20(Miris)%20of%20Assam--Development%20of%20a%20New%20Lifestyle%20by%20Mipun%20s.pdf |title=The Mishings (Miris) of Assam--Development of a New Lifestyle |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=1993 |isbn= 9789362806604 |pages=27}}</ref> In the weeks leading up to the festival, women prepare large quantities of ''Po:ro'' and ''Nogin'' ''[[Apong]]''. On the day of the celebration, women are primarily responsible for making Purang, fish and meat curries, and for filtering ''Apong.'' The ceremonial meal begins with the head of each family consuming a packet of Purang together with a bowl of Po:ro Apong; where the feast is organised collectively, the ritual is initiated by the village head.

Guests and participants are then served Purang with Apong and a variety of fish and meat dishes, and the feasting continues throughout the day. In the evening, the village headman and family heads visit each household in procession, during which they are again offered Purang, Apong and other dishes.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mising people]]
[[Category:Assamese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Mising cuisine]]

Bad Boyz (film)

2026-04-22T09:56:59Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding a pg

{{short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bad Boyz
| image = Bad Boyz (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Omar Lulu]]
| screenplay = Sarang Jayaprakash
| story = Omar Lulu
| producer = Abraham Mathew
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
* [[Babu Antony]]
* [[Sheelu Abraham]]
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
* [[Bibin George]]
* [[Anson Paul]]
* [[Senthil Krishna]]

}}
| cinematography = Alby Antony
| editing = Dileep Dennies
| music = William Francis
| studio = Abaam Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|9|13}}
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{cite web | title=Bad Boyz | website=BBFC | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bad-boyz-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mjc3 | access-date=19 September 2024 | archive-date=18 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918174218/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bad-boyz-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mjc3 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bad Boyz''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by [[Omar Lulu]] and written by Sarang Jayaprakash from a story by Lulu. Produced by Abraham Mathew for Abaam Movies, the film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Sheelu Abraham]],[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Bibin George]], [[Anson Paul]], and [[Senthil Krishna]].

The film was theatrically released on 13 September 2024 with [[U/A certificate]] and [[Box-office bomb|bombed at the box office]].

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Antappan and his friends: Sintappan, Alosh and Chakkara who are part of bad boys arts and sports club.

Antappan and his friends are wannabe goons in Kochi. They do paid fight with another wannabe goons. While Antappan is living his wannabe life he encounters with a situation with Vettukadu Belson when a chain snatcher snatches chain from Antappan's wife.

They follow the snatcher in their car and encounters with Belson’s Gypsy. Immediately Antappan and gang had conflict with Belson alone and one Antappan’s friend hits Belson head. Belson losses his conciseness. Antappan and his friends had no idea it was Belson until one of his friend read a livery on Belson’s car.

They ran to their home and packed stuffs for evolve from the town. While they were leaving and reached in front of their home Belson's henchmen, Althara Ambadi and Kalikavu Suni arrives at their home.

While Antappan is getting ready for a fight with Belson's henchmen, they arrived for joining as Antappan's henchmen. Antappan was not ready to take them but his wife requested him to accept him. Antappan accepts them and makes a lot of money through [[Rowdyism]].

A new SI take incharge SI Amjath Khan and want Antappan to look up so badly. After some days Antappan gets arrested and looks up in jail for 2 months. After his prison time he gets released and goes back his normal life.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Mekkattukulam Antappan
* [[Babu Antony]] as Vettukadu Belson
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Amjath Khan
* [[Bibin George]] as Chaprathottil Sintappan
* [[Anson Paul]] as Chakkara
* [[Senthil Krishna]] as Kuttikattil Alosh
**Adhish Praveen as Young Alosh
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Fr. N Joy Koyilandi
* [[Sheelu Abraham]] as Mary
* [[Tini Tom]] as Kalikkavu Suni aka Kali
* Sudheer Sukumaran as Althara Ambadi aka Thara
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Benny aka Rocky
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Doctor Philip
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Annie teacher
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Fr. Chakochan "ChurchHill" Pallikunnel
* [[Motta Rajendran]] as Daniel
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]] as Mosha Kunju
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Sathya aka Agent X
* [[Ajai Vasudev]]
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Bineesh Bastin]]
* Vishnu Joshi
* [[Mafia Sasi]] as Mafia Sasi
* Sohan Seenulal as Kishenji
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Producer Kalai Singam Dorai Raj
* [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Prem Menon
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Bata Sura aka Nippan Sura
* [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]] as Badusha Khan
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Antappan's father
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Leela
* Aradhya Ann as Shobhana
* Arya Menon as Chakkara
* Firoz Khan as Firoz
* Anchor Hyder Ali as Attender
* Mukesh M. Nair as Necklace snatcher
* Sreekanth Vettiyar as News anchor
* Alin Jose Perera as Himself
* Santhosh Varkey as Himself
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in May 2024.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | last=Features | first=CE | title=Omar Lulu's next with Rahman and Dhyan Sreenivasan titled Bad Boyz | website=Cinema Express | date=18 May 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/18/omar-lulus-next-with-rahman-and-dhyan-sreenivasan-titled-bad-boyz | access-date=19 September 2024 | archive-date=19 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919141820/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/18/omar-lulus-next-with-rahman-and-dhyan-sreenivasan-titled-bad-boyz | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Features | first=CE | title=It's a wrap for Omar Lulu's Bad Boyz | website=Cinema Express | date=7 July 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/07/its-a-wrap-for-omar-lulus-bad-boyz | access-date=19 September 2024 | archive-date=19 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919142458/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/07/its-a-wrap-for-omar-lulus-bad-boyz | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 13 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=4 Malayalam movies set for Onam release amid Hema Committee row | website=English.Mathrubhumi | date=29 August 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ajayante-randam-moshanam-konda-kishkindha-kaandam-bad-boyz-malayalam-movie-1.9854352}}</ref>

The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[ManoramaMAX]] in April 2025.

=== Reception ===
A critic from ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''<ref>{{cite web | title='സ്പൂഫ് ബോയ്സ്' ബൈ ഒമർ ലുലു; റിവ്യൂ | website=‘സ്പൂഫ് ബോയ്സ്’ ബൈ ഒമർ ലുലു; റിവ്യൂ | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2024/09/14/bad-boyz-malayalam-movie-review.html | language=ml}}</ref> and ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=ഇടിയുടെ പൊടി പൂരം; ഇത് ബാഡാസ് ബാഡ് ബോയ്‌സ്‌ | website=Mathrubhumi | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/omar-lulu-movie-bad-boys-review-1.9901479 | access-date=19 September 2024 | archive-date=18 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918185840/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/omar-lulu-movie-bad-boys-review-1.9901479 | url-status=live }}</ref> reviewed the film. Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} stars out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Panikker | first=Rohit | title=Bad Boyz Review: A Clean Omar Lulu Comedy Ride | website=Times Now | date=13 September 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/bad-boyz-review-a-clean-omar-lulu-comedy-ride-review-113331100 | access-date=19 September 2024 | archive-date=16 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916152633/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/bad-boyz-review-a-clean-omar-lulu-comedy-ride-review-113331100 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|tt32440202}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2020s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Vinod Singh (Gonda politician)

2026-04-22T02:28:19Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added initial bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Kumar Singh
| image = Vinod Kumar alias Pandit Singh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1962|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Gonda district|Gonda]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|05|07|1962|01|07}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| constituency =
| office = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Anand Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kunwar Anand Singh]]
| successor = [[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Sona Singh
| children =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 September 2019
| source =
| office1 = Minister of State [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| office2 =
| constituency1 =
| predecessor2 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| successor2 =
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2015
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2012
| constituency2 =
| parents =
| 1blankname1 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata1 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| 2namedata1 = *Secondary Education
| office3 =
| office4 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2007
| term_start4 = 2012
| term_end4 = 2017
| constituency4 =
| 1blankname3 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata3 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| 2namedata3 = *Medical Education
| predecessor4 = [[Mohammad Jalil Khan]]
| successor4 = [[Prateek Bhushan Singh]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname = Ministry & Department's
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2017
| 1namedata = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| 2namedata = *Agriculture
| office5 =
| 1blankname4 =
| 2blankname4 =
| 1namedata4 =
| 2namedata4 =
| term_start5 = 1996
| term_end5 = 2007
| predecessor5 = Tulsi Das Raichandani
| successor5 = [[Mohammad Jalil Khan]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata2 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| 2namedata2 = *Revenue
| constituency5 = [[Gonda Assembly constituency|Gonda]]
}}
'''Vinod Kumar Singh alias Pandit Singh'''<ref name=":0" /> (7 January 1962 – 7 May 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री पंडित सिंह के निधन के बाद बेटे सूरज की भी तबीयत बिगड़ी, लखनऊ ले जाने की सलाह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-after-the-death-of-former-minister-pandit-singh-son-suraj-s-health-deteriorated-advice-to-be-taken-to-lucknow-4018439.html |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>) was an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh. A three-time legislator and a senior member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], Pandit Singh represented [[Gonda (Assembly constituency)|Gonda]] assembly constituency in the 13th, 14th and 16th [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="LucknowMay 7" /> which is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He also served as a cabinet minister in the Govt. of Uttar Pradesh under the chief ministership of [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. He also contested the 2019 parliamentary elections from [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]] but lost to [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name="LucknowMay 7">{{Cite magazine |author=Samarth Srivastava |date=May 7, 2021 |title=Former UP cabinet minister Vinod Kumar Singh dies of Covid-19 complications |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/former-up-cabinet-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-of-covid-19-complications-1799961-2021-05-07 |access-date=2022-03-03 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He died on 7 May 2021 from [[COVID-19]] related complications at the age of 59 years.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/former-up-cabinet-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-of-covid-19-complications-1799961-2021-05-07|title=Former UP cabinet minister Vinod Kumar Singh dies of Covid-19 complications|author=Samarth Srivastava |date=May 7, 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://specialcoveragenews.in/uttar-pradesh/gonda/former-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-pandit-singh-dies-due-to-corona-1153731|title=यूपी: सपा नेता व पूर्व मंत्री विनोद कुमार सिंह 'पंडित सिंह' का निधन, कोरोना से थे संक्रमित|first=Arun|last=Mishra|date=May 7, 2021|language=hi|website=specialcoveragenews.in}}</ref>

A number of politicians including [[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]- the then Speaker of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Akhilesh Yadav]]- national president of the [[Samajwadi Party]] have expressed grief at his demise.<ref name="LucknowMay 7"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=सपा नेता और पूर्व मंत्री विनोद कुमार उर्फ पंडित सिंह का कोरोना से निधन, 20 दिन से चल रहा था इलाज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-former-up-minister-vinod-kumar-alias-pandit-singh-died-of-corona-nodssp-3581009.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
His political career was started in 1995. In the year of 1996 for the first time he was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] of Gonda assembly constituency. In 2003 he was made the minister of state of Medical & Education in the cabinet of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]. In the year of 2012 he was again elected as MLA of Gonda seat and served as Minister of Revenue in the cabinet of [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. In October 2013 he resigned from minister post and later he became Minister of Secondary Education of UP. In 2014 he contested from [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency]] and was defeated by [[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]] and later he served as Minister of Agriculture.

==References==
{{Reflist}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vinod Kumar}}
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:People from Gonda district]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Biman B. Nath

2026-04-19T16:37:01Z

ClaudiaChilds56: Made New Data More To Come

{{Short description| Educator, writer}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Biman B Nath
| image = Biman B. Nath.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Maryland]]
}}

''' Biman B. Nath''' (born 1964) is an educator, scientist, [[cosmologist]], [[Astrophysicists|astrophysicist]], and bilingual author from [[Bangalore]], India. He writes in English and Bengali (fiction and non-fiction). He is currently a visiting professor at [[IISER Mohali]]. Previously, he was a professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics at [[Raman Research Institute]], Bangalore, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biman B. Nath |url=https://www.rri.res.in/people/faculty/biman-b-nath |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Raman Research Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tattooed Fakir by Biman Nath |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/biman-nath/the-tattooed-fakir/9781447242413 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Pan Macmillan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marik |first=Priyam |date=2022-04-04 |title='Rocket Boys' is flawed fiction that undermines the effort of Homi Bhabha: Biman Nath |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/biman-nath-the-author-of-homi-j-bhabha-a-renaissance-man-among-scientists-talks-about-why-rocket-boys-does-not-do-justice-to-the-story-of-homi-bhabha/cid/1858583#goog_rewarded |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924151624/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/biman-nath-the-author-of-homi-j-bhabha-a-renaissance-man-among-scientists-talks-about-why-rocket-boys-does-not-do-justice-to-the-story-of-homi-bhabha/cid/1858583 |archive-date=2022-09-24 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Arunava |date=2016-07-01 |title=Conflict and coexistence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/conflict-and-coexistence/article3843958.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

His 2022 book ''Homi J Bhabha'' sheds light on the rich scientific legacy of [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi J Bhabha]] and his vision for India. [[The Asian Age|Asian Age]] described the book as an authentic biography of a scientific pioneer.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.asianage.com/books/260222/book-review-an-authentic-biography-of-a-scientific-pioneer.html |title = An authentic biography of a scientific pioneer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-27 |title=An authentic biography of a scientific pioneer |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/260222/book-review-an-authentic-biography-of-a-scientific-pioneer.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[The Asian Age]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Biman Nath was born in [[Assam]] to Binode Bihari Nath and Sabita Nath. He attended Narsing H S School and [[Gurucharan College]] in [[Silchar]], then received his bachelor's degree in physics from [[Delhi University]]'s [[Kirori Mal College]], followed by a doctorate in astronomy from the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]], [[College Park, Maryland|College Park]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astronomy PhD theses (1966-present) |url=https://www.astro.umd.edu/people/allphds_pub.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=University of Maryland |language=en}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=January 2025|reason=The source provides some of the information in this section, but not all of it. Of relevance here, the article reads, "He was born in Assam, and after initial schooling there, he studied in Delhi University and then received his PhD in University of Maryland, USA." No other information is provided about his early life.}}

== Career ==

Nath was a postdoctoral fellow at the [[Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy]] in Germany, then at the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] India. He was a visiting professor at the [[Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics]], [[University of Colorado]] in 2004. He joined the Raman Research Institute in 1997. He has received the Vikram Sarabhai research award for space science in 2005. He has authored and co-authored more than 120 research papers.{{Cn|date=January 2025}} He is an active member of the [[International Astronomical Union|International Astronomical Unit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biman B. Nath |url=https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/427/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[International Astronomical Union]]}}{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}</ref> He is often invited to deliver talks on research and development in astrophysics and astronomy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Barkha |date=2024-02-22 |title=Bengaluru gears up to celebrate Science Day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-gears-up-to-celebrate-science-day-feb-28-raman-effect-2906461 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=2024-08-24 |title=National Space Day Commemorated at Assam University - NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2024/08/24/national-space-day-commemorated-at-assam-university/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=NE India Broadcast |language=en-US}}</ref> He also wrote columns for national papers such as ''Indian Express,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Biman |date=2024-08-18 |title=An Expert Explains: How James Webb Space Telescope has raised questions in cosmology |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/expert-explains-how-james-webb-space-telescope-has-raised-questions-in-cosmology-9518351/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Biman |date=2024-01-05 |title=Meet ISRO's new X-ray eye in the sky |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/meet-isros-new-x-ray-eye-in-the-sky-9090997/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''The Hindu'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Biman B. |date=2015-04-22 |title=Major achievements by Hubble Telescope |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/Major-achievements-by-Hubble-Telescope/article60329310.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and other newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Biman |date=2022-02-25 |title=Loved the web series "Rocket Boys" and want to know more about Dr. Homi Bhabha: This new book sheds light on his rich scientific legacy and vision for India |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/loved-the-web-series-rocket-boys-and-want-to-know-more-about-dr-homi-bhabha-this-new-book-sheds-light-on-his-rich-scientific-legacy-and-vision-for-india/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Biman |date=2022-02-25 |title=The original rocket man: A new book examines the life and times of scientist Homi Jehangir Bhabha |url=https://scroll.in/article/1018166/the-original-rocket-man-a-new-book-examines-the-life-and-times-of-scientist-homi-jehangir-bhabha |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==

He has authored several books (fiction and non-fiction), including the following:

* Mohabishwer Prothom Aalo (First light in the Universe), Book in Bengali, 2002, Anustup (Kolkata, India).

* Dawn of the Universe (Universities Press (India), 2005) (A review of his book ‘Dawn of the Universe’ published in Resonance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Souradeep |first=Tarun |date=May 2007 |title=Book Review: The Dawn of the Universe |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/012/05/0085-0087 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Resonance |pages=85–87}}</ref>

* Nokkhotrer gaan (Song of stars), Book in Bengali, 2006, Ananda Publishers (Kolkata, India).A review of his book ‘Nakkhotrer Gan’ (Bengali) published in the Guruchandali (in Bengali).<ref>{{Cite web |title=জ্যোতির্পদার্থবিদ্যার জটিল তত্ত্বের প্রাঞ্জল হদিশ - গৌতম গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.guruchandali.com/comment.php?topic=20234 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=guruchandali.com |language=Bengali}}</ref>

* Eyes on the sky: The story of telescope, Vigyan Prasar, 2010

* The story of helium and the birth of astrophysics, Springer (US), 2013. A review of his book ‘The story of helium and the birth of astrophysics’ published in the Journal of Astronomy History and Heritage (2013: November issue)

* Homi J Bhabha: A renaissance man among scientists, Niyogi Books (New Delhi), 2022

* Nokkhotrer sathe kotha koy prithibir pran (Stars and life on Earth), Book in Bengali, 2022, Sahitya Samsad (Kolkata)

* Solar system in verse, Niyogi Books (New Delhi) , 2022 (February, 2023)

* Ashanto Mahabishwo (The violent universe), Book in Bengali, 2023, Sahitya Samsad (Kolkata)

* Bishmoye tai jaage (translations of articles and letters by Rachel Carson), Book in Bengali, 2024, Nirjhar (Kolkata). A review of his book ‘Bishmoye tai jaage’ (Bengali) published in Sangbad Pratidin (in Bengali)

* Nothing is Blue (HarperCollins India, 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soni-Sharma |first=Kavita |date=2009-05-03 |title=Journey into Buddhist past |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090503/spectrum/book4.htm |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananthasuresh |first=G K |date=April 2011 |title=Book Review: Nothing is Blue |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/016/04/0356-0358 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Resonance |pages=356–358}}</ref>

* The Tattooed Fakir (Pan Macmillan 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Joanna |date=2012-09-08 |title=Book review: 'The Tattooed Fakir' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-tattooed-fakir-1738588 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Shutapa |date=2012-08-31 |title=Impressions of ink and indigo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2012/Sep/02/impressions-of-ink-and-indigo-402168.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=2012-08-12 |title=A tale from the fringes of history |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/a-tale-from-the-fringes-of-history/987255/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Rabindra Puraskar]] for his work Mohabishwer Prothom Aalo (Science) (2005).
* Vikram Sarabhai Research Award for Space Science in 2005 (awarded by Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Research Award Awardees List |url=https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/list_awards_hoa |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Physical Research Laboratory |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624023031/https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/list_awards_hoa |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Indira Gandhi Prize (for popularization of science) shared along with BN DWivedi - Awarded by [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Shutapa |date=2011-01-23 |title=BHU Prof conferred Indira Gandhi Award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/bhu-prof-conferred-indira-gandhi-prize/articleshow/7348899.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* 2000 Humboldt Research Fellow, Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Biman Nath|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1068897/prof-dr-biman-nath |website=Humboldt Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
* JILA Visiting Fellow (Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Colorado, USA, 2004-2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting Fellows|url=https://jila.colorado.edu/workcollaborate/visiting-fellows-list |website=Jila, Colarado |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Google Scholar|id=yQa01BoAAAAJ}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, Biman B.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century male writers]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]

Thupten Phelgye

2026-04-17T06:29:31Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added some post w/ sources

{{Short description|Buddhist monk (born 1956)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geshe Thupten Phelgye
| image = Geshe-La Thupten Phelgye.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Geshe Thupten Phelgye teaching at the Buddhist Institute of Universal Compassion.
| birth_name = Dorje Tinlay
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1956}}
| birth_place = [[Riwoqê County|Riwoche District]] the traditional [[Tibet]]an province of [[Kham]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = Seraje College, Sera Monastic University
| occupation = [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[lama]]
| years_active = 1973-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Geshe Thupten Phelgye''' (born 1956)<ref name="shabkar">{{cite web | url=http://www.shabkar.org/teachers/tibetanbuddhism/geshe_thupten-phelgye.htm | title=Teachers, Geshe Thupten Phelgye (1956 - ) | publisher=Shabkar.org | date=September 19, 2011 | accessdate=September 19, 2011}}</ref> is a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[lama]] who is known for promoting [[vegetarianism]] and humane treatment of animals, and for his work as a [[List of peace activists|peace activist]]. Geshe Thupten Phelgye represents the [[Gelug]] tradition in the [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Parliament in Exile]].

==Biography==
Geshe Thupten Phelgye, born 1956, was from [[Riwoqê County|Riwoche District]] the traditional [[Tibet]]an province of [[Kham]] and was named Dorje Tinlay. In 1959, three-year-old Dorje and his family fled.<ref name="shabkar"/> He attended school in India at C.S.T. [[Changlang]] and S.F.F. School Dehradun.

He became a monk in 1973, at age 17, at Seraje College, Sera Monastic University.<ref name="universalcompassionbio"/>

After completing the traditional 18-year course of study for the [[geshe]] degree in 1991, he received his doctorate in Buddhist Philosophy from Sera Monastic University in 1991,<ref name="BuddhistChannel"/> and went on to study at Gyumed Monastery. Starting in 1993, he spent five years in retreat near [[Dharamshala]] in the [[Dhauladhar]] mountains.<ref name="shabkar"/><ref name="BuddhistChannel">{{cite web | url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=65,7234,0,0,1,0 | title=Geshe Thupten Phelgye to speak about nonviolent activism during a presentation at North Idaho College | publisher=The Buddhist Channel | date=Oct 9, 2008 | accessdate=September 19, 2011}}</ref>

Over the years, he has been tirelessly giving talks and teachings around the world, advocating vegetarianism and Universal Compassion for world peace. His message is simple: all beings deserve equal compassion like ourselves. The Universal Compassion Movement is his agenda.
[[File:H.H. Dalia Lama with Venerbale Geshe Phelgye Buddha Statue.jpg|left|thumb|500x500px|His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and Venerable Geshe Thupten Phelgye]]
He took a leave from his political service in the Tibetan Parliament in 2011; he was brought to the United States in 2012 to serve as a Global Scholar in Residence at Gonzaga University and later at Eastern Washington University.<ref>Eastern Washington University</ref><ref>[[Eastern Washington University]]</ref> In 2017 he founded [https://www.universalcompassion.org/buddhist-institute-of-universal-compassion-spokane-buddhist-temple/ The Buddhist Institute of Universal Compassion] in Spokane, Washington, USA.
[[File: Buddhist Institute of Universal Compassion.jpg|thumb]]

==Vegetarian advocacy==
Thupten Phelgye saw the inside of a [[slaughterhouse]] as a young monastic who showed up early to the market one morning while helping a sick elder. As a result, from that day forward he became a fearless warrior advocating for not only [[vegetarianism]]<ref name="Easterner">{{cite web | url=http://www.easterneronline.com/news/step-into-the-air-of-wisdom-1.1290140#.Tnfuhk-kQix | title=Step into the air of wisdom Tibetan monk clarifies Buddhism beliefs and discusses greater meaning | publisher=The Easterner | date=March 31, 2010 | accessdate=September 19, 2011 | author=Keedy, Jason | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920233406/http://www.easterneronline.com/news/step-into-the-air-of-wisdom-1.1290140#.Tnfuhk-kQix | archivedate=September 20, 2011 }}</ref> but Universal Compassion for all beings. Soon thereafter, he founded his Universal Compassion Movement (Foundation) '''UCF'''.

As the first President of the International Gelug Society, he helped pass the resolution for vegetarianism for all residents of Gelug monasteries and nunneries.<ref name="universalcompassionbio">{{cite web | url=http://www.universalcompassion.org/geshe-thupten-phelgye/ | title=Geshe Thupten Phelgye A Brief Biography of Venerable (Dr) Geshe Thupten Phelgye, Member of Tibetan Parliament in Exile | publisher=Universal Compassion Movement | date=c. 2010 | accessdate=September 19, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014170626/http://www.universalcompassion.org/geshe-thupten-phelgye/ | archive-date=October 14, 2011 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="veggieheroes">{{cite web | url=http://www.purifymind.com/VegeHero.htm | title=Another Tibetan Vegetarian Hero - Geshe Thupten Phelgye | publisher=purifymind.org | accessdate=September 19, 2011}}</ref> He helped pass a 2003 bill in the [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Parliament in Exile]], where he is a representative of the Gelug tradition, which encouraged Tibetans to become vegetarian,<ref name="shabkar" /> by declaring 2004 the "Tibetan Vegetarian Year."<ref name="veggieheroes" /> He was re-elected to the Parliament in 2006.<ref name="universalcompassionbio" />

He founded a charitable trust, the ''Universal Compassion Movement'' Now, officially known as [https://www.universalcompassion.org/ Universal Compassion Foundation]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Temple Spokane - Geshe Phelgye - Universal Compassion |url=https://www.universalcompassion.org/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Universal Compassion Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ('''UCF''') a 501 (c)3 non-profit charity<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Compassion Foundation {{!}} Charity Navigator Profile |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/461444689 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.charitynavigator.org |language=en-US}}</ref> registered under 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) in the United States of America.(UCM), with the mission of bringing people together to help animals who are slaughtered or suffer cruel and inhumane treatment by promoting Universal Compassion in our lives and for all beings.<ref name="shabkar" />

His US speaking engagements have included Amherst College, Gonzaga University, Harvard University, Naropa University, North Idaho College, University of Idaho, University of California at Santa Barbara, University of San Francisco, and Wheaton College.<ref name="universalcompassionbio"/><ref name="spokesmanreview">{{cite news | url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2009/jul/18/one-of-a-kind/ | title=One of a kind: Famed Tibetan Buddhist monk Venerable Geshe Thupten Phelgye brings his message of compassion | date=July 18, 2009 | agency=The Spokesman-Review | accessdate=September 19, 2011 | author=De Leon, Virginia | location=Spokane, WA}}</ref> He has given teachings at [[Sravasti Abbey]]<ref name="sravasti">{{cite web | url=http://www.sravastiabbey.org/photogallery/2009/aug09phelgyeregion.html | title=Geshe Phelgye visits the region | publisher=Sravasti Abbey | year=2009 | accessdate=September 19, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> and other US Buddhist centers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theunion.com/article/20100227/NEWS/100229796 | title=International peace delegate to speak in Nevada City | publisher=The Union.com, Serving Western Nevada County, California | date=Feb 27, 2010 | accessdate=September 19, 2011}}</ref><ref name="mountshasta">{{cite web | url=http://www.mountshastafriendsoftibetanculture.org/thuptenphelgye-gif.html | title=Venerable Geshe Thupten Phelgye Returns to Mount Shasta | publisher=Mount Shasta Friends of Tibetan Culture | date=Feb 2, 2010 | accessdate=September 19, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402162716/http://www.mountshastafriendsoftibetanculture.org/thuptenphelgye-gif.html# | archive-date=2012-04-02 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Charitable activities and peace work==
Thupten Phelgye is active in interfaith dialogue. With respect to the differences between Buddhism and Christianity, a student newspaper described his position as follows: "The main issue ... [is] to focus on the day-to-day practice of 'how to be nice and how to be good,'" and also noted his emphasis on practical, "{{sic|every-day}} practice" to serve others.<ref name="Easterner"/>

In 2004, the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] requested Thupten Phelgye to serve as "an emissary for peace."<ref name="Easterner"/> He is active in Middle East peace efforts, via the [[Projects working for peace among Arabs and Israelis#Nonviolent struggle|Sulha Peace Project]].<ref name="spokesmanreview"/>

In May, 2012, Thupten Phelgye began his annual Animal Blessing. He blessed around 100 pets that day, mostly dogs, at [[Marymoor Park]] to promote compassion and peace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redmond-reporter.com/news/153264265.html |title=Buddhist monk blesses pets at Marymoor Park event |date=23 May 2012 |accessdate=May 28, 2012 |publisher=Redmond Reporter }}</ref> He has since blessed countless animals and pets alike at various parks, [[Animal sanctuary|sanctuary’s]], and [https://www.universalcompassion.org/outreach-buddhist-institute-of-universal-compassion/ temples].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary News |url=https://www.riverswishanimalsanctuary.org/sanctuary-news.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Welcome to River's Wish Animal Sanctuary |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Geshe Phelgye with Cow.jpg|thumb|Venerable Geshe Phelgye lays down with a rescue cow from River's Wish Animal Sanctuary]]

Every year, he blesses food offerings for [https://www.facebook.com/events/2162266970757440/ River's Wish Animal Sanctuary] annual Thanksgiving of Compassion with a Harvest for the Animals. He then blesses each animal with special prayers for their long life and future spiritual journeys.<ref>{{Cite web |title=October news from the sanctuary |url=http://www.riverswishanimalsanctuary.org/3/post/2021/10/october-news-from-the-sanctuary.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Welcome to River's Wish Animal Sanctuary |language=en}}</ref>

==Film==
In 2002, the Geshe acted as a senior monk in an [[India]]n [[Hindi film]], directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]], ''[[Nishad (2002 film)|Nishad]]'' ([[English language|English]] title: ''Octave'').

==Writings==
*[http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/religion/article_4dce776a-391f-11df-9154-001cc4c002e0.html Community of Faith: A Buddhist perspective on mindful eating], guest editorial

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111014170744/http://www.universalcompassion.org/an-appeal-for-compassion/ Universal Compassion Foundation Website]
*[http://www.thefigtree.org/may10/050110geshe.html Tibetan Buddhist monk calls for compassion]
*[https://sulustu.blogspot.com/2009/07/peace-blessing.html Peace Blessing, with the Spokane Interfaith Council], at [[Mount Spokane]], WA
*[https://archive.today/20130415212241/http://www.sravastiabbey.org/gallery/2008/oct08phelgye.html Geshe Phelgye teaches exchanging self and others]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phelgye, Geshe Thubten}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Buddhist vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Buddhist pacifists]]
[[Category:Tibetan pacifists]]
[[Category:Gelug Lamas]]
[[Category:Buddhist monks from Tibet]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]]
[[Category:Geshes]]
[[Category:Tibetan activists]]
[[Category:20th-century lamas]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhists]]
[[Category:Chinese vegetarianism activists]]

Samayapuram Pojeeswarar Temple

2026-04-16T11:28:42Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added initial place w/ infobox

{{Sources exist|date=May 2025}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}

[[File:Samayapuram bojisvarar temple1.jpg|thumb|Entrance]]
'''Samayapuram Pojeeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] [[Temple]] located at [[Samayapuram]] near [[Trichy]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
This temple is situated near [[Samayapuram Mariamman Temple]].<ref>[https://samayapurammariamman.hrce.tn.gov.in/ Arulmigu Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram, Thiruchirappalli District]</ref> This temple is under the administration of Samayapuram Mariamman Temple administration.<ref>[https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/special-puja-to-kala-bhairava-at-bojeeswarar-temple-751200 போஜீஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் கால பைரவருக்குச் சிறப்பு பூஜை, தினத்தந்தி], </ref>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity of the temple is [[Shiva]], known as Pojeeswarar and the Goddess is Anandavalli.<ref name=httamil>[https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/astrology/highlights-of-samayapuram-bojeeshwarar-swamy-temple-131656944522175.html Samayapuram Sri Pojeeswarar Temple]</ref>

==Structure==
The entrance has no raja[[gopura]]. Next to the entrance [[Shiva|Mrityunjay]] is found on a hill, followed by [[Bali pitha|balipeetam]] and [[Nandi (Hinduism)|nandhi]]. The presiding deity is facing east and in the left the goddess is facing south. [[Bhairava]], [[Surya]], [[Vinayaka]], [[Dakshinamurti]], and [[Lingodbhava]] are found. In the south-west the shrine of [[Vinayaka]] and in the west shrine of [[Muruga]] with his consorts are found. It has two [[vimana]]s. Agni [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirttam]] is the temple tank. The temple tree is [[Aegle marmelos|vilva]].<ref name=httamil/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple2.jpg
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple3.jpg
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple4.jpg
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple5.jpg
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple6.jpg
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple7.jpg
File: Samayapuram bojisvarar temple8.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|10.92283|78.73920|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Kangan Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:12Z

ClaudiaChilds56: created some data basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kangan
| mla = [[Mian Mehar Ali]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 17
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Kangan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Kangan is also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kangan Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/kangan.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Main Nizam Ud-Din || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=3 | [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Sheikh Abdul Jabar]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=5 | [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Mian Mehar Ali]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Mehar Ali]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=28,907 |percentage=49.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Jamat Ali Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=25,088 |percentage=43.37% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,564 |percentage=2.70% |change={{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atta Mohammad Khatana |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=718 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayoub Chohan |party=All Jammu and Kashmir Liberal Democratic Party |votes=621 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed Baniyea |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=595 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rubani Tadwa |party=Anarakshit Samaj Party |votes=354 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,819 |percentage=6.60% |change= {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,847 |percentage=73.49% |change= {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,718 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,812 |percentage=47.12% |change={{decrease}}7.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bashir Ahmed Mir]]|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|votes=24,380|percentage=44.50%|change={{increase}}11.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajaz Ahmad Sheikh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=889|percentage=1.62%|change={{decrease}}0.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=731|percentage=1.33%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Showkat Hussain Khan|party=Independent politician|votes=691|percentage=1.26%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ghulam Hassan Rather|party=Independent politician|votes=608|percentage=1.11%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nazir Ahmad Raina|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=583|percentage=1.06%|change={{decrease}}1.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Rashid Ganaie|party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|votes=481|percentage=0.88%|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Shah|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|votes=373|percentage=0.68%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,432 |percentage=2.61% |change= {{decrease}}19.47 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,784|percentage=78.72%|change={{increase}}19.19}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,590 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,210 |percentage=54.98% |change={{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bashir Ahmed Mir]]|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|votes=11,495|percentage=32.90%|change={{increase}}10.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nazir Ahmad Raina|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=869|percentage=2.49%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ghulam Ahmad Rather|party=Indian National Congress|votes=721|percentage=2.06%|change={{decrease}}1.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rafiq Ahmad|party=Independent politician|votes=607|percentage=1.74%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Sultan Lone|party=Janata Party|votes=563|percentage=1.61%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shabir Ahmad Mir|party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference|votes=440|percentage=1.26%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ghulam Mustafa Kasana|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=429|percentage=1.23%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Rashid Ganie|party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|votes=315|percentage=0.90%|change={{decrease}}3.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammed Amin Sofi|party=Independent politician|votes=290|percentage=0.83%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,715 |percentage=22.08% |change= {{decrease}}19.97 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=34,939|percentage=59.53%|change={{increase}}7.51}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,688 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,987 |percentage=64.71% |change={{decrease}}25.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,948 |percentage=22.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,039 |percentage=3.96% |change={{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=845 |percentage=3.22% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amin Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rashid Ganiee |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=544 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Khalil Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,039 |percentage=42.05% |change= {{decrease}}44.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,249 |percentage=52.03% |change= {{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,452 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}25.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=21,553 |percentage=90.23% |change={{increase}}85.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=954 |percentage=3.99% |change={{decrease}}42.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Latief Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=949 |percentage=3.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=430 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,599 |percentage=86.24% |change= {{increase}}71.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,886 |percentage=63.29% |change= {{decrease}}16.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,836 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}44.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,644 |percentage=46.04% |change={{increase}}23.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed War |party=Independent politician |votes=9,952 |percentage=31.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasool |party=Independent politician |votes=3,845 |percentage=12.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syeed Mohammed Yousuf |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,523 |percentage=4.79% |change={{decrease}}63.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=609 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Nagray |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Atiquallah |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gul Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Muzaffer |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,692 |percentage=14.75% |change= {{decrease}}31.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,810 |percentage=80.48% |change= {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,784 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}22.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Abdul Jabar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,696 |percentage=68.48% |change={{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Afzal Qazi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,780 |percentage=22.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed War |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=1,709 |percentage=6.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=389 |percentage=1.51% |change={{decrease}}85.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf |party=Independent politician |votes=269 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,916 |percentage=46.11% |change= {{decrease}}28.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,843 |percentage=75.51% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,922 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,808 |percentage=87.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Afzi |party=Janata Party |votes=3,090 |percentage=12.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,718 |percentage=74.14% |change= {{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,898 |percentage=76.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,623 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,593 |percentage=79.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahad Bhat |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=3,974 |percentage=19.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Magrey |party=Swatantra Party |votes=262 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,619 |percentage=60.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,829 |percentage=76.75% |change= {{increase}}74.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,885 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,997 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,997 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kangan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Main Nizam Ud-Din |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,907 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,907 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Kangan, Jammu and Kashmir|Kangan]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.26|74.90|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Paroo Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:41Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Paroo
|type= SLA
| map_image = 97-Paroo constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Shankar Prasad Yadav 
|party = {{party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|16. Vaishali]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|97]]
|established = 1957
| electors = 313,093
|abolished = 
}}
'''Paroo Assembly constituency''' (also spelt Paru) is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 97 Paroo Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Saraiya [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; [[Manikpur, Muzaffarpur, Bihar|Manikpur]] Bhagwanpur Simra, Chintamanpur, Jagdishpur Baya, Kamalpura, Koriya Nizamat, Laloo Chhapra, Paroo North, Paroo South, Raghunathpur, Rampur Kesho alias Malahi, Bajitpur and Mangurahiyan [[gram panchayat]]s of Paroo CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Paroo Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Paroo Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/paroo.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Chandu Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Nawal Kishore Sinha
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Chandu Ram
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Shiv Sharan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Virendra Kumar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shyam Kumar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Nitishwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Usha Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Virendra Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |Mithilesh Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Paroo)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Shankar Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Paroo<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:95272}}
|percentage = 41.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madan Chaudhary
|party = Rashtriya Lok Morcha
|votes = {{formatnum:66445}}
|percentage = 29.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Singh (Paroo politician)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:40661}}
|percentage = 17.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ranjana Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:6825}}
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4509}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manish Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2856}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2692}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change = +0.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niraj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2301}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashutosh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2248}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2701}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28827}}
|percentage = 12.64
|change = +4.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228163}}
|percentage = 72.87
|change = +12.63
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Paroo<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:77392}}
|percentage = 40.92
|change = -7.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:62694}}
|percentage = 33.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anunay Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:13861}}
|percentage = 7.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Madan Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:7281}}
|percentage = 3.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Deepak Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:6010}}
|percentage = 3.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mithu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3558}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Sakindar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2901}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2224}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:2191}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Prakash Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1749}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1654}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change = -2.62
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14698}}
|percentage = 7.77
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189120}}
|percentage = 60.24
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Paroo<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:80445}}
|percentage = 48.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:66906}}
|percentage = 40.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Phooldeo Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:2899}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2476}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sikendar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1744}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Avinash Kunwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1508}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5825}}
|percentage = 3.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13539}}
|percentage = 8.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166855}}
|percentage = 60.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|05|17|N|85|03|54|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Laxman Swarnkar

2026-04-10T08:59:24Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added new stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxman Swarnkar
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| governor =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2000
| governor2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Salkhan Soren]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha]]
| occupation = {{hlist|politician}}
}}
'''Laxman Swarnkar''' is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. Swarnkar is a member of the [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha]]. He is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]. He represented [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey constituency]] in [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] and [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] as [[Janata Party|JP]] MLA and in 1995 as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademy Award: संताली लेखक रूपचांद हांसदा, जयराम टुडू एवं अंजलि किस्कू को साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-sahitya-academy-award-to-santhalis-roopchand-hansda-jairam-tudu-and-anjali-kisku-21458313.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1977|website=Elections in India|access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gandey Assembly constituency]]
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarnkar, Laxman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Giridih district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium

