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Drishyam 3

2026-05-08T05:16:51Z

ClariceLinderman: creating new pg...

{{short description|Upcoming film by Jeethu Joseph}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Drishyam 3
| image = Drishyam 3 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| writer = Jeethu Joseph
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
* [[Ansiba Hassan]]
* [[Esther Anil]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
| editing = V. S. Vinayak
| music = [[Anil Johnson]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
*[[Pen Studios]]
*[[Panorama Studios]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
*Aashirvad Cinemas (Kerala)
*Panorama Studios
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|5|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Drishyam 3'''''<ref name=":1">{{Langx|mal|ദൃശ്യം|Drishyam|Visual}}</ref> is an upcoming Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]]. Produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] under [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], it is the third installment in the [[Drishyam (film series)|''Drishyam'']] franchise and the sequel to the ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' (2021). The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Ansiba Hassan]], and [[Esther Anil]], all four of them reprising their roles from the first two films of the trilogy.

[[Principal photography]] began on 22 September 2025 and concluded on 2 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-22 |title='Drishyam 3' shooting begins: Mohanlal shares picture from pooja ceremony; says, 'Bringing Georgekutty's world alive once again' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/drishyam-3-shooting-begins-mohanlal-shares-picture-from-pooja-ceremony-says-bringing-georgekuttys-world-alive-once-again/articleshow/124040372.cms |access-date=2025-10-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013044158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/drishyam-3-shooting-begins-mohanlal-shares-picture-from-pooja-ceremony-says-bringing-georgekuttys-world-alive-once-again/articleshow/124040372.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Drishyam 3'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on
21 May 2026.

==Cast==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Georgekutty
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Rani George
* [[Ansiba Hassan]] as Anju George
* [[Esther Anil]] as Anumol "Anu" George
* [[Asha Sharath]] as Geetha Prabhakar
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Prabhakar
* [[Murali Gopy]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Thomas Bastin [[Inspector|IPS]]
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Sahadevan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Vinayachandran
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Philip Mathew
* [[Irshad Ali|Irshad]] as Suresh Babu
* [[Santhi Mayadevi]] as [[Advocate]] Renuka
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Sulaiman
* [[Adam Ayub]] as Judge
* [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Antony
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Rajan
* Ajith Koothattukulam as Jose George
* [[Krishna Prabha]] as Mary, Jose's Wife
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Jose's Mother
* [[Srikant Murali]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=25 February 2026 |title=Drishyam 3: Srikant Murali Teases a Completely New Storyline Fans Can’t Stop Anticipating |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/drishyam-3-srikant-murali-teases-completely-new-storyline-fans-cant-stop-anticipating-articleshow-aqwbcgt |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lishoy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first5= |date=28 February 2026 |title='ജോര്‍ജുകുട്ടിയുടെ മകളുടെ...'; 'ദൃശ്യം 3' ലെ നിര്‍ണായക കഥാപാത്രത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ലിഷോയ്, വിമര്‍ശനവുമായി ആരാധകര്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-lishoy-about-his-drishyam-3-character-fans-criticising-him-for-leaking-spoilers-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-articleshow-ocy6szo |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=[[Asianet News|Asianet News Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Production ==
===Development ===
[[Jeethu Joseph]] stated that the idea for a third part came to him after completing ''[[Drishyam 2]]'', beginning with the climax that first took shape in his mind. During the film's release, when [[Mohanlal]] asked whether there was a possibility of another sequel, he shared with him the envisioned climax of the potential continuation, which Mohanlal liked and encouraged Jeethu to develop further.<ref name="Mathrubhumi-interview1">{{cite news |last1=Prajith |first1=P. |title='ദൃശ്യം -3യുടെ സാധ്യതയേക്കുറിച്ച് ആദ്യം ചോദിച്ചത് ലാലേട്ടൻ, ക്ലൈമാക്സാണ് ആദ്യം എഴുതിയത്' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/drishyam-3-jeethu-joseph-interview-1.10763114 |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=20 July 2025 |language=ml}}</ref> In February 2021, shortly after the release of ''Drishyam 2'', producer [[Antony Perumbavoor]] told ''[[Manorama News]]'' that Jeethu was contemplating about ''Drishyam 3'' and had discussed it with Mohanlal, expressing hope that it would happen.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=M. Dinu |title=Will there be a 'Drishyam 3'? Antony Perumbavur spills the beans |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/02/20/drishyam-3-antony-perumbavur-reveals-new-information.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[Onmanorama.com]] |date=20 February 2021}}</ref> A few days later, Jeethu told ''[[The Quint]]'', "if I get a thread good enough to explore, I will start developing it. It will be a crime if I don't".<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Vilakudy |first1=Rajaneesh |title=Exclusive: Jeethu Joseph On Making 'Drishyam 3' With Mohanlal |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/jeethu-josepth-drishyam-2-mohanlal-interview |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> At the [[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]] in August 2022, Antony confirmed that ''Drishyam 3'' would "definitely happen" and they were working on ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=South Indian star Mohanlal's 'Drishyam 3' confirmed, fans say ‘George Kutty is back’ |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-star-mohanlals-drishyam-3-confirmed-fans-say-george-kutty-is-back-1.1661675426482 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref> In November that year, Jeethu stated that he had "something in mind. However, I'm still looking for the spark to move it forward".<ref>{{cite news |last1=R. |first1=Chandhini |title=Jeethu Joseph Interview: Commercial success is more important than awards and accolades |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/Nov/08/jeethu-joseph-interview-the-filmmaker-on-kooman-ram-dirshyam-mohanlal-36370.html |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134155/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/nov/08/jeethu-joseph-interview-the-filmmaker-on-kooman-ram-dirshyam-mohanlal-36370.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a March 2024 interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Jeethu said he was exploring the possibility of a sequel and would proceed only if he found a good idea, stressing that he would never make a sequel purely for financial gain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. R. |first1=Reshmi |title=I Will Not Make Drishyam 3 Just For Money, Says Jeethu Joseph |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/heroism-in-telugu-and-malayalam-are-different-jeethu-on-neru-remake-885414 |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211080733/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/heroism-in-telugu-and-malayalam-are-different-jeethu-on-neru-remake-885414 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2024, during an interview with [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]], he revealed that he was stuck on a particular area of the story, though he already knew how the film would end.<ref>{{cite news|author1=India Today Entertainment Desk|title=Director Jeethu Joseph hints at 'Drishyam 3': I've written the climax, but...|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jeethu-joseph-drishyam-3-mohanlal-climax-ks-chithra-2585503-2024-08-21|access-date=5 September 2025|work=[[India Today]]|date=21 August 2024}}</ref> On 20 February 2025, ''Drishyam 3'' was officially announced by Mohanlal through his social media handles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-20 |title=Mohanlal confirms 'Drishyam 3' with Jeethu Joseph and Antony Perumbavoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-confirms-drishyam-3-with-jeethu-joseph-and-antony-perumbavoor/articleshow/118425389.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Jeethu also revealed that ''Drishyam 3'' would not serve as a conclusion to Georgekutty's story.<ref name="pinkvilla1">{{cite web |last1=S. |first1=Goutham |title=Jeethu Joseph Exclusive Interview: ‘We will release Drishyam 3’s Malayalam version first, just like before’ |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jeethu-joseph-exclusive-interview-we-will-release-drishyam-3s-malayalam-version-first-just-like-before-1398128 |publisher= |access-date=27 November 2025 |date=31 October 2025 |archive-date=9 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109005841/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jeethu-joseph-exclusive-interview-we-will-release-drishyam-3s-malayalam-version-first-just-like-before-1398128 |url-status=live |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> However, in February 2026, he confirmed that it would be the final film in the franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=Jeethu Joseph says Mohanlal’s Drishyam 3 will be last in the franchise |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/jeethu-joseph-confirms-mohanlal-drishyam-3-will-be-last-film-in-the-franchise-23615155 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 22 September 2025 at Sree Narayana Law College, Poothotta, [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], with a traditional [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Drishyam 3 shooting begins with pooja in Kerala, Mohanlal shares new pics: 'Bringing Georgekutty's world alive' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/drishyam-3-shooting-begins-with-pooja-in-kerala-mohanlal-shares-new-pics-101758527359898.html |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/drishyam-3-shooting-begins-with-pooja-in-kerala-mohanlal-shares-new-pics-101758527359898.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming took place across [[Thodupuzha]], [[Vagamon]], Ernakulam and [[Thiruvalla]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-29 |title=Jeethu Joseph on Mohanlal’s ‘Drishyam 3’: 'A story set in rural Idukki can’t look like a Scandinavian thriller' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jeethu-joseph-on-mohanlals-drishyam-3-a-story-set-in-rural-idukki-cant-look-like-a-scandinavian-thriller/articleshow/127758059.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Filming was completed on 2 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025 |title=‘See you in cinemas’: Mohanlal wraps filming for Jeethu Joseph’s ‘Drishyam 3’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mohanlal-wraps-filming-for-jeethu-joseph-directed-crime-thriller-drishyam-3/cid/2136016 |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
''Drishyam 3'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on 21 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mohanlals-drishyam-3-postponed-film-now-releasing-on-actors-birthday-11256109|title=Mohanlal's Drishyam 3 Posponed, Film Now Releasing On Actor's Birthday|website=NDTV|first=Anjali|last=Choudhury|date=23 March 2026|access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> Earlier, the film was planned for release on 2 April 2026 but was postponed due to the [[2026 Iran war]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-14 |title='Drishyam 3' release date unveiled: Mohanlal and Jeethu Joseph's film locks April release around Vishu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/drishyam-3-release-date-unveiled-mohanlal-and-jeethu-josephs-film-locks-april-release-around-vishu/articleshow/126527326.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 March 2026 |title=Mohanlal’s Drishyam 3 gets new release date amid Middle East crisis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlals-drishyam-3-postponed-to-may-21-amid-middle-east-crisis-10597068/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The production house [[Aashirvad Cinemas]] will distribute the film in [[Kerala]]. [[Panorama Studios]] and [[Pen Studios]] acquired the distribution rights in [[North India]] and also digital rights of the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 April 2026 |title=Drishyam 3 gets boost as PEN Studios backs Mohanlal starrer with Rs 100 crores investment |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/drishyam-3-gets-boost-as-pen-studios-backs-mohanlal-starrer-with-rs-100-crores-investment/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2026 |title=Mohanlal’s Drishyam 3 bags Rs 100 cr investment from Pen Studios |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/amid-amazon-prime-video-row-mohanlal-film-drishyam-3-bags-rs-100-crore-investment-from-pen-studios-10653963/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Prathyangira Cinemas holds the distribution rights in [[United States|US]] while Hamsini Entertainments for [[Canada]], both sold for {{Indian rupee|10 crore}} ($1.1M).

=== Home media ===
In April 2026, [[Amazon Prime Video]] asserted that they are the sole holder of the digital rights for the film. They further explained that these rights come from a valid agreement signed with the makers.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 April 2026 |title=Drishyam 3: Prime Video Issues Warning, Claims Sole Digital Rights Of Mohanlal's Film |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/malayalam-cinema/drishyam-3-prime-video-issues-warning-claims-sole-digital-rights-of-mohanlal-film-ws-l-10012707.html |website=News18}}</ref> This statement came in light after reports surfaced that makers were making OTT agreements with third parties.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 April 2026 |title=Drishyam 3 Vs Amazon Prime Video Row EXPLAINED: Streaming Giant Warns Makers Of Mohanlal Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/south/drishyam-3-vs-amazon-prime-video-row-explained-streaming-giant-warns-makers-of-mohanlal-film-article-153991601 |website=Times Now}}</ref> Later, a petition was also filed by Amazon Prime and as a result of which the [[Delhi High Court]] granted them interim relief and restrained the makers from entering into any agreement with third parties for creation or exploitation of OTT rights for the [[Drishyam (film series)|Drishyam (franchise)]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 April 2026 |title=Amazon gets interim relief as Delhi HC blocks third-party OTT rights for Drishyam 3 |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/delhi-hc-blocks-third-party-ott-rights-for-drishyam-3-granting-amazon-interim-relief/130448932 |website=ETLegalWorld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 April 2026 |title=‘ദൃശ്യം 3’ ഒടിടി കരാറിന് താൽക്കാലിക വിലക്ക്; നടപടി ആമസോൺ പ്രൈമിന്റെ ഹർജിയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2026/04/22/drishyam-3-ott-deal-halted-delhi-high-court-steps-in-amidst-amazon-prime-dispute.html |website=Manorama Online |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14113634}}

[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Upcoming sequel films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeethu Joseph]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]

Yesvantpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express

2026-05-07T13:56:47Z

ClariceLinderman: starting first article first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Short description|Duronto Express train in India}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Yesvantpur - Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC ''Duronto Express''
| image = Yashwantpur duronto at itarsi.jpg
| caption = Yesvantpur Duronto Express At [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]]
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| status = Weekly Service
| first = 19 February 2011
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways]]
| ridership = Weekly Service
| start = {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} (YPR)
| stops = 5
| end = [[Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] (DEE)
| distance = {{convert|2367|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hours 20 minutes as 12213 Yeshvantapur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express, 32 hours 55 minutes as 12214 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Yeshvantapur AC Duronto Express
| frequency = Weekly. 12213 Yeshvantapur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express – Saturday. 12214 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Yeshvantapur AC Duronto Express – Monday.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Upper
| catering = [[Pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el = Fully Electrified
| trainnumber = 12213 / 12214
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (maximum speed), {{convert|75|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (average speed), including halts
| map = {{Yesvantpur-Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''The 12213 / 12214 Yesvantpur - Delhi Sarai Rohilla - Yesvantpur AC Duronto Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Duronto Express]] category belonging to the [[Indian Railways]] – [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} in India. It is the fastest train from Bangalore to Delhi which covers in just 31 hours

It operates as train number 12213 from Yesvantpur Junction to Delhi Sarai Rohilla and as train number 12214 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]].

It is the only train which passes the major stations of {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} & {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} without halting at either of them. The Yesvantpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express had the 2nd longest non-stop run Between {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}-{{Stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}} (used to stop at Nagpur only for a technical halt), but as of August 23, 2023 Experimental Halt is provided at {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}.

==Coaches==

The 12213 / 14 Yesvantpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Duronto Express presently has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]],
2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 16 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] & 2 [[Diesel generator|End on Generator]] coaches. In addition, it also carries a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12213 Yesvantpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Duronto Express covers the distance of 2367 kilometres in 31 hours 20 mins {{convert|75.54|km/h|0|abbr=on}} & in 32 hours 55 mins as 12214 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Yeshvantpur Duronto Express {{convert|71.91|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] surcharge.

==Time table==

*12213 Yeshvantapur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Duronto Express leaves Yeshvantapur Junction every Saturday at 23:40 hrs IST and reaches Delhi Sarai Rohilla at 07:00 hrs IST on the 3rd day.
*12214 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Yeshvantapur Duronto Express leaves Delhi Sarai Rohilla every Monday at 23:00 hrs IST and reaches Yeshvantapur Junction at 07:55 hrs IST on the 3rd day.

{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:Green;" |''Yesvantapur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express''
|+
! colspan="2" |12213
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12214
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
|'''07:35'''
|'''----'''
|'''[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]]'''
|'''----'''
|'''22:10'''
|-
|01:30
|01:35
|[[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi Junction]]
|03:50
|03:55
|-
|22:02
|22:10
|[[Rani Kamalapati railway station|Rani Kamalapati]]
|08:02
|08:10
|-
|'''16:10'''
|'''16:15'''
|'''[[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]]'''

|'''13:35'''
|'''13:42'''
|-
|13:35
|13:40
|[[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah Junction]]
|16:40
|16:45
|-
|'''08:45'''
|'''08:50'''
|'''[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad junction]]'''
|'''20:55'''
|'''21:10'''
|-
|03:30
|03:35
|[[Guntakal Junction railway station|Guntakal Junction]]
|02:45
|02:50
|-
|'''02:08'''
|'''02:12'''
|[[Dharmavaram Junction railway station|Dharmavaram Junction]]
('''Technical Halt''')
|'''04:37'''
|'''04:42'''
|-
|'''----'''
|'''23:40'''
|'''[[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur Junction]]'''
|'''08:10'''
|'''----'''
|-
|}

==Traction==

Due to partial electrification, upon introduction until around 6 November 2017, the 12213 / 14 Yesvantpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Duronto Express was hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram]]-based [[WDP-4B]]/[[WDP-4D]] and [[WDM-3D]] from Yesvantpur Junction up to {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} handing over to a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] which would power the train up to its destination [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]].

With progressive electrification, it started being hauled end to end haul by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive.

Ever since SWR's Krishnarajapuram (KJM) shed received [[WAP-7]] locomotives, this train is being hauled end to end by a Krishnarajapuram-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Duronto AC Express.jpg|Train Board
File:Yeshvantapur Duronto Express.jpg|At Secunderabad Junction
</gallery>

==Rake sharing==

16561/16562 – [[Thiruvananthapuram North–Yesvantpur AC Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/duronto_trn_list.html|title=DURONTO TRAIN LIST|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/12/19/railway-covers-duronto-under-tatkal-includes-aadhaar-as-id-proof/|title='Tatkal' extended to Duronto trains,Aadhaar approved as ID proof | DeshGujarat|publisher=deshgujarat.com|access-date=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|access-date=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|access-date=2014-04-05|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Duronto Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yeshvantapur-Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

Maduravoyal Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:55:41Z

ClariceLinderman: new the post w/ sources

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{coord|13.0675|N|80.1632|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maduravoyal
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = Constitution-Maduravoyal.svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
| reservation = None
| established = 2008
| mla = [[P. Rhevanth Charan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = 2026
| electors = 373,283
}}
'''Maduravoyal''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Chennai district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 7. It consists of a portion of [[Ambattur taluk]] and part of [[Chennai]] Corporation. It falls under [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[G. Beem Rao|G Beem Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[P. Benjamin]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=7}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. Ganapathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[P. Rhevanth Charan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|52.09}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Maduravoyal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate='''[[P. Rhevanth Charan]]'''|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=1,41,725|percentage=48.26|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ganapathy]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=80,216|percentage=27.31|change=-17.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Benjamin]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=54,705|percentage=18.63|change=-14.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Revathi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=13,024|percentage=4.43|change=-3.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1,462|percentage=0.5|change=-0.29}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,509 |percentage=20.94 |change=12.65}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,93,692|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,73,283|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Maduravoyal<ref>{{cite web|title=Maduravoyal Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a007|access-date= 23 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ganapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=121,298 |percentage=44.64 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Benjamin]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,577 |percentage=32.97 |change=-7.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Padma Priya |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=33,401 |percentage=12.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ganeshkumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=21,045 |percentage=7.74 |change=+5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Lucky Murugan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,660 |percentage=0.98 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,146 |percentage=0.79 |change=-1.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,721 |percentage=11.67 |change= 8.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=271,724 |percentage=60.34 |change= -1.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 450,296 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Maduravoyal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Benjamin]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,739 |percentage=40.12 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajesh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=91,337 |percentage=36.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Beem Rao]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,612 |percentage=7.89 |change=-44.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. V. Srinivasan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,328 |percentage=6.97 |change=-32.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=6,655 |percentage=2.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vasu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6,181 |percentage=2.49 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anandapriya |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=4,582 |percentage=1.84 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,402 |percentage=3.38 |change= -9.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=248,597 |percentage=61.81 |change= -7.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 402,205 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -11.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Maduravoyal<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Beem Rao]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=96,844 |percentage=52.09 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=72,833 |percentage=39.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,381 |percentage=3.43 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sivasankaran |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,256 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Yosuva |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,040 |percentage=1.10 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,542 |percentage=0.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Dhilbahadur |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,373 |percentage=0.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,011 |percentage=12.91 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=185,925 |percentage=68.99 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,513 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T20:29:41Z

ClariceLinderman: Creating Details

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| incumbent_image = Gaurav Gogoi 2024.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| assembly_cons = [[Jorhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]] [[Titabar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titabar]] [[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]] 
[[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]] [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]] [[Nazira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nazira]] [[Mahmora Assembly constituency|Mahmora]] [[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]] [[Demow (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Demow]] [[Sibsagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sibsagar]]
| reservation = None
| name = Jorhat {{Small|AS-14}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Assam/Jorhat.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency
}}

'''Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in north-eastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-06
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2006-05-04
}}</ref>

===Current assembly segments===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!District
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
!colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|93
|[[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]]
|Rowspan=5|None
|Rowspan=2|[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
|[[Dharmeswar Konwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|94
|[[Mahmora Assembly constituency|Mahmora]]
|Suruj Dehingia
|-
|95
|[[Demow Assembly constituency|Demow]]
|Rowspan=3|[[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]]
|[[Sushanta Borgohain]]
|-
|96
|[[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
|[[Akhil Gogoi]]
|{{party name with color|Raijor Dal}}
|-
|97
|[[Nazira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nazira]]
|Mayur Borgohain
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|98
|[[Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majuli]]
|ST
|[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
|[[Bhuban Gam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|99
|[[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]]
|Rowspan=4|None
|Rowspan=4|[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
|Bikash Saikia
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|100
|[[Jorhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
|[[Hitendra Nath Goswami]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|101
|[[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]]
|[[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
|-
|102
|[[Titabar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titabar]]
|Dhiraj Gowala
|-
|}

===Previous assembly segments===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
|-
|98
|[[Jorhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| None
| rowspan="4" |[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
|-
|100
|[[Titabar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titabar]]
| None
|-
|101
|[[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]]
| None
|-
|102
|[[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]]
| None
|-
|103
|[[Amguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amguri]]
| None
| rowspan="2" |[[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]]
|-
|104
|[[Nazira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nazira]]
| None
|-
|105
|[[Mahmora Assembly constituency|Mahmora]]
| None
| rowspan="2" |[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
|-
|106
|[[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]]
| None
|-
|107
|[[Thowra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thowra]]
| None
| rowspan="2" |[[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]]
|-
|108
|[[Sibsagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sibsagar]]
| None
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Debeswar Sarmah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Mofida Ahmed]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendranath Barua]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Parag Chaliha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=1}}
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Jorhat]]<ref name="Jorhat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Jorhat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/assam/jorhat |access-date=8 August 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808180734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/assam/jorhat |archive-date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Gaurav Gogoi]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes= 7,51,771|percentage=54.04 |change={{increase}}10.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,07,378|percentage=43.66|change={{decrease}}7.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arun Chandra Hadique|party=Ikkjutt Jammu|votes=9,086|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raj Kumar Duwara|party=Independent|votes=8,370|percentage=0.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=14,555|percentage=1.05|change={{decrease}}0.14}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,44,393|percentage=10.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,96,283|percentage=80.57|change={{increase}}3.00}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Jorhat}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,43,288
|percentage = 51.35
|change =+2.36
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sushanta Borgohain|votes=4,60,635|percentage=43.54|change=+5.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Kanak Gogoi|votes=17,849|percentage=1.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,569|percentage=1.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Ribulaya Gogoi|votes=6,121|percentage=0.58|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=82,653|percentage=7.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,58,820|percentage=77.57|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jorhat ]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
|votes = 4,56,420
|percentage = 48.99
|change = +10.95
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
|votes = 3,54,000
|percentage = 38.00
|change = -9.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prodip Hazarika
|votes = 46,626
|percentage = 5.01
|change = +5.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Drupad Borgohain]]
|votes = 28,930
|percentage = 3.11
|change = -6.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Nasir Ahmed
|votes = 7,331
|percentage = 0.79
|change = +0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ribulaya Gogoi
|votes = 5,759
|percentage = 0.62
|change = +0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Gunin Basumatari
|votes = 5,754
|percentage = 0.62
|change = +0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Raj Kumar Dowarah
|votes = 4,737
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Manorom Gogoi
|votes = 3,659
|percentage = 0.39
|change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Horen Borgohain
|votes = 3,472
|percentage = 0.37
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 14,648
|percentage = 1.57
|change = ---
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,02,420
|percentage = 11.00
|change = +1.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,31,568
|percentage = 78.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +6.25
}}

{{Election box end}}
<ref>Jorhat District, Assam. ''[http://jorhat.nic.in/candidate.html Expenditure Details of Contesting Candidates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073319/http://jorhat.nic.in/candidate.html |date=2014-04-07 }}''</ref>

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Jorhat ]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
|votes = 3,62,320
|percentage = 47.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
|votes =2,90,406
|percentage = 38.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Drupad Borgohain]]
|votes = 74,185
|percentage = 9.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 71,914
|percentage = 9.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =7,63,554
|percentage = 64.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jorhat district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/assam/jorhat/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Jorhat lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.8|94.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]

Soumen Mahapatra

2026-05-05T17:52:35Z

ClariceLinderman: starting new article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Soumen Mahapatra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1958|12|06|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 20 May 2011
| term_end = 10 May 2021
| constituency =
| predecessor = Nandagopal Bhattacharjee (''Water Resources Investigation & Development'') [[Mamata Banerjee]] (''Irrigation and Waterways'')
| successor = [[Manas Bhunia]] (''Water Resources Investigation & Development'')
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2 May 2021
| term_end1 = 4 May 2026 (''13 May 2011–19 May 2016'')
| constituency1 = [[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| predecessor1 = Jagannath Mitra (''2011'') Ashok Kumar Dinda (''2021'')
| successor1 = Ashok Kumar Dinda (''2016'') Hare Krishna Bera (''2026'')
| term_start2 = 19 May 2016
| term_end2 = 2 May 2021
| constituency2 = [[Pingla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pingla]]
| predecessor2 = [[Prabodh Chandra Sinha]]
| successor2 = [[Ajit Maity]]
| term_start3 = 2001
| term_end3 = 2006
| constituency3 = [[Nandanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandanpur]]
| predecessor3 = Chhaya Bera
| successor3 = [[Bula Choudhury]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sumana Mahapatra
| college =
| children = 2
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
| governor = [[M. K. Narayanan]] [[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)'' [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[La Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)''
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 2namedata = * Water Resources Investigation & Development (''2011-2021'')
* Irrigation and Waterways (''2021'')
}}

'''Soumen Mahapatra''' is an Indian [[politician]], four-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and former Minister for Irrigation and Waterways and previously served as the Minister for Water Resources Investigation & Development in the [[Government of West Bengal]]. He was elected from the [[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]] constituency in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]], [[Pingla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pingla]] constituency in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[Nandanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandanpur]] constituency in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|assembly]] election.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525085921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html Mamata allots portfolios, keeps key ministries]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090601-all-the-didis-men-739813-2009-05-21 All the Didi's men]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|title=Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet|accessdate=22 May 2011|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005213008/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|archivedate=5 October 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahapatra, Somen}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Asaf Khan I

2026-05-03T21:50:15Z

ClariceLinderman: started first entry from scratch.

{{About|the Mughal nobleman during the reign of Akbar||Asaf Khan (disambiguation){{!}}Asaf Khan}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Asaf Khan I
| title = [[Mansabdar]]
| titletext =
| more =
| type =
| image = Asaf Khan presenting spoils to Akbar at Jaunpur.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Asaf Khan presenting spoils from the [[Mughal conquest of Garha]] to Akbar at Jaunpur in 1565.
| succession = [[Subahdar]] of [[Illahabad Subah]]
| moretext =
| reign = c. 1560—c. 1580
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| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
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|death_date = 1611/1612 CE.
|death_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Mughal Empire]].
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* [[Mughal conquest of Garha]]
** [[Battle of Damoh]]
** [[Narsinghpur|Siege of Chouragarh]]
*[[Mughal-Rajput wars]]
** [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567-1568)]]
** [[Battle of Haldighati]]
{{tree list/end}}
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'''Asaf Khan I''' was a [[Persians|Persian]] [[nobleman]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of [[Akbar]]. He was governor of Ilahabad Subah and participated in many Mughal military expeditions, leading the [[Mughal conquest of Garha]] in 1564 and serving in the [[Battle of Haldighati]] in 1576.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Parvati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1W_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Asaf+khan+I+Tajik&pg=PA109 |title=A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal |date=2023-05-15 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-7790-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=Susheila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgiCDwAAQBAJ&dq=Asaf+khan+I+Tajik&pg=PT272 |title=Acute Akbar Versus The Spirited Nur Jahan: The Soul's Journey Through Time and the Who's Who of Rebirth |date=2018-09-28 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78901-231-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Manimugdha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Asaf+khan+I+Tajik&pg=PT143 |title=Allahu Akbar: Understanding the Great Mughal in Today's India |date=2019-10-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-86950-54-3 |language=en}}</ref>

After personally attacking Garha and keeping the loot of war, including many precious gems and 800 war elephants, to himself, he rebelled fearing retribution by Akbar and joined many disaffected [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] noblemen in seeking independence from Mughal rule, fleeing to his subah on 17 September 1565. However, he soon submitted and was restored to his previous post in 1567.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haig |first1=Wolseley |editor1-last=Burn |editor1-first=Richard |chapter=Akbar, 1556-1573 |title=The Cambridge History of India |date=1937 |location=Cambridge |volume=4: The Mughul Period |page=92}}</ref>

Asaf Khan played a pivotal role in Mughal conquest of Chittor in 1568 led by Akbar himself. After the fort was sacked in February 1568, Akbar handed it to Asaf Khan and returned to Agra.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Gopinath Sharma| title=Mewar and the Mughal Emperors: 1526-1707 A. D.| publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sQBAAAAMAAJ|page=80|language=en}}</ref>

He probably died at Burhanpur aged 63 in the seventh year of Jahangir's reign (1611–12).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan, 1569-1627|title=The tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī, or, Memoirs of Jahāngīr|year=2015 |translator1-last=Rogers|translator1-first=Alexander|editor1-last=Beveridge|editor1-first=Henry|isbn=978-81-7156-131-5|location=New Delhi|oclc=993066506}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:16th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Mughal Subahdars]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

India

2026-04-29T15:53:51Z

ClariceLinderman: brief enhanced lead as per guidelines further and added references

{{Short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Featured article}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of India 
| common_name = India
| native_name =  {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| alt_flag = Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
| image_coat = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|class=skin-invert-image|60px]]
| symbol_width = 60px
| alt_coat = Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते".
| symbol_type = [[State Emblem of India|State emblem]]
| other_symbol_type = National song: {{nobold|{{native phrase|sa-Latn|[[Vande Mataram]]|italics=on}}{{efn|Written in a mixture of Sanskrit and [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]]}}}}
| other_symbol = "I Bow to Thee, Mother"{{lower|0.2em|{{efn|"[...] ''Jana Gana Mana'' is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song ''Vande Mataram'', which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with ''Jana Gana Mana'' and shall have equal status with it."{{sfn|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}} 
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg]]</div>
| national_motto = {{native phrase|sa-Latn|[[Satyameva Jayate]]|italics=on}}
| national_anthem = {{native phrase|hi-Latn|[[Jana Gana Mana]]|italics=on}}{{efn|Originally written in [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]] and adopted as the national anthem in its Hindi translation}}<ref name="india.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=National Symbols | National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204121208/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]] |quote=The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.}}</ref><ref name="tatsama">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' |publisher=[[News18 India|News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417194530/https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=1}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}} 
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 250px
| alt_map = Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Territory controlled by India}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Disputed territories of India|Territory claimed but not controlled]]}}
| capital = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|30|E|type:city_region:IN-DL}}
| admin_center = [[Mumbai]]
| admin_center_type = Largest city {{normal|by [[List of cities in India by population|city proper population]]}}
| largest_city =
| largest_settlement = [[Delhi]]
| largest_settlement_type = city {{normal|by metropolitan area population}}
| official_languages = {{hlist |[[Hindi]]|[[Indian English|English]]{{efn|According to [[Part XVII of the Constitution of India]], [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] in the [[Devanagari]] script is the [[official language]] of the Union, along with [[Indian English|English]] as an additional official language.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}{{sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}<ref name="india.gov.in2">{{Cite web |title=Profile | National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830064815/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]]}}</ref> [[States and union territories of India|States and union territories]] can have a different official language of their own other than Hindi or English.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Provisions – Official Language Related Part-17 of the Constitution of India |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112326/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[Department of Official Language]] via [[Government of India]]}}</ref>}}
| regional_languages = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;color: inherit; text-align:left;
|title = [[Languages with official status in India#Official languages of states|State level]] and [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|{{nowrap|Eighth Schedule}}]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|1= Eighth Schedule {{hlist
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Sanskrit]]
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]
}}
|2= State level{{efn|Not all the state-level official languages are in the eighth schedule and not all the scheduled languages are state-level official languages. For example, the [[Sindhi language]] is an 8th scheduled but not a state-level official language.}} {{hlist
| [[Garo language|Garo]]
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| [[Kokborok]]
| [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
| all the 8th scheduled languages – except [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language|Dogri]]{{efn|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language]] are the official languages of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] which is currently a [[union territory]] and no longer the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|former state]].}}
}}
}}
| languages_type = Native languages
| languages = [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|424 languages]]{{efn|
* According to [[Ethnologue]], there are 424 living indigenous languages in India, in contrast to 11 extinct indigenous languages. In addition, there are 30 living non-indigenous languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Eberhard |first1=David M. |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |last3=Fennig |first3=Charles D. |year=2025 |title=India |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |website=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=28 |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303233113/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped.
}}
| religion_ref = <ref name="Census2011religion">{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C −1 Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]] |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Indian people|Indian]]|[[Names for India|others]]}}
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of India|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| lower_house = [[Lok Sabha]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Indian independence movement|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Dominion of India|Dominion]]
| established_date1 = [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]
| established_event2 = [[Republic]]
| established_date2 = [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]]
| area_km2 = 3,287,263
| area_footnote = <ref name="india.gov.in2" />{{efn|"The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as {{convert|3287260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the United Nations lists the total area as {{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and total land area as {{convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
| area_rank = 7th
| area_sq_mi = 1,269,346
| percent_water = 9.6
| population_estimate = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,428,627,663<ref name="WPP UN">{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=Population Division – United Nations |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 1st
| population_census = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,210,854,977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumeration Data (Final Population) |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522213913/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A – 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430213141/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 2nd
| population_density_km2 = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|3287263|km2|disp=num|prec=1}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|1269219|sqmi|disp=num|prec=1}}
| population_density_rank = 30th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$18.902 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,801<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 121st
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$4.153 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank = 6th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,813<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 148th
| Gini = 25.5 
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) – India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902023243/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.685
| HDI_rank = 130th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Indian rupee]] ([[₹]])
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| date_format = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in India]].}}
}}
| drives_on = left<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=worldstandards.eu |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110051742/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91]]
| cctld = [[.in]] ([[.in#Internationalised domain names and country codes|others]])
| englishmotto = "Truth Alone Triumphs"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
| religion_year = 2011
| religion = {{ubl
| 79.8% [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]]
| 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]]
| 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]]
| 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]]
| 0.7% [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]]
| 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]
| 0.23% [[Irreligion in India|unaffiliated]]
| 0.65% [[Religion in India|other]]
}}
| official_website = 
| today =
| iso3166code = IN
}}


'''India''', officially the '''Republic of India''',{{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}}}<ref>
* {{citation |title=The Essential Desk Reference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjcOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-512873-4 |page=76}} "Official name: Republic of India.";
* {{citation |author=John Da Graça |title=Heads of State and Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-349-65771-1 |page=421}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)";
* {{citation |author=Graham Rhind |title=Global Sourcebook of Address Data Management: A Guide to Address Formats and Data in 194 Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-93326-1 |page=302}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat.";
* {{citation |last=Bradnock |first=Robert W. |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-40511-5 |page=108}} "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi:Bharat Ganarajya";
* {{citation |title=Penguin Compact Atlas of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC&pg=PA140 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1 |page=140}} "Official name: Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA515 |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |pages=515–516}} "Officially, Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Complete Atlas of the World: The Definitive View of the Earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5moCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54-IA10 |edition=3rd |year=2016 |publisher=[[DK Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4654-5528-4 |page=54}} "Official name: Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA726 |year=2013 |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |isbn=978-1-4522-9937-2 |page=726}}</ref> is a country in [[South Asia]].  It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|seventh-largest country by area]]; the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populous country]] since 2023;<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=K. S. |last2=Sekher |first2=T. V. |editor1-last=James |editor1-first=K. S. |editor2-last=Sekher |editor2-first=T. V. |title=India Population Report |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-00-931886-0 |pages=1–18 |edition=1st |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009318846.003 |chapter=India's Population Change: Critical Issues and Prospects. |doi=10.1017/9781009318846.003}}</ref> and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy.<ref>{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=327}}: "Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations."</ref><ref name="stein-arnold">{{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |year=2012 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |series=The Blackwell History of the World Series |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |quote=One of these is the idea of India as 'the world's largest democracy', but a democracy forged less by the creation of representative institutions and expanding electorate under British rule than by the endeavours of India's founding fathers – Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Ambedkar – and the labours of the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949, embodied in the Indian constitution of 1950. This democratic order, reinforced by the regular holding of nationwide elections and polling for the state assemblies, has, it can be argued, consistently underpinned a fundamentally democratic state structure – despite the anomaly of the Emergency and the apparent durability of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-link=David Arnold (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|pp=184–185|ps=: "Since 1947, India's internal disputes over its national identity, while periodically bitter and occasionally punctuated by violence, have been largely managed with remarkable and sustained commitment to national unity and democracy."}} Bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] on the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] on the southwest, and the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the southeast, it shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west;{{efn|1 = The [[Government of India]] also regards [[Afghanistan]] as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan.}} [[China]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]] to the north; and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]]. Its [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] share a [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]] with Myanmar, [[Thailand]], and [[Indonesia]].

[[Modern humans]] arrived on the [[Indian subcontinent]] from [[Africa]] no later than 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin" /><ref name="Dyson2018p1" /><ref name="Fisher2018p23" /> Their long occupation, predominantly in isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse.<ref name="Dyson2018-28a"/> [[Neolithic|Settled life]] emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[river basin]] 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] of the third millennium BCE.<ref name="Combined-2"/> By {{BCE|1200}}, an [[Proto-language|archaic form]] of [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], had [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffused]] into India from the northwest.<ref name=lowe1/><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda"/> [[Rig Veda|Its hymns]] recorded the [[Historical Vedic religion|early dawnings]] of [[Hinduism]] in India.<ref name="Combined-3">* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Jamison|Brereton|2020|pp=2, 4–5}}: "The Ṛgveda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. [...] Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Viṣṇu and Śiva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Ṛgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Ṛgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Flood|2020|p=4, see note 4}}: "I take the term 'Hinduism' to meaningfully denote a range and history of practice characterised by a number of features, particularly reference to Vedic textual and sacrificial origins, belonging to endogamous social units (''jāti''/''varṇa''), participating in practices that involve making an offering to a deity and receiving a blessing (''pūjā''), and a first-level cultural polytheism (although many Hindus adhere to a second-level monotheism in which many gods are regarded as emanations or manifestations of the one, supreme being)."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Michaels|2017|pp=|p=86}}: "Almost all traditional Hindu families observe until today at least three ''samskaras'' (initiation, marriage, and death ritual). Most other rituals have lost their popularity, are combined with other rites of passage, or are drastically shortened. Although ''samskaras'' vary from region to region, from class (''varna'') to class, and from caste to caste, their core elements remain the same owing to the common source, the Veda, and a common priestly tradition preserved by the ''Brahmin'' priests."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Flood|1996|p=35}}: "It is this Sanskrit, vedic, tradition which has maintained a continuity into modern times and which has provided the most important resource and inspiration for Hindu traditions and individuals. The Veda is the foundation for most later developments in what is known as Hinduism."</ref> India's pre-existing [[Dravidian languages]] were supplanted in the northern regions.<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> By {{BCE|400}}, [[caste]] had emerged within Hinduism,<ref name="Dyson2018-16a"/> and [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] and [[History of Jainism|Jainism]] had arisen, proclaiming [[social order]]s unlinked to heredity.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire]]s.<ref name="Combined-5">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16–17]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 67]}}.
* {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA56 56–57]}}
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29–30]}}.</ref> During this era, there was a flourishing of creativity in art, architecture, and writing,<ref name="Combined-6">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29]}}.
* {{citation |author=Glenn Van Brummelen |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia |pages=46–48 |year=2014 |editor=Thomas F. Glick |chapter=Arithmetic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-45932-1 |editor2=Steven Livesey |editor3=Faith Wallis}}</ref> the status of women declined,<ref name="Combined-7">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}}.
* {{harvnb|Stein|2010|p=90}}.
* {{citation |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |title=Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History |pages=27–29 |year=1999 |editor1=Barbara N. Ramusack |chapter=Women in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNi9Jc22OHsC&pg=PA27 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-21267-2 |editor2=Sharon L. Sievers}}</ref> and [[untouchability]] became an organised belief.{{efn|"A Chinese pilgrim also recorded evidence of the caste system as he could observe it. According to this evidence the treatment meted out to untouchables such as the Chandalas was very similar to that which they experienced in later periods. This would contradict assertions that this rigid form of the caste system emerged in India only as a reaction to the Islamic conquest."{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp = 122–123}}}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=122–123}} In [[South India]], the [[Middle kingdoms of India#The Deccan plateau and South|Middle kingdoms]] exported Dravidian language scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="AsherAsher2006-17">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA17 17]}}.</ref>

In the [[1st millennium]] [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Zoroastrianism]] became established on India's southern and western coasts.<ref name="Combined-8">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 54]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA78 78–79]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}}.</ref> Early in the [[2nd millennium]] Muslim armies from [[Central Asia]] intermittently overran India's northern plains.<ref name="Combined-13">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68–70]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19 19], 24}}.</ref> The resulting [[Delhi Sultanate]] drew northern India into the cosmopolitan [[Islamic Golden Age|networks of medieval Islam]].<ref name="Combined-10">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 48]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA53 52]}}.</ref> In south India, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-74">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA74 74]}}.</ref> In the [[Punjab]], [[Sikhism]] emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-267">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA267 267]}}.</ref> The [[Mughal Empire]] ushered in two centuries of economic expansion and relative peace,<ref name="AsherAsher2006-152">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 152]}}.</ref> and left [[Mughal architecture|a rich architectural legacy]].<ref name="Fisher2018-106">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106]}}.</ref>{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe/page/250/mode/2up 250]}} Gradually expanding [[Company rule in India|rule of the British East India Company]] turned India into a colonial economy but consolidated its [[sovereignty]].<ref name="Combined-11">
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA289 289]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}}.</ref> [[British Raj|British Crown rule]] began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,<ref name="Combined-12">{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Miles |title=Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires |pages=38–39 |year=2016 |editor-last=Aldrish, Robert |chapter=The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5261-0088-7 |editor2-last=McCreery, Cindy}}</ref>{{sfn|Peers|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}} but [[Industrial Revolution|technological changes]] were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took root.<ref name="EmbreeHay1988">{{Citation |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie Thomas |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan |page=85 |year=1988 |chapter=Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-06414-9 |last2=Hay |first2=Stephen N. |last3=Bary |first3=William Theodore De}}</ref> [[Indian independence movement|A nationalist movement]] emerged in India, the first in the non-European [[British Empire]] and an influence on other nationalist movements.<ref name="Marshall2001">{{Citation |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |url={{Google books|S2EXN8JTwAEC |page=PA179 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |page=179 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00254-7 |quote=The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.}}</ref><ref name="Chiriyankandath2016">{{Citation |last=Chiriyankandath |first=James |title=Parties and Political Change in South Asia |url={{Google books|c4n7CwAAQBAJ |page=PA2 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |page=2 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58620-3 |quote=South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947}}</ref> Noted for nonviolent resistance after 1920,<ref name="metcalf-metcalf-gandhi-1920">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=202}}: "The year 1919 was a watershed in the modern history of India. [...] By its end the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms... were enacted. [...] The year, however, also brought the repressive Rowlatt bills and the catastrophe of the Amritsar massacre. For many, if not most, Indians the reforms had become a poisoned chalice. They chose instead a novel course of political action, that of 'non-violent non-cooperation', and a new leader, Mohandas K. Gandhi, only recently returned from twenty years in South Africa. Gandhi would endure as a lasting symbol of moral leadership for the entire world community."</ref> it became the primary factor in ending British rule.<ref name=stein-arnold-successful-nationalism>{{harvnb|Stein|2010|p=289}}: "Gandhi was the leading genius of the later and ultimately successful campaign for India's independence"</ref> In 1947, the British Indian Empire was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into two independent [[Dominion#India and Pakistan|dominions]], a Hindu-majority [[dominion of India]] and a Muslim-majority [[dominion of Pakistan]]. A large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration accompanied the partition.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Copland|2001|pp=71–78}}.
* {{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=222}}.</ref>

India has been a [[federal republic]] since 1950, governed through a democratic [[parliamentary system]]. It is a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]], [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] and [[Multiculturalism|multi-ethnic society]]. India's population grew from 361 million in 1951 to over 1.4 billion in 2023.<ref name="Dyson2018-219">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219], 262}}.</ref> During this time, its nominal [[per capita income]] increased from US$64 annually to US$2,601, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%.<ref name="Fisher2018-8">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8]}}.</ref> The [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] has since become a [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fast-growing]] major economy and [[Information technology in India|a hub for information technology]], with an expanding middle class.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-265">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA265 265–266]}}.</ref> India has reduced [[Poverty in India|its poverty rate]], though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.<ref name="Dyson2018-216-a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 216]}}.</ref> It is a [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapon state]] that [[List of countries by military expenditures|ranks high in military expenditure]]. It has disputes over [[Kashmir]] with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.<ref name="kashmir-disputes">
* {{citation |title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent{{nbsp}}... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, ... constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |archive-date=2 April 2019}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Americana]]: Jefferson to Latin |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6 |page=328 |first=C. E |last=Bosworth |quote=KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947}}</ref> Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are [[Gender inequality in India|gender inequality]], [[Malnutrition in India|child malnutrition]],<ref name="NarayanJohn2018-lead">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayan |first1=Jitendra |last2=John |first2=Denny |last3=Ramadas |first3=Nirupama |year=2018 |title=Malnutrition in India: status and government initiatives |journal=[[Journal of Public Health Policy]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=126–141 |doi=10.1057/s41271-018-0149-5 |pmid=30353132 }}</ref> and rising levels of [[Air pollution in India|air pollution]].<ref name="BalakrishnanDey2019-lead">{{Cite journal |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Kalpana |author-link=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last2=Dey |first2=Sagnik |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=[[The Lancet Planetary Health]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e26–e39 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4 |pmc=6358127 |pmid=30528905}}</ref> India's land is [[megadiverse country|megadiverse]] with four [[biodiversity hotspots]]. [[Wildlife of India|India's wildlife]], which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in [[Culture of India|its culture]], is supported in [[Protected areas of India|protected habitats]].{{sfn|Karanth|Gopal|2005|p=374}}

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names for India}}

According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the English proper noun "India" derives most immediately from the [[Classical Latin]] ''India'', a reference to a loosely-defined historical region of Asia stretching from [[South Asia]] to the borders of China. Further [[etymon]]s are: [[Hellenistic Greek]] {{tlit|grc|India}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδία}}); [[Ancient Greek]] {{tlit|grc|Indos}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδός}}), or the River [[Indus]]; Achaemenian [[Old Persian]] {{tlit|peo|[[Hindu]]}} (an eastern province of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]); and [[Sanskrit]] {{tlit|sa|Sindhu}}, or "river," but specifically the Indus river, and by extension its well-settled basin.<ref>{{Cite OED|India (n)|3183874375}}</ref> The [[Ancient Greeks]] referred to South Asians as {{tlit|grc|Indoi}}, 'the people of the Indus'.{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=86}}