2026-04-05T16:18:00Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Government owned organization in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC)
| nativename =
| nativename_a = लघु किसान कृषि व्यवसाय संघ (एसएफएसी)
| nativename_r =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium 2023.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| formed = 18 January 1994
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Union Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Hauz Khas]], [[New Delhi]]
| employees = 15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://sfacindia.com/Our_Team.aspx |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=sfacindia.com}}</ref>
| budget =
| chief1_name = Maninder Kaur Dwivedi
| chief1_position = Managing Director
| chief2_name = Sanjeev Kumar Gautam
| chief2_position = Director
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [https://sfacindia.com// www.sfacindia.com/]
| footnotes =
| date1 =
| date1_name =
| date2 =
| date2_name =
}}
The '''Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium''' (SFAC) is a government owned organization in [[India]], established to promote the interests of small and marginal farmers by facilitating their integration into the agribusiness sector.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shambhavi |date=2023-02-28 |title=Government looks to integrate 100 more interstate mandis with e-NAM |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/government-looks-to-integrate-100-more-interstate-mandis-with-e-nam/articleshow/98283788.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> SFAC is an autonomous society under the Department of Agriculture,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here is how producer organisations evolved in India |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/here-is-how-producer-organisations-evolved-in-india-88866 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref> Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]], Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=Bayer CropScience partners with SFAC to form 50 FPOs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/bayer-cropscience-partners-with-sfac-to-form-50-fpos/article65954497.ece |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established in 1994, to solve exclusion problem of small and marginal farmers in India from modern agriculture due to resource constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=169745#:~:text=Small%20Farmers%20Agri-Business%20Consortium&text=The%20Government%20established%20Small%20Farmers,close%20association%20with%20financial%20institutions. |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> SFAC founded to bridge the gap, offering better income prospects by connecting these farmers with agribusinesses.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.nafpo.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/SOFPO_Report_(06-07-22)_Hi-res_WCM.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514102347/https://www.nafpo.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/SOFPO_Report_(06-07-22)_Hi-res_WCM.pdf | archive-date=2023-05-14}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [http://sfacindia.com/ Official website]

[[Category:1994 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1994]]

Sanyasi-Samsari

2026-04-05T10:41:02Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added the stub v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sanyasi-Samsari
| image = Sanyasi-Samsari Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = M. Krishnaratnam
| producer =
| writer = Samsari: Gavai Sathasivam Sanyasi: K. Hirnayya
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring =
| narrator =
| music = Samsari: Nataraja Achari Sanyasi: M. S. Gnanamani
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Jupiter Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1942|ref1=<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1942.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170418014844/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1942.asp|archivedate=18 April 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sanyasi-Samsari''''' is a 1942 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by M. Krishnaratnam. ''Sanyasi''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=639 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref> ({{translation|Ascetic}}) and ''Samsari''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=638 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref> ({{translation|Patriarch}}) are [[Double feature|two separate films]] packaged into one and released together.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sanyasisamsari-1942/article7569442.ece | title=Sanyasi-Samsari (1942) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 August 2015 | accessdate=18 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | authorlink=Randor Guy | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170418011539/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sanyasisamsari-1942/article7569442.ece | archivedate=18 April 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Plot ==
;Sanyasi
It is a story of a crook who is also a robber. He sets his eyes on a beautiful woman, Seetha who is Rajaram's wife. Rajaram seeks financial help from the crook to educate his son. The crook abducts Seetha but Seetha is saved by another woman. The rest of the story is how the problems are eventually solved.
;Samsari
A native doctor is of the firm belief that Indian medicine is the best. He wants to get a groom to the elder of his two daughters, Gunavathi and Gowri. He wants the groom to be a good native physician. He finds one, Kulapathi, who is also qualified in western medicine. The native doctor's brother-in-law claims his right to marry Gunavathi. So the native doctor sets a condition saying whoever who finds the old system of medicine called ''Muppu'' can marry his daughter. The B-I-L steals the document from the native doctor but the younger daughter Gowri takes it back. How the problem is solved forms the rest of the story.<ref name=hindu />

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from [[The Hindu]].<ref name=hindu />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Sanyasi
*P. A. Kumar
*P. G. Venkatesan
*M. L. Pathi
*C. S. D.Singh
*''Kottapuli'' Jayaram
*P. S. Gnanam
*P. R. Mangalam
*[[T. S. Jaya]]
*''Loose'' Arumugam
*''Master'' Thangavel
*M. V. Swaminathan
*Kumari Selva

;Samsari
*Gavai Sathasivam
*P. T. Ram
*Puthukottai S. Rukmani
*''Vikatakavi'' Mariyappa
*T. K. Ranjitham
*K. Varalakshmi
*K. Rajalakshmi
*T. A. Rajeswari
*M. Natanam
*T. S. Lokanathan
*P. S. B. Thondaiman
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by ''Jupiter Films'', a company that was based in [[Pudukkottai]]. During the early decades it was a trend to package two or more films into one and release together. In 1939, five different comedy films were packaged into one and released under the title ''[[Sirikkadhe]]'' ({{translation|Don't Laugh}}).<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
Sanyasi: Music was composed by M. S. Gnanam Samsari: Music was composed by Nataraja Achari<ref name=hindu />

== Reception ==
The films fared well at the box office and remembered for the "pleasing music and good acting by the veterans."<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Animated anthology films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1942 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]

Attu (film)

2026-04-05T06:51:18Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding info

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Rathan Lingaa}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Attu
| image = Attu film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rathan Lingaa
| producer = S. Anbalagan [[R. K. Suresh]]
| writer = Rathan Lingaa
| starring = [[Rishi Rithvik]] [[Archana Ravi]]
| music = [[Bobo Shashi]]
| editing = LVK Das
| cinematography = Ramalingam
| studio = Dream Icon Studio 9 Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|3|31|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Attu''''' ({{translation|Someone uncontrollable}}){{efn|The title means duplicate in [[Madras Bashai]] and is used to refer to someone who is uncontrollable. The name has Burmese origins.<ref name="Name">{{Cite web |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=30 March 2017 |title=Of love and betrayal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rathan-lingas-debut-film-attu/article17743193.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123130812/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rathan-lingas-debut-film-attu/article17743193.ece |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}} is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[gangster film]] directed by Rathan Lingaa, who previously directed the short film ''Blood Revolution''. The film stars newcomers [[Rishi Rithvik]] and [[Archana Ravi]].<ref name="Name" />

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rishi Rithvik]] as Attu
*[[Archana Ravi]] as Sundari
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Sappa
*Prabha as Uluva
*[[Sai Dheena|Dheena]] as Pulinathope Jaya
*Rajasekhar as Das
*[[Bala Singh]] in a guest appearance
*[[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumugan]] (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2019 |title=ATTU (2019) Tamil Full Movie HD Exclusive Worldwide Digital Rights 2020 | Rishi, Archana, Yogi Babu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKPeDl73JI4&t=5023s |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Rishi Ritwik, who previously worked as a computer science engineer and athlete, interacted with gangsters for six months to prepare for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2017 |title=அட்டு படத்திற்காக 6 மாதமாக ரியல் கேங்ஸ்டர்களுடன் பழகினேன்! -நடிகர் ரிஷி ரித்விக் |trans-title=I was trained by real gangsters for 6 months for the movie Attu! - actor Rishi Rithvik |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/57729/cinema/Kollywood/i-was-trained-by-real-gangsters-for-6-month-for-the-movie-attu-says-hero-rishirithvik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123134030/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/57729/cinema/Kollywood/i-was-trained-by-real-gangsters-for-6-month-for-the-movie-attu-says-hero-rishirithvik.htm |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=3 April 2017 |title=I hung out with gangsters for a year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-hung-out-with-gangsters-for-a-year/article17776616.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171947/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-hung-out-with-gangsters-for-a-year/article17776616.ece |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for ''Attu'' was composed by [[Bobo Shashi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3dsLhplVGirqKit9kCDRqZ|title=Spotify – Web Player|website=Spotify}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+''Attu'' – Soundtrack album
|-
! No.
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Length
|-
| 1 || "Attu Payyan" || Tupakeys, Bobo Shashi, Gana Palani || 3:34
|-
| 2 || "Ora Kannaal" || Muba, Bobo Shashi, Hyde || 4:11
|-
| 3 || "Ding Ding Digaana" || L. R. Eswari, Darryl, Rico || 4:21
|-
| 4 || "Meraludhu Leraludhu" || Nathan, Deva, Yuki || 4:03
|-
| 5 || "Kai Neraya Kannadi" || Sindhal Sedhu, Hyde, Gana Edwin || 2:11
|-
| 6 || "Ora Kannaal – 1" || Bobo Shashi || 4:12
|-
| 7 || "Ding Ding Digaana – 1" || L. R. Eswari || 4:21
|}

== Release ==
Chitra Deepa Anandram of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The manner in which debutant director Rathan Linga has perceived each and every scene in ''Attu'', and the detailing that goes in in creating those scenes, tell a lot about his directorial brilliance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=31 March 2017 |title=Attu: Raw and original |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-attu-is-original/article17752475.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123130805/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-attu-is-original/article17752475.ece |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Samayam Tamil]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=அட்டு - திரைவிமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/attu-movie-review/moviereview/57959641.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123132017/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/attu-movie-review/moviereview/57959641.cms |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=[[Samayam Tamil]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "All said, ''Attu'' delivers far more than you’d have expected from a debutant filmmaker making a fairly anonymous film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=31 March 2017 |title=A fairly promising attempt |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/31/a-fairly-promising-attempt-1588341.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218204104/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/31/a-fairly-promising-attempt-1588341.html |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' noted that "On the whole, ''Attu'' is a life, rather than a film and has a decent story to back it up. It majorly deals with friendship, love, trust, gangsters and a lot of other entities that the characters coexist with".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Attu (aka) Atuu review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/attu/attu-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123164230/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/attu/attu-review.html |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a favourable review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=அட்டு |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/03/31105242/1077172/attu-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123085111/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/03/31105242/1077172/attu-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'', on the contrary, called the film "watchable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Attu |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2017/03/31131241/Attu.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123085036/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2017/03/31131241/Attu.vpf |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=Iflicks}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10956694}}

[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bobo Shashi]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Marth Mariam Cathedral, Kandanad

2026-03-31T01:45:15Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added some stub initial version

{{Short description|Church in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Marth Mariam Cathedral Kandanad''' is a Christian church in the Ernakulam district of [[Kerala]], India. It is the Cathedral Church of the [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church]] in [[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad Diocese]] and is also known as The [[Jerusalem|Yerushulem]] of East (Kizhakkinde Yerushulem).

The present structure of the Church has five stages in its formation. It may well suit to compare its constructions with the different stages of the construction of Yerushulem Church in [[Old Testament]]. It may be the reason because this church is also christened as Kizhakkinde Yerushulem of Malankara. Though there are scant documents available about its beginning, there are decrypts written in stones mentioned about its second stage of development is available. The decrypts from the granite cross which was there in front of the church gives information about this second stage of construction. It is mentioned in one of the stone that the corner stone of this new church is laid on 1672 Kumbam 25 (Malayalam calendar month).

== History ==
Before the existing construction, the Church was located at “PalliMala” east to the present location. This place is still known as “PalliMala”. Referring the documents of Portuguese the name of this church is mentioned as “Cheriya Uthiyanperoor Church”. From those documents, it is estimated that, this Church was established on A.D 775. Before A.D 775, the present location of Kandanad was called as the east gate of the famous and older trade center Uthiyanperoor port. In order to understand deeply, who and why a Church was established here at A.D 775; an overview of the political situation of [[south Asia]] needs to be researched.

[[Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo]] was buried at the church in 1764.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509015059/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/bio/MorShakralla.htm Syriac Christianity website, ''Mor Shakralla'']}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Kandanad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian cathedrals]]

{{india-church-stub}}

Rai people

2026-03-25T21:14:26Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding a entry - done

{{Short description|Kiranti ethnic group in Nepal, India, and Bhutan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rāi
| native_name = राई
| flag =
| image = Kirat Rai Shaman From Himalayas of nepal.jpg
| caption = [[Nakchhong]] or Naksho Rai [[Shaman]]
| population =
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop1 = 640,671 (2021) {{Collapsible list|title=List by province | [[Koshi Province|Koshi]]: 506,422 | [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]]: 112,364 | [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]]: 10,210 | [[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]]: 7,599 | [[Lumbini Province|Lumbuni]]: 2,628 | [[Sudurpashchim Province|Sudurpashchim]]:917 | [[Karnali Province|Karnali]]: 534}}
| region2 = {{flag|India}}
| pop2 = 360,916<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kirat |first1=Rai |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/7460|title=Ethnographic Report of the Kirat Khambu Rai Community of Sikkim |date=7 February 2005 |website=Sikkim University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342411957|title=An Anthropological Venture into the Rai Community of Darjeeling Hills West Bengal India|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1543/9/09_chapter_03.pdf|title=Linguistic and Religious Minorities Under SSP Led Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511130309/http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1543/9/09_chapter_03.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> {{Collapsible list|title=List by state | [[West Bengal]]: 216,043 | [[Sikkim]]: 80,979 | [[Assam]]: 43,646 | [[Arunachal Pradesh]]: 9,046 | [[Meghalaya]]: 3,705 | [[Uttarakhand]]: 3,649 | [[Nagaland]]: 1,813 | [[Himachal Pradesh]]: 1,593 | [[Mizoram]]: 445}}
| region3 = {{flag|Bhutan}}
| pop3 = 37,311<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Common Bhutanese Surnames & Meanings |url=https://forebears.io/bhutan/surnames}}</ref>{{verification failed | date = March 2026}}
| langs = {{plainlist|
* [[Rai languages]]
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* [[Dzongkha]]
}}
| rels = Predominantly: 65% [[Kiratism]] or [[Animism]] Other Religions: 30% [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]], 5% [[Christianity]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf
|title=Caste ethnicity and religion of Nepal Ministry of Health page 56|access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref>
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Limbu people|Limbu]]|[[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]|[[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]]|[[Yakkha people|Yakkha]]|[[Hayu people|Hayu]]| [[Jirel people|Jirel]]|[[Dhimal]]|Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan people]]}}
}}

The '''Rai''' ([[Kirati language|Kirati]]: also known as Jimee or Khambu, ''Rāi''; [[Devanagari]]: [[wikt:राई|राई]]) are an [[ethnolinguistic group]] belonging to the [[Kirati people|Kirat]] family and primarily [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] speaking linguistic ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://lib.icimod.org/record/9853/files/6879.pdf|title=The Sino Tibetan Languages of Nepal A General Survey}}</ref> They are [[Indigenous peoples]] of eastern parts of [[Nepal]], the [[Indian states]] of [[Sikkim]] hilly regions of [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] of [[West Bengal]] and in southwestern [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0282|title=Kirat Khambu Rais of Sikkim and Eastern Himalayas|date=23 March 2005|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landnepal.com/details/1468.html|title=Rai Culture LandNepal|date=12 June 2021 }}www.landnepal.com</ref>

The Rai, as a set of groups, are one of the oldest tribes of Nepal. They inhabited the area between the [[Dudh Koshi]] and [[Tamur River]] in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_sikkim/6Sikkim%20pg-280-327.pdf|title=Census Of India Sikkim 2011 Rai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar |title=Kumar Pradhan, The Gurkha Conquests, Oxford University Press, 1991 |year=1991 |location=Calcutta |publication-date=1991 |pages=52 |language=English}}</ref> Rai are also known as "Khambu" in some places. They are known for worshipping nature and ancestral spirits. Rai are one of the tribes of the [[Kirati people|Kirati]] group. They are popularly believed to have offered a stiff resistance to the invasion of the Gorkhas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5149/1/41892_1961_UPP.pdf|title=Village survey monograph on upper Pedong}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Census of India 1961 West Bengal & Sikkim Volume XV1, Part VI (10)</ref> Kiranti Rai are hill tribes who once possessed considerable power and territory but were reduced to submission by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] after his conquest of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237136/page/n13/mode/2up|title=Gurkhas (1915) by Vansittart Eden |date=6 September 2023 }}archive.org</ref> Kirati rule in the eastern hills of Nepal ended after the conquest of the [[Gorkha Kingdom]] in 1772–1773.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_25&26_05.pdf|title=New Past for the Sake of a Better Future: Re-inventing the history of the Kirant in East Nepal}}himalaya.socanth.cam</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
=== Nepal ===
Numbering about 750,000 , the Rai people mainly inhabit the eastern part of Nepal. Linguists have identified up to 28 different [[Rai languages]], most of them mutually unintelligible.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02303985/document|title=Following the Ancestors and Managing the Otherness}}</ref>
[[File:Rai ethnic homeland in eastern Nepal and migration.jpg|thumb|Map.Traditional settlement of '''Rai Linguistic groups''' in Eastern Nepal [[Province No. 1]] districts include [[Khotang District|Khotang]], [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Solukhumbu District|Solukhambu]], [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]], [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]], [[Okhaldhunga District|Okhaldhunga]] and [[Ratnawati]] vdc of [[Sindhuli District]]. ]]
''' Rai traditionally Inhabited districts of Eastern Nepal by linguistic groups are''':

* [[Khotang District|Khotang]] inhabited by: [[Chamling language|Chamling]], [[Dumi language|Dumi]], [[Puma language|Puma]], [[Sampang language|Sampang]], [[Koi language|Koyu]], [[Nachhiring language|Nachhiring]] and [[Tilung language|Tilung]].
* [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]] inhabited by: [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]], [[Dungmali language|Dungmali]], [[Sampang language|Sampang]], [[Kulung people|Kulung]] and [[Mewahang]]/Newahang.
* [[Solukhumbu District|Solukhambu]] inhabited by: [[Kulung people|Kulung]], [[Khaling language|Khaling]], [[Thulung language|Thulung]] [[Nachhiring language|Nachhiring]]/[[Sotang Rural Municipality|Sotang]] and [[Bahing language|Bahing]]/Bayung.
* [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]] inhabited by: [[Yamphu language|Yamphu]], [[Mewahang]], [[Lohorung people|Lohorung]] and [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]]
* [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]] inhabited by: [[Athpare language|Athpare]], [[Belhare language|Belhare]], [[Chɨlɨng language|Chiling]]/[[Chulung language|Chulung]], [[Yakkha language|Mugali]], Phangduwali and [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]].
* [[Okhaldhunga District|Okhaldhunga]] inhabited by: [[Wambule language|Wambule]], [[Jerung language|Jerung]] and [[Bahing]]/Bayung.
* [[Udayapur District|Udaypur]] inhabited by: [[Chamling language|Chamling]], [[Tilung language|Tilung]] and [[Wambule language|Wambule]]
* [[Sindhuli District|Sindhuli]] inhabited by: [[Jerung language|Jerung]] and [[Wambule language|Wambule]]
* [[Makawanpur District|Makawanpur]] ([[Raigaun|Rai gaun]]) inhabited by: [[देवास राई|देवास]] Dewas

[[2011 Nepal census]] classifies the Rai people within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati.<ref name=":0">[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II go to page 56]</ref> At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 620,004 people (2.3% of the population of Nepal) were Rai. The frequency of Rai people by province was as follows:
* [[Koshi Province]] (11.3%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (1.5%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.3%)
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.2%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.1%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Rai people was higher than national average (2.3%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Khotang District|Khotang]] (36.8%)
* [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]] (32.1%)
* [[Ilam District|Ilam]] (19.8%)
* [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]] (19.8%)
* [[Solukhumbu District|Solukhumbu]] (19.7%)
* [[Udayapur District|Udayapur]] (17.3%)
* [[Panchthar District|Panchthar]] (13.8%)
* [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]] (10.7%)
* [[Okhaldhunga District|Okhaldhunga]] (10.0%)
* [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]] (6.6%)
* [[Taplejung District|Taplejung]] (5.1%)
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (4.5%)
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (4.7%)
* [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]] (3.6%)
* [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur]] (2.7%)

=== India, Bhutan and other countries ===
Rai predominate in the Indian states of [[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Kurseong]], [[Mirik]] and [[Dooars]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/3176/1/Yozana%20Rai.pdf|title=Social Structure, Cultural Value and Transformation: A Study of Rai Community in Sikkim}}Dissertation submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (Dept. of Sociology)</ref> Rai is the single largest ethnic community in [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1543/9/09_chapter_03.pdf|title=LINGUISTIC AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES UNDER SSP LED GOVERNMENT}}</ref> Rai population is mostly found in the south, west and east of Sikkim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Sikkim:A Geographical Analysis |url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4203/1/Population%20of%20sikkim%20a%20geographical%20analysis.pdf}}</ref> Large number of Rai people are also found living in [[Assam]] and other [[Northeast India|northeastern states]] of India, the Kingdom of [[Bhutan]], while some have recently migrated to the United Kingdom, [[Hong Kong]], the United States and other countries.

== History ==
=== Mythology of Rai People ===

Rai tradition relates that the first of the ancestral Kirati entered Nepal's eastern hills through the [[Barahachhetra]] gorge of the [[Kosi River|Kosi]] Valley the natural gateway into the region through the [[Mahabharat Range]], which separates the hilly hinterland from the plains.<ref>{{cite web|title=Significance of "thar" in the Social Structure of the Khambu Rais: Some Observations|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3521/1/Vol%203%20No%201%20March%202016_10.pdf}}ir.nbu.ac.in</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WHERE THE WATERS DRY UP THE PLACE OF ORIGIN IN RAI MYTH AND RITUAL MARTIN GAENSZLE|url=https://www.brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789004228368/B9789004228368-s004.xml}}</ref> According to the Mundum, in oral history, Kirati ancestors came out of the "[[Khuwalung]]" and then followed the small river of the Saptakoshi. They journeyed through the [[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun]], [[Dudh Koshi]], [[Sun Koshi]] and [[Tama Koshi]] and finally settled down in the [[Bhote Koshi]] valley.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4yAQAAQBAJ&dq=Thus+the+concepts+of+origin+and+migration+are+crucial+in+Rai+thinking+about+man+and+the+world.+Though+there+are+several+locations+that+can+be+seen+as+such+places+of+origin%2C&pg=PA33|title=Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas|date=3 February 2012|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004228368}}books.google.co.in</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Why all Nepalis should care about a rock in the Koshi River|url=https://www.recordnepal.com/khuwalung-%E2%80%93-why-all-nepalis-should-care-about-a-rock-in-the-koshi-river}}www.recordnepal.com</ref>
[[File:Tandhunga_in_Tuwachung_Jayajum.jpg|thumb|[[Halesi Tuwachung Municipality|Tuwachung]] Jayajum Historical pilgrimage site of Rai People ]]
According to the myths of the Kirati Rai people "Tayama" (elder sister), "Khiyama" (younger sister) and "Raichhakule" ( Tayama and Khimaya's younger brother) are supposed to be the primaeval ancestors of the Kirati Rai's Civilization. The sisters are believed to have lived in "[[Halesi Tuwachung Municipality|Tuwachung]]" whereas the brother in the cave of [[Halesi-Maratika Caves|Halesi]]. Tayama and Khiyama were skilful in weaving the looms. They are regarded as the pioneers of textiles. Tayama is recognized by names like: Khew, Toyama, Toma, Tayama, Tangwama, Jauma, Jaumo, Dawa and Kakcha, and accordingly, Khiyama is also called Khema, Khiwama, Khliuma, Khlemo, Khewa, Khauma and Los in distinct [[Kiranti languages]]. Raichhakule (younger brother of Tayama and Khimaya) also known as Hetchhakuppa, Hetchhakuwa, Khokchilipa, Khakchhilip etc. is considered to be the beginner of the agricultural era in the cultural history of Kirati- Rai People.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hav.univie.ac.at/collections/ritual-space-mimesis/node/143/|title=Tuwachung-Jayajum Pilgrimage}}HAV Himalaya archive, Ritual, Space, Mimesis among the Rai of Eastern Nepal (FWF P 23204-G15) Site</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/show?continuousPlay=false&lang=fr&mode=normal&oai_primary=cocoon-01722282-5882-341c-9e73-e0355da0d1a7&oai_secondary=cocoon-b63631a4-dd6b-3103-9339-22079bff3b2d&optionMorphemeTranscriptions=&optionMorphemeTranslations=&optionNotes=&optionSentenceTranscriptions=autre&optionSentenceTranslations=en&optionTextTranscriptions=&optionTextTranslations=&optionWordTranscriptions=&optionWordTranslations=|title=Jau Khleu Proto-history: Orphans Thulung Rai version audio record Thulung language & English translation }}pangloss.cnrs.fr</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Social Reality in Oral Literature: A Study of the Rai Folk Narratives from Sikkim|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/6144/1/Bonita%20Rai.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sacred Complex of Halesi: A Hindu, Buddhist and Kirata Spiritual Interface|url=http://saarcculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2013-14_Prem_Kumar_Khatry_and_Hari_Prasad_Shrestha.pdf}}saarcculture.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tuwachung Jayajum|url=https://www.indigenousvoice.com/en/tuwachung-jayajum.html|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170711/https://www.indigenousvoice.com/en/tuwachung-jayajum.html|url-status=dead}}www.indigenousvoice.com</ref>
[[File:Salpa_Pokhori_and_Sillichung_Mountain.jpg|thumb|[[Salpa Pokhari]](Pond) and Sillichung Mountain in Bhojpur District Eastern Nepal]]
[[Salpa Pokhari]] is believed to be the origin of Kirati-Rai. Salpa Pokhori is the centre of cultural belief for Kirati Rai and is related to the myth of "Salpa" and "Ribrima"(Salpa King and Queen). so Kirati Rai believed to have been born from these ancestors, Salpa and Ribrima. Salpa Pokhori is very significant and popular among Kirati Rai from cultural and religious views according to the Kirati Rai's myth, this place is the origin of the Kirati Rai people. The Sillichung Mountain known as the prime tribute is supposed to be the origin of "Mundum" according to the Kirati myth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salpa Pokhari: The Holy Lake of High Nepal|date=9 February 2012 |url=https://www.monkboughtlunch.com/holy-lake-in-the-mountains-of-nepal/}}www.monkboughtlunch.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Culture, Religious and Spiritual values of Sacred Salpa Pokhari (Lake) for Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal|url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/asia-parks/pdf/wg3/APC_WG3-22-Kamal%20Rai.pdf}}www.env.go.jp</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?170422/Salpa-Pokhari-Booklet |title=Salpa Pokhari Booklet |website=wwf.panda.org}}</ref>

=== Kirat Dynasty in Kathmandu Valley ===
{{Main|History of Nepal}}
[[Nepal]] enters into real historical era with the conquest of Kathmandu Valley by the Kiratis. The Kiratis are said to have been the aborigines inhabiting Eastern Nepal and having their own administrative set-up. Under the able leadership of their chieftain "Yalung" or [[Yalambar]] the Kiratis defeated Bhuwan Singh; the last king in the Ahir Dynasty and brought the Kathmandu valley under their sway.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Ancient and Medieval Nepal|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/History_Ancient_Medieval_Nepal.pdf}} In a Nutshell with some Comparative traces of foreign History</ref> From various sources mentioning Long period altogether 29 to 32 Kirati kings who had ruled over Nepal 1225 years from 800 BCE to 300 AD. Gopal genealogy mentions 32 Kirati Kings to have ruled over Nepal different genealogies have found to be stating different names of last Kirati King. The [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichhavi]] monarchical dynasty was established in Nepal by defeating last Kirati King 'Khigu', according to Gopal genealogy, 'Galiz' according to language-genealogy and 'Gasti', according to Wright genealogy. [[Chyasal]] is the place of final battlefield for [[Kirati people|Kiratis]] and [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichhavis]]. About 250 A.D. Kirati rule end in Kathmandu Valley and Kiratis moved towards east.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=The Lichhavi and Kirat kings of Nepal|url=http://telegraphnepal.com/national/2014-02-19/the-lichhavi-and-kirat-kings-of-nepal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020933/http://telegraphnepal.com/national/2014-02-19/the-lichhavi-and-kirat-kings-of-nepal|archive-date=2017-12-10|access-date=2017-12-09|website=telegraphnepal.com}}</ref> Various ancient historical, archeological sites related to history of Kiratis and Kirati period in Kathmandu Valley like [[Chyasal]], [[Patan Durbar Square|Patan Durbar]], [[Patuk Don]], [[Gokarna, Nepal|Gokarna]], [[Thankot]], [[Birupakshya]], [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]], [[Akash Bhairav]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudarshsn Raj Tiwari|title=Ancient Towns of Kathmandu Valley A Survey of Legends, Chronicles and Inscriptions|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_139_03.pdf}}</ref>

=== Kirat Kingdom in the east ===
According to historians the Lichhavis got victory only over Kathmandu. in other parts of the eastern country Kirati rule is still maintained. After the defeated Kiratis by Lichhavis in Kathmandu valley the Kiratis moved gradually east wards ruling in the small territories. In the process of expansion Kiratis extended from [[Banepa]], [[Dhulikhel|Dulikhel]], [[Sindhupalchowk District|Sindupalchok]], Darawardanda, [[Dolakha District|Dolakha]], [[Charikot]] to Kiratichap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirat Pahichan Historical Documentary|website = [[YouTube]]| date=21 June 2021 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NLu6F-UFQY8}}m.youtube.com</ref> Kiratis built a fort in Kiratichap and started to rule again still many evidences of Kiratis ancient ruins graveyard can be found in Dolakha, Sindupalchok region like "Kirat Thursa" in [[Jiri]] "Kiratichap" in [[Dolakha District|Dolakha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of archaeology yet to study ruins recovered in dolakha|url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-3/2020/02/06/department-of-archaeology-yet-to-study-ruins-recovered-in-dolakha}}kathmandupost.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ruines of anciant chutaras(resting places)|url=https://roundsimaging.com/backlight/search/?q=Kirat+Kingdom+#gallery-1}}roundsimaging.com</ref> according to various folklore and oral history [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichhavi]] attacked again Kiratis in Dolakha and chased away. In Pursuit of the fertile land some kiratis followed [[Sunkoshi River|Sunkoshi]] river they become Sunuwar. others who followed the [[Tamakoshi River|Tamakoshi]], [[Dudh Koshi|Dudhkoshi]], [[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun]] and [[Tamur River|Tamur]] rivers they become today's Rai, Yakkha, Sunuwar and Limbu . After settling down in different areas Kiratis made their appropriate 'Kipat,' 'the area,' and again in the mountain region eastern hills Kiratis ruled over for centuries. in course of time due to the geo-political division three Kirati states were created as Wallo Kirat(Near Kirat), Majh Kirat (Middle Kirat) and Pallo Kirat or (Far east Kirat).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirat Rai Historical Documentary|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kT_2ST7josI|website=m.youtube.com| date=9 September 2017 }}</ref>

=== Gorkhali conquest in Kirat country ===
Around 1743 AD King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] of [[Gorkha Palace|Gorkha]] started to [[Unification of Nepal]] campaign, conquering many small states Gorkhalis also started to attacked in the Kirat Region.<ref>{{cite book|date=1991|title=The Gorkha conquests : the process and consequences of the unification of Nepal, with particular reference to eastern Nepal|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/3075/1/The%20Gurkha%20Conquests.pdf|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Calcutta|isbn=978-0-19-562723-7|oclc=24874742}}</ref> according to historians, before the unification of Nepal by Prithvivinaryan Shah from [[Banepa]] to [[Trishuli River]] and around [[Teesta River]] known as Kiratdesh the territory of Kiratis. Looking at the evidence of the time when Prithvinarayan Shah expanded the Gorkha kingdom, [[Dolakha District|Dolakha]], [[Ramechhap District|Ramechhap]] and [[Sindhuli District|Sindhuli]] fall in Wallo Kirat and the part from Sunkoshi to upper Arun river falls in Manjh Kirat . The area from Upper Arun [[Koshi river|Arun]] river to East [[Teesta River]] falls within Pallo Kirat . when Prithvi Narayan Shah invaded the [[Dhulikhel]] border area of (Wallo Kirat) in 1768 AD, that time the Kirat King of [[Dhulikhel]] Chaukhat Mahindra Sing Rai and his brother Namsing Rai strongly resisted and fought valiantly with Prithivinarayan shah's huge army for a very long time.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pavana Cāmaliṅa: zamīna se juṛe eka rājanītijña kā safaranāmā|year = 2009| publisher=Atmaram & Sons |isbn = 9788170437512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btFrFTjyepsC&dq=Mahendra+singh+Rai+Dhulikhel&pg=PA21|via=books.google.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal|isbn = 9788170248477|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC&dq=King+Mahendra+sing+Rai+Dhulikhel&pg=PA136|via=books.google.co.in|last1 = Singh|first1 = Nagendra Kr|year = 1997| publisher=APH }}</ref> King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] had deployed ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]] to the invasion of [[Kirant]] regional areas comprising; Pallo Kirant, Wallo Kirant and Majh Kirant. There are many kings and chiftens and forts under Wallo Kirat and Majh Kirat area.

At the time when Prithivi Narayan Shah fought the Kirat region. In this historical period, Waling Hang was the king in [[Hatuwagadhi Rural Municipality|Hatuwā Gaḍhi]](Majh Kirat) in across the [[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun River]]. The kings of Hatuwa extended their rule over part of [[Shahidbhumi Rural Municipality|Khalsa]]. The Khalsa territory present day [[Ankhisalla]], [[Dhankuta District]] ruled by King [[Budhahang]]. Budhahang disappeared when [[Prithivi Narayan Shah]] attacked him. It is said that during the war with the Shah king, he could revive dead Kirati warriors who were killed.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gaenszle, Martin |author2=Bickel, Balthasar |author3=Banjade, Goma |author4=Lieven, Elena |author5=Paudyal, Netra P |author6=Rai, Ichchha |author7=Novel Kishore, Rai |author8=Stoll, Sabine |year=2005|title=Worshiping the King God:A Preliminary Analysis of Chintang Ritual Language in the Invocation of Rajdeu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852646}}</ref> On 29 August 1772, Ram Krishna Kanwar crossed [[Koshi river|Dudhkoshi]] river enter [[Chaudandi]] to invade of Kirant and Saptari region with fellow commander [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]].

Khambu Kirati Youths who were skilled archers, stemmed the advance of the Gorkhali troops at every step with their arrows. they inflicted heavy losses on the Gorkhalis, so that Prithivinarayan Shah had to send reinforcement sounder the commend of Subedar Shiva Narayan Khatri. Chatim Rai of Rawa Khola and Atal Rai of Pamakham were two principal Khambus Kirati ultimately proved ineffective before, the bows and arrows of the Gorkhalis. within a period of 5 months the Gorkhalis occupied Rawa, [[Halesi Tuwachung Municipality|Halesi]], [[Rupakot Majhuwagadhi Municipality|Majuwa]], Kulum and Dingla thus conquering the hole of Majh Kirat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regmi Research (Private) Ltd, Lazimpat, Kathmandu|url=https://www.ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/57334/Year5_No5_May_1973.pdf}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Rai Community has its own traditional culture and rituals. all Rai people practice same rituals of life from birth to death. but there are some variation in rites and rituals in Rai communities living in different places.
[[File:Rai people performing ancestoral ritual worship at their Three Hearth Stone of Fireplace of House.jpg|thumb|Rai People doing ancestral ritual at '''“Suptulung”''' Suptulung is a sacred place where all the Life Cycle cultural ritual activities of Rai community perform]]

=== Marriage system ===
Marriage in Rai group is not merely a biological and psychological relation between the couple, but essentially considered a social phenomenon that must be approved by the society. Unless the society gives recognition to the couples, they find their marital relation insecure. After the marriage, the woman's clan is not changed, though she stays with her husband; but her children follow the clan of her husband. Both the practices of monogamy and polygamy are found among Rai; but the system of polygamy has declined greatly for legal reason and due to change of attitude.

Some traditional important types of marriage found among Rai are:

a) Chori Biha (theft marriage): It is called Chori Biha by Rai. If a man takes a woman away from her home secretly without informing her parents, it is called 'theft marriage'. This sort of marriage is a bit different from 'love marriage', in that the man and woman may not have developed personal relationship for a long time, which is found in love marriage. The man may like the woman all of a sudden, which the woman may not be noticing. All of a sudden, the man expresses his wish to marry her when he meets her on some occasion or gathering – like in the fairs and marketplace. In such a case, if some of her relatives or close friends encourage her to elope with the man, she may be convinced and becomes ready to go with him.

Nowadays theft marriage is gradually being replaced by 'love marriage', in which the concerned boy and girl spend some time to know each other without the influence or intervention of anybody; then they can either decide to marry, just maintain their friendship or discontinue it, depending on how far the two parties like or dislike each other.

b) Zari Biha (marriage by paying penalty): Taking the wife of another man away in her consent for the purpose of marriage is called Zari Biha in Rai community. In such a case, a certain amount of cash is paid as a penalty by the woman's new husband to the earlier one.

c) Senzi Zari Biha (widow marriage): In Rai community, there is not any social prohibition for the widows to marry. A widow or widower is allowed to get married, though it is not a compulsion.
In this marriage, a certain penalty is paid to the widow's father-in-law or the senior family member, as a compensation for losing a member of the family.

d) Magi Biha ([[arranged marriage]]): Arranged marriage is performed with the mutual understanding and arrangements of both the families – the boy's side and the girl's side. It is called Magi Biha. In this marriage, the consent of the girl, the forthcoming bride, is a must.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3628994 |journal=[[Southwestern Journal of Anthropology]] |volume=11| issue=1 |pages=15–30 |title=Eastern Nepalese Marriage Customs and Kinship Organization |author=Victor Barnouw |date=1955 |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|doi=10.1086/soutjanth.11.1.3628994 |jstor=3628994 |s2cid=147405858 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Changes in Marriage and Kinship Systems Among Bantawa Rai in Eastern Nepal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341979635}}www.researchgate.net/publication/341979635</ref>

=== Death ritual ===
In Rai community death is distinguished between the natural death and unnatural death in their rites of the passage as well. In the case of natural death, the body is either buried or cremated, upon the wish of the dead person. But the body must be buried in the case of unnatural death. There are many formalities in the death ritual if it is the natural death; but such formalities are less in the case of unnatural death, since it is believed that such a death turns the person into evil.

If a baby dies before the growth of his/her tooth, the funeral rite observed is very simply. Such a death is considered a bad omen and categorized under unnatural death. The pollution and purification rituals are completed on the same day in such cases

If a pregnant woman dies, her lower abdomen is bisected with a bamboo knife and the child is removed from her body. The mother and the child are buried at different burial sites according to the ritual of unnatural death. The pollution and purification ritual is completed on the same day. In the case of natural death, complete funeral rite is observed; and pollution and purification rituals are strictly followed. among Rai community a salt eating and oil drinking ceremony is performed three days after the death. On the ninth and tenth days, a Mangpa(Shaman) performs a merit making ceremony for the deceased. This ritual is done to put the deceased soul to a rest; otherwise, it is believed that the deceased person's spirit will bring harm to the family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rai funerary rites three days|url=https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/rai-funerary-rites-three-days|website=av.mandala.library.virginia.edu}}</ref>

=== Family and kinship ===
Rai have the practice of living in both the nuclear and joint families. In the nuclear family, there are two generations of people, whereas a joint family has three or more generations living together by sharing the same house and kitchen. Normally the son does not get separated immediately after his marriage. But after the marriage of his younger brother, he may wish to live separately. At the time of separation, the parental property is divided equally between the parents and sons.

Mainly three forms of kinship are found among Rai: i) kinship by blood; e.g. brother and sister, ii) kinship by marriage; e.g. father-in-law, sister-in-law, etc., iii) kinship by social relation; e.g. Miteri (friendship bond established after a special ritual) relation.

Kinship behaviour varies according to the status of the kin. Some relatives are more respectable than others, while some are in 'joking relation'. For instance, father, mother, uncle and aunt are respectable, but solti-soltinee, sali-bhena, are all in joking relation. In Rai community, son-in-law and daughter-in-law are treated equally as the son or daughter of the family.

=== Gender issues and decision-making procedure ===
Men and women having equal status in the family and community, there is almost no gender discrimination in Rai society. Although man is usually the head of the family, woman's role is equally important in planning and decision making on domestic matters. The husband decides almost nothing in absence of his wife. They generally discuss to plan the daily activities collectively in the family after dinner; and decision is made thereupon.

After a year of the death of her husband, a widow can wear her casual dresses. There is no restriction for the widow or widower regarding their clothing. They also have the freedom for remarriage; but whether to marry or not depends entirely on the widow's or widower's wish. An unmarried adult woman possesses very strong role in the family. She is heard by all.

Male and female members of family share their labour in all sorts of activities. However, a few cases are exceptions; e.g. cooking meals, which is mostly considered the responsibility of women. But when women are very busy, men take the responsibility of cooking as well. Similarly, though ploughing the field is generally considered the work of men, unmarried girls are also found involved in it to support men in their work.

=== Attire and ornaments ===
====Women====
Rai women used to weave homespun cloth from the [[khadi]], [[cotton]], [[wool]] and [[Girardinia diversifolia|allo nettle plant]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Khadi industry makes a comeback in Khotang|url=https://www.amp/myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/amp/khadi-industry-makes-a-comeback-in-khotang/}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Voices From The Field: How SABAH Nepal And Krishna Kumari Rai Reimagined Traditional Allo And Took It To The World|url=https://hnsa.org.in/blog/voices-field-how-sabah-nepal-and-krishna-kumari-rai-reimagined-traditional-allo-and-took-it}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} hnsa.org.in</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nettles in Nepal|url=http://www.transrural.org/Nettles-in-Nepal}}www.transrural.org</ref>
[[File:Rai women weaving Painting.jpg|thumb|Weaving painting of Rai women]]

====Men====
Rai men wear Wachinari Mala ([[Dzi bead]]), Potlung (Puwalo Mala) garland, and animal tooth necklaces. Male dress comprises headgear (feta; pagari; sayabung); Betebung shirt (dawm; lockchham); pant (suruwal; langsup); sleeveless coat made of stinging nettle plant fiber (chhakchha; fenga); waistband (narimokty); (patuki, chakchhinma), a large knife ([[khukuri]], dabhay).<ref>{{cite web|title=Rai male dress|url=https://www.clothinginnepal.com/rai-male-dress}}clothinginnepal</ref>

== Religion ==
{{Main|Kirat Mundhum}}

The Rai have been following the Kirat religion since ancient times. This is based on animistic nature and ancestor worship. Rai do not believe in heaven or hell, and there is no religious hierarchy. Kirati Rai engage Nakchong, Mangpa, Bijuwa, Nakso, their tribal shamans, in their religious rites. Recently{{when|date=July 2025}} the Rai have increasingly borrowed elements from the major religions with which they have had contact, such as Lamaist Buddhism and Nepalese Hinduism, without however renouncing their own tribal traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271845148|title=Contesting Power, Negotiating Influence: Rai Shamans and New Religious Movements in Eastern Nepal}}n book: Shamanism and ViolencePublisher: AshgateEditors: Davide Torri, Diana Riboli</ref> According to the Nepali Census of 2011 AD (2068 BS), roughly one third of Rai people follow [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]] (30%), two thirds follow [[Kirat Mundhum|Kirat Mundhum Dharma]] (65%), while 5% are [[Christianity in Nepal|Christians]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Suptulung: Places of sacred worship ===
[[File:Samkhalung_Suptulung_Secred_Worship_Place_of_Kirat_Rai.jpg|thumb|Suptulung/Samkhalung:Teen Chula Dhunga, the three hearthmade stone sacred worship place of the Rai People]]
Teen Chula or Chula Dhunga "The three hearth made stones" called Dayahulung or Suptulung is the central part all the rituals or rites of Rai practised from birth to death are done in this Teen Chula 'Suptulung' The major deity of all Rai is 'Teen chula' (Suptulung) The three hearthmade stoned oven' of the house. "The Term Lu or Lung refers to the stone and thus the suffix like lu or lung is found in most of the names of the oven in house eg; Taplelung, Suptulung, Mayalung, Ghewalung etc. Almost every thing from the right beginning of birth 'cradle to the tomb' is performed on the sacred teen chula without Teen Chula no rituals can be done. In Rai culture, Teen Chula is the gate-way to enter in the real and practical day to day life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirat Rai Culture/Civilization and religion किरात राईहरुको संस्कृतिक संस्कार परम्परा| date=February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUiMszKkDtQ|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> There is (Suptulung) 'Teen Chula' in every house of Rai. It is buried on one side of the inner corner of the house. It said that "Dash Rai Dash Bhasa Ek Chula" "There is Same Teen Chula of all ten diversified Rai" it is believed that in the beginning there is only Ten 'Thars' of Rai but later Rai are divide into many 'thars' sub-group Teen Chula (Suptulung) is the Tribal identity of Rai and its a symbol of unity of different diviersified Kirati Rai in one ethnic family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suptulung Is The Indigenous Knowledge of Kirat Rai People|url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/sij/article/download/34928/27424/}}</ref> Teen Chula(Suptulung)also known as Samkhalung in bantawa Rai dialect The word "Samkha" means ancestors and "Lung" means stones. Samkhalung the three main stones,
# Papalung: symbolizing male ancestors,
# Mamalung: symbolizing female ancestors, and
# Ramilung: symbolizing societal spiritual energies.
The Teen Chula are considered by the Rai to be their most important shrines Teen Chula is sacred place after death where the departed souls ancestors of the Rai live in this place. Teen Chula philosophy (three knowledge perspectives) as the distinctive original identity of Rai.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2020|title=Khambu Rai "Chula": Spiritual Bio Geometry|url=https://himalayancultures.com/cultures/khambu-culture/khambu-chula-dhunga-spiritual-bio-geometry/}}</ref>

=== Folk gods and goddesses ===
Kirati Rai are basically animist they worship various [[Household deity]] and [[Nature deities]].
[[File:Sumnima_And_Paruhang_Praimeval_Ancestoral_deity_of_Kirat_Rai.jpg|thumb|Sumnima and Paruhang as the archetypal proto female and proto male Kirati Rai's supreme deity is [[Sumnima]]-Paruhang. Sumnima is a female goddess which is believed to be the [[Mother Nature|Mother Earth]] (Mother Nature) and Paruhang is a male god also known as the king [[Sky God]].]]
Kirati Rai worship as ancestral god and goddess to Sumnima and Paruhang. Sumnima also known as 'Hengkhamma' the Mother Earth and Paruhang also known as 'Ninamma' Father the Sky god. The Sumnima is the supreme female God, wife of the Paruhang She represents the earth and ancestral mother. Paruhang is the supreme male God, husband of the Sumnima, lords of flowers. Sumnima-Paruhang are the deities of creator, preserver and sustainer god and goddess of the Rai. These deities are sometimes conflated with the [[Shaivism|Shaivist]] deities of Nepalese Hinduism, primarily [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], although they are distinct in origin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mithology Of People Of Sikkim Jr Subba|isbn = 9788121210232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S07zMmQuhjoC&dq=mythology+of+people+of+sikkim+sumnima+paruhang&pg=PA364|last1 = Subba|first1 = J. R.|year = 2009| publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Puma and {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} Ritual Performances|url=http://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstream/123456789/638/2/chapter.pdf}}elibrary.tucl.edu.np</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WHY KIRATS ARE CALLED NATURE WORSHIPPERS?| date=3 June 2021 |url=https://www.bungwakha.com/?p=659}}www.bungwakha.com</ref>

=== Rai shamanism ===
[[File:Rai_Shaman_Eastern_Nepal.jpg|thumb|Rai Shaman Eastern Nepal]]
Rai shamanism comprises a plurality of shamanic traditions, varied but closely related, like the Rai groups themselves. The Rai in East [[Nepal]] consist of numerous subtribes, and even though they speak different languages and have their own distinct traditions, they all share a common linguistic and cultural heritage. Together with Limbu (the language of a related group residing farther to the east, also in [[Sikkim]] and [[Darjeeling]]), the Kirati Rai languages belong to the [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] family, which is a subgroup of [[Tibeto-Burman]]. Culturally the Rai have been influenced by both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism, but these influences have only marginally affected their ancestral traditions, in which shamanic features still figure prominently.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shamanism An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices And Culture|date=30 September 2023 |url=http://files.meetup.com/17628282/Shamanism-An-Encyclopedia.pdf}}</ref>

=== The Mundum ===
The "mundum" is the oral tradition among the Rai and it is also a long-standing, and ancient, though not unchanging, ritual practice. Mundum is also addressed as "Ridum" "Muddum" or "Pelam". Iiterally, "Muna" means "Man" and "dum" means talk" which can be said speaking of man or oral talking as a hole the mundum is an oral tradition. so, it may differ in place to place. The term mundum is generally pronounced as [[mundhum]] by Nepali speakers. Many researchers have documented the term mundhum in their research. The /dh/ sound in mundum is not found in many Kirati languages. If it is found in other Kirati languages, it often is a loan sound. The term [[mundhum]] thus might be of Nepali influence. So, the native term is "mundhum”. In this case, the term mundum changes into the mundhum because the alveolar is changed into the dental aspirated /dh/ because it might be the influence of the Nepali language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indigenous Knowledge In Mundum And Suptulung|url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/amcj/article/download/35789/27985/}}</ref> Although, the concept is the same, the term mundum has different variants among different subgroups of Rai. Gaenszle (2002: 40–42), who has done pioneering work in the field of Kirati ritual, has extensively studied about it and collected different terms, which are as follows:

* Mundhum: [[Chintang language|Chintang]], [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]], [[Belhare language|Belhare]]
* Muddum/Mudum: [[Mewahang language|Mewahang]], [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]], [[Sampang language|Sampang]]
* Mindum/Pe-lam: [[Yamphu language|Yamphu]]
* Ridum: [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]]
* Mundum : [[Chamling language|Chamling]]
* Pe-lam: [[Lohorung language|Lohorung]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mundum : A Case Study of Chintang Ritual Language|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43549786}}</ref>

== Rai tribes and clans ==
Rai have distinct cultural tradition. The community is divided into different subtribes called "Thar", all have their own distinctive language or dialect. This division of Rai into various subtribes allows for the minor alterations in the ritualistic practices, while the essence of the traditions remains mostly homogeneous. Within the "Thar" there are clan division called "Pacha"(pa=papa/father and cha=children). Clans are exogamous. There is further classification within the Pacha known as "Samet", Samet traces the relationship of a person to his/her ancestor. Pacha and Samet is main ritual identity of Rai, which is compulsory needed in every ritual performance.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 May 2020|title=Thar, Pacha & Samet : Khambu Clan System|url=https://himalayancultures.com/cultures/khambu-culture/thar-pacha-samet-khambu-clan-system/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=In Somnath |first=Taxi Service |title=THE RAI TRIBE |url=https://taxiserviceinsomnath.com/blog/the-rai-tribe-sikkim.html}}</ref>

== Languages ==
{{main|Rai languages}}

The [[Rai languages]] are members of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family. They belong to the Kiranti group of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. In the [[Nepal]] National Census of 2011, roughly 800,000 respondents declared a [[Kiranti languages]] as their "mother tongue". The number of speakers is probably less than this. The Census of India (2001) reported 50,000 speakers of [[Limbu language|Limbu]] and Rai in India (most in [[Sikkim]]) [[Linguistic Survey of India]] n.d.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01705023/file/Michailovsky2017_Kiranti_Overview.pdf|title=Boyd Michailovsky. Kiranti Languages. The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2017. halshs-01705023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/471/1/IO076365_1901_IND-L.pdf|title=The Languages of India report on the census of India 1901}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
===Sakela===
{{main|Sakela (festival)}}

[[Sakela]] is the gathering of Rai people for the celebration of Udhauli and Ubhauli. Sakela is actually affiliated with Chamling people of Kirati Rai community. Since the identity of different groups of Rai are at depleting, many Rai are taking Sakela as the main festival of Rai. However, truth remains that Sakela is a dance performed during Udhauli and Ubhauli while Rai people gather together. The Rai people (Chamling group) call it by different names like Sakenwa, Sakela, Tosh or Toshi, Bhume, Sakel, Wass, Segro, Sakewa, Dhuulu, Phagulak, Gelang, Gayapuja among different linguistic groups. This event is performed for 15–15 days in a year as [[ubhauli]](Dhirinam) in full moon day of the [[Baisakh Purnima|Baisakh]] and [[udhauli]](Chhirinam), in full moon day of [[Mangsir]] in Kirati Rai villages.

The major philosophy of Sakela is nature worship; importance is placed on paying tribute to ancestors to whom current generations owe their existence.<ref>{{citation |title=The Embodiment of Rai Ethnic Identity in Sakela Performance |url=http://www.marionwettstein.ch/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/Wettstein2018DancingWhoWeAre_SakelaRaiKirat.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since Kirati people consider themselves the followers of the nature, they celebrate Udhauli and Ubhauli with sakela to worship sky, earth, rivers, and forest on the one hand; they pay tribute towards the deceased members of their family on the other hand.

During {{transliteration|tbq|sakela}}, the dance known as {{transliteration|tbq|silli}} is performed. {{transliteration|tbq|Silli}} varies from village to village in the beating of [[jhyamta]] [[cymbal]]s and [[dhol]]. The choreography of {{transliteration|tbq|silli}} depicts important daily activities, and explains the traditional origins of agricultural practices such as digging, tilling, weeding and farming cotton. Likewise, the imitation of the birds and animals is also performed in lively {{transliteration|tbq|silli}}. Other activities like worshiping the tap and sun are depicted in the {{transliteration|tbq|sillis}} and in the spiritual {{transliteration|tbq|sillis}}, the ancestors, like "Tayama-Khiyama", hunter, Chasum, Narawa, "Paruhang-Nayuma" are shown in dance.

The Kirati ancestor "Hetchhakuppa" is considered to be the first performer of {{transliteration|tbq|silli}}. Around 45 silli are claimed to be in the existence even today.

===Nwagi===
{{main|Nwagi festival}}

Nwagi is celebrated before eating the harvested food crops. Kirati Rai cleans the ancestral room (Suptulung), and various new crops are offered to the ancestors during Nwagi puja. Nwagi puja also known as (Pirtri puja) ancestor worship, it is believed that new food crops will not be eaten until the Nwagi puja or without being offered to the ancestors. Nwagi puja is all about offering new food of the year to the ancestors' cooking a lot of varieties of food (including alcohol) to offer to the ancestors. this puja is performed by a priest or elder people (male) of the house performing all the rituals. During the Nwagi celebration, family relatives are also invited to the house, different kinds of food and alcohol are served to the guests, relatives chat with each other and the day ends with a farewell. Kirati Rai calls the Nwagi puja by different names and performs it in different ways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kiratrai.org/nwagi/|title=पितृपुजा (न्वगी) | KIRATRAI.ORG}}</ref>

===Yele===
{{main|Yele Sambat}}

[[Yele Sambat]] also known as "Yaledong" By Rai People [[Maghe Sankranti]] also celebrate same day. The Yele Sambat calendar is named after the first Kirat king [[Yalambar]].
It is said that this calendar started when the Kirat king [[Yalambar]] defeated the Gopal dynasty in the [[Kathmandu Valley]]. The Yele Sambat calendar begins on 15 January. This new year day is also celebrated as [[Maghe Sankranti]] in Nepal when people eat sweet potato and various kinds of [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]] and [[sel roti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indigenousvoice.com/en/kirant-identity-and-yele-sambat.html|title=Kirant Identity And Yele Sambat—indigenousvoice|website=www.indigenousvoice.com|access-date=23 May 2021|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523140845/https://www.indigenousvoice.com/en/kirant-identity-and-yele-sambat.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Other festivals===
*Wadangmi Festival: Wadangmi is a Major Festival of Rai Community of [[Shahidbhumi Rural Municipality|Khalsa]] Region of [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]] District "Wadangmi" also known as "Papani" this festival started from [[Kartik Purnima]] and continues up to fifteen days .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9j3eIes8tM|title=WADHANGMI – किराती मौलिक लोक लयमा अाधारित (वाढाङमी लयमा अाधारित) पुर्खाको कथा पुर्खाको ब्यथा – 2076|date=7 July 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
*Dhwangkum Festival: "Dhwangkum" is a cultural festival celebrated in the origin place of Wambule Rai. It is also called Dhwangkum. According to the Hindu calendar, [[Janai Purnima]] is celebrated on a date. As it usually falls in August, it is also called [[Bhadra (Nepali calendar)|Bhadau]] Purnima. Wambule calls this date "Dhwangkum Purne" In Dhwangkumo, Libju Upo (Libju Baje), Bhumju Upo (Bhumju Baje), Dibju Upo (Dibju Baje), Sisi Sikari, Earth(Dharti), Sky(Akash) and the ancestors are worshiped.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libjubhumju.com/?p=1442|title=संस्कृति : संकटमा किरात वाम्बुले राई जातिको महान् चाड 'ढ्वाङ्कुमो'|date=15 September 2020}}</ref>
*The Saune Sankranti festival is celebrated in the Nepali month calendar [[Shrawan (Nepali calendar)|Shrawan]]

== Folk songs and dances ==
Tody in the field of Nepali music, vocal lyrics dance and other arts the Kirati- Rai occupied a large space. Specially Eastern Nepali folk music mostly influence from Rai community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rai Songs and Rituals|url=https://www.tirakita.com/Music_CD/mcd_clsc_888.shtm|website=www.tirakita.com}}</ref>

=== Folk songs ===

Rai community has numerous cultural rituals. The community stores a vast number of chham 'songs' which are sung for different purposes on specific occasions.

*"Hiyari Chham" is a special song that is performed on the occasion of the wedding ceremony in the Rai community. this song is a questions and answer song sung both male and female during wedding occasion. This song is sung in "Sungkhim" a (temporary or new house for guests). it is found that singing is done in some places even when the guests are leaving.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31f6dePrNiM|title=HIYARI – किराती मौलिक लोक लयमा अाधारित (हियारी) अाईया नि साईमा च्यौ "रुङरीमा" – 2076|date=7 July 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* "Saima Chham" is a song of birth, life and living and it is sung at work and at the waterpoint etc. Saimachham sung specially by women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saima Chham A Rai Wedding song |url=https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/video/hopmacham-rai-wedding-song|website=av.mandala.library.virginia.edu}}</ref>
* "Hakpare Chham" can also be taken as a folk song in Kirant Rai community. This song can be sung anywhere and by anybody and in anytime.hakpare chham is popular folk song specially in Yamphu, Lohorung and Mewahang Rai community<ref>{{cite web|title=Yamphu Hakpare songs|url=https://www.isaiyamphu.com/en/yamphu-hakpare-songs|website=/www.isaiyamphu.com|date=9 October 2019 }}</ref>
* "Laibari/Lamwari Chham" is one of the ancient original folk song of the Rai. In Bantawa Rai language "Laam" means Root "Wa"Means Water and "Ri" means Song "life song of rivers and streams".this folk song is an endangered already extinct these days.<ref>{{cite web|title=पुर्वको मौलिक लोकभाका:लैबरी|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=86jNnj_RsYM|website=m.youtube.com| date=10 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LAIBARI (LAMWARI) MOVIE DILENDRA MUKARUNG RAI|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_iop4a4tSSw|website=m.youtube.com| date=5 December 2015 }}</ref>

=== Folk dances ===
<gallery>
File:Sakela Silli dance in Dharan.jpg|Sakenwa Silli dance
File:Bayung Rai Hang Silli Dance in Kathmandu 2011.jpg|(Segro)Hang silli dance
File:Khaling Rai Silli Dance In Tundikhel Kathmandu.jpg|Wass silli dance
File:Yamphu Rai Gelang Silli Dance In Sankhuwasabha.jpg|Gelang silli dance
File:Thulung Rai Toshi Silli Dance In Kathmandu.jpg|Toshi silli dance
</gallery>
* "Silli Dance": Silli dances are performed during [[Udhauli]], [[Ubhauli]] [[Sakela]] Festival Silli dances are different styles and types among the various Rai sub-group. in silli dances the major instruments used [[Jhyamta]] and [[Dhol]] some Rai group only used [[Jhyamta]] in their silli dances. Horasungchha, Kulung, Khaling, Thulung, Nachhiring Rai also used animal [[Blowing horn|Horn]] (Pung Baja) in silli dances. [[File:Rai Kirati Instruments of Silli Dance.jpg|thumb|Traditional Instruments of Silli Dance]]Silli are mostly perform their daily activities that are similar to the activities of the human beings similarly the imitate other activities like worshiping the tap and sun the sillis show how people began agriculture like digging tilling, weeding and farming cotton. like wise the imitation of the Birds and animals, depiction of hunting, war etc. can be seen in silli dance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirat Rai Culture/Civilization and Religion|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jUiMszKkDtQ|website=m.youtube.com| date=February 2020 }}</ref>
* "Wadangmi Papani", also knowan as Papani or wadangmet this dance perform during Wadangmi festival. Wadangmi is a great festival of Rai community in Khalsa region of [[Dhankuta District]]. The dancing style of wadangmi is steps forward, three steps later, with the help of shoulder, the body communicates and dances to the beat of [[Dhol]] and [[Jhyamta]], singing songs of love, harmony and devotion. It is like a celebration of love. At this time, no one should scold or fight, if they scold or fight the ancestor deity [[Budhahang]] will unhappy. At this time, there is a popular belief that if a boy offers love to a girl or a girl offers love to a boy, he should not complain. "This festive dance beautifully embodies the issue of women's freedom and also shows that women do not have to endure any pressure at this time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirat Rai CommunityFacebook login|website = [[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/1198786756965046/posts/1752225084954541/?d=n |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1198786756965046/1752225084954541 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* "Chhonglak", also the part of Wadangmi Chhonglak is the language of the Rai of the Khalsa region of [[Dhankuta District]]. The word "Uchompakma" and "Lakwat" means to come from the soul to be happy, to forget all sorrows and get up. "Lak" means to dance happily. It is also said that it is time for the gods and goddesses to come to the Khalsa region. This is the initial stage of the Wadhangmi dance, which is celebrated throughout the Chhonglak festival to make happy the souls of the gods and goddesses.
* "Hopcha" is the traditional classical dance of Rai community and is mostly practiced in [[Dhankuta Municipality|Dhankuta]] Region .
* "Hurla" is cultural dance of Yamphu Rai of [[Sankhuwasabha District]] it is perform in the month of [[Mangsir]] (November–December) Hurla dance is performed with singing song during rice harvesting season in paddy field. this dance also called Paddy dance(Dhan Nach).<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurla Song of Yamphu movie Senungfu|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ntFwMjsqtIs|website=m.youtube.com| date=22 August 2020 }}</ref>
* "Shamanistic Dance" performed by Bijuwa, Nakchhong, Nakcho, Bijuwa Mangpa Shamans of Rai Community in various Ritual activities.
* "Maruni Dance" is a Popular Nepali folk Dance there are different types of Maruni dances Rai Community also perform maruni dance in various occasions Adhiya Maruni, Madale Maruni are very popular Maruni dances in Rai Community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Isilim Magazine of Dumi Kirat Rai Fansikhim|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/isilim/pdf/Isilim_04_05.pdf|website=himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>

=== Folk musical instruments ===
Some of the musical instruments found in Rai community are: Dhol, Jhyamta Binayo, Murchunga, Murali/Bansuri, Mandala (madal), Jhyali, Majira, Bimbilia, Sumbak), Khakuma, Pung, Sillimi, Yalamberbaja etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-xNXZMO2yU|title=Kirat Rai Folk Tune – किरात लोक धुन – Naulakha|date=12 January 2011 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

* [[Binayo]] '''Kongkongma/Dong'''
Kongkongma or Binayo is a traditional Kirati- Rai Instrument made from hidden [[Himalayacalamus asper|Malingo]] species of bamboo. Binayo is made by digging in the middle of a small bamboo-about six-inch stream, removing the tongue, tying the thread on both sides and carving a beautiful pattern. Binayo made in this way is played by shaking the long rope of the bar in front of the tongue When playing in this way, Binayo is placed on both the lips of the mouth to make various vakas and the vibration caused by the push of air from inside is affected by the tongue.This instrument is carried by a Kirat Rai woman hanging on the tuna of her cholo.

* Dhol '''Bubuk Ken'''
The main rhythm instrument of the Kirat Rai is Dhol or (Bubuk ken). This instrument is mainly used in Sakewa (Sakela dance) in some places mangpa and Bijuwas are also used for worship while sitting in the place . It is also a popular instrument in Nepal.

* [[Jhyamta]] '''Munikomma/Maniken'''
Along with the Dhol, Jhyamta (Munikomma) is also played in Sakewa Sakela dance. In some places, Bijuwa and Mangpas are also used for worship while sitting in the place.

* [[Yalamber Baja]] '''Yala Ken'''
Among the various bamboo instruments, the Yalambar is one of the most important and original instrument of the Kirat Rai . By keeping the eyes on both the sides of the bamboo, the choya of the same bamboo is taken out and a four-cornered hole is made in the middle of the bamboo choita chaper. This instrument is also an indicator of musical civilization.

* [[Murchunga]] '''Kakkong'''
Murchunga Or Kakkong made of iron is the original traditional instrument of Kirat Rai. It is customary for Kirat Rai youths to give this instrument as a gift to their favorite friends.

* [[Leaf (instrument)]] '''Sumbak Ken'''
Sumbak or leaf instrument is a musical instrument that is played by holding the side of a smooth leaf between two lips and taking out various vakas. This instrument is especially popular in Kirati community of Eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling region.

* Chari Baja [[Pan flute]] '''Khakuma'''
Khakuma or Charibaja is an instrument made of bamboo. this instrument is called Charibaja or (Khakuma) because it sounds like a bird when it is blown of the mouth.

* [[Blowing horn|Animal-horn instrument]] '''Pung Ken'''
Pung is an instrument played by blowing the horn of Animal [[Wild water buffalo|Wild buffalo]] with a hole in the top and placing a Malingo pipe in that small hole. This baja is played along with Dhol-zyamta with Nokcho (Shaman Priest) when going to worship at Tosh or Toshi, Wass (Sakela) Than. This instrument is a traditional instrument prevalent in the Khambu Rai community. This instrument is used with special importance by the Kulung, Khaling, Thulung, Nachhering of the Rai community. Its sound is similar to that of a conch shell.

* Murali '''Bibilimma'''
Murali (Bibilimma) Flute is made of small bamboo of [[Himalayacalamus asper|Malingo]] species. Nigalo Malingo bamboo is very good for to make Murali flute . It is cut horizontally on one side and a thin bamboo choya or bhakkimila wood is placed there and a hole is made. On the other side, 6–7 hole are placed. To play it, you put the side of the flute in your mouth and blow it slowly, then the sound starts flowing from there. In order to convert this flowing sound into music, the holes covered by the fingers are covered and opened in order. When playing the flute in this way, a very melodious voice flows. It is the most beloved instrument of Kirat Rai.

* Jharky Thal '''Chambyken'''
Chambyken (Jharky Thal) Bronze Plate are especially played by Mangpa, Bijuwa, [[Nakchhong]]s when they Chanting Mundum mantras.

* '''Jor Murali'''
Jor Murali (Two in One Flute) is endangered folk instrument of Kirat Rai. Jor Murali is played by tying two strings made of bamboo sticks with the same sound. Kirat Rai style of Jor Murali Baja is left to make in the present days. this Instrument have already become extinct.

* [[Dhyāngro|Dhyangro]] ''Sangra Ken'''
Dhyangro or (Sangra Ken) is mostly used by Khambu Rai Shamans; Mangpa, Bijuwa, well as their allies Kencharawa.

* '''Sillimi'''
This silimi is made by placing 12 rings side by side in a flat elongated shape made of iron and placing four rings under the lower grip. The silimi baja is played by holding the sili dance in one's hand and shaking it with the dance moves. This is the traditional instrument of the Rai Community

* [[Madal]] '''Rantang'''
Madal is one of the most popular instruments in Nepali music today. This Madal wooden stone is made of Animal leather, coal, rice husk and other materials. It is believed that Madal was made after the Yalambar Baja of the Kiratis. Madal has a special cultural significance in Wambule Rai community.

* [[Bansuri|Basuri]]
Basuri is also a major folk Instrument among Kirat Rai. Basuri has a Special Cultural significance important of Wambule Rai community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libjubhumju.com/?p=1694|title=वाम्बुले राई र बाँसुरी लोक परम्पराको सुनौलो कथा|date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

* Suseli '''Suisuila'''
The Kirat Rai used Susulila/Suseli as sweet music. [[Whistling]] can be done only with the mouth without the help of any object, while using the fingers of the hand in the mouth is also used to transmit signals far and wide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEG7J06IuQ4|title=New Lok Geet 2075/2018 | Sunkoshi Bagyo Salala – Jeeten Rai|date=6 May 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

* [[Kangling]] '''Bhalangkat'''
Kangling is mostly used by Rai (Shamans) Mangpa, Bijuwa, Nakchong during ritual activities

== Occupations ==
[[File:Erraced_Hillsides_around_Bung.jpg|thumb|[[Terraced|Terrace]] farming Hillsides around Bung Hongu Valley Lower [[Solukhumbu District|Solukhambu]] dominant inhabited region of Rai People of Kulung sub group]]
Farming is the main occupation of the majority of Rai people. Mostly they cultivate [[maize]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] in dry terraces, and [[rice]] in the wet fields. The grains grown are mostly for their own daily needs such as to use in festivals and to feed the animals. Besides that they use it to make spirits and beer for consumption and some sell at the bazar at the local market. In almost all households women Raise [[Water Buffalo|buffalo]], [[pig]]s and [[chicken]]s, and they run tiny provision stores for supplementary income, especially used to sell homemade beer and alcohol (Lee, 2005:16).

In the past Rai people were into hunting and they liked to use bow and arrows, and they used to weave their own clothes made from Bhangra (allo) to wear.

Traditionally daily housework, such as cooking is the responsibility of the young women, especially girls,. They tend to be the ones who gather firewood from the forests and carry water from the communal water sources while men are mostly involved in the agriculture activities.

In the past [[Kirati people|Kirati]] Rai people used to use the land under the Kipat system where the people exercised communal rights over the land; land that was tax free and included dominion over all cultivated lands, forests, streams and rivers within its bounds (Bista, 1967:38). Under the Kipat system other ethnic groups had to pay tax to the Rai owners of the land. People used to farm their land on their own, seldom were fields rented or cultivated by anyone others than the owners.

The planting and harvesting seasons from spring to autumn gives them plenty of work to do and in winter time villagers make trips towards the important towns to buy necessary goods such as salt, oil and materials for clothing. They carry goods for trade rather than money on these trips. One farmer may have several fields and they shift from one to another according to the seasons. Traditional Bullocks are used for ploughing the land, the grass and dry undergrowth are burned away, supplying the soil with ash residue (ibid: 38). A majority of the people are in debt, the usual practice for money transaction to be made against security in the land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/5105/thesis.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2|title=The impacts of Modernization on the traditional Sakawa Sili festival in the Rai Kirat community of Nepal: A case study of the Rai community}}</ref>

== Notable Rai people ==


* [[Agansing Rai]], recipient of 13th Victoria Cross
* [[Amar Singh Rai]] Indian Politician from Darjeeling
* [[Ashok Rai]], Former Vice Chairperson of Communist Party of Nepal and Senior leader of Socialist Party
* [[Asit Rai]], writer and novelist [[Sahitya Akademi]] winner
* [[Bal Bahadur Rai]], senior cabinet minister, acted as Prime Minister; senior leader of Nepali Congress Party
* [[Bhupal Rai]] poet, writer and Chancellor of [[Nepal Academy]]
* [[Bartika Eam Rai]] Nepali Singer/Song Writer
* [[Chandra Das Rai]], Indian politician, senior leader in Sikkim State Congress, bureaucrat and former journalist.
* [[Dayahang Rai]], actor, director, play writer and founder of 'Mandala Theatre'
* [[Deo Prakash Rai]] General secretary of the All India Gorkha League and named as Minister in the West Bengal state government.
* [[Dhiraj Rai]], Nepalese Singer
* [[Dil Maya Rai]], National Assembly of Bhutan
* [[Garja Man Rai]], Bhutanese Politician
* [[Gopal Kirati]], Nepalese Politician
* [[Haiman Das Rai]] Writer in Indian Nepali Literature [[Sahitya Akademi]] winner
* [[Hari Prasad Gorkha Rai]] writer
* [[Harka Raj Rai]](Harka Sampang) [[Mayor of Dharan]]
* [[Indra Bahadur Rai]], writer and literary critic
* [[Jai Bir Rai]], Minister of Education Bhutan
* [[Kiban Rai]] Professional [[Wales|Welsh]] footballer
* [[Jitu Rai]] Indian shooter [[Padma Shri]] and [[Khel Ratna Award]] winner
* [[Lain Singh Bangdel]], former Chancellor of the Royal Nepal Academy
* [[Lalit Rai]], Indian Kargil War
* [[Man Bahadur Rai]] Indian Army Officer
* [[Manbir Rai]], Defence Minister [[Government of Nepal]]
* [[Meenakshi Madan Rai]] first female Judge of Sikkim High Court
* [[Melina Rai]], Nepalese singer
*[[Milan Chams]], Nepalese Director
* [[Mira Rai]], athlete and trail runner
* [[Narad Muni Thulung]], senior cabinet acted as Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]], Longest serving Chief Minister of India (24 years, 165 days), founder of the Sikkim Democratic Front party
* [[Pradeep Kumar Rai]], lyricist of current Nepalese National Anthem, [[Sayaun Thunga Phulka]]
* [[Prem Das Rai]], Indian politician from Sikkim
* [[Rajan Mukarung]], writer and activist
* [[Rajendra Kumar Rai (Nepalese politician)|Rajendra Kumar Rai]] 3rd Chief Minister of [[Province No. 1]] Nepal
* [[Rajendra Kumar Rai (Nepalese politician, born 1964)|Rajendra Kumar Rai]], cabinet minister [[Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation (Nepal)|Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation]] Nepal
* [[Rajesh Payal Rai]], singer and music composer
* [[Ram Prasad Rai]], revolutionary fighter against Rana autocracy
* [[Ratna Bahadur Rai]], Indian Politician From [[Darjeeling]]
* [[Sabin Rai]], pop singer from Dharan
* [[Santa Bahadur Rai]], Secretary & Chairman Public Service Commission
* [[Sarita Rai]], Indian Politician from [[West Bengal]]
* [[Shiva Kumar Rai]], Nepali writer and the first Gorkha minister in the state of West Bengal
* [[Shrawan Mukarung]], poet
* [[Sudan Kirati]], cabinet minister [[Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (Nepal)|Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation]] Nepal
* [[Suk Bahadur Rai]], awarded [[Aung San Thuriya]] in 1950 [[Anno Domini|A.D.]]
* [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]], Indian Politician from Assam belong to [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Tarundeep Rai]], Indian Olympiad archer [[Padma Shri]] and [[Arjuna Award]] winner
* [[Tek Bahadur Rai]], politician from Bhutan, Member of the National Assembly of Bhutan
* [[Tulshi Devi Rai]], Former minister of Water Security, Public Health Engineering, Social Justice, Empowerment & Welfare Departments of Sikkim
* [[Wilson Bikram Rai]], comedian, actor, singer, dancer, film producer

==See also==
*[[Ethnic groups in Bhutan]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
*[[Kiranti languages]] ([[Rai Languages]])
*[[Sikkimese people]]
*[[South Asian ethnic groups]]
*[[Kirati people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://rights.culturalsurvival.org/international-year-indigenous-languages-rai-nepal Rai languages of Nepal Indigenous rights Radio]
*[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kT_2ST7josI Kirat Rai Historical Documentary]
*[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Rai+Nepalese+People+&qt=owc_search Worldcat archive related Rai People]
*[https://hav.univie.ac.at/collections/mewahang/ Two Rai Shamans/Rituals From Arun Valley Sankhuwasabha District of East Nepal 1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521091428/https://hav.univie.ac.at/collections/mewahang/ |date=21 May 2021 }}
*[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=F-xNXZMO2yU Kirat Rai Folk Tune By Kirat Rai Cultural Artist Group]
*[https://www.tirakita.com/Music_CD/mcd_clsc_888.shtml Rai Songs and Rituals]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130512053815/http://stb.univie.ac.at/das-istb-verstehen/forschungsprojekte/ritual-raum-mimesis-bei-den-rai-in-ostnepal/ Academic Research Project on Rai Culture by the University of Vienna, Austria]
*[http://kiratrai.org/ The Kirat Rai – An indigenous Ethnic Group of Nepal]
*[https://www.facebook.com/kiratraicommunityorg/ Kirat Rai Community Facebook Page]
*[http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/journals/isilim/ Isilim magazine journals Dumi Kirat Rai Funsikim digitalhimalaya]
*[http://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11145-kirat-rai.pdf Kirat Rai Script]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=btFrFTjyepsC Pavana Cāmaliṅa: zamīna se juṛe eka rājanītijña kā safaranāmā]
*[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iri-ZWh_2fk Binayo Kirat Rai Folk Historical Movie 2018]
*[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Demography of Nepal Volume II]
*[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf Census of India 2011 Language]
*[https://www.ukroa.org/ United Kirat Rai Organisation of America]
*[http://www.nefin.org.np Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN)]

{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Nepal]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Kiranti]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]

Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige

2026-03-21T14:28:05Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added first info added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige
| image = Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramenahalli Jagannath
| producer = Jai Chamundeshwari Productions
| writer = Ramenahalli Jagannath
| starring = {{plain list|
* Nihar Mukesh
* [[Rachana Inder]]
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* [[Ravindra Vijay]]
}}
| music = Joe Costa
| cinematography = Deepak Yaragera
| editing = Suresh Armugam
| studio = Jai Chamundeshwari Productions
| distributor = Janani Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|01}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget = ₹2.08 crore
| gross = ₹5.32 crore
}}

'''''Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige''''' ({{translation|To the beloved father}}) is a 2026 Indian Kannada‑language family drama film written and directed by Ramenahalli Jagannatha and produced under the Jai Chamundeshwari Productions banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/videos/2026/Jan/04/watch-ramenahalli-jagannatha-new-filmmakers-often-dont-know-who-will-stand-by-them-theertharoopa-thandeyavarige|title=Watch- Ramenahalli Jagannatha: New filmmakers often dont know who will stand by them - Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige}}</ref> It stars debutant Nihar Mukesh,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/29/kannadainterviews2025dec29kannada-cinema-has-a-rich-legacy-and-i-want-to-add-my-story-to-it-nihar-mukesh|title=Kannada cinema has a rich legacy, and I want to add my story to it: Nihar Mukesh|work=The New Indian Express|date=29 December 2025}}</ref> and [[Rachana Inder]] in the lead, alongside [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Rajesh Nataranga]], [[Ravindra Vijay]], Ajith Hande, and Ashwitha R. Hegde in supporting roles. Joe Costa composed the music, Deepaka Yaregara served as director of photography, and Suresh Arumugam handled editing.

The official trailer was released on December 6, 2025 via Anand Audio’s YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/entertainment/theertharoopa-thandeyavarige-film-trailer-released-karnataka-news-kas25120802199|title='ತೀರ್ಥರೂಪ ತಂದೆಯವರಿಗೆ' ಟ್ರೇಲರ್ ರಿಲೀಸ್: ಎಮೋಷನಲ್ ಕಥೆ ಹೇಳಹೊರಟ ರಾಮೇನಹಳ್ಳಿ ಜಗನ್ನಾಥ್|work=ETV Bharat|date=8 December 2025|language=kn}}</ref> The film was theatrically released in India on January 1, 2026 and runs 149 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadascreens.com/2025/12/09/theertharoopa-thandeyavarige-to-be-the-first-film-of-2026/|title='Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige' to be the first film of 2026|work=Kannada Screens|date=9 December 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pruthvi, a popular travel vlogger, harbors resentment toward his single mother Janaki and keeps his distance from home. As he grows close to Akshara, the daughter of a senior journalist, a chain of revelations forces him to confront the past—particularly the disappearance and public stature of his estranged father. The film traces Pruthvi’s search and the emotional reconciliation that follows, exploring friendships outside conventional labels, class divides within relationships, and the healing of fractured family bonds.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* Nihar Mukesh as Pruthvi, a travel vlogger
* [[Rachana Inder]] as Akshara
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Vishwanath
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Janaki
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Prof. Shivshankar
* Ajith Hande as Ravi Ramanathapura, retired journalist
* Ashwitha R. Hegde as Ramya
* Girish Shivanna as Ashokanna, tea shop
* Gopan Mangath
* Swetanshu Bora
* Vijayalakshmi Upadhyaya
* Siddharth Krishnan
* Natana Prashanth
* Medini Kelamane
* Arya Swaroop
* Srivathsa
* Yogesh Bhonsle
* Deepak Hegde
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following his 2023 debut ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]'', director Ramenahalli Jagannatha pursued another slice‑of‑life/family‑values story centered on relationships and emotional healing. Pre‑release interviews emphasized a New Year’s Day launch and the film’s focus on how a single mistake can shake a family before it finds a way back together.