The term ''[[Names for India#Bharat|Bharat]]'' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat}}; {{IPA|hns|ˈbʱaːɾət|pron|hi-Bharat.ogg}}), mentioned in both [[Indian epic poetry]] and the [[Constitution of India]],{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}<ref>{{Citation |title=The Constitution of India |date=1 December 2007 |url=https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] |quote=Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> is used in its variations by [[Names for India|many Indian languages]]. A modern rendering of the historical name {{tlit|sa|Bharatavarsha}}, which applied originally to [[North India]],<ref name="Jha2014">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Dwijendra Narayan |title=Rethinking Hindu Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqDgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |page=11 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-49034-0}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} ''Bharat'' gained increased currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}

''[[Hindustan]]'' ({{IPA|hns|ɦɪndʊˈstaːn||Hindustan.ogg}}) is a [[Middle Persian]] name for India that became popular by the 13th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paturi |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCo5DAAAQBAJ |title=World Religions & Cults Volume 2: Moralistic, Mythical and Mysticism Religions |last2=Patterson |first2=Roger |date=2016 |publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-89051-922-6 |editor-last=Hodge |editor-first=Bodie |location=United States |pages=59–60 |chapter=Hinduism (with Hare Krishna) |quote=The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the Indus River. The term Hindu originated as a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Later, Hindu was taken by European languages from the Arabic term al-Hind, which referred to the people who lived across the Indus River. This Arabic term was itself taken from the Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name for India, meaning the "land of Hindus." |editor-last2=Patterson |editor-first2=Roger}}</ref> and was used widely since the era of the [[Mughal Empire]]. The meaning of ''Hindustan'' has varied, referring to a region encompassing the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] (present-day northern India and [[Pakistan]]) or to India in its near entirety.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Hindustan |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105344/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of India}}

=== Ancient India ===
Based on [[Coalescent theory|coalescence]] of [[Mitochondrial DNA]] and [[Y Chromosome]] data, it is thought that the earliest extant [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s of anatomically modern humans or ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' on the Indian subcontinent had reached there from Africa between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, and with high likelihood by 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin">{{harvnb|Petraglia|Allchin|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10 10]}}: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. [...] Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73 and 55 ka."</ref><ref name="Dyson2018p1">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}: "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. [...] it is virtually certain that there were ''Homo sapiens'' in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."</ref><ref name="Fisher2018p23">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}: "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the ''Homo sapiens'' range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."</ref><ref name="mattern-slow-moon-non-african-migration">{{harvnb|Mattern|2019|pp=146–147}}<nowiki> All non-African human populations share a common ancestry in the recent past, about 80,000 to 50,000 years ago. Some time within this period, a group of modern humans migrated from Africa, traversed southern Asia, and crossed the sea to the ancient continent of Sahul (now Australia, Tasmania, and Papua New Guinea), picking up Neanderthal and Denisovan genes along the way; branches reached Europe somewhat later, and Americas last. This was not the first migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa. ... But for the most part, earlier populations of humans around Eurasia sputtered out, returned to Africa, or were replaced by humans from the last migration out of Africa.}}</nowiki></ref> Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human [[genetic diversity]].<ref name="Dyson2018-28a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28]}}</ref> However, the earliest known modern human fossils in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Dyson2018p1" /> Evidence for the [[neolithic period]] in the western margins of the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[river basin]], at [[Mehrgarh]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], dates to after {{BCE|7000}}. Domestication of grain-producing plants (including [[barley]]) and animals (including [[Zebu|humped zebu]] cattle) occurred here. These cultures gradually evolved into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which flourished during {{BCE|2500–1900}} in Pakistan and western India.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=45–51}}<ref name="Combined-2">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 33]}}.</ref> Centred around cities such as [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Harappa]], [[Dholavira]], [[Ganweriwala]], and [[Rakhigarhi]],{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=107}} its characteristic features included standardised weights, [[soapstone|steatite]] [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Seals|seals]], a written script, urban planning, public works, and arts and crafts including pottery styles, terracotta human figures and animal statuettes.{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=107}} Networks of towns and villages grew around the cities in a new [[agriculture|agro]]-[[Animal husbandry|pastoral]] economy.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=145–146}}

Between {{BCE|1500}} and {{BCE|1200}}, an [[Proto-language|archaic form]] of [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffused]] into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the [[Rig Veda]]—the oldest scripture associated with what later became [[Hinduism]]—which was composed by [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]-speaking tribes migrating east from what is today northern [[Afghanistan]] and across the [[Punjab region]].<ref name=lowe1>{{Harvnb|Lowe|2015|p=|pp=1–2}}: "[[Rigveda|It]] consists of 1,028 hymns (''sūktas''), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."</ref><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda">
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2003|pp=68–70}}: "It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE); [...] The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of a ''tape-recording'' of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. [...] The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE."
* {{Harvnb|Doniger|2014|pp=xviii, 10}}: "A Chronology of Hinduism: ca. 1500–1000 BCE Rig Veda; ca. 1200–900 BCE Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda [...] Hindu texts began with the ''Rig Veda'' ('Knowledge of Verses'), composed in northwest India around 1500 BCE; the first of the three Vedas, it is the earliest extant text composed in Sanskrit, the language of ancient India."
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}}
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–15]}}
* {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA46 46–]}}</ref> The settling of the [[Ganges river|Ganges]] [[river plain]] took place during the next millennium, when large swathes of the river system's adjoining regions were deforested, at times by setting fires, or later by employing iron implements, and prepared for agriculture. The settlement may have involved driving the preexisting people out or enslaving them.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=16, 25}} The [[Dravidian languages]] of India were supplanted in the north, creating a broad [[Language family|language family]]-divide, with the Indo-Aryan languages being spoken mainly in the [[North India|north]] and [[West India|west]], and the Dravidian in some parts of [[East India|east India]] and most of the [[South India|south]].<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> [[Classical Sanskrit]], a refined and standardised grammatical form would emerge in the mid-1st millennium BCE and was codified in the ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' ('Eight chapters') of [[Pāṇini]].{{efn|"All these achievements are dwarfed, though, by the Sanskrit linguistic tradition culminating in the famous grammar by Pāṇini, known as the Aṣṭhādhyāyī. The elegance and comprehensiveness of its architecture have yet to be surpassed by any grammar of any language, and its ingenious methods of stratifying out use and mention, language and metalanguage, and theorem and metatheorem predate key discoveries in western philosophy by millennia."<ref name=Evans-2009>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |title=Dying Words: Endangered languages and what they have to tell us |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-631-23305-3 |pages=27– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjXnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref>}} The two major Sanskrit epics, the [[Mahābhārata]] and the [[Rāmāyaṇa]], however, were composed in a range of oral storytelling registers called [[Epic Sanskrit]] which was used in northern India between 400 BCE and 300 CE, and roughly contemporary with classical Sanskrit.<ref name="Lowe2017-epic">{{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879357-1 |page=58 |quote=The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref>

A second [[urbanisation]] had taken place in [[South Asia]] by {{BCE|400}}, this time on the Ganges plain. In fortified cities, [[social differentiation]] by [[caste]], or [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], had emerged.<ref name="Dyson2018-16a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref> By the mid-millennium two new ethical and social systems had arisen: [[History of Jainism|Jainism]] based on the teachings of [[Mahavira]] and [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] on those of [[The Buddha|the Buddha]]. Both religions stressed non-violence and abjured animal sacrifices conducted in [[Historical Vedic religion#Brahmanism|Brahmanism]],{{efn|the historic religion of the [[Vedas]], and the precursor to [[Hinduism]]}} and birth into a fixed hereditary ''varna''. By living ethically, lay people could rise socially and morally in these religions.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> Chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 21, 61–62}} The rise of the two religions was a backdrop to the emergence of the first loose-knit geographically extensive power in South Asia, the [[Maurya Empire]]. During the rule of the founder's grandson, [[Ashoka]] (ca. 268–232 BCE), the empire briefly controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the subcontinent, except in the deep south.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=16–17}}{{efn|The Mauryan economy was helped by the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, creeds that promoted nonviolence, proscribed ostentation, or superfluous sacrifices and rituals, and reduced the costs of economic transactions; by coinage that increased economic accommodation in the region; and by the use of writing, which might have boosted more intricate business dealings.{{sfn|Roy|2012|p=28}}}}{{efn|To promote movement and trade, the Mauryans built roads, most prominently a chiefly winter-time road—the Uttarapath—which connected eastern Afghanistan to their capital [[Patliputra|Pataliputra]], during the time of year when the water levels in the intersecting rivers were low, and they could be easily [[ford (crossing)|forded]].{{sfn|Iori|2023|pp=184,219}}}} The empire's period was notable for creativity in art, architecture, inscriptions, and produced texts,{{sfn|Ludden|2014|pp=28–29}} but also for the declining rights of women in the mainstream [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan speaking]] regions.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=19}} After the [[Kalinga War]] in which his troops visited great violence on the region, Ashoka embraced [[Buddhism]] and promoted its tenets in edicts scattered across South Asia.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=73}} As the edicts forbade both the killing of wild animals and the destruction of forests, Ashoka is seen by some modern environmental historians as an early embodiment of that ethos.<ref name=elverskog-2020-lead-1>{{cite book|last=Elverskog|first=Johan|title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia|location=Philadelphia|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8|year=2020|page=56|quote=The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=72}}

By the 4th and 5th centuries, the [[Gupta Empire]] had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain;{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=118,126}} this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp=68–69}} Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 93–94}} The renewal was reflected in a flowering of art, literature, and science.{{sfn|Gilbert|2017|pp=54–55}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=122–123}} In South India, the [[Sangam literature]] of the [[Tamil language]] reveals that, between {{BCE|200}} and {{CE|200}}, the southern peninsula was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], along the western and eastern plains, respectively, of the [[Kaveri river]] valley, and the [[Pandya]]s farther south along the [[Vaigai river]] valley.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 98}} By the sixth century, the [[Pallava]]s had grown into a regional power. Simultaneously, Buddhism and Jainism, which had favoured a conservative [[transactionalism]], were replaced by kingly devotion to the gods of particular places, which became a characteristic of the [[Bhakti movement]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 100–101}} The Pallavas, in particular, [[Indo-Roman trade relations|traded extensively with the Roman Empire]] and with [[Western Asia|West]] and [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 99}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg|Manuscript illustration, {{circa|1650}}, of the Sanskrit epic [[Ramayana]], composed in story-telling fashion {{circa|{{BCE|400}}|{{CE|300}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-879357-1 |page=58 |quote=The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref>
File:Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.18).jpg|Colour lithograph, 1895, British Museum. [[Draupadi]], the wife of all five [[Pandava]] brothers in the [[Mahabharata]], is presented at a [[parcheesi]] game where [[Yudhishthira]], the king of [[Hastinapura]], had gambled away all material wealth, one of several instigating factors in the Mahabharata war.
File:Cave 26, Ajanta.jpg|Cave 26, a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] shrine, of the rock-cut [[Ajanta Caves]]
</gallery>

=== Medieval India ===
{{Main|Medieval India}}

The Indian early medieval age, from {{CE|600 to 1200}}, was defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 116}} No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region.{{efn|When [[Harsha]] of [[Kannauj]], who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from {{CE|606 to 647}}, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] ruler of the Deccan. When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king of [[Bengal]]. When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] from still farther south.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}}}}{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}} During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}} The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}}

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first [[Bhakti|devotional hymns]] were composed in Tamil.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 118}} They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all [[Languages of India|modern languages of the subcontinent]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 118}} Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in significant numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 118–119}} Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 118–119}} By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 121–123}} Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; Southeast Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 121–123}}

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains,{{efn|Central Asian warriors became supreme during South Asia’s medieval transition by deploying swift-horse cavalry skilled in firing arrows at full gallop, volley after volley.{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p=87}}}} leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206.{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p = 85}} The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 54}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 6}}

By repeatedly repulsing [[Mongol Empire|Mongol raiders]] in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia,{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p = 85}} setting the scene for centuries of [[Human migration|migration]] of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|pp = 50–51}} The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 53}} Embracing a strong [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 12}} and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 53}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg| [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built by [[Chola Empire|Chola emperor]] [[Rajaraja I]] between 1003 and 1010 CE
File:Qutb Minar with Neem Tree.jpg|Calligraphy on the [[Qutb Minar]], built in the [[Delhi sultanate]] from 1199 CE to 1220 CE
File:Hampi - King's Palace - Throne Platform - Relief - 15.jpg|[[Vijayanagara Empire|Relief on Vijayanagara]] King's palace throne platform, [[Hampi]], Karnataka, 14th and 15th centuries CE
</gallery>

=== Early modern India ===
[[File:Shaikh Salim Chishti Ka Maqbara.jpg|The ''[[dargah]]'', or mausoleum of [[Sufi]] saint [[Salim Chisti]], built by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], [[Akbar]], in the early 17th century|thumb|right]]
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs.jpg|A two-[[mohur]] [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] gold coin, issued in 1835, the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] inscribed "[[William IV|William IIII]], King"|thumb|right]]

In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,{{sfn|Robb|2011|p = 97–98}} fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 159}} The resulting [[Mughal Empire]] did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 136}}{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 108–109}} and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 15}} leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|pp = 136, 151–152}} Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under [[Akbar]], the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty—expressed through a Persianised culture—to an emperor who had near-divine status.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 17}}

The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 158}} and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 164}} caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 187}} The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 187}} resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 186}} Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Rajput]]s, and the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} The empire gradually disintegrated in the late 17th and 18th centuries, enabling many elites to be able to seek control of their own affairs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 256}}

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, several European trading companies, including the [[East India Company|English East India Company]], had established coastal outposts.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 44–49}} The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to assert its military strength increasingly and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the [[Bengal]] region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 115–117}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Ludden|2002|pp = 128–132}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 51–55}} Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annexe or subdue most of India by the 1820s.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 68–71}} India was no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but instead supplying the [[British Empire]] with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}} By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 289}}

=== Modern India ===
{{Main|History of India (1947–present)}}

[[File:Mahatma Gandhi leaves Presidency Jail in Calcutta.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi leaves the Presidency Jail in [[Calcutta]] in April 1938, after interviewing political prisoners there.|thumb|right]]
[[File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex|Capitol Complex]] in [[Chandigarh]]. Commissioned by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the city was built in the aftermath of India's [[Partition of India|1947 partition]] and independence.]]
The appointment in 1848 of [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state: the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in [[Europe]].{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 169–171}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 94–99}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|p = 83}}{{sfn|Peers|2006|p = 50}} Disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some wealthy landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 100–103}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|pp = 85–86}} After the rebellion was suppressed in 1858, the East India Company was disbanded, and the British government began to [[British Raj|directly administer India]]. Proclaiming a [[unitary state]] and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system,{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 227}} the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 103–108}} In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885.{{sfn|Robb|2001|p = 183}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1983|pp = 1–4}}{{sfn|Copland|2001|pp = ix–x}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 123}}

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of faraway markets.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 249}} There was an increase in the number of large-scale [[Famine in India|famines]],{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=245|ps=: An expansion of state functions in British and in princely India occurred as a result of the terrible famines of the later nineteenth century, ... A reluctant regime decided that state resources had to be deployed and that anti-famine measures were best managed through technical experts.}} and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 247–248}} However, commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}} The railway network provided critical famine relief,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} notably reduced the cost of moving goods,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}}

After [[World War I]], in which approximately [[Indian Army during World War I|one million Indians served]],{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 163}} a new period began. It was marked by [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|British reforms]] but also [[Rowlatt act|repressive legislation]], by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a [[nonviolent]] movement of non-co-operation led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 167}} During the 1930s, the British enacted slow legislative reform; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 195–197}} The next decade was beset with crises: [[India in World War II|Indian participation in World War II]], the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]]. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the [[partition of India]] into two states: India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 203}}

India's constitution was adopted in 1950 and established a secular, democratic republic.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 231}} Economic liberalisation has created a large urban middle class and transformed India into a [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|fast growing economy]].<ref name=exp-middle-class>{{cite book | last1 = Javalgi| first1 = Rajshekhar (Raj) G. | last2 = Grossman| first2 = David A.| chapter = 7 Understanding the Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Activities of Middle-Class Consumers in Emerging Markets: The Case of India| title = The Middle Class in Emerging Societies: Consumers, Lifestyles and Markets| editor1-last= Marsh| editor1-first= Leslie L.| editor2-last= Li| editor2-first= Hongmei| publisher = Routledge| series = Routledge Research in Cultural and Media Studies Series|year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-138-85882-4|doi=10.4324/978135717692-10| doi-broken-date = 8 December 2025 |quote = Between now and 2039, India is projected to add over 1 billion people to the global middle class creating the world's fifth-largest consumer market (Dobbs). ... India's middle class saw its largest growth during the early 1990s when economic reforms led to integration into global markets. As Western countries were experiencing economic contraction, India's economy continued to grow above 5 percent.}}</ref><ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-265"/> However, India has been hamstrung by persistent poverty, both rural and urban;{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006 |pp=265–266}} [[Religious violence in India|religious]]- and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]];{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 266–270}} [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies]];{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 253}} and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|separatism in Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[insurgency in Northeast India|in Northeast India]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 274}} India has unresolved territorial disputes with [[China–India relations#1960s|China]] and with [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Pakistan]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 247–248}}

== Geography ==
{{See also|Geography of India}}
India accounts for the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]], and a part of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} India's defining geologic processes began approximately 70 million years ago, when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], began a north-eastward [[Plate tectonics|drift]] caused by [[seafloor spreading]] to its south-west, and later, south and south-east.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} Simultaneously, the vast [[Tethys Ocean|Tethyan]] [[oceanic crust]], to its northeast, began to [[subduction|subduct]] under the [[Eurasian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} The [[Indian plate|Indian continental crust]], however, was obstructed and was sheared horizontally. Its lower crust and mantle slid under, but the upper layer piled up in sheets (or [[nappe]]s) ahead of the subduction zone.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=117}} This created the [[orogeny]], or process of mountain building, of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=118}} The middle and stiffer layer continued to push into Tibet, causing [[Thrust tectonics|crustal thickening]] of the [[Tibetan Plateau]].{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast crescent-shaped [[trough (geology)|trough]] that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=7}} and now constitutes the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Prakash et al.|2000}} The original Indian plate makes its first appearance above the sediment in the ancient [[Aravalli range]], which extends from the [[Delhi Ridge]] in a southwesterly direction. To the west lies the [[Thar Desert]], the eastern spread of which is checked by the Aravallis.<ref name="aravalli">{{harvnb|Kaul|1970|p=160}}, " The Aravalli range boldy defines the eastern limit of the arid and semi-arid zone. Probably the more humid conditions that prevail near the Aravallis prevented the extension of aridity towards the east and the Ganges Valley. It is noteworthy that, wherever there are gaps in this range, sand has advanced to the east of it."</ref><ref name="prasad-aravalli">{{harvnb|Prasad|1974|p=372}}, " The topography of the Indian Desert is dominated by the Aravalli Ranges on its eastern border, which consist largely of tightly folded and highly metamorphosed Archaean rocks."</ref><ref name="fisher-aravalli">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=83}}, " East of the lower Indus lay the inhospitable Rann of Kutch and Thar Desert. East of the upper Indus lay the more promising but narrow corridor between the Himalayan foothills on the north and the Thar Desert and Aravalli Mountains on the south. At the strategic choke point, just before reaching the fertile, well-watered Gangetic plain, sat Delhi. On this site, where life giving streams running off the most northern spur of the rocky Aravalli ridge flowed into the Jumna river, and where the war-horse and war-elephant trade intersected, a series of dynasties built fortified capitals."</ref>

The remaining Indian Plate survives as [[South India|peninsular India]], the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in Jharkhand in the east.{{sfn|Dikshit |Schwartzberg|2023|p=8}} To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the [[Deccan Plateau]], is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the [[Western Ghats|Western]] and [[Eastern Ghats]];{{sfn|Dikshit |Schwartzberg|2023|pp=9–10}} the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitude{{efn|The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed [[Siachen Glacier]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; however, the [[Government of India]] regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the latitude 37° 6′ to its northernmost point.}} and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude.{{sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007|p = 1}}

Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], both of which drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=15}} Important tributaries of the Ganges include the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Kosi River|Kosi]]. The Kosi's extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes.{{sfn|Duff|1993|p = 353}}{{sfn|Basu|Xavier|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}} Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=16}} and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti River|Tapti]], which drain into the [[Arabian Sea]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=17}}

India's coastline measures {{Convert|7517|km|mi|-2}} in length; of this distance, {{Convert|5423|km|mi|-2}} belong to peninsular India and {{Convert|2094|km|mi|-2}} to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the [[Coastal India|mainland coastline]] consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% [[mudflat]]s or marshy shores.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} Coastal features include the marshy [[Rann of Kutch]] of western India and the alluvial [[Sundarbans]] delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=12}} India has two [[archipelago]]s: the [[Lakshadweep]] [[Atoll|coral atolls]] off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the [[Andaman Sea]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=13}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
{{Main|Geography of India|Himalayas}}
File:Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|A panoramic view of the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas. Peaks rising above their surroundings in this view are, among others, [[Trisul]], [[Nanda Devi]], the highest peak entirely within India's borders, and [[Nanda Kot]]. The [[Tibetan Plateau]] lies behind these mountains, as does the part of the [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], the contour along which the [[Indian Plate]] has welded to the [[Eurasian plate]]. [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]] in the [[Transhimalaya|Tibet Trans-Himalaya]]—sacred in Hindu and Buddhist mythology—lie immediately behind to the right. The [[Indus]] and [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] (the upper [[Brahmaputra]] river), which mark the western and eastern limits of the Himalaya range, rise in the vicinity of the lake.
File:Tungabhadra River and Coracle Boats.JPG|The [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], with rocky outcrops, flows into the peninsular [[Krishna River]].{{sfn|Mcgrail|Blue|Kentley|Palmer|2003|p=257}}
File:Ganges Delta ESA22274217.jpeg|The [[Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]] in a European [[Sentinel-3B]] image. The [[Ganges]] and the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] lie to the left, the Brahmaputra to the right.
File:Havelock Island, Mangrove tree on the beach, Andaman Islands.jpg|A [[mangrove]] tree on a beach on [[Havelock Island]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
</gallery>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of India}}

The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter [[monsoon]]s.{{sfn|Chang|1967|pp = 391–394}} The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian [[katabatic wind]]s from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.{{sfn|Posey|1994|p = 118}}{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 4}} The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.{{sfn|Chang|1967|pp = 391–394}}{{AI-generated inline|date=April 2026}}

Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: [[Climate of India#Tropical wet|tropical wet]], [[Climate of India#Arid and semi-arid regions|tropical dry]], [[Climate of India#Subtropical humid|subtropical humid]], and [[Climate of India#Mountain|montane]].{{sfn|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97}} Temperatures in India have risen by {{convert|0.7|C-change|1|abbr=on}} between 1901 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vibha |date=15 June 2020 |title=Average temperature over India projected to rise by 4.4 degrees Celsius: Govt report on impact of climate change in country |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=[[The Tribune]] |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921173504/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in India]] is often thought to be the cause. The [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|retreat of Himalayan glaciers]] has adversely affected the [[Volumetric flow rate|flow rate]] of the major Himalayan rivers, including the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Nitin |date=3 February 2007 |title=Global warming: Mumbai to face the heat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/global-warming-mumbai-to-face-the-heat/articleshow/1556662.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/india/27877261_1_climate-change-global-warming-gdp-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in India will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vivek |last2=Jain |first2=Manoj Kumar |year=2018 |title=Investigation of multi-model spatiotemporal mesoscale drought projections over India under climate change scenario |journal=[[Journal of Hydrology]] |volume=567 |pages=489–509 |bibcode=2018JHyd..567..489G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.012 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Coral Tree Monsoon Mallalli Falls Hassan Jun24 A7CR 01575.jpg|[[Indian coral tree]] in bloom in the mist of the [[Southwest Monsoon]], [[Mallalli Falls]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], Karnataka
File:Dromedary in Thar desert.jpg|A [[dromedary]] in the [[Thar desert]]
File:Baspa Valley at Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|New snow in [[Baspa Valley]], [[Sangla, India|Sangla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
</gallery>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Forestry in India|Wildlife of India}}

India is a [[megadiverse country]], a term employed for 17 countries that host high [[biological diversity]] and contain many species [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]], or [[endemic]], to them.<ref>{{Citation |title=Megadiverse Countries |url=https://www.biodiversitya-z.org/content/megadiverse-countries |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=Biodiversity A–Z, [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903011526/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/26 |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the [[habitat]] for 8.6% of all [[mammal]]s, 13.7% of [[bird]] species, 7.9% of [[reptile]] species, 6% of [[amphibian]] species, 12.2% of [[fish]] species, and 6.0% of all [[flowering plant]] species.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species and New Records |url=https://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214754/https://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=20 July 2012 |publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Puri">{{Citation |last=Puri |first=S. K. |title=Biodiversity Profile of India |url=https://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html |work=ces.iisc.ernet.in |access-date=20 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121153614/https://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html |archive-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> Fully a third of Indian plant species are endemic.{{sfn|Basak|1983|p = 24}} India also overlaps four of the world's 34 [[biodiversity hotspot]]s,<ref name="IUCN-India">{{Citation |title=India |url=https://www.iucn.org/asia/countries/india |year=2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033802/https://www.iucn.org/asia/countries/india |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.{{efn|A biodiversity hotspot is a [[biogeography|biogeographical]] region which has more than 1,500 [[vascular plant]] species, but less than 30% of its primary habitat.<ref name="SivaperumanVenkataraman2018" />}}<ref name="SivaperumanVenkataraman2018">{{Citation |last1=Venkataraman |first1=Krishnamoorthy |title=Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management |page=5 |year=2018 |editor-last=Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan |chapter=Biodiversity Hotspots in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-981-10-6605-4 |last2=Sivaperuman |first2=Chandrakasan |editor2-last=Venkataraman, Krishnamoorthy}}</ref>

India's most dense forests, such as the [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest|tropical moist forest]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], the [[Western Ghats]], and [[Northeast India]], occupy approximately 3% of its land area.<ref name="Jha2018">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Raghbendra |title=Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume II: Current State and Future Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9n9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |page=198 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-349-95342-4}}</ref><ref name="indiaforest">{{Cite web |title=Forest Cover in States/UTs in India in 2019 |url=https://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Forest-Cover-in-States-UTs-2019_2478.aspx |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] via [[National Informatics Centre]] |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019155758/http://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Forest-Cover-in-States-UTs-2019_2478.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Moderately dense forest'', whose canopy density is between 40% and 70%, occupies 9.39% of India's land area.<ref name="Jha2018" /><ref name="indiaforest" /> It predominates in the [[temperate coniferous forest]] of the [[Himalaya]]s, the moist deciduous ''[[Shorea robusta|sal]]'' forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous [[teak]] forest of central and southern India.{{sfn|Tritsch|2001|pp=11–12}} India has two natural zones of [[deserts and xeric shrublands|thorn forest]], one in the [[Deccan Plateau]], immediately east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain, now turned into rich agricultural land by irrigation, its features no longer visible.{{sfnq|Tritsch|2001|p=12|q=India has two natural zones of thorn forest, one in the rain shadow area of the Deccan Plateau east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Growth is limited only by moisture availability in these areas, so with irrigation the fertile alluvial soil of Punjab and Haryana has been turned into India's prime agricultural area. Much of the thorn forest covering the plains probably had savannah-like features now no longer visible.}} Among the Indian subcontinent's notable indigenous trees are the [[astringent]] ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', or ''neem'', which is widely used in rural Indian [[herbal medicine]],<ref name="Goyal2006">{{Citation |last=Goyal |first=Anupam |title=The WTO and International Environmental Law: Towards Conciliation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTGQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 |page=295 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-567710-2}} Quote: "The Indian government successfully argued that the medicinal ''neem'' tree is part of traditional Indian knowledge. (page 295)"</ref> and the luxuriant ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', or ''peepul'',<ref name="Hughes2013">{{Citation |last=Hughes |first=Julie E. |title=Animal Kingdoms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL8qWNmpkc0C&pg=PT106 |page=106 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-07480-4 |quote=At same time, the leafy pipal trees and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands.}}</ref> which is displayed on the ancient seals of [[Mohenjo-daro]],<ref name="AmeriCostello2018">{{Citation |last=Ameri |first=Marta |title=Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SklVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |pages=156–157 |year=2018 |editor-last=Ameri |editor-first=Marta |chapter=Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-17351-3 |editor2-last=Costello |editor2-first=Sarah Kielt |editor3-last=Jamison |editor3-first=Gregg |editor4-last=Scott |editor4-first=Sarah Jarmer}} Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine, and a goat tail ... This figure is often depicted by itself, but it is also consistently represented in scenes that seem to reflect the adoration of a figure in a pipal tree or arbour and which may be termed ritual. These include fully detailed scenes like that visible in the large 'divine adoration' seal from Mohenjo-daro."</ref> and under which [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] is recorded in the [[Pāli Canon|Pali canon]] to have sought enlightenment.<ref name="Gwynne2011">{{Citation |last=Paul Gwynne |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&pg=RA5-PT195 |page=358 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-6005-9 |quote=The tree under which Sakyamuni became the Buddha is a peepal tree (''[[Ficus religiosa]]'').}}</ref>

Many Indian species have descended from those of [[Gondwana]], the southern [[supercontinent]] from which India separated more than 100 million years ago.{{sfn|Crame|Owen|2002|p = 142}} India's subsequent collision with Eurasia set off a mass exchange of species. However, [[Deccan Traps|volcanism]] and [[Climate variability and change|climatic changes]] later caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.{{sfn|Karanth|2006}} Still later, mammals entered India from Asia through two [[Zoogeography|zoogeographic]] passes flanking the Himalayas.{{sfn|Tritsch|2001|p=14}} This lowered endemism among India's mammals, which stands at 12.6%, contrasting with 45.8% among reptiles and 55.8% among amphibians.<ref name="Puri" /> Among endemics are the vulnerable<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Singh, M. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Molur, S. |year=2008 |title=''Semnopithecus johnii'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T44694A10927987 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> [[Nilgiri Langur|hooded leaf monkey]]<ref name="itis">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Johann |author-link=Johann Baptist Fischer |title=Semnopithecus johnii |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072131/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[ITIS]]}}</ref> and the threatened [[Duttaphrynus beddomii|Beddome's toad]]<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Biju, S.D. |author2=Dutta, S. |author3=Ravichandran, M.S. |author4=Vasudevan, K. |author5=Vijayakumar, S.P. |author6=Srinivasulu, C. |author7=Dasaramji Buddhe, G. |year=2004 |errata=2016 |title=''Duttaphrynus beddomii'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T54584A86543952 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |title=''Duttaphrynus beddomii'' (Günther, 1876) |url=https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721092639/https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii |archive-date=21 July 2015 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> of the Western Ghats.

India contains 172 [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]]-designated [[List of endangered animals in India|threatened animal species]], or 2.9% of endangered forms.{{sfn|IUCN|1994|p = xli}} These include the endangered [[Bengal tiger]] and the [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]]. [[Critically endangered]] species include the [[gharial]], a [[crocodilian]]; the [[great Indian bustard]]; and the [[White-rumped vulture|Indian white-rumped vulture]], which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of [[diclofenac]]-treated cattle.<ref name="LovetteFitzpatrick2016">{{Citation |last1=Lovette |first1=Irby J. |title=Handbook of Bird Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGyQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA599 |page=599 |year=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-29105-4 |last2=Fitzpatrick |first2=John W.}}</ref> Before they were extensively used for agriculture and cleared for human settlement, the thorn forests of Punjab were mingled at intervals with open grasslands that were grazed by large herds of [[Blackbuck Conservation Area|blackbuck]] preyed on by the [[Asiatic cheetah]]; the blackbuck, no longer extant in Punjab, is now severely endangered in India, and the cheetah is extinct.{{sfnq|Tritsch|2001|p=15|q=Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the Blackbuck. Today the Cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered Blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.}} The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response, the system of [[National parks of India|national parks]] and [[protected areas of India|protected areas]], first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. In 1972, India enacted the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]]{{sfn|Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972}} and [[Project Tiger]] to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.{{sfn|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} India hosts [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Biosphere reserves of India|eighteen{{Nbsp}}biosphere reserves]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biosphere |url=https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030821/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> four of which are part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]]; its [[List of Ramsar sites in India|eighty-nine wetlands]] are registered under the [[Ramsar Convention]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance {{!}} India |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf |website=rsis.ramsar.org |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=16 April 2025 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703084811/https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001.jpg|An ''[[Attacus taprobanis]]'' moth from [[Kadavoor]], [[Kerala]]
File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 11.jpg|India has the majority of the world's wild [[tiger]]s, approximately 3,170 in 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reviving the Roar: India's Tiger Population Is On the Rise |date=13 April 2023 |url=https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/india-tiger-population-good-news |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415102930/https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/india-tiger-population-good-news |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:003 Purple sunbird in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|A [[purple sunbird]] perched on an [[Indian coral tree]], [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Uttarakhand]]
File:Crested hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus) with Indian garden lizard.jpg|A [[Crested hawk-eagle]] with an Indian [[garden lizard]] in [[Satpura National Park]], Madhya Pradesh
File:Saltwater crocodile in Sundarbans National Park November 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|[[Saltwater crocodile]] in [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[West Bengal]]
</gallery>

== Government and politics ==

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Politics of India}}

{{See also|Democracy in India}}
[[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|thumb|right|[[Indira Gandhi]], India's first and only female Prime Minister, is the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the inaugural function of the WCIT India 2018 at Hyderabad via video conferencing from Misuru, on February 19, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|right|[[Narendra Modi]] has been India's Prime Minister since 2014.]]
India is a [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[multi-party system]].{{sfn|Burnell|Calvert|1999|p = 125}} There are six{{Nbsp}}recognised [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national parties]] in the country, including the [[Indian National Congress]] (generally, "the Congress") and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP); there are over 50{{Nbsp}}[[List of political parties in India#State parties|regional parties]].{{sfn|Election Commission of India}} The Congress is considered the [[Centrism|ideological centre]] in Indian [[political culture]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sáez |first1=Lawrence |last2=Sinha |first2=Aseema |year=2010 |title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000 |journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=91–113 |doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226 }}</ref> the BJP is [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]].

After India's independence on August 15, 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became prime minister of the [[Dominion of India]], an office he held until January 26, 1950, when India became a republic; Nehru remained the caretaker prime minister until the following year.{{efn|During the last years of [[British Raj|British rule]], elections were held in 1946 in all [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|pp=170–71}}</ref> The Congress won electoral victories in eight of 11 provinces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|p=172}}</ref> A Congress-led government was formed in September; Jawaharlal Nehru served as interim prime minister.<ref name="Gopal1976">{{cite book|author=Sarvepalli Gopal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa|url-access=registration|access-date=21 February 2012|year=1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-47310-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa/page/362 362]}}</ref>}} In the general elections in [[1951 Indian general election|1951]], [[1957 Indian general election|1957]], and [[1962 Indian general election|1962]], the Congress, led by Nehru, won by comfortable margins. After Nehru [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|died]] in office in May 1964, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] was unanimously chosen by the Congress to be parliamentary leader, and thus prime minister. After the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]], Shastri [[Death and state funeral of Lal Bahadur Shastri|died]] in January 1966, soon after signing the [[Tashkent Declaration|Tashkent Peace Declaration]]. The Congress chose [[Indira Gandhi]] to be prime minister. She led the party to election victories in [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]], the latter a [[landslide victory|landslide]] after Pakistan's defeat in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], suspending many civil liberties. Following public discontent with the Emergency, the Congress was voted out of power in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]; [[Janata Party]], which had opposed the Emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted two years; [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]] served as prime ministers. The Congress returned to power in 1980. After a [[Operation Blue Star|military operation]] against [[Sikhs|Sikh]] militants occupying the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] by a Sikh bodyguard on October 31, 1984. She was succeeded as prime minister by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who led Congress to a comfortable victory in the [[1984 Indian general election|elections]] at the end of the year. In 1989, a [[National Front (India)|National Front]] coalition, led by the [[Janata Dal]], in alliance with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Left Front]], won the [[1989 Indian general election|general elections]]. The subsequent government lasted just under two years; [[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]] served as prime ministers.{{sfn|Bhambhri|1992|pp=118, 143}} In 1991, soon after the first round of polling in the [[1991 Indian general election|general election]], Congress leader Rajiv Gandhi [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|was assassinated]] by a member of a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|separatist organisation]] who was seeking to avenge [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]. After the elections, Congress emerged as the largest single party; a new Congress leader, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], formed a [[minority government]] which served a full five-year term.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2004 |title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213181659/https://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref>

In 1996, the BJP briefly formed a government after winning the [[1996 Indian general election|general election]]. [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] coalition governments followed, which relied on external political support, [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]] serving as prime ministers. After the [[1998 Indian general election]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the BJP became prime minister; his government was short-lived due to the lack of a continued mandate. Elections were held again in [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]. The BJP, now a part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), formed a coalition government led by Vajpayee, who became the first non-Congress prime minister to complete a five-year term.{{sfn|Dunleavy|Diwakar|Dunleavy|2007}} In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the NDA was defeated. Congress emerged as the largest single party and formed a coalition, the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA). [[Manmohan Singh]], a Sikh, who was proposed by Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] to be parliamentary leader, served as prime minister of the UPA government, but with some external support.{{efn|Congress had the support of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] parties and MPs who opposed the BJP.}} The UPA returned to power in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] with increased numbers, no longer dependent on external support.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p = 384}} Singh became the first prime minister to be re-elected after Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962.{{sfn|Business Standard|2009}} In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], the BJP under [[Narendra Modi]] became the first political party since 1984 to win an absolute majority.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2014 |title=BJP first party since 1984 to win parliamentary majority on its own |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-first-party-since-1984-to-win-parliamentary-majority-on-its-own-1988981 |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032413/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-first-party-since-1984-to-win-parliamentary-majority-on-its-own-1988981 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> The party won a larger majority in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]]. After losing its majority in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], the BJP formed a coalition government with its NDA partners. Modi is the longest-serving non-Congress prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi Wins 3rd Term in India Election With Closer Results Than Expected |date=4 June 2024 |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/world/asia/modi-india-election.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Democratic backsliding]] was found by the 2026 [[V-Dem Institute#Democracy Report|V-Dem Democracy Report]].<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?, V-Dem Institute | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

=== Government ===
{{Main|Government of India|State governments of India|Local government in India}}

{{See also|Constitution of India}}

[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|right|The original preamble of the [[Constitution of India]] in 1950. In 1976, during the tenure of Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]], the first sentence was changed to "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic".|thumb]]
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan-Delhi-India4445.JPG|right|The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[President of India]], was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]] for the [[Viceroy of India]], and constructed between 1911 and 1931 during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Bremner2016">{{Citation |last=Bremner |first=G. A. |title=Architecture and Urbanism in the British Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjRADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |page=117 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-102232-6}}</ref>|thumb]]
The Constitution of India was drafted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] with uncommon speed and absence of irregularities between 1946 and 1949.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The [[Government of India Act 1935]] was used as a model and framework.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} Long passages from the Act were included. The constitution describes a federal state with a parliamentary system of democracy.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The federal structure was conspicuous for the strength of the central government, which exclusively exercised control of defence, foreign affairs, railways, ports, and currency.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The President, the constitutional head of state, has reserve powers for taking over the administration of a state.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The central legislature has two houses: the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', whose delegates are directly elected by the people in general elections every five years, and the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', whose members are nominated by the elected representatives in the states.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} There are also features not to be found in the Act of 1935. The definition of fundamental rights is based on the [[Constitution of the United States]], and the constitutional directives, or goals of endeavor, are based on the [[Constitution of Ireland]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} An Indian institution recommended by the constitution is the ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]'' or village committees.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} [[Untouchability]] is illegal (Article 17) and caste distinctions are derecognized (Articles 15(2) and 16(2)).{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} The promulgation of the Indian constitution transformed India into a republic within the Commonwealth.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}}

The [[Prime Minister of India]] is the [[head of government]] and exercises most [[executive (government)|executive power]].{{sfn|Sharma|1950}} Appointed by the president,{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 162}} the prime minister is supported by the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] with a majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.{{sfn|Sharma|1950}} The executive of the Indian government consists of the president, the [[Vice President of India|vice-president]], and the [[Union Council of Ministers]]—with the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 31}} In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and their council are directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament. [[Civil Services of India|Civil servants]] act as permanent executives and all decisions of the executive are implemented by them.{{sfn|Mathew|2003|p = 524}}

India has a three-tier{{Nbsp}}unitary [[Judicial independence|independent judiciary]]{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} comprising the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]], 25{{Nbsp}}[[High courts of India|high courts]], and a large number of trial courts.{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} The supreme court has [[original jurisdiction]] over cases involving [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] and over disputes between states and the centre and has [[appellate jurisdiction]] over the high courts.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|pp = 238, 255}} It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution{{sfn|Sripati|1998|pp=423–424}} and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional.{{sfn|Pylee|2003b|p = 314}}

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of India}}

{{See also|Political integration of India}}
{{Indian states and territories image map|image-width=220}}
India is a federal union comprising 28 [[States and union territories of India|states]] and 8 [[Union territory|union territories]].{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} All states, as well as the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], have elected legislatures and governments following the [[Westminster system]]. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the central government through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]], states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 49}} There are over a quarter of a million local government bodies at city, town, district, block and village levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203036/https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/ |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]}}</ref>

==== States ====
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em|
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Goa]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[Haryana]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Meghalaya]]
* [[Mizoram]]
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Odisha]]
* [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Tripura]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[West Bengal]]
}}

==== Union territories ====
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em|
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Ladakh]]
* [[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
* [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of India}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru, Nasser and Tito at the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade.jpg|thumb|In the 1950s and 60s, India played a pivotal role in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="Dinkel2018">{{Cite book |last=Dinkel |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqOODwAAQBAJ |title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-33613-1 |pages=92–93}}</ref> From left to right: [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of [[United Arab Republic]] (now Egypt), [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in Belgrade, September 1961.]]
India remained a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] after becoming a republic in 1950.<ref name="storm-india-commonwealth">{{cite book |last=Storm |first=Eric |title=Nationalism: A World History |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-691-23309-3 |lccn=2024015293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfEIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |publisher=Princeton University Press |quote=The whole constellation changed when India and Pakistan gained independence as dominions, which was a solution that made possible a speedier withdrawal of the British. In the end, India decided to become a republic, although the leadership preferred to remain within the Commonwealth. |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320070147/https://books.google.com/books?id=YfEIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 1949 |title=The London Declaration |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045924/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations}}</ref> It strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia in the 1950s, and played a leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement.{{sfn|Rothermund|2000|pp = 48, 227}} After cordial relations with China during the greater part of the 1950s, India and China went to [[Sino-Indian War|war in 1962]]; India was widely thought to have been decisively defeated.<ref name=62-humiliation>(a) {{citation |last=Guyot-Rechard |first=Berenice |title=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9 |quote=By invading NEFA, the PRC did not just aim to force a humiliated India to recognise its possession of the Aksai Chin. It also hoped to get, once and for all, the upper hand in their shadowing competition.}}
 (b) {{citation |last=Chubb |first=Andrew |chapter=The Sino-Indian Border Crisis: Chinese Perceptions of Indian Nationalism |title=Crisis |editor1-last=Golley |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Jaivan |editor2-first=Linda |editor3-last=Strange |editor3-first=Sharon |publisher=Australian National University Press |year=2021 |pages=231–232 |isbn=978-1-76046-439-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1crEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |quote=The ensuing cycle of escalation culminated in the 1962 Sino-Indian border war in which Mao Zedong's troops overran almost the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern sector before unilaterally withdrawing, as if to underline the insult; most of the war's several thousand casualties were Indian. The PLA's decisive victories in the 1962 war not only humiliated the Indian Army, they also entrenched a status quo in Ladakh that was highly unfavourable for India, in which China controls almost all of the disputed territory. A nationalistic press and commentariat have kept 1962 vivid in India's popular consciousness.}}
 (c) {{citation |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |quote=Lin Biao was put in charge of the operation and that alliance between Mao and his loyal de facto chief of the PLA made the attack on India possible. With China's ultimate victory in the war, Mao's ultra-leftist line had won in China; whatever critical voices that were left in the Party after all the purges fell silent.}}
 (d) {{citation |last=Medcalf |first=Rory |title=Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the contest for the world's pivotal |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5261-5077-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 |quote=From an Indian perspective, the China-India war of 1962 was a shocking betrayal of the principles of co-operation and coexistence: a surprise attack that humiliated India and personally broke Nehru.}}
 (e) {{citation |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hope of Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |page=44 |isbn=978-0-521-65566-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi66mjIqR1IC&pg=PA44 |quote=In October 1962 India suffered the most humiliating military debacle in its post-independence history, at the hands of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). The outcome of this conflict had far-reaching consequences for Indian foreign and defence policies. The harsh defeat that the Chinese PLA had inflicted on the Indian Army called into question some of the most deeply held precepts of Nehru's foreign and defence policies.}}
 (f) {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |chapter=A Missed Opportunity? The Nehru-Zhou Enlai Summit of 1960 |title=India and the Cold War |editor-last=Bhagavan |editor-first=Manu |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |page=121 |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4696-5117-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-yoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |quote=The 'forward policy' adopted by India to prevent the Chinese from occupying territory claimed by them was undertaken in the mistaken belief that Beijing would be cautious in dealing with India owing to Moscow's stance on the dispute and its growing proximity to India. These misjudgments would eventually culminate in India's humiliating defeat in the war of October–November 1962.}}</ref> By 1967, however, India was able to fend off [[Sino-Indian War of 1967|Chinese excursions into Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brahma Chellaney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCmFAAAAMAAJ |title=Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan |date=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-81-7223-650-2 |page=195 |quote=Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces. |author-link=Brahma Chellaney}}</ref>

India has had [[Indo-Pakistani relations|uneasy relations]] with its western neighbour, Pakistan. The two went to war in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and [[Kargil War|1999]]. Three wars were fought over the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed territory of Kashmir]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2002|pp = 486–487}} After the 1965 war, India began to pursue close military and economic [[India-Soviet Union relations|ties with the Soviet Union]]. By the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was India's largest arms supplier.{{sfn|Sharma|1999|p=56}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of France, Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy, at the Bastille Day Parade of France, in Paris on July 14, 2009 (2).jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] review the 221st [[Bastille Day military parade]] in Paris, July 2009. India's oldest regiment, the [[Maratha Light Infantry]], founded in 1768, led the parade.<ref name="guardian-muir-diary-maratha">{{Citation |last=Muir |first=Hugh |title=Diary |date=13 July 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/14/bbc-peter-salmon-trevor-mcdonald |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019165743/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/14/bbc-peter-salmon-trevor-mcdonald |quote="Members of the Indian armed forces have the plum job of leading off the great morning parade for Bastille Day. Only after units and bands from India's navy and air force have followed the Maratha Light Infantry will the parade be entirely given over to ... France's armed services." |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>]]
China's [[596 (nuclear test)|nuclear test of 596]] and threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war caused India to produce nuclear weapons.{{sfn|Perkovich|2001|pp = 60–86, 106–125}} India conducted its [[Smiling Buddha|first nuclear weapons test]] in 1974 and carried out [[Pokhran-II|additional underground testing]] in 1998. India has signed neither the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] nor the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.{{sfn|Kumar|2010}} India maintains a "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and is developing a [[nuclear triad]] capability as a part of its "[[Minimum Credible Deterrence]]" doctrine.{{sfn|Nair|2007}}{{sfn|Pandit|2009}}

Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the [[India–United States relations|United States]] and the [[India–European Union relations|European Union]].{{sfn|European Union 2008}} In 2008, a [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civilian nuclear agreement]] was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce; India subsequently signed co-operation agreements involving [[Nuclear power in India|civilian nuclear energy]] with Russia,{{sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}} France,{{sfn|Rediff 2008 a}} the [[India–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]],{{sfn|Reuters|2010}} and [[Canada–India relations|Canada]].{{sfn|Curry|2010}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of India}}

The Indian economy has been among the top ten [[List of countries by largest historical GDP|largest economies in the world]] since 2010. As of 2026, Indian gross domestic output (GDP) have placed the nation as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|6th largest economy in the world]].<ref name="ID">{{cite web |title=India Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IND |access-date=15 April 2026 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sawhney |first=Anoushka |date=2026-04-14 |title=IMF raises India's growth forecast to 6.5% for FY27 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/imf-raises-indias-growth-forecast-to-6-5-for-fy27/articleshow/130260704.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Measured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), India is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third-largest]] economy.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> It is one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|world's fastest-growing economies]] with an average annual growth rate exceeding 5% from 1990 to 2010.{{sfn|Nayak|Goldar|Agrawal|2010|p=xxv}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund 2011|p = 2}} Demographics strain its economy, with the nation historically maintaining [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|low GDP per capita]] both regionally and as measured by globally.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> The vast majority of Indians fall into the global low-income group based on average daily income.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Rakesh |date=18 March 2021 |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205114312/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 1991, all Indian governments followed [[protectionism|protectionist]] policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread [[Licence Raj|state intervention and regulation]] largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute [[1991 Indian economic crisis|balance of payments crisis in 1991]] forced the nation to [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalise its economy]];{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = xiv}} since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}{{sfn|Gargan|1992}} by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.{{sfn|Alamgir|2008|pp = 23, 97}} India has been a member of [[World Trade Organization]] since 1 January 1995.{{sfn|World Trade Organization 1995}}

The 522-million-worker [[Labour in India|Indian labour force]] is the [[List of countries by labour force|world's second largest]], {{As of|2017|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's [[Remittance|foreign exchange remittances]] of US$100 billion in 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2022 |title=Remittances to India set to hit record $100bn this year, 25% higher than FDI flows |work=The times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remittances-to-india-set-to-hit-record-100bn-this-year-25-higher-than-fdi-flows/articleshow/95894938.cms |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203123720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remittances-to-india-set-to-hit-record-100bn-this-year-25-higher-than-fdi-flows/articleshow/95894938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2021 |title=India received $87 billion in remittances in 2021: World Bank |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/india-received-87-billion-in-remittances-in-2021-world-bank-121111800329_1.html |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203175214/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/india-received-87-billion-in-remittances-in-2021-world-bank-121111800329_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%;<ref>{{Citation |title=Exporters Get Wider Market Reach |date=28 August 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912002353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> in 2021, India was the [[List of countries by imports|world's ninth-largest importer]] and the [[List of countries by exports|sixteenth-largest exporter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2019 |title=Trade Map: Trade statistics for international business development |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c1 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929135108/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7C%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C%7C1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.{{sfn|Economist 2011}} India was the [[List of countries by textile exports|world's second-largest textile exporter]] after [[China]] in the 2013 calendar year.{{sfn|Economic Times 2014}}

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years before 2007,{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.{{sfn|Bonner|2010}} Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.{{sfn|Farrell|Beinhocker|2007}} In 2024, India's consumer market was the [[List of largest consumer markets|world's third largest]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true |title=Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$) |website=World Bank Open Data |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211439/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> India's nominal [[GDP per capita]] increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$2,731 in 2024. It is expected to grow to US$3,264 by 2026.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Plowing the land in India - modern and traditional.jpg|In 2019, 43% of India's total workforce was employed in agriculture.<ref name="worldbank-ilo-total-agriculture">{{Citation |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&view=map |work=[[The World Bank]] |year=2019 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193854/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
File:Fields Akoni Nilgiris Tamil Nadu Nov24 A7CR 05287.jpg|A woman growing radish in the foreground and garlic to the right in a village in the [[Nilgiris]], Tamil Nadu. 55% of India's female workforce was employed in agriculture in 2019.<ref name="worldbank-ilo-female-agriculture">{{Citation |title=Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&view=map |work=[[The World Bank]] |year=2019 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193855/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Villager and calf share milk from cow in Rajasthan, India.jpg|India is the [[List of countries by milk production|world's largest producer of milk]], with the largest population of cattle. In 2018, nearly 80% of India's milk was sourced from small farms with herd size between one and two, the milk harvested by hand milking.<ref name="milk-sourcing">{{Citation |last=Kapoor |first=Rana |title=Growth in organised dairy sector, a boost for rural livelihood |date=27 October 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/growth-in-organised-dairy-sector-a-boost-for-rural-livelihood/article7810689.ece# |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720215652/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/growth-in-organised-dairy-sector-a-boost-for-rural-livelihood/article7810689.ece |url-status=live |quote="Nearly 80 per cent of India's milk production is contributed by small and marginal farmers, with an average herd size of one to two milching animals." |archive-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Industries ===
{{Main|Industry in India|Energy in India}}

{{See also|Energy policy of India}}
The [[Automotive industry in India|Indian automotive industry]], the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010,{{sfn|Business Line 2010}} and exports by 36% during 2008–2009.{{sfn|Express India 2009}} In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=India beats Japan to become world's third-largest vehicle market |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/india-beats-japan-to-become-worlds-third-largest-vehicle-market/articleshow/96874402.cms |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725090655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/india-beats-japan-to-become-worlds-third-largest-vehicle-market/articleshow/96874402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of 2011, the [[Information technology in India|Indian IT industry]] employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports.{{sfn|Nasscom 2011–2012}}

The [[pharmaceutical industry in India]] includes 3,000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units; India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines, and supplies up to 50–60% of global vaccines demand, contributing up to {{USD}}24.44 billion in exports. India's local pharmaceutical market is estimated up to {{USD}}42 billion.<ref name="Phamra1">{{Cite news |date=16 September 2021 |title=Indian Pharma: a strategic sector from 'Make in India' to 'Make and Develop in India' |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/indian-pharma-a-strategic-sector-from-make-in-india-to-make-and-develop-in-india/2331377/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018121432/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/indian-pharma-a-strategic-sector-from-make-in-india-to-make-and-develop-in-india/2331377/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pharma2">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=Indian Pharmaceutical Industry |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411072103/https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world.<ref>Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sector in India: sector briefing by the UK Trade and Investment 2011, utki.gov.uk</ref>{{sfn|Yep|2011}} The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from {{INR}}204.4 billion ([[Indian rupee]]s) to {{INR}}235.24 billion (US$3.94 billion at June 2013 exchange rates).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2013 |title=Biotechnology in India – 2013 "biospectrum-able" Survey |url=https://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223203715/https://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Differding.com}}</ref>

India's capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is renewable.<ref name="Par">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2016 |title=India's Total Power Generation Capacity Crosses 300 GW Mark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-total-power-generation-capacity-crosses-300-gw-mark-1438906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616181350/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-total-power-generation-capacity-crosses-300-gw-mark-1438906 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=[[NDTV India|NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Coal in India|The country's usage of coal]] is a major cause of [[Climate change in India#Greenhouse gas emissions|India's greenhouse gas emissions]], but [[Renewable energy in India|its renewable energy]] is growing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rowlatt |first=Justin |date=12 May 2020 |title=India's carbon emissions fall for first time in four decades |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143650/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770 |url-status=live }}</ref> India emits about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This equates to about 2.5 tons of [[carbon dioxide]] per person per year, which is half the world average.<ref name="USAID2018">{{cite web |last=USAID |date=September 2018 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/India%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20FINAL.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021 |website= |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214194144/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/India%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20FINAL.pdf}}</ref><ref name="UNEP2019">{{cite web |last=UN Environment Programme |year=2019 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2019 |url=https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=UNEP – [[UN Environment Programme]] |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421155030/https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing [[Electrification|access to electricity]] and [[clean cooking]] with [[liquefied petroleum gas]] have been priorities for energy in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India 2020 – Analysis |date=9 January 2020 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/india-2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316072614/https://www.iea.org/reports/india-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background.jpg|[[Mumbai]], the centre of India's [[tertiary sector]] [[finance industry]], also contributes to [[Tourism in India|tourism]]. Shown here are the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] to the left and the [[Gateway of India]].
File:Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, Namchi, Sikkim.jpg|A tea garden in Sikkim. India, the [[List of countries by tea production|world's second-largest producer of tea]], is a nation of one billion tea drinkers, who consume 70% of India's tea output.
File:Bangalore Panorama edit1.jpg|A panorama of [[Bangalore]], the centre of India's software development economy. In the 1980s, when the first [[multinational corporation]]s began to set up centres in India, they chose Bangalore because of the large pool of skilled graduates in the area, in turn due to the many science and engineering colleges in the surrounding region.<ref name="ScottGarofoli2007">{{Citation |last1=Scott |first1=Allen J. |title=Development on the Ground: Clusters, Networks and Regions in Emerging Economies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |page=208 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-98422-9 |last2=Garofoli |first2=Gioacchino}}</ref>
File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|A [[Chinese fishing nets|Chinese fishing net]] being raised out of the water in [[Kochi]]. Fishing, which contributes 1.07% to India's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]],<ref name=":2"/> supports the livelihood of over 28 million people, especially within marginalized and vulnerable communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 279 - economic_survey_2021-2022 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226052506/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the third-largest fish producing country in the world, accounting for 7.96% of global production.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/indias-blue-economy-net-getting-bigger-country-ranks-third-in-fisheries-and-second-in-aquaculture/1867607/ |title=India's Blue Economy net getting bigger |publisher=Financial Express |date=14 February 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of India}}

With an estimated 1,428,627,663 residents in 2023, India is the world's most populous country.<ref name="WPP UN" /> 1,210,193,422 residents were reported in the [[2011 Census of India|2011 provisional census report]].{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=160}} The median age was 28.7 in 2020.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "[[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" have caused India's population to grow rapidly,{{sfn|Rorabacher|2010|pp = 35–39}} though India's decennial rates of growth are decreasing: its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011,{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=165}} compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001).{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=165}} The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Population Of India (1951–2001) |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812042806/https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> The [[life expectancy]] at birth has increased from 49.7 years in 1970–1975 to 72.0 years in 2023.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles |title=Gapminder |last=Rosling |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904041729/https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=OWID_WRL~IND |title=Life expectancy at birth: World, India |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=7 September 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112080632/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=OWID_WRL~IND |url-status=live }}</ref> The under-five [[Infant mortality|mortality]] rate for the country was 113 per 1,000 live births in 1994 whereas in 2018 it reduced to 41.1 per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":5" />

The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=160}} [[Female infanticide in India]], and lately [[female foeticide in India|female foeticide]], have created lop-sided gender ratios; the number of [[missing women]] in the country quadrupled from 15 million to 63 million during the period 1964–2014, faster than the population growth during the same period.<ref name="The Hindu_November_17_2019c">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-missing-women/article5670801.ece |title=India's missing women |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 February 2014 |last1=Kapoor |first1=Mudit |last2=Shamika |first2=Ravi |access-date=17 November 2019 |quote=In the last 50 years of Indian democracy, the absolute number of missing women has increased fourfold from 15 million to 68 million. This is not merely a reflection of the overall population growth, but rather a worsening of the dangerous trend over time. As a percentage of the female electorate, missing women have gone up significantly — from 13 per cent to approximately 20 per cent |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094641/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-missing-women/article5670801.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care.<ref name="The_Guardian_November_17_2019c">{{cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=More than 63 million women 'missing' in India, statistics show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/more-than-63-million-women-missing-in-india-statistics-show |access-date=17 November 2019 |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] via [[The Guardian]] |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309044247/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/more-than-63-million-women-missing-in-india-statistics-show |url-status=live }} Quote: "More than 63 million women are "missing" statistically across India, and more than 21 million girls are unwanted by their families, government officials say. The skewed ratio of men to women is largely the result of sex-selective abortions, and better nutrition and medical care for boys, according to the government's annual economic survey, which was released on Monday. In addition, the survey found that "families where a son is born are more likely to stop having children than families where a girl is born".</ref> Despite a government ban on sex-selective foeticide, the practice has far from stopped.<ref name="Foreign_Policy_November_17_2019c">{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/15/a-generation-of-girls-is-missing-in-india/ |title=A Generation of Girls Is Missing in India – Sex-selective abortion fuels a cycle of patriarchy and abuse. |newspaper=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Ira |last=Trivedi |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309041410/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/15/a-generation-of-girls-is-missing-in-india/ |url-status=live }} Quote: "Although it has been illegal nationwide for doctors to disclose the sex of a fetus since the 1994 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, the ease of ordering cheap and portable ultrasound machines, especially online, has kept the practice of sex-selective abortions alive."</ref>

Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India's recent history. The number of people living in urban areas grew by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.{{sfn|Garg|2005}} In 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.{{sfn|Dyson|Visaria|2005|pp = 115–129}}{{sfn|Ratna|2007|pp = 271–272}} The level of urbanisation increased further from 27.81% in the 2001 census to 31.16% in the 2011 census. The slowing down of the overall population growth rate was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011}} In the 2011 census, there were 53 [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]. Among them [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]], in decreasing order by population.<ref name="censusindia 2011">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]], India |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
<gallery mode = "packed" heights = "200px">
File:Life-expectancy, 1881 to 2023, IND.svg | The historical development of life expectancy in India from 1881 to 2023
File:Child-mortality rate in india.png|The child mortality rate in India from 1960 to 2023
</gallery>
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of India}}

Languages of India belong to several [[language family|language families]]. The [[2011 Census of India]], the last conducted by the Indian government, gives the following breakdown:<ref name=jolad-agarwal>{{cite book |last1=Jolad |first1=Shivakumar |last2=Agarwal |first2=Aayush |chapter=Mapping India's Linguistic Diversity and Exclusion in the Indian Census 1 |title=Practices of Digital Humanities in India: Learning by Doing |editor1-last=Dodd |editor1-first=Maya |editor2-last=Menon |editor2-first=Nirmala |publisher=Routledge India |year=2024 |doi=10.4324/9781003325239 |isbn=978-1-003-32523-9 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
! style="background:#ddd;" colspan="6"| Language families and speakers in India<ref name=jolad-agarwal/>
|-
! Serial number !! Language family !! Sub-family !! Number of languages !! Number of speakers !! Percentage of speakers
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 21 || style="text-align:center;"| 945,052,555 || style="text-align:center;"| 78.05%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 21,677 || style="text-align:center;"| 0%{{efn|The 0% results from rounding to two decimal places.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 259,678 || style="text-align:center;"| 0.02%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Dravidian languages]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;"| 237,840,116 || style="text-align:center;"| 19.64%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| 13,493,080 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.11%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 66 || style="text-align:center;"| 12,257,382 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.01%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Afroasiatic languages|Semito-Hamitic]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 54,947 || style="text-align:center;"| 0%
|}

There are also small numbers of speakers of [[Kra–Dai languages|Tai–Kadai]], [[Andamanese languages|Andamanese]], and minor language families and [[language isolate|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008">{{cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT528 |date=10 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2}}</ref>{{rp|283}}

The official language of India's federal government was chosen by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in September 1949 after three years of debate between two opposing camps. [[Hindi language]] protagonists wanted Hindi in the [[Devanagari script]] to be the sole "national language" of India whereas delegates from South India preferred English to have a place in the Constitution.<ref name="lerner-Hindi">{{citation |last=Lerner |first=Hanna |chapter=The Indian Founding: A Comparative Perspective |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |editor1-first=Sujit |editor1-last=Choudhry |editor2-first=Madhav |editor2-last=Khosla |editor3-first=Pratap Bhanu |editor3-last=Mehta |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0knDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |pages=63–64 |isbn=978-0-19-870489-8 |quote=Ultimately, it was the pragmatic consensus-seeking approach that triumphed. On 14 September 1949, after three years of debate, the assembly overwhelmingly approved a compromise resolution, known as the Munshi—Ayyangar formula, which later became Articles 343-51 of the Indian Constitution. Instead of declaring a 'national language', Hindi was labelled the 'official language of the Union', while English was to continue to be used 'for all official purposes'. It was decided that this arrangement would apply for a period of fifteen years, during which time Hindi was to be progressively introduced into official use. What would happen at the end of this interim period was left undetermined, with the Constitution providing for the establishment of a parliamentary committee to examine the issue in the future. In addition, the Constitution recognised fourteen other languages for official use (listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution). ... Fifteen years after the enactment of the Constitution, Hindi was still not widely used by the Union government. Following a series of violent riots in non-Hindi-speaking States in the 1960s, Parliament renounced the ideal of an Indian national language. In 1965, when the fifteen-year interim period prescribed by the Constitution elapsed, the government announced that English would remain the de facto formal language of India.}}</ref><ref name="isaka-Hindi">{{citation |last=Isaka |first=Riho |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850–1960 |series=Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |pages=126–197 |isbn=978-1-000-46858-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |quote=Partition may have 'killed' Hindustani, but it had a marked effect on the debates regarding the position of English and provincial languages in the Constitution. The Hindi protagonists became even more insistent on establishing Hindi as the sole national language and imposing it on the non-Hindi-speaking regions to enhance 'national unity'. In addition, these leaders even began to argue that the Devanagari form of numerals should be used instead of the international form. This was firmly opposed by members from South India. To solve the continuing dispute among the Assembly members, (K. M.) Munshi and N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a Tamil member of the Assembly, drew up detailed language provisions. These, in the words of the latter, represented a 'compromise between opinions not easily reconcilable' (Constituent Assembly Debates 1X 1966: 1319). The provisions were proposed to the Congress on 2nd September 1949 and engendered a heated discussion. It was eventually decided that they would be proposed in the Assembly by Munshi, Ayyangar, and Bhimrao Ambedkar (the Chairman of the Drafting Committee) in their personal capacities, not as an official proposal on behalf of the Drafting Committee.}}</ref> The compromise reached declared (i) Hindi to be the "official language" of India's federal government; (ii) English to be an associate official language for 15 years during which Hindi's formal lexicon would be developed; and (iii) the international form of [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu–Arabic numerals]] to be the official numerals.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> The compromise resolution became articles 343–351 of India's constitution, which came into effect on 26 January 1950.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> In 1965, after bitter opposition from [[South India]] to Hindi becoming the sole official language, a compromise was reached to where English would continue to be an "associate official language" indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |date=1966 |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755179 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.2307/2755179 |issn=0030-851X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sandipan |date=2026-01-26 |title=1965: When Republic Day became a morning of mourning in Madras |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1965-anti-hindi-agitation-madras-student-protests-indira-gandhi-intervention-tamil-nadu-language-policy-2857880-2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of India's Constitution]] also recognises 22 languages, including Hindi but not English, which the government is obligated to develop. These are sometimes called "scheduled languages". This list includes major regional languages, but also others—such as [[Sanskrit]], which no longer has [[first language]] speakers in India, and [[Urdu]], which is not region-specific—because of their value to India's cultural heritage.<ref name="KachruKachru2008-1">{{cite book |last=Annamalai |first=E. |editor=Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223 |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |pages=223– |chapter=Contexts of multilingualism |quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost.}}</ref><ref name="GazzolaWickström2016">{{cite book |last1=Gazzola |first1=Michele |last2=Wickström |first2=Bengt-Arne |title=The Economics of Language Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469 |year=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03470-8 |pages=469– |quote=The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two.}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017-lead">{{cite book |last=Groff |first=Cynthia |title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-51961-0 |pages=58– |quote=As Mahapatra says: "It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment" ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.}}</ref> In 1950, there were 14 scheduled languages: [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Sanskrit, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Urdu.<ref name="jolad-agarwal" /> In the following decades constitutional amendments added others: [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (1967), [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (1992), [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] (2004).<ref name=jolad-agarwal/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Language Map of India.jpg|The regions of first-language speech of the main languages of India
File:Indian Languages Map.jpg|The main languages of India by relative numbers of speakers
File:India_new_500_INR,_MG_series,_2016,_reverse.jpg|On the reverse of each of India's [[paper money|paper money notes]], the denomination is listed in a panel on the left in 15 languages, in addition to Hindi and English, which appear more prominently elsewhere. These are from top to bottom: 1. Assamese, 2. Bengali, 3. Gujarati, 4. Kannada, 5. Kashmiri, 6. Konkani, 7. Malayalam, 8. Marathi, 9. Nepali, 10. Oriya, 11. Punjabi, 12. Sanskrit, 13. Tamil, 14. Telugu, 15. Urdu.<ref name=rupee-15lang>{{citation |last=Gautam |first=Vanya |title=Did You Know? Indian Rupee Notes Feature 15 Languages, Here's The List |publisher=India Times |date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/did-you-know-indian-rupee-notes-feature-15-languages-heres-the-list/articleshow/122444265.html}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in India}}

[[Religion]] in India is characterised by a diversity of beliefs and practices. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of its culture. The [[Indian subcontinent]] is the birthplace of four [[Major religious groups|major world religions]]: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]]. India has the largest population of Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains, the third-largest population of Muslims (after [[Indonesia]] and [[Pakistan]]) and the ninth largest of Buddhists.<ref name="Firstpost_Aug2016">{{cite news |url=http://firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2016-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |title=India has 79.8% Hindus, 14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion |work=Firstpost |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050938/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> India also has the largest population of people adhering to both [[Zoroastrianism]] ([[Parsi]]s and [[Irani (India)|Iranis]]) and the [[Baháʼí Faith in India|Bahá'í Faith]].{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}}

The [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]] declares India to be a [[secular state]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-750-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution.html |title=Preamble To The Indian Constitution |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |title=S. R. Bommai v. Union of India |website=www.legalserviceindia.com |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=28 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128111301/https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[freedom of religion]] to be a [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental right]] ("... liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.")<ref>{{cite book |last=Basu |first=Durga Das |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-803-8918-4 |edition=21 |page=124 |author-link=Durga Das Basu}}</ref> According to the 2011 census of India, 79.8% of the [[demographics of India|population of India]] follows [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]], 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]], 0.7% [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] and 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]. Several tribal religions are also present in India, such as [[Donyi-Polo]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Sarnaism]], and [[Niamtre]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg|The [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple]], a Hindu temple in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
File:Gomateswara, Shravanabelagola.jpg|A [[Jainism|Jain]] woman making an offering at the feet of Bahubali Gomateswara at [[Shravanabelagola]], Karnataka
File:Front Judes Church Chinnathurai Tamil Nadu crop Mar24 A7C 10007.jpg|The exterior of St Judes Church, [[Chinnathurai]], Tamil Nadu. Christianity is believed to have been introduced to India by the late 2nd century by [[Christianity in India#Early Christianity in India|Syriac-speaking Christians]].
File:Maneckji Seth Agiary in Fort, Mumbai.jpg|[[Maneckji Seth Agiary]], the oldest [[Parsi]], or [[Zoroastrian]], [[fire temple]] in Mumbai
File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|A Sikh pilgrim after a dip in the sacred pond at the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], Punjab, with a group of pilgrims performing [[seva (Indian religions)|seva]], or volunteer work, on the temple's roof
File:Magen David Synagogue Interiors after restoration.jpg|Interior of the [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Magen David Synagogue]], Kolkata
</gallery>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in India}}

{{See also|Literacy in India|History of education in the Indian subcontinent}}

The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=163}} The rural-urban literacy gap, which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011}} [[Kerala]] is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while [[Bihar]] the least with 63.82%.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=163}} In 1981 the respective literacy rates for total population, men and women were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951, the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%. In 1921, the rates 7%, 12% and 2%. In 1891, they were 5%, 9% and 1%.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rajni |last=Pathania |title=Literacy in India: Progress and Inequality |url=https://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf |volume=17 |website=bangladeshsociology.org |publisher=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |date=January 2020 |issue=1 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010044811/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dandapani |last=Natarajan |title=Extracts from the All India Census Reports on Literacy |url=https://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]] |year=1971 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628052820/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Latika Chaudhary, in 1911 there were under three primary schools for every ten villages. Statistically, more caste and religious diversity reduced private spending. Primary schools taught literacy, so local diversity limited its growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Latika |title=Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=March 2009 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=269–302 |doi=10.1017/S0022050709000400 }}</ref>

The education system of India is the world's second-largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.studyinindia.gov.in/whyindiaeducation |title=Study in India |website=studyinindia.gov.in |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627194417/https://www.studyinindia.gov.in/whyindiaeducation |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has over 900 universities, 40,000 colleges<ref name="highered1">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hrd-to-increase-nearly-25-pc-seats-in-varsities-to-implement-10-pc-quota-for-poor-in-gen-category/articleshow/67545006.cms |title=HRD to increase nearly 25 pc seats in varsities to implement 10 pc quota for poor in gen category |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416152014/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hrd-to-increase-nearly-25-pc-seats-in-varsities-to-implement-10-pc-quota-for-poor-in-gen-category/articleshow/67545006.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and 1.5 million schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/home |title=UDISE+ Dashboard |website=dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018105056/https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/home |url-status=live }}</ref> In India's higher education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under [[Reservation in India|affirmative action]] policies for the historically disadvantaged. In recent decades India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to [[economic development in India|its economic development]].<ref name=Sify>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=1475704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220170624/https://www.sify.com/finance/india-achieves-27-decline-in-poverty-news-news-jegxaXgfcab.html |title=India achieves 27% decline in poverty |work=[[Press Trust of India]] via [[Sify.com]] |date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=N. Jayapalan |title=History of Education in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDNeW78fedkC |year=2005 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7156-922-9}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:47 Raika School - eating together (3384824242).jpg|Children await school lunch in Rayka (also Raika), a village in rural Gujarat. The salutation ''[[Jai Bhim]]'' written on the blackboard honours the jurist, social reformer, and [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]].
File:Madrasah1.jpg|The [[Madrasah]] of the [[Masjid-i-Ala]] mosque in [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka. The mosque was built in the period 1786–87, during the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]].
File:ThomasonCollegeOfEngineeringRoorkeeEst1847.jpg | The [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]], formerly the Thomason College of Civil Engineering, is the oldest engineering college in India.<ref name=hedrick-thomason/><ref name=subram-thomason>{{citation |last=Subramanian |first=Ajantha |title=The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India |location=Cambridge, MA and London |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-674-98788-3 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=30–31 |quote=Before the 1854 despatch, there was already one engineering college in operation: the Thomason College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee. The college was founded in 1847 and was affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], in response to the demand for civil engineers to aid the construction of the Ganges Canal in the North-west Provinces.}}</ref> It was founded as the ''College of Civil Engineering'' in 1847 during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] to train officers and surveyors employed in the construction of the [[Ganges Canal]].<ref name=subram-thomason/><ref name=hedrick-thomason>{{citation |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |title=The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940 |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=0-19-505115-7 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=317 |quote=The first engineering college was an outgrowth of the Ganges Canal. Named after the lieutenant governor of the North-Western Provinces who founded it in 1847, the Thomason Engineering College at Roorkee trained employees for the irrigation branch of the Public Works Department. It offered different curricula for different types of students: an engineering class for domiciled Europeans and a few Indians, an upper subordinates class to train British noncommissioned officers as construction foremen, and a lower subordinates class to train Indian surveyors. By the mid-1880s, the school has a hundred students, substantial buildings, and a reputation as an important center for the study of hydraulic engineering.}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in India}}

[[File:Female health workers in India (34332433890).jpg | Immunisation health workers in 2006. Eight years later, and three years after India's last case of polio, the WHO declared India to be polio-free.<ref name=who-chan-14-feb-2014>{{citation |last1=Chan |first1=Margaret |title=Address at the 'India celebrates triumph over polio' event |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=11 February 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-celebrates-polio-free-india |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017165217/https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-celebrates-polio-free-india |url-status=live }}</ref>|thumb]]

India bears a disproportionately large burden of the world's [[Tuberculosis in India|tuberculosis]] rates, with [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) statistics for 2022 estimating 2.8 million new infections annually, accounting for 26% of the global total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.1 TB incidence |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-1-tb-incidence |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> It is estimated that approximately 40% of the population of India carry [[Latent tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arohi |last2=Parmar |first2=Malik |last3=Dash |first3=Girish Chandra |last4=Solanki |first4=Hardik |last5=Chauhan |first5=Sandeep |last6=Sharma |first6=Jessica |last7=Sahoo |first7=Krushna Chandra |last8=Mahapatra |first8=Pranab |last9=Rao |first9=Raghuram |last10=Kumar |first10=Ravinder |last11=Rade |first11=Kirankumar |last12=Pati |first12=Sanghamitra |date=3 May 2023 |title=The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=157 |issue=2–3 |pages=135–151 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_382_23 |doi-access=free |pmc=10319385 |pmid=37202933}}</ref>

In 2018 [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] was the leading cause of death after [[Heart disease in India|heart disease]]. The 10 [[List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration|most polluted cities in the world]] are all in India with more than 140 million people breathing air 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit. In 2017, air pollution killed 1.24 million Indians.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2018 |title=Dirty air: how India became the most polluted country on earth |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/ |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930130506/https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of India}}

=== Society ===
{{Main|Caste system in India|Gender inequality in India}}

Although sometimes applied to other cultures and religions, caste is a uniquely Indian, and Hindu, social institution.{{efn|Caste is a form of [[social stratification]] characterised by [[endogamy]], hereditary transmission of an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction or exclusion defined by cultural notions of purity and pollution.<ref name=caste-lead>* {{citation |editor=Lagasse, Paul |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |chapter=Caste |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/caste.aspx#3 |access-date=24 September 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-231-14446-9 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001133425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/anthropology-terms-and-concepts/caste#3 |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste''' [Port., casta=basket], ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars, in fact, deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended."
* {{citation |last1=Madan |first1=T. N. |author-link1=T. N. Madan |title=caste |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |date=2012 |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130130911/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste''', any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies."
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |chapter=Caste |editor-last=Schaefer |editor-first=Richard T. |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&pg=PA246 |location=Thousand Oaks |access-date=5 August 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |pages=246–250 }} Quote: "'''Caste''': What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India."
* {{harvnb|Béteille|2002|pages=136–137|ps=. Quote: "'''Caste''': Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."}}
* {{citation |last=Mitchell |first=Geoffrey Duncan |title=A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a4vvdBrSVgC&pg=PA194 |access-date=10 August 2012 |date=2006 |publisher=Aldine Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-202-30878-4 |pages=194–195 |chapter=Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION) |location=New Brunswick, NJ }} Quote:"'''Castes''' A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism."
* {{citation |chapter=caste, n. |title=Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28546 |access-date=5 August 2019 |year=1989 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123226/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28546 |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste, n.''' 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... ''This is now the leading sense, which influences all others''."</ref>}} All Hindus fall broadly into four castes, or ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'': [[Brahmin]], or priests, at the top; below them [[Kshatriya]], or warriors; further below, [[Vaishya]], or merchants and farmers; and at the bottom, [[Shudra]], or the service class. Outside the caste system, and therefore of traditional Hinduism, lie people formerly called "outcastes" or "untouchables," and now [[scheduled caste]] (a term used in India's constitution) or [[Dalit]], a later self-description of pride, meaning "broken" or "downtrodden". Each caste is further divided into sub-castes, or [[Jāti|jati]]s, many of which are tied to occupations. The custom of [[endogamy]], or marrying within one's subcaste, however, makes caste a hereditary label, not of one occupational choice, and has caused the caste system, therefore, to become entrenched.<ref name=atrey1>{{cite book| last = Atrey | first = Shreya | title = Intersectional Discrimination| location = Oxford, UK and New York, NY | publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2019 | isbn = 978-0-19-884895-0 | page = 63–64}}</ref> The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] abolished untouchability in 1947,<ref name=nyt-india-constit-assmb-caste>{{cite news|title=Indians Outlaw 'Untouchability' In Formal Action by Assembly; UNTOUCHABILITY' FORMALLY BANNED|date=April 30, 1947|publisher=Reuters/New York Times|quote=NEW DELHI, India, April 29 -- India's Constituent Assembly, discussing the Fundamental Rights Committee's report, today adopted this provision: "Untouchability in any form is abolished and the imposition of any disability on that account shall be an offense.}}</ref> the [[Republic of India]] did more formally in 1950, and India has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives related to caste. Still, caste-based inequality, discrimination, segregation, and [[Caste-related violence in India|violence]] persist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teltumbde |first=Anand |title=The Persistence of Caste: The Khairlanji Murders and India's Hidden Apartheid |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84813-449-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sarah |date=28 June 2022 |title=The struggle to challenge India's caste system remains real, still |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |access-date=11 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713213206/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Multi-generational [[patrilineal]] [[joint family|joint families]] have been the norm in India, though [[nuclear family|nuclear families]] are becoming common in urban areas.{{sfn|Makar|2007}} A very large majority of Indians have [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|their marriages arranged]] by their parents or family elders.{{sfn|Medora|2003}} Marriage is thought to be for life;{{sfn|Medora|2003}} and the divorce rate is extremely low;{{sfn|Jones|Ramdas|2005|p = 111}} less than one in a thousand marriages end in divorce.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37481054 |title=What divorce and separation tell us about modern India |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321061012/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37481054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many women marry before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age; [[child marriage]]s are not uncommon, especially in rural areas.{{sfn|Cullen-Dupont|2009|p = 96}} In large parts of Hindu northern India, moreover, a form of territorial [[exogamy]] is observed in which a bride marries out of her natal village and her parents do not visit her in her married home; the annual rite [[raksha bandhan]], during which married women return to their [[Birth|natal]] homes, has served both to affirm bonds with their natal families and offer a recourse in times of marital stress.<ref name="Agarwal1994">{{citation |last=Agarwal |first=Bina |author-link=Bina Agarwal |title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA264 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42926-9 |page=264 |quote=Mayer's (1960: 219) observation for central India would not be inaccurate for most communities in the subcontinent: "A man's tie with his sister is accounted very close. The two have grown up together, at an age when there is no distinction made between the sexes. And later, when the sister marries, the brother is seen as her main protector, for when her father has died to whom else can she turn if there is trouble in her conjugal household.(Adrian C. Mayer, ''Caste and kinship in Central India'' (1960)" The parental home, and after the parents' death the brother's home, often offers the only possibility of temporary or longer-term support in case of divorce, desertion, and even widowhood, especially for a woman without adult sons. Her dependence on this support is directly related to economic and social vulnerability.}}</ref><ref name="Coleman2017">{{citation |last=Coleman |first=Leo |title=A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YDTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |year=2017 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0791-9 |page=127}} Quote: Rakhi and its local performances in Kishan Garhi were part of a festival in which connections between out-marrying sisters and village-resident brothers were affirmed. In the "traditional" form of this rite, according to Marriott, sisters exchanged with their brothers to ensure their ability to have recourse—at a crisis, or during childbearing—to their natal village and their relatives there even after leaving for their husband's home. For their part, brothers engaging in these exchanges affirmed the otherwise hard-to-discern moral solidarity of the natal family, even after their sister's marriage.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Closeup at Gussadi dance performer.jpg|A member of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribe during the [[Gussadi dance|Dandari]] festival in [[Jainoor]], Telangana. Some 8.6% of India's population belong to tribal groups. The supercontinent [[Gondwana]] is named after the Gond region of India. Their religion predates the [[Hindu synthesis]] of the mid-first-millennium BCE.
File:A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited).jpg|A member of the [[Ramnami Samaj]], a movement among [[Dalit]]s, whose members worship the Hindu [[deity]] [[Rama]] and tattoo their bodies with his name
File:Hindu Bride, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg|A Hindu bride in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
</gallery>

=== Visual art ===
{{Main|Indian art}}

India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of [[Eurasia]], especially in the first millennium. During this period [[Buddhist art]] spread with Indian religions to [[Central Asia|Central]], [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art.{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=185–198, 252, 385–466}} Thousands of [[Indus Valley civilisation#Seals|seals from the Indus Valley civilisation]] of the third millennium BCE have been found, usually carved with animals, but also some with human figures. The [[Pashupati seal]], excavated in [[Mohenjo-daro]], Pakistan, in 1928–29, is the best known.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=14–16}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=17–18}} Virtually no art survives from a long period following the Indus Valley Civilisation.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=17–18}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=46–47}} Almost all surviving ancient Indian art thereafter is in various forms of religious [[Indian sculpture|sculpture]] in durable materials, or coins. There was probably originally far more in wood, which is lost. In north India [[Mauryan art]] is the first imperial movement.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=35–46}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=67–70}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=22–24}}

Over the following centuries a distinctly Indian style of sculpting the human figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than [[ancient Greek sculpture]] but showing smoothly flowing forms expressing ''prana'' ("breath" or life-force).{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=22, 88}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=35, 99–100}} This is often complicated by the need to give figures multiple arms or heads, or represent different genders on the left and right of figures, as with the [[Ardhanarishvara]] form of Shiva and [[Parvati]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=18–19}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|p=151}}

Most of the earliest large sculpture is Buddhist, either excavated from Buddhist [[stupa]]s such as [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]],{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=32–38}} or is rock cut [[relief]]s at sites such as [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Karla Caves|Karla]] and [[Ellora]]. Hindu and Jain sites appear rather later.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=43–55}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=113–119}} In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions, generally, the prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious groups, and sculptors probably usually served all communities.{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|pp=10–11}} [[Gupta art]], at its peak {{circa|{{CE|300}}|{{CE|500}}}}, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hindu sculpture, as at the [[Elephanta Caves]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=111–121}}{{Sfn|Michell|2000|pp=44–70}} Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after {{circa|{{CE|800}}}}, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=212–216}} But in the South, under the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Chola dynasty|Chola dynasties]], sculpture in both stone and bronze had a [[Chola art and architecture#Sculpture and bronzes|sustained period of great achievement]]; the large bronzes with Shiva as [[Nataraja]] have become an iconic symbol of India.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=152–160}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|pp=225–227}}

Ancient paintings have only survived at a few sites, of which the crowded scenes of court life in the [[Ajanta Caves]] are some of the most important.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=356–361}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=242–251}} Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern India from 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Buddhist and later Jain. These significantly influenced later artistic styles.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=361–370}} The Persian-derived [[Deccan painting]], starting just before the [[Mughal miniature]], between them give the first large body of secular painting, with an emphasis on portraits, and the recording of princely pleasures and wars.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=202–208}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=372–382, 400–406}} The style spread to Hindu courts, especially [[Rajput painting|among the Rajputs]], and developed a variety of styles, with the smaller courts often the most innovative, with figures such as [[Nihâl Chand]] and [[Nainsukh]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=222–243}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=384–397, 407–420}} As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by [[Company painting]] by Indian artists with considerable Western influence.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|p=243}}{{Sfn|Michell|2000|p=210}} In the 19th century, cheap [[Kalighat painting]]s of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban [[folk art]] from [[Calcutta]], which later saw the [[Bengal School of Art]], reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the first movement in [[modern Indian painting]].{{Sfn|Michell|2000|pp=210–211}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|p=211}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Bhutesvara Yakshis Mathura reliefs 2nd century CE front.jpg|[[Bhutesvara Yakshis]], Buddhist reliefs from [[Mathura]], {{CE|2nd century}}
File:MET DT5237 (cropped).jpg|[[Gupta art|Gupta]] [[terracotta]] relief, ''[[Krishna]] Killing the [[Keshi (demon)|Horse Demon Keshi]]'', 5th century
File:Unknown, Kangra, India - Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids - Google Art Project.jpg|''Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids'', [[Kangra painting]], 1775–1785
File:Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja).jpg|[[Chola art and architecture#Sculpture and bronzes|Chola bronze]] of [[Shiva]] as [[Nataraja]] ("Lord of Dance"), [[Tamil Nadu]], 10th or 11th century
</gallery>

===Mathematics===
{{main|Indian mathematics|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}

Significant mathematics began in India in the first millennium BCE. The ''[[Shulba Sutras|Śulba Sūtras]]'' (literally, "Aphorisms of the Chords" in [[Vedic Sanskrit]]) (c. 700–400 BCE) contain the earliest extant verbal expression of the [[Pythagorean theorem]] (although very likely it had been known to the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonians]].)<ref name=hayashi2005-p363>{{Harvnb|Hayashi|2005|p=363}}</ref>{{efn|Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in [[Sanskrit]] usually consisted of two sections: ''[[sutra]]s'' in which a set of rules or problems were stated with economy in verse, and a prose commentary that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution.<ref name="plofker">{{Harvnb|Plofker|2007|p=1}}</ref><ref name=filliozat-p140to143>{{Harvnb|Filliozat|2004|pp=140–143}}</ref>}} All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark [[Bakhshali manuscript]] from the 7th century CE.<ref name=hayashi95>{{Harvnb|Hayashi|1995}}</ref><ref name=plofker-brit6>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2007|p=6}}</ref>

In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by [[Aryabhata]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Bhaskara II]], [[Varāhamihira]], and [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Madhava]]. The [[Decimal|decimal number system]] in use today<ref name="irfah346">{{Harvnb|Ifrah|2000|p=346}}: "The measure of the genius of Indian civilisation, to which we owe our modern (number) system, is all the greater in that it was the only one in all history to have achieved this triumph. Some cultures succeeded, earlier than the Indian, in discovering one or at best two of the characteristics of this intellectual feat. But none of them managed to bring together into a complete and coherent system the necessary and sufficient conditions for a number-system with the same potential as our own."</ref> was first recorded in Indian mathematics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2009|pp=44–47}}</ref> Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of [[0 (number)|zero]] as a number,<ref name="bourbaki46">{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=46}}: "...our decimal system, which (by the agency of the Arabs) is derived from Hindu mathematics, where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era. It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation) and its introduction into calculations, also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus."</ref> [[negative numbers]],<ref name="bourbaki49">{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=49}}: Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as "Modus Indorum" or method of the Indians. [[Leonardo of Pisa]] wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake. This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by [[Brahmagupta]] during the 7th century AD. "On this point, the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases (a debt in a commercial problem, for instance). In the following centuries, as there is a diffusion into the West (by intermediary of the Arabs) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics, one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers, and one begins to have other "representation" for them which are geometric or dynamic."</ref> [[arithmetic]], and [[algebra]].<ref name=concise-britannica/> [[Trigonometry]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Pingree|2003|p=45}} Quote: "Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. Greek mathematicians used the full chord and never imagined the half chord that we use today. Half chord was first used by Aryabhata which made trigonometry much more simple. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century."</ref> was further advanced in India, and the modern definitions of [[sine]] and [[cosine]] were developed there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=126}}: "As for trigonometry, it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers; it is these latter ([[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]], [[Hipparchus]], [[Ptolemy]]) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle (plane or spherical) and draw up the first tables (they consist of tables giving the ''chord'' of the arc cut out by an angle <math>\theta < \pi</math> on a circle of radius ''r'', in other words the number <math> 2r\sin\left(\theta/2\right)</math>; the introduction of the sine, more easily handled, is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages)."</ref> These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe.<ref name="concise-britannica">"algebra" 2007. [https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064 ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134632/http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064|date=29 September 2007}}. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 May 2007. Quote: "A full-fledged decimal, positional system certainly existed in India by the 9th century (AD), yet many of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world. Indian arithmetic, moreover, developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and negative numbers and for treating zero like any other number, even in problematic contexts such as division. Several hundred years passed before European mathematicians fully integrated such ideas into the developing discipline of algebra."</ref> A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the [[Series (mathematics)|series]] expansions for [[trigonometric function]]s (sine, cosine, and [[arc tangent]]) by mathematicians of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]] in the 15th century CE. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of [[calculus]] in Europe, provided the first example of a [[power series]].{{efn|Apart from geometric series}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Stillwell|2004|p=173}}</ref> In the modern era [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] made fundamental contributions to [[number theory]].<ref name=hardy-ramanumajan-notice>{{cite book |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |author-link=G. H. Hardy |chapter=Notice |title=Collected papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=xxi–xxxv |year=2015 |orig-year=1927 |isbn=978-1-107-53651-7 |quote=It was his insight into algebraical formulae, transformation of infinite series, ... that was most amazing. On this side most certainly I have never met his equal, and I can compare him only with [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] and [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi|Jacobi]]. He worked, far more than the majority of modern mathematicians, by induction from numerical examples. ... But with his memory, his patience, and his power of calculation, he combined a power of generalisation, a feeling for form, and a capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses, that were often really startling, and made him, in his own peculiar field, without a rival in his day.}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of India}}

India contains a wide array of musical practices, including many different [[Indian folk music|folk musics]] from different regions. [[Indian classical music]] has Vedic origins, and split in the 13th century into the two main traditions of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] music. Hindustani is associated with North India and is more [[Musical improvisation|improvisational]], featuring instruments such as the [[sitar]] and [[tabla]], and Carnatic is South Indian and more focused on written [[Musical composition|compositions]] such as the ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'', while both styles contain common elements such as the [[raga]] melodic framework and [[Tala (music)|tala]] rhythmic meter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capwell |first=Charles |title=Excursions in World Music |publisher=[[Pearson plc|Pearson]] |year=2012 |edition=6th |pages=31, 52 |chapter=The Music of India}}</ref> Indian music has influenced western genres, notably [[Rock music|rock]] and [[jazz]] musicians during the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lavezzoli |first1=Peter |title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West |date=24 April 2006 |page=14}}</ref>

[[Filmi]] is music written for [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], generally composed by [[List of Indian film music directors|music directors]] and sung by [[playback singers]]. Modern [[Indian pop]] takes influences from classical, folk, and western pop music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarrazin |first=Natalie |title=Focus: Popular Music in Contemporary India |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-99931-4}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Sakunthala 1940 filmposter (2).jpg|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], Carnatic music vocalist and the first Indian musician to perform at the [[United Nations]] in 1966, began her career singing in [[Tamil films]].
File:L Vaidyanathan, L Subramaniam and L Shankar trio with Palghat Mani Iyer on Mridangam.jpg|Carnatic music [[mridangam]] player [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] (left) at a concert with three violinists, from left to right: [[L. Vaidyanathan]], [[L. Subramaniam]], and [[L. Shankar]].
File:Allaudin Khan.jpg|[[Allauddin Khan]], a [[Hindustani classical music]] [[sarod]] player was also an influential teacher. Among his students were the [[sitar]]ist [[Ravi Shankar]], [[sarod]] player [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and flutist [[Pannalal Ghosh]].
File:Ravi Shankar.jpg|[[Ravi Shankar]] playing the [[sitar]] at the [[Woodstock music festival]], 1972
</gallery>