The filming took place across multiple regions, with sequences set in or traveling through [[Moodigere]], [[Mysuru]], [[Kochi]], [[Meghalaya]], and the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/09/rachana-inder-joins-the-cast-of-theertharoopa-thandeyavarige|title=Rachana Inder joins the cast of Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige|work=The New Indian Express|date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The official trailer premiered on December 6, 2025 on the Anand Audio channel, highlighting the film’s family‑drama premise, Joe Costa’s score, and credits for the core crew. Promotional coverage in Kannada media reinforced the January 1 release plan and the film’s positioning as a family‑audience title to start 2026.

== Music ==
Joe Costa composed the soundtrack and background score.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/29/first-song-of-teertharoopa-thandeyavaru-out-explores-the-bond-between-mother-and-son|title=First song of Teertharoopa Thandeyavaru out, explores the bond between mother and son|work=Cinema Express|date=29 September 2025}}</ref> The lyrics were written by Nagarjuna Sharma, and Ramenahalli Jagannatha.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nanade Jagadalli
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| lyrics1 = Ramenahalli Jagannatha
| length1 = 3:47
| title2 = Nee Nannavale
| extra2 = Rajath Hegde, Eesha Suchi
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| length2 = 3:05
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released theatrically in India on January 1, 2026, with a reported runtime of 149 minutes.

Early critical response in English and Kannada media has been mixed‑to‑positive: [[The Hindu]] praised the film’s relatable slice‑of‑life approach, strong performances (particularly Ravindra Vijay and Sithara), and authentic character interactions, noting some pacing issues and a few over‑extended sequences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/theertharoopa-thandeyavarige-movie-review-relatable-slice-of-life-drama-ramenahalli-jagannatha/article70463603.ece|title='Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige' movie review: A relatable slice of life drama :Ramenahalli Jagannatha|work=The Hindu|date=1 January 2026}}</ref> [[India Today]] called it “a truly emotional and engaging family drama,” lauding the balance of emotions and the delicately handled budding romance, while pointing out gaps in the screenplay and unresolved elements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/theertharoopa-thandeyavarige-review-kannada-family-drama-emotional-healing-2844432-2025-12-31|title=Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige review: A truly emotional and engaging family drama|work=India Today|date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

Kannada outlets such as TV9 Kannada, Eedina, and Prajavani highlighted the film’s emotional core, performances of the senior cast, and Joe Costa’s background score and Deepaka Yaregara’s cinematography; criticisms centered on screenplay trims, certain logical leaps, and portions perceived as overlong.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35322760|Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United States]]

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada

2026-03-13T08:41:20Z

ClaudiaChilds56: Made The Stub W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actor in Kannada films
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| holder = Gowrishankar for ''[[Kerebete]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| website =
}}

The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Kannada films. The award is given by a chosen jury of critics assigned.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| [[Sanchari Vijay]]
| Madesha / Vidya
| ''[[Naanu Avanalla...Avalu]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| Karna
| ''[[Kirik Party]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]
| [[Allama Prabhu]]
| ''[[Allama (film)|Allama]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| [[Sathish Ninasam]]
| Siddhegowda
| ''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–21]]
|[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]]
|Aditya
|''[[Love Mocktail]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|[[Naveen Shankar]]
|Aadi
|''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|Poornachandra Mysore
|Poorna
|''[[Orchestra Mysuru]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2024 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2024_-67630.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|Gowrishankar
|Naga
|''[[Kerebete]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Kannada) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-kannada-81913.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor - Kannada}}
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2016]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Kannada)]]

Bengali grammar

2026-03-12T17:48:06Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding bio

{{short description|Grammar of the Bengali language}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
'''Bengali grammar''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা ব্যাকরণ}} ''Bangla bêkôrôn'') is the study of the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[syntax]] of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], an [[Indo-European language]] primarily spoken in the [[Bengal|Bengal region]] of South Asia. Given that Bengali has two forms, চলিত ভাষা (''cholito bhasha'') and সাধু ভাষা (''shadhu bhasha''), the grammar discussed below applies fully only to the চলিত (''cholito'') form. ''Shadhu bhasha'' is generally considered outdated and no longer used either in writing or in normal conversation. Although Bengali is typically written in the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]], a [[Romanization of Bengali|romanization]] scheme{{which|date=June 2018}} is also used here to outline the pronunciation.

==Pronouns==

=== Personal pronouns ===
Bengali personal pronouns are somewhat similar to English pronouns, having different words for first, second, and third person, and also for singular and plural (unlike for verbs, below). Bengali pronouns do not differentiate for gender; that is, the same pronoun may be used for "he" or "she". However, Bengali has different third-person pronouns for proximity. The first are used for someone who is present in the discussion, and the second are for those who are nearby but not present in the discussion. The third are usually for those who are not present. In daily speech, speakers may often ignore some of these distinctions. Additionally, each of the second- and third-person pronouns have different forms for the familiar and polite forms; the second person also has a "very familiar" form (sometimes called "despective"). It may be noted that the "very familiar" form is used when addressing particularly close friends or family as well as for addressing subordinates, or in abusive language.

In the following tables, the abbreviations used are as follows:

'''VF''' = very familiar,

'''F''' = familiar,

'''P''' = polite (honor);

'''H''' = here,

'''T''' = there,

'''E''' = elsewhere (proximity),

'''I''' = inanimate.

The '''nominative''' case is used for pronouns that are the subject of the sentence, such as "'''''I''''' already did that" or "Will '''''you''''' please stop making that noise?"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns (nominative case)
! Subject !! Proximity !! Honor !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!1
! rowspan="4" |N/A
!N/A
|আমি (ami, I)
|আমরা (amra, we)
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
!VF
|তুই (tui, you)
|তোরা (tora, you)
|-
! F
| তুমি (''tumi'', you) || তোমরা (''tomra,'' you)
|-
! P
| আপনি (''apni,'' you) || আপনারা (''apnara,'' you)
|-
! rowspan="9" | 3
! rowspan="3" | H
! F
| এ (''e,'' he/she) ||এরা (''era,'' they)
|-
! P
| ইনি (''ini,'' he/she) ||এঁরা/এনারা/ইনারা (''ẽra/enara/inara,'' they)
|-
!I
|এটি/এটা (''eţi/eţa,'' it)
|এগুলো (''egulo'', these)
|-
! rowspan="3" | T
! F
|ও (''o,'' he/she) ||ওরা (''ora,'' they)
|-
! P
| উনি (''uni,'' he/she) ||ওঁরা/ওনারা/উনারা (''õra/onara/unārā,'' they)
|-
!I
|ওটি/ওটা (''oţi/oţa,'' it)
|ওগুলো (''ogulo,'' those)
|- i
! rowspan="3" | E
! F
|সে (''she,'' he/she) ||তারা (''tara,'' they)
|-
! P
|তিনি (''tini,'' he/she) ||তাঁরা (''tãra,'' they)
|-
!I
|সেটি/সেটা (''sheţi/sheţa'', it)
|সেগুলো (''shegulo,'' those)
|}

The '''objective''' case is used for pronouns serving as the direct or indirect objects, such as "I told '''''him''''' to wash the dishes" or "The teacher gave '''''me''''' the homework assignment". The inanimate pronouns remain the same in the objective case.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns (objective case)
! Subject !! Proximity !! Honor !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!1
! rowspan="4" |N/A
!N/A
|আমাকে/রে (amake/re, to me)
|আমাদেরকে (amaderke, to us)
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
!VF
|তোকে/রে (toke/re, to you)
|তোদেরকে (toderke, to you)
|-
!F
|তোমাকে/রে (tomake/re, to you)
|তোমাদেরকে (tomaderke, to you)
|-
!P
|আপনাকে/রে (apnake/re, to you)
|আপনাদেরকে (apnaderke, to you)
|-
! rowspan="9" | 3
! rowspan="3" | H
! F
| একে/রে ''(eke/re'', to him/her) ||এদেরকে (''ederke'', to them)
|-
! P
| এঁকে/রে (''ẽke/re'', to him/her) ||এঁদেরকে (''ẽderke'', them)
|-
!I
|এটিকে/এটাকে (''eţike/eţake,'' to it)
|এগুলোকে (''eguloke'', to these)
|-
! rowspan="3" | T
! F
|ওকে/রে (''oke/re'', to him/her) ||ওদেরকে (''oderke'', to them)
|-
! P
| ওঁকে/রে (''õke/re'', to him/her) ||ওঁদেরকে (''õderke'', to them)
|-
!I
|ওটিকে/ওটাকে (''oţike/oţake,'' to it)
|ওগুলোকে (''oguloke,'' to those)
|-
! rowspan="3" | E
! F
|তাকে/রে (''take/re'', to him/her) ||তাদেরকে (''taderke'', to them)
|-
! P
|তাঁকে/রে (''tãke/re'', to him/her) ||তাঁদেরকে (''tãderke'', to them)
|-
!I
|সেটিকে/সেটাকে (''sheţike/sheţake'', to it)
|সেগুলোকে (''sheguloke,'' to those)
|}

The '''genitive case''' is used to show possession, such as "Where is '''''your''''' coat?" or "Let's go to '''''our''''' house". In addition, sentences such as "'''''I have''''' a book" (আমার একটি বই আছে) or "'''''I need''''' money" (আমার টাকা দরকার) also use the genitive (the literal translation of the Bengali versions of these sentences would be "There is '''''my''''' book" and "There is '''''my''''' need for money" respectively).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns (genitive case)
! Subject !! Proximity !! Honor !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!1
! rowspan="4" |N/A
!N/A
|আমার (''amar'', my/mine)
|আমাদের (''amader'', our)
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
!VF
|তোর (''tor'', your)
|তোদের (''toder'', your)
|-
!F
|তোমার (''tomar'', your)
|তোমাদের (''tomader'', your)
|-
!P
|আপনার (''apnar'', your)
|আপনাদের (''apnader'', your)
|-
! rowspan="9" | 3
! rowspan="3" | H
! F
| এর (''er'', his/her) ||এদের (''eder'', their)
|-
! P
| এঁর (''ẽr'', his/her) ||এঁদের (''ẽder'', their)
|-
!I
|এটির/এটার (''eţir/eţar'', its)
|এগুলোর (''egulor'', of these)
|-
! rowspan="3" | T
! F
|ওর (''or'', his/her) ||ওদের (''oder'', their)
|-
! P
| ওঁর (''õr'', his/her) ||ওঁদের (''õder'', their)
|-
!I
|ওটির/ওটার (''oţir/oţar'', its)
|ওগুলোর (''ogulor'', of those)
|-
! rowspan="3" | E
! F
|তার (''tar'', his/her) ||তাদের (''tader'', their)
|-
! P
|তাঁর (''tãr'', his/her) ||তাঁদের (''tãder'', their)
|-
!I
|সেটির/সেটার (''sheţir/sheţar'', its)
|সেগুলোর (''shegulor'', of those)
|}

=== Indefinite and negative pronouns ===
Bengali has no negative pronouns (such as ''no one, nothing, none''). These are typically represented by adding the negative particle না (''na'') to [[indefinite pronoun]]s, which are themselves derived from their corresponding question words. Common indefinite pronouns are listed below.
{| class="wikitable"
!Question word
!Indefinite pronoun
!Indefinite negative pronoun
|-
|কে (''ke'', who)
|কেউ (''keu'', someone)
|কেউ না (''keu na'', no one)
|-
|কার (''kar'', whose)
|কারও (''karo'', someone's)
|কারও না (''karo na'', no one's)
|-
|কাকে/রে (''kake/re'', to whom)
|কাউকে/রে (''kauke/re'', to someone)
|কাউকেরে না (''kauke/re na'', to no one)
|-
|কোন (''kon'', which)
|কোনো (''kono'', any)
|কোনো না (''kono na'', none)
|-
|কি (''ki'', what)
|কিছু (''kichu'', some/something)
|কিছু না (''kichu na'', nothing)
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
The relative pronoun যে (''je'') and its different variants, as shown below, are commonly employed in complex sentences. The relative pronouns for animate objects change for number and honor, but those for inanimate objects can stay the same.
{| class="wikitable"
!Animacy
! Case !! Honor !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! rowspan="6" |Animate
! rowspan="2" |Nominative
!F
|যে (''je'')
|যারা (''jara'')
|-
!P
|যিনি (''jini'')
|যাঁরা (''jãra'')
|-
! rowspan="2" |Objective
!F
|যাকে/রে (''jake/re'')
|যাদের (''jader'')
|-
!P
|যাঁকে/রে (''jãke/re'')
|যাঁদের (''jãder'')
|-
! rowspan="2" |Genitive
!F
|যার (''jar'')
|যাদের (''jader'')
|-
!P
|যাঁর (''jãr'')
|যাঁদের (''jãder'')
|-
! rowspan="3" |Inanimate
!Nominative
!N/A
|যা/যেটা (''ja্/jeţa'')
|যা/যেগুলো (''ja/jegulo'')
|-
!Genitive
!N/A
|যার/যেটার (''jar/jeţar'')
|যার/যেগুলোর (''jar/jegulor'')
|-
!Locative
!N/A
|যাতে/যেটাতে (''jate/jeţate'')
|যাতে/যেগুলোতে (''jate/jegulote'')
|}

==Nouns==

===Case===
Nouns are also inflected for [[declension|case]], including [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Accusative case|objective (accusative)]], [[genitive case|genitive (possessive)]], and [[locative case|locative]]. The marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun's degree of [[animacy]]. The objective case cannot be inflected upon nouns which are inanimate, and the locative case cannot be inflected upon nouns which are animate. When a [[article (grammar)|definite article]] such as ''-ţa'' (টা, for singular nouns) or ''-gulo'' (গুলো, for plural nouns) is added, nouns are also inflected for [[Grammatical number|number]]. In formal contexts, especially in writing, the definite article ''-ţa'' is replaced by ''-ţi'' (টি). There is also an alternative way of using the plural definite article, -''gulo'', by making it -''guli'' (গুলি). For animate nouns, ''-gulo/-guli'' are often replaced by ''-ra'' (রা) Below are two tables which show the inflections of an animate noun, ছাত্র ''chhatrô'' (student), and an inanimate noun, জুতা ''juta'' (shoe).
{| class="wikitable"
|+Noun inflection
|-
!Case
!Animacy
!Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative
! rowspan="3" |Animate
| {{fs interlinear|ছাত্রটি ছাত্রটা|chhatrô-ţi chhatrô-ţa|the student}}
| {{fs interlinear|ছাত্ররা|chhatrô-ra|the students}}
|-
! Objective
| {{fs interlinear|ছাত্রটি'''কে/রে''' ছাত্রটা'''কে/রে'''|chhatrô-ţi-'''ke/re''' chhatrô-ţa-'''ke/re'''|(to) the student}}
| {{fs interlinear|ছাত্রদেরকে|chhatrô-'''der'''-'''ke'''|(to) the students}}
|-
! Genitive
| {{fs interlinear|ছাত্রটি'''র''' ছাত্রটা'''র'''|chhatrô-ţi-'''r''' chhatrô-ţa-'''r'''|the student's}}
| {{fs interlinear|ছাত্র'''দের'''|chhatrô-'''der'''|the students'}}
|-
!Nominative
! rowspan="3" | Inanimate
|{{fs interlinear|জুতাটি জুতাটা|juta-ţi juta-ţa|the shoe}}
|{{fs interlinear|জুতাগুলো|juta-gulo|the shoes}}
|-
!Genitive
|{{fs interlinear|জুতাটি'''র''' জুতাটা'''র'''|juta-ţi-'''r''' juta-ţa-'''r'''|the shoe's}}
|{{fs interlinear|জুতাগুলো'''র'''|juta-gulo-'''r'''|the shoes'}}
|-
!Locative
|{{fs interlinear|জুতাটিতে/ জুতাটায়|juta-ţi-'''te'''/ juta-ţa-'''y'''|on/in the shoe}}
|{{fs interlinear|জুতাগুলোতে|juta-gulo-'''te'''|on/in the shoes}}
|}
All of the inflected nouns above have a definite article preceding their case markers. There are some basic rules to keep in mind about the cases, apart from the "default" nominative.

For the objective case, the ending -রে -''re'' is mostly used in [[Bangladesh]] both in stadard use and across [[Eastern Bengali dialects|eastern bengali dialects]]. Whilst, the ending -কে -ke is mostly used in [[West Bengal]]''.''

For the genitive case, the ending may change, though never with a definite article attached. A noun (without an article) which ends in a consonant or the inherent vowel, অ ''ô'', is inflected by adding – ের -''er'' to the end of the word (and deleting the inherent vowel if applicable). An example of this would be the genitive of মাংস ''mangshô'' "meat" being মাং'''সের''' {{Transliteration|bn|mangsh'''er'''}} "of meat" or "(the) meat's". A noun which ends in any vowel apart from the inherent vowel will just have a -র -''r'' following it, as in the genitive of ছেলে {{Transliteration|bn|chhele}} being ছেলে'''র''' {{Transliteration|bn|chhele'''r'''}} "(the) boy's". The genitive ending is also applied to verbs (in their verbal noun forms), which is most commonly seen when using postpositions (for example: শেখা'''র''' জন্য ''shekhar'' ''jonno'', "to/for learning").

For the locative case, the marker also changes in a similar fashion to the genitive case, with consonants having their own ending, – ে -''e'', and all other vowels having another ending, -তে -''te'', with one exception. If a noun ends with – া -''a'', then its locative case marker would be -য় -''y'', as in কলকাতায় ''Kolkata-y'' "to Kolkata". However, this exception for ''-a'' ending nouns is sometimes ignored, and colloquially many will say কলকাতাতে ''Kolkata-te'' instead of the proper ''Kolkata-y''.

===Measure words===
When counted, nouns must also be accompanied by the appropriate [[measure word]]. As in many eastern Asian languages (e.g. [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], etc.), nouns in Bengali cannot be counted directly by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. The noun's measure word ('''MW''') must be used in between the numeral and the noun. Most nouns take the generic measure word ''ţa'', although there are many more specific measure words, such as ''jon'', which is only used to count humans.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Measure words
|-
! Bengali
|-
| {{interlinear|Nôy-'''ţa''' ghoŗi|Nine-'''MW''' clock|Nine clocks
| top = নয়টি ঘড়ি
}}
|-
| {{interlinear|Kôy-'''ţa''' balish|{How many-'''MW'''} pillow|How many pillows
| top = কত বালিশ
}}
|-
| {{interlinear|Ônek-'''jon''' lok|Many-'''MW''' person|Many people
}}
|-
| {{interlinear| Char-pañch-'''jon''' shikkhôk| Four-five-'''MW''' teacher| Four or five teachers}}
|}

Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. ''aţ biŗal'' instead of ''aţ-'''ţa''' biŗal'' "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, omitting the noun and preserving the measure word is grammatical and not uncommon to hear. For example, ''Shudhu êk-'''jon''' thakbe.'' (lit. "Only one-'''MW''' will remain.") would be understood to mean "Only one '''person''' will remain.", since ''jon'' can only be used to count humans. The word ''lok'' "person" is implied.

== Adjectives ==
Adjectives do not inflect for case, gender, or number in Bengali and are placed before the noun they modify.

Some adjectives form their opposites by prefixing অ- (before consonants) or অন- (before vowels): for example, the opposite of সম্ভব (''sômbhôb'', "possible") is অসম্ভব (''asômbhôb, "''impossible").

Demonstrative adjectives – ''this'' and ''that'' – correspond to এই and ওই respectively, with the definite article attached to the following noun. Their plural forms (''these/those'') remain the same, with the plurality denoted by the definite article or the classifier. Thus, ''this book'' would translate to এই বইটি, while ''those books'' would translate to ওই বইগুলো.

=== Comparatives and superlatives ===
Bengali adjectives form their comparative forms with আরও (''aaro,'' "more"), and their superlative forms with সবচেয়ে (''shôbcheye'', "than all"). Comparisons are formed by using the genitive form of the object in comparison, followed by the postposition চেয়ে (cheye, "than") and then by আরও ("more") or একটু কম (ektu ''kôm'', "little less"). It is important to note that sometimes speakers may change the postposition following the genitive form of the object of comparison from চেয়ে (cheye, "than") to থেকে (theke, "from"), which is not considered correct by the written standard. The word for "more" is optional, but the word for "less" is required, so in its absence "more" is inferred. Adjectives can be additionally modified by using অনেক (''ônek'', "much") or অনেক বেশি (''ônek beshi'', "much more"), which are especially useful for comparing quantities. To refer to two things as being the same, চেয়ে (cheye, "than") is not used after the genetive form of the object. Rather the postposition মতো (''môto'', "like") or সমান (s''ôman, "equal") are used.''

{| class="wikitable"
!Bengali
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=bn
|সুভাষ {আব্দুর রাহীমের} চেয়ে লম্বা
|Subhāṣh abdur-rahīmēr cēẏē lombā
|Subhash {Abdur Raheem’s} than tall
|Subhash is taller than Abdur Raheem}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=bn
|সুভাষ {আব্দুর রাহীমের} চেয়ে আরো লম্বা
|Subhāṣh abdur-rahīmēr cēẏē ar'ō lombā
|Subhash {Abdur Raheem} than more tall
|Subhash is taller than Abdur Raheem}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=bn
|সুভাষ {আব্দুর রাহীমের} চেয়ে একটু কম লম্বা
|Subhāṣh {abdur rahīmēr} cēẏē ēktu kom lombā
|Subhash {Abdur Raheem} than little less tall
|Subhash is less tall than Abdur Raheem}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=bn
|সুভাষ {আব্দুর রাহীমের} সমান লম্বা
|Subhāṣh {abdur rahīmēr} somān lombā
|Subhash {Abdur Raheem} equal tall
|Subhash is as tall as Abdur Raheem}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=bn
|সুভাষ {আব্দুর রাহীমের} চেয়ে অনেক লম্বা
|Subhāṣh {abdur rahīmēr} cēẏē onēk lombā
|Subhash { Abdur Raheem} than much tall
|Subhash is much taller than Abdur Raheem}}
|}

==Verbs==
Bengali verbs are highly [[inflected]] and are regular with only few exceptions. They consist of a stem and an ending; they are traditionally listed in Bengali dictionaries in their "verbal noun" form, which is usually formed by adding ''-a'' to the stem: for instance, করা (''kôra, to do'') is formed from the stem কর. The stem can end in either a vowel or a consonant. Verbs are conjugated for [[grammatical tense|tense]] and [[grammatical person|person]] by changing the endings, which are largely the same for all verbs. However, the stem vowel can often change as part of the phenomenon known as "[[vowel harmony]]", whereby one vowel can be influenced by other vowels in the word to sound more harmonious. An example would be the verb "to write", with stem ''lekh-'': লেখো (''l'''e'''kho, you all write'') but also লিখি (''l'''i'''khi, we write''). In general, the following transformations take place: ''ô'' → ''o'', ''o'' → ''u'', ''æ'' → ''e'', ''e'' → ''i'', and ''a'' → ''e'' (the latter only in the perfect tenses), where the verbal noun features the first vowel but certain conjugations use the second. In addition, the verbs দেওয়া (''dêoa'', ''to give'') and নেওয়া (''nêoa'', ''to take'') switch between ''e'', ''i'', ''a'', and ''æ''. If verbs are classified by stem vowel and if the stem ends in a consonant or vowel, there are nine basic classes in which most verbs can be placed; all verbs in a class will follow the same pattern. A prototype verb from each of these classes will be used to demonstrate conjugation for that class; '''bold''' will be used to indicate mutation of the stem vowel. Additionally, there are irregular verbs, such as যাওয়া (''jaoa,'' to go) that change the first consonant in their stem in certain conjugations, or such as চাওয়া (''chaoa,'' to want) that add an extra ই ''-i-'' to the stem in the future, present progressive, simple past, and past habitual.

Like many other [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (such as [[Hindi]] or [[Marathi language|Marathi]]), nouns can be turned into verbs by combining them with select auxiliary verbs. In Bengali, the most common such auxiliary verb is করা (''kôra, to do);'' thus, verbs such as ''to'' ''joke'' are formed by combining the noun form of ''joke'' (রসিকতা) with ''to do'' (করা) to create রসিকতা করা. When conjugating such verbs the noun part of such a verb is left untouched, so in the previous example, only করা would be inflected or conjugated (e.g.: "''I will make a joke"'' becomes আমি রসিকতা করব; see more on tenses below). Other auxiliary verbs include দেওয়া and নেওয়া, but the verb করা enjoys significant usage because it can be combined with foreign verbs to form a native version of the verb, even if a direct translation exists. Most often this is done with English verbs: for example, "''to vote''" is often referred to as ভোট দেওয়া (''bhot dæoa'', where ''bhot'' is the transliteration of "vote").

=== Copula ===
Bengali is considered a [[zero copula]] language in some aspects.

* In the simple present tense, there is no verb connecting the subject to the predicative (the "zero-verb" copula). There is one notable exception, however, which is when the predicative takes on the existential, locative, or genitive aspects; for such purposes, the incomplete verb আছ- (''ach'') is used, which is conjugated according to the rules given below. Whereas the verb হওয়া (''howa'') means "to be", the verb আছ- can be roughly translated as "to exist" or "to be present".
* In the past tense, the incomplete verb আছ- is always used as the copula, regardless of the nature of the predicative.
* For the future tense and non-finite structures, the copula is supplied by the verb হওয়া (''howa''), with the exceptions being the genitive and locative predicatives for which the verb থাকা (''thaka'', "to remain") is utilized.
* '''Possession:''' Bengali does not have a verb for possession (i.e. "to have", "to own"). Instead of the sentence "''You have a book''", possession in Bengali is expressed by the verb আছ- (for present and past tenses) and the verb থাকা (for future tense) inflected with the possessed object ("''book''") and a genitive (genitive) case for the possessor (i.e. তুমি → তোমার, you → your). For example: তোমার একটা বই আছে (''Tōmāra ēkaṭā ba'i āchē'', "You have a book"; Literally: "Your one book exists").

The following table demonstrates the rules above with some examples.
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Bengali
!Notes
|-
! colspan="3" |Simple assertive
|-
|I am happy
|আমি সুখী
''Āmi sukhī''
|'''Simple present:''' No verb used to denote the copula
|-
|I was happy
|আমি সুখী ছিলাম
''Āmi sukhī chilāma''
|'''Simple Past:''' আছ- is used as the copula (with past inflection)
|-
|I will be happy
|আমি সুখী হব
''Āmi sukhī haba''
|'''Simple future:''' হওয়া is used as the copula
|-
! colspan="3" |Locative aspect
|-
|I am at home
|আমি বাড়িতে আছি
''Āmi bāṛitē āchi''
|'''Present:''' আছ- is used to connect to a locative predicative
|-
|I was at home
|আমি বাড়িতে ছিলাম
''Āmi bāṛitē chilāma''
|'''Past:''' আছ- is used
|-
|I will be at home
|আমি বাড়িতে থাকব
''Āmi bāṛitē thākaba''
|'''Future:''' থাকা is used
|-
! colspan="3" |Genitive aspect
|-
|I have a book
|আমার একটা বই আছে
''Āmāra ēkaṭā ba'i āchē''
|'''Present:''' আছ- is used to connect to a genitive predicative
|-
|I had a book
|আমার একটা বই ছিল
''Āmāra ēkaṭā ba'i chila''
|'''Past:''' আছ- is used
|-
|I will have a book
|আমার একটা বই থাকবে
''Āmāra ēkaṭā ba'i thākabē''
|'''Future:''' থাকা is used
|-
! colspan="3" |Existential aspect
|-
|There is time
|সময় আছে
''Samaẏa āchē''
|'''Present:''' আছ- is used to connect to an existential predicative
|-
|There was time
|সময় ছিল
''Samaẏa chila''
|'''Past:''' আছ- is used
|-
|There will be time
|সময় থাকবে
''Samaẏa thākabē''
|'''Future:''' থাকা is used
|}

=== Negation ===
There are four sentence negators employed in Bengali:

* The zero verb copula is negated using the incomplete negator ন-, which is conjugated as নই (1), নও (2F), নন (2P), নয় (3).
* Existential sentences that use the verb আছ- are negated with নেই (''nei''), which does not need to be conjugated.
* All other verbs (with the exceptions of the ones listed above) are negated using the universal negative particle না (''na''), which can also refer to "no" in yes–no questions. না is typically placed after the finite verb (see examples below), but can also be placed at the end of the sentence, which negates the whole sentence. না can be used in all tenses except two: the present perfect and the past perfect.
* Verbs in the present perfect and the past perfect tenses are negated using the suffix -নি (''ni'') attached to the simple present verb form; this naturally means that in negative sentences the distinction between the two tenses is lost, since they both use the same verb form.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
Negating verbs
!English
!Bengali
!Notes
|-
|I am not happy
|আমি সুখী নই
''Āmi sukhī na'i''
|Incomplete negator ন- ''na-'' conjugated for first-person
|-
|We don't have a car
|আমাদের গাড়ি নেই
''Āmādēra gāṛi nē'i''
|নেই ''nē'i'' used to negate আছ-, which is completely replaced
|-
|I don't work
|আমি কাজ করি না
''Āmi kāja kari nā''
|না ''nā'' is used to negate all other finite verbs
|-
|I didn't help him
|আমি তাকে সাহায্য করিনি
''Āmi tākē sāhāyya karini''
|The suffix -নি -''ni'' is attached to the simple present form of করা to negate the past perfect form
|}

===Person===
Verbs are inflected for person and [[honorific|honour]], but not for number. There are five forms: first person, second person (very familiar), second person (familiar), third person (familiar), and second/third person (polite). The same sample subject pronouns will be used for all the example conjugation paradigms: ''ami'' ({{langx|bn|আমি}}), ''tui'' (তুই), ''tumi'' (তুমি), ''she'' (সে) and ''apni'' (আপনি). These have the following plurals respectively: ''amra'' (আমরা), ''tora'' (তোরা), ''tomra'' (তোমরা), ''tara'' (তারা) and ''apnara'' (আপনারা).

===Mood===
There are two moods for Bengali verbs: the [[Grammatical mood#Indicative|indicative]] and the [[Imperative mood|imperative]]. The indicative mood is used for statements of fact; its various tenses are given below.

The imperative mood is used to give commands. Just as in other Indo-Aryan languages, the imperative form of a verb differs on the basis of honorifics. The three sets of second-person pronouns – তুই/তোরা (2 (VF)), তুমি/তোমরা (2 (F)), আপনি/আপনারা (2/3 (P)) – combined with slight modifications to the stem of any verb form the imperatives for that verb; these are described in the table below. Bengali also has a 3rd person imperative, using the pronouns সে/তারা (3 (F)). Note that the plural command forms change the pronoun but not the verb ending. The 2nd person familiar and very familiar don't take stem transformations, while the others do.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Imperative mood
! Verb !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
!{{fs interlinear|বলা|bôla}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই বল্|tui bôl|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি বল|tumi bôlo|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে বলুক|she boluk|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি বলুন|apni bolun|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|খোলা|khola|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই খোল্|tui khol|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি খোল|tumi kholo|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে খুলুক|she khuluk|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি খুলুন|apni khulun|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|খেলা|khêla|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই খেল্|tui khêl|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি খেল|tumi khêlo|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে খেলুক|she kheluk|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি খেলুন|apni khelun|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|চেনা|chena|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই চেন্|tui chen|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি চেন|tumi cheno|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে চিনুক|she chinuk|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি চিনুন|apni chinun|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|জানা|jana|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই জান্|tui jan|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি জান|tumi jano|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে জানুক|she januk|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি জানুন|apni janun|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|হওয়া|hôoa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই হ|tui hô|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি হও|tumi hôo|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে হোক|she hok|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি হোন|apni hon|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|ধোয়া|dhoa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই ধো|tui dho|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি ধোও|tumi dhoo|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে ধুক|she dhuk|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি ধুন|apni dhun|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|খাওয়া|khaoa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই খা|tui kha|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি খাও|tumi khao|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে খাক|she khak|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি খান|apni khan|}}
|-
!{{fs interlinear|দেওয়া|deoa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুই দে|tui de|}}
|{{fs interlinear|তুমি দাও|tumi dao|}}
|{{fs interlinear|সে দিক|she dik|}}
|{{fs interlinear|আপনি দিন|apni din|}}
|}

Bangla also has a future imperative. In the second person familiar, this is formed by changing the vowel in the present imperative. In the second person very familiar, it's the same as the simple present form for that person. For the rest of the persons, the future imperative is the same as the future.

===Non-finite forms===
*আঁকা ''ãka'' – verbal noun ("act of drawing")
*আঁকতে ''ãkte'' – verbal infinitive ("to draw")
*আঁকতে-আঁকতে ''ãkte-ãkte'' – progressive participle ("while drawing")
*আঁকলে ''ãkle'' – conditional participle ("if X draws/drew/had drawn")
*এঁকে ''ẽke'' – perfect participle ("having drawn")
*এঁকে-এঁকে ''ẽke-ẽke'' – iterative participle ("having drawn many times/for a long time")

For non-causative verbs (see more on causative verbs below), the verbal infinitive and perfect participle forms require stem transformations according to the principles of vowel harmony. Causative verbs only require stem transformations for forming their perfect participles.

The verbal noun can act like a regular noun, and can therefore take case-endings and classifier particles; additionally it can also function as an adjective. Both the verbal noun and the verbal infinitive are often used in constructions where the infinitive is needed.

The perfect participle can be combined with some verbs to denote a slight change in meaning for the first verb (as opposed to two verbs.) For example, (এটা) করে দাও (''kore dao'', 'do it (for us)'), করে নাও (''kore nao'', 'do it (for yourself)'), করে ফেল (''kore phêlo'', 'do it (with an emphasis on getting it done)'), etc. Many of these are similar to the light verbs used in [[Hindi verbs#Light Verbs|other Indo-Aryan languages]], though formed slightly differently.

==== Impersonal structures ====
Many common sentence constructions, such as those involving obligation, need, and possibility ("''I have to''", "''We must''", "''He is supposed to''", etc.) are built in Bengali without using nominative subjects; instead, the subject is omitted, or often put into the genitive case. These are typically constructed using the verbal noun (or the verbal infinitive in some cases) along with other nouns or verbs.

* Obligation is expressed using the verbal infinitive and a third-person form of হওয়া (in any tense, but present tense also uses the future tense conjugation), with the subject in the objective case. For example: আমাকে খেতে হবে ("''I have to eat''"; হবে is the future tense conjugation for হওয়া).
* Need is expressed by using the verbal noun with the noun দরকার (''dôrkar'', need), and the subject in the genitive. For example: আমার কথা বলা দরকার ("''I need to talk''").
* Constructions involving "should", "ought to", or "must" are constructed with the verbal noun and the adjective উচিত (''uchit,'' appropriate), and the subject in the genitive. For example: আমাদের যাওয়া উচিত ("''We ought to go''").

=== Passive ===
Any active verb can be turned into a passive one by attaching the auxiliary হওয়া to the verbal noun aspect of the verb in question. Only this suffix is conjugated, using the third-person endings for the various tenses. For example: "''to eat''" is খাওয়া, so ''"to be eaten''" becomes খাওয়া হওয়া; in the future tense, ''"will be eaten"'' would be খাওয়া হবে, where হবে is the third-person conjugation for হওয়া in the future tense (more information on tenses below).

=== Causative ===
Most verbs (not all verbs have causative forms) can be made causative by adding the suffix -ন/নো to it. For example: "''to do''" is করা, which takes the -নো suffix to become করানো, or "''to cause to do''". The stem of such a causative verb – to be used when conjugating it – is thus the verbal noun form of the base verb (করা in the case of করানো). For the most part, such stems do not undergo any vowel transformations when conjugating for tenses. However, in the perfective participle (and thus, the perfect tenses), the ''-a'' at the end of the base gets removed, the ''-iye'' suffix is added, and the stem vowel changes, while the second person familiar future imperative is the same but with an ''-iyo'' and not an ''-iye''.

===Tense===
Bengali has four simple tenses: the present tense, the past tense, the conditional or habitual past tense, and the future tense. These combine with mood and aspect to form more complex conjugations: the perfect tenses, for example, are formed by combining the perfect participles with the corresponding tense endings.

====Aspect====
There are three aspects for Bengali verbs: simple aspect, the progressive/continuous aspect, and the perfect. The progressive aspect is denoted by adding prefix the regular tense endings with ছ (for stems ending with consonants) or চ্ছ (for stems ending with vowels), while the perfect aspect requires the use of the perfect participle. These are combined with the different tenses described below to form the various verbal conjugations possible.

====Simple present tense====
The present tense in Bengali is similar to that of English: I eat, you run, he reads. The endings are ''-i'', {{Transliteration|bn|-(i)sh}}, ''-o'', ''-e'', and {{Transliteration|bn|-(e)n}}, and only the 1st-person and the VF forms require stem transformations for vowel harmony.