===Dance===
{{main|Dance in India}}

Dance in India has drawn heavily from [[Indian classical dance]] traditions. Many of these in turn arose in temples or other religious contexts. Their sponsorship and promotion, however, has continued in secular, modern India.<ref name=vatsyayan-lord>{{citation|last1=Vatsyayan|first1=Kapila|last2=Lord|first2=Maria (revision)|chapter=India, subcontinent of, IX. Dance|title=Grove Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2020|orig-year=2001}}</ref>{{efn|Among young urban middle-class women, for example, a proficiency in classical dance is sometimes a sought-after social achievement.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} India also has local and modern dance traditions.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Whether a dance is classical is determined by the [[Sangeet Natak Academi]], the Indian government's organisation for performing arts.{{efn|The classical status increases a dance's visibility and attracts more funding from agencies and ticket purchases from audiences.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} Although more dances could perhaps meet the criteria for classical, the Akademi has chosen eight.{{efn|Given the geographical distribution of the chosen dances and their stylistic range, the choices could be seen as a facet of India's ethos of national integration.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
|+ Classical Dances of India<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref>
|-
! Serial number !! Dance !! Indigenous to: State !! Region !! Type or origin !! Musical accompaniment
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Bharatanatyam]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[South India]]|| style="text-align:center;"| Temple dance || style="text-align:center;"| [[Melam|Cinna Melam]], [[Carnatic music]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathak]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[North India]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Court dance]]|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hindustani music]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathakali]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kerala]] || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| [[Madhalam]] drum ensembles; [[Sopana Sangeetham|Sopana]] vocal music
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kuchipudi]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama|| style="text-align:center;"| Carnatic music ensemble
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Northeast India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Temple/ritual dance || style="text-align:center;"| Ensemble comprising [[Pung Cholom]], flutes, trumpets, [[Tanbur|Tambura]], [[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]], and cymbals
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Mohiniattam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Kerala || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"|Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| Carnatic ensemble
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Odissi]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[East India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Temple dance || style="text-align:center;"|Ensemble of Hindustani music instruments: [[pakhavaj]], [[sitar]], flute, cymbals, [[harmonium]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Sattriya]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Assam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Northeast India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| [[Borgeet]] accompanied by [[khol]] drums and cymbals.
|}
The best-known classical dance is Bharatnatyam, which began in the temple dances of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[devadasi]]s.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Identified with "prostitutes and courtesans", their dancing was formally banned in 1947.{{efn|As per the [[Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act]] after agitation from the Indian middle and upper classes.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} Concurrently, the dance was rehabilitated as a "pure" art form, with [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] as a prominent figure. A devdasi who went on to attain national and international prominence was [[Balasaraswati|Thanjavur Balasaraswati]].<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Some sources consider the dance-dramas [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Odisha]] and [[Yakshagana]] of [[Karnataka]] to also belong to the classical tradition.<ref name=burch-2013>{{cite book |author=Frank Burch Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-972103-0 |pages=195–196}}, Quote: All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."</ref>

Local dance traditions vary widely across India. In addition to the dance-dramas Chhau and Yakshagana, they include dance-dramas [[Raslila]] of western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Terukkuttu]] of Tamil Nadu; calendrical and festival dances such as the [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] of Punjab, especially at [[Vaisakhi]], the onset of spring, and [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] of [[Gujarat]] during [[Navratri]]; and tribal or [[Adivasi]] dances, such as those of the [[Santal]] and [[Toda people]], the latter, for example, in honour of the god [[Toda_people#Religion|Ön]] who brought buffalo to earth.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />

Among 20th-century directions is the [[modern dance]] of [[Uday Shankar]] in which classical styles were employed but not adhered to rigidly. Examples are dance-dramas based on the ancient Indian [[Animal fable|animal fables]], ''[[Panchatantra]]'', and Nehru's mid-century meditation on Indian history, ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Dance has been an essential aspect of Indian films from the first [[talkies]] of the 1930s. The individual and group dances of [[Bollywood]], for example, show a broad range of influences, including classical, local, and Western popular dance.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Towards the end of the 20th century, innovations in [[British South Asian]] music and dance, such as [[Music_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1990s)#Post-Bhangra|Post-Bhangra]], fed back into dance in India.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Kathakali of Kerala at Nishagandhi dance festival 2024 (266).jpg|The ''Kathakali'' dance of [[Kerala]]
File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|The ''Bharatanatyam'' dance of [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Kathak Solo Performance (8).jpg| The ''Kathak'' dance of northern India absorbed Persian and Central Asian influences during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]].
</gallery>

=== Clothing ===
{{Main|Clothing in India}}

From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in India was [[Draped garment|draped]].<ref name="Tarlo1996-26">{{harvnb|Tarlo|1996|p=26}}</ref> For women it took the form of a [[sari]], a single piece of cloth many yards long.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> The sari was traditionally wrapped around the lower body and the shoulder.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> In its modern form, it is combined with an underskirt, or Indian [[Petticoat#Asian petticoats|petticoat]], and tucked in along the waist band for more secure fastening. It is also commonly worn with an Indian [[blouse]], or [[choli]], which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari's end—passing over the shoulder—covering the midriff and obscuring the upper body's contours.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> For men, a similar but shorter length of cloth, the [[dhoti]], has served as a lower-body garment.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26-28">{{harvnb|Tarlo|1996|pp=26–28}}</ref>

The use of stitched clothes became widespread after Muslim rule was established by the [[Delhi sultanate]] ({{Circa|1300 CE}}) and continued by the [[Mughal Empire]] ({{Circa|1525 CE}}).<ref name="Rahman-Alkazi2002">{{citation |last=Alkazi |first=Roshen |editor=Rahman, Abdur |title=India's Interaction with China, Central and West Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZvpAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-565789-0 |pages=464–484 |chapter=Evolution of Indian Costume as a result of the links between Central Asia and India in ancient and medieval times}}</ref> Among the garments introduced during this time and still commonly worn are: the [[Shalwar kameez|shalwar]]s and [[pyjama]]s, both styles of trousers, and the tunics [[kurta]] and [[kameez]].<ref name="Rahman-Alkazi2002" /> Shalwars are atypically wide at the waist but narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.<ref name="StevensonWaite2011">{{citation |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1272 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=3 September 2019 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=1272}}</ref> When the pants are cut quite narrow, on the [[Grain (textile)#Bias|bias]], they are called [[churidar]]s. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic.<ref name="StevensonWaite2011-b">{{citation |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA774 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=774}}</ref> Its side seams left open below the waistline.<ref>{{citation |url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418 |author=Platts, John T. (John Thompson) |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |location=London |page=418 |publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]] |year=1884 |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204345/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418}} (online; updated February 2015)</ref> The kurta is traditionally collarless and made of cotton or silk; it is worn plain or with embroidered decoration, such as [[chikankari]]; and typically falls to either just above or just below the wearer's knees.<ref name="Shukla2015">{{citation |last=Shukla |first=Pravina |title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-02121-2 |page=71}}</ref>

In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in India. Increasingly, in urban northern India, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, though they remain popular on formal occasions. The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans. In office settings, ubiquitous air conditioning allows men to wear sports jackets year-round. For weddings and formal occasions, men in the middle and upper classes often wear bandhgala, or short [[Nehru jackets]], with pants, with the groom and his [[groomsmen]] sporting [[sherwani]]s and churidars.<ref name="Dwyer2014">{{citation |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India |pages=244–245 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqwBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=978-1-78023-304-8 |author-link=Rachel Dwyer}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Water pump, Varanasi (15563170660) Cropped.jpg|A man in [[dhoti]] and woollen shawl in [[Varanasi]]
File:India School.jpg|Women in [[sari]] at an adult literacy class in [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:GroupFromNorthEastIndiaAtTaj.jpg|Female tourists from [[Manipur]] in shawl and [[phanek]]—lower-body garment similar to a [[sarong]], and made of a rectangular piece of cloth with one pair of opposite sides stitched together<ref name=phanek>{{cite book|last=Haripriya|first = Soibam| chapter = Irom Sharmila's Poetry and the Problem of Anthologizing Indian Literature| title = The Oxford Handbook of Modern Indian Literatures|editor1-last = Anjaria| editor1-first = Ulka|editor2-last = Nerleker| editor2-first = Anjali= |publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2024 | page = 423 | isbn = 978-0-19-764791-2}}</ref>
File:Women of Puducherry.jpg|Women in [[shalwar-kameez]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
</gallery>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Indian cuisine}}

The foundation of a typical Indian meal is a cereal cooked plainly and complemented with savoury dishes.<ref name="Davidson2014-p409">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=409}}</ref> The cooked cereal could be steamed rice; [[chapati]], a thin unleavened bread;<ref name="Davidson2014-p161">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=161 |quote=Chapatis are made from finely milled whole-wheat flour, called chapati flour or atta, and water. The dough is rolled into thin rounds which vary in size from region to region and then cooked without fat or oil on a slightly curved griddle called a tava.}}</ref> [[idli]], a steamed breakfast cake; or [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], a griddled pancake.<ref name=tamang-yeast-idlidosa>{{citation |last1=Tamang |first1=J. P. |last2=Fleet |first2=G. H. |editor1-last=Satyanarayana |editor1-first=T. |editor2-last=Kunze |editor2-first=G. |chapter=Yeasts Diversity in Fermented Foods and Beverages |title=Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications |publisher=Springer |page=180 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLFmiervaqMC&pg=PA180 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-8292-4 |quote=Idli is an acid-leavened and steamed cake made by bacterial fermentation of a thick batter made from coarsely ground rice and dehulled black gram. Idli cakes are soft, moist and spongy, have desirable sour flavour, and is eaten as breakfast in South India. Dosa batter is very similar to idli batter, except that both the rice and black gram are finely grounded. The batter is thinner than that of idli and is fried as a thin, crisp pancake and eaten directly in South India.}}</ref> The savoury dishes might include [[lentil]]s, [[pulses]], vegetables, meat, poultry and fish commonly spiced with [[ginger root|ginger]] and [[garlic]], but also [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[turmeric]], [[cinnamon]], [[cardamom]] and others.<ref name="Davidson2014-p409" /> In some instances, the ingredients may be mixed during the cooking process.<ref name=jhala-princely-biryani>{{citation |last=Jhala |first=Angma Day |title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India |publisher=Routledge |page=70 |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-31657-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |quote=With the ascent of the Mughal Empire in sixteenth-century India, Turkic, Persian and Afghan traditions of dress, 'architecture and cuisine' were adopted by non-Muslim indigenous elites in South Asia. In this manner, Central Asian cooking merged with older traditions within the subcontinent, to create such signature dishes as biryani (a fusion of the Persian pilau and the spice-laden dishes of Hindustan), and the Kashmiri meat stew of Rogan Josh. It not only generated new dishes and entire cuisines, but also fostered novel modes of eating. Such newer trends included the consumption of Persian condiments, which relied heavily on almonds, pastries and quince jams, alongside Indian achars made from sweet limes, green vegetables and curds as side relishes during Mughlai meals.}}</ref> India has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents.<ref name="Davidson2014-p410">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA410 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=410}}</ref> About 20% to 39% of India's population consists of vegetarians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=4 April 2018 |title=The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=16 July 2025 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation {{!}} Religion and food |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religion-and-food/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Although meat is eaten widely, the proportional consumption of meat is low.<ref name="SahakianSaloma2016-50">{{citation |last1=Sahakian |first1=Marlyne |last2=Saloma |first2=Czarina |last3=Erkman |first3=Suren |title=Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-317-31050-1 |page=50}}</ref>

The most significant import of cooking techniques into India during the last millennium occurred during the [[Mughal Empire]], spreading into northern India from regions to its northwest,<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007">{{citation |last=Collingham |first=Elizabeth M. |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pH88DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-532001-5 |page=25}}</ref> along with dishes such as [[pilaf]].{{sfn|Roger|2000}}<ref name=sengupta-74>{{citation |last=Sengupta |first=Jayanta |editor=Freedman, Paul |editor2=Chaplin, Joyce E. |editor3=Albala, Ken |title=Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNQkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2014 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-27745-8 |page=74 |chapter=India}}</ref> Onions, garlic, almonds, and spices were added to the simple yogurt marinade of Persia.<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007" /> Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce [[biryani]],<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007" /> a feature of festive dining in many parts of India.<ref name=nandy2004>{{citation |last1=Nandy |first1=Ashis |author-link=Ashis Nandy |title=The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food: Preliminary Notes |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1177/0262728004042760 }}</ref>

The diversity of Indian food served worldwide has been partially concealed by the dominance of [[Punjabi cuisine]]. The popularity of [[tandoori chicken]]—cooked in a [[tandoor]] oven, which had traditionally been used for baking bread in the rural Punjab and the Delhi region, especially among Muslims, but which is originally from [[Central Asia]]—dates to the 1950s, and was caused in large part by an entrepreneurial response among people from the Punjab who had been displaced by the 1947 partition.<ref name="Davidson2014-p410" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Making Khameeri Roti in Tandoor in Turkman Gate Old Delhi.webm|A tandoor chef in the [[Turkman Gate]], [[Old Delhi]], makes ''Khameeri roti'', a Muslim-influenced style of [[Bread#Leavening|leavened bread]].{{efn|The [[Central Asia]]n custom of buying bread outside the home accompanied the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] to India.<ref name=bloomsbury-indian-khameri-roti>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Megha |editor1-last=Taylor Sen |editor1-first=Colleen |editor2-last=Bhattacharyya |editor2-first=Sourish |editor3-last=Saberi |editor3-first=Helen |chapter=Breads |title=The Blooomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |location=London, New York, and Dublin |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-3501-2863-7 |page=60 |quote=''Khamiri roti'' is the Indian version of [[sourdough bread]]. "Khamir" means yeast or starter in [[Urdu]]. ... It is made in a tandoor. ... The culture of purchasaing breads from outside is Central Asian and came to India with the Mughals. The best ''khamiri roti'' is sold in various shops in [[Old Delhi]] run by people who claim to be the direct descendants of the cooks who worked for the Mughals and use the same recipe as their ancestors.}}</ref>}}<ref name="Panjabi1995">{{citation |last=Panjabi |first=Camellia |title=The Great Curries of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYCFJMLZ_-4C&pg=PA158 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-80383-8 |pages=158– |quote=The Muslim influenced breads of India are leavened, like ''naan'', ''Khamiri roti'', ...}}</ref>
File:South Indian Thali Cropped.jpg|South Indian vegetarian [[thali]], or platter
File:Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|[[Machher jhol]], a spicy fish curry eaten in eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh
File:Khairdeen, alias Pritam, relishing a mango at the dusk of his life 05.jpg|[[Mango]], the national fruit of India, is eaten widely in the summer months.<ref name=mango-national-fruit>{{cite book|last1 = Haidar | first1 = Sakina | last2 = Hussain | first2 = Sajjad | last3 = Naz | first3 = Safina | last4 = Ali |first4 = Sajid | last5 = Noor | first5 = Anam | chapter = Introduction and History of Mango | title = Handbook of Research on Mango Fruit: Postharvest Science, Production, Nutrition, and Processing Technology |editor1-first = Sajjad | editor1-last = Hussain | editor2-last = Nahar| editor2-first = Kamrun| editor3-last = Rajwana| editor3-first = Ishtiaq A.| editor4-last = Ercisli|editor4-first= Sezai| editor5-last= Ahmad| editor5-first = Shakeel| publisher = CRC Press, Routledge | year = 2025 | page = 1–2 |isbn = 978-1-77964-338-4}}</ref>{{efn|Genetic studies have shown that mangos were first domesticated in the region between northeastern India, northwestern Myanmar, and Bangladesh.<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |article-number=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |bibcode=2017FrPS....8..577K |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W}}</ref>}}
</gallery>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in India}}

Several traditional indigenous sports such as ''[[kabaddi]]'', ''[[kho kho]]'', ''[[pehlwani]]'' and ''[[gilli-danda]]'', and also [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]], such as ''[[Kalarippayattu]]'' and ''[[marma adi]]'' remain popular. [[Chess]] is commonly held to have [[History of chess#India|originated in India]] as ''[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]'';{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 2}} There has been a rise in the number of Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]].{{sfn|Rediff 2008 b}} [[Viswanathan Anand]] became the undisputed [[World Chess Championship 2007|Chess World Champion in 2007]] and held the status until 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen |title=Candidates' R13: Anand Draws, Clinches Rematch with Carlsen |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111220728/https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Parcheesi]] is derived from ''[[Pachisi]]'' another traditional Indian pastime, which in early modern times was played on a giant marble court by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Binmore|2007|p = 98}}

[[Cricket in India|Cricket]] is the most popular sport in India.<ref>{{citation |last=Shores |first=Lori |title=Teens in India |date=15 February 2007 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050252/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Compass Point Books]] |isbn=978-0-7565-2063-2}}</ref> [[India national cricket team|India]] is one of the more successful cricket teams, having won two [[Cricket World Cup]]s, three [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]], and three [[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophies]]. [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] has won a record eight [[field hockey]] gold medals in the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |title=What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now? |website=India Today |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013320/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Indian-Hockey-Team-Berlin-1936.jpg|The Indian hockey team, captained by [[Dhyan Chand]] (standing second from left), after winning the finals at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] – their third of six consecutive Olympic golds
File:President of Bharat Smt. Droupadi Murmu confers Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award on Shri Gukesh Dommaraju.jpg|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]], the reigning world chess champion,<ref name=guardian-gukesh>{{citation|last=Graham |first = Bryan Armen| title = Gukesh Dommaraju becomes youngest world chess champion after horrific Ding Liren blunder | journal = Guardian | date = 12 December 2024|url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/12/gukesh-dommaraju-india-wins-world-chess-championship-youngest-champion-ding-liren}}</ref> receives India's highest sporting honour, the [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award|Dhyan Chand Award]] from India's president [[Droupadi Murmu]], January 17, 2025.
File:Sachin defends the ball.jpg|Indian [[cricket]] player [[Sachin Tendulkar]], the highest [[Run (cricket)|run]]-getter in [[test cricket]], playing a defensive stroke against Australia in [[Bangalore]], 2010
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
===Overview===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation |title=India |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency}} |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |date=December 2004 |title=Country Profile: India |edition=5th |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |publisher=Library of Congress [[Federal Research Division]] |url=https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131058/https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Heitzman |first1=James |last2=Worden |first2=Robert L. |year=1996 |title=India: A Country Study |series=Area Handbook Series |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |place=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0833-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse }}

* {{citation |title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner]] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |ref={{sfnRef|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India}} |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909032654/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |url-status=live }}
* Robinson, Francis, ed. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives'' (1989)
* {{citation |date=24 January 1950 |title=Constituent Assembly of India – Volume XII |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |access-date=17 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173243/https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
{{refend}}

===Etymology===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Barrow |first=Ian J. |title=From Hindustan to India: Naming change in changing names |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=26 |pages=37–49 |number=1 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/085640032000063977}}
* {{cite journal |last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |title='India, that is Bharat...': One Country, Two Names |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=10 |year=2014 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3717 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928035644/https://samaj.revues.org/3717}}
* {{cite book |last=Thieme |first=P. |chapter=Sanskrit ''sindu-/Sindhu-'' and Old Iranian ''hindu-/Hindu-'' |editor1=Mary Boyce |editor2=Ilya Gershevitch |year=1970 |title=W. B. Henning Memorial Volume |publisher=[[Lund Humphries]] |isbn=978-0-85331-255-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3UBAAAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}

===History===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2006 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2008 |title=India Before Europe t |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-51750-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2022 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-42816-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=J. M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1994 |title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy |edition=2nd |series=[[The Short Oxford History of the Modern World]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873113-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-84697-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Copland |first=I. |year=2001 |title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire |publisher=[[Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-38173-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=On Hinduism |pages=xviii, 10 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-936009-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Elverskog |first=Johan |title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8 |year=2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA35 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |title=South Asia in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |series=The New Oxford World History series |pages=54–56 |isbn=978-0-19-517653-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Denis |year=2004 |title=The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 |publisher=Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280 |isbn=978-0-19-280358-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |year=2004 |title=A History of India |series=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |year=2016 |title=A History of India |series=6th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-96114-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The Syntax and Semantics of Adjectival Verb Forms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3 |pages= |quote=}}
* {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2002 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-237-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2014 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-936-1 |edition=2nd, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author1-link=Barbara Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021259/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Peers |first=D. M. |year=2006 |title=India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-31738-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice: Hindu Practice |pages= |year=2020 |editor=Gavin Flood |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-105322-1 |author-link=Gavin Flood}}
* {{cite journal |last=Iori |first=Elisa |year=2023 |title=Releasing Urban Religion beyond the City Wall: The Spatial Capital of Early Buddhist Monasticism in NW South Asia |journal=Numen |volume=70 |issue=2–3 |pages=184–219 |doi=10.1163/15685276-20231691 |doi-access=free |hdl=10278/5079362 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{citation |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie |title=The Rigveda |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-063339-4 |last2=Brereton |first2=Joel |author-link1=Stephanie W. Jamison}}
*{{cite book |last=Mattern |first=Susan |title=The Slow Moon Climbs: The Science, History, and Meaning of Menopause |location=Princeton, NJ, and London |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-691-17163-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-100709-5 |editor=Patrick Olivelle, Donald R. Davis |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book |last=Peers |first=D. M. |year=2013 |title=India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-88286-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ |access-date=13 August 2019}}
* {{cite book |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Allchin |first2=Bridget |author-link2=Bridget Allchin |editor=Michael Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA6 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1 |chapter=Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent}}
* {{cite book |last=Possehl |first=G. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |year=2003 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman Altamira]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}}
* {{cite book |last=Robb |first=P. |title=A History of India |year=2001 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]] |isbn=978-0-333-69129-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete}}
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*{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |title=India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00910-3 |year=2012}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=S. |year=1983 |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-333-90425-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ}}
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* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |year=2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ}}
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* {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin D. Flood |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C |access-date=15 March 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |chapter=Vedas and Upanișads}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=S. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2003 |title=A New History of India |edition=7th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516678-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |author-link=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |access-date=29 September 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
{{refend}}

===Geography===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=J. R. |last2=Aitchison |first2=J. C. |year=2005 |title=Greater India |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=170–173 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005 |bibcode=2005ESRv...72..169A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Mahua |last2=Xavier |first2=Savarimuthu |year=2017 |title=Fundamentals of Environmental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-87051-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chang |first=J. H. |year=1967 |title=The Indian Summer Monsoon |periodical=[[Geographical Review]] |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=373–396 |doi=10.2307/212640 |jstor=212640 |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]], Wiley |bibcode=1967GeoRv..57..373C}}
* {{cite book |year=1988 |title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 |publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf |access-date=25 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Schwartzberg |first2=Joseph E. |author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=India: Land |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=2023 |pages=1–29 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084916/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Duff |first=D. |author-link=Donald Duff (geologist and author) |year=1993 |title=Holmes Principles of Physical Geology |edition=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7487-4381-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353}}
* {{cite book |last1=Frisch |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Meschede |first2=Martin |last3=Blakey |first3=Ronald |title=Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-76503-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2 |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaul |first=R. N. |editor-last=Kaul |editor-first=R. N. |year=1970 |chapter=The Indian Subcontinent: Indo-Pakistan |title=Afforestation in Arid Zones |isbn=978-94-010-3352-7 |location=The Hague |publisher=Dr. W. Junk, N.V., Publishers}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sanil |last2=Pathak |first2=K. C. |last3=Pednekar |first3=P. |last4=Raju |first4=N. S. N. |last5=Gowthaman |first5=R. |year=2006 |title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline |periodical=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=530–536 |url=https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908141613/https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2009}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mcgrail |first1=Sean |last2=Blue |first2=Lucy |last3=Kentley |first3=Eric |last4=Palmer |first4=Colin |year=2003 |title=Boats of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1eBAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-43130-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Molnar |first=Peter |title=Plate Tectonics: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-872826-9}}
* {{cite book |year=2007 |title=India Yearbook 2007 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-1423-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Posey |first=C. A. |year=1994 |title=The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather |publisher=[[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]] |isbn=978-0-89577-625-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/livingearthbooko00pose}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=B. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Rao |first3=M. S. |last4=Giri |first4=S. C. |year=2000 |title=Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=438–449 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|Prakash et al.|2000}} |archive-date=4 May 2011 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504075319/https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwar |editor-last=Mani |editor-first=M. S. |year=1974 |chapter=The Ecology of Vertebrates of the Indian Desert |title=Ecology and Biogeography in India |location=The Hague |publisher=Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers |isbn=978-94-010-2333-7}}
{{refend}}

===Biodiversity===
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* {{cite book |last=Basak |first=R. K. |year=1983 |title=Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities |publisher=India. [[Department of Environment]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ |access-date=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation |last1=Crame |first1=J. A. |last2=Owen |first2=A. W. |year=2002 |title=Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations |series=Geological Society Special Publication |issue=194 |publisher=[[Geological Society of London]] |isbn=978-1-86239-106-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142 |access-date=8 December 2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Karanth |first1=K. Ullas |last2=Gopal |first2=Rajesh |editor=Rosie Woodroffe |editor2=Simon Thirgood |editor3=Alan Rabinowitz |year=2005 |title=People and Wildlife, Conflict Or Co-existence? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vNzRzcjntAC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-53203-7 |chapter=An ecology-based policy framework for human-tiger coexistence in India}}
* {{cite journal |last=Karanth |first=K. P. |year=2006 |title=Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=789–792 |url=https://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf |access-date=18 May 2011 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223533/https://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Tritsch |first=M. F. |year=2001 |title=Wildlife of India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |place=London |isbn=978-0-00-711062-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildlifeofindia0000trit}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Groombridge |editor-first=Brian |date=1994 |title=1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0194-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4 |ref={{SfnRef|IUCN|1994}}}}
* {{cite book |date=9 September 1972 |title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html |access-date=25 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972}} |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175843/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

===Politics===
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* {{cite book |last1=Burnell |first1=P. J. |last2=Calvert |first2=P. |year=1999 |title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7146-8026-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271 |access-date=20 July 2011}}
* {{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 May 2009 |title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072031/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/second-upa-win-a-crowning-glory-for-sonia-s-ascendancy-109051600183_1.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Business Standard|2009}} |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] India |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of}}
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===Culture===
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Manipuri Sahitya Parishad

2026-04-26T20:14:00Z

ClariceLinderman: new a details nd citations

{{Short description|Literary club for the Meitei language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Manipuri Sahitya Parishad
| full_name =
| native_name = {{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ}}}} 
| native_name_lang = mni 
| logo = Manipuri Sahitya Parishad.jpeg
| logo_size =
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| logo_caption = Logo of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad
| image =
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| abbreviation = MSP
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| formation = {{start date and age|1935}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=81st Manipuri Sahitya Parishad foundation day : 24th jun15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp13..240615.jun15 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> 
| founder = 
| founding_location = [[Imphal]]
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| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], etc.
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| status = active 
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| headquarters = [[Imphal]]
| location = {{ubl
| Imphal, India
| [[Thoubal]], [[Jiribam]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]]
}}
| coordinates = 
| origins = [[Manipur]]
| region_served = [[Northeast India]] 
| products =
| methods = 
| fields = [[Meitei literature]] and [[Meitei culture]] 
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| language = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri) 
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| funding = [[Government of Manipur]] 
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The '''Manipuri Sahitya Parishad''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ}}||Manipuri Literary Council}}) is a literary council dedicated to the active promotion and the development of literary works in the [[Meitei language]] in India.<ref name=":Sanajaoba185">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA185 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=185 |language=en |chapter=Meetei Settlement in Barak Valley/185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Sahitya Parishad contributes greatly but only few are aware of their work: Karam Shyam : 24th jun18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..240618.jun18 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> in national as well as international levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Sahitya Parishad celebrates 85 years : 24th jun19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..240619.jun19 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
It has its branches in the Manupur cities of [[Imphal]],<ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Sahitya Parishad celebrates platinum jubilee : 23rd nov10 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..231110.nov10 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Language Day observed |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/8/21/Manipur-Language-Day-observed.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Sahitya Parishad to hold annual meeting : 05th dec15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp11..051215.dec15 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> and [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=15th annual meet of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad Thoubal held : 27th dec16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..271216.dec16 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> inside [[Manipur]] and in [[Tripura]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Giving Ceremony of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura held : 15th feb11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..150211.feb11 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> and [[Meghalaya]] in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Sahitya Parishad Meghalaya announced Awardees for 2016 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2016.Manipuri_Sahitya_Parishad_Meghalaya_announced_Awardees_for_2016 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The Manipuri Sahitya Parishad organises research works, seminars, symposiums, publication of journals and books, translation works of Meitei-language literary works into other languages, preservation of [[Meitei folktales]] and [[Music of Manipur|Meitei music]], bestowing of literary awards and cash prizes to outstanding writers and artists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Parishad celebrates 80th foundation day : 24th jun14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..240614.jun14 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== HSLC in Assam ==
In 1977, E. Chandra, the then president of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Assam and D. Gogoi, the then President, [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam|SEBA]], and the [[Government of Assam]] came into an agreement, and the [[Meitei language]] medium of the [[High School Leaving Certificate (India)|HSLC examination]] was introduced. In the year 1979, for the first time in the history, 1,043 [[Meitei people|Meitei students]] in the [[Barak Valley]], from 26 high schools, got the opportunity to appear at the [[High School Leaving Certificate (India)|H.S.L.C. examination]] in [[Meitei language]] medium.<ref name=":Sanajaoba205">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA205 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=205 |language=en |chapter=Meeteis in Barak Valley/205}}</ref><ref name="Sanajaoba212">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA212 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>

== Kamini Kumar Memorial Gold Medal ==
Kamini Kumar was the patron of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura since its establishment in the year 1963. He donated {{INR Convert|1000|year=1963}} to the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Imphal, through which the Sahitya Parishad managed to bestow the prestigious "Kamini Kumar Memorial Gold Medal", a 3 yearly award for the best creative-writing in [[Meitei language]], written by [[Manipuris]] of outside of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":Sanajaoba373">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA373 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=373 |language=en |chapter=Manipuris in the Political and Administrative Affairs of Tripura/373}}</ref>

On 24 June 2019, Abdul Hamid, a [[Meitei Pangals|Meitei Pangal]] of [[Cachar]], [[Assam]], was bestowed the prestigious "Kamini Kumar Gold Medal Award" in the 84th Annual General Meeting of the "Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Imphal", at the Jawaharlal Nehru Dance Academy in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Hamid awarded Kamini Kumar Gold Medal at 84th AGM of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad 2019 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Manipur_State_Kala_Akademi_Award_2011_Winners.Abdul_Hamid_awarded_Kamini_Kumar_Gold_Medal_at_84th_AGM_of_Manipuri_Sahitya_Parishad_2019 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Contributions to fields other than the literature ==
Other than the field of [[Meitei literature]], the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad also promotes the people who contribute to the fields of Matam Ishei, Nat Sankritan, Raas, stage drama, Goura Leela, paintings, [[Thang-Ta]], Lairik Thiba, Pung, among the elements of [[Meitei culture]], by conferring awards every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Sahitya Parishad honours writers/artistes : 25th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..250622.jun22 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Parishad Awards : 13th apr16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..130416.apr16 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Sahitya Parishad condoles : 04th jun21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=42..040621.jun21 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Promoting the [[Meitei classical dance]] and the [[Meitei Sankirtana]], the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Imphal, bestowed the title of 'Sangeet Ratna' to Chengtham Subal and Haobam Basna, in 1976 and 1984 respectively.<ref name=":Sanajaoba293">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA293 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=293 |language=en |chapter=Meeteis in Nagaon District of Assam/293}}</ref>

== Published works ==
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2023}}
* 1964 Archaic Manipuri literature (in [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]). Jour. of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, March: 1–13.<ref name=":Sen242">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sipra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&dq=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PA242 |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-310-0 |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref>
* Singh, Moirangthem Chandra: 1967: Panthoibi Khonggul (in [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]). Imphal, Manipuri Sahitya Parishad.<ref name=":Sen242" />
* 1967 Charairongba Khugum (in [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) Imphal, Manipuri Sahitya Parishad.<ref name=":Sen242" />
* Parrett, J. K.: 1973: Manipur and European Research. The Sahitya (Imphal), Manipur Sahitya Parishad, August issue.<ref name=":Sen201">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sipra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&dq=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PA201 |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-310-0 |pages=201 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1967: The origin of the Meitei race (in [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), Jour. of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad : 11–7.<ref name=":Sen236">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sipra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&dq=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PA236 |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-310-0 |pages=236 |language=en}}</ref>

== Key people ==
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2023}}
* '''Ningthoukhongjam Chandrahas Singh (1904–1966)''' was the first president of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura. He participated in the annual conference of the Parishad in Imphal as a delegate from Tripura in 1964. Besides, he was the first Manipuri of Tripura, who became a session judge.<ref name=":Sanajaoba373"/>
* '''A. K. Seram''', the Founder and the President of [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]], attended a number of literary seminars, organised by Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Assam in India.<ref name=":Sanajaoba30">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PR30 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Karam Ibungohal''' was the general secretary of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Assam and editor of the annual journal of the Parishad.<ref name=":Sanajaoba33">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PR33 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Kheiruddin Chowdhury''' was the President of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Assam. Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Imphal bestowed him the prestigious Kamini Kumar award in 1978. He advocated on many [[Meitei language movement]]s ([[Manipuri language movement]]s), specifically in the [[Cachar district]] of Assam.<ref name=":Sanajaoba33" />
* '''Rajkumar Kamaljit''' (born 1924) was the President of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura and founder-editor of Manipuri Journal named ''"Marup"''.<ref name=":Sanajaoba33" />
* '''Mayengbam Ramgopal''' was the secretary of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura, the chief editor of ''"Takhel Leirang"'', a magazine of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura.<ref name=":Sanajaoba33" />
* '''R. K. Jitendrajit''' was a Secretary of the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura.<ref name=":Sanajaoba34">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PR34 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Wangkhem Biramangal''' was closely associated with Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Tripura, Tripura Rabindra Parishad and other philanthropic organisations in Tripura, and is actively engaged in the promotion of [[:en:wikt:Manipurology|Manipurology]].<ref name=":Sanajaoba34" />

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Language|Literature}}
* [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
** [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei]]
** [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Meitei]]
** [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Meitei]]
* [[Manipur University]]
* [[Manipur University of Culture]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/search?query=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad Manipuri Sahitya Parishad] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Manipuri+Sahitya+Parishad&sa.x=16&sa.y=10 Manipuri Sahitya Parishad] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
* [https://www.ifp.co.in/tag/manipuri-sahitya-parishad Manipuri Sahitya Parishad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130131857/https://www.ifp.co.in/tag/manipuri-sahitya-parishad |date=30 November 2024 }} at [[Imphal Free Press]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
[[Category:Culture of Tripura]]
[[Category:Writers' organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:Language regulators]]
[[Category:Linguistics organizations]]
[[Category:Linguistic research]]
[[Category:Literary agencies]]
[[Category:Meitei language movements]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Assam]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Imphal]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Tripura]]

Ulimeswaram

2026-04-23T06:53:14Z

ClariceLinderman: starting new entry added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ulimeswaram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.128155|82.130548}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
}}

'''Ulimeswaram''' (sometimes spelled '''Vulimeswaram'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 (2) ALD 454 {{!}} District Collector. Case: Tadikonda Narmada Vs District Collector. High Court of Andhra Pradesh (India) |url=https://vlex.in/vid/tadikonda-narmada-vs-district-545858570 |website=vLex |access-date=20 September 2024 |language=en |date=2013}}</ref>) is a south [[India]]n village in [[Peddapuram Mandal]] in the [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ULIMESWARAM (GRAMA PANCHAYAT) |url=https://trainingonline.gov.in/integrated-reporting/navigateReportPage.htm?sparam=28&lang=1&lbCode=199568 |website=trainingonline.gov.in |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Bijepur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:09Z

ClariceLinderman: creating new info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bijepur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bijepur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 2
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sanat Kumar Gartia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,41,753{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Bijepur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Bargarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]. It was established in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==

* Gaisilet Block
* Bijepur Block
* Barpali Block : Patkulunda, Remta, Bandhpali, Khemesara, Kainsir, Satalma, Barguda, Mahada, Tileimal, Agalpur, Bhatigaon, Raxa, Gopeipali, Tinkani, Tulundi and Kumbhari GPs
* Barpali NAC.<ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp125.htm|title= 125 - Bijepur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 5 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.52}}
{{bar percent|2019 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|73.86}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|59.78}}
{{bar percent|2018 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.61}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.15}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.91}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.97}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.99}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.33}}
{{bar percent|1991 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.53}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|63.54}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|58.46}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|48.71}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|63.37}}
}}
Since its formation in 1961,18 elections were held during including 3 By-Elections in 1991, 2018 and 2019.

List of members elected from Bijepur Constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bijepur Constituency Election Results 2024: Bijepur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/bijepur |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sanat Kumar Gartia]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 elections in India#Odisha|2019 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Resignation of [[Naveen Patnaik]]}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Odisha By-Election Result 2019: Biju Janata Dal (BJD) Wins Bijepur Seat By Record Margin |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-by-election-result-2019-bjd-candidate-rita-sahu-wins-bijepur-seat-by-record-margin-2122126 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Rita Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Bijepur 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/43336 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|-
|[[2018 elections in India#Odisha|2018 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of Subal Sahu}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=BJD's Rita Sahu Wins Bijepur In Odisha Assembly Bypoll |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjds-rita-sahu-wins-bijepur-in-odisha-assembly-bypoll-1818213 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Rita Sahu]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":4" />
| rowspan="3" |Subal Sahu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Ashok Kumar Panigrahy
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Ripunath Seth]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1991 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Nikunja Bihari Singh}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Bijepur 1991 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1424 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Kishorimani Singh
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Nikunja Bihari Singh
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Rajib Lochan Hota
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nityananda Gartia
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|[[Gananath Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Tribikram Malik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Mohan Nag
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Sanat Kumar Gartia defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rita Sahu]] by a margin of 10,066 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijepur Assembly Election Results 2024: Bijepur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bijepur-constituency-result-18002 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bijepur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanat Kumar Gartia]]
|votes = 93,161
|percentage = 47.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Rita Sahu]]|votes=83,095|percentage=42.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kishor Dafadar|votes=15,707|percentage=8.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2055|percentage=1.05|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,066|percentage=5.13|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,96,028|percentage=81.09|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 Bypoll ===
In 2019 By-Election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rita Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sanat Kumar Gartia]] by a margin of 97,990 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="BJD’s Rita Sahu secures impressive victory in Bijepur bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=24 October 2019 |title=BJD's Rita Sahu secures impressive victory in Bijepur bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjd-wins-bijepur-bypoll-in-odisha-by-over-97000-votes/article29785135.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709082411/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjd-wins-bijepur-bypoll-in-odisha-by-over-97000-votes/article29785135.ece |archivedate=9 July 2022 |accessdate=9 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 elections in India|2019 By-election]]: Bijepur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rita Sahu]]
|votes = 1,35,957
|percentage = 73.86
|change = {{increase}}14.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanat Kumar Gartia|votes=37,967|percentage=20.62|change={{decrease}}8.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dillip Kumar Panda|votes=5,873|percentage=3.20|change={{decrease}}4.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,982|percentage=1.07|change=0.16}}
{{Election box majority||votes=97,990|percentage=53.23|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,84,059|percentage=79.32|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Naveen Patnaik]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sanat Kumar Gartia]] by a margin of 57,122 votes. Later, [[Naveen Patnaik]] has resigned as MLA from the Bijepur Assembly Constituency.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bijepur<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
|votes = 1,10,604
|percentage = 59.78
|change = {{increase}}27.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanat Kumar Gartia]]|votes=53,482|percentage=28.91|change={{increase}}10.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ripunath Seth|votes=14,344|percentage=7.75|change={{decrease}}24.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,675|percentage=0.91|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=57,122|percentage=30.87|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,85,024|percentage=79.69|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Bypoll ===
In 2018 By-Election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rita Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Ashok Kumar Panigrahy by a margin of 41,932 votes.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bye election for Odisha 2 Bijepur (AC) |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/2533-bye-election-result-2018-odisha-2-bijepur-ac/ |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2018 elections in India|2018 By-election]]: Bijepur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rita Sahu]]
|votes = 1,02,871
|percentage = 56.61
|change = {{increase}}24.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Panigrahy
|votes = 60,939
|percentage = 33.54
|change = {{increase}}15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pranaya Kumar Sahu
|votes = 10274
|percentage = 5.65
|change = {{decrease}}26.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1684
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,932
|percentage = 23.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,81,716
|percentage = 82.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 24.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Subal Sahu defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanna Acharya]] by a margin of 458 votes.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=2014-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bijepur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Bijepur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS182.htm?ac=2|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Bijepur (2)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017041951/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=2|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 October 2017|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subal Sahu
|votes = 53,290
|percentage = 32.15
|change = {{decrease}}8.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prasanna Acharya]]
|votes = 52,832
|percentage = 31.88
|change = {{decrease}}2.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayshankar Pattanaik
|votes = 30,001
|percentage = 18.1
|change = {{increase}}4.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Panigrahi
|votes = 18,232
|percentage = 11.0
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,285
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 458
|percentage = 0.28
|change = 6.17
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,747
|percentage = 80.29
|change = 10.06
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,06,436
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Subal Sahu defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prabhat Aditya Mishra by 18,066 votes.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=8971 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Bijepur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_OR_April2009.pdf |title=Statistical report on general election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217135150/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_OR_April2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subal Sahu
|votes = 56,864
|percentage = 40.91
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Prabhat Aditya Mishra
|votes = 47,893
|percentage = 34.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohammad Rafique
|votes = 19,493
|percentage = 14.02
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,971
|percentage =''6.45''
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,39,018
|percentage = 70.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bargarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.19|83.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Rayadurg–Tumkur section

2026-04-15T07:30:43Z

ClariceLinderman: added entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Rayadurg–Tumkur section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Rayadurg Junction}}
| end = [[Tumkur]]
| stations =
| routes =
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot =
| linelength = {{Convert|207.00|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed = 100 km/h
| electrification = Ongoing
| website =
| map = {{Rayadurg–Tumkur section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Rayadurg–Tumkur section''' is an ongoing [[broad-gauge railway]] line project in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]]. It connects [[Rayadurg]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] with [[Tumkur]] in [[Karnataka]].

== History ==
The foundation stone for this project was laid in October 2011 with an outlay of 857.31 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,1036,1038|title = South Western Railway}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==
This project falls under the jurisdiction of both [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] states with a distance of 94 km and 113 km. This line falls under the jurisdiction of [[Hubli railway division]] of the [[South Western Railway Zone]].

==Status==
As of now 63 km of track is operational. There is a single daily passenger service from {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} to Kadiri Devarapalli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tirupati-kalyandurg-train-extended-to-kadiri-devarapalli-2382712|title = Tirupati-Kalyandurg train extended to Kadiri Devarapalli}}</ref>

==Route==
This line passes through [[Kalyandurg]], [[Kadiridevarapalli]], [[Doddahalli]], [[Pavagada]], [[Madakasira]], [[Medigeshi]], [[Madhugiri]], Koratagere
Oorukere and ends at [[Tumkur]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rayadurg-Tumkur section}}
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Bangalore railway division]]
[[Category:Guntakal railway division]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

Karana-kutuhala

2026-04-14T00:38:00Z

ClariceLinderman: Creating New Stub

{{Short description|1183 CE Sanskrit-language book on jyotisha (astrology and astronomy) by Bhaskara II}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Karana-kutuhala
| author = [[Bhaskara II]]
| title_orig = करणकुतूहल
| orig_lang_code = sa
| country = ancient India
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| subject = [[jyotihshastra|jyotisha]] ([[astrology and astronomy]])
| genre = ''karana'' (concise exposition of astronomy)
| published = 1183 CE
| preceded_by = [[Siddhanta Shiromani]]
}}
'''''Karana-kutuhala''''' ([[IAST]]: ''Karaṇakutūhala'') is a 1183 CE [[Sanskrit]]-language book on [[jyotihshastra|jyotisha]] ([[astrology and astronomy]]) by [[Bhaskara II]], a [[mathematician]]-[[astronomer]] from present-day India.

== Date and authorship ==

[[Bhāskara II|Bhaskara II]] wrote ''Karana-kutuhala'' (literally, "Calculation of Astronomical Wonders") in 1183 CE.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ronald Calinger |title=Classics of Mathematics |year=1999 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=9780023183423 |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXnwAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

Alternative titles for ''Karana-kutuhala'' include ''Karaṇakutūhalam'', ''Khetakarma'', ''Graha-gama-kutuhala'', ''Brahma-tulya'', and ''Vidagdha-buddhi-vallabha''.<ref name="CESS"/> As the name suggests, the book is a ''[[karana (astronomy)|karana]]'' text, that is, a concise exposition of astronomy. Bhaskara's ''Karana-kutuhala'' was followed by Indian [[Astronomer|astronomers]] for several centuries, during which no other ''karana'' text was produced, until [[Ganesha Daivajna|Ganesha]] composed ''Graha-laghava'' or ''Siddhanta-rahasya'' in the early 16th century.<ref name="DP_1981"/>

The text was popular in west and north-west India,<ref name="DP_1981"/> and survives in form of over 150 manuscripts.<ref name="CESS"/>

== Contents ==

''Karana-kutuhala'' condenses and approximates many computational formulae from Bhaskara's earlier work, the ''[[Siddhanta Shiromani]]'', in accordance with the ''Brahma-paksha'' sunrise-epoch astronomical school. It uses the epoch of sunrise on 23-24 February 1183 of the [[Julian calendar]] (1 Chaitra [[Shaka era|Shaka]] 1105).<ref name="AM_2020"/>

The text contains following chapters:<ref name="CESS">{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=4 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ |pages=322–326 }}</ref>

* ''Nabhoga-madhya-sadhana''
* ''Sphuta-kriya''
* ''Tri-prashna''
* ''Sashanka-parva-sadhana''
* ''Ravi-graha-sadhana''
* ''Grahodayashta-sadhana''
* ''Shrngonnatipra-sadhana''
* ''Grahottha-yoga-sadhana''
* ''Pata-sadhana''
* ''Ravindu-parva-sambhava''
* ''Niradarka-vichara''

== Commentaries and derivative texts ==

Several later writers composed commentaries on the ''Karana-kutuhala''. These include:<ref name="DP_1981">{{cite book |author=David Pingree |title=Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature |series=A History of Indian Literature |year=1981 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=3-447-02165-9 |pages=35–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0UIAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>

* ''Brahma-tulya-bhashya'' (c. 1370) by Ekanatha, at Mahandanagara, probably in west India
* ''Narmadi'' (c. 1400) by Padmanabha, probably in west India
* ''Karana-kutuhala-tika'' (before 1462) by Sodhala
* ''Brahma-tulyodaharana'' (1612) by Vishvanatha, at [[Varanasi]]
* ''Ganaka-kumuda-kaumudi'' (1621) by Sumati-harsha Gani, near Vindhyadri
* ''Karana-kutuhala-tika'' (before 1658) by Chandi-dasa

''Brahmatulya-sarani'' (literally "Tables of/for the ''Brahmatulya''"), an anonymous Sanskrit text from the 16th or the 17th century, contains astronomical tables and versified instructions based primarily on the ''Karana-kutuhala''.<ref name="AM_2020">{{cite book |editor1=Anuj Misra |editor2=[[Clemency Montelle]] |editor3=[[Kim Plofker]] |title=The Sanskrit Astronomical Table Text Brahmatulyasāraṇī: Numerical Tables in Textual Scholarship |year=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004432222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujcHEAAAQBAJ |page=9 }}</ref>

A critical edition of the text by Madhava Shastri Purohita, with Sumati-harsha's commentary, was published in 1901.<ref name="CESS"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/karnakutuhalabhaskaracharyaganakakumudakaumudisumatiharshavasanavibhushanasudhak_246_b Karaṇa-kutūhala]'' (1991), Sanskrit text with two Sanskrit commentaries (Sumatiharsa's ''Ganaka-kumuda-kaumudi'' and Sudhakar Dwivedi's ''Vasanavi-bhushana'') and a Hindi translation by Satyendra Mishra

[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]
[[Category:12th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:1183 works]]
[[Category:1180s books]]

Tirupati Municipal Corporation

2026-04-07T05:46:59Z

ClariceLinderman:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tirupati Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Tirupati nagara pālaka Samstha తిరుపతి నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = Tirupati Municipal Corporation.jpg
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Tirupati
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1886}}
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader3_type = Corporation Commissioner
| leader3 = Dr.N.Mourya IAS(2024)
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 10 March 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''
| seats = '''66'''

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = [[Alipiri]] Road, Opposite to Nehru Municipal Grounds, [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] 517501
| website = {{URL|https://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in|TMC website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC)''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Tirupati]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=tmc>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|accessdate=10 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208143052/http://www.tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/|archivedate=8 February 2015}}</ref> It is one of the three corporations in the state, alongside [[Kakinada Municipal Corporation|Kakinada]] and [[Visakhapatnam]] to feature in ''Smart City'' project.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rangarajan|first1=A.D.|title=A local touch to 'smart city' project|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-local-touch-to-smart-city-project/article7811690.ece|accessdate=10 November 2015|work=The Hindu|date=28 October 2015}}</ref> Established in the year 2007, the executive power of the TMC is vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2022 |title=Tirupati: MCT to step up efforts for collection of tax dues |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-mct-to-step-up-efforts-for-collection-of-tax-dues-744161 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref>

== Timeline ==

The Tirupati Municipality was formed on 1 April 1886. The municipality saw many gradations over the years and formed as municipal corporation on 2 March 2007. The following table shows the timeline of the municipality:<ref name=tmc /><ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type of municipality !! Upgraded
|-
| Municipality || 1 April 1886
|-
| First grade || 12 January 1965
|-
| Second grade || 1 October 1962
|-
| Special grade || 13 February 1970
|-
| Selection Grade || 7 October 1998
|-
| Municipal Corporation || 2 March 2007
|}

== List of Mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1.
|rowspan="2"|Dr.R.Sireesha Yadav
|M.Narayana B.Abhinay Reddy
|2021
|2024
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"|First Mayor of TMC
|-
|R.C.Munikrishna
|2024
|2026
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|}

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|48
|{{no change}}
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
|}

== Civic administration ==

The area of Tirupati Municipal Corporation was {{convert|16.59|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, when it was formed as a corporation. The present area after expansion is {{convert|27.44|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Tirupati|url=http://www.tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/aboutTirupati.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|accessdate=10 November 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The corporation population as per the 2011 census was 374,260. the present commissioner of the corporation is Mrs. N Mourya IAS.<ref>{{cite web|title=PS Girisha takes charge as Municipal Corporation of Tirupati chief|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ps-girisha-takes-charge-as-municipal-corporation-of-tirupati-chief-540766.ece}}</ref>

== Functions ==
Tirupati Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ti9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ti10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ti11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ti12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ti13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Municipal elections ==

=== 2021 ordinary elections ===
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Political party
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|48
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jana Sena Party}}"|
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|45px]]
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|0
|{{no change}}
|}

== Expansion Proposal ==
In October 2025, the '''Tirupati Municipal Council''' approved a major proposal to expand the limits of the corporation from '''30.17 square kilometres''' to '''238.8 square kilometres''', bringing '''63 surrounding villages''' under its jurisdiction. The newly included areas are drawn from the '''[[Tirupati Rural mandal|Tirupati Rural]]''', '''[[Renigunta mandal|Renigunta]]''', '''[[Chandragiri mandal|Chandragiri]]''', and '''[[Yerpedu mandal|Yerpedu]]''' mandals. The proposal has been submitted to the '''[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] (GoAP)''' for final approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Praveen |date=2025-10-25 |title=Tirupati Municipal Council approves expansion of Greater Tirupati Municipal Corporation |url=https://tmv.in/article/tirupati-municipal-council-approves-expansion-of-greater-tirupati-municipal-corporation |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The Morning Voice |language=en}}</ref>

The expansion aims to strengthen '''urban governance''', enhance '''infrastructure planning''', and ensure '''better coordination''' in public service delivery across the extended region. Officials have stated that the move will help address issues related to rapid urbanisation, such as traffic management, sanitation, and housing needs.

Once approved, the expansion will make Tirupati one of the largest municipal corporations in the '''[[Rayalaseema]]''' region, covering nearly eight times its previous area and serving as a model for '''integrated urban development''' in Andhra Pradesh.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Tirupati district}}
{{Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tirupati]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in India]]

Intermiles

2026-03-30T23:56:23Z

ClariceLinderman:

{{Short description|Travel and holiday companies of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = InterMiles (Jet Privilege Private Limited)
| logo = Intermiles.png
| type = [[Private company|Private]], [[subsidiary]]
| industry =[[Technology]] [[Finance]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2014}}
| key_people = Akash Poddar {{small|([[CEO]])}}
| hq_location = Unit No-703, 7th Floor, Kanakia Wall Street, Andheri Kurla Road, 400099 [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| products = [[frequent-flyer program]]
| services =
| owner = [[Etihad Airways]]
| website = {{URL|www.intermiles.com}}
}}

'''Jet Privilege Private Limited (JPPL)''' part of the Etihad Aviation Group, is an independent, loyalty and rewards Management Company formed in 2014. It was rebranded as InterMiles in 2019. {{As of |2020}}. the program had about 10 million members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jet-gone-jet-privilege-is-intermiles-now/articleshow/72052815.cms|title=Jet gone, Jet Privilege is InterMiles now|website=[[Times of India|The Times of India]]|language=en-US|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2012, Jet Privilege Private Limited (JPPL) was formed to issue miles and then let members redeem miles after it is accrued in members account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jet-airways-defers-plans-to-sell-stake-in-jet-privilege-1550267373385.html|title=Jet Airways defers plans to sell stake in Jet Privilege|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-14}}</ref> It was the frequent-flyer program<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/jet-privileges-frequent-flyer-programme-to-be-now-known-as-intermiles/article29972725.ece|title=Jet Privilege's frequent flyer programme to be now known as InterMiles|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/jet-airways-frequent-flier-programe-jetprivilege-is-now-intermiles-the-benefits-and-riders-explained-4705771.htm|title=Jet Airways' frequent flier programme JetPrivilege is now InterMiles. The benefits and riders, explained|website=[[CNBC TV18]]|language=en-US|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref> of [[Jet Airways]] (Jet Privilege Private Limited, (JPPL)) that ceased operations in April 2019, in which 50.1% stake is held by [[Etihad Airways]], part of the Etihad Aviation Group.<ref name="funding">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/intermiles-gains-traction-in-consumer-tech-segment/article32100702.ece|title=InterMiles gains traction in consumer tech segment|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en-US|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref>

InterMiles (formerly known as JetPrivilege) was founded in 2014 as an independent entity, part of the Etihad Aviation Group formed with the sole purpose to market, develop and grow InterMiles, a loyalty and rewards programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/jet-privilege-unveils-new-brand-identity-intermiles/72054408|title=Jet Privilege unveils new brand identity 'InterMiles'|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-14}}</ref>

== Funding ==
[[Etihad Airways]] bought a 50.1% stake in the company for $150 million in 2014. Jet Airways holds a 49.9% stake in the company.<ref name="funding" />

== Advertising campaign ==
After rebranding, InterMiles launched their first [[television advertisement]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-29 |title=InterMiles launches first ad campaign after rebranding |url=https://archive.adgully.com/intermiles-launches-first-ad-campaign-after-rebranding-91287.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=adgully.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Online shopping]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Internet|Companies|India|Technology}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.intermiles.com}}
[[Category:Frequent flyer programs]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Etihad Airways]]
[[Category:Jet Airways]]
[[Category:Aviation in India]]

LGBTQ rights in Tamil Nadu

2026-03-26T06:48:33Z

ClariceLinderman: Creating New Data

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = Tamil Nadu
| image = File:Tamil Nadu in India (claimed and disputed hatched).svg
| caption = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| legal_status = Legal since 2018
| gender_identity_expression = [[Third gender]] recognised; transgender people may change legal gender
| recognition_of_relationships = Transgender women can marry under the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]''<ref name="Live Law">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]|date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2020-08-16|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712083504/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recognition_of_relationships_restrictions =
| adoption = No
| military =
| discrimination_protections = Discrimination protections in line with ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' and ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]''
}}
{{Transgender sidebar}}
{{LGBT rights}}

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in Tamil Nadu are the most progressive among all states of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/|title=LGBT community in Tamil Nadu seeks state government's support|date=15 December 2013|website=Indianexpress.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827081359/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lgbt-community-in-city-sees-sign-of-hope/article8185883.ece|title=LGBT community in city sees sign of hope|first1=Zubeda|last1=Hamid|date=3 February 2016|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054046/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lgbt-community-in-city-sees-sign-of-hope/article8185883.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]] was the first [[States and union territories of India|state in India]] to introduce a transgender welfare policy, wherein transgender individuals can access free [[gender affirmation surgery]] in government hospitals and various other benefits and rights. The state was also the first to ban [[Intersex medical interventions|forced sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|title=1st in India & Asia, and 2nd globally, Tamil Nadu bans sex-selective surgeries for infants|website=The Print|date=31 August 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607025339/https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|title=Tamil Nadu Becomes First State to Ban So‑Called Corrective Surgery on Intersex Babies|website=The Swaddle|date=30 August 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803061033/https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|url-status=live}}</ref> and also the first state to include an amendment in its state police guidelines that expects officers to abstain from harassing the LGBTQIA+ community and its members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-brings-amendment-punish-cops-harassing-lgbtqia-persons-161098 |title=TN brings amendment to punish cops for harassing LGBTQIA+ persons |date=17 February 2022 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> The state also became the first to ban [[conversion therapy]] as well as the first to introduce LGBTQIA+ issues in school curricula.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/lgbtq/tamil-nadu-govt-include-lgbtqia-issues-school-curricula-work-towards-inclusivity-39172|title=Tamil Nadu: Govt To Include LGBTQIA+ Issues In School Curricula, Aims To Work Towards Inclusivity|first=Jayali|last=Wavhal|date=11 December 2022|website=thelogicalindian.com}}</ref>

Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 2018, following the Supreme Court ruling in ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]''. Tamil Nadu is noted as one of the most open states with regard to the LGBT community, particularly transgender people. Nevertheless, reports of discrimination, arranged opposite-sex marriages, bullying, suicides,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gay-man-suicide-homophobia-lgbt-helplines-1565041-2019-07-09|title=Not my fault I was born gay: 19-year-old commits suicide over homophobia|website=India Today|date=9 July 2019|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716022616/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gay-man-suicide-homophobia-lgbt-helplines-1565041-2019-07-09|url-status=live}}</ref> and family rejections are common. According to an estimate from 2015, about 16,380 people in Tamil Nadu identified themselves as [[LGBT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goeiirj.com/upload/jun2015/10.pdf|title=Resources and Information.|website=Goeiirj.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052211/http://www.goeiirj.com/upload/jun2015/10.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legality of same-sex sexual activity==
On 6 September 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India]] unanimously struck down [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] as unconstitutional, ruling that it infringed on the fundamental rights of autonomy, intimacy, and identity, thus legalising homosexuality in India, including in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Section 377 verdict: Here are the highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/section-377-supreme-court-verdict-gay-lgbtq-5343225/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2018 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090740/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/section-377-supreme-court-verdict-gay-lgbtq-5343225/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664|title=India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling|website=BBC News|date=6 September 2018|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101346/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Recognition of same-sex relationships==
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Tamil Nadu}}
[[Same-sex marriage]]s are not recognised or performed in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-a-first-in-tamil-nadu-man-transwoman-couple-get-married-legally-1531285-2019-05-21|title=In a first in Tamil Nadu, man-transwoman couple get married legally|website=India Today|date=21 May 2019|author=Shalini Lobo|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141543/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-a-first-in-tamil-nadu-man-transwoman-couple-get-married-legally-1531285-2019-05-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 April 2019, the Madras High Court, the high court of [[Tamil Nadu]], ruled that the term "bride" under the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'' includes trans women. Specifically, it directed the authorities to register a marriage between a man and a transgender woman.<ref name="Live Law.in" /><ref name="The News Minute" />

==Discrimination protections==
{{further|LGBT rights in India#Discrimination protections}}

In line with ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' and ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'', discrimination on the basis of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] is prohibited via Article 15 of the [[Constitution of India]]. However, this article only extends to discrimination by state or government bodies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article 15 in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/609295/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907170529/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/609295/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Adopted in 2019, the ''[[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]]'' bans unfair discrimination against transgender people in educational establishment and services, employment, healthcare services, access to the "use of any goods, accommodation, service, facility, benefit, privilege or opportunity dedicated to the use of the general public or customarily available to the public", the right to movement, the right to "reside, purchase, rent or otherwise occupy any property", the opportunity to stand for or hold public or private office, and in government or private establishments.<ref name="bill1">{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf|title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019|work=socialjustice.nic.in|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412014303/http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2021, a single judge bench of the Madras High Court on Monday issued far-reaching guidelines aimed at mainstreaming [[LGBT community|LGBTQIA+ persons]] - from prohibiting attempts to "medically cure" persons belonging to the community to seeking changes in school and university curricula and recommending awareness programmes for judicial officers, police and prison officials.

Saying LGBTQIA+ persons are entitled to their privacy and "have a right to lead a dignified existence, which includes their choice of sexual orientation, gender identity, gender presentation, gender expression and choice of partner thereof", the court said, "This right and the manner of its exercise are constitutionally protected under Article 21 of the Constitution."<ref name="HC order">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cure-therapy-ban-to-training-for-police-madras-high-court-reaches-out-to-lgbtq-7348680/|title=Cure therapy banned by Madras HC|date=8 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610150901/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cure-therapy-ban-to-training-for-police-madras-high-court-reaches-out-to-lgbtq-7348680/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Madras HC order">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/996919/madras-hc-bans-cure-of-sexual-orientation-issues-guidelines-to-police-to-handle-lgbtq-cases|title=Madras HC banned cure of sexual orientation|date=7 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609005601/https://scroll.in/latest/996919/madras-hc-bans-cure-of-sexual-orientation-issues-guidelines-to-police-to-handle-lgbtq-cases|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transgender recognition==

=== Identity ===
Within the Tamil Nadu transgender community, women and men often self-identify as one of three terms: Thirunambi for transgender men, and Thirunagai or Aravaani for transgender women. While these terms appear as simple interchanges for the word [[Hijra (South Asia)|'Hijra']], which is commonly used throughout Northern parts of India, it, in reality, reflects deeper social, cultural, and historical context within the state.

Historically, Arvaanis and Thirunagais in Tamil Nadu have fought to separate themselves from the pan-Indian term 'Hijra'. The term 'Aravani' gained popularity and prominence, during a speech by a police officer, Mr. Ravi, at the Koovagam festival, which is marked as one of the largest transgender gatherings in the state. Aravaani is one of the transgender communities in the state of Tamil Nadu who considers themselves as females trapped in male bodies... Borrowing from mythology, the Tamil transgender community Aravani has attempted to carve out its own space within the LGBTQ spectrum.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Nina Roy |date=2023 |title=Aravani as Citizen: The Forging of a Sexual Identity |url=https://journals.aijr.org/index.php/ajss/article/view/6924 |journal=Advanced Journal of Social Science |volume=12 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.21467/ajss.12.1.30-38|doi-access=free }}</ref> The suggestion of the term 'Aravaani' was not just a change in the name, but rather a strategic move to gain more state legitimacy by trying to align trans fluidity with identities found in Tamil mythology. More specifically, the term aligns with those found in great Tamil epics, such as the [[Mahabharata]]. The Koovagam festival, rooted in this epic, revolves around the story of Lord Krishna and Aravan (also known as Iravan) and is reenacted annually where transgender individuals, identifying as Thirunangai or Aravaanis, symbolically marry Aravan. This mythological story is significant because it provides a religious and cultural context that acknowledges and even venerates gender fluidity, a crucial aspect of the transgender community's identity.

The Hijra differs from transgender communities in Tamil Nadu by facing enduring stigmatization and marginalization despite their historical and cultural significance in India. This marginalization is not limited to social ostracization, but less access to healthcare, education, and overall financial well-being. Many Hijras are even forced into sex work or begging because of these conditions. Traditional Hijra social structures are also gathered around communal living spaces (Hamams), with gurus, who while providing a support system, also end up isolating them from most of society.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mount|first=Liz|url=https://www.lizmount.com/publications|title=I am Not a Hijra": Transgender Women Claiming Citizenship in South India|publisher=Independent|date=2017}}</ref> This social structure has further perpetuated the criminalization of traditional methods of income and slowed down the formal recognition of their identity under the states.

Contrastingly, Aravaanis in Tamil Nadu do not typically live in communal Hamams or the mentor-disciple system prevalent among Hijras. Instead, many actively strive to integrate into conventional societal norms, living within traditional family setups and seeking regular employment, thereby consciously distancing themselves from the stigmatized traditional Hijra system. This separation in identity is further highlighted by interactions with trans women interviewees in Tamil Nadu: Trans women position themselves as belonging to the respectable middle class, in contrast to hijras, who face entrenched stigmatization in society. They do this by adopting middle-class markers like education and claims of being 'modern.' ... 'She's a modern girl; she's educated, she's literate. She's called transgender'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mount|first=Liz|url=https://theconversation.com/transgender-women-are-finding-some-respect-in-india-but-a-traditional-gender-nonconforming-group-hijras-remains-stigmatized-177197|title=Transgender Women Are Finding Some Respect in India, but a Traditional Gender-Nonconforming Group – Hijras – Remains Stigmatized|publisher=The Conversation|date=2023-07-05}}</ref>

This independence from the Hijra identity does not mean there are no ties to the broader Hijra community. Many Aravaanis and Thirunagais still maintain relationships with Hijra groups but with a separate sense of identity. Their effort to forge a distinct identity does not mean they are exempt from societal challenges in Tamil Nadu. Many Aravaanis and Thirunagais still face socio-economic marginalization, with the fight for equal citizenship and rights being an ongoing battle that reflects a broader struggle within the [[LGBT rights in India|transgender community in India]].

However, despite this, the social and legal recognition of thirunambi and Aravaani has seen progress within Tamil Nadu. The state has even implemented policies for Aravaani and Thirunambi welfare, which include legal protection and benefits such as the “2008 Tamil Nadu Aravanigal (Transgender) Welfare Board which was formed as the nodal body to address the social protection needs of transgender people."<ref>{{cite web |last=Vanitha |first=J |date=2018 |title=Social Exclusion and Challenges Faced by Transgender Community(a Sociological Approach to the Study of Transgender Community in Tamil Nadu) |series=International Conference on Arts and Humanities |pages=11–17 |url=https://tiikmpublishing.com/data/conferences/doi/icoah/icoah.2017.4102.pdf |publisher=International Conference on Arts and Humanities |doi=10.17501/icoah.2017.4102}}</ref> While there is formal state recognition, the translation of these rights in everyday life is an ongoing battle many transgender people face.

=== Transgender rights ===
In 1994, [[T.N. Seshan]], the Chief Election Commissioner, granted voting rights to transgender people in India. In March 2004, advocate G.R Swaminathan appeared before the Madras High Court demanding voter identity cards for transgender people in Tamil Nadu. Responding to the case, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) Government informed the court that only 11 transgender people in the state had come forward to register their names in the electoral roll. After recording the submission, the court directed the State Government to publicise, through the media, the right of transgender people to get enrolled as voters.<ref name="madurai">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/a-madurai-lawyers-fight-for-rights-of-transgenders/article5930889.ece|title=A Madurai lawyer's fight for rights of transgenders|website=The Hindu|date=20 April 2014 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803071319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/a-madurai-lawyers-fight-for-rights-of-transgenders/article5930889.ece|url-status=live|last1=S |first1=Mohamed Imranullah }}</ref>

In December 2006, a government order was passed with the recommendations to improve living conditions for transgender people. The order favoured counseling as a means to deter families from disowning transgender people and making sure that such children get admitted in schools and colleges. Thereafter, in September 2008, the state constituted a welfare board for transgender people.<ref name="madurai"/>

In a pioneering effort to solve the problems faced by transgender people, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] established a transgender welfare board in 2008. The Social Welfare Minister serves as the president of the board. This effort is touted to be the first in India. The State Government has also started issuing separate food [[ration card]]s for [[transgender]] people,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7036&Itemid=54|title=Info Change India - Info Change India|website=infochangeindia.org|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313171913/http://infochangeindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7038|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as special identity cards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medindia.net/news/Southern-Indian-State-to-Conduct-First-Ever-Census-of-Transgenders-37201-1.htm|title=Southern Indian State to Conduct First Ever Census of Transgenders|website=Medindia|date=27 May 2008 |access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140600/https://www.medindia.net/news/southern-indian-state-to-conduct-first-ever-census-of-transgenders-37201-1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state of Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce a transgender welfare policy. According to the policy, transgender people can access free [[sex reassignment surgery]] in government hospitals, free housing, various citizenship documents, admission in government colleges with a full scholarship for higher studies and initiating income-generation programmes (IGP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Call-for-awareness-of-LGBT-issues/article16586150.ece|title=Call for awareness of LGBT issues|date=27 June 2009|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060646/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Call-for-awareness-of-LGBT-issues/article16586150.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/465345/govt-bring-policy-transgenders.html|title=Govt to bring policy for transgenders|date=13 March 2015|website=Deccanherald.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616232732/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/465345/govt-bring-policy-transgenders.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an additional effort to improve the education of transgender people, Tamil Nadu authorities issued an order in May 2008 to create a "[[third gender]]" option for admissions to government colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Transgenders-thank-government-for-constituting-welfare-board/article15216763.ece|title=Transgenders thank government for constituting welfare board|date=5 May 2008|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060650/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Transgenders-thank-government-for-constituting-welfare-board/article15216763.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] began offering free tuition to transgender students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/apr/07/transgenders-to-get-edu-free-of-cost-1590936.html|title=Transgenders to get edu free of cost|website=Newindianexpress.com|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407145412/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/apr/07/transgenders-to-get-edu-free-of-cost-1590936.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, transgender and gender activists [[S. Swapna]] and [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] from [[Srishti Madurai]] staged a protest in the [[Madurai]] collectorate on 7 October 2013 demanding reservation and to permit alternate genders to appear for examinations conducted by the [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission]], the [[Union Public Service Commission]], the [[Secondary School Certificate]] and Bank exams.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Transgenders-protest-demanding-name-change-in-certificates/articleshow/34351467.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Transgenders protest demanding name change in certificates - The Times of India | access-date=6 January 2022 | archive-date=4 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404185811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Transgenders-protest-demanding-name-change-in-certificates/articleshow/34351467.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Transgenders-stage-protest-at-collectorate/articleshow/23670065.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016103336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-08/madurai/42828401_1_transgenders-gender-variants-collectorate | url-status=live | archive-date=16 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Transgenders stage protest at collectorate | date=8 October 2013}}</ref> Swapna, incidentally, had successfully moved the [[Madras High Court]] in 2013 seeking permission to write the TNPSC Group II exam as a female candidate. Swapna is the first transgender person to clear TNPSC Group IV exams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Transgender-Clears-TNPSC-Group-IV-Exam/2014/02/09/article2046310.ece#.Uvc-CPmSycw|title=Transgender Clears TNPSC Group IV Exam|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117232220/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Transgender-Clears-TNPSC-Group-IV-Exam/2014/02/09/article2046310.ece#.Uvc-CPmSycw|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Along with 21 other [[trans women]], [[K. Prithika Yashini]] received appointment orders from Chennai City Police Commissioner Smith Saran in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/94432/irst-transgender-sub-inspector-india/|title=India's First Transgender Sub-Inspector Takes Charge. And She's Beat Incredible Odds to Get Here|date=5 April 2017|website=Thebetterindia.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819081001/https://www.thebetterindia.com/94432/irst-transgender-sub-inspector-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pursuant to a judgement of the Madras High Court on 6 November 2015, directions were given to the Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB) to appoint Yashini as a sub-inspector of police as she is "entitled to get the job". The judgement further directed the TNUSRB to include transgender people as a "third category", apart from the usual category of "male" and "female".

On 22 April 2019, the Madras High Court Justice G.R. Swaminathan issued a landmark judgment upholding the marriage rights of transgender women under the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref name="Live Law.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]|date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712083504/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2020 the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] appointed Gopi Shankar Madurai as the South Regional representative in the National Council for Transgender Persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Aug/25/madurai-based-intersex-activist-in-national-council-2187822.html|title=Madurai-based intersex activist in national statutory body|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2020-08-25|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006042224/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/aug/25/madurai-based-intersex-activist-in-national-council-2187822.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Intersex rights==
On 22 April 2019, the Madurai bench of the Madras High Court passed a verdict to ban sex-selective surgeries on [[intersex]] infants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/29/indian-court-decides-favor-informed-consent-rights-intersex-people|title=Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=29 April 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119181838/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/29/indian-court-decides-favor-informed-consent-rights-intersex-people|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the works of [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]],<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-sex-reassignment-surgeries-intersex-infants-madras-hc-tells-tn-govt-100565|title="Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute|date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135759/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-sex-reassignment-surgeries-intersex-infants-madras-hc-tells-tn-govt-100565|url-status=live}}</ref> the Court took note of the rampant practice of compulsory [[Intersex medical interventions|medical interventions]] performed on intersex infants and children. The Court also expressed its gratitude to Shankar, noting that Shankar's work has had been a "humbling and enlightening experience for the Court".<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ruling-on-intersex-infants-madurai-activist-comes-in-for-praise-by-hc/articleshow/69016201.cms|title=Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509070231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ruling-on-intersex-infants-madurai-activist-comes-in-for-praise-by-hc/articleshow/69016201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2019, Health Minister [[C. Vijayabaskar]] announced that guidelines complying with the court ruling and banning medical interventions on intersex infants would be drafted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://srishtimadurai.blogspot.com/2019/07/statement-from-srishti-madurai.html|title=Statement from Srishti Madurai welcoming the Hon'ble Health Minister Announcement to Introduce State Intersex Policy in Tamil Nadu|website=Srishti Madurai|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141542/http://srishtimadurai.blogspot.com/2019/07/statement-from-srishti-madurai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 August 2019, the Government of Tamil Nadu issued a government order to ban forced medical interventions on intersex infants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/29/indian-state-bans-unnecessary-surgery-intersex-children|title=Indian State Bans Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Children|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=29 August 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120075631/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/29/indian-state-bans-unnecessary-surgery-intersex-children|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Living conditions==
[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|Asia's first [[Genderqueer]] Pride parade in [[Madurai]] with [[Anjali Gopalan]] and [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] (2012)<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|title=One Who Fights For an Other|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

===Groups and organisations===
Various LGBT organisations have been established over the years in Tamil Nadu. These include [[Nirangal]] ({{langx|ta|நிறங்கள்}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nirangal.ngo/ |title=Nirangal | |publisher=Nirangal.ngo |date= |access-date=2022-01-06 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116064416/https://nirangal.ngo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Orinam]] ({{langx|ta|ஓரினம்}}),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orinam.net/ |title=Orinam |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502182240/http://orinam.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Srishti Madurai]] (சிருஷ்டி மதுரை), the [[Sahodari Foundation]] (சகோதரி அறக்கட்டளை) and Chennai Dost (சென்னை தோஸ்த்).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/now-an-online-hub-for-the-lgbt-community/article4423851.ece|title=Now, an online hub for the LGBT community|first1=R.|last1=Sujatha|date=17 February 2013|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730072953/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/now-an-online-hub-for-the-lgbt-community/article4423851.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> These associations raise awareness of LGBT people, offer helplines to both LGBT people and family and friends, and campaign for sensitisation concerning education and workplace policies, among others.

[[Chennai Rainbow Pride]] (சென்னை வானவில் விழா) has been held annually in the city of [[Chennai]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Priya |title=A decade of Pride in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2018 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809145605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Helpline and other services===
In February 2009, the first lesbian phone helpline was launched by the Indian Community Welfare Organization (ICWO) following the high-profile suicide of a lesbian couple in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/india-lesbian-helpline-swamped-calls-men-article-1.2104224|title=India's first lesbian helpline swamped with calls from men|website=Nydailynews.com|date=5 February 2015 |access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013726/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/india-lesbian-helpline-swamped-calls-men-article-1.2104224|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, in March 2009, a telephone helpline called "Manasu" was set up by the Tamil Nadu AIDS Initiative-Voluntary Health Services.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/14/stories/2009031454240500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317080247/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/14/stories/2009031454240500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Helpline for transgenders launched|date=14 March 2009}}</ref>

[[Srishti Madurai]] launched a helpline for LGBT people on 2 October 2011 in the city of Madurai. In June 2013, the helpline turned to offer service for 24 hours with a tagline "Just having someone understanding to talk to can save a life".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/24-hour-helpline-launched-for-LGBTs-in-Madurai/articleshow/20994000.cms?referral=PM|title=24-hour helpline launched for LGBTs in Madurai|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=10 July 2013|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905032511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/24-hour-helpline-launched-for-LGBTs-in-Madurai/articleshow/20994000.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Culture, media and television===
[[File:Aravan head.jpg|thumb|right|A painted wooden head of [[Iravan]] (Aravan), Asian Civilization Museum in Singapore]]

[[Ardhanarishvara]], an androgynous composite form of male deity [[Shiva]] and female deity [[Parvati]], originated in [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] culture as far back as the first century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|last=Swami.|first=Parmeshwaranand|date=2004|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-8176254274|edition= 1st|location=New Delhi|oclc=54930404}}</ref> A statue depicting Ardhanarishvara is included in India's [[Meenakshi Temple]]; this statue clearly shows both male and female bodily elements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shankar|first=Gopi|date=March–April 2015|title=The Many Genders of Old India|journal=The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide|volume=22|pages=24–26}}</ref>

''Thirunar'' (Indigenous Gendervariants) meet in [[Koovagam]], a village in [[Villupuram]] district, in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Chitrai (April/May) for an annual festival which takes place for fifteen days. During this festival, the participants worship [[Iravan|Aravan]] and are married to him by temple priests, thus reenacting an ancient myth of Lord [[Vishnu]] who married him after taking the form of a woman named Mohini. The following days, dressed in white [[Sari|sarees]], they mourn his death though ritual dances.<ref name="Winter 2014">{{cite book|title=Maraikkappatta Pakkangal: மறைக்கப்பட்ட பக்கங்கள்|last=Winter|first=Gopi Shankar|publisher=Srishti Madurai|year=2014|isbn=9781500380939|oclc=703235508}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/transgender-festival-in-koovagam-002127.html|title=Unique Transgender Festival in Koovagam|website=Native Planet|date=25 April 2018|author=Akshatha Vinayak|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141543/https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/transgender-festival-in-koovagam-002127.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a monumental push in breaking taboos, the Tamil cable channel [[STAR Vijay]] started a talk show in 2008 hosted by a [[trans woman]] named [[Rose Venkatesan|Rose]]. The programme is called ''[[Ippadikku Rose]]'', translated into "Yours Truly, Rose".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721111302/https://www.nytimes.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Karpaga]], a transgender person born in [[Erode]], performed a lead role in the Tamil movie ''Paal''; the first transgender person in India to achieve such a milestone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-08/chennai/27893128_1_film-crew-tamil-film-first-transgender|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021041552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-08/chennai/27893128_1_film-crew-tamil-film-first-transgender|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Transgender to play lead in Tamil film |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> However, [[Kalki Subramaniam]] was the first transgender actor in India to have performed in a lead role in a mainstream Tamil movie ''[[Narthagi]]''. Transgender activist [[A. Revathi]] played a role in the 2008 Tamil film ''[[Thenavattu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=216|title=Ayngaran International|website=Ayngaran.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181106/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D216|url-status=live}}</ref>

===LGBT literature and studies===
''Vaadamalli'' by novelist [[Su. Samuthiram]] is the first [[Tamil language|Tamil]] novel about the local ''[[aravani]]'' community in Tamil Nadu, published in 1994. Transgender activist [[A. Revathi]] became the first ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' to write about transgender issues and gender politics in Tamil. Her works have been translated into more than eight languages and act as a primary resource on gender studies in Asia. Her book is part of a research project for more than 100 universities. She is the author of ''Unarvum Uruvamum'' ("Feelings of the Entire Body"), the first of its kind in English from a member of the ''hijra'' community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/truth-about-me-0|title=Penguin India|website=Penguin India|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424081020/http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/truth-about-me-0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/27270/1/Revathi_Prabhu.pdf|title=Writing a Life Between Gender Lines Conversations with A. Revathi about Her Autobiography, ''The Truth About Me: Ashijra's Life Story''|author=Gayathri Prabhu|website=Dspace.flinders.edu.au|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301094019/http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/27270/1/Revathi_Prabhu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Hope-floats/article16051837.ece|title=Hope floats|first=S. M.|last=Umair|date=29 September 2010|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006165018/https://www.thehindu.com/books/Hope-floats/article16051837.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She also acted and directed several stage plays on gender and sexuality issues in Tamil and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. ''The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story'' by A. Revathi is part of the syllabus for final year students of [[The American College in Madurai]]. The American College is the first college in India to introduce [[third gender]] literature and studies with research-oriented seminars.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maraikkappatta Pakkangal: மறைக்கப்பட்ட பக்கங்கள்|last=Winter|first=Gopi Shankar|year=2014 |publisher=Srishti Madurai |isbn=9781500380939 |oclc=703235508 }}</ref> Naan Saravanan's ''Alla'' (2007) and Vidya's ''I Am Vidya'' (2008) were among early trans woman autobiographies.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/my-life-my-way/article3978249.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Pushpa | last=Achanta | title=My life, my way | date=9 October 2012 | access-date=6 January 2022 | archive-date=18 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018022522/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/my-life-my-way/article3978249.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/89595/doraiswamy-revathi-tamil-writer-activists.html|title=Doraiswamy to Revathi: A Tamil writer-activist's alternative journey|work=Deccan Herald|date=2010-08-18|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140610/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/89595/doraiswamy-revathi-tamil-writer-activists.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kalki Subramaniam]]'s '' Kuri Aruthean'' ("Phallus, I cut") is the first collection of Tamil poems about transgender lives, it is also the first poetry book from a transgender author in India.

The American College in Madurai also introduced ''Maraikappatta Pakkangal'' ("Hidden Pages") as a course book for "Genderqueer and Intersex Human Rights studies" as part of the curriculum for Tamil and English department students in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madurai-colleges-intersex-course-to-cover-58-genders/articleshow/65537361.cms|title=Madurai college's 'intersex' course to cover 58 genders|work=Times of India|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730063644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madurai-colleges-intersex-course-to-cover-58-genders/articleshow/65537361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.out.com/popnography/2018/8/28/students-will-study-58-distinct-gender-identities-college-india|title=Students Will Study 58 Distinct Gender Identities at College in India|work=Out Magazine|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102259/https://www.out.com/popnography/2018/8/28/students-will-study-58-distinct-gender-identities-college-india|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the first book on the LGBT community in the Tamil language, launched by [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] and state [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Vanathi Srinivasan]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/BJP-leader-launches-LGBT-rights-book-in-TN/articleshow/38157614.cms|title=BJP leader launches LGBT rights book in TN|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2017-12-28|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211022/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/BJP-leader-launches-LGBT-rights-book-in-TN/articleshow/38157614.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu5">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=No more under siege - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=2017-12-28|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102232041/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece|url-status=live|last1=Shrikumar |first1=A. }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Madurai-student-pens-book-on-gender-variants/articleshow/20419621.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Madurai student pens book on gender variants - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=2017-12-28|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012020031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Madurai-student-pens-book-on-gender-variants/articleshow/20419621.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2018, Vidupattavai (விடுபட்டவை) was released at the 41st Chennai Book Fair. The book chronicles the life of a gay man in Chennai in the form of short stories, essays, poems and critiques. The book was co-published by Queer Chennai Chronicles and Karuppu Pradhigal. It was released by Tamil writer and actor [[Antonythasan Jesuthasan|Shobasakthi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bumpahead.net/queer-chennai-chronicless-first-book-vidupattavai-2b39801694af|title=Release of Vidupattavai|access-date=4 Feb 2018|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126133441/https://medium.com/qcc-blog/queer-chennai-chronicless-first-book-vidupattavai-2b39801694af|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/literature/article22645871.ece|title=ஒழுக்கங்களுக்கு இடையில்...|work=The Hindu Tamil|access-date=2018-02-28|language=ta|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313171759/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/119442-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== State government policy ===
Following a series of interim orders issued by Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]] of the [[Madras High Court]] in ''[[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police]]'', the [[Tamil Nadu Planning Commission]] presented a draft policy for the LGBT community to Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] in October 2022, who then forwarded the draft to the [[Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ayanabha |date=2024-01-16 |title=Tamil Nadu's Queer Policy Enters Public Consultation Phase, Meeting on Jan 20 |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/lgbtq-news/tamil-nadus-queer-policy-enters-public-consultation-phase-meeting-on-jan-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180841/https://en.themooknayak.com/lgbtq-news/tamil-nadus-queer-policy-enters-public-consultation-phase-meeting-on-jan-20 |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless |language=en}}</ref> The government had initially planned to develop the policy by March 2023, but this was delayed as an eleven member drafting committee of LGBT persons was formed by the Social Welfare and Women Department on 21 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2022-12-09 |title=Policy to protect LGBTQIA+ community will be published in three months, Tamil Nadu government assures Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/policy-to-protect-lgbtqia-community-will-be-published-in-three-months-tamil-nadu-government-assures-madras-high-court/article66244028.ece |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The committee created a draft LGBTQ+ policy, which was released by the Planning Commission in July 2023 with the following provisions:

* 1% horizontal reservations for transgender and intersex individuals for education and employment as "socially and educationally backward classes",
* inclusion of trans and intersex persons in the Chief Minister's health insurance scheme,
* compensation by the Transgender Welfare Board for loss of livelihood due to gender confirmation surgeries, and
* initial provision of gender confirmation surgeries at select government medical college hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |first=Azeefa Fathima, Lakshmi |date=2023-07-24 |title=TN's draft LGBTQIA+ policy suggests horizontal reservation for trans & intersex persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-s-draft-lgbtqia-policy-suggests-horizontal-reservation-trans-intersex-persons-180101 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
The horizontal reservation proposal was based on the Supreme Court's 2014 [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|''NALSA v. Union'']] ruling which proposed such.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Reservation for transgender community: What the demand for 'horizontal' reservation is |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/transgender-demand-horizontal-reservation-explained-8694004/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in [[Supriyo v. Union of India|''Supriyo v. Union'']], the High Court suggested that a registry for "Deed of Familial Association" for same-sex relationships be added to the draft policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognise Deed of Familial Association: Madras High Court on LGBTQ rights |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/recognise-deed-of-familial-association-urges-madras-high-court-on-lgbtq-rights-2464374-2023-11-18 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=India Today |date=18 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Further revisions to the draft policy were added by the drafting committee of the Welfare Department, which included the following when published in January 2024:<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2024-01-29 |title=Tamil Nadu's draft policy on LGBTQIA+ recommends constitution of State Commission for Sexual and Gender Minorites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadus-draft-policy-on-lgbtqia-recommends-constitution-of-state-commission-for-sexual-and-gender-minorites/article67789927.ece |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* creation of a State Commission for Sexual and Gender Minorities
* prohibiting firings of transgender people on grounds of having a gender confirmation surgery
* equal recognition of transmasculine (Tirunambi) and intersex persons
* provision of separate showers and cells for transgender men and women in prison
* prohibitions against familial harassment and corrective rape
* recognition of same-gender relationships by means of Deed of Familial Association
* comprehensive sex/reproductive education for lesbian and bisexual women and transgender men
* non-discrimination in access to housing
* protection from bullying and violence in schools and higher education
* access to gender-neutral restrooms and hostels in educational facilities
* ability to wear gender-confirming dress and uniforms without discrimination in public and private sectors
* renaming of the Tamil-language name of the Transgender Welfare Board from Tirunangai (transfeminine) Nala Variyam to the more inclusive Tirunar Nala Variyam

The department also recommended that horizontal reservations be allowed for both sexual and gender minorities, due to historic victimization against LGBQ+ individuals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=T.N. Social Welfare Dept. calls for united front to advocate LGBTQIA+ horizontal reservation policy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/social-welfare-dept-calls-for-united-front-to-advocate-lgbtqia-horizontal-reservation-policy/article67765850.ece |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following the January 2024 release, the Madras High Court commended the draft policy and granted three more months to develop a final draft and solicit consultations from transgender and intersex residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Riya |date=2024-01-30 |title=Tamil Nadu Gender & Sexual Minority (LGBTQ+) Policy Is A Commendable Stride Towards Recognizing Rights & Welfare Of Trans & Intersex Individuals: Madras HC |url=https://www.verdictum.in/court-updates/high-courts/madras-high-court-ssushma-anr-v-director-general-of-police-ors-rights-welfare-of-trans-intersex-individuals-1517952 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.verdictum.in |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, the Madras High Court directed the Tamil Nadu government to provide 1% horizontal reservations to the transgender community in education and employment on the basis of gender identity, and struck down a 2015 state government order from the [[Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|BCC Department]] classifying transgender persons under [[Other Backward Class]] status as a caste identity if lacking a community certificate.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mrb.tn.gov.in/GOs/bcmbc_e_28_2015.pdf | title=Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (BCC) Department | website=www.mrb.tn.gov.in | date=2015-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=B.A |first=Pon Vasanth |date=2017-05-16 |title=Withholding of my appointment orders unfair: transwoman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/transwoman/article18468533.ece |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The judgement, which granted a petition filed by Rakshika Raj, a transgender woman nurse belonging to a Scheduled Caste community who sought to overturn the GO and force the state government to provide horizontal reservation, ruled that the GO violated Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 and 21 of the [[Constitution of India]], as well as the [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]] verdict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigamany |first=Azeefa Fathima, Vidya |date=2024-06-02 |title=Madras HC directs TN government to implement horizontal reservation for trans persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-directs-tn-government-to-implement-horizontal-reservation-for-trans-persons |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

On 7 June 2024, in response to a petition dating from November 2023, the state government informed the high court of its discussions with stakeholders on designing and installing gender-neutral public restroom stalls in all public buildings, with the state government interpreting existing disabled-friendly toilets in all public buildings as gender-neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=R. |date=2024-06-07 |title=Discussions on with stakeholders to provide gender-neutral toilets in public places: Tamil Nadu government tells High Court |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/07/madras-high-court-suggests-converting-few-of-existing-restrooms-into-gender-neutral |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 June 2024, the Madras High Court ordered the state government to classify transgender residents separately from female and male residents for purposes of education and employment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HC tells TN govt to not bring transgenders under either female or male category |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/06/16/hc-tells-tn-govt-to-not-bring-transgenders-under-either-female-or-male-category.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable Tamil LGBT people==

* C. Devi – first transgender woman in Tamil Nadu to contest in the Assembly elections<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tns-first-transgender-candidate-standing-against-jayalalithaa-41223|title=TN's first transgender candidate is standing against Jayalalithaa|date=5 April 2016|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831214420/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tns-first-transgender-candidate-standing-against-jayalalithaa-41223|url-status=live}}</ref>
* K. Gunavathi – first transgender nurse in Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/transgender-secures-job-at-gh-respect-in-family-and-neighbourhood/article4724898.ece|title=Transgender secures job at GH, respect in family and neighbourhood|author=Staff Reporter|date=18 May 2013|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813015814/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/transgender-secures-job-at-gh-respect-in-family-and-neighbourhood/article4724898.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Karpaga]] – transgender actor
* Maya Jafer – transgender activist and doctor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohammedtomaya.com/|title=Mohammed to Maya|website=Mohammedtomaya.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803181509/http://mohammedtomaya.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Narthaki Nataraj]] – first transgender woman to receive the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and the first transgender person to be awarded [[Padma Shri]] India's fourth-highest civilian award<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2019|title=Dancer Narthaki Nataraj Becomes The First Transgender To Be Awarded Padma Shri|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/dancer-narthaki-nataraj-becomes-the-first-transgender-to-be-awarded-padma-shri-361065.html|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113175004/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/dancer-narthaki-nataraj-becomes-the-first-transgender-to-be-awarded-padma-shri-361065.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=K V|first=Navya|date=27 January 2019|title=It only takes passion, self-confidence to achieve success: Padma awardee Narthaki Natraj|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/jan/27/it-only-takes-passion-self-confidence-to-achieve-success-narthaki-natraj-1930518.html|url-status=dead|access-date=6 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000342/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/jan/27/it-only-takes-passion-self-confidence-to-achieve-success-narthaki-natraj-1930518.html}}</ref>
* [[Padmini Prakash]] – first transgender news reader<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-transgender-news-anchor-says-shes-rid-of-her-demons/articleshow/42851729.cms|title=First transgender news anchor says she's rid of her demons|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824144121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-transgender-news-anchor-says-shes-rid-of-her-demons/articleshow/42851729.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[A. Revathi]] – transgender writer and activist<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
* [[Malini Jeevarathnam]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyappan |first=Aathira |date=30 October 2019 |title=Why does queer filmmaker Malini Jeevarathnam obsessively make movies on LGBT issues? |url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2019/oct/30/why-does-queer-filmmaker-malini-jeevarathnam-obsessively-make-movies-on-lgbt-issues-8833.html |website=edexlive}}</ref> - An award-winning queer filmmaker, producer, actor, show host and activist.
* [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] – youngest candidate in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and also the first openly [[intersex]] and [[genderqueer]] person to run for public office<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/intersex-person-to-contest-from-madurai-north/article8539185.ece|title=Inter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 April 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104125109/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/intersex-person-to-contest-from-madurai-north/article8539185.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/3rd-gender-gets-a-new-champion-in-Tamil-Nadu-poll-ring/articleshow/51935940.cms|title=3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530223418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/3rd-gender-gets-a-new-champion-in-Tamil-Nadu-poll-ring/articleshow/51935940.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Intersex-candidate-alleges-harassment/articleshow/52197962.cms|title=Intersex candidate alleges harassment|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002142004/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Intersex-candidate-alleges-harassment/articleshow/52197962.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/intersex-person-contesting-tn-polls-ze-wants-change-your-mind-sexual-minorities-42103|title=This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities|date=24 April 2016|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406231632/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/intersex-person-contesting-tn-polls-ze-wants-change-your-mind-sexual-minorities-42103|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/39178/gopi-shankar-lgbtqia-rights-srishti-madurai/|title=At 19, Ze Came out of the Closet. Today, Ze Is Helping the LGBTQIA Community Live with Dignity.|date=27 November 2015|website=Thebetterindia.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200406/http://www.thebetterindia.com/39178/gopi-shankar-lgbtqia-rights-srishti-madurai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Living Smile Vidya]] – Tamil writer, artist and actor
* [[Kalki Subramaniam]] – Transgender rights activist, first transgender actor to play in a mainstream Indian film, artist, writer, entrepreneur and founder of the [[Sahodari Foundation]]
* [[Grace Banu]] – first transgender person to be admitted to an engineering college in the state of Tamil Nadu
* [[Esther Bharathi]] – first transgender pastor<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Meet-Indias-first-transgender-pastor/articleshow/11772802.cms|title=Meet India's first transgender pastor|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731025844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Meet-Indias-first-transgender-pastor/articleshow/11772802.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Dr. Sudha – first transgender person to receive an [[honorary degree]] in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orinam.net/transwoman-sudha-gets-honorary-doctorate/|title=Thirunangai Sudha awarded honorary doctorate - orinam|date=21 February 2014|website=Orinam.net|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619112953/http://orinam.net/transwoman-sudha-gets-honorary-doctorate/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[S. Swapna]] – first transgender [[Indian Administrative Service]] aspirant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/tn-transgender-pkg-653763.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News, Current News Headlines|website=News18|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051039/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/tn-transgender-pkg-653763.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Rose Venkatesan]] – first transgender woman TV host in Tamil Nadu
* [[K. Prithika Yashini]] – first transgender woman sub-inspector of the Tamil Nadu police
* Dr. [[Meena Kandasamy]] – Bisexual poet, fiction writer, translator and activist<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=meenakandasamy |number=1532620430053638144 |title=As a bisexual Indian woman, nobody showed me how to find out if the person I'm flirting with is single, taken, married, monogamous, experimental or a closet Sanghi. That's why this Pride Month, I'm partnering with UIDAI so that mandatory Aadhaar sharing will give away everything}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[LGBTQ rights in Goa]]
*[[LGBTQ rights in Telangana]]
*[[Tamil Sexual Minorities]]
*[[Hijra (South Asia)]]
*[[Third gender]]
{{Portal bar|India|Law}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Transgender topics}}
{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Transgender rights in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India by state|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu]]