{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
! ''bôla''
| ''ami b'''o'''li'' || ''tui b'''o'''lish'' || ''tumi bôlo'' || ''she bôle'' || ''apni bôlen''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলি || তুই বলিস || তুমি বল || সে বলে || আপনি বলেন
|-
! ''khola''
| ''ami kh'''u'''li'' || ''tui kh'''u'''lish'' || ''tumi kholo'' || ''she khole'' || ''apni kholen''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলি || তুই খুলিস || তুমি খোল || সে খোলে || আপনি খোলেন
|-
! ''khêla''
| ''ami kh'''e'''li'' || ''tui kh'''e'''lish'' || ''tumi khêlo'' || ''she khêle'' || ''apni khêlen''
|-
| খেলা || আমি খেলি || তুই খেলিস || তুমি খেল || সে খেলে || আপনি খেলেন
|-
! ''chena''
| ''ami ch'''i'''ni'' || ''tui ch'''i'''nish'' || ''tumi cheno'' || ''she chene'' || ''apni chenen''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনি || তুই চিনিস || তুমি চেন || সে চেনে || আপনি চেনেন
|-
! ''jana''
| ''ami jani'' || ''tui janish'' || ''tumi jano'' || ''she jane'' || ''apni janen''
|-
| জানা || আমি জানি || তুই জানিস || তুমি জান || সে জানে || আপনি জানেন
|-
! ''hôoa''
| ''ami h'''o'''i'' || ''tui h'''o'''sh'' || ''tumi hôo'' || ''she hôe'' || ''apni hôn''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হই || তুই হোস || তুমি হও || সে হয় || আপনি হন
|-
! ''dhoa''
| ''ami dh'''u'''i'' || ''tui dh'''u'''sh'' || ''tumi dhoo'' || ''she dhoe'' || ''apni dhon''
|-
| ধোয়া || আমি ধুই || তুই ধুস || তুমি ধোও || সে ধোয় || আপনি ধোন
|-
! ''khaoa''
| ''ami khai'' || ''tui khash'' || ''tumi khao'' || ''she khae'' || ''apni khan''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খাই || তুই খাস || তুমি খাও || সে খায় || আপনি খান
|-
! ''deoa''
| ''ami d'''i'''i'' || ''tui d'''i'''sh'' || ''tumi d'''a'''o'' || ''she d'''ê'''e'' || ''apni d'''ê'''n''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিই || তুই দিস || তুমি দাও || সে দেয় || আপনি দেন
|}

==== Present progressive tense ====
The present progressive tense is also similar to that of English: I am eating, you are running, he is reading, etc. This tense is formed by combining the progressive aspect suffix (ছ/চ্ছ) with the present tense endings; we thus get ''-chhi'', ''-chhish'', ''-chho, -chhe'' and ''-chhen,'' and all forms require stem transformations for vowel harmony.
{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
!''bôla''
|''ami b'''o'''lchhi''||''tui b'''o'''lchish''||''tumi b'''o'''lchho''||''she b'''o'''lchhe''||''apni b'''o'''lchhen''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলছি || তুই বলছিস || তুমি বলছ || সে বলছে || আপনি বলছেন
|-
!''khola''
|''ami kh'''u'''lchhi''||''tui kh'''u'''lchhish''||''tumi kh'''u'''lchho''||''she kh'''u'''lchhe''||''apni kh'''u'''lchhen''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলছি || তুই খুলছিস || তুমি খুলছ || সে খুলছে || আপনি খুলছেন
|-
!''khêla''
|''ami khelchhi''||''tui khelchhish''||''tumi khelchho''||''she khelchhe''||''apni khelchhen''
|-
| খেলা || আমি খেলছি || তুই খেলছিস || তুমি খেলছ || সে খেলছে || আপনি খেলছেন
|-
!''chena''
|''ami ch'''i'''nchhi''||''tui ch'''i'''nchhish''||''tumi ch'''i'''nchho''||''she ch'''i'''nchhe''||''apni ch'''i'''nchhen''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনছি || তুই চিনছিস || তুমি চিনছ || সে চিনছে || আপনি চিনছেন
|-
!''jana''
|''ami janchhi''||''tui janchhish''||''tumi janchho''||''she janchhe''||''apni janchhen''
|-
| জানা || আমি জানছি || তুই জানছিস || তুমি জানছ || সে জানছে || আপনি জানছেন
|-
!''hôoa''
|''ami h'''o'''chhi''||''tui h'''o'''chhish''||''tumi h'''o'''chho''||''she h'''o'''chhe''||''apni h'''o'''chhen''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হচ্ছি || তুই হচ্ছিস || তুমি হচ্ছ || সে হচ্ছে || আপনি হচ্ছেন
|-
!''dhoa''
|''ami dh'''u'''chhi''||''tui dh'''u'''chhish''||''tumi dh'''u'''chho''||''she dh'''u'''chhe''||''apni dh'''u'''chhen''
|-
| ধোয়া || আমি ধুচ্ছি || তুই ধুচ্ছিস || তুমি ধুচ্ছ || সে ধুচ্ছে || আপনি ধুচ্ছেন
|-
!''khaoa''
|''ami khachhi''||''tui khachhish''||''tumi khachho''||''she khachhe''||''apni khachhen''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খাচ্ছি || তুই খাচ্ছিস || তুমি খাচ্ছ || সে খাচ্ছে || আপনি খাচ্ছেন
|-
!''deoa''
|''ami d'''i'''chhi''||''tui d'''i'''chhish''||''tumi d'''i'''chho''||''she d'''i'''chhe''||''apni d'''i'''chhen''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিচ্ছি || তুই দিচ্ছিস || তুমি দিচ্ছ || সে দিচ্ছে || আপনি দিচ্ছেন
|}

==== Present perfect tense ====
The present perfect tense is used to relate events that happened fairly recently, or even past events whose effects are still felt in the present. It is formed by adding the present progressive tense suffixes (see above) with the perfect participle of the verb.
{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
!''bôla''
|''ami b'''o'''lechhi''||''tui b'''o'''lechhish''||''tumi b'''o'''lechho''||''she b'''o'''lechhe''||''apni b'''o'''lechhen''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলেছি || তুই বলেছিস || তুমি বলেছ || সে বলেছে || আপনি বলেছেন
|-
!''khola''
|''ami kh'''u'''lechhi''||''tui kh'''u'''lechhish''||''tumi kh'''u'''lechho''||''she kh'''u'''lechhe''||''apni kh'''u'''lechhen''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলেছি || তুই খুলেছিস || তুমি খুলেছ || সে খুলেছে || আপনি খুলেছেন
|-
!''khêla''
|''ami kh'''e'''lechhi''||''tui kh'''e'''lechhish''||''tumi kh'''e'''lechho''||''she kh'''e'''lechhe''||''apni kh'''e'''lechhen''
|-
| খেলা || আমি খেলেছি || তুই খেলেছিস || তুমি খেলেছ || সে খেলেছে || আপনি খেলেছেন
|-
!''chena''
|''ami ch'''i'''nechhi''||''tui ch'''i'''nechhish''||''tumi ch'''i'''nechho''||''she ch'''i'''nechhe''||''apni ch'''i'''nechhen''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনেছি || তুই চিনেছিস || তুমি চিনেছ || সে চিনেছে || আপনি চিনেছেন
|-
!''jana''
|''ami j'''e'''nechhi''||''tui j'''e'''nechhish''||''tumi j'''e'''nechho''||''she j'''e'''nechhe''||''apni j'''e'''nechhen''
|-
| জানা || আমি জেনেছি || তুই জেনেছিস || তুমি জেনেছ || সে জেনেছে || আপনি জেনেছেন
|-
!''hôoa''
|''ami h'''o'''yechhi''||''tui h'''o'''yechhish''||''tumi h'''o'''yechho''||''she h'''o'''yechhe''||''apni h'''o'''yechhen''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হয়েছি || তুই হয়েছিস || তুমি হয়েছ || সে হয়েছে || আপনি হয়েছেন
|-
!''dhoa''
|''ami dh'''u'''yechhi''||''tui dh'''u'''yechhish''||''tumi dh'''u'''yechho''||''she dh'''u'''yechhe''||''apni dh'''u'''yechhen''
|-
| ধোয়া || আমি ধুয়েছি || তুই ধুয়েছিস || তুমি ধুয়েছ || সে ধুয়েছে || আপনি ধুয়েছেন
|-
!''khaoa''
|''ami kh'''e'''yechhi''||''tui kh'''e'''yechhish''||''tumi kh'''e'''yechho''||''she kh'''e'''yechhe''||''apni kh'''e'''yechhen''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খেয়েছি || তুই খেয়েছিস || তুমি খেয়েছ || সে খেয়েছে || আপনি খেয়েছেন
|-
!''deoa''
|''ami d'''i'''yechhi''||''tui d'''i'''yechhish''||''tumi d'''i'''yechho''||''she d'''i'''yechhe''||''apni d'''i'''yechhen''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিয়েছি || তুই দিয়েছিস || তুমি দিয়েছ || সে দিয়েছে || আপনি দিয়েছেন
|}

====Simple past tense====
The (simple) past tense differs from its use in English in that it is usually reserved for events that have occurred recently; for instance, less than a day ago. It would be translated into the English simple past tense: I ate, you ran, he read. The endings are ''-lam'', ''-li'', ''-le'', ''-lo'', ''-len'' (notice that the vowels for the second and third [familiar] persons are the reverse of those in the present tense), and all forms require stem transformations for vowel harmony. For example: {{Transliteration|bn|ami dekhlam}}, {{Transliteration|bn|tui dekhli}}, {{Transliteration|bn|tumi dekhle}}, {{Transliteration|bn|se dekhlo}}, {{Transliteration|bn|apni dekhlen}}. In non-rarhi varieties of Bengali, that is to say northern and eastern dialects, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus ''tumi bolla'', ''khulla'', ''khella'' etc. which is the original inflection, the “e” in contrast is a vowel-harmonised variant of the former, having gone through a process called abhisruti.

{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
! ''bôla''
| ''ami b'''o'''llam'' || ''tui b'''o'''lli'' || ''tumi b'''o'''lle'' || ''she b'''o'''llo'' || ''apni b'''o'''llen''
|-
| বলা || আমি বললাম || তুই বললি || তুমি বললে || সে বলল || আপনি বললেন
|-
! ''khola''
| ''ami kh'''u'''llam'' || ''tui kh'''u'''lli'' || ''tumi kh'''u'''lle'' || ''she kh'''u'''llo'' || ''apni kh'''u'''llen''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুললাম || তুই খুললি || তুমি খুললে || সে খুলল || আপনি খুললেন
|-
! ''khêla''
| ''ami kh'''e'''llam'' || ''tui kh'''e'''lli'' || ''tumi kh'''e'''lle'' || ''she kh'''e'''llo'' || ''apni kh'''e'''llen''
|-
| খেলে || আমি খেললাম || তুই খেললি || তুমি খেললে || সে খেলল || আপনি খেললেন
|-
! ''chena''
| ''ami ch'''i'''nlam'' || ''tui ch'''i'''nli'' || ''tumi ch'''i'''nle'' || ''she ch'''i'''nlo'' || ''apni ch'''i'''nlen''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনলাম || তুই চিনলি || তুমি চিনলে || সে চিনল || আপনি চিনলেন
|-
! ''jana''
| ''ami janlam'' || ''tui janli'' || ''tumi janle'' || ''she janlo'' || ''apni janlen''
|-
| জানা || আমি জানলাম || তুই জানলি || তুমি জানলে || সে জানল || আপনি জানলেন
|-
! ''hôoa''
| ''ami h'''o'''lam'' || ''tui h'''o'''li'' || ''tumi h'''o'''le'' || ''she h'''o'''lo'' || ''apni h'''o'''len''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হলাম || তুই হলি || তুমি হলে || সে হল || আপনি হলেন
|-
! ''dhooa''
| ''ami dh'''u'''lam'' || ''tui dh'''u'''li'' || ''tumi dh'''u'''le'' || ''she dh'''u'''lo'' || ''apni dh'''u'''len''
|-
| ধোওয়া || আমি ধুলাম || তুই ধুলি || তুমি ধুলে || সে ধুল || আপনি ধুলেন
|-
! ''khaoa''
| ''ami kh'''e'''lam'' || ''tui kh'''e'''li'' || ''tumi kh'''e'''le'' || ''she kh'''e'''lo'' || ''apni kh'''e'''len''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খেলাম || তুই খেলি || তুমি খেলে || সে খেল || আপনি খেলেন
|-
! ''dêoa''
| ''ami d'''i'''lam'' || ''tui d'''i'''li'' || ''tumi d'''i'''le'' || ''she d'''i'''lo'' || ''apni d'''i'''len''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিলাম || তুই দিলি || তুমি দিলে || সে দিল || আপনি দিলেন
|}

==== Past progressive tense ====
The past progressive tense is similar to that of English: I was eating, you were running, he was reading, etc. This tense is formed by combining the progressive aspect suffix (ছ/চ্ছ) with the past tense endings, but with an extra ''-i-'' inserted in between; we thus get ''-chhilam'', ''-chhili'', ''-chhile, -chhilo'' and ''-chhilen,'' and all forms require stem transformations for vowel harmony.
{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
!''bôla''
|''ami b'''o'''lchhilam''||''tui b'''o'''lchili''||''tumi b'''o'''lchhile''||''she b'''o'''lchhilo''||''apni b'''o'''lchhilen''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলছিলাম || তুই বলছিলি || তুমি বলছিলে || সে বলছিল || আপনি বলছিলেন
|-
!''khola''
|''ami kh'''u'''lchhilam''||''tui kh'''u'''lchhili''||''tumi kh'''u'''lchhile''||''she kh'''u'''lchhilo''||''apni kh'''u'''lchhilen''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলছিলাম || তুই খুলছিলি || তুমি খুলছিলে || সে খুলছিল || আপনি খুলছিলেন
|-
!''khêla''
|''ami khelchhilam''||''tui khelchhili''||''tumi khelchhile''||''she khelchhilo''||''apni khelchhilen''
|-
| খেলা || আমি খেলছিলাম || তুই খেলছিলি || তুমি খেলছিলে || সে খেলছিল || আপনি খেলছিলেন
|-
!''chena''
|''ami ch'''i'''nchhilam''||''tui ch'''i'''nchhili''||''tumi ch'''i'''nchhile''||''she ch'''i'''nchhilo''||''apni ch'''i'''nchhilen''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনছিলাম || তুই চিনছিলি || তুমি চিনছিলে || সে চিনছিল || আপনি চিনছিলেন
|-
!''jana''
|''ami janchhilam''||''tui janchhili''||''tumi janchhile''||''she janchhilo''||''apni janchhilen''
|-
| জানা || আমি জানছিলাম || তুই জানছিলি || তুমি জানছিলে || সে জানছিল || আপনি জানছিলেন
|-
!''hôoa''
|''ami h'''o'''chhilam''||''tui h'''o'''chhili''||''tumi h'''o'''chhile''||''she h'''o'''chhilo''||''apni h'''o'''chhilen''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হচ্ছিলাম || তুই হচ্ছিলি || তুমি হচ্ছিলে || সে হচ্ছিল || আপনি হচ্ছিলেন
|-
!''dhoa''
|''ami dh'''u'''chhilam''||''tui dh'''u'''chhili''||''tumi dh'''u'''chhile''||''she dh'''u'''chhilo''||''apni dh'''u'''chhilen''
|-
| ধোয়া || আমি ধুচ্ছিলাম || তুই ধুচ্ছিলি || তুমি ধুচ্ছিলে || সে ধুচ্ছিল || আপনি ধুচ্ছিলেন
|-
!''khaoa''
|''ami khachhilam''||''tui khachhili''||''tumi khachhile''||''she khachhilo''||''apni khachhilen''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খাচ্ছিলাম || তুই খাচ্ছিলি || তুমি খাচ্ছিলে || সে খাচ্ছিল || আপনি খাচ্ছিলেন
|-
!''deoa''
|''ami d'''i'''chhilam''||''tui d'''i'''chhili''||''tumi d'''i'''chhile''||''she d'''i'''chhilo''||''apni d'''i'''chhilen''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিচ্ছিলাম || তুই দিচ্ছিলি || তুমি দিচ্ছিলে || সে দিচ্ছিল || আপনি দিচ্ছিলেন
|}

==== Past perfect tense ====
The past perfect tense differs from its usage in English. It's usually used for events that didn't happen recently; over a day ago, for instance, unlike Bangla's simple past (see above). It would usually be translated with English's simple past: I ate, you ran, he read, etc. but it can also be translated with English's past perfect tense: I had eaten, you had run, he had read, etc. It's formed by adding the past progressive tense suffixes (see above) to the perfect participle of the verb.
{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
!''bôla''
|''ami b'''o'''lechhilam''||''tui b'''o'''lechhili''||''tumi b'''o'''lechhile''||''she b'''o'''lechhilo''||''apni b'''o'''lechhilen''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলেছিলাম || তুই বলেছিলি || তুমি বলেছিলে || সে বলেছিল || আপনি বলেছিলেন
|-
!''khola''
|''ami kh'''u'''lechhilam''||''tui kh'''u'''lechhili''||''tumi kh'''u'''lechhile''||''she kh'''u'''lechhilo''||''apni kh'''u'''lechhilen''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলেছিলাম || তুই খুলেছিলি || তুমি খুলেছিলে || সে খুলেছিল || আপনি খুলেছিলেন
|-
!''khêla''
|''ami kh'''e'''lechhilam''||''tui kh'''e'''lechhili''||''tumi kh'''e'''lechhile''||''she kh'''e'''lechhilo''||''apni kh'''e'''lechhilen''
|-
| খেলা || আমি খেলেছিলাম || তুই খেলেছিলি || তুমি খেলেছিলে || সে খেলেছিল || আপনি খেলেছিলেন
|-
!''chena''
|''ami ch'''i'''nechhilam''||''tui ch'''i'''nechhili''||''tumi ch'''i'''nechhile''||''she ch'''i'''nechhilo''||''apni ch'''i'''nechhilen''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনেছিলাম || তুই চিনেছিলি || তুমি চিনেছিলে || সে চিনেছিল || আপনি চিনেছিলেন
|-
!''jana''
|''ami j'''e'''nechhilam''||''tui j'''e'''nechhili''||''tumi j'''e'''nechhile''||''she j'''e'''nechhilo''||''apni j'''e'''nechhilen''
|-
| জানা || আমি জেনেছিলাম || তুই জেনেছিলি || তুমি জেনেছিলে || সে জেনেছিল || আপনি জেনেছিলেন
|-
!''hôoa''
|''ami h'''o'''yechhilam''||''tui h'''o'''yechhili''||''tumi h'''o'''yechhile''||''she h'''o'''yechhilo''||''apni h'''o'''yechhilen''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হয়েছিলাম || তুই হয়েছিলি || তুমি হয়েছিলে || সে হয়েছিল || আপনি হয়েছিলেন
|-
!''dhoa''
|''ami dh'''u'''yechhilam''||''tui dh'''u'''yechhili''||''tumi dh'''u'''yechhile''||''she dh'''u'''yechhilo''||''apni dh'''u'''yechhilen''
|-
| ধোয়া || আমি ধুয়েছিলাম || তুই ধুয়েছিলি || তুমি ধুয়েছিলে || সে ধুয়েছিল || আপনি ধুয়েছিলেন
|-
!''khaoa''
|''ami kh'''e'''yechhilam''||''tui kh'''e'''yechhili''||''tumi kh'''e'''yechhile''||''she kh'''e'''yechhilo''||''apni kh'''e'''yechhilen''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খেয়েছিলাম || তুই খেয়েছিলি || তুমি খেয়েছিলে || সে খেয়েছিল || আপনি খেয়েছিলেন
|-
!''deoa''
|''ami d'''i'''yechhilam''||''tui d'''i'''yechhili''||''tumi d'''i'''yechhile''||''she d'''i'''yechhilo''||''apni d'''i'''yechhilen''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিয়েছিলাম || তুই দিয়েছিলি || তুমি দিয়েছিলে || সে দিয়েছিল || আপনি দিয়েছিলেন
|}

====Habitual past tense====
The habitual past tense has a few different uses. It is used for events that happened regularly, such as "I used to eat out every day" or "He wrote poems when he was young", the equivalent of an [[imperfect]]. It may also be used as a sort of [[conditional mood|conditional]], such as the following: "If you asked I '''would come'''" or "If you had asked I '''would have come'''" (তুমি যদি বলতে আমি আসতাম ''tumi jodi bolte ami ashtam''). It is easy to form the habitual past tense: simply start with the simple past tense and change the ''l'' to ''t'' (except in the ''tui'' [2 VF] form). The endings are ''-tam'', ''-tish'', ''-te'', ''-to'', ''-ten'', and all forms require stem transformations for vowel harmony. For example: {{Transliteration|bn|ami dekhtam}}, {{Transliteration|bn|tui dekhtish}}, {{Transliteration|bn|tumi dekhte}}, {{Transliteration|bn|she dekhto}}, {{Transliteration|bn|apni dekhten}}. In less standard varieties of Bengali, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus {{Transliteration|bn|tumi bolta, khulta, khelta}} etc.

{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
! ''bôla''
| ''ami b'''o'''ltam''||''tui b'''o'''ltish''||''tumi b'''o'''lte''||''she b'''o'''lto''||''apni b'''o'''lten''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলতাম || তুই বলতিস || তুমি বলতে || সে বলত || আপনি বলতেন
|-
!''khola''
| ''ami kh'''u'''ltam''||''tui kh'''u'''ltish''||''tumi kh'''u'''lte''||''she kh'''u'''lto''||''apni kh'''u'''lten''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলতাম || তুই খুলতিস || তুমি খুলতে || সে খুলত || আপনি খুলতেন
|-
! ''khêla''
| ''ami kh'''e'''ltam''||''tui kh'''e'''ltish''||''tumi kh'''e'''lte''||''she kh'''e'''lto''||''apni kh'''e'''lten''
|-
| খেলে || আমি খেলতাম || তুই খেলতিস || তুমি খেলতে || সে খেলত || আপনি খেলতেন
|-
!''chena''
| ''ami ch'''i'''ntam''||''tui ch'''i'''ntish''||''tumi ch'''i'''nte''||''she ch'''i'''nto''||''apni ch'''i'''nten''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনতাম || তুই চিনতিস || তুমি চিনতে || সে চিনত || আপনি চিনতেন
|-
!''jana''
| ''ami jantam''||''tui jantish''||''tumi jante''||''she janto''||''apni janten''
|-
| জানা || আমি জানতাম || তুই জানতিস || তুমি জানতে || সে জানত || আপনি জানতেন
|-
!''hôoa''
|''ami h'''o'''tam''||''tui h'''o'''tish''||''tumi h'''o'''te''||''she h'''o'''to''||''apni h'''o'''ten''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হতাম || তুই হতিস || তুমি হতে || সে হত || আপনি হতেন
|-
!''dhooa''
|''ami dh'''u'''tam''||''tui dh'''u'''tish''||''tumi dh'''u'''te''||''she dh'''u'''to''||''apni dh'''u'''ten''
|-
| ধোওয়া || আমি ধুতাম || তুই ধুতিস || তুমি ধুতে || সে ধুত || আপনি ধুতেন
|-
!''khaoa''
|''ami kh'''e'''tam''||''tui kh'''e'''ltish''||''tumi kh'''e'''te''||''she kh'''e'''to''||''apni kh'''e'''ten''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খেতাম || তুই খেতিস || তুমি খেতে || সে খেত || আপনি খেতেন
|-
!''dêoa''
|''ami d'''i'''tam''||''tui d'''i'''tish''||''tumi d'''i'''te''||''she d'''i'''to''||''apni d'''i'''ten''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দিতাম || তুই দিতিস || তুমি দিতে || সে দিত || আপনি দিতেন
|}

==== Future tense ====

In less standard varieties of Bengali, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus {{Transliteration|bn|tumi bolba, khulba, khelba}} etc. The endings are ''-bo, -bi, -be, -be, -ben''; the তুমি and সে conjugations are identical in this tense. Forms ending in a consonant do require stem transformations for vowel harmony, but ones ending in a vowel don't.

{| class="wikitable"
! Verb !! 1 !! 2 (VF) !! 2 (F) !! 3 (F) !! 2/3 (P)
|-
! ''bôla''
| ''ami b'''o'''lbo''||''tui b'''o'''lbi''||''tumi b'''o'''lbe''||''she b'''o'''lbe''||''apni b'''o'''lben''
|-
| বলা || আমি বলব || তুই বলবি || তুমি বলবে || সে বলবে || আপনি বলবেন
|-
!''khola''
| ''ami kh'''u'''lbo''||''tui kh'''u'''lbi''||''tumi kh'''u'''lbe''||''she kh'''u'''lbe''||''apni kh'''u'''lben''
|-
| খোলা || আমি খুলব || তুই খুলবি || তুমি খুলবে || সে খুলবে || আপনি খুলবেন
|-
! ''khêla''
| ''ami kh'''e'''lbo''||''tui kh'''e'''lbi''||''tumi kh'''e'''lbe''||''she kh'''e'''lbe''||''apni kh'''e'''lben''
|-
| খেলে || আমি খেলব || তুই খেলবি || তুমি খেলবে || সে খেলবে || আপনি খেলবেন
|-
! ''chena''
| ''ami ch'''i'''nbo''||''tui ch'''i'''nbi''||''tumi ch'''i'''nbe''||''she ch'''i'''nbe''||''apni ch'''i'''nben''
|-
| চেনা || আমি চিনব || তুই চিনবি || তুমি চিনবে || সে চিনবে || আপনি চিনবেন
|-
! ''jana''
| ''ami janbo''||''tui janbi''||''tumi janbe''||''she janbe''||''apni janben''
|-
| জানা || আমি জানব || তুই জানবি || তুমি জানবে || সে জানবে || আপনি জানবেন
|-
!''hôoa''
|''ami hôbo''||''tui hôbi''||''tumi hôbe''||''she hôbe''||''apni hôben''
|-
| হওয়া || আমি হব || তুই হবি || তুমি হবে || সে হবে || আপনি হবেন
|-
!''dhooa''
|''ami dhobo''||''tui dhobi''||''tumi dhobe''||''she dhobe''||''apni dhoben''
|-
| ধোওয়া || আমি ধোব || তুই ধোবি || তুমি ধোবে || সে ধোবে || আপনি ধোবেন
|-
!''khaoa''
|''ami khabo''||''tui khabi''||''tumi khabe''||''she khabe''||''apni khaben''
|-
| খাওয়া || আমি খাব || তুই খাবি || তুমি খাবে || সে খাবে || আপনি খাবেন
|-
!''dêoa''
|''ami d'''e'''bo''||''tui d'''e'''bi''||''tumi d'''e'''be''||''she d'''e'''be''||''apni d'''e'''ben''
|-
| দেওয়া || আমি দেব || তুই দিবি || তুমি দেবে || সে দেবে || আপনি দেবেন
|}

==Prepositions and postpositions==
Whereas English features ''pre''positions, Bengali typically uses ''post''positions. That is, while these modifying words occur before their object in English ('''beside''' him, '''inside''' the house), they typically occur after their object in Bengali (''or '''pashe''''', ''baŗir '''bhitore'''''). Some postpositions require their object noun to take the ''genitive case'', while others require the ''objective case'' (which is unmarked for inanimate nouns); this distinction must be memorised. Most postpositions are formed by taking nouns referring to a location and inflecting them for the ''locative case''. They can also be applied to verbal nouns.

===Postpositions that require genitive case===
* আগে ''aage'' 'before': সকালের '''আগে''' ''shôkal-er '''age''''' 'before the morning'
* পরে ''pôre'' 'after': সন্ধ্যার '''পরে''' ''shondha-r '''pôre''''' 'after the evening'
* উপরে ''upore'' 'on top of', 'above': বিছানার '''উপরে''' ''bichhana-r '''upore''''' 'on top of the bed'
* নিচে ''niche'' 'below', 'under': বইয়ের '''নিচে''' ''boi-er '''niche''''' 'under the book'
* পিছনে ''pichhone'' 'behind': আলমারির '''পিছনে''' ''almari-r '''pichhone''''' 'behind the cupboard'
* সামনে {{Transliteration|bn|shamne}} 'in front of': গাড়ির '''সামনে''' {{Transliteration|bn|gaŗi-r '''shamne'''}} 'in front of the car'
* ওই পারে ''oi pare'' 'across': নদীর '''ওই পারে''' ''nodi-r '''oi pare''''' 'across the river'
* কাছে {{Transliteration|bn|kachhe}} 'near': জানালার '''কাছে''' ''janala-r '''{{Transliteration|bn|kachhe}}''''' 'near the window'
* পাশে ''pashe'' 'beside': চুলার '''পাশে''' ''chula-r '''pashe''''' 'beside the stove'
* জন্য ''jonno'' 'for': শিক্ষকের '''জন্য''' ''shikkhôk-er '''jonno''''' 'for the teacher'
* কাছ থেকে ''kachh theke'' 'from' (people): বাবার '''কাছ থেকে''' ''baba-r '''kachh theke''''' 'from father'
* দিকে ''dike'' 'towards': বাসার '''দিকে''' ''basha-r '''dike''''' 'towards the house'
* বাইরে ''baire'' 'outside': দেশের '''বাইরে''' ''desh-er '''baire''''' 'outside the country'
* ভিতরে ''bhitore'' 'inside': দোকানের '''ভিতরে''' ''dokan-er '''bhitore''''' 'inside the store'
* মধ্যে {{Transliteration|bn|moddhe}} 'in the middle of': সমুদ্রের '''মধ্যে''' {{Transliteration|bn|shomudr-er '''moddhe'''}} 'in the middle of the ocean'
* ভিতর দিয়ে ''bhitor die'' 'through': শহরের ভিতর দিয়ে ''shôhorer '''bhitor die''''' 'through the city'
* মতো ''môto'' 'like': তোমার '''মতো''' ''tom-ar '''môto''''' 'like you'
* সঙ্গে ''shôngge'' 'with': আমার '''সঙ্গে''' ''am-ar '''shôngge''''' 'with me'
* কথা ''kôtha'' 'about': সেটার '''কথা''' ''sheţa-r '''kôtha''''' 'about that'
* সম্মন্ধে ''shômmondhe'' 'about': ইতিহাসের '''সম্মন্ধে''' ''itihash-er '''shômmondhe''''' 'about history'
* সাথে {{Transliteration|bn|shathe}} 'with' (animate): মায়ের '''সাথে''' ''ma-er '{{Transliteration|bn|shathe}}''' 'with Mother'

===Postpositions that require objective case===
* করে ''kore'' 'by means of': ট্যাক্সি''করে''' ''ţêksi '''kore''''' 'by taxi'
* ছাড়া ''chhaŗa'' 'without', 'aside from': আমাকে '''ছাড়া''' ''ama-ke '''chhaŗa''''' 'aside from me'
* থেকে ''theke'' 'from' (places): বাংলাদেশ '''থেকে''' ''Bangladesh '''theke''''' 'from Bangladesh'
* দিয়ে ''diye'' 'by': তাকে '''দিয়ে''' ''ta-ke '''diye''''' 'by him'
* নিয়ে ''niye'' 'about' (animate), 'with' (animate): তোমাকে '''নিয়ে''' ''toma-ke '''niye''''' 'about/with you'
* পর্যন্ত ''porjonto'' 'until': দশটা '''পর্যন্ত''' ''dôshţa '''porjonto''''' 'until ten o' clock'
* সহ ''shôho'' 'with', 'including': টাকা '''সহ''' ''ţaka '''shôho''''' 'along with the money'
* হয়ে ''hoe'' 'via': কলকাতা '''হয়ে''' ''Kolkata '''hoe''''' 'via Kolkata'

=== Postpositions that require nominative case ===

* ধরে ''dhore'' 'for' (time): দুদিন '''ধরে''' ''dudin '''dhore''''' 'for two days'
* নিয়ে ''niye'' 'about' (inanimate), 'with' (inanimate): 'তা নিয়ে''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'' ''ta '''niye''''' 'about/with it'

===Prepositions that require locative case===
* বিনা ''bina'' 'without': '''বিনা''' অনুমতিতে '''''bina''' onumoti-te'' 'without permission'

==References==
{{Wiktionary category|category=Bengali verbs}}
*Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. ''Bengali Self-Taught.'' Calcutta: Rupa & Co., 1991.
*Radice, William. ''Teach Yourself Bengali.'' Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 1994.
*Bonazzi, Eros. ''Grammatica Bengali.'' Bologna (Italy): Libreria Bonomo Editrice, 2008. {{ISBN|978-88-6071-017-8}}

==Further reading==
* Thompson, Hanne-Ruth (2012). ''Bengali''. Volume 18 of London Oriental and African Language Library. John Benjamins Publishing. {{ISBN|9027273138}}.


{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{language grammars}}

<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations" /><div style="display:none;">
MW:measure word
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations" />

[[Category:Bengali grammar| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]

Regina Fernandes

2026-03-11T14:34:44Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Goan theatre actress (1880–1908)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Regina Fernandes
| image = Regina Fernandes.jpg
| caption = Fernandes in an undated photo released by [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]
| birth_place = [[Raia, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|11|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1908|12|20|1880|11|16|df=y}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1904–1908
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pai Tiatrist]]|1892}}
| children = 4
| known_for = First lady of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]
| notable_works = ''[[Batcara]]'' (1904)
}}

'''Regina Fernandes''' (16 November 1880 – 20 December 1908) was a [[Goan]] theatre actress known as the first lady of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. The wife of playwright [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]], she first took to the stage at the age of 24 in her husband's ''[[tiatr|theatro]]'' ''[[Batcara]]'' (The Landlord), which was staged at Gaiety Theatre in [[Bombay]] on 22 November 1904.

==Theatrical career==
Before the year 1904, it was not uncommon for [[Cross-gender acting|male actors to take on female roles]] on the theatrical stage. These performers would meticulously transform themselves into women, employing elaborate costumes, makeup, and vocal techniques to convincingly portray female characters. In some instances, these portrayals were so flawless that audience members were unable to discern the actors' true gender. However, on 22 November 1904, a significant shift occurred when playwright [[Pai Tiatrist]], described as a forward-thinking individual with a broad vision and deep respect for women's capabilities, introduced his young wife Fernandes to the stage. Even the [[Marathi theatre]] had yet to showcase female actresses at that time. [[Wilson Mazarello]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] historian and singer, described Pai Tiatrist's decision as a courageous step, as it challenged the prevailing societal norms in [[Goa]], where families generally disapproved of their sons' involvement in ''[[tiatr]]s'', or theatrical performances.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en |access-date=2024-01-27 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Debut on the Konkani stage===
Fernandes made her debut at the age of 24 in the ''[[tiatr|theatro]]'' called ''Batcara'' (The Landlord), assuming the female role of Roza Maria Luiza Vaz, the wife of Batcara de Panzari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-27 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her performance in this production captured the audience's attention, offering them a unique and immersive experience that had not been witnessed since the inception of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' in 1892. Fernandes's presence on stage brought a heightened sense of realism and added an element of glamour to the performances. Her historic achievement as the first female presence in ''tiatr'' paved the way for future generations, serving as an inspiring example for aspiring actresses. It is important to note that Fernandes was only able to pursue her acting career due to her marriage to Pai Tiatrist, who wrote and directed the ''theatro Batcara''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=First lady of the tiatr stage |url=https://www.thegoan.net//first-lady-of-the-tiatr-stage/1892.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127180317/https://www.thegoan.net//first-lady-of-the-tiatr-stage/1892.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Tiatr|Konkani theatre]] holds a significant place in the history of [[Indian theatre]], particularly due to its early inclusion of female performers on stage. This development occurred approximately twenty-seven years before actresses were seen in [[Marathi theatre|Marathi]], [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati]], and [[Bengali theatre|Bengali plays]]. A milestone in the Konkani theatre occurred on 22 November 1904, at the Gaiety Theatre in [[Bombay]] ([[Bori Bunder]]), during the inaugural performance of the Goan Union Dramatic Club. It was on this occasion that Fernandes became the first actress to grace the Konkani stage, delivering a performance in the play ''Batcara'' (The Landlord). This event was not only a source of pride for [[Goan]] women but also a significant turning point in the history of Goan ''tiatr'', the Konkani theatre tradition. Fernandes' sister, Carmelina Fernandes, also made her debut on the same ''tiatr'' stage, further enriching the theatrical landscape.<ref name=":1" /> Mazarello has highlighted the nature of this achievement, as the idea of women acting in Konkani theatre was previously unfathomable.<ref name=":0" />

===Role in Dom Carlos Dramatic Unity===
[[Pai Tiatrist]] played a crucial role in shaping its modernization. His introduction of his wife Fernandes to the ''tiatr'' stage brought a fresh perspective and elevated the quality of Konkani performances compared to other theatrical productions of the time. Moreover, Pai Tiatrist's passion for ''tiatr'' inspired Luiza Maria Colaco, his second wife, to join the theatre as well. Pai Tiatrist's daughters also became involved in ''tiatr''.<ref name=":2" /> Fernandes, along with her husband Pai Tiatrist and their original group members including Policarpo Mendonca, N.M. Fernandes, Anton Abranv, and Lucacinho Ribeiro, played a pivotal role in establishing a strong foundation for the staging of numerous ''tiatrs''. Their contributions were instrumental in the formation of the Dom Carlos Dramatic Unity, a Drama Company that ensured the continuation of their work. While Mazarello has acknowledged the contributions of [[Lucasinho Ribeiro]] and Pai Tiatrist, he also recognizes the significant roles played by Policarpo Mendonca, N. M. Fernandes, Anton Abrany, and Fernandes in shaping the Konkani theatre landscape.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Regina Fernandes was born on 16 November 1880, in the village of [[Raia, Goa]] which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now situated in India). She had a sibling named Carmelina, who pursued a career as a theater actress, much like Fernandes herself. At the age of 12, Fernandes entered into matrimony with [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]], a playwright, who was 20 years old at the time. The wedding ceremony took place on 22 August 1892, at St. Francis Xavier Church in [[Dabul]], [[Bombay]].<ref name=":1" />

On 20 December 1908, Fernandes died in Bombay. She had been unwell for a period of twelve days before her demise. Left behind were her two sons, Michael and Manuel, as well as her two daughters, Sophia and Annie.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
Fernandes had a brief but influential career in the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage, lasting only four years. However, her impact on aspiring actresses, particularly young girls, was significant. Despite the potential social repercussions, her involvement in ''tiatr'' inspired numerous women artists to join the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage. Figures such as Ermelinda, Carlota, Mohana, and Cecilia followed in Fernandes' footsteps.<ref name=":2" />

In 2009, the establishment of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) marked an important milestone for the ''tiatr'' community. As part of this development, Fernandes' birth anniversary on 16 November became an annual celebration. The occasion features a special program exclusively performed by women artists from the ''tiatr'' stage. The substantial participation in this event served as a tribute to Fernandes and her contributions to the ''tiatr'' tradition.<ref name=":2" />

==Plays==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1904
|''[[Batcara]]''
|Roza Maria Luiza Vaz
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":1" />
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Regina}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Sinai Peninsula

2026-03-02T06:09:51Z

ClaudiaChilds56: update structure after review and updated info

{{Short description|Peninsula in Egypt}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox peninsulas
| name = Sinai Peninsula {{nobold|شبه جزيرة سيناء}}
| image = File:Sinai-peninsula-map.jpg
| image_caption = Shaded relief map of the Sinai Peninsula, 1992, produced by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency
| image_size = 250px
| area_km2 = 60000
| country_largest_city = [[Arish]]
| location =
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|30|N|33|48|E|dim:200_region:EG|display=inline,title}}
| population = 600,000<ref name=population>January 2018 population data gives the North and South governorates' population at approximately 560,000 (per {{cite web |title=اPop. Estimates by Governorate 1/1/2018 |url=https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035 |website=www.capmas.gov.eg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102023819/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |url-status=live}}). In 1997 these two governorates accounted for 97% of the peninsula's population.{{cite book |last=Greenwood |first=Ned |title=The Sinai: A Physical Geography |url=https://archive.org/details/sinaiphysicalgeo0000gree |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-72799-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sinaiphysicalgeo0000gree/page/5 5] |quote=Over 94 percent of the area and probably 97 percent of the population are found in the large governorates, leaving less than 6 percent of the area and 3 percent of the population attached to As Suways (Suez), Al Ismailiyah (Ismailia), and Bur Said (Port Said) governorates.}}</ref>
| density_km2 = 10
| country = [[Egypt]]
}}

The '''Sinai Peninsula''', or simply '''Sinai''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|n|aɪ}} {{respell|SY|ny}}; {{langx|ar|سيناء|Sīnāʾ}}), is a [[peninsula]] in [[Egypt]], and the only part of the country located in [[West Asia]]. It is between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and the [[Red Sea]] to the south, and is a [[land bridge]] between [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Sinai has a land area of about {{cvt|60000|km2}} (6 percent of Egypt's total area) and a population of approximately 600,000 people.<ref name=population/> Administratively, the vast majority of the area of the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two [[Governorates of Egypt|governorates]]: the [[South Sinai Governorate]] and the [[North Sinai Governorate]]. Three other governorates span the [[Suez Canal]], crossing into African Egypt: [[Suez Governorate]] on the southern end of the Suez Canal, [[Ismailia Governorate]] in the center, and [[Port Said Governorate]] in the north.

In the classical era, the region was known as [[Arabia Petraea]]. The peninsula acquired the name ''Sinai'' in modern times due to the assumption that a mountain near [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] is the [[Biblical Mount Sinai]].<ref name=Vaux1978>{{cite book |author-link=Roland de Vaux |last=De Vaux |first=Roland |title=The Early History of Israel |year=1978 |publisher=Darton, Longman & Todd |isbn=978-0-232-51242-7 |page=429 |quote=The name 'Sinai peninsula' is modern. It is derived from the Christian tradition, according to which Sinai was located in the south of the peninsula. This Christian tradition goes back to the fourth century, to the time when the Spanish pilgrim [[Egeria (pilgrim)|Egeria (or Etheria)]] visited Sinai in A.D. 383. From this time onwards, Christians grouped all the Old Testament memories round the Jebel Musa. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpZtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Mount Sinai]] is one of the most religiously significant places in the [[Abrahamic faiths]].

The Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|First Dynasty]] of ancient Egypt ({{circa| 3100}} BC). This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it, the [[Levant]] (the present-day territories of [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]]), which, due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences, has historically been the center of conflict between Egypt and various states of [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Asia Minor]]. In periods of foreign occupation, the Sinai was, like the rest of Egypt, also occupied and controlled by foreign empires, in more recent history the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Ottoman Egypt|1517–1867]]) and the [[United Kingdom]] ([[History of Egypt under the British|1882–1956]]). Israel, along with France and the United Kingdom, invaded and occupied Sinai during the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956. Israel again invaded the Sinai in the aftermath of the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967. On 6 October 1973, Egypt launched the [[Yom Kippur War]], seizing most of the east bank of the Suez Canal while Israel seized even more area to its west. Israel exchanged the ten kilometers along the east bank and territory seized in 1973 for a 1974 ceasefire. In 1982, as a result of the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]] of 1979, Israel withdrew from all of the Sinai Peninsula except the contentious territory of [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]], which was returned after a ruling by a commission of arbitration in 1989.

Today, Sinai has become a [[Tourism in Egypt|tourist destination]] due to its natural setting, rich [[coral reef]]s, and biblical history.