List of schools in India

2026-03-25T21:35:35Z

ClariceLinderman: expand layout for accuracy

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Dynamic list}}

This is a '''list of schools in India''' grouped by state/UT. Where a state or city has its own list, it is linked without duplicating the names here. There are more than 1.5 million schools in India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalysing transformational change in school education |url=https://www.unicef.org/india/reports/catalysing-transformational-change-school-education |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> so this list only includes those with Bharatpedia articles.
{{TOC right|limit=2}}

==Andhra Pradesh==

===Anantapur===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Era International School]], [[Anantapur]]
* St. Xavier's College of Education, Hindupur
}}

===Guntur===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Loyola Public School]], [[Guntur]]
* [[Loyola High School, Vinukonda]]
* [[Sri Venkateswara Bala Kuteer]], [[Guntur]]
}}

===East Godavari===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[St. John's High School, Amalapuram]]
}}

===Krishna===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Satavahana College]], [[Vijayawada]]
* [[Viswa Bharathi English Medium High School]], [[Gudivada]]
}}

===Nellore===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[V.B.R English Medium High School]], [[Nellore]]
}}

===Vishakapatnam===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Sri TVS Rao Srikrishna Vidya Mandir|Srikrishna Vidya Mandir]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
* [[Timpany School]], [[Asilmetta]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
}}

===West Godavari===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions|Sir C.R.Reddy High School]], [[Eluru]]
}}

===Other locations===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Darsi]]

}}

== Arunachal Pradesh ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Government Secondary School, Rani]]
* [[Independent Golden Jubilee Government Higher Secondary School, Pasighat]]
}}

== Assam ==
===Guwahati===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Don Bosco High School, Guwahati]]
* [[Faculty Higher Secondary School, Amingaon]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pailapool]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya 9th Mile]], [[Guwahati]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khanapara]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Maligaon]]
* [[St Francis de Sales School, Dhemaji]]
* [[St. Mary's English High School, Guwahati]]

===Goalpara===
* [[Sainik School, Goalpara]]

===Hojai===
* [[Deshabandhu Bidyapith HS High School, Hojai]]
* [[Don Bosco High School, Hojai]]

===Jorhat===
* [[Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung]]
* [[Pragya Academy, Jorhat]]
}}

== Bihar ==

=== Bettiah ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Khrist Raja High School, Bettiah]]
* [[St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Bettiah]]
}}

=== Bhagalpur ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Mount Assisi School]]
* [[St. Joseph's School, Pakartalla, Kahalgaon]]
}}

=== Patna ===
{{Main|List of schools in Patna}}


=== Other locations ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Darbhanga Public School]], Darbhanga
* [[Rose Public School]], Darbhanga
* [[Sainik School, Gopalganj]]
* [[Sainik School, Nalanda]]
* [[St. Paul's High School, Hajipur]]
* [[Watson High School, Madhubani]]

}}

== Chandigarh ==

{{Columns-list|
* [[Chandigarh Baptist School]]
* [[Mount Carmel School]]
* [[St. Anne's Convent School, Chandigarh]]
* [[St. John's High School, Chandigarh|St. John's High School]]
* [[St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh]]
* [[Strawberry Fields High School]]
* [[Vatika High School for Deaf & Dumb]]
}}

== Chhattisgarh ==

{{Columns-list|
* [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]]
* [[Royal Kids' Convent]]
* [[Sainik School, Ambikapur]].
* [[Shri Guru Nanak Public School]], [[Jagdalpur]]
}}

== Delhi ==
{{Main|List of schools in Delhi}}


== Goa ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Canacona]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North Goa]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Bambolim]]
* [[The King's School, Goa]] 
* [[Loyola High School (Goa)]]
* [[Mount Mary's Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Mushtifund Saunstha]]
* [[Regina Martyrum High School]]
* [[Saraswat Vidyalaya]]
* [[SFX High School, Goa]]
* [[Sharada Mandir School]]
* [[St. Britto High School, Mapusa]]
* [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Goa]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School (Velim)|St. Xavier's High School, Velim, Goa]]
* [[Vidya Vikas Academy, Goa]]
}}

== Gujarat ==

=== Ahmedabad ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ahmedabad International School]]
* [[Best High School (Ahmedabad)]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Bopal]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Mirzapur]]
* [[Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya]]
* [[Udgam School For Children]]
}}

=== Rajkot ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]

}}

=== Vadodara ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Rosary High School (Vadodara)|Rosary High School]]
}}

=== Surat ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Fountainhead School]]
* [[Ashadeep Group of Schools]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Surat]]
* [[J.H. Ambani Saraswati Vidyamandir]]
}}

=== Other locations ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Alfred High School (Bhuj)|Alfred High School, Bhuj]]
* [[St. Francis of Assisi Convent High School]]
* [[Saraswati International School]]
}}

== Haryana ==

=== Faridabad ===
{{main|List of educational institutions in Faridabad}}


=== Gurgaon ===
{{main|List of educational institutions in Gurgaon}}


===Other locations===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Campus School, CCS HAU]], Hisar
* [[Gita Niketan Awasiya Vidyalaya]], Kurukshetra
* [[Hardayal Public School]], Bahadurgarh
* [[Motilal Nehru School of Sports]], Rai
* [[Sainik School, Kunjpura]], Karnal
* [[Sarvodaya School Ellenabad]], Ellenabad
* [[Vidya Devi Jindal School]], Hisar}}

== Himachal Pradesh ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Alpine Public School, Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh|Alpine Public School, Nalagarh]]
* [[Army Public School, Dagshai]]
* [[Auckland House School, Shimla]]
* [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]]
* [[Chail Military School]]
* [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Nauni]]
* [[D.A.V. Centenary Public School, Mandi]]
* [[Dalhousie Hilltop School, Dalhousie]]
* [[International Sahaja Public School]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Theog]]
* [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar|The Lawrence School, Sanawar, Kasauli]]
* [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla]]
* [[Sacred Heart Sr. Sec. School (Sidhpur) |Sacred Heart High School]], [[Dharamshala]]
* [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]]
* [[St. Mary's Convent School, Kasauli]]
* [[S.D. Senior Secondary School, Shimla]]
}}

== Jammu and Kashmir ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[BSF Senior Secondary School, Jammu]]
* [[Burn Hall School]], [[Srinagar]]
* [[List of Delhi Public School Society schools#DPS Srinagar|Delhi Public School]], [[Srinagar]]
* [[Druk White Lotus School]], [[Shey]], [[Ladakh]]
* [[Green Valley Educational Institute]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Doda]]
* [[Lal Ded Memorial School]]
* [[Mallinson Girls School]], [[Srinagar]]
* [[Presentation Convent Higher Secondary School]], [[Srinagar]]
* [[Sainik School, Manasbal]]
* [[Sainik School, Nagrota]]
* [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Baramulla|St. Joseph's School]], [[Baramulla]]
* [[St. Peter's High School, Jammu]]
* [[SMD High School]]
* [[Sri Pratap Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Tyndale Biscoe School]], [[Srinagar]]
}}

== Jharkhand ==
{{Main|List of schools in Jharkhand}}

== Karnataka ==
=== Bengaluru===
{{main|List of schools in Bengaluru}}


=== Other locations ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Milagres School, Mangaluru]]
* [[Nutan Vidyalaya Education Society]], [[Kalaburagi]]
* [[Sri Siddaganga Composit High School|Siddaganga Composite High School, Davangere]]
* [[St. Aloysius, Mangaluru]]
* [[St. Aloysius PU College, Harihar]]
* [[St. Joseph's PU College, Anekal]]
* [[St. Mary's School, Belgaum]]
* [[St. Paul's High School, Belgaum]]
* [[St. Theresa's School, Bendur]]
* [[St. Xavier's PU College, Gulbarga]]
* [[Xavier School, Manvi]], Raichur
}}

== Kerala ==

=== Alappuzha ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bishop Moore Vidyapith, Cherthala]]
* [[Technical Higher Secondary School, Cherthala]]
}}

=== Ernakulam ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[The Choice School]], [[Kochi]]
* [[St. Peters School, Kadayiruppu]]
* [[Udyogamandal School]]
* [[Vidyadhiraja Vidya Bhavan Higher Secondary School]], Aluva
}}

=== Idukki ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Montfort School, Anakkara]]
* [[St. Augustine's Higher Secondary School, Karimkunnam]]
}}

=== Kannur ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School, Thalassery]]
* [[GVHSS Kadirur]]
* [[MMHSS Thalassery]], Thalassery
* [[Moothedath High School]], [[Thaliparamba]]
* [[Sacred Heart Girls' High School, Thalassery]]
* [[St. Michael's AIHSS, Kannur]]
* [[Tagore Vidyaniketan, Taliparamba|Tagore Vidyaniketan GVHSS, Taliparamba]]
}}

=== Kasaragod ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Aji Senior Secondary School]], [[Uppala]]
* [[GHS Trikarpur]]
}}

=== Kollam ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School]], [[Kollam]]
* [[St Stephens Higher Secondary School, Pathanapuram]]
}}

=== Kottayam ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Archbishop Kavukatt Jubilee Memorial School]], [[Kottayam]]
* [[BMM English Medium School]], [[Pampady]]
* [[John Joseph Murphy Memorial Higher Secondary School]], [[Yendayar]]
}}

=== Kozhikode ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Kozhikode]]
* [[Govt. Ganapath High School for Boys]]
}}

=== Malappuram ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[BEM High School, Parappanangadi]]
* [[GVHSS Kalpakanchery]]
}}

=== Palakkad ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School, Palakkad]]
* [[Bharatha Matha Higher Secondary School]]
* [[BSS Gurukulam Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palakkad]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kanjikode]]
* [[MES Pattambi]]
* [[St. Dominic's Convent English Medium School, Palakkad]]
* [[St. Thomas Convent School, Palakkad]]
}}

=== Pathanamthitta ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[AMM Higher Secondary School, Edayaranmula ]]
* [[SVGV Higher Secondary School, Kidangannoor]]
}}

=== Thiruvananthapuram ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Pangode|Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pangode]]
* [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Sainik School Kazhakootam]]
* [[St. Mary's Residential Central School]]
* [[St.Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}

=== Thrissur ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Chaldean Syrian Higher Secondary School, Thrissur]]
* [[Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon Memorial Government Vocational Higher Secondary School]], [[Ollur]]
}}

== Madhya Pradesh ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Army Public School, Mhow]]
* [[Campion School, Bhopal]]
* [[Christ Church Boys' Senior Secondary School]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Bhopal]]
* [[Mahesh Memorial Public Higher Secondary School, Bagh]]
* [[Model Higher Secondary School, TT Nagar, Bhopal]]
* [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]]
* [[St Joseph's Convent School, Bhopal]]
* [[St. Raphael's Girls' Higher Secondary School]], Indore
* [[Scindia School]], [[Gwalior]]
* [[The Sanskaar Valley School]], [[Bhopal]]
}}

== Maharashtra==
{{Main|List of schools in Maharashtra}}



== Manipur ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Don Bosco High School (Imphal)|Don Bosco High School]], Imphal
* [[Johnstone Higher Secondary School, Imphal]]
* [[Little Flower School, Imphal]]
* [[Sainik School, Imphal]]
* [[St. Joseph's School, Imphal]]
* [[The Pathway School]]
}}

== Meghalaya ==

* [[Christian Girls' Higher Secondary School, Tura]]
* [[Don Bosco Technical School, Shillong]]
* [[St. Anthony's Higher Secondary School, Shillong]]

== Mizoram ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bethel Mission School]], Champhai
* [[Home Missions School]], Aizawl
}}

==Nagaland==

{{main|List of schools in Nagaland}}

== Odisha ==

{{Main|List of schools in Odisha}}

== Pondicherry ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]
* [[Lycée français de Pondichéry]]
* [[Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School]]
}}

== Punjab ==

{{See also|Category:Schools in Punjab, India}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Dasmesh Public School, Faridkot]]
* [[Mata Jaswant Kaur Memorial School, Badal]]
* [[Our Lady of Fatima Convent High School|Our Lady Of Fatima Convent Secondary School]], Patiala
}}

== Rajasthan ==
{{Main|List of schools in Rajasthan}}


==Sikkim==

* [[Taktse International School]]
* [[Tashi Namgyal Academy]]

== Tamil Nadu ==
{{Main|List of schools in Tamil Nadu}}


== Telangana ==

===Hyderabad===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Asafia school]], Hyderabad
* [[CHIREC International]], [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Dr. S. Hussain Zaheer Memorial High School]]
* [[Gitanjali Senior School, Begumpet]]
* [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet|Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]]
* [[The Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur|Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur]]
* [[International School of Hyderabad]]
* [[Jhansi High School]]
* [[Lakshanika International School]]
* [[Little Flower High School, Hyderabad]]
* [[Oakridge International School]]
* [[Open Minds - A Birla School]], Kollur, near Gachibowli, Hyderabad
* [[Oxford Grammar High School]], [[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad|Himayat Nagar]]
* [[Rosary Convent High School]], [[Basheerbagh]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo International School, Hyderabad]]
* [[St. Ann's High School, Secunderabad]]
* [[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|St. George's Grammar School]]
* [[St. Joseph's Public School]], King Koti
* [[St Joseph's High School, Trimulgherry]]
* [[St. Patrick's High School, Secunderabad]]
* [[St. Paul's High School, Hyderabad]]
* [[St. Thomas (SPG) Boys' High School]]
* [[Vidyaranya High School]], [[Saifabad]]
* [[Walden's Path]], [[Jubilee Hills]]
* [[Wesley Girls High School, Secunderabad]]
}}

===Warangal===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Delhi Public School, Warangal]]
* [[Platinum Jubilee High School, Warangal]]
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan Concept School]]
* [[St. Gabriel's High School]]
}}

===Other locations===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Abhyasa International Residential School]], Toopran, [[Medak district]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Sarvail]], [[Nalgonda]]
* [[APTWR School]], [[Eturnagaram]]
* [[Carmel Convent High School, Mancherial]]
* [[Kakatiya Institutions|Kakatiya High School]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
* [[Krishi Public School]], [[Sathupalli]]
* [[Loyola High School, Karimnagar]]
* [[Rama Krishna High School, Karimnagar]]
* [[St Joseph's Convent High School, Adilabad]]
* [[St. John's High School, Siddipet]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Suryapet]]
* [[The Millennium Play Way School]], Kalwakurthy
* [[Vijay High School]], Nizamabad
}}

== Tripura ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bhavan's Tripura Vidya Mandir]]
* [[Netaji Subhash Vidyaniketan]]
* [[Umakanta Academy]]
}}

== Uttar Pradesh ==

=== Agra ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[St. George's College, Agra]]
* [[St. John's College, Agra]]
* [[St. Peter's College, Agra]]
}}

=== Ayodhya ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Government Inter College Faizabad]]
* [[K.S. Saket P.G. College]]
* [[Mahatma Jagjeevan Sahab Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University|RMLU School]]
* [[Sri Ram Chandra Singh Mahavidyalaya]]
}}

=== Ghaziabad ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[D.A.V Public School Sahibabad]]
* [[DLF Public School, Sahibabad]]
* [[Ingraham Institute]]
}}

=== Kanpur ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Delhi Public School, Azad Nagar]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Kalyanpur]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Kidwai Nagar]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Sarvodaya Nagar]]
* [[DPS Barra]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kanpur Nagar]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya IIT Kanpur]]
* [[Methodist High School, Kanpur]]
}}

=== Lucknow ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Cathedral School of Lucknow]]
* [[Central Academy Senior Secondary School]]
* [[City Montessori School]], multiple locations
* [[La Martinière College, Lucknow]]
* [[Loreto Convent Lucknow|Loreto Convent]]
* [[Modern School, Lucknow|Modern School]]
* [[Seth Anandram Jaipuria School Lucknow]]
* [[St. Francis' College]]
* [[Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan]]
}}

=== Meerut ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[City Vocational Public School]]
* [[St. Mary's Academy, Meerut]] Cantt.
* [[Vardhman Academy]]
}}

=== Prayagraj ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Boys' High School & College (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)|Boys' High School & College]], Prayagraj
* [[Girls' High School and College, Allahabad|Girls' High School and College, Prayagraj]]
* [[Laurels International School]], Prayagraj
* [[St Joseph's College, Prayagraj]]
* [[Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir]], Phaphamau, Prayagraj
}}

=== Other locations ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Central Hindu School|Central Hindu School, Varanasi]]
* [[DLF Public School, Sahibabad]]
* [[GIC Deoria|Government Inter College, Deoria]]
* [[Hartmann College]], Bareilly

}}

== Uttarakhand ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[The Aryan School]], Dehradun
* [[The Asian School]], Dehradun
* [[Bharatiyam International School]], Rudrapur
* [[Birla Vidya Mandir]], Nainital
* [[Brightlands School]], Dehradun
* [[Campus School, GBPUA&T|Campus School]], Pantnagar
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Mussoorie]]
* [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]], Haldwani
* [[The Doon School]], Dehradun
* [[Ecole Globale International Girls' School]], Dehradun
* [[G. D. Birla Memorial School]], Ranikhet
* [[Manava Bharati India International School]], two locations
* [[Maria Assumpta Convent School]]
* [[Montfort Senior Secondary School]], Roorkee
* [[Olympus High School]], Dehradun
* [[The Royal College, Dehradun]]
* [[St. George's College, Mussoorie]]
* [[St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Nainital]]
* [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Nainital]]
* [[Tula's International School]], Dehradun
* [[Unison World School]], Dehradun
* [[Woodstock School]], Mussoorie
* [[Wynberg Allen School]], Mussoorie
}}

== West Bengal ==
{{Main|List of schools in West Bengal}}

== National chains ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* [[Atomic Energy Central School]], established in 1969
* [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], established in 1938
* [[Carmel Convent School]]
* [[Chinmaya Vidyalayas|Chinmaya Vidyalaya]], established in 1965
* [[DAV Public School]], established in 1886
* [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]], established in 1949
* [[Indian Army Public Schools]], established in 1983
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], established in 1986
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], established in 1963
* [[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan]], established in 1958
* [[Podar Group of Schools]], established 1927
* [[Railway schools in India]], established in 1873
* [[List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions|Ramakrishna Mission Schools]], established in 1922
* [[Ryan International Group of Institutions|Ryan International Schools]], established in 1976
* [[Sainik Schools]], established in 1961
* [[Seth M.R. Jaipuria Schools]], established in 1992
* [[Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions]], established in 1986
* [[VIBGYOR Group of Schools]], established in 2004
* [[Vidya Bharati]], established in 1952
* [[Vignan Schools]], established in 1982
* [[Vivekananda Educational Society|Vivekananda Vidyalaya]], established in 1972
* [[Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya]], established in 1977

}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Lists|Schools}}
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of boarding schools in India]]
* [[List of international schools in India]]
* [[List of Jesuit institutions#List of Jesuit secondary schools|List of Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Asia topic|List of schools in|title=Lists of schools in Asia by country}}
{{list of lists | education | listcat=Lists of schools in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India, schools}}

Uruli Kanchan

2026-03-24T21:26:24Z

ClariceLinderman: starting the entry w/ sources

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uruli Kanchan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|28|N|74|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 412202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02026926230/98
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Pune
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uruli Kanchan''' is a village 33 km east from the city of [[Pune]] in the [[Pune district|district of Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
The village has been famous for the last sixty years for the [[Naturopathy]] Center (Nisarg Upchar Ashram) started by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his disciple [[Manibhai Desai]]. The village is also the location of the [[BAIF Development Research Foundation]], an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] started by Manibhai Desai in the 1960s. BAIF is well known throughout [[India]] for its program of breeding high yielding livestock and promoting sustainable rural development.
[[File:Dr. Manibhai Desai in December 1990 at Uruli Kanchan.png|thumb|right|Dr. Manibhai Desai in December 1990]]

==History==
Uruli was first mentioned in a copper plate issued by [[Shilahara]] king [[Aparajita]] in 993 AD. The plate refers to Pune region as Punaka [[vishaya]] and included Theur, Uruli, Chorachi Alandi, Bhosari etc.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kantak|first1=M.R.|title=Urbanization of Pune : How ITS Ground Was Prepared|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1991–92|volume=51/52|pages=489–495|jstor=42930432}}</ref> According to Sankhelia, Uruli was called Araluva in these plates but he calls the inscription to be from the [[Rashtrakuta]] era rather than the later Shilahara.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankalia. |first1=Hasmukh D. |title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. |date=1949 |publisher=Deccan College |location=Poona |page=177 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104107/page/n157/mode/2up?q=bai |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>

Under British colonial rule, [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] started train services between [[Mumbai]] and [[Solapur]] in December 1858 with Uruli Kanchan as one of the Stations on the route. The Train Station at that time served as a transit point for pilgrims traveling to [[Jejuri]] from Uruli using a dirt road.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|year=1885|publisher=Government Central press|pages=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=urali&pg=PA85}}</ref> [https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=urali&pg=PA85]
The train was also used for transporting [[Pomegranate]] to the markets of Poona and Bombay. The annual Sant [[Tukaram]] Maharaj [[Pandharpur Wari|Palkhi procession]] has been taking a halt for lunch in Uruli en route to [[Pandharpur Wari|Pandharpur]] in the Hindu Shaka month of Jeshtha for centuries.

The British colonial government set up a relief camp for people affected by the great famine of 1897 in Uruli. The work mainly involved cutting stone from a local quarry.<ref name="Uruli during the great famine of 1897">{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Vaughan|title=The Great Famine and its causes|year=1900|publisher=Longman, Greens and Co|location=London, New York, Bombay|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatfamineandi00nashgoog/page/n28 17]|url=https://archive.org/details/greatfamineandi00nashgoog|quote=urali .}}</ref> A Grampanchayat or Village Council was established in 1936 with Mr, Pranlal Shah as the first Sarpanch or leader of the council.

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] came to Uruli Kanchan on 22 March 1946, & stayed here for 7 days with his young disciple, [[Manibhai Desai]]. Manibhai, as has been mentioned before, was instrumental in totally transforming the village over many decades.<ref name="rmaf.org.ph">[https://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyDesaiMan.htm Biography at Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation]</ref> His first major activity here was to open a Nature cure Ashram which continues to this day and is well known throughout India. This was followed by opening of Schools in Uruli.<ref name="rmaf.org.ph"/> In 1967, he founded the [[Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation]] (BAIF). BAIF has been a pioneer in introducing the Indo-European hybrid cattle breed to India.<ref name="rmaf.org.ph"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Connie|title=In Gandhi's Footsteps: The Manibhai Desai & BAIF Story|year=2000|publisher=New Age International Ltd.|isbn=81-224-1221-1|pages=114}}</ref>

==Geography==
Uruli Kanchan lies 33 km east of the City of Pune. A few kilometers north of the village flows the [[Mula-Mutha River]]. A few kilometers south of the village is the [[Sinhagad]] - [[Bhuleshwar Temple|Bhuleshwar]] mountain range. A road going South connects Uruli with the pilgrim Center of Jejuri on the other side of the mountain range. The area around Uruli receives on average 600 mm of rain per annum. The medium black soil around Uruli is very fertile and irrigation from the mutha canal allows for growing of cash crops.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical study of the Pune Division. |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9907/6/06_chapter%202.pdf}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the census of India of 2011, the population of the village was 30,305 with 15,687 males and 14,618 females. The number of households in the village was 6,693.
The village is dominated by a number of [[Maratha]] clans on political and economic level. The village also has a significant population of [[Marwari people|Marwadi]] and [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] people. Both communities dominate trade in the village. The Sindhi families settled into Uruli when they migrated to India from [[Sindh]] after Indian independence in 1947. Due to the excellent transport links to [[Pune]], the village also has a sizeable population that commutes to work in [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]. The presence of the school, college and BAIF means there is a high proportion of professionals such as teachers, veterinary doctors, and agricultural scientists residing in the area.

With constant expansion of the [[Pune Metropolitan Area]] and the consequent demand for more housing, Uruli Kanchan and surrounding villages are slowly turning into outer suburbs of Pune. A number of [[Gated communities]] of High end Apartment blocks are getting built.

==Economy==

The area around Uruli is irrigated by the [[Mutha River|Mutha]] [[canal]] and therefore the land is used for growing cash crops like sugarcane and [[grapes]].<ref>Mukherji-Edwards, I., 1988. Agricultural marketing: Economics of fruit marketing in the Poona District, 1977-1986 (Doctoral dissertation, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune (Ind</ref> The sugarcane is supplied mainly to the sugar mill at Anurag Sugar Factory near Yawat, a 15 km from Uruli. The village holds a weekly open air market on Sunday. The Naturopathy Ashram attracts wealthy patrons from all over India. The cattle breeding program at BAIF attracts professionals from all across India.

In recent years, the village has attracted a number of Household furniture and windows manufacturers, and distributors.

==Local Government==

A Grampanchayat or Village Council was established in 1936 with Mr, Pranlal Shah as the first Sarpanch or leader of the council. Later Manibhai Desai served as the Sarpanch for a long period. The council has six wards (Constituencies) that elect a total of 17 members.

==Transport==

[[Urali railway station]] is served by [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]'s the main [[Mumbai]] - [[Secunderabad]] line and the [[Pune]] -[[Solapur]] National highway. There are also Local [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] bus services 7 / 7A and 9 that go to and from Pune and [[Hadapsar]] respectively.

==Educational facilities==
[[File:Ravindra Kala Mandir Uruli Kanchan.JPG|thumb|right|Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya School Hall]]

The oldest school in the village is a Primary School (Elementary School) which was established in 1881. The school is run by the Pune District Council ([[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]]). The medium of instruction is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The school occupied the same building as the village Panchayat or the council but recently moved into a new building.

The local high school, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya is recognized as a rural center of excellence. The medium of instruction in this school is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The school is co-educational and has around 3000 students. The school has offered a choice of vocational courses for high school grade students (year 8-10) in Technology and Agriculture for decades. The school also runs a hostel called Kumar Chhatralaya for around 200 male students from outside the area. There are also schools in the area where the medium of instruction is English. These include Amar Education Institute, [https://angelhighschooluruli.com/ Angel High School] & Dr. Cyrus Poonawala English Medium School.

The High School shares it campus with Padmashri Manibhai Desai Mahavidyalaya or College. The College is affiliated to [[Pune University]] and offers Bachelor level courses in Arts, Commerce and Sciences.

==Naturopathy Ashram==

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] came to Uruli Kanchan on 22 March 1946 and stayed for up to 30 March 1946. He treated hundreds of patients with the help of Dr. Mehta, Balkoba Bhave, Manibhai Desai, Dr. Sushila Nair and other disciples. On 30 March 1946, Mahatma Gandhi departed for Delhi for the final negotiations with British Government regarding Independent India. Gandhiji founded Nisargopchar Gramsudhar Trust on 1 April 1946, with the help of kind donations in the form of Land by local people like late shri Mahadev Tatyaba Kanchan. The team under the management of Manibhai preached sound health and hygienic practices and also studied various problems in rural areas and identified suitable solutions to uplift the rural poor. The Nature cure therapy at the ashram followed guidelines issued by Gandhiji. They included regulation of diet, fast, sun-bath, fomentations, steam-bath, mud- bandage, massage and non-injurious indigenous herbs<ref>Gandhi M. Nature cure. Kumarappa B, editor. Navajivan Publishing House; 1954.[https://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/nature-cure.pdf]</ref>

Over last fifty years the Ashram has made remarkable progress. The institute has set up the unique example in the field of [[Naturopathy]] i.e. "The way of Life". People from every corner of India and abroad come here and experience the unique drugless [[holistic]] approach for management of chronic diseases. Treatment is offered to patients suffering from Arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, bronchitis, skin diseases, asthma. Digestive, gynaecological problems, and neuro muscular disorders. Day in the Ashram begins with prayer & yoga and ends with prayer. Thus along with other physical treatments, psychological and spiritual counseling completes the treatment plan.<ref name="lifepositive">{{cite web|url=https://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/Mahatma_Gandhi/And_Gandhi_Came_Alive12008.asp|title=And Gandhi Came Alive|publisher=lifepositive.com|access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref>



==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]

Army Law College

2026-03-24T20:50:18Z

ClariceLinderman: started the details from scratch

{{Short description|Law college in Pune, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Army Law College, Pune
| image = Army Law College Pune logo.png
| image_size = 120px
| motto = ''On March to Glory''
| established = 2018
| type = [[Law College]]
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.7532748|N|73.5863939|E|format=dms|region:IN-MH_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[University of Pune]]; [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
| principal = Dr. Madhushree Joshi<ref name="Bridge2018">{{Cite news |title=Army Law College, Pune, inaugurated |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/army-law-college-pune-inaugurated-21541 |work=The Bridge Chronicle |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.alcpune.com/}}
| mapframe = Yes
}}

'''Army Law College (ALC), Pune''' is a residential law college located at Kanhe, near [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It was established in 2018 under the aegis of the [[Army Welfare Education Society]] (AWES).<ref name="HT2018">{{Cite news |title=Kanhe Army Law College to be inaugurated on July 16 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/kanhe-army-law-college-to-be-inaugurated-on-july-16/story-pHEaSYH78t3X8lkZHOGjXN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="IE2018">{{Cite news |title=Pune: Army Law College receives Bar Council approval, to be inaugurated on July 16 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pune-army-law-college-receives-bar-council-approval-to-be-inaugurated-on-july-16-5255943/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> It is affiliated with the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] and approved by the [[Bar Council of India]].<ref name="HT2018" /><ref name="IE2018" /> The college offers a five-year integrated [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] programme with an intake of 60 students through the [[Maharashtra Health and Technical Common Entrance Test|Maharashtra Common Entrance Test]] (MAH-CET Law).<ref name="HT2018" /><ref name="TOI2018">{{Cite news |title=Hope for civilian students to study at Army Law College in the future |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hope-for-civilian-students-to-study-at-army-law-college-in-the-future/articleshow/65014961.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The Army Law College was inaugurated on 16 July 2018 by Lieutenant General [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni|D. R. Soni]], then General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command.<ref name="Bridge2018">{{Cite news |title=Army Law College, Pune, inaugurated |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/army-law-college-pune-inaugurated-21541 |work=The Bridge Chronicle |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI2018" /> It was established on land and buildings donated by the Radha Kaliandas Daryanani Charitable Trust at Kanhe, about 45 km from Pune.<ref name="Bridge2018" /><ref name="TOI2019">{{Cite news |title=Philanthropist donates six acres in Kanhe to Army Law College |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/philanthropist-donates-six-acres-in-kanhe-to-army-law-college/articleshow/71039817.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==Campus==
The Kanhe campus is fully residential and has been developed in phases.<ref name="IE2018" /><ref name="HT2018" /> In August 2021, a five-storey girls’ hostel with capacity for 165 students was inaugurated by Anita Nain, President of the [[Army Wives Welfare Association]] (AWWA).<ref name="PIB2021">{{Cite press release |title=Mrs Anita Nain, President Army Wives Welfare Association (AWWA), Southern Command inaugurates Girls Hostel at Army Law College |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1745477 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> In December 2022, the ''Chanakya'' Academic Block and the ''Sai Auditorium'' with 450-seat capacity were inaugurated by Lt Gen A. K. Singh, Southern Army Commander.<ref name="PIB2022">{{Cite press release |title=Southern Army Commander inaugurates New Academic Block & Auditorium of Army Law College, Kanhe |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1885077 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==Academics==
The college offers a five-year integrated BBA LL.B course under SPPU, with admissions through MAH-CET Law.<ref name="HT2018" /><ref name="TOI2018" /> Facilities include classrooms, library resources, and moot court activities.<ref name="PIB2022" /><ref name="Bridge2018" />

==Administration==
The Army Law College functions under the Army Welfare Education Society with oversight from the Southern Command.<ref name="HT2018" /> Dr. Madhushree Joshi, a gold medallist from SPPU, was appointed as the first Principal in 2018.<ref name="Bridge2018" /><ref name="TOI2018" /> The Registrar’s post has been held by retired Army officers, including Colonel A. K. Pandey (2018) and Colonel Suneel Mann (2025).<ref name="HT2018" /><ref name="Bar2025">{{Cite news |title=Army Law College Pune students protest arbitrary policy changes, demand removal of Principal |url=https://www.barandbench.com/Law-School/army-law-college-pune-students-protest-arbitrary-policy-changes-demand-removal-of-principal |work=Bar & Bench |date=11 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==Student protests (2025)==
In August 2025, more than 300 students staged protests against the principal and registrar, alleging academic mismanagement, dissolution of the student council, and discrimination based on parents’ military ranks.<ref name="HT2025">{{Cite news |title=Army Law College row: Police step in as students stage protest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/army-law-college-row-police-step-in-as-students-stage-protest-101754941494953.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="IE2025">{{Cite news |title=Students allege unresolved grievances: Police called to Army Law College Pune following 'peaceful' student protest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/army-law-college-pune-peaceful-student-protest-grievances-police-10181676/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> The administration described the agitation as being driven by a few individuals and stated that the college maintained discipline and academic focus.<ref name="HT2025" /><ref name="IE2025" />

==See also==
* [[Army Institute of Law]]
* [[Army Institute of Technology, Pune]]
* [[Army Welfare Education Society]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pune]]
[[Category:Law schools in Maharashtra]]

HMTV

2026-03-23T21:49:26Z

ClariceLinderman: minor updated details as per guidelines further and improved wording

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language television news channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = HMTV
| founder = K. Vaman Rao
| launch_date = 12 February 2009<ref name=":0"/>
| logo = HMTV Channel Logo.png
| logo_size =
| network =
| owner = Kapil Group
| parent = Hyderabad Media Pvt. Ltd
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|
| sister_channels =
| website = {{URL|http://www.hmtvlive.com|HMTVlive.com}}
}}
'''HMTV''' is an Indian 24-hour [[Telugu language|Telugu]] news channel launched on 12 February 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2009 |title=A new Telugu news channel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/a-new-telugu-news-channel/articleshow/4124669.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The channel is operated by Hyderabad Media Pvt. Ltd, which also runs the English newspaper ''[[The Hans India]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninan |first=Sevanti |date=2013-09-18 |title=Divided state, divided media |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Pgfl9xpctEJILt8FLb8HkO/Divided-state-divided-media.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> HMTV is a part of Kapil Group, promoted by K. Vaman Rao.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=H |first=Kamalapathi Rao |date=2017-04-13 |title=Raids show I-T violation by HMTV boss' chit firm |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130417/raids-show-i-t-violation-by-hmtv-boss-chit-firm.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |others= |date=2017-05-06 |title=Venkaiah, Bandaru give away HMTV Business Excellence Awards |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/venkaiah-bandaru-give-away-hmtv-business-excellence-awards/article18402207.ece |access-date=2022-10-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kapil Group is a business conglomerate of over 30 companies whose first company, Kapil Chit Funds was started in 1981.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Kapil Chits helped Vaman spread his wings wider |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20170413/281629600135683 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kapil Group Businesses |url=https://kapilgroup.com/businesses/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Kapil Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=About Group |url=http://www.bijayfinance.com/about_group.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Bijay Finance}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |title=About us |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/about-us |access-date=2020-07-21 |website=HMTV |language=}}</ref>

== History ==
HMTV launched on 12 February 2009 as a 24-hour [[Telugu language|Telugu]] news channel. It is operated by Hyderabad Media House Ltd.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Prasanna |first=Sai |date=1 September 2011 |title=The Hans India firms base in AP; Delhi edition on the anvil |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/the-hans-india-firms-base-in-apdelhi-edition-on-the-anvil-43314.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/pages/aboutus |access-date=2020-07-20 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Padmaja |date=13 April 2017 |title=Who wants to own Telugu news channels? |url=http://asu.thehoot.org/story_popup/who-wants-to-own-telugu-news-channels-10046 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Hoot}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The slogan of the channel is "Vaartha Aagadu, Nijam Daagadu".<ref name=":1" />

HMTV is also the first Telugu news channel to have an [[ombudsman]] to carry out a critical review of its content and provide a conduit for viewers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Vasanti |first=P. N. |date=2012-08-22 |title=The power of television |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/7yh1A92KedTdl7PmdfzTZI/THE-POWER-OF-TELEVISION.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Padmaja |date=13 April 2017 |title=Who wants to own Telugu news channels? |url=http://asu.thehoot.org/story_popup/who-wants-to-own-telugu-news-channels-10046 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Hoot |quote=So far it has not been able to perform too well at the ratings game and is yet to report profits.}}</ref>

== Ownership ==
The channel is owned by Kapil Group, promoted by K. Vaman Rao.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":52" /><ref name=":5" /> Kapil Group is a conglomerate of over 30 companies having presence in over 16 business activities.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Kapil Chit Funds, the first company of the group started in 1981 at [[Karimnagar]] by K. Vaman Rao, a [[Chartered accountant|Chartered Accountant]] by profession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> It later diversified into sectors like construction, property management, hospitality, manufacturing, media, energy, agriculture, healthcare, finance, [[Information technology|IT]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" />

== Programming and reception ==
[[File:HMTV Media House Office.JPG|thumb|HMTV Media House office|190x190px]]The channel broadcasts shows such as "Jordar Varthalu", and "Nela Thalli".<ref name=":1" /> The public discussion program 'Dasa Disa' was widely acclaimed.,<ref name=":6" /> 'Dasa Disa' on the channel gave them the confidence to venture into print media with ''[[The Hans India]]'' in July 2011.<ref name=":52" /> The channel has also been lauded for taking up issues like the girl child, building toilets in government schools, drinking water etc.<ref name=":6" />

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.hmtvlive.com Official website]

{{Telugu Language Television}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]

Grrr (film)

2026-03-19T01:10:10Z

ClariceLinderman: creating a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Grrr
| image = Grrr Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jay K
| writer = Jay K
| producer = Shaji Nadesan [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
| cinematography = Jayesh Nair
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = [[Dawn Vincent]] [[Kailas Menon]] Tony Tarz
| studio = August Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|06|14}}
| runtime = 119 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=''GRRR - All Rise, The King is Here'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/grrr-all-rise-the-king-is-here-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymduz |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Grrr''''' ({{Translation|Roar}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] language [[survival]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by Jay K. Based on the true story of a man who jumped into the lion enclosure in [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo]] in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunchacko Boban and Suraj Venjaramoodu team up for action-comedy 'GRRR'; teaser out |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/05/05/grrr-teaser-kunchacko-boban-suraj-venjaramoodu-malayalam-comedy.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |archive-date=2024-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507032227/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/05/05/grrr-teaser-kunchacko-boban-suraj-venjaramoodu-malayalam-comedy.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=ചിരിപ്പിക്കാൻ സുരാജും ചാക്കോച്ചനും 'ദർശൻ' സിംഹവും; 'ഗർർർ' റിലീസ് ഡേറ്റ് പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/grrr/grrr-malayalam-movie-release-date-announced-1.9535064 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506232345/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/grrr-malayalam-movie-release-date-announced-1.9535064 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2024 |title=Kunchacko Boban and Suraj Venjaramoodu's 'GRRR' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-grrr-release-date-announcement/articleshow/109886300.cms#:~:text='GRRR'%20starring%20Kunchacko%20Boban%20and,excellence%20and%20original%20music%20score. |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507092445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-grrr-release-date-announcement/articleshow/109886300.cms#:~:text='GRRR'%20starring%20Kunchacko%20Boban%20and,excellence%20and%20original%20music%20score. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/06/14/mollywood-grrr-movie-review-loud-roars-of-satire-yet-no-bite.html |title='Grrr..' movie review: Loud roars of satire yet no bite |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=2024-06-14 |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614210705/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/06/14/mollywood-grrr-movie-review-loud-roars-of-satire-yet-no-bite.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506200046/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on 14 June 2024 where it received mixed reviews from critics and struggled at the box office. It was a [[box office bomb]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/grrr-movie-review-a-forgettable-attempt-at-blending-the-survival-drama-and-comedy-genres/article68288931.ece |title='Grrr' movie review: A forgettable attempt at blending comedy |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2024-06-14 |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614210705/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/grrr-movie-review-a-forgettable-attempt-at-blending-the-survival-drama-and-comedy-genres/article68288931.ece |url-status=live |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grrr-struggles-at-box-office-collects-only-rs-2-85-crore-in-five-days/articleshow/111106237.cms |title='Grrr' struggles at box office: Collects only Rs 2.85 crore in five days |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Rejimon "Reji" Nadar became [[drunk]] following [[heartbreak]] over his lover Rachana due to [[caste]] issues. Meanwhile, Haridas Nair, the employer at a [[zoo]], grappled with his own problems stemming from [[corruption]]. Later, he learns that Reji is in the [[lion]] Darshan's den, and he rushes to save him, only to find himself in a struggle for survival as the news media cover the unfolding events.

== Cast ==
*[[Kunchacko Boban]] as Rejimon Nadar
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as KJ Haridas Nair
*MoJo as Darshan
*[[Shruti Ramachandran]] as Mridula Nair
*[[Anagha]] as Rachana
*[[Rajesh Madhavan]] as Anas
*[[Manju Pillai]] as Fauziya Fathima
*[[Shobi Thilakan]] as Iravikutty Pillai
*[[Senthil Krishna]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Kamalesh
*[[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Thambi Himagiri
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as TV reporter
*Parvathy R Krishna as TV reporter
*[[Sibi Thomas]] as Sujanapalan
*Ratheesh Balakrishna Poduval as Channel Head Mahesh Moorthy
*Nisthar Sait as Kazhakoottam Christopher
*Vinod Kedamangalam as Fire & Rescue Officer
*RJ Murukan as Dr. Jacob
*Gautham Sasi as Thambi Himagiri’s assistant
*Mohith as Cameraman Shambu
*Jayachandran as Simon

== Production ==
MoJo, a South African lion who featured in Hollywood and Bollywood films, stars in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/audiences-can-expect-king-size-entertainment-from-the-kunchacko-boban-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer/articleshow/109836433.cms |title=EXCLUSIVE! 'GRRR' director Jay K: Audiences can expect king-size entertainment from the Kunchacko Boban-Suraj Venjaramoodu starrer |date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507191716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/audiences-can-expect-king-size-entertainment-from-the-kunchacko-boban-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer/articleshow/109836433.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/06/the-lion-is-not-graphics-kunchacko-bobans-grrr-bts-is-here |title='The lion is not graphics'; Kunchacko Boban's Grrr BTS is here |date=6 June 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> To choose a lion for the film, lions were trained and videos of the lion were sent to the film crew for approval.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jun/14/we-auditioned-for-the-right-lion |title='We auditioned for the right lion' |first=Vignesh |last=Madhu |date=14 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614102645/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jun/14/we-auditioned-for-the-right-lion |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
S.R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found the film "forgettable"<ref name=":1" /> while Riya J from ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' stated, "comic scenes mostly fall flat despite the best efforts of Suraj and Chackochan".<ref name=":0" /> ''[[The News Minute's]]'' Cris too was quite critical of the overall production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=14 June 2024 |title=Grrr review: Kunchacko-Suraj cannot save this lacklustre comedy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/grrr-review-kunchacko-suraj-cannot-save-this-lacklustre-comedy |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615030410/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/grrr-review-kunchacko-suraj-cannot-save-this-lacklustre-comedy |url-status=live}}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' too was very mixed: "Just like a part of Darshan's meat is regularly stolen by the guards, denying the lion what it needs fairly, the film as a whole leaves a lot to be desired. While it soars in parts as a man vs beast tale, the lion's share of ''Grrr'' overstays its welcome."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=7 June 2024 |title=Grrr Movie Review: Screeches where it should have roared |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2024/Jun/14/grrr-movie-review-screeches-where-it-should-have-roared |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615030525/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2024/Jun/14/grrr-movie-review-screeches-where-it-should-have-roared |url-status=live}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "an enjoyable, light-hearted film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Grrr movie review: Kunchacko Boban and Suraj Venjaramoodu deliver an enjoyable, light-hearted film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/grrr-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-deliver-an-enjoyable-light-hearted-film-9391809/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614140947/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/grrr-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-deliver-an-enjoyable-light-hearted-film-9391809/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

However Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' praised the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Grrr... Review: A Loud Entertainer With A Subtle Message |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/grrr-review-a-loud-entertainer-with-a-subtle-message-review-110991397 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614104637/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/grrr-review-a-loud-entertainer-with-a-subtle-message-review-110991397 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt13004760}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films set in zoos]]

Delhi Public School, Bhopal

2026-03-06T16:04:56Z

ClariceLinderman: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School, Bhopal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = The logo is common to all schools run by the [[Delhi Public School Society]] in India
| motto = ''Service before Self''
| city = [[Bhopal]] - 462044
| country = [[India]]
| other_name = DPS Bhopal
| type = Public School
| established = 2000 <ref name=school>{{cite web|url=https://www.dpsbhopal.org/cbse_mandatory_disclosure.pdf |title=CBSE mandatory disclosure |publisher=www.dpsbhopal.org|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
| founder = Shri Gurudev Gupta
| chairman = Mr. Hari Mohan Gupta
| principal = Mrs. Vinita Malik (August 2017- Present) Mr. Ajay K Sharma (November 2005 - August 2017) <ref>{{cite web
| title = Some schools in Bhopal accepting only cash, imposing late fees, parents fume |work=Hindustan Times
| url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/some-schools-in-bhopal-accepting-only-cash-imposing-late-fees-parents-fume/story-X0Mf6PrBOTOQ2prMWfEpMO.html|quote=Delhi Public School principal Ajay Sharma told HT..|date=19 November 2016| access-date = 2016-12-01 }}</ref>
| headmistress = Mrs. Mukta Sharma
| headmaster = Dr. Yogesh Padegaonkar (vice principal)
| faculty = 202, all Full time <ref name=school/>
| area = {{convert|23|acre|m2}}<ref name=school/>
| nickname = "The Dipsites"
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], Indian Public Schools' Conference, CBSE Sahodaya School Complex
| location =
| address = Near Neelbad Crossing, Bhadbhada Road
| enrollment = 7000+ currently enrolled <ref name=school/>
| colors = Green and white {{color box|#006A4E}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.dpsbhopal.org/}}
}}
'''Delhi Public School''' (DPS), Neelbad, [[Bhopal]], is a public [[secondary school]] run jointly by the [[Delhi Public School Society]] and the [[Jagran Social Welfare Society]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Our Institutions | work = Jagran Social Welfare Society | url = http://www.jsws.org.in/our_institutions.html | access-date = 2016-12-01 | archive-date = 1 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211456/http://www.jsws.org.in/our_institutions.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Started in 2000 by [[Gurudev Gupta|Shri Gurudev Gupta]], it is a [[co-educational]] day and boarding school with 7000+ students spread across its campus at Bhadbhada Road, [[Bhopal]], [[India]].

'''Delhi Public School''' (DPS), Neebad, Bhopal is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and the [[Indian Public Schools' Conference|Indian Public Schools' Conference (IPSC)]].

== History ==
=== Suicide Incidents ===
There have been multiple suicides of students from DPS Bhopal.

A Class XI student named ''Adityaman Singh'', hanged himself in his home, convinced he won't be allowed into Class XII,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-23 |title=Bhopal: Class 11 student of DPS commits suicide after failing in exam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/bhopal-class-11-student-of-dps-commits-suicide-after-failing-in-exam/story-cYNsbPHOJ4HHGVCXOYIPIM.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> allegedly due to a rule which enabled the school administration to discontinue the admission of a student who performs poorly in Class XI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Failed in exam, DPS student commits suicide |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/failed-in-exam-dps-student-commits-suicide.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

Parents say that they were called twice by then vice-principal, Vandana Dhupar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-10 |title=Delhi Public School Kolar Road {{!}} Bhopal |url=http://www.dpskolar.org/meet_the_staff.php |access-date=2025-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110030042/http://www.dpskolar.org/meet_the_staff.php |archive-date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> and had been told that if their child doesn’t perform, he will be expelled as per the rules.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-24 |title=Bhopal: Parents, school in contradiction over suicide by DPS student |url=https://www.inkl.com/news/bhopal-parents-school-in-contradiction-over-suicide-by-dps-student |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=inkl |language=en}}</ref> However, the school administration denied there was any such rule.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-24 |title=Bhopal: After suicide, school says boy didn't fail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/bhopal-parents-school-in-contradiction-over-suicide-by-dps-student/story-c7gtZnK0LLlHa0FDITQ4sK.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A day after the suicide, school administration clarified that Adityaman had not failed.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

Four Months after this incident, a Class VII student also hanged himself,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-05 |title=सुसाइड से पहले 7वीं के छात्र को WhatsApp पर मिला था मैसेज, 'तेरा झूठ पकड़ा गया' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-new-revelations-raised-new-questions-in-dps-student-suicide-case-892497.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> leaving a note blaming poor marks for his decision.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-04 |title=Life snuffed out: Second suicide by DPS student in four months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/life-snuffed-out-second-suicide-by-dps-student-in-four-months/articleshow/53038724.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Co-scholastic activities ==
The school teams have won several trophies in sports, music and dance, and painting. The students have also won several debates, quizzes, computer related competitions and have also participated in various MUNs. The school also has a football and basketball team.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.dpsbhopal.org/ Official website]

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{DPS Society aegis}}

[[Category:Schools in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in India]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Co-educational boarding schools]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]

Pudhiya Pathai

2026-03-04T05:17:30Z

ClariceLinderman: added a pg

{{short description|1960 film by Tapi Chanakya}}
{{For|the 1989 film|Pudhea Paadhai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pudhiya Pathai
| image = Pudhiya Pathai poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Tapi Chanakya]]
| screenplay = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| story = [[Mukhram Sharma]]
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] [[K. A. Thangavelu]] [[K. Balaji]]
| cinematography = Yoosuf Mulji
| music = Master Venu
| studio = Sri Sarathi Studios
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1960|11|17|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pudhiya Pathai''''' ({{translation|New Course}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Tapi Chanakya]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]. It is a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1956).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazir |first=Asjad |date=3 November 2022 |title=BR Chopra: 20 greatest movies |url=https://www.indiaweekly.biz/br-chopra-20-greatest-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203145326/https://www.indiaweekly.biz/br-chopra-20-greatest-movies/ |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[India Weekly]]}}</ref> The film was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Kumkuma Rekha'' (1960).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=20 July 1963 |title=Sarathi Studios in Full Swing |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n163/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203145059/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n163/mode/2up |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=48 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=July 2022}}

== Cast ==
List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name="anandan">{{Cite web |title=1960 – புதியபாதை-ஸ்ரீசாரதி ஸ்டுடியோ குங்கும ரேகா(தெ) |trans-title=1960 – Pudhiya Pathai-Sri Sarathi Studio Kumkuma Rekha(te) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails35.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170317072815/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails35.asp |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=7 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[Gemini Ganesan]]
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]
*[[A. Karunanidhi]]
*[[K. Balaji]]
*Balakrishnan
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]
*[[M. Saroja]]
*[[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] (as child artiste)
*Sukumari
*Jyothi
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
[[File:Kumkuma Rekha poster.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Poster of the Telugu version "Kumkuma Rekha"]]
The film was directed by [[Tapi Chanakya]], the story was written by [[Mukhram Sharma]] and [[Murasoli Maran]] wrote the dialogues. Cinematography was handled by Yoosuf Mulji. Vembatti Sathyam was the choreographer.<ref name="anandan" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Master Venu]], while the lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]] and [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=206 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Aasaigal Malarvadhu Paruva Nenjile" is based on the tune of "Sawle Salone Aaye Din Baharke" from the 1956 Hindi film ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Innum Yaen Varavillai" || P. Susheela || rowspan=4|A. Maruthakasi || 02:17
|-
| "Aasaigal Malarvadhu Paruva Nenjile" || T. M. Soundararajan & Jikki || 04:14
|-
| "Thanjaavoor Bommai Pole" || Jikki & group || 04:18
|-
| "Muyandraal Pugazh Perave Mudiyaadhaa" || P. Susheela & Jayalakshmi Santhanan || 03:01
|-
| "Vaanamenum Kooraiyin" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=3|Kannadasan || 05:18
|-
| "Inba Kanavodu Kan Moodu" || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Manamaalai Izhandha Thaaye" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:48
|-
| "En Indha Iravu" || T. M. Soundararajan & Jikki || || 03:08
|-
| "Pongum Manamedai Alangaaram" || P. Susheela || || 03:09
|-
| "Neeyum Naanum Jodi" || T. M. Soundararajan & Jikki || || 02:23
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0158127}}
{{Tapi Chanakya}}
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tapi Chanakya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Master Venu]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Palli Paruvathile

2026-03-03T03:14:54Z

ClariceLinderman: added a info

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Vasudev Bhaskar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Palli Paruvathile
| image = Palli Paruvathile.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vasudev Bhaskar
| writer = Vasudev Bhaskar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = D. Velu
| starring = Nandhan Ram Venba
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vinothkumar
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = Vijay Narayanan
| studio = VKPT Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|12|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Palli Paruvathile''''' ({{Translation|At school age}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by Vasudev Bhaskar and starring Nandhan Ram and Venba with [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[R. K. Suresh]] in supporting roles.

==Plot==
The film is about how two [[12th grade#India|Plus 2]] students fall in love against their families interest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudha |first=K. |date=17 May 2017 |title=Back to school |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/17/back-to-school-1605950.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031051957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/17/back-to-school-1605950.html |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Nandhan Ram as Kalai
*Venba as Kani
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Sarangan
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Kalai's mother
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[R. K. Suresh]] as Kani's uncle
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Peon
*[[Ponvannan]] as Kani's father
*[[Sujatha Sivakumar]]
*Pasanga Sivakumar as Teacher
*[[E. Ramdoss]]
*[[Nanditha Jennifer]] (special appearance)
*[[Sukirthan Raj]] (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
This film marks the debut of [[Sirpy]]'s son Nandhan Ram and the lead debut of ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]''-fame Venba.<ref name="T1">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=10 December 2017 |title=I was filled with tension while shooting the climax: Venba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-filled-with-tension-while-shooting-the-climax-venba/articleshow/61998020.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515174448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-filled-with-tension-while-shooting-the-climax-venba/articleshow/61998020.cms |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 February 2017 |title=Composer Sirpy's son debuts as a hero |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140217/composer-sirpys-son-debuts-as-a-hero.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813040306/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140217/composer-sirpys-son-debuts-as-a-hero.html |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> This film marks the second directorial of Vasudev Bhaskar, who previously worked as a producer for ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]'' (2008) and a director for ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' (2012).<ref name="D" /> The film's story is based on a few incidents from Vasudev Bhaskar's life at Iluppai Thoppu Secondary School in [[Ambalapattu]], [[Thanjavur district]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=18 November 2017 |title=Palli Paruvathile is a director’s ode to his teacher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/palli-paruvathile-is-a-directors-ode-to-his-teacher/articleshow/61701159.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031051640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/palli-paruvathile-is-a-directors-ode-to-his-teacher/articleshow/61701159.cms |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="D" /> where the film was shot in forty days.<ref name="T1" /> Pasanga Sivakumar's role in the film is based on the director's teacher Sargam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=15 December 2017 |title=This film will give the audience a nostalgic feeling: Vasudev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-film-will-give-the-audience-a-nostalgic-feeling-vasudev/articleshow/62069804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414175819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-film-will-give-the-audience-a-nostalgic-feeling-vasudev/articleshow/62069804.cms |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The director had an idea of making a film in his school since the 10th grade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sanjana |date=14 February 2017 |title=Music Director Sirpy’s Son To Debut In Vasudev Bhaskar’s ‘Palli Paruvathilae’ |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/music-director-sirpys-son-to-debut-in-vasudev-bhaskars-palli-paruvathilae/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202005558/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/music-director-sirpys-son-to-debut-in-vasudev-bhaskars-palli-paruvathilae/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music is composed by newcomer Vijay Narayanan, who formerly worked as an assistant to [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name="D" /> The lyrics are written by [[Vairamuthu]], Vasu Kokila and M. C. Saradha.

== Reception==
===Critical response===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "The writing and filmmaking are so archaic that the film turns into a test of patience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=15 December 2017 |title=PALLI PARUVATHILE MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/palli-paruvathile/movie-review/62079040.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203141257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/palli-paruvathile/movie-review/62079040.cms |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "The film takes us to nostalgic memories of our school days. But too much of forced melodrama and tragic events mar the interest. The director could have infused freshness in screenplay. A bit of trimming would have helped too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=16 December 2017 |title=Palli Paruvathile movie review: Too much of forced melodrama and tragic events |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/161217/palli-paruvathile-movie-review-too-much-of-forced-melodrama-and-tragic-events.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209191718/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/161217/palli-paruvathile-movie-review-too-much-of-forced-melodrama-and-tragic-events.html |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7059762}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yashas Palaksha

2026-02-26T06:05:58Z

ClariceLinderman: starting first stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

'''Yashas Palaksha''' (born 8 December 2001) is an [[Athletics in India|Indian athlete]]. He competes in 400m hurdles event. He is named in the Indian athletics team for the 400m hurdles event for the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |quote=Yashas Palaksha - Men’s 400m hurdles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Toor, Sreeshankar, Tejaswin, Shaili headline 54-member Indian team for Asian Athletics Championships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/toor-sreeshankar-tejaswin-shaili-headline-54-member-indian-team-for-asian-athletics-championships-8680632/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |quote=Yashas Palaksha and Santhosh Kumar (400m hurdles)}}</ref> Two Indian qualified for the finals, Yashas Palaksha and Santhosh Kumar and they finished fifth and sixth respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sports |first=The Bridge-Home of Indian |date=3 October 2023 |title=Athletics-Yashas Palaksha and Santhosh kumar finished 5th and Sixth respectively in men 400m Hurdles |url=https://thebridge.in/buzz/buzzasiad-day-10-sports-athletes-kabaddi-archery-boxing-live-scores-results-62830-62830 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=thebridge.in}}</ref> In the heats, Palaksha clocked 49.61s to take second place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=India At Asian Games 2023, Women's 400m Hurdles: Vithya Ramraj Equals PT Usha's 39-Year-Old National Record |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/india-at-asian-games-2023-women-s-400m-hurdles-vithya-ramraj-equals-pt-usha-s-39-year-old-national-record-news-321891 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=outlookindia.com |quote=In men's 400m hurdles, Santhosh Kumar Tamilarasan and Yashas Palaksha qualified for the final}}</ref>

Palaksha who qualified for the final in the 400m hurdles at the [[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Athletic Championships]] in July 2023 did not take part in the finals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SportzConnect |date=15 July 2023 |title=Santhosh Kumar secures bronze in Men's 400m Hurdle at Asian Athletics Championships |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/news-santhosh-kumar-secures-bronze-men-s-400m-hurdle-asian-athletics-championships |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=sportskeeda.com |quote=Yashas Palaksha reaches the final}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=22 June 2023 |title=Asian Athletics Championships: Toor, Sreeshankar, Tejaswin, Shaili headline 54-member Indian team |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/india-team-asian-athletics-championships-squad-tajinderpal-tejaswin-sreeshankar-neeraj-chopra-avinash-sable-not-named/article66998336.ece |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |quote=Yashas Palaksha and Santhosh Kumar (400m hurdles)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Santhosh Kumar wins 400m hurdles bronze in Asian Athletics Championships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/santhosh-kumar-wins-400m-hurdles-bronze-in-asian-athletics-championships-101689423323021.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |quote=Yashas Palaksha had also qualified for the final}}</ref> In May 2023, he bagged first place in the 400m hurdles in the 26th National Federation Cup Senior Athletics Championships at [[Birsa Munda]] Foot Ball Stadium, Ranchi. A month later, he won the 400m hurdles again in June 2023 at the Indian Championships at [[Kalinga Stadium]], Bhubaneshwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yashas PALAKSHA | Profile | World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/p-yashas-14881854 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> He set a new personal best of 49.22 sec winning a silver medal at Taiwan Athletics Open 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Yashas Palaksha wins the silver medal with a new personal best of 49.22s |url=https://thebridge.in/buzz/buzztaiwan-open-annu-rani-ancy-sojan-live-blog-scores-93865-93865 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{World Athletics|india/p-yashas-14881854|Yashas PALAKSHA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palaksha, Yashas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian men hurdlers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Dina River

2026-02-22T21:56:17Z

ClariceLinderman: creating new place...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{coord|19|28|N|79|57|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}
[[File:Dina Dam, Regadi.jpg|thumb|Backwaters of Dina dam at Regadi.]]
The '''Dina River''' is a river that runs near [[Chamorshi]] in the [[Gadchiroli district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=flood>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/provide-relief-on-war-footing-to-gadchiroli-villages-cut-off-by-floods-hc-to-govt/articleshow/94083679.cms | title=Provide relief on war footing to Gadchiroli villages cut off by floods: HC to govt | publisher=Times of India | date=9 September 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2025}}</ref> It joins [[Pranahita River]] near Wadlapeth in [[Aheri, Gadchiroli|Aheri taluka]]. It is home to the [[Dina Dam]]. In September 2022, various villages in the backwater of the Dina dam lost connection due to floods.<ref name=flood/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Balaji K. Kumar

2026-02-21T06:00:50Z

ClariceLinderman: slightly updated formatting and corrected details

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balaji K. Kumar
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Film Director]]
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Balaji K. Kumar''' is an Indian film director. His first film as a director in [[Tamil cinema]] was ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' (2013), a [[neo-noir]] [[crime thriller]]. Upon release, it received critical acclaim from both the critics and audience, alike. Then he started his career as story board artist for advertising firms like Ogilvy & Mather, JWT, Saatchi & Saatchi.

== Career ==
Balaji K. Kumar studied cinematography at [[UCLA]]. He directed various advertisements for European and American companies. He directed the English-language film ''Twelve Twisted Tricks'' (2003) and the film's trailer premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>https://www.oocities.org/etmassey/twelvetwistedtricks.htm</ref> The trailer won [[Golden Trailer Awards#2003|Best Trailer – No Movie]] award since the film was not released. His next film was ''9 Lives of Mara'' (2007), which received many awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vidiyum-munn-new-album-new-voice/article5055596.ece|title=Audio Beat: Vidiyum Munn - New album, new voice|date=24 August 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827190611/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vidiyum-munn-new-album-new-voice/article5055596.ece|archive-date=27 August 2013|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar}}</ref> He then debuted in Tamil with ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' (2013). The film released to critical acclaim despite being a box office failure. A critic wrote that "Director Balaji undoubtedly is at the top of his game".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vidiyum-munn-is-brilliant/20131130.htm |title=Vidiyum Munn is brilliant |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref> According to Balaji Kumar, "We have made ''Vidiyum Munn'' like a new generation film for a matured audience. The film deals with an universal issue".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pvr-picks-up-vidiyum-munn-news-tamil-nl1jMGbfjdf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130095915/http://www.sify.com/movies/pvr-picks-up-vidiyum-munn-news-tamil-nl1jMGbfjdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-30 |title=PVR picks up 'Vidiyum Munn' |website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref> After working on scripts, he returned after ten years with ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' (2023), which is a based on a real incident that took place in New York in 1923.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/25/balaji-kumar-vijay-antony-s-kolai-is-inspired-by-a-real-life-incident-27482.html|title=Director Balaji Kumar: Kolai is inspired by a real-life incident|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''9 Lives of Mara'' || English || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://films-list.com/film/9-lives-of-mara/|title=FILM REVIEW - 9 Lives of Mara|first=|last=|website=films-list.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' || Tamil || Inspired by ''[[London to Brighton]]''
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' || Tamil || also writer
|-
|}

===Other films===
* ''Twelve Twisted Tricks'' - Golden Trailer Award (2003)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Balaji K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Sikh Regiment

2026-02-10T10:55:11Z

ClariceLinderman: reworked structure per standard format

{{short description|Infantry regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Sikh Regiment
| image = File:Sikh Regiment, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 170px
| caption = Badge of the Sikh Regiment
| dates = 1 August 1846 – present
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type = Line Infantry
| role = [[Infantry]]
| size = 20 battalions
| nickname =
| garrison = [[Ramgarh Cantonment]], [[Jharkhand]]
| motto = ''Nische Kar Apni Jeet Karon'' (With determination, I will be triumphant).
| colors = ''[[Bole So Nihal]]'' ''[[Sat Sri Akaal]]'' (Shout Aloud in Ecstasy, True is the Great Eternal God!)
| colors_label = War Cry
| march =
| anniversaries = 12 September ''[[Battle of Saragarhi]]''
| decorations = * 1 [[Padma Vibhushan]]
* 1 [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
* 21 [[Indian Order of Merit]]s
* 14 [[Victoria Cross]]es,
* 2 [[Param Vir Chakra]]s,
* 4 [[Ashoka Chakra]]s<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LjjDAAAQBAJ&q=Captain+Jasbir+Singh+raina+birthplace&pg=PT81|title = Ashoka Chakra Recipients|last1 = Aggarwal|first1 = Rashmi|date = January 1, 2021}}</ref>
* 8 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s,
* 24 [[Kirti Chakra]]s,
* 64 [[Vir Chakra]]s,
* 55 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s,
* 375 [[Sena Medal]]s
* 22 Param Vishisht Seva Medal
* 40 Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
* 45 Vishisht Seva Medals
* 13 UYSM
* 21 YSM
* "Unit Citation" to 8 Sikh
| identification_symbol = Lion, symbolic of the name (Singh) every Sikh carries, ringed by a [[Chakram|chakra]]
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia
| current_commander =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Maj Gen Ajay Kumar Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
}}
[[File:03-Men of the Loodiaah (Ludhiana) Sikh Regiment in China, Circa 1860..jpg|thumb|305x305px|right|Men of the Regiment of Ludhiana (later the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs) during the [[Second Opium War]] in China, {{Circa|1860}}.]]

The '''Sikh Regiment''' is an [[infantry regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It is the most highly decorated regiment of the Indian Army and in 1979, the 1st [[battalion]] was the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]'s most decorated battalion, with 245 pre-independence and 82 post-independence gallantry awards, when it was transformed into the 4th battalion, [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/18/html/ch8.htm | title=The Elite Sikh Regiment of the Indian Army | access-date=2 November 2010 | archive-date=28 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128180424/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/18/html/ch8.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.sikhreview.org/pdf/october1996/pdf-files/gallantry.pdf | title=Story of the Sikh Regiment | work=Sikh review | access-date=2010-11-02 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101526/http://www.sikhreview.org/pdf/october1996/pdf-files/gallantry.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/army-equipment-mech.htm |title=Army Equipment |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> The first battalion of the regiment was officially raised just before the partial annexation of the [[Sikh Empire]] on 1 August 1846, by the British [[East India Company]]. Currently, the Sikh Regimental Centre is located in [[Ramgarh Cantonment]], [[Jharkhand]]. The Centre was earlier located in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The modern Sikh Regiment traces its roots directly from the [[11th Sikh Regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]]. When transferred to the Indian Army like its sister regiments, the numeral prefix (in the case of the Sikh Regiment, 11) was removed and extra battalions were raised, transferred or disbanded to meet army needs. With a humble beginning of two battalions, today the fraternity has grown to a regiment of 19 regular infantry and two reserve battalions strong. The 6th battalion takes over as ceremonial battalion of President's palace of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sikh-regiment-takes-over-ceremonial-duties-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-177139/amp|title=Sikh Regiment takes over ceremonial duties at Rashtrapati Bhavan|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/sikh-regiment-takes-over-ceremonial-duties-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-658913 | title=Sikh Regiment takes over ceremonial duties at Rashtrapati Bhavan | date=28 November 2020 | publisher=The Hans India | accessdate=11 July 2021 }}</ref>

==History==
After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845-1846), [[Sikhs]] who lived in the territory ruled by the [[Sikh Empire]] (the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] region) began to be recruited into the [[Bengal Army]] of the [[British East India Company]]. Among the earliest entirely Sikh units of the Bengal Army were the Regiment of Ferozepore (raised in 1846) which later became the [[14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs]], and the Regiment of Ludhiana (also raised in 1846) which later became the [[15th Ludhiana Sikhs]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22176|page=3903|date=24 August 1858}}</ref> After the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848-1849) more [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] began to be recruited into the Bengal Army, forming regiments such as the 1st Bengal Military Police Battalion, which later became the [[45th Rattray's Sikhs]]. Sikh units generally remained loyal to the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], in which many regiments of the Bengal Army (which mainly recruited from [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Awadh]]) mutinied against their British officers. After the rebellion, troops from Bihar and Awadh were recruited less as they had led the mutiny; the centre of recruitment then shifted to the Punjab and the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901-2010)|North-West Frontier]], resulting in more Sikhs being recruited into the Bengal Army. A number of new Sikh regiments were raised, such as the [[36th Sikhs]] and [[35th Sikhs]], both raised in 1887. 21 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs fought in the [[Battle of Saragarhi]] against 6,000-10,000 [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribesmen in 1897 during campaigns in the North-West Frontier, in what is considered by some military historians as one of history's greatest last stands.<ref name="bbcn">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16027179|publisher=bbc.co.uk|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|title=India polo match honours Sikhs' 1897 Saragarhi battle|author=Pandey, Geeta|date=5 December 2011|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> In 1922 the Indian government reformed the [[British Indian Army]] by amalgamating single battalion regiments into multi-battalion regiments; this led to the formation of the [[11th Sikh Regiment]] from the 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs, the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, the 45th Rattray's Sikhs, the 36th Sikhs, the [[47th Sikhs]], and the 35th Sikhs. The 11th Sikh Regiment served during [[World War II]] and on the [[partition of India]], the regiment was allotted to the newly formed [[Indian Army]], becoming the Sikh Regiment.

As part of the British Indian Army, Sikh regiments fought in numerous wars all over the world, such as the [[Second Opium War]] in [[China]], the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], many campaigns on the North-West Frontier, the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] and [[Mesopotamia Campaign|Mesopotamia]] campaigns of the [[First World War]], the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], and the [[North African Campaign|North African]], [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian]] and [[Burma Campaign|Burma]] campaigns of the [[Second World War]], earning many gallantry awards and battle honours in the process.

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948]], the 1st battalion of the Sikh Regiment was the first unit to be airlifted to [[Srinagar]] to aid in the defence of the [[Kashmir Valley]] against Pakistani irregular forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/|title=Defence of Srinagar 1947|work=Indian Defence Review|access-date=3 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318174203/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/|archive-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Battalions of the Sikh Regiment also fought in the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, the Indo-Pakistani wars of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and the [[Kargil War]] in 1999.

==Recruitment==
Sikh regiment is a "single class" regiment.<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Steven I. |title=Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence |year=2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72880-6 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |quote=Some regiments, such as the Sikh Regiment and Sikh Light Infantry, are “single class,” and therefore recruit combat troops only from members of a specified class, such as Jat Sikhs and Mazhabi and Ramdasia Sikhs.}}</ref> Its soldiers are solely recruited from [[Jat Sikh]]s and its officers are non-Jat Sikhs.<ref name="Kundu">{{cite journal |last=Kundu |first=Apurba |title=The Indian Armed Forces' Sikh and Non-Sikh Officers' Opinions of Operation Blue Star |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |year=1994 |volume=67 |issue=1 |page=48 |doi=10.2307/2760119 |jstor=2760119 |quote=Moreover, with the exception of Gurkhas (recruited in Nepal), Sikhs remain the only community to have infantry regiments drawn exclusively from their own numbers: the Sikh Regiment (manned, though not officered, by high-caste Jat Sikhs) and the Sikh Light Infantry (manned entirely by Mazhabi, or Scheduled Caste, "untouchable" Sikhs.}}</ref><ref name="Barua">{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep P. |editor-last=Karsten |editor-first=Peter |title=Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces |year=1998 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-81-532975-6 |page=184 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iHfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |chapter=Ethnic Conflict in the Military of Developing Nations: A Comparative Analysis of India and Nigeria |quote=For example, all the Sikh units in the Indian Army do not come from the same mother regiment. There are two regiments, the Sikh Infantry Regiment (composed of high caste Jat Sikhs) and the Sikh Light Infantry Regiment (composed of lower caste Mazbhi Sikhs).}}</ref> They are trained at the Sikh Regimental Centre, currently located in [[Ramgarh Cantonment]], [[Jharkhand]]. The war cry of the regiment, taken from Sikh scriptures, is ''Jo Bole So Nihal, Sat Sri Akal''.{{efn|{{langx|en|One will be blessed eternally who says that God is the ultimate truth}}}}

==Units==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1996 - Colnect 163312 - Sikh Regiment - 150 Years.jpeg|thumb|right|305x305px|1996 postal stamp on ''150 years of The Sikh Regiment'']]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* 2nd Battalion
* 3rd Battalion
* 4th Battalion
* 5th Battalion
* 6th Battalion
* 7th Battalion
* 8th Battalion
* 10th Battalion
* 11th Battalion
* 13th Battalion
* 14th Battalion
* 16th Battalion
* 17th Battalion
* 18th Battalion
* 19th Battalion
* 20th Battalion
* 21st Battalion
* 22nd Battalion
* 23rd Battalion
* 24th Battalion
{{div col end}}
[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army (TA)]] Units-
* 124 Infantry Battalion (TA) (Sikh) located at [[New Delhi]]
* 152 Infantry Battalion (TA) (Sikh) located at [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* 157 Infantry Battalion (TA) (Sikh) (Home and Hearth) BD Bari, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

Others:
* 1st Battalion is now 4th Battalion, [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
* 9th Battalion was disbanded in 1984

==Battle honours and theatre honours==
=== Battle honours ===
[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158952 - 150 Years of Third Battalion The Sikh Regiment.jpeg|thumb|right|305x305px|2006 postal stamp on ''150 years of Third Battalion, The Sikh Regiment'']]
;Pre-Independence
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]] 1857-58, 1 Sikh
* [[Siege of Arrah|Arrah]] 1857, 3 Sikh
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857#Bihar|Bihar]] 1857, 3 Sikh
* [[Second Opium War|China]] 1860-62, 2 Sikh
* [[Battle of Ali Masjid|Ali Masjid]] 1878, 1 & 3 Sikh
* [[Battle of Ahmed Khel|Ahmed Khel]] 1880, 2 Sikh
* [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan]] 1878-79, 1 Sikh
* Afghanistan 1878-80, 2 & 3 Sikh
* [[Battle of Kandahar (1880)|Kandahar]] 1880, 2 Sikh
* [[Battle of Suakin|Suakin]] 1885, 2 Sikh
* [[Battle of Tofrek|Tofrek]] 1885, 2 Sikh
* [[Anglo-Manipur War|Manipur]] 1891, 4 Sikh
* [[Chitral Expedition#Siege of Chitral|Chitral]] 1895, 1 & 2 Sikh
* [[Samana, India|Samana]] 1897, 4 Sikh
* [[Battle of Saragarhi|Saragarhi/Gulistan]] 1897, 36 Sikh
* [[Tirah Campaign|Punjab Frontier]] 1897, 2, 3, 4 & 35 Sikh (SRC)
* [[Siege of Malakand|Malakand]] 1897, 3 & 35 Sikh (SRC)
* [[Mohmand campaign of 1897-98|Tirah]] 1897-98, 2 & 4 Sikh
* [[Boxer Rebellion|China]] 1900, 1 Sikh
* [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier]] 1908, 3 Sikh
{{div col end}}
;World War I
[[File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg|right|thumb|305x305px|French postcard depicting the arrival of 15th Ludhiana Sikhs in France during World War I. The postcard reads, ''"Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans"''.]]
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Battle of La Bassée|La Bassée]] 1914, 2 & 5 Sikh
* [[Saint-Julien, Langemark|St-Julien]] 1914, 2 & 5 Sikh
* [[Battle of Armentières|Armentières]] 1914-15, 5 Sikh
* {{stn|Auber}} 1914, 2 & 5 Sikh
* Givens 1914, 4 Sikh
* [[Siege of Tsingtao|Tsingtao]] 1914, 4 & 5 Sikh
* [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]] 1914-15, 2, 3 & 5 Sikh
* [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders]] 1914-15, 2 & 5 Sikh
* [[Raid on the Suez Canal|Suez Canal]] 1914-15, 1 Sikh
* [[Battle of Festubert|Festubert]] 1915, 2 Sikh
* [[Tigris 1916 (Battle honour)|Tigris 1916]], 3 & 5 Sikh
* Pyres 1915, 2 & 4 Sikh
* [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]] 1915, 1 Sikh
* [[Cape Helles|Helles]] 1915, 1 Sikh
* Krishna 1915, 1 Sikh
* [[Suva]] 1915, 1 Sikh
* [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] 1915, 1 Sikh
* [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Egypt]] 1915, 1 Sikh
* [[Mesopotamia Campaign|Mesopotamia]] 1916-18, 1, 3 & 4 Sikh
* [[Battle of Sharon|Sharon]] 1918, 2 & 5 Sikh
* [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Palestine|Palestine]] 1918, 5 Sikh
* [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Baghdad]] 1916-18, 5 Sikh
* [[Siege of Kut|Kut]] 1917, 1, 3 & 5 Sikh
* [[Hai District|Hai]] 1917, 3 & 4 Sikh
* [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]] 1918, 5 Sikh
* [[Mesopotamia Campaign|Persia]] 1918, 4 Sikh
* [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Egypt]] 1918, 2 & 3 Sikh
{{div col end}}
;Inter-War years
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|North-West Frontier]] 1918-19, 5 Sikh
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan]] 1919, 2 Sikh
* Palestine 1921, 5 Sikh

;Second World War

[[File:Operation Crusader.jpg|thumb|Sikh troops engaged in [[Operation Crusader]].]][[File:Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag.jpg|thumb|305x305px|A Sikh soldier with the flag of [[Nazi Germany]] after German surrender during [[World War II]].]]
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Battle of Agordat (1941)|Agordat]] 1940-41, 4 Sikh
* [[Battle of Keren|Keren]] 1941, 4 Sikh
* [[First Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]] 1940-43, 4 Sikh
* Omars 1941, 4 Sikh
* [[Kuantan]] 1941-42, 5 Sikh
* [[Battle of Singapore|Niyor Kluang]] 1941-42, 5 Sikh
* [[Battle of Mersa Matruh|Mersa Matruh]] 1941-42, 2 Sikh
* [[Battle of Kota Bharu|Kota Bharu]] 1942, 5 Sikh
* [[Arakan, Cotabato|North Arakan]] 1942-45, 1 Sikh
* [[Buthidaung]] 1942-45, 1 Sikh
* [[Battle of Coriano|Coriano]] 1943-45, 2 Sikh
* [[Battle of San Marino|San Marino]] 1943-45, 2 Sikh
* Poggio San Giovanni 1943-45, 2 Sikh
* [[Monte Calvo (Picentini)|Monte Calvo]] 1943-45, 4 Sikh
* [[Battle of Imphal|Kangla Tongbi]] 1944, 1 Sikh
* [[Gothic Line]] 1943-45, 4 Sikh
* Nyaung U Bridgehead 1945, 1 Sikh
* [[Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations|Irrawaddy River]] 1945, 1 Sikh
* Shandatgyi 1945, 1 Sikh
* Kama 1945, 1 Sikh
* [[Battle of the Sittang Bend|Sittang]] 1945, 1 Sikh
{{div col end}}
;Post-Independence
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Srinagar]] 1947, 1 Sikh
* Tithwal 1948, 1 Sikh
* Raja Picquet 1965, 2 Sikh
* [[Burki]] 1965, 4 Sikh
* Op Hill 1965, 7 Sikh
* Siramani 1971, 4 Sikh
*[[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] 1971, 6 Sikh
* Purbat Ali 1971, 10 Sikh
* [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]] 1999, 8 Sikh
{{div col end}}

=== Theatre honours ===
; Pre-Independence
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* North Africa 1940-43, 2 & 4 Sikh
* [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] 1940-41, 4 Sikh
* [[Iraq]] 1941, 3 Sikh
* North Africa 1941-42, 3 Sikh
* [[British Malaya|Malaya]] 1941-42, 5 Sikh
* [[Burma]] 1942-45, 1 Sikh
* Italy 1943-45, 2 & 4 Sikh
* Greece 1944-45, 2 Sikh
{{div col end}}
;Post-Independence
[[File:1965 war.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Officers of 4th Sikh Regiment in front of captured police station in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], September 1965.]]
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] 1947-48, 1, 5, 7 & 16 Sikh
* Jammu & Kashmir 1965, 2, 3 & 7 Sikh
* [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] 1965, 4 Sikh
* [[Sindh]] 1971, 10 Sikh
* Punjab 1971, 2 Sikh
* [[East Pakistan]] 1971, 4 Sikh
* Jammu & Kashmir 1971, 5 & 6 Sikh
* Kargil 1999, 8 Sikh
{{div col end}}

==Operation Blue Star==
About 5000 Sikh soldiers, some belonging to the regiment, mutinied after the storming of the [[Golden Temple]] by the Indian Army as part of [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/02/world/general-promises-to-punish-sikh-mutineers.html|title=General Promises to Punish Sikh Mutineers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 July 1984}}</ref> The Sikh Regiment's 9th battalion was disbanded after a large number of its troops mutinied.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2019/aug/22/jk-lessons-from-1984-unheeded-2022544.html|title=J&K: Lessons from 1984 unheeded|date=2019-08-22|access-date=2021-04-01}}</ref>

==Gallantry awards==
[[File:Sikh marching contingent jointly won award for the best marching contingent among the two services in Republic Day Parade-2015.jpg|thumb|305x305px| The Sikh Regiment marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 66th Republic Day Parade, 2015|alt=|right]]
The museum of the Sikh Regimental Centre displays a record of the Sikh Regiment in four halls viz.,
* The Religious/Motivational Hall
* The Hall of Heritage
* The Regimental Glory Hall
* The Peripheral Gallery

In all, the regiment has to its credit 1652 gallantry awards and honours including:
* 2 [[Param Vir Chakra]]s
* 8 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s
* 64 [[Vir Chakra]]s
* 4 [[Ashoka Chakra]]s
* 14 [[Victoria Cross]]es
* 21 [[Indian Order of Merit]]s

In addition it has also earned:
* 75 battle honours
* 38 theatre honours besides five COAS Unit Citations

===Indian Order of Merit===
21 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs were posthumously awarded the Indian Order of Merit for their actions in the [[Battle of Saragarhi]] in 1897:<ref name="londongaz">{{London Gazette |issue=26937 |date=11 February 1898 |page=863 }}</ref><ref>Regimental numbers from [https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/why-the-battle-of-saragarhi-is-among-the-most-epic-battles-of-all-time-244503.html photo of Saragarhi memorial plaque]</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Havildar|Hav.]] Ishar Singh
* [[Naik (military rank)|Nk.]] Lal Singh
* [[Lance Naik|L/Nk.]] Chanda Singh
* [[Sepoy|Sep.]] Sundar Singh
* Sep. Ram Singh
* Sep. Uttar Singh
* Sep. Sahib Singh
* Sep. Hira Singh
* Sep. Daya Singh
* Sep. Jivan Singh
* Sep. Bhola Singh
* Sep. Narayan Singh
* Sep. Gurmukh Singh
* Sep. Jivan Singh
* Sep. Gurmukh Singh
* Sep. Ram Singh
* Sep. Bhagwan Singh
* Sep. Bhagwan Singh
* Sep. Buta Singh
* Sep. Jivan Singh
* Sep. Nand Singh
{{div col end}}

===Victoria Cross===

* Nk. [[Gian Singh (soldier)|Gian Singh]], [[11th Sikh Regiment]] (while serving in [[15th Punjab Regiment]])
* Nk. [[Nand Singh]], 11th Sikh Regiment

===Param Vir Chakra===
* Lance Naik [[Karam Singh]], 1 Sikh Regiment
* Subedar [[Joginder Singh (soldier)|Joginder Singh]], 1 Sikh Regiment

===Ashok Chakra===
* Subedar [[Surinder Singh (Ashok Chakra)|Surinder Singh]]<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|title=Subedar Surinder Singh selected for posthumous Ashok Chakra|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/14josy.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
* Havildar [[Bachittar Singh (Soldier)|Bachittar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thankyouindianarmy.com/havildar-bachittar-singh/|title=Havildar Bachittar Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/havaldar-bachittar-singh-ac/|title=Havildar Bachittar Singh Ashoka Chakra Recipient|date=13 September 1948 }}</ref>
* [[Havildar Joginder Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/joginder-singh-1|title=JOGINDER SINGH{{!}} GALLANTRY AWARD}}</ref>

===Maha Vir Chakra===
* Major Ajit Singh
* Sub. Ajit Singh
* Sep. Amar Singh
* Brigadier Joginder Singh Bakshi
* Major Amarjit Singh Bal
* Lieutenant Colonel Inderbal Singh Bawa
* Sub. [[Nand Singh]]
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Dewan Ranjit Rai]]
* [[Shanghara Singh]]

===Vir Chakra===
* Lieutenant General [[Harbaksh Singh]]
* Subedar Nirmal Singh (Posthumously)
* Subedar Karnail Singh (Posthumously)
* Sepoy Satpal Singh
* 2nd Lieutenant R S Nagar (16 Sikh Regiment)
* L/Nk Mohinder Singh (16 Sikh Regt)

===Padma Vibhushan===
* Lieutenant General Harbaksh Singh

===Padma Bhushan===
* Lieutenant General Harbaksh Singh

===Padma Shri===
* Subedar [[Kaur Singh]] (10 Sikh) Boxing

==See also==
* [[Baba Harbhajan Singh]]

==Alliances==
*{{GBR}} - [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]

==References==
'''Notes'''{{notelist}}'''Citations'''{{reflist}}'''Bibliography'''
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006C6T48 1st King George V's own battalion,: The Sikh Regiment]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001836/http://www.harisinghnalwa.com/Legacy_of_Valour A Legacy of Valour - An Illustrated History of the Sikh Regiment (1846-2010). Ramgarh: The Sikh Regiment Officers' Association, 2011], {{ISBN|978-81-905619-7-6}}.

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-sikh.htm globalsecurity.org: The Sikh Regiment]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517083325/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/107-sikh-regt.html Bharat-Rakshak.com: The Sikh Regiment]

{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments|Sikh]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947|Sikh]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Modern Sikh military|S]]

PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur

2026-02-05T04:54:20Z

ClariceLinderman: added new article!

{{Infobox hospital
| name = PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur
| org_group =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official [[seal (emblem)|seal]] of PGIMER
| location = Ghabdan village, [[Sangrur]]
| region = ([[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]])
| state = Punjab
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.257634|75.9580833|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| healthcare = [[Healthcare in India#Public healthcare|Public]]
| funding = ₹200 Crores
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation = [[PGI Chandigarh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pgimer-to-fill-vacant-posts-at-sangrur-centre-soon/|title=PGIMER to fill vacant posts at Sangrur centre soon|date=2017-02-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>
| patron = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister for Health and Family Welfare]]
| network =
| standards =
| emergency =
| beds = 300
| speciality =
| helipad =
| constructed = 2013
| founded = 2016
| website = {{URL|http://pgimer.edu.in/}}
| module =
}}

'''Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Satellite Centre Sangrur''' ('''PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur''') is a [[hospital]] based in [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/64-07-pc-of-those-visiting-pgis-sangrur-satellite-centre-had-dental-caries-study-5316585/|title=64.07 pc of those visiting PGI's Sangrur satellite centre had dental caries: Study|date=2018-08-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/in-sangrur-some-heritage-lost-to-hospital-project-some-found-in-a-literary-fest/story-alHQwmHTLqVajI511awPGL.html|title=In Sangrur, some heritage lost to hospital project, some found in a lit fest|date=2016-11-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

==History==
In 2013, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare#Ministers|Health Minister]] [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] laid foundation stone of 25 acres and 300-bed PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur in Ghabdan village of [[Sangrur district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ghulam-nabi-azad-to-lay-foundation-of-pgi-satellite-centre-in-sangrur/articleshow/23607611.cms|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad to lay foundation of PGI Satellite Centre in Sangrur|date=2013-10-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Union health ministry: Sangrur to get super-speciality PGI {{sic|satte|lite|nolink=y}} center, union health ministry accords in-principle approval| website=The Times of India | date=2013-01-24 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sangrur-to-get-super-speciality-PGI-sattelite-center-union-health-ministry-accords-in-principle-approval/articleshow/18167680.cms | access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chandigarh-s-pgimer-to-have-satellite-centre-at-sangrur-114021201658_1.html|title=Chandigarh's PGIMER to have satellite centre at Sangrur|last=IANS|date=2014-02-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
Inaugurated in 2016, [[Outpatient clinic (hospital department)|OPD]] services<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/three-weeks-to-go-for-pigmer-satellite-centres-inauguration-building-ready-but-its-not-yet-an-opd/|title=Three weeks to go for PIGMER satellite centre's inauguration Building ready, but it's not yet an OPD|date=2016-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/wait-for-temporary-opd-unit-gets-longer/|title=Wait for temporary OPD unit gets longer|date=2016-03-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> are available from 9.00 am till 2.00 pm (Monday to Saturday) at PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur for OPD facilities in Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, Community Medicine, Pediatrics, Radiotherapy, Psychiatry, General Surgery, [[Obstetrics and gynaecology]], Ophthalmology (Eye), ENT, Orthopedics, and Dental. Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology has started chemotherapy services here, especially for Breast cancer patients. Medical Diagnostic facilities of X-ray and ECG and laboratory services in Biochemistry, [[Hematology]] and Microbiology are also available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.medicaldialogues.in/cabinet-approval-pgi-chandigarh-transferred-50-76-acres-of-land-at-sangrur/|title=Cabinet Approval: PGI Chandigarh transferred 50.76 acres of land at Sangrur|date=2019-02-20|website=Medical Dialogues|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/9-opds-to-begin-at-pgi-s-satellite-centre-at-sangrur-soon/story-QuGejg5gVCpjIYDRXib3BL.html|title=9 OPDs to begin at PGI's satellite centre at Sangrur soon|date=2015-12-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pgimer-is-a-victim-of-its-own-popularity-people-have-high-hopes-chandigarh-4597054/|title='PGIMER is a victim of its own popularity...people have high hopes'|date=2017-04-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>
Till mid-2024, there were total 16 permanent faculty working here. But, due poor local administration, 4 regular faculties has either resigned or shifted to Chandigarh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pgimer.edu.in/PGIMER_PORTAL/AbstractFilePath?FileType=E&FileName=sarvanana.pdf&PathKey=EDITORREPOSITORY_PATH#page=1.00&gsr=0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pgimer.edu.in/PGIMER_PORTAL/AbstractFilePath?FileType=E&FileName=techresig.pdf&PathKey=EDITORREPOSITORY_PATH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pgimer.edu.in/PGIMER_PORTAL/AbstractFilePath?FileType=E&FileName=dr%20bharti.pdf&PathKey=EDITORREPOSITORY_PATH}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur}}
[[Category:Hospitals in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Punjab, India]]

RIMS Warren Hastings

2026-02-04T19:47:37Z

ClariceLinderman: slightly update details for clarity

{{Short description|Royal Indian Marine troopship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox ship
|display_title=RIMS ''Warren Hastings''
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=RIMS Warren Hastings sketch.JPG
|image_caption=A sketch depicting the wreck of the RIMS ''Warren Hastings'', published by the ''[[Dundee Courier]]'' on 24 March 1897.<ref name="brit_TheW">{{Cite news
| title = The Wreck Of The Warren Hastings At St Philippe.
|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]
|url-access=subscription | newspaper= [[Dundee Courier]]
|page= 5 col E
| date = 24 March 1897
| access-date = 2015-08-18
| url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000162/18970324/052/0005
| issue= 13646
}}</ref>

}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag={{navy|United Kingdom}}
|name=''Warren Hastings''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=[[Barrow Shipbuilding Company]]
|laid_down=
|launched=18 April 1893
|completed=1893
|commissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=Hit a rock and was wrecked on 14 January 1897
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|type=[[Troopship]]
|displacement= {{convert|5000|LT|MT}}
|length= {{convert|330|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|49|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught=
|power=
|propulsion=Eight boilers and two triple-expansion engines
|speed= {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}
|range=
|complement=
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=Six [[quick firing gun]]s, six [[three pounder gun]]s, and four five barreled guns
|armour=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''RIMS ''Warren Hastings''''' was a [[Royal Indian Marine]] [[troopship]] built by the [[Barrow Shipbuilding Company]]. She was launched on 18 April 1893, and claimed to be "practically unsinkable" because of her 33 watertight compartments. However, whilst in service the ship struck a rock and was wrecked off the coast of [[Réunion]] on the night of 14 January 1897, while travelling to [[Mauritius]] from [[Cape Town]]. The wreck resulted in two deaths.