==Name==
{{main|Mount Sinai (Bible)#Jabal Musa}}

===Ancient Egyptian names===
{{Hiero|bjꜣw The Mining Country<ref name=Gauthier1925>{{cite book |last=Gauthier |first=Henri |author-link=Henri Gauthier |date=1925 |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_2 |location=Cairo |publisher=[[Egyptian Geographic Society|Egyptian Royal Geographic Society]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_2/page/n9/mode/2up 12] |isbn=}}</ref><ref name=H1135>The translation 'mining country' is not certain, see also Rainer Hannig: ''Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch: (2800 – 950 v. Chr.)''. p. 1135.</ref>|<hiero>b-i-N41:bH-xAst</hiero>|align=right|era=ok}}
{{Hiero|ḫtjw mfkꜣt The Ladders of Turquoise<ref name=Gauthier1927>{{cite book |last=Gauthier |first=Henri |author-link=Henri Gauthier |date=1927 |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1927 |location=[[Cairo]] |publisher=[[Egyptian Geographic Society|Egyptian Royal Geographic Society]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1927/page/n97/mode/2up 189] |isbn=}}</ref>|<hiero>xt:x*t-tyw-:*D12-m-f:kA-D12:niwt</hiero>|align=right|era=ok}}

Because the Sinai Peninsula was the main region where mining of [[turquoise]] was carried out in Ancient Egypt, it was called ''Biau'' (the "Mining Country")<ref name=Gauthier1925/> and ''Khetiu Mafkat'' ("Ladders of Turquoise")<ref name=Gauthier1927/><ref>[http://www.gemnantes.fr/documents/pdf/DUGs/Salanne_dug.pdf "Étude de la turquoise : de ses traitements et imitations"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215115447/http://www.gemnantes.fr/documents/pdf/DUGs/Salanne_dug.pdf|date=15 December 2013}}, thesis by Claire Salanne, Université de Nantes, 2009.</ref> by the ancient Egyptians.

==="Sinai"===
The origin of the modern name is a source of contention (see [[Biblical Mount Sinai]] for a fuller discussion). The name ''Sinai'' ({{langx|he|סִינַי}}, {{langx|syc|ܣܝܢܝ}}) may have been derived from the [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|ancient Mesopotamian]] [[Lunar deity|moon-god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sinai Peninsula (peninsula, Egypt) |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=14 January 2012 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545586/Sinai-Peninsula |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430212101/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545586/Sinai-Peninsula |url-status=live }}</ref> The moon-deity Sin is associated with the area; the [[Egyptian mythology|ancient Egyptian]] moon-god [[Thoth]] is also associated with Sin, and his worship was widespread throughout the south tip of the Sinai Peninsula.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}{{clarify|reason=Who worshipped the Mesopotamian deity Sin in the Egyptian peninsula and when? Was it Sin or actually Toth? What are the sources for the worship of Toth in the south of the peninsula? If 'Sin' wasn't used in Egypt, but 'Toth' was, how is this relevant to the name Sinai? How did the Mesopotamian name Sin jump to the Egyptian peninsula and what is the link to the name?|date= December 2021}} ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901-1906) quotes a [[Rabbinic literature|Rabbinic source]], the 8th- or 9th-century [[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]], which derives the name from the [[biblical Hebrew]] word ''seneh'' ({{langx|he|סֶ֫נֶּה}}),<ref name="Eliezer">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link1=Joseph Jacobs |first1=Joseph |last1=Jacobs |author-link2=Max Seligsohn |first2=Max |last2=Seligsohn |author-link3=Wilhelm Bacher |first3=Wilhelm |last3=Bacher |title=Sinai, Mount |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] (1901–1906) |via=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=14 January 2012 |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=817&letter=S&search=horeb}}</ref> a word only known from two occurrences in the [[Hebrew Bible]], in both cases referring to the [[burning bush]].<ref name="JEBush">{{cite book |last1=Jastrow |first1=M. |last2=Ginzberg |first2=L. |last3=Jastrow |first3=M. |last4=McCurdy |first4=J. F. |year=1906 |chapter=Burning Bush |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3845-burning-bush |via=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105175826/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3845-burning-bush |url-status=live }}</ref> Rabbi Eliezer opines that Mount Horeb only received the name ''Sinai'' after God appeared to Moses in the shape of a burning bush.<ref name="Eliezer" />

The English name came from Latin, ultimately from [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] {{lang|he|סִינַי‎}}, {{IPA|hbo|siˈnaj|}} ({{respell|see|NIGH|}}, in English phonetic spelling). In [[English language|English]], the name is now usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|n|aɪ}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Sinai |title=Definition of Sinai |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=3 May 2014 |archive-date=3 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503165937/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Sinai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Sinai |title=Sinai |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=3 May 2014 |archive-date=3 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185233/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Sinai |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternative, now dated pronunciation in English was {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|n|ɪ|aɪ}} {{respell|SY|nih|eye}}.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sinai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202084713/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sinai |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-12-02 |title=Sinai |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Sinai|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Greatrift.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Image from [[Gemini 11]] spacecraft, featuring part of Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula in the foreground and the [[Levant]] in the background]]

Sinai is triangular in shape, with its northern shore lying on the southern [[Mediterranean Sea]], and its southwest and southeast shores on the [[Gulf of Suez]] and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] of the [[Red Sea]]. It is linked to the African continent by the [[Isthmus of Suez]], {{convert|125|km}} wide strip of land, containing the [[Suez Canal]]. The eastern isthmus, linking it to the Asian mainland, is around {{convert|200|km}} wide. The peninsula is on the [[African Plate]] with the [[Arabian Plate]] on its eastern boundary.<ref>Homberg, Catherine and Martina Bachmann, ''Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform Since the Mesozoic,'' The Geological Society of London, 2010, p 65 {{ISBN|978-1-86239-306-6}}</ref>

The southernmost tip is the [[Ras Muhammad National Park]].

Most of the Sinai Peninsula is divided among the two [[governorates of Egypt]]: [[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]] (Ganub Sina) and [[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]] (Shamal Sina).<ref name=Greenwood2010>{{cite book |author=Ned Greenwood |title=The Sinai: A Physical Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5OhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4 |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-77909-9 |pages=4–}}</ref> Together, they comprise around 60,000 square kilometres (23,000 sq mi) and have a population (January 2013) of 597,000. Three more governates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: [[Suez Governorate|Suez]] (el-Sewais) is on the southern end of the Suez Canal, [[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]] (el-Isma'ileyyah) in the centre, and [[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]] in the north.

The largest city of Sinai is [[Arish]], capital of the North Sinai, with around 160,000 residents. Other larger settlements include [[Sharm El Sheikh]] and [[El-Tor]], on the southern coast. Inland Sinai is arid (effectively a desert), mountainous and sparsely populated, the largest settlements being [[Saint Catherine, Egypt|Saint Catherine]] and [[Nekhel]].<ref name=Greenwood2010/>

===Climate===
Sinai is one of the coldest provinces in Egypt because of its high altitudes and mountainous topographies. Winter temperatures in some of Sinai's cities and towns reach {{convert|-16|°C}}.

==History==
===Chalcolithic===
A cave with paintings of people and animals was discovered about {{convert|30|km}} north of [[Mount Catherine]] in January 2020, dates back to the [[Chalcolithic]] Period, {{Circa|5th}}–4th millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egyptian-cave-paintings-donkey-people-1483601 |title=Cave Covered in Ancient Egyptian Paintings of Donkeys and People Discovered by Accident |website=Newsweek |date=23 January 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182754/https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egyptian-cave-paintings-donkey-people-1483601 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ancient Egypt===
From the time of the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|First Dynasty]] or before, the Egyptians mined [[turquoise]] in Sinai at two locations, now called by their [[Egyptian Arabic]] names [[Wadi Maghareh]] and [[Serabit el-Khadim]]. The mines were worked intermittently and on a seasonal basis for thousands of years. Modern attempts to exploit the deposits have been unprofitable. These may be the first historically attested mines.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The fortress [[Tjaru]] in western Sinai was a place of banishment for Egyptian criminals. The Way of Horus connected it across northern Sinai with ancient [[Canaan]].

===Achaemenid Persian Period===
At the end of the time of [[Darius I]], the Great (521–486 BCE) Sinai was part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] province of [[Abar-Nahra]], which means 'beyond the river [<nowiki/>[[Euphrates]]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/achaemenid_persian_syria.php#sthash.SnulMqGB.dpuf |title=History of Iran: Achaemenid Persian Syria 538–331 BCE; Two Centuries of Persian Rule |website=www.iranchamber.com |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823030715/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/achaemenid_persian_syria.php#sthash.SnulMqGB.dpuf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Cambyses II|Cambyses]] successfully managed the crossing of the hostile Sinai Desert, traditionally Egypt's first and strongest line of defence, and brought the Egyptians under [[Psamtik III]], son and successor of [[Amasis II|Ahmose]], to [[Battle of Pelusium|battle at Pelusium]]. The Egyptians lost and retired to [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]; the city fell to the Persian control and the Pharaoh was carried off in captivity to [[Susa]] in Persia.

===Roman and Byzantine Periods===
[[File:Katharinenkloster Sinai BW 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] is the oldest working Christian monastery in the world and the most popular tourist attraction on the peninsula.]]
[[Rhinocorura]] ([[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] for "[[Rhinotomy|Cut-off Noses]]") and the eponymous region around it were used by [[Ptolemaid Egypt]] as a place of banishment for criminals, today known as [[Arish]].

After the death of the last [[Nabatean Kingdom|Nabatean]] king, [[Rabbel II Soter]], in 106,<ref name=SchürerMillar2015>{{cite book |last1=Schürer |first1=Emil |last2=Millar |first2=Fergus |last3=Vermes |first3=Geza |title=The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbyFBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583 |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-567-50161-5 |page=583 |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031043156/https://books.google.com/books?id=lbyFBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Roman emperor]] [[Trajan]] faced practically no resistance and conquered the kingdom on 22 March 106. With this conquest, the [[Roman Empire]] went on to control all shores of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The Sinai Peninsula became part of the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref name=Taylor>Taylor, Jane (2001). ''Petra And the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans''. I. B. Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1-86064-508-2}}, p. 73-74 ({{Google books|FcAoBq4_EnEC|online copy|page=73}})</ref>

[[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] on the foot of [[Mount Sinai]] was constructed by order of the Emperor [[Justinian]] between 527 and 565. Most of the Sinai Peninsula became part of the province of [[Palaestina Salutaris]] in the 6th century.

===Ayyubid Period===
During the [[Crusades]] it was under the control of [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. Later, Sultan [[Saladin]] abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and took this region under his control too. It was the military route from Cairo to Damascus during the Crusades. And in order to secure this route, he built a citadel on the [[Pharaoh's Island|island of Pharaoh]] (near present Taba) known by his name '[[Castle of Saladin, Pharaoh's Island|Saladin's Citadel]]'.

===Mamluk and Ottoman Periods===
[[File:A camping-place in the wilderness of Sinai.jpg|thumb|left|The wilderness of Sinai, 1862]]
[[File:1869 Ordnance Survey of the Peninsula of Sinai.jpg|thumb|The first scientifically accurate map of the peninsula: the 1869 Ordnance Survey of the Peninsula of Sinai]]

The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]] from 1260 until 1517, when the Ottoman Sultan, [[Selim I|Selim the Grim]], defeated the Egyptians at the [[Battle of Marj Dabiq|Battles of Marj Dabiq]] and [[Battle of Ridaniya|al-Raydaniyya]], and [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire]]. From then until 1906, Sinai was administered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] provincial government of the [[Pashalik of Egypt|''Pashalik'' of Egypt]], even following the establishment of the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]]'s rule over the rest of Egypt in 1805.

===British control===
In 1906, the [[Ottoman Porte]] formally transferred administration of Sinai to the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the [[British Empire]], who had [[History of Egypt under the British|occupied and largely controlled Egypt]] since the 1882 [[Anglo-Egyptian War]]. The border imposed by the British runs in an almost straight line from [[Rafah]] on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] shore to [[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]] on the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. This line has served as the de jure eastern border of Egypt ever since.

===Egyptian-Israeli conflicts===
====1956 war====
In 1956, [[Nasserist Egypt]] nationalised the [[Suez Canal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/egypt-nationalizes-the-suez-canal |title=Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal |website=History |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203191115/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/egypt-nationalizes-the-suez-canal |url-status=live }}</ref> a waterway marking the boundary between Egyptian territory in [[Africa]] and the Sinai Peninsula. Thereafter, [[Israel]]i ships were prohibited from using the Canal,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/newsid_2701000/2701603.stm |title=1956: Egypt Seizes Suez Canal |publisher=BBC |date=26 July 1956 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317034109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/newsid_2701000/2701603.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> owing to the state of war between the two states. Egypt also prohibited ships from using Egyptian territorial waters on the eastern side of the peninsula to travel to and from Israel, effectively imposing a blockade on the Israeli port of [[Eilat]]. In October 1956, in what is known in Egypt as the [[Suez Crisis|Tripartite Aggression]], [[Israel Defense Forces]] troops, aided by the [[United Kingdom]] and [[French Fourth Republic|France]] (which sought to reverse the nationalization and regain control over the Suez Canal), invaded Sinai and occupied much of the peninsula within a few days. In March 1957, Israel withdrew its forces from Sinai, following strong pressure from the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Thereafter, the [[United Nations Emergency Force]] (UNEF) was stationed in Sinai to prevent any further conflict in the Sinai.

====1967 war====
{{see also|Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula}}
[[File:EgyptIsraelBorderEilat.JPG|thumb|Egypt-Israel border, looking north from the [[Eilat]] Mountains (2008)]]
[[File:UNEF.Canada.Panama.74.jpeg|thumb|upright|Canadian and Panamanian [[United Nations Emergency Force|UNEF]] [[UN peacekeepers]] in Sinai, 1974]]

On 16 May 1967, [[United Arab Republic|Egypt]] ordered the UNEF out of Sinai<ref>{{cite book |author=Samir A. Mutawi |title=Jordan in the 1967 War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC |date=18 July 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52858-0 |page=93 |quote=Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians, his response to this development was a model of moderation. His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping. The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were, indeed, closed to all Israeli ships |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031043157/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC |url-status=live }}</ref> and reoccupied it militarily. Secretary-General [[U Thant]] eventually complied and ordered the withdrawal without Security Council authorisation. In the course of the [[Six-Day War]] that broke out shortly thereafter, Israel occupied the entire [[Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula|Sinai Peninsula]], and [[Gaza Strip]] from Egypt, the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|West Bank]] (including [[East Jerusalem]]) from [[Jordan]] (which [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordan had controlled since 1949]]), and the [[Golan Heights]] from [[Syria]]. The Suez Canal, the east bank of which was now occupied by Israel, was closed. Israel commenced efforts at large scale [[Israeli settlement]] in the Sinai Peninsula.

==== War of Attrition ====
{{see also|War of Attrition}}
Following the Israeli conquest of Sinai, Egypt launched the [[War of Attrition]] (1967–70) aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from the Sinai. The war saw protracted conflict in the Suez Canal Zone, ranging from limited to large-scale combat. Israeli shelling of the cities of [[Port Said]], [[Ismailia]], and [[Suez]] on the west bank of the canal, led to high civilian casualties (including the virtual destruction of Suez), and contributed to the flight of 700,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spencer |first1=Tucker |title=Encyclopedia or the Arab-Israeli Conflict |page=175}}</ref> Egyptian internal refugees. Ultimately, the war concluded in 1970 with no change in the front line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1337698/War-of-Attrition |title=War of Attrition |date=19 October 2023 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505010625/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1337698/War-of-Attrition |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Yom Kippur War ====
{{see also|Yom Kippur War}}
On 6 October 1973, the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] commenced [[Operation Badr (1973)|Operation Badr]] to retake the Sinai, while Syria launched a simultaneous operation to retake the Golan Heights,{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} thereby beginning the [[Yom Kippur War]] (known in Egypt as the ''October War''). Egyptian engineering forces built [[pontoon bridge]]s to cross the Suez Canal, and stormed the [[Bar Lev Line]], Israel's defensive line along the Suez Canal's east bank. Though the Egyptians maintained control of most of the east bank of the Suez Canal, in the later stages of the war, the [[Israeli military]] crossed the southern section of the Suez Canal, cutting off the [[Third Army (Egypt)|Egyptian 3rd Army]], and occupied a section of the Suez Canal's west bank. The war ended following a mutually agreed-upon ceasefire. After the war, as part of the subsequent [[Sinai Interim Agreement|Sinai Disengagement Agreements]], Israel withdrew from immediate proximity with the Suez Canal, with Egypt agreeing to permit passage of Israeli ships. The canal was reopened in 1975, with President [[Anwar Sadat]] leading the first convoy through the canal aboard an [[Egyptian Navy]] destroyer.

====1979–1982 Israeli withdrawal====
In 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|peace treaty]] in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the entirety of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel subsequently withdrew in several stages, ending in 1982. The Israeli pull-out involved dismantling almost all Israeli settlements, including the settlement of [[Yamit]] in north-eastern Sinai. The exception was that the coastal city of [[Sharm el-Sheikh]] (which the Israelis had founded as [[Ofira]] during their occupation of the Sinai Peninsula) was not dismantled. The Treaty allows monitoring of Sinai by the [[Multinational Force and Observers]], and limits the number of [[Egyptian military]] forces in the peninsula.

=====Sinai peacekeeping zones=====
[[File:Sinai MFO.PNG|thumb|The Sinai Peninsula security zones which delineate Egypt, Israel and [[Multinational Force and Observers]]' zone of operations]]

Article 2 of Annex I of the Peace Treaty called for the Sinai Peninsula to be divided into zones. Within these zones, Egypt and Israel were permitted varying degrees of military buildup:

* Zone A: Between the [[Suez Canal]] and '''Line A'''. Egypt is permitted a mechanized infantry division with a total of 22,000 troops in Zone A.
* Zone B: Between '''Line A''' and '''Line B'''. Egypt is permitted four border security battalions to support the civilian police in Zone B.
* Zone C: Between '''Line B''' and the Egypt–Israel border. Only the [[Multinational Force and Observers|MFO]] and the Egyptian civilian police are permitted within Zone C.
* Zone D: Between the Egypt–Israel border and '''Line D'''. Israel is permitted four infantry battalions in Zone D.

===Early 21st century security issues===
Since the early 2000s, Sinai has been the site of several [[Terrorism in Egypt|terror attacks]] against [[Tourism in Egypt|tourists]], the majority of whom are Egyptian. Investigations have shown that these were mainly motivated by a resentment of the poverty faced by many [[Bedouin]] in the area. Attacking the tourist industry was viewed as a method of damaging the industry so that the government would pay more attention to their situation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/752/fr4.htm |title=Shock in Sharm |date=23 July 2005 |author=Serene Assir |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924125054/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/752/fr4.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> (See [[2004 Sinai bombings]], [[2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings]] and [[2006 Dahab bombings]]). Since the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]], unrest has become more prevalent in the area including the [[August 2012 Sinai attack]] in which 16 Egyptian soldiers were killed by militants. (See [[Sinai insurgency]].)

Also on the rise are [[Refugee kidnappings in Sinai|kidnappings of refugees]]. According to Meron Estifanos, Eritrean refugees are often kidnapped by Bedouin in the northern Sinai, tortured, raped, and only released after paying a large ransom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asmarino.com/alewana/2038-close-the-torture-houses-in-north-sinai-and-egypt |title=Close the Torture Houses in North Sinai and Egypt |website=[AI] Asmarino Independent |date=13 March 2014 |language=en-GB |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704101108/http://asmarino.com/alewana/2038-close-the-torture-houses-in-north-sinai-and-egypt |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''Sound of Torture'' documentary</ref>

Under President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|el-Sisi]], Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the [[Egypt–Gaza border|border to the Gaza Strip]], including the dismantling of tunnels between Gaza and Sinai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/egypt-sinai-gaza-tunnels-sanctions-sisi-terrorist.html |title=Egypt discovers record-length smuggling tunnel |last=Fouad |first=Ahmed |date=17 April 2015 |website=Al-Monitor |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206003305/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/egypt-sinai-gaza-tunnels-sanctions-sisi-terrorist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Bedouins making bread.jpg|thumb|Two young [[Bedouin]]s making bread in the desert]]

The two governorates of [[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]] and [[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]] have a total population of 597,000 (January 2013). This figure rises to 1,400,000 by including Western Sinai, the parts of the [[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]], [[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]] and [[Suez Governorate|Suez]] Governorates lying east of the Suez Canal. Port Said alone has a population of roughly 500,000 people (January 2013). Portions of the populations of Ismailia and Suez live in west Sinai, while the rest live on the western side of the Suez Canal.

The population of Sinai has largely consisted of desert-dwelling [[Bedouin]]s with their colourful traditional costumes and significant culture.<ref>Leonard, William R. and Michael H. Crawford, ''The Human Biology of Pastoral Populations'', Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 67 {{ISBN|978-0-521-78016-2}}</ref> Large numbers of Egyptians from the Nile Valley and [[Nile Delta|Delta]] moved to the area to work in tourism, but development adversely affected the native Bedouin population.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} In order to help alleviate their problems, various [[NGO]]s began to operate in the region, including the [[Makhad Trust]], a UK charity that assists the Bedouin in developing a sustainable income while protecting Sinai's natural environment, heritage and culture.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

==Economy==
{{See also|Tourism in Egypt}}

Sinai's scenic spots (including [[coral reef]]s offshore) and religious structures have become important to the tourism industry. The most popular tourist destination in Sinai are [[Mount Sinai]] (''Jabal Musa'') and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai|St Catherine's Monastery]], which is considered to be the oldest working Christian monastery in the world, and the beach resorts of [[Sharm el-Sheikh]], [[Dahab]], [[Nuweiba]] and [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]]. Most tourists arrive at [[Sharm El Sheikh International Airport]], through Eilat, Israel and the [[Taba Border Crossing]], by road from [[Cairo]] or by ferry from [[Aqaba]] in Jordan.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

[[Cactus|Cacti]] – especially [[cactus pear]]s – are grown in Sinai. They are a crop of the [[Columbian Exchange]]. Cactus [[hedge]]s – both intentionally planted and wild [[garden escape]]s – formed an important part of defensible positions during the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign]] of World War I. Some unfamiliar soldiers even tried eating them, to negative result.<ref name="Woodfin-2012">{{cite book |last=Woodfin |first=Edward C. |title=Camp and Combat on the Sinai and Palestine Front : The experience of the British Empire Soldier, 1916{{emdash}}18 | publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] | publication-place=Houndmills, [[Basingstoke]], Hampshire, & [[New York City]] | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-230-30376-8 | oclc=779244382 | pages=xix+220}}</ref>

[[Dromedary]] herding is important here. ''[[Trypanosoma evansi]]'' is a constant concern and is transmitted by several [[vector (epidemiology)|vector]]s. Although [[tick]]s have not been proven to be among them, Mahmoud and Gray 1980 and El-Kady 1998 experimentally demonstrate survival of ''T. evansi'' in camel ticks of the ''[[Hyalomma]]'' for several hours in the real bio-climatic conditions of Sinai.<ref name="Moussiaux-Desmecht-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Antoine-Moussiaux |first1=Nicolas |last2=Desmecht |first2=Daniel |title=Epidémiologie de l'infection par ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire |year=2008 |publisher=[[University of Liège]] |volume=152 |issue=3 |issn=0003-4118 |hdl=2268/25781 |language=fr |pages=191–201 |eissn=1781-3875}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Dahab View from dive shop.JPG|[[Dahab]] in southern Sinai is a popular beach and diving resort
File:ISJabalMusa.JPG|Gabal or Jebel Musa, identified by Christians with [[Mount Sinai]]
</gallery>

{{land_bridge_world_map.svg}}
==See also==
* [[Multinational Force and Observers]]
* [[Negev Bedouin]]
* [[Operation Eagle]]
* [[South Sinai regional development programme]]

===Manmade structures===
* [[Nawamis]]

===Natural places===
* [[Desert of Paran]]
* [[Mitla Pass]]
* Um Adawi Granites

===Wildlife===
* [[Sinai leopard]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |author=H. J. L. Beadnell |title=Central Sinai |journal=Geographical Journal |volume=67 |issue=5 |date=May 1926 |pages=385–398 |doi=10.2307/1782203 |jstor=1782203|bibcode=1926GeogJ..67..385B | issn=0016-7398 }}
* Gardner, Ann (2000). "At Home in South Sinai". ''Nomadic Peoples''. Vol. 4 (New Series), Iss. 2: Special Issue: Employment and Unemployment Among Bedouin. pp. 48–67. {{JSTOR|43123605}}. Detailed account of Bedouin women.
* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Jessica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRrJvNXGF9cC&q=%22Tourist%20Places%20and%20Negotiating%20Modernity%3A%20European%20Women%20and%20Romance%20Tourism%20in%20the%20Sinai%22&pg=PA125 |access-date=7 January 2010 |chapter=Tourist Places and Negotiating Modernity: European Women and Romance Tourism in the Sinai |title=Travels in Paradox: Remapping Tourism |editor1-first=Claudio |editor1-last=Minca |editor2-first=Tim |editor2-last=Oakes |year=2006 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-2876-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinparadox0000unse}}
* [[Claude Scudamore Jarvis|Jarvis, C. S.]], ''Yesterday and To-day in Sinai'' (Edinburgh/London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1931).
* {{cite journal |last1=Teague |first1=Matthew |last2=Moyer |first2=Matt |date=March 2009 |title=The Sinai's Separate Peace |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |volume=215 |issue=3 |pages=99–121 |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/03/sinai/teague-text |access-date=7 January 2010 |issn=0027-9358 |archive-date=11 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211233851/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/03/sinai/teague-text |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |author=C. W. Wilson |title=Recent Surveys in Sinai and Palestine |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London]] |volume=43 |year=1873 |pages=206–240 |doi=10.2307/1798627 |jstor=1798627 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449376}}
* Zoltán, Prantner (2014). [http://cssas.unap.ro/en/pdf_periodicals/si52.swf "New terrorist challenges in the Sinai peninsula, prominent jihadists organisations"], ''Strategic Impact'' '''52'''(3):39–47. [https://www.academia.edu/12299581/New_terrorist_challenges_in_the_Sinai_peninsula_prominent_jihadists_organisations At Academia.com].

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.allSinai.info/ Guide to Sinai, covering background information on history, flora, fauna, desert, Bedouin, safaris and geology of Sinai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100101000000*/http://www.sinaiweekly.com/ ''Sinai Local Magazine'']—Archive index
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/the-complete-guide-to-the-sinai-796142.html "The Complete Guide To: The Sinai"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 15 March 2008.
* [http://www.aldokkan.com/geography/sinai.htm Sinai in ancient Egypt]
* [http://www.livefromsinai.com/ Broadcasting videos from Sinai]
* [http://www.odd-stuff.info/gallery/egypt/menusharm.htm Images of the Sinai Desert] ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307184923/http://www.odd-stuff.info/gallery/egypt/menusharm.htm |date=7 March 2012 }})
* [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72791 IRIN humanitarian news: EU grant to tackle rural poverty in South Sinai]
* [http://sinaitrekkingandsafari.com/ Sinai trekking and safari: route maps and photo archive] ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203224214/http://sinaitrekkingandsafari.com/ |date=3 February 2015 }})

{{Egypt topics}}
{{Geography of Asia}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sinai Peninsula| ]]
[[Category:Egypt in the Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Demilitarized zones]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible regions]]
[[Category:Landforms of the Red Sea]]
[[Category:North Sinai Governorate]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Asia]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Egypt]]
[[Category:South Sinai Governorate]]
[[Category:Suez Canal]]
[[Category:West Asia]]
[[Category:Former disputed land areas]]

Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-26T07:46:56Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Protected area in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Map of Lonar Sanctuary.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Buldhana district]], Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = [[Aurangabad]] and [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19|58|30|N|76|30|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|365.16|ha}}
| established = 2008
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Maharashtra State Forest Department
| url =
}}
The '''Lona Wildlife Sanctuary''' is situated around a lagoon called [[Lonar Lake]], which was created by a meteorite impact about 50,000 years ago.<ref name="Buldhana">{{cite web |title=Lonar Crater Lake |url=https://buldhana.nic.in/en/tourist-place/lonar-crater/ |website=buldhana.nic.in |publisher=Buldhana District administration |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> The diameter of the Lonar lake is 1.83 km.<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite book |last1=ENVIS |title=Lonar Crater |date=June 2011 |publisher=Environment Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.mahenvis.nic.in/pdf/Newsletter/nletter_crater.pdf |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> This sanctuary located in Lonar taluka of [[Buldhana district]] of Maharashtra. The sanctuary is spread over an area of 365.16 Hectares . It includes the 77.69 Ha Lonar lake. The forest around the lake is mainly Southern Tropical dry Deciduous Forest.<ref name="ENVIS" /> In 2020 the Lonar lake was declared as [[Ramsar site]].<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Badri |title=Lonar Lake in Buldhana district declared Ramsar site, second for Maharashtra within a year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/lonar-lake-in-buldhana-district-declared-ramsar-site-second-for-maharashtra-within-a-year/story-XLBrbNADwhPuAX0KHZdo0N.html |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2020}}</ref> The foul smell of [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas is common near the lake water.<ref name="ZSI" />

==Location==
The nearest rail head is Jalna Town of Maharashtra state which is 84 km from the sanctuary. Regular buses are available from Partur and Jalna Bus Stand. The sanctuary is open for visitors from sunrise to sunset. There are many hotels and resorts located near Lonar town.

==Management==
The Lonar sanctuary is a part of Aurangabad Wildlife Division. The sanctuary is managed by Mehkar Forest Range. The sanctuary was notified by Govt. of Maharashtra on 8 June 2000.

==Flora==
The trees growing in the sanctuary are ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' (Babhul), ''[[Ficus glomerata]]'' (Umbar), ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' (Arjun), [[Tendu (tree)|Tendu]], ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'' (Jamun), ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' (Vad), ''[[Dolichandrone falcata|Dolichandrone falcat]]a'' (Medshing).<ref name="ZSI">{{cite book |last1=Director |first1=ZSI |title=Fauna of Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary |date=December 2008 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |location=Kolkata |edition=First |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/cas/037/index.pdf |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> There are 14 types of algae reported from the lake which mostly include [[blue-green Algae]].

==Fauna==
The migratory birds flock to the lake from October to March every year. The common animals found in the sanctuary are [[Sloth bear]], [[Nilgai]], [[Wolf]], [[Chital]] and [[Barking Deer]]. There are 12 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 46 species of reptiles are found in the sanctuary.<ref name="ZSI" />

==Tourist places==
The major tourist place is Lonar Lake. There are about 1250 ancient temples around the Lonar Lake.<ref name="Buldhana" /> In July 2020 the colour of the Lake turned pink which was due to [[Haloarchaea]] bacteria culture that creates pink pigment and exists in saline water.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Scientists reveal why Lonar Lake in Maharashtra turned pink in colour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/scientists-reveal-why-lonar-lake-in-maharashtra-turned-pink-in-colour/as77120314.cms |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=Times of India |date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

==Threats==
The sewage from the nearby town is main threat.<ref name="HT" /> The other threats include forest fires, encroachment, hunting and trespassing. The littering of the lake by the pilgrims is a major threat to the ecosystem.<ref name="ZSI" /> The continued flow of contaminations in the water of lake is causing [[eutrophication]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]

Syed Nabiullah

2026-02-24T21:17:01Z

ClaudiaChilds56: general adjusted details for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

'''Syed Nabiullah''' (سيد نبي الله) was a prominent barrister<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-01 |title=Lucknow to get first woman mayor in 100 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lucknow-to-get-first-woman-mayor-in-100-years/story-XLy0zujzDLPa4flrkX42XI.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> from [[Lucknow]], India, and one of the eminent leaders of the [[All India Muslim League]].

== Early life ==
Syed Nabiullah was born in Kara/Manikpur village in the District of [[Prayagraj]] in 1860. He was one of the first few students who passed BA from [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|Mohmmadan Anglo-Oriental College]], established by [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]].<ref name="Sepratism"> {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Francis|title=Separatism Among Indian Muslims: Politics of United Provinces Appendix I, 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=384}}</ref> Later at the behest of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, he and his brother Syed Habibullah went to England to study law.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Shan|title=Education & Politics from Sir Syed to the Present Day, 2002|publisher=APH Publishing |page=384}}</ref> In England he became a Barrister-At-Law at [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Court in Avadh from 1856 A. D. up to Present Time |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/HistoryOfTheCourtInAvadhFrom1856HKGhose.pdf}}</ref>

Nabiullah had a tall gaunt and imposing structure. He didn't have his left eye and had set a stone modelled eye. Nabiullah was the toast of Prayagraj and his hometown: Kara. He was a man of discipline and strictly adhered to his routine with punctuality.

== Career ==
In 1885, Nabiullah returned to India from England and established his law practice in Lucknow. In Lucknow he also became active in local and national politics. He was one of the founding members of All India Muslim League, as well as one of its prominent leaders. He was one of the 35 delegates, of the deputation who went to [[Shimla]] on 1 October 1906 to meet [[Lord Minto]]. He was a distinguished member of the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] at Dhaka, held in December 1906, in which formation of the All Indian Muslim League was resolved, and at the same time he became a member of this newly founded party.

Syed Nabiullah served as President of the All India Muslim league for two years. In 1910, at the Nagpore Session of the All India Muslim League, Nawab Ghulam Ahmed Khan Kalami of Madras proposed the election of Syed Nabiullah as President of the Sessions. The Nawab, in his speech proposing the election of Syed Nabiullah, stated that, "the East and West have blended in Mr. Syed Nabiullah to the best advantage". He concluded his speech by saying, "it is but right and proper that a gentleman of Mr. Nabiullah's attainments should be given the honour that is his due". Nawab Ghulam Ahmed Khan Kalami's proposal was unanimously accepted and Syed Nabiullah was declared the President of the Nagpore Session.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the All-India Muslim League, held at Nagpore on the 28th and the 30th of December 1910 : Mirza, Mohammad Aziz (Comp.) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88848/page/16/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref> He remained actively involved with the All India Muslim League till his death. He was held in very high esteem by other leaders of All India Muslim League because of his balanced views, talent and selflessness.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaidi|first=Moin|title=Evolution of Muslim Political Thought in India, Volume 1, 1988|publisher=Chand |page=270}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pirzada|first=Sharifuddin|title=Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947, Volume 2, 1970 |publisher=National Publishing House|location=Pakistan|page=74}}</ref>

He served as the chairman of the Lucknow Municipal Board from 1916 to 1923.<ref name="Sepratism" />

== Death ==
He died in 1925, aged 65.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad |first=Shan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&dq=syed+nabiullah+1925&pg=PA32 |title=Education and Politics: From Sir Syed to the Present Day : the Aligarh School |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-275-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Formation of the All India Muslim League and its Response to some |url=https://studylib.net/doc/8245809/formation-of-the-all-india-muslim-league-and-its-response... |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=studylib.net |language=en}}</ref> A road in Lucknow is named Nabiullah Road after him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=LMC readies shelter homes for Lucknow's homeless |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lmc-readies-shelter-homes-for-lucknow-s-homeless-101639163606546.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His brother Syed Habibullah was also a well known lawyer of Lucknow. He was also related to Syed Zahur Ahmad of Lucknow to whom his niece, the daughter of Syed Habibullah, named Habib Fatima was married.<ref>Recorded tradition from the great granddaughter of Syed Habibullah, granddaughter of Habib Fatima and Syed Zahur Ahmad</ref> Syed Nabiullah had a son Syed Waliullah and two daughters: Jannati Bibi and Ahmadi Bibi. Syed Waliullah was his only surviving son and Jannati Bibi was his only surviving daughter.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabiullah, Syed}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]

Ghulam Hasan

2026-02-24T14:51:11Z

ClaudiaChilds56: Made Initial Details W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian judge (1891 - 1954)}}
{{similar names|Ghulam Hassan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghulam Hassan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 8 September 1952
| term_end = 5 November 1954
| nominator = [[M. Patanjali Sastri]]
| appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start1 = 26 July 1948
| term_end1 = 3 July 1951
| appointer1 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| office2 = Chief Judge of Oudh Chief Court
| term_start2 = 23 June 1940
| term_end2 = 26 July 1948
| appointer2 = [[George VI]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1891|7|3}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1954|11|5|1891|7|3}}
| death_place =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
}}

'''Ghulam Hasan''' (3 July 1891 - 5 November 1954) was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Ghulam Hasan |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-ghulam-hasan/}}</ref> serving from 8 September 1952 until his death on 5 November 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-ghulam-hasan |title = Justice Ghulam Hasan Profile}}</ref>

== Life and work ==

He was the Senior Judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]]. He was conferred the Knighthood of the order of St. John of Jerusalem for humanitarian service. He was a member of the Oudh Bar from September 1940. He became Chief Judge on 23 June 1940. He served as the Chief Judge of the Oudh (also spelled [[Awadh]]) Chief Court until 25 July 1948 and became a Judge of the High Court after amalgamation. After his retirement in the year 1951, he took on the position of a Judge of the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/Judges/ex-judge1900-1990.htm |title = Ghulam Hasan as Allahabad High Court Judge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/HistoryOfTheCourtInAvadhFrom1856HKGhose.pdf |title = History of the Court in Avadh from 1856 A. D. up to Present Time }}</ref>

He also served as the Chairman of the [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] Enquiry Committee 1949, and the Chairman of the Provincial Red Cross and [[St John Ambulance India|St. John Ambulance Association India]] which is officially linked with the [[Order of Saint John|Order of St John]]. He was also elected as the president of the Board of Governments, La Martinière School for Girls and [[La Martinière College]] for Boys. He died in November 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/880725/judge-vs-judge-the-supreme-court-of-india-has-a-history-of-conflict-in-its-ranks |title = About His Death}}</ref> According to the news report published by Times of India he died in the office. Other judges who died in the office include [[P. Satyanarayana Raju|P. Satanarayana Raju]] (died in the office in 1966), [[Dwivedi Surendra Narayan|Surendra Narayan Dwidevi]] (died in the office in 1974), [[Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali|S M Fazal Ali]] (1985), P Govinda Menon (1957), M Srinivasan (2000) and [[Mohan Shantanagoudar|Shantanagoudar]] (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/82249771.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title = S C Judge Snatanagoudar Loses Prolonged Fight Against Cancer| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/sites/default/files/inline-images/translated_judgements/Ram.pdf Supreme Court Report]

{{authority control}}

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Ghulam}}
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

List of Maharashtra cricketers

2026-02-16T22:05:39Z

ClaudiaChilds56: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
This is a list of all cricketers who have played [[First-class cricket|first-class]], [[List A cricket|list A]] or [[Twenty20]] cricket for [[Maharashtra cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/196/Players.html| title = Maharashtra players | publisher=www.cricketarchive.com | access-date = 7 January 2016}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Seasons given are first and last seasons; the player did not necessarily play in all the intervening seasons. Players in '''bold''' have played international cricket.

{{compact TOC|center=yes|e=E|q=Q|x=X|refs=yes|biblio=yes|extlinks=no|nobreak=yes}}

==A==
* [[Kiran Adhav]], 2001/02-2009/10
* [[Ashutosh Agashe]], 1996/97-1999/00
* [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], 1962/63-1967/68
* [[Salil Agharkar]], 2007/08-2008/09
* '''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali]]''', 1940/41
* '''[[Salil Ankola]]''', 1988/89-1989/90
* [[Azhar Ansari]], 2008/09-2014/15
* [[Kaushik Aphale]], 1999/00-2005/06
* [[Sachin Aradhye]], 1999/00-2002/03
* [[Jakwan adil jair sheikh]], 2025/26

==B==
* [[Satyajeet Bachhav]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[Riaz Bagwan]], 1983/84
* '''[[Sairaj Bahutule]]''', 2005/06-2007/08
* [[Vasant Bahutule]], 1952/53
* [[Shamsher Baloch]], 1941/42
* [[Abdul Balooch]], 1956/57-1958/59
* [[Shudamshi Banerjee]], 1944/45-1947/48
* [[Ankit Bawne]], 2007/08-2015/16
* [[Ravindra Bhadbhade]], 1951/52-1954/55
* [[Ratnagar Bhajekal]], 1957/58-1959/60
* [[Ramakrishna Bhajekar]], 1940/41-1941/42
* [[Rajendra Bhalekar]], 1972/73-1985/86
* [[Narayan Bhalerao]], 1956/57-1957/58
* [[Kamal Bhandarkar]], 1939/40-1949/50
* [[Arjunrao Bharbhare]], 1954/55
* [[Prayag Bhati]], 2010/11-2015/16
* [[Kedar Bhave]], 1987/88
* [[Ramachandra Bhave]], 1954/55-1959/60
* [[Surendra Bhave]], 1986/87-2000/01
* [[Aditya Bhide]], 1969/70
* [[Vishnu Bhide]], 1954/55
* [[Kishor Bhikane]], 2009/10-2011/12
* [[Vishal Bhilare]], 2007/08
* [[Prashant Bhoir]], 2006/07
* [[Rohan Bhosale]], 2008/09-2011/12
* [[Rao Bhosle]], 1952/53-1960/61
* [[Shailesh Bhosle]], 2001/02-2002/03
* [[Vijay Bhosle]], 1955/56-1966/67
* '''[[Chandu Borde]]''', 1952/53-1972/73
* [[Ramesh Borde]], 1972/73-1984/85
* [[Suyash Burkul]], 2001/02-2006/07
* [[shubham yewale]],2023/03-20224/05

==C==
* [[Sambhaji Chabukswar]], 1948/49-1951/52
* [[Raghunath Chandorkar]], 1943/44-1946/47
* [[Vasant Chandorkar]], 1956/57-1961/62
* [[Venkat Chari]], 1941/42-1950/51
* [[Dattatraya Chaudhari]], 1947/48-1960/61
* [[Sachin Chaudhari]], 2012/13-2013/14
* '''[[Chetan Chauhan]]''', 1967/68-1974/75
* Ajay Chavan, 2002/03-2004/05
* [[Pushkaraj Chavan]], 2013/14
* [[Sangram Chavan]], 2004/05-2005/06
* [[Sumit Chavan]], 2011/12
* [[Parag Chitale]], 1993/94-1998/99
*[[shubham devidas yewale]],2012/13-2016/17

==D==
* [[Sandeep Dahad]], 1995/96-2001/02
* [[Kishanlal Dalaya]], 1941/42
* [[Anand Dalvi]], 1998/99-2002/03
* [[Madhukar Dalvi]], 1947/48-1948/49
* [[Mandar Dalvi]], 1997/98-2004/05
* '''[[Bal Dani]]''', 1951/52-1953/54
* [[Randolf Daniel]], 1982/83-1988/89
* [[Akshay Darekar]], 2010/11-2015/16
* [[Umesh Dastane]], 1978/79
* [[Manohar Datar]], 1948/49-1950/51
* [[SV Datar]], 1935/36-1936/37
* [[D. B. Deodhar]], 1934/35-1946/47
* [[Sharad Deodhar]], 1947/48-1948/49
* [[Pratik Desai]], 2006/07-2007/08
* [[Praveen Deshetti]], 2006/07
* [[MA Deshmukh]], 1934/35-1941/42
* [[Nitin Deshmukh]], 1989/90
* [[Vishwas Deshmukh]], 1975/76-1978/79
* [[Abhijit Deshpande]], 1986/87-1991/92
* [[Anand Deshpande]], 1989/90-1990/91
* [[Anant Dhamane]], 1960/61-1963/64
* [[Sayajirao Dhanawade]], 1948/49-1950/51
* [[Rahul Dholepatil]], 2000/01-2001/02
* [[Nikit Dhumal]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[Suresh Dhumke]], 1971/72
* [[Ajay Divecha]], 1960/61-1961/62
* [[Jayant Diwadkar]], 1952/53-1956/57
* [[Makarand Dixit]], 1980/81-1984/85
* [[Nikhil Dixit]], 1996/97-2000/01
* [[Gregory D'Monte]], 1981/82-1989/90
* [[Dinshaw Doctor]], 1935/36-1952/53
* [[Aditya Dole]], 2005/06-2008/09
* [[Amit Doshi]], 1999/00
* [[Yogesh Doshi]], 1993/94-1995/96

==F==
* [[Kaiser Fakih]], 1980/81-1989/90
* [[Samad Fallah]], 2007/08-2015/16

==G==
* '''[[Chandrasekhar Gadkari]]''', 1947/48
* [[Ganesh Gaikwad]], 2008/09-2012/13
* [[Shekhar Gawli]], 1997/98-2001/02
* [[A Ghag]], 2000/01
* [[Arun Ghatpande]], 1975/76-1979/80
* '''[[Mohammed Ghazali]]''', 1942/43-1946/47 (played international cricket for Pakistan)
* [[Surjuram Girdhari]], 1941/42
* [[Manohar Godbole]], 1947/48
* [[Niranjan Godbole]], 1995/96-2004/05
* [[Siddarth Godbole]], 1998/99
* [[Mahendra Gokhale]], 1998/99
* [[Yeshwant Gokhale]], 1936/37-1950/51
* [[Hemant Gore]], 1959/60-1966/67
* [[Vishwas Gore]], 1966/67-1971/72
* [[Umesh Gotkhindikar]], 1995/96-1998/99
* [[Sunil Gudge]], 1979/80-1996/97
* [[Swapnil Gugale]], 2010/11-2015/16
* [[Deorao Gundi]], 1946/47-1951/52
* [[Milind Gunjal]], 1978/79-1992/93
* [[Chitaman Gupte]], 1940/41
* [[Madhukar Gupte]], 1961/62-1977/78
* [[Prabhakar Gupte]], 1937/38
* [[Rajaram Gurav]], 1957/58
* [[Gopal Gurkhude]], 2006/07
* [[Geet Katariya]], 2014/15-2016/17

==H==
* '''[[Hanumant Singh]]''', 1964/65
* '''[[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1986)|Enamul Haque]]''', 2008/09 (played international cricket for Bangladesh)
* [[Jacob Harris (cricketer)|Jacob Harris]], 1936/37-1939/40
* [[Govind Hasabnis]], 1954/55-1961/62
* [[Krishna Havaldar]], 1962/63-1964/65
* [[Ramesh Hazare]], 1986/87-1992/93
* '''[[Vijay Hazare]]''', 1934/35-1941/42

==I==
* [[Sameer Inamdar]], 1992/93-1998/99
* [[Ajit Indulkar]], 1981/82
* [[Mahipatrao Indulkar]], 1951/52
* [[Pradeep Ingle]], 1975/76-1977/78
* AS Irani, 1934/35
* [[Naushir Irani]], 1959/60-1960/61

==J==
* [[Avinash Jadhav]], 1993/94
* [[Dheeraj Jadhav]], 1999/00-2006/07
* '''[[Kedar Jadhav]]''', 2006/07-2015/16
* [[Krishnarao Jadhav]], 1936/37-1947/48
* [[Rohit Jadhav]], 2005/06-2006/07
* [[Shrikant Jadhav]], 1982/83-1993/94
* [[Sunil Jadhav]], 2007/08
* Vaibhav Govind Jadhav, 2000/2001
* [[Raja of Jath]], 1935/36-1951/52
* [[Bhagtheria Jayantilal]], 1969/70
* [[Santosh Jedhe]], 1989/90-1997/98
* '''[[Naoomal Jeoomal]]''', 1941/42
* [[Bhalchandra Joglekar]], 1985/86-1989/90
* [[Domnic Joseph]], 2011/12-2015/16
* [[Avinash Joshi]], 1961/62-1969/70
* [[Ajinkya Joshi]], 2004/05-2011/12
* [[Dhundhiraj Joshi]], 1957/58-1961/62
* '''[[Nana Joshi]]''', 1946/47-1964/65
* [[Sham Joshi]], 1948/49-1949/50
* [[Vithal Joshi]], 1966/67-1975/76

==K==
* [[Swaroop Kabadi]], 1967/68-1972/73
* [[Kaustuba Kadam]], 1997/98
* [[Ramesh Kadam (cricketer)|Ramesh Kadam]], 1987/88
* [[Yuvraj Kadam]], 1990/91-1991/92
* [[Bhagwan Kakad]], 1996/97
* [[Rohit Kakade]], 2004/05
* [[Sujit Kalbhor]], 2001/02
* '''[[Abhijit Kale]]''', 1993/94-2005/06
* [[Shrikant Kalyani]], 1983/84-1988/89
* [[Dilip Kamath]], 1965/66
* [[Indrajeet Kamtekar]], 1994/95-2001/02
* [[Ranjit Kamtekar]], 2001/02
* [[Prasad Kanade]], 1990/91-1995/96
* [[Rahul Kanade]], 1995/96-1998/99
* '''[[Hemant Kanitkar]]''', 1963/64-1977/78
* '''[[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]]''', 1994/95-2007/08
* [[Danesh Kayani]], 1996/97
* [[Shamshuzama Kazi]], 2014/15-2015/16
* [[Vinod Kedar]], 1971/72-1973/74
* [[Dhruv Kelavkar]], 1989/90
* [[VV Ketkar]], 1945/46
* [[Harshad Khadiwale]], 2006/07-2015/16
* [[Kashinath Khadkikar]], 2002/03-2004/05
* [[Prashant Khopkar]], 1993–94
* [[Azim Khan (cricketer)|Azim Khan]], 1983/84-1987/88
* [[Akhlaq Khan (cricketer)|Akhlaq Khan]], 1964/65-1970/71
* [[Kuddus Khan]], 1956/57-1965/66
* [[Nissar Khan (cricketer)|Nissar Khan]], 1958/59-1959/60
* [[Noor Khan (cricketer)|Noor Khan]], 2007/08
* [[Nitin Khaniwale]], 1977/78-1981/82
* [[Bhikaji Kharat]], 1957/58-1958/59
* [[Vinayak Khedkar]], 1985/86-1988/89
* [[Aniruddha Kher]], 1985/86
* [[Datta Kher]], 1958/59-1965/66
* [[Ranjit Khirid]], 2001/02-2005/06
* [[Saeed Khot]], 2001/02-2002/03
* [[Chirag Khurana]], 2008/09-2015/16
* [[Hemant Kinikar]], 1992/93-2000/01
* [[Sanjay Kirtane]], 1964/65-1970/71
* '''[[Gogumal Kishenchand]]''', 1941/42
* [[Sharad Kolhatkar]], 1968/69-1969/70
* [[Sanjay Kondhalkar]], 1989/90-2001/02
* [[Manish Kotasthane]], 1990/91-1991/92
* [[Ganesh Kukade]], 2008/09
* [[Charudatta Kulkarni]], 2003/04
* [[Milind Kulkarni]], 1992/93-2000/01
* [[Sudhir Kulkarni]], 1970/71-1971/72

==L==
* [[Mohan Lal (cricketer)|Mohan Lal]], 1948/49
* [[Satyen Lande]], 1992/93-2000/01
* [[Rajendra Lele]], 1980/81-1981/82
* [[Sandeep Lele]], 2002/03
* C. Limaye, 1964/65{{efn|Played only once for the team in first-class cricket. Other than initials and a surname, no biographical details are known.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39639/39639.html C. Limaye], CricketArchive. Retrieved 2020-01-06. {{subscription required}}</ref>}}

==M==
* KM Madhavan, 1934/35{{efn|Played in only one first-class match. Other than initials and a surname, no biographical details are known.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39661/39661.html KM Madhavan], CricketArchive. {{subscription required}}.</ref>}}
* [[Prakashi Malve]], 1971/72
* [[Shalu Mandar]], 1996/97
* [[Gopal Mane]], 1946/47-1947/48
* [[Mun Mangela]], 2008/09
* '''[[Vijay Manjrekar]]''', 1966/67-1969/70
* '''[[Vinoo Mankad]]''', 1943/44
* [[Rajendra Manohar]], 1992/93-1993/94
* '''[[Madhav Mantri]]''', 1942/43
* [[Kunal Marathe]], 2004/05
* [[Marutirao Mathe]], 1951/52-1960/61
* [[Arvind Mehendale]], 1974/75
* [[RK Modgil]], 1952/53
* [[Sher Mohammad]], 1954/55-1964/65
* [[Dhruv Mohan]], 2003/04-2007/08
* [[Ashok Mohol]], 1968/69
* [[Sadanand Mohol]], 1959/60-1970/71
* [[Balkrishna Mohoni]], 1934/35-1941/42
* [[Malcolm Montero]], 2006/07
* [[Mahendra More]], 1990/91-1996/97
* [[Prabhakar More (cricketer)|Prabhakar More]], 1991/92
* [[Vishant More]], 2007/08-2015/16
* [[Rohit Motwani]], 2006/07-2015/16
* [[Baba Mullick]], 1937/38-1938/39
* [[Shrikant Mundhe]], 2006/07-2015/16

==N==
* '''[[Bapu Nadkarni]]''', 1951/52-1959/60
* [[Sushil Nadkarni]], 1995/96
* [[Noshirvan Nagarwala]], 1934/35-1939/40
* [[Mutyalswami Naidu]], 1934/35-1940/41
* [[Hanumant Naik]], 1957/58
* [[Nikhil Naik]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[Sachin Nair]], 1998/99-2003/04
* [[Karansinh Nandey]], 2011/12
* [[Jaideep Narse]], 1992/93-2002/03
* [[Syed Nazir Ali]], 1934/35-1941/42
* [[Anant Neralkar]], 1992/93
* [[Mansingh Nigade]], 2005/06-2006/07
* [[B. B. Nimbalkar]], 1941/42-1950/51
* [[R. B. Nimbalkar]], 1934/35-1940/41
* [[Suryaji Nimbalkar]], 1980/81-1982/83

==O==
* [[Aniruddha Oak]], 1997/98-2002/03
* [[Sham Oak]], 1981/82-1991/92

==P==
* Prashant Bhoir, 2008/09
* [[Sadashiv Palsule]], 1948/49-1951/52
* [[PN Pandav]], 1964/65
* [[Nikhil Pande]], 2002/03-2003/04
* [[Ranjit Pande]], 1997/98-1998/99
* [[Bal Pandit]], 1959/60
* [[Vinayak Pandit]], 1942/43-1944/45
* [[Nikhil Paradkar]], 2006/07-2014/15
* [[Madhav Paranjpe]], 1941/42-1951/52
* '''[[Chandrakant Patankar]]''', 1966/67
* '''[[Munaf Patel]]''', 2005/06-2007/08
* [[Pravin Shyama Salian]], 2000/2004
* [[Afzal Pathan]], 1974/75-1979/80
* [[Amit Patil]], 2004/05-2005/06
* [[Dattatraya Patil]], 1951/52
* [[Jitendra Patil]], 2006/07-2009/10
* '''[[Sadashiv Patil]]''', 1952/53-1963/64
* [[Subhash Patki]], 1958/59-1959/60
* [[Subhash Patne]], 1976/77-1977/78
* [[Gajanan Patwardhan]], 1947/48-1951/52
* [[Manohar Patwardhan]], 1937/38-1941/42
* [[Vedant Patwardhan]], 1999/00
* [[Yogesh Pawar]], 2002/03-2005/06
* [[Satish Pednekar]], 1968/69-1972/73
* '''[[Dattu Phadkar]]''', 1942/43-1943/44
* [[Nandan Phadnis]], 1986/87-1995/96
* '''[[Riaz Poonawala]]''', 1982/83-1987/88
* [[Krishnajirao Powar]], 1953/54-1960/61
* [[Shankarrao Powar]], 1940/41
* [[Prasad Pradhan]], 1981/82-1987/88
* [[Hanumant Pujari]], 2009/10

==R==
* [[Prakash Rajguru]], 1965/66
* [[Avinash Ranade]], 1977/78-1978/79
* [[Madhav Ranade]], 1975/76-1977/78
* '''[[Khandu Rangnekar]]''', 1939/40-1941/42
* [[Shubham Ranjane]], 2011/12-2012/13
* [[Subash Ranjane]], 1984/85-2001/02
* '''[[Vasant Ranjane]]''', 1956/57-1970/71
* '''[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]]''', 2007/08
* [[Abhishek Raut]], 2005/06-2006/07
* [[Chandrakant Raut]], 1972/73
* [[Prasant Ray]], 1991/92-1993/94
* '''[[Madhusudan Rege]]''', 1944/45-1954/55
* [[Jacob Reuben]], 1952/53
* [[Kishan Rungta]], 1953/54
'''*''' [https://www.instagram.com/_aher.roshan_?igsh=ZjQyd3h3czdzNmJ4 Roshan aher] '''2024'''

==S==
* [[Nicholas Saldanha]], 1963/64-1977/78
* [[Stanley Saldanha]], 1975/76-1981/82
* [[Pandurang Salgaoncar]], 1971/72-1981/82
* [[Madhukar Salvi]], 1965/66-1967/68
* [[Ramachandra Salvi]], 1939/40-1959/60
* [[Mandar Sane]], 1995/96-2002/03
* [[Narayan Sane]], 1935/36
* [[Wasuderao Sane]], 1937/38
* [[Anupam Sanklecha]], 2004/05-2015/16
* '''[[Chandu Sarwate]]''', 1940/41-1942/43
* [[Satyajit Satbhai]], 2001/02-2006/07
* [[Mukund Sathe]], 1958/59
* [[Mohsin Sayyed]], 2011/12
* [[Wahid Sayyed]], 2007/08-2008/09
* [[Sagar Shah]], 1999/00-2003/04
* [[Parag Shahane]], 1997/98-1999/00
* [[Abbas Shaikh]], 1971/72-1974/75
* [[Anwar Shaikh (cricketer)|Anwar Shaikh]], 1965/66-1977/78
* Mustafa Shaikh, 1979/80
* [[Naushad Shaikh]], 2015/16
* [[Samir Shaikh]], 1999/00-2001/02
* [[Rajeev Sharangapani]], 1975/76
* [[Vijay Sharma (cricketer)|Vijay Sharma]], 1978/79-1981/82
* Ayub Sheikh, 1955/56
* [[Rajbhau Shelke]], 1951/52
* [[Vijay Shetty]], 1975/76-1985/86
* [[Deepak Shilamkar]], 2006/07-2009/10
* [[Kshitij Shinde]], 2004/05
* '''[[Sadu Shinde]]''', 1940/41-1949/50
* [[Ameya Shrikhande]], 2007/08-2011/12
* '''[[Iqbal Siddiqui]]''', 1992/93-2004/05
* [[Pradeep Sidhaye]], 1975/76-1979/80
* [[Yeshwant Sidhaye]], 1952/53-1966/67
* '''[[Ranga Sohoni]]''', 1935/36-1959/60
* [[Bharat Solanki]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[Anant Solkar]], 1976/77-1980/81
* [[Mirmisa Sridhar]], 1973/74
* '''[[Sridharan Sriram]]''', 2006/07
* [[Shantanu Sugwekar]], 1987/88-2001/02
* Jaffar Suleiman, 1934/35
* [[Sajin Sureshnath]], 2009/10-2014/15
* [[Ashish Suryawanshi]], 2006/07-2007/08

==T==
* [[Yogesh Takawale]], 2005/06-2007/08
* [[Suhas Talim]], 1972/73-1975/76
* NG Talukdar, 1935/36-1936/37{{efn|Played only one first-class match. Other than initials and a surname, no biographical details are known.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41159/41159.html NG Talukdar], CricketArchive. Retrieved 2020-01-06. {{subscription required}}</ref>}}
* [[Hemant Talwalkar]], 1977/78-1984/85
* [[Madhav Tamhankar]], 1961/62
* [[Taranjeet Singh]], 2009/10-2011/12
* [[Ashish Tibrewala]], 2004/05
* [[Gaurappa Todalbaji]], 1961/62-1964/65
* [[Shriram Torvi]], 1978/79-1980/81
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]1989/2013
* [[Sandeep Trigune]], 2002/03
* [[Rahul Tripathi]], 2009/10-2015/16
* [[Trimbak Tulpule]], 1934/35-1936/37

==U==
* Vaibhav Govind Jadhav, 2000-2001

==V==
* [[Mangesh Vaidya]], 1993/94-1997/98
* R. Vaidya, 1980/81<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41258/41258 R. Vaidya], CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 August 2024. {{subscription required}}</ref>
* S. Vanspal, 1948/49–1949/50{{efn|Played two first-class matches. Other than an initial and a surname, no biographical details are known.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41266/41266.html S. Vanspal], CricketArchive. Retrieved 2019-12-30. {{subscription required}}</ref>}}

==W==
* [[Digambar Waghmare]], 2006/07-2010/11
* [[Anil Walhekar]], 1981/82-1988/89
* [[Srinivas Wayangankar]], 1963/64

==Y==
* [[Sunil Yadav]], 2011/12-2013/14
* '''[[Yajurvindra Singh]]''', 1971/72-1978/79
* Mohammad Yakub, 1934/35
* [[Anand Yalvigi]], 2001/02
* [[DK Yarde]], 1940/41
* [[Ravindra Yerawadekar]], 1989/90-1992/93

==Z==
* [[Vijay Zol]], 2011/12-2014/15

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of Indian cricketers}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers by state or union territory|Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Maharashtra|cricketers]]

Chapati Movement

2026-02-03T02:57:46Z

ClaudiaChilds56: Made First Entry And Citations

{{Short description|1857 distribution of bread in India}}
The '''chapati movement''' involved the unusual distribution of [[chapati]]s, a type of [[leavening agent|unleavened]] flatbread, across several North Indian villages in early 1857.<ref name=Nayar2017>{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Pramod K. |title=The British Raj: Keywords |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-97242-0 |chapter=Key words|pages=43–44 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR43 |language=en}}</ref> The ultimate origin of the movement is unknown; though British agents suggested the chapatis might contain secret notes, inspections revealed no such messages.<ref name=smith>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/pass-it-on-the-secret-that-preceded-the-indian-rebellion-of-1857-105066360 |date=24 May 2012 |last=Dash |first=Mike |title=Pass it on: The Secret that Preceded the Indian Rebellion of 1857|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>

The movement<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thevoiceofnation.com/politics/chapati-movement-mysterious-chain-british-officials-1857-mutiny-rising/|title=Chapati Movement, the mysterious chain that psyched up British officials during 1857 Mutiny Rising|author=Rubi|date=8 July 2016|work=The Voice of Nation|accessdate=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829022829/http://thevoiceofnation.com/politics/chapati-movement-mysterious-chain-british-officials-1857-mutiny-rising/|archive-date=29 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> first came into attention in February 1857. Reports began pouring from villages of North India that thousands of chapatis<ref name=betterindia>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/59404/chapati-movement-india-revolt/ |title=Chapati Movement: How the Ubiquitous and Harmless Chapati Had Terrified the British in 1857 |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=23 June 2016|accessdate=13 October 2018|work=The Better India}}</ref> were passing from one hand to another. The usual distribution procedure involved a person who would come from the jungle, give the village watchman several chapatis and tell him to make more chapatis, and distribute those to watchmen in the nearby villages. The watchman would then travel with chapatis in his turban,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/food-items-that-played-a-pivotal-role-in-historical-events/1857-chapati-movement-india/slideshow/20826532.cms|title=Food items that played a pivotal role in historical events|date=29 June 2013|work=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref> often with little to no knowledge of the chapatis' original source.

Indians generally believed this was the work of the British, who themselves were clueless. ''The Friend of India'', an English newspaper published in [[Serampore|Srirampur]], reported in its 5 March 1857 edition that British officers were left confused and equally scared when chapatis arrived in every police station in the area. The chapatis had travelled far; from [[Farrukhabad]] to [[Gurgaon]], from [[Avadh]] via [[Rohilkhand]] to [[Delhi]]. The speed of distribution was particularly disconcerting to the British because it was much swifter than British mail, and several inquiries were made as to the source and meaning of the movement. They yielded the information that the breads were being distributed far more widely than anyone in Agra had yet realized, and that the Indians who received them generally took them as some sort of a sign. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. There were reports that lotus flowers and goat flesh were also occasionally distributed with the chapatis.<ref name=smith />

==See also==
*[[Chain letter]]
*[[Mark Thornhill]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political movements in India]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]

24th Indian Telly Awards

2026-02-02T07:41:40Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Indian Television Award Show 2025}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 19
| award = Indian Telly Awards
| award_link = Indian Telly Awards
| awarded_for = Achievements in Television
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|df=y|2025|07|23}}
| site = [[Mumbai]]
| host = [[Sandiip Sikcand]]
 Zeeshan Khan
| producer = [[ITV Studios|ITV 2.0]]
| director =
| organizer = [http://indiantelevision.com/ Indiantelevision.com]
| best_picture =
| best_direction =
| best_drama_serial = [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
| best_direction_film =
| best_actor = ''[[Kanwar Dhillon]]''
| best_actor_film = ''([[Udne Ki Aasha]])''
| best_actress = [[Deepika Singh Goyal]]
| best_actress_film = ''([[Mangal Lakshmi]])''
| channel = [[Zee5]]
| network = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| duration =
| ratings =
| last = [[Indian Telly Awards|18th]]
| next = 20th
}}
The 2025 [[Indian Telly Awards]], officially the 19th Indian Telly Awards ceremony,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian telly Awards 2025 |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.indiantellyawards.com}}</ref> presented by the Indiantelevision.com honouring Indian television shows of 2024 took place on 23 July 2025 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-29 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025: Sparkle, star power and glamour fill up the night |url=https://culturecrossroads.ca/posts/indian-telly-awards-2025-sparkle-star-power-and-glamour-fill-up-the-night/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=culturecrossroads.ca |language=en-ca}}</ref> The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on [[ZEE5|Zee5]]. Actors [[Sandiip Sikcand]] and Zeeshan Khan hosted the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/tellychakkar/reel/DMkfZYWzeOD/?hl=fr |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

==Shows==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:35%;"|Awards
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:38%;"|Show
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:20%;"|Channel
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:7%;"|Ref
|-
|Best Daily Serial
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|[[StarPlus]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title='Anupamaa' & 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' triumph at Indian Telly Awards 2025 |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/anupamaa-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-triumph-at-indian-telly-awards-2025/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cookery Show
|Star vs Food (season 2)
|[[Discovery+]]
|
|-
|Best Drama Series
|[[Anupamaa]]
|[[StarPlus]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Best Dance Talent Show
|[[Dance Plus Pro]]
|[[StarPlus]]
|
|-
|Best Documentary
|Kargil 1999- The Untold Story of the Indian Air Force
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=2025-07-28 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025: DocuBay’s ‘Kargil 1999’ Wins Best Documentary – Here’s How You Can Watch It Online! {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/indian-telly-awards-2025-docubays-kargil-1999-wins-best-documentary-heres-how-you-can-watch-it-online-7028357.html |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Edutainment / Science / Knowledge Based Show
| rowspan="2" |History Hunter
| rowspan="2" |[[Discovery+]]
|
|-
|Best Historical Series
|
|-
|Best Programme with Social Message (Non Fiction)
|OMG! Yeh Mera India (season 10)
|[[History TV18]]
|
|-
|Best Reality Show
|Star vs Food (season 2)
|[[Discovery+]]
|
|-
|Best Sports Show
|Wrestling My Family
|[[Olympic Channel]]
|
|-
|Best Thriller/ Horror Show
|[[Qayaamat Se Qayaamat Tak]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Show|Fan Favorite Show - Fiction]]
|[[Anupamaa]]
|[[StarPlus]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Show - Non Fiction
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|}

==Jury awards==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#D0A7F4;width:35%;"|Awards
!style="background-color:#D0A7F4;width:25%;"|Show
!style="background-color:#D0A7F4;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#D0A7F4;width:7%;"|Ref
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor In A Lead Role]]
|[[Udne Ki Aasha]]
|[[Kanwar Dhillon]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|[[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai]]
|[[Aasif Sheikh|Aashif Sheikh]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|[[Pushpa Impossible]]
|[[Hemant Kher]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Shrimad Ramayan]]
|[[Arav Chowdharry]]
|
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Comedy)
|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]
|[[Daya Shankar Pandey|Dayashankar Pandey]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress In A Lead Role]]
|[[Mangal Lakshmi]]
|[[Deepika Singh|Deepika Singh Goyal]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Comic Role|Best Actress in a Comic Role]]
|[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!|Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai]]
|[[Shubhangi Atre|Shubhangi Atre Poorey]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
|[[Mera Balam Thanedaar]]
|Srishti Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Pushpa Impossible]]
|[[Ketki Dave]]
|
|-
|[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]
|[[Bharati Achrekar|Bharti Achrekar]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Anchor|Best Anchor]]
|Secrets of the Buddha Relics
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|
|-
|Best Comedian
|[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|Laughter Chefs Unlimited Entertainment]]
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple]]
|[[Udne Ki Aasha]]
|Neha Harsora
[[Kanwar Dhillon]]
|
|-
|Best Producer (Fiction)
|[[Pushpa Impossible]]
|[[Jamnadas Majethia]] Aatish Kapadia
|
|-
|Best Producer (Non Fiction)
|[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|Laughter Chefs Unlimited Entertainment]]
|[[Vipul D. Shah]]
|
|}
==Popular awards==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#FBCEB1;width:35%;"|Awards
!style="background-color:#FBCEB1;width:25%;"|Show
!style="background-color:#FBCEB1;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#FBCEB1;width:7%;"|Ref
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actor|Fan Favorite Actor]]
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|[[Rohit Purohit]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actress|Fan Favorite Actress]]
|[[Anupamaa]]
|[[Rupali Ganguly]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Comedy Actor
|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]
|[[Dilip Joshi]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Comedy Actress
|[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|Wagle Ki Duniya]]
|Bhakti Chauhan
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Jodi|Fan Favorite Jodi - Fiction]]
|[[Jhanak]]
|[[Krushal Ahuja]] [[Hiba Nawab]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Jodi - Non Fiction
|[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|Laughter Chefs Unlimited Entertainment]]
|[[Kashmera Shah]]
[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Negative Actor
|[[Megha Barsenge]]
|[[Kinshuk Mahajan]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Negative Actress
|[[Suman Indori]]
|[[Anita Hassanandani|Anita Hassanandani Reddy]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Supporting Actor
|[[Udne Ki Aasha]]
|[[Sanjay Narvekar]]
|
|-
|Fan Favorite Supporting Actress
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|Garvita Sadhwani
|
|-
|Fan Favourite Star - Colors
|[[Suman Indori]]
|[[Zain Imam]]
|
|-
|Fan Favourite Star - Dangal
|[[Mann Atisundar]]
|[[Manan Joshi]]
|
|-
|Fan Favourite Star - Sab TV
|[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|Wagle Ki Duniya]]
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]]
|
|-
|Fan Favourite Star - Star Plus
|[[Iss Ishq Ka Rabb Rakha]]
|[[Fahmaan Khan]]
|
|-
|Fan Favourite Star - Zee
|[[List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV|Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye]]
|[[Sriti Jha]]
|
|}

==Editorial Choice awards==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awards
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:40%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:18%;"|Notes
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:7%;"|Ref
|-
|Entertainment Personality of The Year
|[[Bharti Singh]]
|
|
|-
|Leading Lady
|[[Ankita Lokhande]]
|
|
|-
|Most Outstanding Performance
|[[Shivangi Joshi]]
|[[Barsatein – Mausam Pyaar Ka|Barsatein - Mausam Pyaar Ka]]
|
|-
|Most Versatile Performer on Television - Male
|[[Karan Kundrra]]
|
|
|-
|Outstanding Performance in Non-Fiction
|[[Karan Veer Mehra]]
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]
|
|-
|Rising Star
|[[Samridhii Shukla]]
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|
|-
|Style & Substance Star
|[[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|
|
|}
==Special awards==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:53%;"|Awards
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:40%;"|Awardee(s
!style="background-color:#7FFFD4;width:7%;"|Ref
|-
|Ramanand Sagar Lifetime Achievement Award
|[[Shobha Kapoor]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Sangri |date=2025-07-26 |title=Shobha Kapoor Wins Lifetime Award at Indian Telly Awards |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/shobha-kapoor-ramanand-sagar-award-telly-awards-2025 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=Sangri Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Fan Favorite TV Personality of the year!
|[[Vivian Dsena]]
|
|}

==Technical awards==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#DDA0DD;width:35%;"|Awards
!style="background-color:#DDA0DD;width:25%;"|Show
!style="background-color:#DDA0DD;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#DDA0DD;width:7%;"|Ref
|-
|Best Art Direction (Fiction)
|[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|Wagle Ki Duniya]]
|Jayant Deshmukh Manish Shirke
|
|-
|Best Costume Design
|[[Shrimad Ramayan]]
|Shibapriya Sen
|
|-
|Best Dialogue Writer
|[[Pushpa Impossible]]
|Tushar Ishwar Sneha Desai
|
|-
|Best Editor (Fiction)
|[[Shrimad Ramayan]]
|Ganga Kacharla
|
|-
|Best Screenplay Writer
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|Bhavna Vyas
|
|-
|Best Scriptwriter (Non-Fiction)
|[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]
|Vankush Arora
|
|-
|Best Sitcom/Comedy Writer
|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]
|Jitu Parmar,Yogesh Mehra,Manish Tiwari,Rajen Upadhyay,Raju Odedra
|
|-
|Best Special/Visual Effects
|[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav|Shiv Shakti - Tap Tyaag Taandav]]
|Chirag Chandrakant Bhuva
|
|-
|Best Story Writer
|[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|Wagle Ki Duniya]]
|Pariva Pranati
|
|-
|Best TV Cameraman (Fiction)
|[[Udne Ki Aasha]]
|Dannie
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]
[[Category:Awards ceremony video covers]]

2012 Karnataka State Film Awards

2026-01-26T17:11:22Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Annual Indian film awards ceremony}}
The '''[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 2012''', presented by [[Government of Karnataka]], recognised the best of [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada-language films]] released in the year 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Darshan and Nirmala bag Top Honors |publisher=Cineloka.co.in |date=2014-08-26 |accessdate=2017-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Lifetime achievement award==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|{{*}}'''[[Dr. Rajkumar Award]]''' {{*}}'''[[Puttanna Kanagal Award]]''' {{*}}'''[[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]]'''
|{{*}}M. Bhakthavathsala {{*}}Chi. Dattaraj {{*}}[[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]]
|{{*}}Producer,Distributor {{*}}Director {{*}}Actor
|}

== Jury ==

A committee headed by film producer K. C. N. Chandrashekar was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Darshan adjudged best actor; 'Tallana' is the best film|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/427550/darshan-adjudged-actor-tallana-film.html|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=8 April 2017|date=25 August 2014}}</ref>

== Film awards ==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Producer
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Director
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|First Best Film]]'''
|''[[Thallana]]''
|Thanmaya Chithra
|N. Sudarshan
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]'''
|''[[Bharath Stores]]''
|{{•}}Amrutha Patil {{•}}Basant Kumar Patil
|[[P. Sheshadri]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]]'''
|''[[Edegarike]]''
|{{•}}[[Syed Aman Bachchan]] {{•}}M. S. Ravindra
|[[Sumana Kittur]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Social film|Best Film Of Social Concern]]'''
|''Karanika Shishu''
|
|
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children film|Best Children Film]]'''
|''Little Master''
|
|
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film|Best Regional Film]]'''
|''Konchavaram'' ([[Banjara|Banjara language]])
|
|
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Family Entertainer|Best Entertaining Film]]'''
|''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]''
|Anand Appugol
|Naganna
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
| '''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Debut Film of Newcomer Director|Best Debut Film Of Newcomer Director]]'''
|''[[Alemaari]]''
|B. K. Srinivas
|Santhu
|}

== Other awards ==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Direction]]'''
|''[[Thallana]]''
|N. Sudarshan
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]'''
|''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]''
|[[Darshan Thoogudeep]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]'''
|''[[Thallana]]''
|[[Nirmala Chennappa]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]'''
|''[[Kalavu (2013 film)|Kalavu]]''
|Kari Subbu
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]'''
|''[[Olavina Ole]]''
|Aruna Balaraj
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]]'''
|''Karanika Shishu''
|Anil Kumar
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Best Child Actress]]'''
|''Sheshu''
|Lepana
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]'''
|''[[Alemaari]]''
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]'''
|''[[Cyber Yugadol Nava Yuva Madhura Prema Kavyam]]'' ("Hale Cycle Hattikondu")
|Vasu Dixit
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]'''
|''Little Master''
|[[Anuradha Bhat]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]'''
|''[[Edegarike]]''
|Rakesh
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]]'''
|''[[Sagar (2012 film)|Saagar]]''
|P. R. Soundar Raj
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]'''
|''[[Ee Bhoomi Aa Bhanu]]'' (All Songs)
|B. H. Mallikarjun
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]'''
|''Karanika Shishu''
|Bheemeshappa
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story Writer]]'''
|''[[Angulimala (2013 film)|Angulimala]]''
|[[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]'''
|''[[Kalavu (2013 film)|Kalavu]]''
|[[K. Y. Narayanaswamy]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue Writer]]'''
|''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]''
|M. S. Ramesh
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Jury's Special Award|Jury's Special Award]]'''
|''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]''
|Ravi Varma (For Action Sequences)
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards]]

Mahindwara

2026-01-21T13:38:49Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added a data v1...

{{short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
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'''Mahindwara''' is a [[village]] and a [[gram panchayat]] located in the Runisaidpur subdivision of the [[Sitamarhi District]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The nearest town is [[Sitamarhi]].

==Geography==
Mahindwara is located at {{Coord|26.3352|N|85.4075|E|}}.

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 India [[census]], Mahindwara had a population of 3,677. Males constitute 1,930 and females 1,747. Mahindwara has an average literacy rate of 65.25%.: male literacy is 77.12%%, and female literacy is 51.73%.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/236098-mahindwara-bihar.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sitamarhi district]]

{{Sitamarhi-geo-stub}}

Nirapada Sardar

2026-01-17T04:41:20Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirapada Sardar
| office2 = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2011
| term_end2 = 19 May 2016
|constituency2 = [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]]
| predecessor2 = Abani Roy, CPI(M)
| successor2 = [[Sukumar Mahata]], AITC
| birth_date =
|
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]}}

'''Nirapada Sardar''' is an Indian politician, union leader and member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was an MLA in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2011 to 2016 elected from [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] (ST).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=625 | title=Nirapada Sardar(CPM):Constituency- SANDESHKHALI (ST)(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref> He is presently secretary of the All India Agricultural Workers Union (AIAWU) and one of the West Bengal state secretaries of CPI(M).<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://www.newsclick.in/bengal-women-sandeshkhali-narrate-stories-alleged-sexual-assault-tmc-leaders-2-accused-absconding | title=Bengal: Women in Sandeshkhali Narrate Stories of Alleged Sexual Assault by TMC Leaders, 2 Accused Absconding | date=13 February 2024 }}</ref>

He has raised issues of illegal landgrabs, attacks on women and police inaction in Sandeshkhali for several years. His accusation are that goons of the [[Trinamool Congress]] have taken control of the area and were enjoying impunity in assaulting people and expropriating land given to sharecroppers.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Joyjit | title=Sandeshkhali alert in records, former CPM MLA Nirapada Sardar took up atrocities 10 years ago in House | website=Telegraph India | date=2024-02-26 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sandeshkhali-alert-in-records-former-cpm-mla-nirapada-sardar-took-up-atrocities-10-years-ago-in-house/cid/2002964 | access-date=2024-08-04}}</ref> He became a central figure during the [[2024 Sandeshkhali violence|2024 upsurge]] against the local leaders of the TMC.<ref name=":1" />

He was arrested by the West Bengal police after the absconding TMC leader Shibu Hazra, aide of TMC strongman Sheikh Shahjahan, had accused him of leading the mob of 111-117 villagers who had burnt down their husbandry farm in retaliation against assaults and landgrabs. Fresh wave of protests erupted over his arrest.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cpm-neta-held-for-violence-in-sandeshkhali-protests-erupt/articleshow/107607631.cms | title=West Bengal: CPM neta held for violence in Sandeshkhali, protests erupt | newspaper=The Times of India | date=12 February 2024 }}</ref> In his support Sandeshkhali villagers kept the police station under a [[gherao]] for 17 days until his release.<ref name=":1" /> He was bailed out by the [[Calcutta High Court]] which reprimanding the police calling for action against involved policemen for illegal arrest, torture and harassment.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Tapas | last2=Bhattacharyya | first2=Meghdeep | title='State should be ashamed': HC grants bail to 'heckled' former CPM MLA of Sandeshkhali | website=Telegraph India | date=2024-02-28 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/state-should-be-ashamed-hc-grants-bail-for-heckled-former-cpm-mla-of-sandeshkhali/cid/2003401 | access-date=2024-08-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Nirapada}}
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:People from Basirhat subdivision]]

Mumbai Cobras

2026-01-12T12:31:05Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added new pg added tags...

{{Short description|Indian professional baseball team}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox baseball team
| name = Mumbai Cobras
| city = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] {{small|(representing [[Mumbai]])}}
| ballpark = [[Baseball United Ballpark]]
| founded = {{by|2023}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.mumbaicobras.com}}
| general_manager = [[Barry Larkin]]
| manager = [[Mariano Duncan]]
| colours = Purple, White {{color box|#800080}} {{color box|fefefc}}
| league = [[Baseball United]]
| logo =
| cap_logo = Mumbai_Cobras_Cap_Logo.jpg
}}
The '''Mumbai Cobras''' are a [[professional baseball]] club that is a member of [[Baseball United]]. Founded in 2023, the team represents [[Mumbai]], [[India]], and plays its games at the [[Baseball United Ballpark]] at [[The Sevens Stadium|The Sevens]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=India's First Pro Baseball Team, the Mumbai Cobras, Will Wear Purple |url=https://uni-watch.com/2023/05/16/indias-first-pro-baseball-team-the-mumbai-cobras-will-wear-purple/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Uni Watch }}</ref>

==History==
The Mumbai Cobras were announced on 15 May 2023, as the first of four franchises revealed by the league.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/dubaibased-baseball-league-announces-mumbai-cobras-as-first-franchise-101684182226148.html|title=Dubai-based baseball league announces Mumbai Cobras as first franchise|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 May 2023|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> They were later awarded the first pick in the inaugural Baseball United draft, which they used to select Karan Patel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thebridge.in/baseball/first-pro-indian-baseball-team-mumbai-cobras-get-first-pick-at-player-draft-43649|title=First pro Indian baseball team Mumbai Cobras get first pick at player draft|work=thebridge.in|first=Aswathy|last=Santhosh|date=3 September 2023|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thebridge.in/baseball/mumbai-cobras-inaugural-draft-picks-for-baseball-united-44565|title=Mumbai Cobras' inaugural draft picks for Baseball United|work=thebridge.in|first=Deepa|last=Ramasubramanian|date=28 October 2023|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> The Cobras selected 20 players during the 2023 Baseball United Draft, some of whom previously played in [[Major League Baseball]]. Players selected included [[Andrelton Simmons]], [[Akeem Bostick]], and [[Tiago da Silva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Cobras Roster |url=https://www.baseballunited.com/teams/franchises/mumbai-cobras-roster |access-date=25 October 2023 |publisher=[[Baseball United]] }}</ref>

Before the inaugural Baseball United season in 2025, Mumbai announced it had signed six players of Indian descent to professional contracts: three Indian Americans (pitcher Karan Patel and infielders Raul Shah and Aaron Singh) as well as three native Indians (pitchers Saurabh Gaikwad, Akshay More and Tushar Lalwani).<ref>{{cite news |title='Historic moment' — India's 6 best baseball players are finally going pro |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2615914/amp |access-date=22 September 2025 |agency=Arab News |date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The team also signed [[Lord de Vera]] and Ian Mercado, the first known Filipino players to play professional baseball since [[Claudio Manela]], who debuted in 1921 for the [[Cuban Stars (West)|Cincinnati Cuban Stars]] in the [[Negro National League (1920–1931)|first Negro National League]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duda |first1=Jeff |title=Mumbai Cobras Make History with Signing of Two Filipino Players |url=https://worldbaseball.com/mumbai-cobras-make-history-with-signing-of-two-filipino-players/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |agency=World Baseball Network |date=16 September 2025}}</ref>

The Cobras debuted on November 14, 2025, the first game of the league's [[2025 Baseball United season|inaugural 2025 season]], in a 4–6 loss to Karachi; Karan Patel was the starting pitcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi Monarchs storm back for historic win over Mumbai Cobras as Baseball United Season 1 launches in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2622802/sport |access-date=30 November 2025 |agency=Arab News |date=18 November 2025}}</ref> Nevertheless, the team became the first in the league to clinch a spot in the championship series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Cobras Clinch Spot in the United Series Behind Brantley Bell's RBI Double |url=https://worldbaseball.com/mumbai-cobras-clinch-spot-in-the-united-series-behind-brantley-bells-rbi-double/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |agency=World Baseball Network |date=November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130213656/https://worldbaseball.com/mumbai-cobras-clinch-spot-in-the-united-series-behind-brantley-bells-rbi-double/ |archive-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>

== Roster ==
{{baseball tournament roster
| TeamName = Mumbai Cobras
| TournamentName = 2025 Baseball United season
| BC1 = #800080
| BC2 = black
| FC1 = white
| FC2 = white
| ActiveAlt = Players
| CoachesAlt = Coaches
| Pitchers =
{{player|22|USA|Brandon Kaminer}}
{{player|16|VEN|Nyan Hernández}}
{{player|18|IND|Saurabh Gaikwad}}
{{player|20|USA|Karan Patel}}
{{player|23|USA|Brock Bell}}
{{player|24|USA|Chandler Woolridge}}
{{player|28|USA|Chase Gearing}}
{{player|32|USA|Jacob Hasty}}
{{player|36|USA|Dylan Spain}}
{{player|49|USVI|[[Akeel Morris]]}}
{{player|68|IND|Tushar Lalwani}}
{{player|92|IND|Akshay More}}

| Catchers =
{{player|15|CRC|Manuel Ascanio}}
{{player| 7|MEX|Miguel Ojeda Jr.}}

| Infielders =
{{player| 1|CUW|Gedionne Marlin}}
{{player| 4|UK|Raul Shah}}
{{player| 6|USA|Aaron Singh}}
{{player|10|SWE|Victor Vahlberg}}
{{player|11|PHI|[[Lord de Vera]]}}
{{player|33|USA|Brantley Bell}}

| Outfielders =
{{player| 9|PHI|Ian Mercado}}
{{player|13|USA|[[Justin Williams (baseball)|Justin Williams]]}}
{{player|17|USA|Caleb McNeely}}
{{player|34|GER|Lou Helmig}}

| Manager =
{{player|25|DOM|[[Mariano Duncan]]}}

| Coaches =
{{player| 9|MEX|[[Ever Magallanes]]}} {{small|(first base)}}
{{player|12|ARU|[[Calvin Maduro]]}} {{small|(pitching)}}
{{player|14|DOM|César Martín}} {{small|(third base)}}
{{player|45|USA|[[Vince Sagisi]]}} {{small|(bullpen)}}

[https://www.baseballunited.com/teams/franchises/mumbai-cobras Roster]updated on 30 September 2025
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

{{Baseball United}}

[[Category:Baseball United teams]]
[[Category:Baseball teams established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Mumbai]]

Kunauli

2026-01-09T00:35:31Z

ClaudiaChilds56: slightly correct information per sources and fixed typos

{{refimprove|date=May 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kunauli
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|26|56|N|86|46|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 73
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 847451
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kunauli''' is a town located in the [[Supaul district|Supaul]] (old Saharsa) district of [[Bihar]], India on the border of [[Nepal]]'s [[Saptari District]].

==Koshi and Kunauli==
The Western Embankment Bank of [[Koshi River|Koshi]] runs through Kunauli. During the floods in 1948, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1958 etc., it has severely affected the convex bends of western bank at several places like Kunauli Bazar.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The National Geographical Journal of India|author=National Geographical Society of India|date=1970|volume=16|publisher=National Geographical Society of India.|issn=0027-9374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBksAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2014-12-14}}</ref>

The flood generally do great damage to the road leading to the Kunauli town and wash out its 3 kilometres portion. The water of the Koshi river pour out from the breach that develops in its western embankment and submerge a large portion of it.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Military history of Nepal|author=Hamal, L.B.|date=1995|publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3RuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2014-12-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://supaul.bih.nic.in/|publisher=supaul.bih.nic.in |title=Supaul district website|accessdate=2014-12-14}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.chautari.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=10358|title=Not the first time - Talking Point - Khulla Mancha - Nepali Students Chautari|publisher=chautari.org|accessdate=2014-12-14}}

{{Kosi Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Supaul district]]
[[Category:Transit and customs posts along the India–Nepal border]]

2011 West Bengal alcohol poisonings

2025-11-25T05:15:22Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''2011 West Bengal alcohol poisonings''' killed 167 people in December 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/west-bengal-hooch-tragedy-148834-2011-12-14 |title=West Bengal hooch tragedy: Death toll rises to 167, many critical : East, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2011-12-16 |access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref> in the eastern [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] after consumption of spurious liquor mixed with [[methanol]] (methyl alcohol).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-hooch-tragedy-toll-rises-to-150-hunt-on-for-alleged-kingpin-567111 |title=Bengal hooch tragedy: Toll rises to 150; hunt on for alleged kingpin |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2011-12-16 |accessdate=2016-09-02}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Alcohol prohibition in India]]
*[[List of alcohol poisonings in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal alcohol poisonings, 2011}}
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:2011 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:December 2011 in India]]
[[Category:December 2011 crimes in Asia]]

{{india-hist-stub}}

Bihar State Women Commission

2025-11-15T19:30:28Z

ClaudiaChilds56: new initial entry from scratch

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bihar State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = 1993
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Bihar]]
| headquarters = 1 South, Beily Road, Near Ptana High Court, Patna - 01, Bihar.<ref name="bsw ref1">{{cite web |title=Bihar State Women Commission |url=http://www.mahilaayogbihar.in/ |website=Bihar State Women Commission |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="bsw ref2">{{cite web |title=Bihar State Women Commission |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Bihar |website=Bihar State Women Commission |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Ms. Ashwamedh Devi
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{Official website|http://www.mahilaayogbihar.in/}}, {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Bihar}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| native_name_a =
| region_code =
| coordinates =
| keydocument1 =
| keydocument2 =
| keydocument3 =
}}

'''Bihar State Women Commission''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in India. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Bihar State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and also study women related issues in the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.

* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.

* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.

* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

== Composition ==

Bihar State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and 4 members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women.<ref name="bsw ref6">{{cite news |title=200 apply for vacant posts at state women commission in Bihar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/200-apply-for-vacant-posts-at-state-women-commission-in-bihar-101624095148902.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes |date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

Ms Apsara is the Chairperson of the Bihar State Commission for Women. She along with seven other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.<ref name="bsw ref3">{{cite news |title=Posts of chairperson, panel members at Bihar State Women Commission still vacant after a year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/posts-of-chairperson-panel-members-at-bihar-state-women-commission-still-vacant-after-a-year-101634984570493.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes |date=23 October 2021}}</ref>

== Activities ==

Bihar State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:<ref name="bsw ref3" />

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under Constitution of India and women related legislations.

* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.

* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.

* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<ref name="bsw ref4">{{cite news |title=Bihar Woman Given Instant Triple Talaq for Refusing to Wear Short Dresses |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/bihar-woman-given-instant-triple-talaq-for-refusing-to-wear-short-dresses-3803816/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=india.com |date=13 October 2019}}</ref>

* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.

* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.

* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.

* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.

* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.

* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.

* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.<ref name="bsw ref5">{{cite news |title=Azam Khan's Troubles Rise, Bihar State Women's Commission issues notice |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/bihar-state-women-commission-issues-notice-to-sp-mp-azam-khan-mc25-nu-1024298-1.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=newstrack |date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

== Related Articles ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mahilaayogbihar.in/ Official Website]
* [http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Bihar Official Website]



[[Category:State agencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Tarabganj Assembly constituency

2025-11-02T06:09:27Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added new data v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tarabganj
| map_image = 299-Tarabganj.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 299
| established = 2012
| mla = [[Prem Narayan Pandey]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| preceded_by = [[Awadhesh Kumar Singh]]
| electors = 3,67,243
}}
'''Tarabganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Tarabganj and other parts of [[Tarabganj|Tarabganj tehsil]], in the [[Gonda district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It was established in 2012 and is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 299 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Chandra Bhan Sharan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="4"|Shitala Prasad Singh
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''From 1974 to 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|[[Awadhesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |accessdate=26 March 2022 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Prem Narayan Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="results2022"/>
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarabganj<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prem Nrayan Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:125325}}
|percentage = 59.39
|change = {{increase}}10.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rambhajan Choubey
|votes = {{formatnum:71635}}
|percentage = 33.95
|change = {{increase}}3.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lalji
|votes = {{formatnum:3751}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change = {{decrease}}12.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tvarita Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2684}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2408}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change = {{decrease}}0.55
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53690}}
|percentage = 25.44
|change = {{increase}}6.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:211012}}
|percentage = 57.46
|change = {{increase}}0.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarabganj<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |accessdate=26 March 2022 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prem Narayan Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:100294}}
|percentage = 49.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Singh (Gonda politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh alias Pandit Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61852}}
|percentage = 30.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Indra Bahadur Singh alias Pappu
|votes = {{formatnum:29332}}
|percentage = 14.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahakranti Dal
|candidate = Digvijay
|votes = {{formatnum:1827}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3384}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38442}}
|percentage = 18.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203268}}
|percentage = 57.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarabganj<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Awadhesh Kumar Singh|Awadhesh Kumar Singh alias Manju Singh]]
|votes = 52,395
|percentage = 28.16
|change = ''new seat''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Bhajan Chaubey
|votes = 47,215
|percentage = 25.37
|change = ''new seat''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prem Narayan Pandey]]
|votes = 39,924
|percentage = 21.46
|change = ''new seat''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anand Swaroop Alias Pappu Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,432
|percentage = 8.29
|change = ''new seat''
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,180
|percentage = 2.78
|change = ''new seat''
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,86,070
|percentage = 57.64
|change = ''new seat''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = new seat
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.96|81.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gonda district]]
[[Category:Awadh region]]

Doreen Hope, Marchioness of Linlithgow

2025-11-01T16:21:25Z

ClaudiaChilds56: Made First Details V1!

{{Short description|British aristocrat and Vicereine of India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}
{{infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = {{nowrap|Doreen Maud Hope}}
| honorific_suffix = {{Postnom|country=UK|CI|DStJ|size=100%|sep=,}}
| image = Doreen Maud Hope née Milner, Marchioness of Linlithgow, National Portrait Gallery, Creative Commons License.jpg
| caption = [[Excellency|Her Excellency]] [[The Most Honourable]], The [[Marquess of Linlithgow|Marchioness of Linlithgow]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQgnAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1938 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1886|3|20}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1965|8|2|1886|3|20}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Kingston Hospital]], Kingston-on-Thames, England}}
| resting_place = Hopetoun Mausoleum, [[Hopetoun House]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| father = {{nowrap|[[Frederick Milner|Sir Frederick Milner, 7th Baronet]]}}
| mother = Adeline Gertrude Beckett-Denison
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]|19 April 1911|5 January 1952|end=died}}
| children = 5
| occupation =
| relatives = [[Charles Hope, 3rd Marquess of Linlithgow|Charles Hope]] (son) [[John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon|John Hope]] (son) [[William Beckett-Denison]] (maternal grandfather)
}}

'''Doreen Maud Hope, Marchioness of Linlithgow''', {{Postnom|country=UK|CI|DStJ|size=100%|sep=,}} (''née'' '''Milner'''; 20 March 1886 – 2 August 1965) was a British aristocrat and [[Vicereine of India]]. She was the daughter of [[Frederick Milner|Sir Frederick Milner, 7th Baronet]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Frederick Arthur |editor-last=Crisp |title=Visitation of England and Wales |volume=13 |url=https://archive.org/details/visitationofengl13howa/page/37/mode/1up|year=1905 |page=37|publisher=Privately printed |location=London}}</ref> She married, on 19 April 1911, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]. They had five children.<ref name=":0">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. p. 2358. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}.</ref> She was appointed Dame of Grace, [[Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem]], and [[Order of the Crown of India|Imperial Order of the Crown of India]] in 1936. She was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal]].<ref name=":0" />

She died on 2 August 1965 at the [[Kingston Hospital]], Kingston-on-Thames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doreen Maud Milner d. 3 Aug. 1965 Kingston Hospital, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, England |url=https://cuhags.soc.srcf.net/gen/tng/getperson.php?personID=I842&tree=tree1&sitever=standard |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=cuhags.soc.srcf.net}}</ref> She was interred at the Hopetoun Mausoleum, [[Hopetoun House]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Scottish Record Society |date=1989 |publisher=Scottish Record Society |pages=440 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Linlithgow, Doreen Hope, Marchioness of}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:British marchionesses]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Dames of Grace of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Daughters of baronets]]
[[Category:Hope family|Doreen]]

List of regional rural banks in Uttar Pradesh

2025-10-21T15:35:45Z

ClaudiaChilds56: rework section also and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[History of Regional Rural Banks in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Meher – Kahani Haq Aur Haqeeqat Ki

2025-10-18T10:22:36Z

ClaudiaChilds56:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Meher 2003 TV series.png
| caption = Promotional logo image
| runtime = 25 minutes
| company = [[UTV Software Communications]]
| director = {{Plainlist|
*Sachin Deo
*Salar Shaikh
}}
| writer = Pawan K Sethhi
| starring = [[Meher (TV series)#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Meher" by Kiran Mehta
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* Urdu
}}
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|1|3}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2006|1|27}}
| num_episodes = 300
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
* [[Zarina Mehta]]
*Deven Khote
}}
}}

'''''Meher – Kahani Haq Aur Haqeeqat Ki''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]] television [[Soap opera]] which aired on [[DD National]] from 3 January 2004 to 27 January 2006.<ref name="tele">{{Cite web |title = Serial thrillers | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050903/asp/weekend/story_5170676.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060511005504/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050903/asp/weekend/story_5170676.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 May 2006 | publisher =The Telegraph | date =3 September 2005 | accessdate = 12 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/mar/mar230.htm|title=UTV'S "Meher" turns daily on DD|date=23 March 2004|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Meher - a smart, beautiful, kind-hearted and perky girl. As a journalist, she supports her family of six members along with her two brothers Ejaz, her elder brother and Mehfooz, her slightly younger brother. Her family also consists of Saajiya, Meher's younger sister-in-law, who is supportive and Bilkis, Meher's elder and evil Bhabhi who does not consider the whole family her own, except her husband Ejax. She often quarrels with her husband because of mundane household reasons and sometimes conspires against Meher due to jealousy.

Meher comes across Irfan, a rich business tycoon, who is her perfect opposite. Initially, they dislike each other but with the course of time, they start developing feelings for each other and together attempt a loving relationship. But Meher's bhabhi Bilkis is jealous of her. She wants Irfan for her sister, Naseem. She separates Meher and Irfan before their marriage. Irfan marries Naseem and Meher marries Shehzad. After facing a lot of struggles and hurdles, both Meher and Irfan sort out all of their misunderstandings and decide to unite now. In the meantime, Rukhsana, the family foe, enters Meher's life. She has a dark past: She stole Meher's twin sister Shabana and raised her according to her evil wishes. She uses Shabana as a pawn. Shabana used to allure rich men using her beauty at first and then, either she killed them or forcibly took all of their wealth. When she saw Irfan and Meher, she thought to betray Irfan just like others at first. She tries to take benefit of the fact that both Meher and Shabana look exactly same. Later, she discovers that Meher is her own sister and that is why they are identical. She questions Rukhsana why she never told her about Meher and her family. But Rukhsana brainwashes her that her own mother, Shaheen Begum abandoned her and preferred Meher as her daughter other than Shabana. This makes Shabana avenge Meher as she believes that Meher was the sole reason her own mother abandoned her. After putting all her efforts to take Meher's place, Shabana destroys Meher's marital life by killing Irfan.

After Irfaan's death Meher married Irfaan's younger brother Zayed Khan unwillingly just to save Irfaan's company and Irfaan's family from the evil Shabana who takes her place as Meher in the Irfaan's house. Zayed thinks that Meher is Shabana as Shabana takes place Irfaan house as Meher. Zayed loves Meher after their marriage. But Meher does not love Zayed at first. Sometimes Zayed tries to close with Meher but Meher maintain a distance with him and they do not consummate their marriage. But one night Shabana takes advantage of the Zayed's love for Meher and disguise herself as Meher in front of him and slept with him. Zayed thinks her as his real wife and consummate his love with her. One day Shabana kidnapped Zayed's mother and Zayed and his mother discovers her true colours. Meher slowly develop feelings for Zayed. Aali killed Meher's best friend Vrinda and Meher framed for her murder. The Police inspector who is on the favour of Aali, frame up Meher for the Vrinda's murder. Zayed and Meher run to save themselves from the evil Police, at the that time Zayed is hurt by a police bullet on his back and Meher has removed the bullet from his back and save his life. Meher feels the pain of Zayed and finally accept him as her husband and Zayed Meher finally consummate their marriage. After their consummation Meher tell Zayed that she is the real Meher. But police catches them both and take them to the jail. Zayed gets bail but Meher can not get bail, to save Meher Zayed uses his law certificates and become lawyer of her as Meher do not get any lawyer for her. At that time because of Aali Zayed learns that Shabana killed his brother Irfaan and he wants to kill Shabana in retaliation. But Shabana then revealed that she is pregnant with his child as that night Zayed mistaken her as Meher. Zayed is helpless and do not kill her. Zayed then confess about his mistake in front of Meher and Meher forgives him. Zayed confess his love for Meher by writing a love letter with his blood. Meher reads the love letter in the jail and finally confess that she loves him, too. Then Shabana makes Zayed married to her forcefully for saving Meher from that case. Meher release from the jail and Zayed married to Shabana just for saving Meher from the murder case. Meher is shocked to see them married. She is heartbroken after betrayal of her husband Zayed. But when Shabana give birth a baby girl, Zayed confess to Meher that he has done all this to just save her from the jail and now he will kill Shabana. He takes Shabana to a hill site and tries to kill her. But Meher comes in between and tries to save Shabana. But Zayed kills Shabana. Zayed hugs real Meher and tell her that now no one can come in between them. But then Shabana catches Meher's feet and pulls Meher's leg telling Zayed that he has to live his life without his love Meher and it is his punishment. Both Meher and Shabana fall from the hill.

===5 Years leap===

Zayed is lonely without Meher. He seeks Meher for five years. Then it is revealed that Meher is alive and she lost her memory and also her face has changed. All this was done by Aali and Rukhsana to destroy Zayed. Aali make Meher Zayed's enemy and name her as Naaz and send her to destroy Zayed. Meher (now Naaz) conspiracy to destroy Zayed as she thinks he is her enemy. But she regained her memory back and reunite with Zayed and finally married him. But after sometime of their marriage when Meher is pregnant with Zayed's child Irfaan returns. Dr Nigar one close friend of Zayed enter their lives. Nigar loves Zayed one-sided and she kills Meher's unborn child. Irfaan now acts as a mad man. His madness get extreme level that Meher has to get her original face back just for Irfaan's sake. Doctors help Meher to get her original face back. But Meher who is now Zayed's wife and loves only Zayed now do not want to go back to Irfaan. But because of Irfaan's madness she again marries Irfaan against her will. Now it is revealed that Irfaan fakes his madness just to get Meher and he is bad man now. Meher discovers the truth and wants to get rid of Irfaan. As she loves only Zayed. After so much difficulty Zayed and Meher remarried at the final episode and happily lived after and Irfaan get exposed.

== Cast ==
* [[Payal Nair]] in dual roles as
**Meher: Shabana's twin sister - Married to Shehzad later divorced; Irfan's wife; Zayed's wife after Irfan's death
**Shabana: Meher's twin sister- Aman's estranged wife; Irfan's fake wife; Zayed's former wife and obsessive lover
* replaced by [[Shilpa Shinde]] as Meher/Naaz
* [[Ujjwal Rana]] as Zayed Khan- Husband of Meher after Irfaan's death; Irfan's brother
* [[Buddhaditya Mohanty]] as Irfaan- Elder brother of Zayed; Naseem's ex-husband later divorced; Meher's husband but later killed by Shabana and Rukhshana
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Numan- Shabana's loyal husband
* [[Neena Cheema]] as Shaheen Begum- Meher's and Shabana's mother
* Shabanam Kapoor as Rukhshana -Shaheen's enemy and Shabana's adoptive mother
* [[Sheily Shukla]] as Irfaan and Zayed's mother
*[[Chandan Anand]] as Aali- Irfaan and Zayed's brother
* [[Shahab Khan]] as Irfaan's Mamu
*[[Chetanya Adib]] as Eijaz- Meher's first brother; Mehfooz' elder brother; Bilkki's husband
*[[Anjali Mukhi]] as Bilkkis Bhabhi- Meher'and Mehfooz first Bhabhi; Eijas wife; Naseem's elder sister
* Sumeet Pathak as Mehfooz- Meher's second brother; Eijaz younger brother; Sadia's husband
* [[Vineeta Thakur]] as Sadia- Meher's second Bhabhi; Mehfooz's wife
* Sonica Handa as Naseem- Bilkkis younger sister, Irfaan's ex-wife
* Rishina Kandhari as Dr.Nigar- Zayed's friend
* [[Rajeev Paul]] as Shehzad- Meher's first husband

==Reception==
The series opened with 7 [[Audience measurement|TVR]] occupying eighteenth position in the debut week. The following week it garnered an average of 7.2 with a peak of 8.4 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=UTV show climbs TVR charts in all TV homes|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/jan/jan201.htm|access-date=|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0398515}}

{{TV ASIA Programmes}}

[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:UTV Television]]
[[Category:Indian television series related to plastic surgery]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 1999-2000

2025-09-16T15:43:28Z

ClaudiaChilds56: new initial bio more to come

#REDIRECT [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1999–2000]]
{{R from modification}}

Basanti, South 24 Parganas

2025-08-13T02:52:00Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basanti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1983|N|88.7139|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 6625
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743312
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Basanti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basanti (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Basanti''' is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the Basanti police station in the [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Canning subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|15|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Canning subdivision (Canning I & II, Basanti, Gosaba CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' R: rural/ urban centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|23|7|N|88|31|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kalaria| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Kalaria]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Gaur Daha| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Gaur Daha]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|32|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Banshra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Banshra, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|20|0|N|88|36|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Rajapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajapur, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|45|N|88|36|23|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Taldi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Taldi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|20|10|N|88|37|17|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bayarsingh| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bayarsingh]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|19|24|N|88|38|52|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Matla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Matla, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|40|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Dighirpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dighirpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|18|37|N|88|39|28|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Canning| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|39|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Jibantala| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Jibantala]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|18|33|N|88|37|18|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tangrakhali| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tangrakhali]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|22|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Makhal Tala| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Makhal Tala]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|28|1|N|88|41|46|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Deuli| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Deuli, Canning]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|53|N|88|42|50|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Basanti| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= Basanti, South 24 Parganas (CT)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|12|45|N|88|42|47|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Sonakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Sonakhali, Basanti]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|16|52|N|88|41|3|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Bhangonkhali| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Bhangonkhali]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|1|34|N|88|41|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jharkhali| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jharkhali]] (R) |shape-color17=#0048BA
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|9|54|N|88|48|28|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Gosaba| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Gosaba]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|29|N|88|45|6|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Pathankhali| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Pathankhali]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|13|19|N|88|53|44|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chhota Mollakhali| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chhota Mollakhali]] (R) |shape-color20=#0048BA
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|22|42|N|88|44|41|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Matherdighi| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Matherdighi]] (R) |shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22.0482 |N|88.7552|E}}| label22=Sundarbans National Park| label-color22 = Black| label-angle22=-0| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.0882 |N|88.7068|E}}| label23=Bidyadhari River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-50| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22.1182|N|88.6282|E}}| label24=Matla River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-60| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Area overview===
Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 [[census town]]s in Canning I CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map alongside) borders on the [[Sundarbans National Park]] and a major portion of it is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]]. It is a flat low-lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The [[Matla River]] is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as ''khals''. A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with a special coastal force.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 19, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Basanti is located at {{coord|22.1983|N|88.7139|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

Basanti is one of the main deltaic islands in the [[Sundarbans]] region, bounded by the [[Matla River|Matla]] and [[Vidyadhari River|Vidyadhari]] rivers. [[Sonakhali, Basanti|Sonakhali]], opposite Basanti, is 100 km from Kolkata. Sonakhali and Basanti is connected by Hogol Bridge.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ganguly|first=Biswarup|title=English: Photographed at South 24 Parganas.|date=2016-07-10|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hogal_Bridge_Inaugural_Plaque_-_Basanti_-_South_24_Parganas_2016-07-10_5038.JPG|access-date=2021-10-04}}</ref> Basanti Road is linked to the [[Eastern metropolitan bypass]] near Science City in Kolkata. Sundarbans bypass project, costing Rs 2.29 crore has been under implementation since 2002. It will reduce the distance between [[Kolkata]] and Basanti by 25 km. The 12-km bypass will connect Dhuri and Jibantala. The [[Sundarbans settlements]], being full of creeks and rivers, need more bridges, especially across the Matla.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=23956&usrsess=1| title = CM impetus to roads for Sunderbans | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Statesman, 3 January 2002}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Basanti had a total population of 6,625, of which 3,447 (52%) were males and 3,178 (48%) were females. There were 728 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Basanti was 4,729 (80.19% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 April 2016}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Basanti police station covers an area of 428 km2. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Basanti CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://baruipurpolicedistrict.org/maipith_coastal.php | title = Maipith Coastal Police Station | work = Baruipur police district | publisher = West Bengal police | access-date = 21 October 2019 | archive-date = 18 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191018003301/https://baruipurpolicedistrict.org/maipith_coastal.php | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Basanti covered an area of 2.3176 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved overhead tank and service reservoir. It had 315 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had was 1 hospital, 3 dispensaries/ health centres, 2 family welfare centres, 16 medicine shops. Three important commodities it produced were cashew processing, bamboo products, rice.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 28 November 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Agriculture===
The state government has initiated two plans for agricultural improvement. The "''amar bon''" (my forest) project aims at planting more trees in the area as a preventive measure towards global warming. Over 14,000,000 saplings will be planted in various places through women, children and NGOs. As the area is surrounded by saline waters in the creeks, the "Rainwater harvesting through Land Shaping" project aims at construction of ponds on 1/5 of the agricultural land and rest of the land is spared for agriculture. The target is to construct 50,000 such ponds.
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=190594&usrsess=1
| title = Agri-boost for Sunderbans | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Statesman, 19 July 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Honey collection===
Around 20,000 kg of honey is collected every year from forests of Sundarbans. Mostly people from the [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]], Basanti, [[Gosaba]], [[Kultali]], [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]], [[Patharpratima]], [[Namkhana]], [[Sagar Island|Sagar]] and [[Kakdwip]] are honey collectors. The number of honey collectors have dwindled from around 1,500 a few years back to around 700 in 2007. From 1985 until 2004, about 75 honey collectors were killed by tigers in the forests.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Now all honey collectors are insured for Rs. 50,000. The forest department has also intensified vigilance during the honey collection period. The range officers and guards are on full alert. No deaths have been reported since 2004.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=181947&usrsess=1| title = Honey come lately | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Statesman, 24 April 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Power===
West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency (WBREDA) has installed a solar-power village electrification programme at Nafarganj village in the Basanti block. A Rs 250 crore rural electrification project is being implemented on the islands to provide the people of the area with power through non-conventional energy sources, as conventional grid supply is not feasible.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=102276&usrsess=1 | title = WBREDA asked to evolve power model for Sunderbans | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Statesman, 14 April 2005}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

90% of the islands remain in darkness after sunset, although efforts are on to provide power to the islands. The state government had appointed the WBREDA as the nodal agency for its solar power project for the Sundarbans. Part of the project cost under the low cost non-conventional energy project was shared by the central government. There are two schemes under the project. Under the first, a small unit priced at Rs. 14,000 each was provided to domestic consumers who had to pay Rs. 3,000 for it while the rest was equally shared between the centre and the state. For the other, consumers have to pay Rs. 8,500 for a big unit while the central government provides a subsidy of Rs. 10,000 and the state shells out Rs. 5,500.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=9314&usrsess=1 | title = Sunderbans gropes in the dark | access-date = 22 September 2007 | last = Ghosh | first = Kaushik | publisher = The Statesman, 7 March 2003}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Transport==
Basanti is on the [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]].

==Healthcare==
===Rural hospital===
Basanti Rural Hospital at Basanti, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Basanti CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =29 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

===Dominique Lapierre's floating hospitals===
Four launches with doctors carrying medicines, sophisticated portable X-ray and echo-cardiograph machines, provided by the French author [[Dominique Lapierre]] move along the waterways of the Sundarbans to its furthest corners. Residents of such places as [[Sandeshkhali]], Basanti, [[Gosaba]] and [[Kultali]] have expressed their gratitude to him for his support when he came in 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041130/asp/bengal/story_4066942.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041209223600/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041130/asp/bengal/story_4066942.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 December 2004 | title = Sundarbans gratitude to Lapierre | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Telegraph, 30 November 2004 | location=Calcutta, India | date=30 November 2004}}</ref> Since 1981, Lapierre has dedicated half of his royalty earnings from his books to sustain a humanitarian movement in the slums of Kolkata and the deprived areas of rural Bengal. For his work, Lapierre was made a citizen of honour of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=22&id=72042&usrsess=1 | title = Lapierre comes with Kolkata in pocket | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Statesman, 21 May 2004}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070325/asp/7days/story_7561727.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525185020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070325/asp/7days/story_7561727.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 May 2011
| title = Writer's Block | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Telegraph, 25 March 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | date=25 March 2007}}</ref>

===Arsenic contamination===
A study of the School of Environmental Studies, most of whose surveyors are [[Jadavpur University]] scholars, shows the extent of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]] in the ground water of South 24-Parganas is shocking. High levels of arsenic in ground water was found in 12 blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 microgram a litre as specified by the World Health Organization). The affected blocks include Basanti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1 |title=High arsenic levels in South |access-date=22 September 2007 |publisher=The Statesman, 15 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]

Garhwal Kingdom

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#REDIRECT [[Garhwal kingdom]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Delhi Times

2025-07-03T04:43:26Z

ClaudiaChilds56: add references for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Supplement Magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''''Delhi Times''''' is a supplement magazine circulated with the ''[[Times of India]]'' in New Delhi, Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=National Newspapers Total Circulation |url=http://www.ifabc.org/site/assets/media/National-Newspapers_total-circulation_IFABC_17-08-2012.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820100451/http://www.ifabc.org/site/assets/media/National-Newspapers_total-circulation_IFABC_17-08-2012.xls |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=10 November 2014 |publisher=International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations (IFABC)}}</ref> The daily supplement focuses on city specific issues, in a very lucid manner, which generally appeal to urban youth. This supplement covers page 3 parties, entertainment news and includes regular features like television guide, movies, regular crosswords. A large part of the supplement is dedicated to celebrity gossip from [[Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. It also serves as a lifestyle magazine for readers in Delhi. Some of its sections have also faced criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Rajyasree |date=2015-10-05 |title=The ‘Servants’ special issue: When Delhi Times showed it’s possible to lower the bar even further |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/10/05/the-servants-special-issue-when-delhi-times-showed-its-possible-to-lower-the-bar-even-further |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, it celebrated 30 years.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bombay-times-and-delhi-times-celebrate-30-years-of-pioneering-a-new-media-space-124122000697_1.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Delhi/articlelist/-2128839596.cms Delhi Times] – online supplement

[[Category:The Times of India]]
[[Category:Publications of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Publications with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Mass media in Delhi]]
{{India-media-stub}}
{{mag-stub}}

Bhavesh Seth

2025-04-04T00:59:09Z

ClaudiaChilds56: adding new stub

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1997)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Bhavesh Seth
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|10|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = Wicket-keeper

| club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 13 November 2022
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1292544.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Bhavesh Seth''' (born 7 October 1997) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays as a wicketkeeper.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1292544.html |title=Bhavesh Seth|access-date=13 November 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/050718/thakur-tilak-varma-bhavesh-seth-hit-centuries.html|title=Thakur Tilak Varma, Bhavesh Seth hit centuries|access-date=13 November 2022|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rishiket-bhavesh-shine-for-budding-stars-in-hca-a1-division-league|title=Rishiket, Bhavesh shine for Budding Stars in HCA A1 division league|access-date=13 November 2021 |website=Telangana Today|date=25 August 2022}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]] debut on 18 October 2022, for Hyderabad against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332992.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 18 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 12 November 2022, for Hyderabad against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] in the [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333058.html |title=Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Delhi, Nov 12 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his First class debut on 27 December 2022, for Hyderabad against Assam in the 2022-23 Ranji trophy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1292544}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Bhavesh}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1997-stub}}

Swarghat

2025-03-06T20:22:50Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added first details v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Swarghat
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Stopover
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.33|N|76.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1220
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|[http://www.himachaltourism.gov.in himachaltourism.gov.in]}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Swarghat''' is a stopover destination on the [[Chandigarh]]-[[ Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] Highway in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], Northern India.

==General information==
*[[Climate]]:- Mild winters and pleasant summers.
*[[Height]]:- 1220m.
*Time to visit:- Throughout the year.

==Getting there==
* By Road:- From [[Chandigarh]] (through Ropar) it is 90 km away. From [[Shimla]] it is 124 km and from [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] 40 km.
* By Rail:- Kiratpur (nearest railhead), it is about 20 km away.
* By Air:- Nearest airport from Swarghat is at Chandigarh.

==Attractions==
*'''hotel hill top'''(0 km)
*'''Nalagarh Fort''' (4.5 km)
*'''[[Bhimakali temple]]''' (6 km)
*'''Naina Devi''' temple (20 km)
*'''Bhakra''' (37 km)<ref>[http://www.himachaltourism.gov.in Himachal Tourism Department]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]

==External links==
* [http://www.hptdc.gov.in Himachal Tourism Dep. Co.]
* [http://www.himachaltourism.nic.in Himachal Tourism Department India]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kullu Manali Circuit}}

[[Category:Stopovers in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

National Highway 925A (India)

2025-02-27T17:09:18Z

ClaudiaChilds56: update article as per guidelines and added references

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 925A
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 925A|text= Map of National Highway '''925A''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 63.1
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = Satta
| terminus_b = Gandhav
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 25
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 925 
| next_route = 68 
| states = [[Rajasthan]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 925A''', commonly referred to as '''NH 925A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/180664.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 25 (India)|National Highway 25]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> NH-925A runs in the state of [[Rajasthan]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH925A connects Satta and Gandhav in the state of Rajasthan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|925|country=IND}} Terminal near Satta.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|68|country=IND}} Terminal near Ghandav.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/7841544 NH 925A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH25 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Avalivanallur Satchinathar Temple

2024-04-28T22:36:25Z

ClaudiaChilds56: updated

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Avalivanallur Satchinathar Temple
| image = Avalivanallursatchinathartemple.jpg|
| alt =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvarur district]]
| locale =
| deity =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Avalivanallur Satchinathar Temple'''(அவளிவணல்லூர் சாட்சிநாதர் கோயில்)<ref name="ta.Bharatpedia.org">[[:ta:அவளிவணல்லூர் சாட்சிநாதர் கோயில்]]</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=293|title= Sri Satchinathar temple
|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref>
is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Avalivanallur in [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]], as the [[moolavar]] presiding deity, in his manifestation as Satchinathar. His consort, [[Parvati]], is known as Soudnaranayaki.<ref name="dinamalar"/>
<ref name="shivatemples.com">[http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc100.php Satchi Nathar Temple, Tiru Avalivanallur]</ref>

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]] and [[Sundarar]].<ref name="shivatemples.com"/>

Pancha Aranya Sthalams: Aranyam means forest and the following five temples at different forests [[Thanjavur]] / [[Kumbakonam]] / Thiruvarur region are revered as “Pancha Aranya Sthalams”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc099.php |title=Paadhaaleswarar Temple, Tiruaradai Perumpaazhi (Haridwara Mangalam) |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143304/http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc099.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1. Sri [[Mullaivananathar Temple]] at Tirukkarugavur – Mullai vanam [SCN018]
* 2. Sri Satchi Nathar Temple at Avalivanallur – Paadhiri vanam [SCN100]
* 3. Sri Paathaaleswarar Temple at Thiru Aradaipperumpazhi (Haridwara mangalam) – Vanni vanam [SCN099]
* 4. Sri Aapathsahayeswarar Temple at Thiru Erumpoolai (Alangudi) – Poolai vanam [SCN098]
* 5. Sri [[Tirukkollampudur Vilvaranyeswarar Temple|Vilvavaneswarar Temple]] at Thirukollam Pudhur – Vilva vanam [SCN113]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Sri Avalivanallur temple |url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=293 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Satchi Nathar Temple, Tiru Avalivanallur
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc100.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

{{coord|10.831883|79.327415|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Lokmanya-Ernakulam Duronto Express

2024-03-15T09:27:00Z

ClaudiaChilds56: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ernakulam Duronto Express]]

Sonal Dam

2024-02-18T14:12:49Z

ClaudiaChilds56: added new post nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Sonal Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Sonal Dam D01374
| dam_crosses = Aran river
| location = M Pir
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1114|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|19.6|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|698|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1981<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Sonal_D01374 | title=Sonal D01374 | accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|16920|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|0|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.3230174|77.206496|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Sonal Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Aran river near [[Mangrulpir]], [[Washim district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|19.6|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1114|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|698|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|20270.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Washim district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]