==Features==
''Warren Hastings'' was completed by the [[Barrow Shipbuilding Company]] in 1893. [[Sir Edward Reed]] oversaw the design and construction, and she was named by [[Lady Agnes Burne]]. She was launched on 18 April of that year. Contemporary media claimed her to be "practically unsinkable" because of her 33 watertight compartments.<ref name="lancaster">{{Cite news| title = Launch of an Indian Troopship at Barrow| newspaper= Lancaster Gazette| date = 22 April 1893| access-date = 2015-08-18| url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000488/18930422/025/0006|via= [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription |page=6 col B|issue=6380}}</ref> The launch was accompanied by a luncheon where several distinguished persons were present. The ship was {{convert|330|ft|m|abbr=on}} long, with a beam of {{convert|49|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|36|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} [[moulded depth]]. She displaced around {{convert|5,000|LT|MT}}, was propelled by two triple-expansion engines capable of producing {{convert|3500|hp}}, which were supplied by eight boilers, and had a coal capacity of {{convert|700|LT|MT}}. She attained a maximum speed of {{convert|18|knots}}.<ref name="lancaster"/><ref name="features">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrchastings.htm|title=British Empire: Armed Forces: Units: British Infantry: The King's Royal Rifle Corps|work=britishempire.co.uk|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

The hull of the ship was [[steel]], and the woodwork [[teak tree|teak]], so that she would be fit for tropical environments. She was outfitted with six [[quick firing gun]]s, six [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|three pounder gun]]s, and four five barreled guns. The ship's internal spaces had electric lights.<ref name="lancaster"/>

==Final voyage==
===Background===
On 20 November 1896, the 1st Battalion of the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]], stationed at [[Jullundur]], was ordered to go to [[Mauritius]]. The battalion set sail on 30 November 1896. They passed through [[Deolali]], and boarded ''Warren Hastings'' in [[Bombay]]. The ship, captained by [[Gerald Edward Holland]], left Bombay on 10 December. The ship was to stop in Cape Town, and continue to Mauritius from there. After a brief stop for coaling in [[Seychelles]], the ship arrived in Cape Town on 28 December.<ref name="mauritius">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/mauritius.htm|title=British Empire: Indian Ocean: Mauritius|work=britishempire.co.uk|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="honour">{{cite web|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Huntingdonshire/WaymanWilliam.html|title=Roll of Honour – Huntingdonshire – William Wayman – Boer War|publisher=|access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

===Wreck===
[[File:Reunion in France.svg|thumb|Location of Réunion]]
[[File:RIMS Warren Hastings (11245005025).jpg|thumb|RIMS ''Warren Hastings'' ashore Saint-Philippe, Réunion Island]]
On 6 January 1897, ''Warren Hastings'' departed from Cape Town, bound for Mauritius. On board were 526 members of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, 510 members of the [[2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment]], and 25 members of the 2nd Middlesex Regiment, including two officers, 20 women, 10 children, and 253 crew members, totaling 1,244 people.<ref name="mauritius"/>

On 13 January, the ship steamed into heavy rain and thick fog. At 02:20 on 14 January, ''Warren Hastings'' struck a rock off the coast of Réunion. At the time of impact, the ship was traveling at a speed of {{convert|12.5|knots}}, and had veered {{convert|8|miles}} off course.<ref name="honour"/><ref name="rgj">{{cite web|url=http://www.rgjmuseum.co.uk/pages_photo/photo_0002.asp|title=The Green Jackets Museum Photos – Wreck of RIMS Warren Hastings|work=rgjmuseum.co.uk|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215030502/http://www.rgjmuseum.co.uk/pages_photo/photo_0002.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="India1919">{{cite book|author=United Service Institution of India|title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsS6sh79W78C|year=1919|page=316}}</ref> The wreck itself was caused by the decreased visibility resulting from the foul weather, and by a "magnetic disturbance", which caused the compass to malfunction.<ref name="observer">{{Cite news| title = The Wreck of the Warren Hastings | newspaper= Hastings and St Leonards Observer| date = 1 February 1947| access-date = 2015-08-18| url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000293/19470201/094/0004| via= [[British Newspaper Archive]]|page= 4 col E|url-access=subscription |issue=6560}}</ref>

[[Frederick Forestier-Walker|Lieutenant-Colonel Forestier-Walker]] went to the bridge and asked Captain Holland for orders. The possibility of landing the troops and crew on the rocks was considered, and at 03:25, the captain sent two officers, Lieutenants Dobbin and Windham, over the bow on ropes to inspect the safety of the rocks, equipped with [[Blue light (pyrotechnic signal)|blue lights]]. The lieutenants determined that the rocks were safe, and Captain Holland ordered the evacuation of the ship to begin at 04:00; the men began climbing down the rope ladders. Originally, the captain wanted to keep the women and children on board until daylight, when it would be safer to evacuate them, but the ship started to list severely at 04:20, and it was decided that the evacuation should continue without delay. The electrical systems on the ship failed at 04:35, after which the evacuation was forced to continue in complete darkness. Around 05:00, the better swimmers were permitted to jump overboard and swim to shore on their own; the shore was around {{convert|30|yd|m}} away. A member of the Rifle Corps, Private N. McNamara, strung a line between the ship and the shore, and heavier ropes were subsequently set up. The remaining men could go down the rope, making the evacuation safer. The ship was completely evacuated by 05:30. Two people died during the evacuation.<ref name="mauritius"/><ref name="honour"/><ref name="rgj"/><ref name="Hare">{{cite book|author=Major-Gen. Sir Steuart Hare|title=Annals of the King's Royal Rifle Corps: Vol 4 "The K.R.R.C." 1872–1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3m-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|date=4 January 2013|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78151-021-6|pages=166–181|authorlink=Steuart Hare}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
Soon after the wreck, when the rain had subsided, Captain Holland sent members of the Rifle Corps and the York and Lancaster Regiment to retrieve some baggage from the ship, which was stuck on the rocks and had not sunk. The operation was called off at 10:00, when First Lieutenant St. John decided that the wreck was too dangerous. The baggage that had been recovered was taken to shore.<ref name="honour"/><ref name="Hare"/>

After this, the troops went to the nearby village of [[Saint-Philippe]], where they stayed overnight and received assistance from the townspeople. Captain Holland contacted C. W. Bennett, the British Consul at [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]], and they secured passage to Mauritius on the [[SS Lalpoora|SS ''Lalpoora'']], located at [[Pointe des Galets]]. After brief stops in [[Saint-Joseph, Réunion|Saint-Joseph]] and St. Pierre, the troops were transported to Pointe des Galets by train. The ''Lalpoora'' left Réunion on the mid-afternoon of 17 January, and they arrived in Mauritius early the next morning. The officers of ''Warren Hastings'' were praised for the discipline and bravery of the troops involved in the evacuation. However, Captain Holland had to face a court martial for losing the ship; he was reprimanded and subsequently acquitted.<ref name="mauritius"/><ref name="honour"/><ref name="observer"/><ref name="Hare"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{1897 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warren Hastings}}
[[Category:Ships of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1893 ships]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1897]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]

Damodar Kund

2026-01-31T01:30:56Z

ClariceLinderman: reworked page also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Lake in Junagadh district, India}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Damodar Kund
| image = Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC004.jpg
| caption = Damodar Kund at the foothills of [[Girnar]]. The Girnar Hills can be seen in the background.
| alt = Damodar Kund with a view of the Girnar Hills in the background.
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Near the [[Girnar Hills, Junagadh, Gujarat]]
| coords = {{coord|21|31|32|N|70|29|10|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type = [[Artificial lake]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Gujarat]]##Location in India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Gujarat
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|257|ft|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|50|ft|abbr=on}}
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Junagadh]]
}}
'''Damodar Kund''', located at the foothills of [[Girnar]] hills, near [[Junagadh]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], is considered a [[sacred lake]] as per [[Hindu]] beliefs.

Many Hindus prefer to bathe here and immerse the ashes and the bones left after [[cremation]] of dead bodies, here at Damodar Kund due to a belief that the departed souls would get [[moksha]] here.<ref>{{cite book|title=Folklore Notes - 2 Vols. (Vol. I - Gujarat, Vol. II - Konkan) By R.E. Enthoven|year=1989|isbn=9788120604858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRkuXFD93zsC&dq=damodar+kund+girnar&pg=PA38|last1=Enthoven|first1=Reginald Edward|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite book|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the Brahmana Ethnography edited by K.S. Krishna Rao|year=2008|page=177|isbn=9788182202085|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5EWgRdnLxAC&dq=damodar+kund+girnar&pg=PA177|last1=Krishna Rao|first1=K. S.|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House }}</ref><ref name=g>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer, Volume 8, Bombay (India : State)|year=1884|publisher=Government Central Press, 1884|page=442|url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteer07pregoog|quote=cremation.}}</ref> It may be mentioned here other such famous places for immersion of ashes and bones (Hindu rite of ''[[asthi-visarjana]]'') are in [[Ganga]] at [[Haridwar]]<ref name=b/> and [[Triveni Sangam]] at [[Allahabad|Prayag]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071230102815/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798222,00.html "At the Three Rivers"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', February 23, 1948.</ref>

The water of the lake has properties of dissolving the bones.<ref name=g/> The lake is {{convert|257|ft}} long and {{convert|50|ft}} broad and only {{convert|5|ft}} deep. It is surrounded by a well built ghat.<ref name=g/> The steps for going up the Girnar hills start near Damodar Kund.

At the foothills of [[Ashwatthama]] Hill in Girnar mountain range base, southerly to Damodara Kund is the Damodar Hari Temple. The idols here are supposed to have been installed by Vajranabha, the grandson of Lord Shri Krishna, the one who also is credited with [[Dwarkadhish Temple]] and many other. Historically, these temples are supposed to have been built or renovated by a Suryavanshi ruler named Chandraketpur, who is also accredited to have built the temples of Shiva at [[Bhavnath]], a testament to his tolerance for all belief systems.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion By Sudipta Mitra|page=12|isbn=9788173871832|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&dq=chandraketpur&pg=PA12|last1=Mitra|first1=Sudipta|year=2005|publisher=Indus }}</ref> The place underwent renovation during the regime of King Skand Gupta of Gupta dynasty in the year 462 AD. Lord Damodar here is considered by Vaishnavites as Adhipati of Girnar Kshetra.

Covering an area of {{cvt|32|acre}}, the temple is constructed using pink sandstone and consists of an inner Nij Mandir and an outer Solaha Mandapa, each topped with a ''[[shikhara]]'', supported by an array of around 84 exquisitely carved pillars. The Nij Mandir's ''shikhara'' is {{convert|65|feet}} tall and the Sabha Mandap's ''shikhara'' is {{convert|30|ft}} tall. The statue of [[Krishna|Damodar]]ji is found in the form of Chaturbhuj, each arm holding a conch, discus, mace and lotus, along with Sri [[Radha]] Rani. Both the idols are sculpted from black stone and are heavily decorated with gold and silk. There are other sub shrines dedicated to Lord [[Balarama]], Sri [[Revati]] and Lord [[Ganesha]]. There are several other ancient temples nearby with on and outside temple complex.

Devotees are seen taking a holy dip in the sacred bathing tank, Damodar Kund, before offering prayers at the temple.

The sewa of Shri Damodarji is being performed here in the Samprant-Yug by Vaishnav tradition. Shri Damodarji is the Ishtdev of the Giri Narayan Brahmin community and several other local communities. As per the traditional belief, Giri Narayan community is living here since around 12000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shreeradhadamodarji.org/ |title=Radha Damodarji Temple |access-date=2019-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004051210/http://www.shreeradhadamodarji.org/ |archive-date=2018-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Damodar Kund is closely attached to the life of [[Narsinh Mehta]], the famous 15th century [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet and devotee of [[Krishna]], who used to come to bathe at Damodar Kund and is said to have written many of his ''prabhatiyas'' (morning prayers), in the natural surrounding here at the Damodar lake, at picturesque foothills of Girnar.<ref name=f/> At present, there is also a temple of [[Narsinh Mehta]], which is built near temple of Damodar, to commemorate the association of this great saint-poet with Damodar Kund and ancient temple of Damodar here. This temple was built in decade of 1890 during reign of [[Nawab of Junagarh|Nawab Sir Muhammad Bahadur Khan III]] at behest of his [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[Haridas Viharidas Desai]], who used to public money by organizing [[lottery]] to build the temple and foot steps leading up the mount Girnar.<ref name=c>Census of India, 1961: Gujarat published by India. Office of the Registrar General, 1965, pp 818.</ref>

Narsinh Mehta in one of his verses mentions this fact as quoting self as under:
{{blockquote|([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]:|ગિરિ તળેટી ને કુંડ દામોદર ત્યાં મહેતાજી ના’વા જાય.)}}

{{blockquote|at the foot hills of Girnar, there is Kund (lake) Damodar, where [[Narsinh Mehta|Mehtaji]] goes for bathe}}

Close to Damodara Kund, on the westerly to the Damodarji temple is '''Revati Kund'''. The kund is {{convert|52|ft}} long, {{convert|52 |feet}} broad and {{convert|37|feet}} deep. Because of the depth dip here is not safe for all. [[Revati]], who was the daughter of King Raiwat, took form from the fires of putreshti yagna. It is said that Raivata Kakudmin or simply [[Kakudmi]] left Dwarka and moved to Girnar Hill after Revati was married to Lord Balarama. Hence, mount Girnar was also known as Raivatachal, Raivatgiri, Revatak Parvat or simply Raivata. And Junagadh was also referred to similarly. '''Baithakji of MahaPrabhuji''' is located close to Revati Kund. The founder of Pushti Sampradaya Shrimad Vallabhacharayaji (MahaPrabhuji) once visited Damodar pilgrim, where he remitted the shrimad Bhagwat. This is 64th seat of Shri Mahaprabhuji. Close to Revati kund is another mythological place, '''cave of [[Muchukunda]]'''. The cave has a temple of Lord Krishna, and a Shiv Linga established either by Lord Krishna himself or by Muchkundh. This is the place where [[Kalayavan]], the great Yavana or Greek warrior king, who was chasing Lord [[Krishna]] was killed by Muchukunda's gaze in the Indian epic Mahābhārata.

There is another holy lake, [[Mrigi Kund]] located nearby in [[Bhavnath]] temple premises. Hindus prefer to bathe in all these lakes to get rid of their sins.<ref name=f>Fairs and Festivals of India: Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra by Madan Prasad Bezbaruah, Dr. Krishna Gopal, Phal S. Girota - 2003 - Page 157</ref>

Damodar Kund is one of the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Gujarat|monuments protected by the state government of Gujarat]]. It is a temporary [[Check dam|check-dam]] reservoir, which are being made and shifted regularly, in order to maintain water levels throughout the year at Damodar Kund. There are changing rooms, public toilet and other basic amenities provided by government, who have built permanent structure at Damodar Kund for facility of pilgrims.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Sacred lakes of India]]
[[Category:Lakes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]

Oddanchatram

2026-01-21T16:48:28Z

ClariceLinderman: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Oddanchatram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.4800|N|77.7500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]

| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| established_title =

| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Oddanchatram Municipal Council
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal Chairman|Chairman]]
| leader_name1 = Thirumalaisamy
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 30,064
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 624619
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04553
| registration_plate = TN 94Z (before TN57)
| website = {{URL|oddanchatram.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Oddanchatram.jpg|thumb|Hills nature place]]

'''Oddanchatram''' ({{IPA|ta|oʈʈansattiɾam|lang}}) is a town in the [[Dindigul district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Oddanchatram had a population of 30,064 with a gender-ratio of 994 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 2,676 were under the age of six, constituting 1,378 males and 1,298 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 20.3% and 0.06% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.11%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard" /> The town had a total of 8,046 households. There were a total of 12,738 workers, comprising 1,127 cultivators, 1,983 main agricultural labourers, 164 in house hold industries, 9,048 other workers, 416 marginal workers, 9 marginal cultivators, 134 marginal agricultural labourers, 16 marginal workers in household industries and 257 other marginal workers. The population of this town increased by 24% from 24,000 in 2001 to 30000 in 2011.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Oddanchatram|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=690643|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

== Politics ==
As of 2016, 2,23,628 (1,10,979 Males, 1,12,643 Females & 6 Others) voters are in Oddanchatram Constituency.

[[Oddanchatram (state assembly constituency)]] is part of [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-11
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=31 October 2008
}}</ref> Oddanchatram elects one MLA to the legislative assembly of the State. [[R. Sakkarapani]] from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party was elected as the MLA from 1996 to 2021 for consecutive 6 terms, from this state assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/sixth-consecutive-win-for-dmks-sakkarapani-from-oddanchatram/amp_articleshow/82378022.cms
|title= Sixth Consecutive Win For DMK’s Sakkarapani From Oddanchatram
|publisher= The Times Of India
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Oddanchatram/ Oddanchtram municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223043256/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Oddanchatram/ |date=23 December 2011 }}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Dindigul District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindigul district]]

Liaqat Hayat Khan

2026-01-06T14:32:46Z

ClariceLinderman:

{{Short description|Indian official (1887–1948)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|Khan Bahadur|Sir|KCSI|OBE|size=100%}}
| name = Liaqat Hayat Khan
| image = Sir-Liaqat-Hayat-Khan.jpg
| alt = https://share.icloud.com/photos/013zr8Ec3lJustAyWzftCudGA
| caption = Portrait by Bassano Ltd, 1935
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1887
| birth_place = [[Wah (cantonment)|Wah]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]]
| father = [[Muhammad Hayat Khan]]
| relations = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] (brother) [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] (nephew) [[Sadiq Hussain Qureshi]] (son in law)<ref name="thefridaytimes.com">{{cite web | url=https://thefridaytimes.com/31-Oct-2022/last-of-the-giants-nawab-ashiq-hussain-qureshi | title=Last of the Giants: Nawab Ashiq Hussain Qureshi | date=31 October 2022 }}</ref> [[Shahkur Ullah Durrani]] (son in law) [[Tehmina Durrani]] (grand daughter) [[Ashiq Hussain Qureshi]] (grandson) [[Rohail Hayat]] (great grandson)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1948|1887|}}
}}
[[Khan Bahadur]] [[Nawab]] [[Sir]] '''Liaqat Hayat Khan''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|OBE}} (also sometimes 'Liaquat Hayat Khan'), (1887 – 1948) was an Indian official who served for most of his career as a minister and later Prime Minister of [[Patiala State]], in [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. Ramusack |first=Barbara |title=The Indian Princes and their States |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780521267274 |location=New York |pages=249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India |date=1996 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=0-7007-0427-2 |location=Richmond, Surrey |pages=123 |oclc=35194180}}</ref> After the partition of 1947, he became the ambassador of Pakistan to France until 1948.

==Early life==
[[File:Sir_Liaqat_Hyat_Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Sir Liaqat Hayat Khan as PM Patiala 1933]]
Sir Liaqat was the son of Nawab [[Muhammad Hayat Khan|Muhammad Hyat Khan]], [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]], Khattar, of [[Wah (cantonment)|Wah]] (now in [[Pakistan]] [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]), and the elder brother of [[Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan|Sir Sikander Hyat Khan]].<ref>Prof. Iftikhar H Malik, ''Sir Sikandar Hayat:A Political Biography'', Islamabad, 1985, p.11 and p. 154 (Appendix 2)</ref> His daughter Haseen Bano was married with Nawab Sadiq Hussain Qureshi of [[Multan]]. His son in law, Nawab [[Sadiq Hussain Qureshi]] served as both [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor]] and [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister]] of Punjab during the regime of Bhutto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign minister's cousin passes away |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/554003-foreign-minister-s-cousin-passes-away |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawab Sadiq Hussain Qureshi {{!}} Chief Minister's Office |url=https://cm.punjab.gov.pk/node/1671 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=cm.punjab.gov.pk}}</ref> He was educated in [[Col. Brown Cambridge School]], [[Dehradun|Dehra Dun]].

After his early education at Col Brown Cambridge School and [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Sir Liaqat Hayat found employment as a junior police officer in the Patiala princely state, and in due course, rose to be head of the police in this territory. His son-in-law [[Shahkur Ullah Durrani]] was the Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan, while his granddaughter [[Tehmina Durrani]] is an author. One of his son in law was Nawab Haibat Khan of Tank. His other son in law was Nawab [[Sadiq Hussain Qureshi]] who was Governor and later the Chief Minister of Punjab during the regime of Bhutto.<ref name="thefridaytimes.com">{{cite web | url=https://thefridaytimes.com/31-Oct-2022/last-of-the-giants-nawab-ashiq-hussain-qureshi | title=Last of the Giants: Nawab Ashiq Hussain Qureshi | date=31 October 2022 }}</ref>

Sir Liaqat Hyat was employed as a police officer in the Imperial Police. His excellent performance was noticed by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala at the Imperial Durbar in 1911 at Delhi. His Highness Patiala invited him to take charge as the Home Minister of the State. In due course, he was appointed Prime Minister of the state. His prowess and deft handling of the socio-political and financial affairs of Patiala were highly appreciated by His Highness.

He was knighted by the Imperial government and Maharaja Patiala nominated him as a delegate to represent the Chamber of Princes on behalf of the Patiala State at the Round Table Conferences in London, [England]. Subsequent to his retirement from Patiala in 1938, he was appointed as the Political Advisor to the State of Bhopal. He later opted for Pakistan in 1947 and was also designated as Ambassador to France by the Government of Pakistan. Before he could assume office, he died at Murree. He died in 1948.

==Career==
He began his career as [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]], Punjab in 1909.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Aga Khan III |title=Aga Khan III : selected speeches and writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah |date=1998 |publisher=Kegan Paul International |others=Khursheed Kamal Aziz |isbn=0-7103-0427-7 |location=London |oclc=39678354}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900-1980, Also Annual Diary of Events |publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Limited |year=1985}}</ref> In 1919, he became Superintendent in charge of a district.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1923, his services were lent by Patiala as Home Secretary where he later became Home Minister.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He later became Prime Minister of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] from 1930 to 1940.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=The princes of India in the endgame of empire, 1917-1947 |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-511-00442-7 |location=Cambridge |pages=xii |oclc=48140080}}</ref> He represented Patiala at the Round Table Conferences in 1931 and 1932.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He represented Patiala at Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform in 1933.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> His administrative skills were widely hailed and appreciated, so much so that rival princely states would scheme and plan to get him to jump ship but he would remain loyal to Maharaja Bhupinder Singh till he lived, and retired soon after his demise. He served Patiala’s people with utmost honesty and fairness, without any biases on religious or cast grounds. For more on his achievements during his stint as Prime Minister Patiala, please refer to the book written by ex Indian foreign minister, Natwar Singh, The Magnificent Maharaja... https://rupapublications.co.in/books/the-magnificent-maharaja/

He served as political advisor to [[Nawab]] of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] from 1943 to 1945.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Family==

The famous Pakistani musician [[Rohail Hyatt|Rohail Hayat]] is a great-grandson of Sir Liaqat . {{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==See also==
* Nawab [[Muhammad Hayat Khan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Liaqat Hayat}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Hayat Khattar family]]
[[Category:Patiala State]]
[[Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire]]

Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T05:03:39Z

ClariceLinderman: new some post initial version.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Telangana}}
{{About|Parliamentary constituency|other uses|Malkajgiri (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malkajgiri {{Small|TG-7}}
| type = LS
| state = [[Telangana]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Malkajgiri.map}}
| map_caption = Boundary of Malkajgiri Constituency in Telangana
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]] [[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]] [[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]] [[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]] [[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]] [[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|Lal Bahadur Nagar]] [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]]
| incumbent_image = Etela Rajendera.jpg
| mp = [[Etela Rajender]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| preceded_by = [[Revanth Reddy]], [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 3,150,303<ref name=turnout/>
}}
'''Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian Parliament) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008, following the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=29|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2019, Malkajgiri is the largest Lok Sabha constituency by number of electors with 3,150,303.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/395384/malkajgiri-biggest-lok-sabha-seat.html |title=Malkajgiri biggest Lok Sabha seat, Lakshadweep smallest |access-date=22 October 2014 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329014535/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/395384/malkajgiri-biggest-lok-sabha-seat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 as a constituency of the South Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Sarvey Sathyanarayana]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The new state of Telangana was created in 2014 by the implementation of the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] and this constituency became part of it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/andhra-pradesh/story/malkajgiri-a-seemandhra-enclave-in-the-heart-of-telangana-188184-2014-04-08|title=Malkajgiri: A Seemandhra enclave in the heart of Telangana|publisher=India Today|date=8 April 2014|access-date=30 November 2014|archive-date=7 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207100352/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/malkajgiri-a-seemandhra-enclave-in-the-heart-of-telangana/1/353615.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2014 to 2019, its MP was [[Malla Reddy]] who represented the [[Telugu Desam Party]] at the election. In 2016, Malla Reddy switched parties to represent the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/tdp-mp-malla-reddy-joins-trs-telangana/|title=TDP's lone Telangana MP, Malla Reddy, joins TRS|work=The Indian Express|date=1 June 2016|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213090445/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/tdp-mp-malla-reddy-joins-trs-telangana/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its current MP is [[Etela Rajender]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

{{Pie chart
|value1 = 50
|value2 = 25
|value3 = 25
|label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (2 terms)]]
|label2 = [[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP''' (1 term)]]
| label3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (1 term)]]
|color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color2 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|caption = Most successful political parties}}

== Assembly segments ==
Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following seven Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="ceo"/>
{|class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|rowspan=5 |[[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
|[[Malla Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|-
|45
|[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
|[[K. P. Vivekanand Goud]]
|-
|46
|[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
|[[Madhavaram Krishna Rao]]
|-
|47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|[[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]
|-
|49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|Lal Bahadur Nagar]]
|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|[[Devireddy Sudheer Reddy]]
|-
|71
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
|[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
|[[Sri Ganesh (politician)|Sri Ganesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952{{dash}}2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014|access-date=30 April 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=122}}</ref>
|[[Sarve Satyanarayana]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Malla Reddy|Chamakura Malla Reddy]]
|{{full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Malkajgiri<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 7 – Malkajgiri (Telangana)
|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS297.htm |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|votes=991,042|percentage=51.25|change={{increase}}31.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|INC|candidate=Patnam Sunitha Mahender Reddy|votes=599,567|percentage=31.00|change={{decrease}}7.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Ragidi Laxma Reddy]]|votes=300,486|percentage=15.54|change={{decrease}}22.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=13,366|percentage=0.69|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority|votes=391,475|percentage=20.25|change={{up}}19.55}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,938,462|percentage=51.28|change={{up}}1.65}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress|INC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Malkajgiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:603748}}
|percentage = 38.63
|change = {{increase}}24.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Marri Rajashekar Reddy|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|votes=592,829|percentage=37.93|change={{increase}}7.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[N. Ramchander Rao|Naraparaju Ramchander Rao]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=304,282|percentage=19.47|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bongunoori Mahender Reddy|party=Jana Sena Party|votes=28,420|percentage=1.82|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=17,895|percentage=1.14|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,919|percentage=0.70|change={{decrease}}1.06}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,563,646|percentage=49.63|change={{decrease}}1.27}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: Malkajgiri<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS017.htm?ac=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602135505/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS017.htm?ac=7|archive-date=2 June 2014|title=Malkajgiri|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Malla Reddy|Chamakura Malla Reddy]]
|votes = 523,336
|percentage = 32.30
|change = {{increase}}7.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Mynampally Hanmanth Rao]]|votes=494,965|percentage=30.54|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sarve Satyanarayana]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=233,711|percentage=14.42|change={{decrease}}17.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Satta)|Jayaprakash Narayan]]|party=Lok Satta Party|votes=158,243|percentage=9.77|change={{increase}}0.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. Dinesh Reddy]]|party=YSR Congress Party|votes=115,710|percentage=7.14|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Divakar Dharanikota Sudhakar|party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=18,543|percentage=1.14|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = [[K. Nageshwar]]
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 13,236
|percentage = 0.82
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 28,371
|percentage = 1.76
|change = {{decrease}} 5.98
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,620,397|percentage=50.90|change={{decrease}} 0.56}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Malkajgiri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=2–3|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sarvey Sathyanarayana]]
|votes = 388,368
|percentage = 32.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=T. Bheemsen|votes=295,042|percentage=24.47|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[T. Devender Goud|Tulla Devender Goud]]|party=Praja Rajyam Party|votes=238,886|percentage=19.81|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 93,226
|percentage = 7.74
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,205,714|percentage=51.46|change=N/A}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rangareddy district]]
* [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/malkajgiri/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Malkajgiri lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{coord|17.45|78.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]

Bengabad

2025-12-02T12:00:54Z

ClariceLinderman: general improve lead for accuracy additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India# India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.301667|N|86.360833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,178
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages(*For language details see [[Bengabad block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 815312 (Bengabad)
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06552
| registration_plate = JH 11
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gandey (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandey]]
| website = {{URL|giridih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bengabad''' is a village in the [[Bengabad block|Bengabad]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Giridih Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Giridih district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=310| height=480| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|19|0|N|86|10|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Giridih district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|6|36|N|86|28|51|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Ahilyapur | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ahilyapur]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|55|24|N|86|2|38|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Nimiaghat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Asurbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|5|30|N|85|49|50|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bagodar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bagodar]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|18|6|N|86|21|39|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Bengabad| numbered4=R| mark-title4=Bengabad (R)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|35|39|N|86|13|28|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Bhelwaghati| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Bhelwaghati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|16|28|N|85|55|31|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Birni| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Birni, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|30|51|N|86|11|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Deori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Deori, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|20|N|85|59|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dumri| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Dumri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|11|30|N|86|26|20|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gandey| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Gandey]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|37|16|N|85|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gawan| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gawan, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|3|50|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hesla| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hesla]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|13|N|86|8|51|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Jamua| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jamua]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|27|49|N|86|0|15|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Khori Mahua| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Khori Mahua]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|0|26|N|86|13|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Khukhra| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Khukhra]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|27|10|N|86|2|51|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hirodih| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Pandedih]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|4|0|N|86|9|47|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Pirtand| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Pirtand]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|11|13|N|85|53|29|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Suriya| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Suriya, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|4|N|86|26|0|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Taratanr| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Taratanr]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|28|N|86|3|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Tisri| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Tisri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|12|30|N|86|18|20|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Giridih| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Giridih]] (M) |label-size21=13 |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|57|40|N|86|8|13|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Shikharji| numbered21=H| mark-title21=[[Shikharji]] (H) | shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|57|0|N|86|10|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Pareshath Hill| numbered22=H| mark-title22=[[Pareshnath Hill]] (H) | shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|0|25|N|86|8|46|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Madhuban| numbered23=H| mark-title23=[[Madhuban, Giridih]] (H) | shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|25|24|N|86|9|57|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kharagdiha| numbered24=H| mark-title24=[[Kharagdiha]] (H) | shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|5|47|N|86|22|14|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Usri Falls| numbered25=H| mark-title25=[[Usri Falls]] (H) | shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|8|20|N|86|16|30|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Giridih coalfield |numbered26=0 | mark-title26=[[Giridih Coalfield]] | label-size26=12| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|10|13|N|86|16|15|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27=Akdoni Khurd| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Akdoni Khurd]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|9|50|N|85|53|25|E}}| label-pos28=bottom|label28=Barki Saraiya| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barki Saraiya]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|8|50|N|86|18|28|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dandidih| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dandidih]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|25|12|N|85|58|48|E}}| label-pos30=left|label30=Dhanwar| numbered30=CT| mark-title30= [[Dhanwar, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color30= #A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|59|14|N|86|1|48|E}}| label-pos31=right|label31=Isri| numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Isri]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|0|50|N|86|0|52|E}}| label-pos32=left|label32=Jamtara| numbered32=CT| mark-title32= [[Jamtara, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|14|0|N|86|24|18|E}}| label-pos33=top|label33=Maheshmunda| numbered33=CT| mark-title33= [[Maheshmunda]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|10|0|N|86|18|27|E}}| label-pos34=right|label34=Paratdih| numbered34=CT| mark-title34= [[Paratdih]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|7|30|N|86|19|10|E}}| label-pos35=right|label35=Pertodih| numbered35=CT| mark-title35= [[Pertodih]] (CT) |shape-color35= #A40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|14|0|N|86|17|35|E}}| label-pos36=left|label36=Sirsia| numbered36=CT| mark-title36= [[Sirsia]] (CT) |shape-color36= #A40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|12|15|N|86|15|27|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Telodih| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Telodih]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|8|30|N|86|1|0|E}} |label38= Barakar|labela38= River |label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|0|0|N|85|49|20|E}} |label39= Jamunia|labela39= River|label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= -50| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|33|0|N|86|0|0|E}} |label40= Sakri River|label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 20| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|39|19|N|86|0|17|E}} | label-pos41=left|label41= Lokainayanpur| numbered41=R| mark-title41=[[Lokainayanpur]] (R)
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|23|25|N|86|10|24|E}} | label-pos42=right|label42= Mirzaganj| numbered42=R| mark-title42=[[Mirzaganj]] (R)
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|20|28|N|86|1|4|E}} | label-pos43=left|label43= Jharkhand|labela43= Dham| numbered43=H| mark-title43=[[Jharkhand Dham]] (H) | shape-color43=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|48|0|N|85|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-35| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Bengabad is located at {{coord|24.301667|N|86.360833|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Giridih district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], with rocky soil and extensive forests. Most of the rivers in the district flow from the west to east, except in the northern portion where the rivers flow north and north west. The [[Pareshnath Hill]] rises to a height of {{convert|4479|ft}}. The district has coal and mica mines. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with small pockets of urbanisation. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Giridih, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Natural Divisions, Forests: pages 8 and 9 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 15 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjharkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Giridih | work = Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.6 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | accessdate = 23 September 2017 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bengabad had a total population of 3,178, of which 1,520 (48%) were males and 1,658 (52%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 459. The total number of literate persons in Bengabad was 2,194 (80.69% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 28 November 2017}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Bengabad police station has jurisdiction over [[Bengabad block|Bengabad]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjharkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Giridih | work = Tables 2.1, 2.4 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | accessdate = 28 November 2017 }}</ref> According to old British records, Bengabad PS was there after [[Giridih Sadar subdivision#History|Giridh subdivision]] was formed in 1870.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Giridih, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 5-7 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 2 December 2017}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of [[Bengabad block|Bengabad]] CD block are located at Bengabad.<ref name=dchb1>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2004_PART_B_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title= 2011 District Census Handbook Giridih, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map on Page 3 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 23 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://giridih.nic.in/block.html | title = Giridih | publisher = District Administration, Giridih | accessdate = 28 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110527171358/http://giridih.nic.in/block.html | archive-date = 27 May 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 114A (India)|National Highway 114A]] passes through Bengabad.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Giridih District}}

[[Category:Villages in Giridih district]]

Surasamharam

2025-11-25T10:33:54Z

ClariceLinderman: starting some article added tags

{{Short description|Hindu folk ritual}}
{{About|the festival|its eponymous movie|Soora Samhaaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Surasamharam
| type = Hindu
| image = Murugar Statue.JPG
| caption = Festival image of Murugan during a procession
| nickname = Kanda Shashti
| observedby = Tamil Hindus
| significance = Victory of Murugan over the asuras
| begins =
| ends =
| date = {{Hindu festival date}} Aippasi or Kartikai month of the [[Tamil calendar]]
| frequency = Annual
| date2021 = 9 Nov (Tue)
| date2023 = 18 November (Saturday)
| date2024 = 7 November (Thursday)
| date2025 = 27 October (Monday)
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto =
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Kaumaram}}
'''Surasamharam''' ({{Langx|ta|Sūrasaṃhāram}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aruljothi |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |title=Pilgrimage Tourism: Socio-economic analysis |last2=Ramaswamy |first2=S. |date=2019-06-07 |publisher=MJP Publisher |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=J.K. BANTHIA |url=http://archive.org/details/temples-of-tamil-nadu-kancheepuram-district |title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District |date=1995 |pages=125}}</ref> also called '''Suranporu''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ritual folk performance that recreates the legend of the killing of [[asuras]] by the deity [[Lord Murugan|Murugan]]. It is the culmination of the week-long Kanda Shasthi Vratam festival.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=27 December 2012 |title=The fall of demons |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/the-fall-of-demons/article4244670.ece |accessdate=24 January 2013}}</ref> It is performed mainly in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is also celebrated in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and the district of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] in [[Kerala]] at temples dedicated to Murugan. This festival falls in the month of either [[Ashvin (month)|Aippasi]] or [[Kārtika (month)|Kartikai]] of the [[Tamil calendar]].<ref name="drikpanchang">{{Cite web |title=2021 Skanda Sashti, Kanda Sashti dates for New Delhi, NCT, India |url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/vrats/skanda-sashti-dates.html?year=2021}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Surasamharam performance is based on the legend of Murugan, also known as [[Murugan|Kanda]], as described in the [[Skanda Purana|Kanda Purana]]. In the days preceding the performance, the Kanda Purana is narrated in the temple. The performance ends with the killing of [[Śūrapadmā|Surapadman]] and his allies, which is depicted through the symbolic beheading of the four asuras of Anamugan, Panumugan, Simhamugan, and Surapadman by Murugan, employing his divine spear, known as the [[vel]].<ref name="thehindu" /> For the performance the ''vel'' is specially consecrated; during the staging of the show, it is ceremonially placed on the neck of the effigy, after which the head is removed, depicting the beheading of the asura.<ref name="thehindu" />

Surasamharam is preceded by several ceremonies on the last day of the ''Kanda Shashti'' festival. Special [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] are conducted and the deity of Murugan is ritually anointed in the ritual of ''[[abhishekam]]''. Devotees are offered an auspicious sight of the deity, called a ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshana]]''. In some parts of Tamil Nadu, devotees observe a six-day fast, which they break at the end of the Surasamharam. In [[Palani]], a procession of Murugan (locally called the ''Dandayuddhapani'') is taken down from the [[Dhandayuthapani Temple|Palani Murugan Temple]] and led through the main thoroughfares of the town before the Surasamharam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/temples/dhandapani-murugan-kovil.html|title=Dhandapani Murugan Kovil|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=5 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307142728/http://tamilnadu.com/temples/dhandapani-murugan-kovil.html|archivedate=7 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

At the [[Thiruchendur Murugan Temple|Tiruchendur Murugan Temple]], six days of celebrations for Kanda Shashti start from the ''[[tithi]]'' of the Aippasi month, culminate on the day of Surasamharam. The performance of the ''tiru kalyanam'', the ceremonial wedding ceremony of the deity and his consorts, is observed on the day following the Surasamharam.<ref name="drikpanchang" />

In Tamil Nadu, the Surasamharam is witnessed every year by large crowds of devotees. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] and [[Indian Railways]] ply special buses and trains to facilitate their travel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands of devotees witness Soorasamharam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/thousands-of-devotees-witness-soorasamharam/article4110166.ece|accessdate=24 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 November 2012}}</ref> In Kerala's Palakkad district, Surasamharam, is held in all the major Tamil settlements in the district.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Hindu festivals}}

[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Religious vernacular drama]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Kartikeya]]

[[Category:Festivals in Tamil Nadu]]

Moti Chandra

2025-11-23T11:26:32Z

ClariceLinderman: new the pg v1.

{{Short description|Indian art historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Moti Chandra''' (1909–1974) was a distinguished Indian scholar, an art historian, and an author. He was a descendant of [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]], the creator of modern [[Hindi]] prose, and was well known for his contributions to art history. He was from [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Kuldeep|date=2016-11-26|title=Taking the road less travelled|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/Taking-the-road-less-travelled/article16705623.ece|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Major works ==

* "Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Moti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&q=trade+and+trade+routes+in+ancient+india|title=Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-055-6|language=en}}</ref>
* ''"The World of Courtesans"''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-07|title=Chandra, Moti. The World of Courtesans. Vikas, 1973. {{!}} Courtesans of India|url=https://www.huronresearch.ca/courtesansofindia/2018/03/07/chandra-moti-the-world-of-courtesans-vikas-1973/|access-date=2022-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* "Mewar Painting in the Seventeenth Century"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Moti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtEYAAAAYAAJ|title=Mewar Painting in the Seventeenth Century|date=1957|publisher=Lalit Kalā Akadami|language=en}}</ref>
* "Indian Art"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moti|first=Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJ4qAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian Art|date=1964|publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India|language=en}}</ref>
* "Stone Sculpture in the Prince of Wales Museum"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stone Sculpture in the Prince of Wales Museum|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/stone-sculpture-prince-wales-museum|access-date=2022-02-07|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>
* "Kashi ka Itihas" (History of Kashi)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Moti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxIgtAEACAAJ|title=Kashi ka itihas|language=en}}</ref>
* "Costumes, Textiles, Cosmetics & Coiffure in Ancient and Mediaeval India"<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Moti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaHpAAAAMAAJ|title=Costumes, Textiles, Cosmetics & Coiffure in Ancient and Mediaeval India|last2=Gupta|first2=Swarajya Prakash|date=1973|publisher=Oriental Publishers|language=en}}</ref>
* "The Golden Flute: Indian Painting and Poetry"<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Moti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9EYAAAAYAAJ|title=The Golden Flute: Indian Painting and Poetry|last2=Mehta|first2=Nanalal Chamanlal|date=1962|publisher=Lalit Kalā Akademi|language=en}}</ref>
* "Jain Miniature Paintings from Western India"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jain Miniature Paintings from Western India|url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/jain-miniature-paintings-western-india|access-date=2022-02-07|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>
* "Ikat Fabrics of Orissa and [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Study of Contemporary Textile Crafts of India)"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Study of Contemporary Textile Crafts of India Vol. I: Ikat Fabrics of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/study-contemporary-textile-crafts-india-vol-i-ikat-fabrics-orissa-and-andhra-pradesh|access-date=2022-02-07|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>
* "Indian Ivories"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Ivories by Moti Chandra|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/14170213|access-date=2022-02-07|website=LibraryThing.com|language=en}}</ref>
* "New Documents of Jaina Painting"<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Moti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jlQAAAAMAAJ|title=New Documents of Jaina Painting|last2=Shah|first2=Umakant Premanand|date=1975|publisher=Shri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kapisi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Textile historians]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]

{{India-historian-stub}}
{{art-historian-stub}}

Pabitra Sarkar

2025-11-13T07:19:20Z

ClariceLinderman: added details!

{{short description|Indian Bengali linguist and educationist}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pabitra Sarkar
| post-nominals =
| image = Pabitra Sarkar Addressing - Inaugural Function - Bengali Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Celebration - Jadavpur University - Kolkata 2015-01-09 2613.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Professor Sarkar in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|03|28}}
| birth_place = [[Savar Upazila|Savar]], Dhaka, British India.
| known_for =
| education = [[Calcutta University]] [[University of Chicago]]
| occupation = Academic, Linguist, Writer, Theatre person
| years_active =
| title = F
| boards =
| spouse = Maitreyi Bandyopadhyay
| children = 2
| father =
| mother =
| website = {{URL|https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/108745.html}}
| awards = [[Order of the Rising Sun]] Mother Teresa Lifetime Achievement Award
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Pabitra Sarkar''' (born 28 March 1937) is an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Linguistics|linguist]], [[writer]], [[Literary criticism|Literary critic]], and [[academician]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |title=Sansad Bangla Sahityasangi |publisher=Sahitya Sansad |year=2019 |location=Kolkata |pages=123 |language=Bengali}}</ref> He is also a children's writer, Rabindra Sangeet singer and dramatist. He received the Vidyasagar Award given by the [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]] in 2000 for writing proses, and the [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]]. In 2019, he was honored with the title of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]], [[Japan|Japan's]] third highest civilian honor.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-10 |title=পবিত্র সরকারকে তৃতীয় সর্বোচ্চ নাগরিক সম্মান জাপানের |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/japan-govt-to-honour-pabitra-sarkar-with-order-of-the-rising-sun-with-gold-and-silver-rays-honour/amp_articleshow/70164866.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>

Sarkar was the [[Vice-chancellor]] of [[Rabindra Bharati University]] from 1990 to 1997. He was also the president of [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishat]], [[Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad]], [[American Institute of Indian Studies]] and numerous other literary and cultural institutions throughout his career. Although retired from job, professor Sarkar still teaches at [[University of Calcutta]] and few other colleges, and is now vice-president of [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]], and the newly formed Society for Natural Language Technology and Research, [[West Bengal]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Early life and education==
Pabitra Sarkar was born on 28 March 1937 in a [[Mahishya]] family in then [[Dhaka District]] of [[British India]], now in [[Bangladesh]]. After the independence and partition of the countr in 1947, he came to [[Calcutta]], and completed his higher education in the city. He was one of the most brilliant and accomplished students of [[Calcutta University]]. He secured the highest rank in both the graduation and post-graduation examinations. After receiving his master's degree, he taught at [[Bangabasi College]], [[Kolkata]] for some time. Later, from 1963 to 1969, he taught as a lecturer at [[Jadavpur University]]. In 1969, he went to the [[United States]] with a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] from the university. After receiving a master's degree from the [[University of Chicago]], he studied linguistics and earned a Ph.D. He taught at the [[University of Minnesota]] for the last two years until 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayan |date=2023-10-19 |title=ভাষাবিজ্ঞানী পবিত্র সরকার |url=https://dainikazadi.net/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=দৈনিক আজাদী |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Nibedita |title=Kaibarta Jatibarner Itihas |publisher=Tangan Prakashan |year=2022 |location=Rajshahi |pages=204–208 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

==Career==
After returning to India, Sarkar joined Jadavpur University again as a professor. After his promotion, he held the post of vice-chancellor of [[Rabindra Bharati University]] for seven consecutive years from 1990 to 1997. Later he became the vice-chairman of West Bengal State Council of Higher Education. Professor Sarkar was in the one one-man committee of the West Bengal Government, which reintroduced English in primary school from Class 3 in 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Weis |first1=Lois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqTbCgAAQBAJ |title=Social Class and Education: Global Perspectives |last2=Dolby |first2=Nadine |date=2012-04-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81369-6 |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref> He retired in 2003. Sarkar has written and edited more than hundred books in Bengali and English. He is closely associated with various literary and cultural institutions of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute {{!}} Mass Communication {{!}} Journalism {{!}} Mass Media {{!}} Film Studies |url=https://www.imcfts.com/president.php |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.imcfts.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Pabitra}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Linguists from Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Dhamrai Upazila]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Linguists of Bengali]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pusegaon

2025-11-04T09:39:01Z

ClariceLinderman: added new article!

{{Short description|Pusegaon- a village in Satara, Maharashtra, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pusegaon
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.7079947|N|74.3194084|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| government_type = Gram Panchayat Pusegaon<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Pusegaon |url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/generalprofileforpanchayat.do?localbodycd=4917 |publisher=eGramswaraj, Govt. of India}}</ref>
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 9180<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pusegaon Population |title=District Census Handbook SATARA, Census of India 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra, Govt. of India |page=405 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/828/download/36180/DH_2011_2731_PART_A_DCHB_SATARA.pdf |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Pusegaonkar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 415502
| registration_plate = MH 11
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = Khatav
| subdivision_type4 = Taluka H.Q.
| subdivision_name4 = [[Vaduj]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Deepali Suhas Muley
| image_skyline = Shri Sevagiri Maharaj, Pusegaon.jpg
| image_caption = Shri Sevagiri Maharaj Samadhi, Pusegaon
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Indian road network|Major Highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 548C (India)|NH-548C]], [[List of state highways in Maharashtra|SH-147]]
}}

'''Pusegaon''' is a town in the [[Satara district]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pusegaon (Satara) |url=https://www.satara.gov.in/en/other-tourist-attractions/ |publisher=N.I.C. Government of India |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> It is situated on the [[National Highway 548C (India)|NH-548C Satara-Baitul National Highway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pusegaon, NH 584C |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/PragatiKiNayiGati/pdf/maharashtra.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Govt. of India |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> Pusegaon is known for the Shree Sevagiri Maharaj Temple & its annual Rathotsava fair.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shree Sevagiri Maharaj Temple, Pusegaon |url=https://www.zpsatara.gov.in/tourism_khatav |publisher=ZP Satara, Maharashtra |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Pusegaon is situated in the valley of [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri mountain range]] and on the bank of [[Yerla River]], a tributary of [[Krishna River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aquifer Maps and Ground Water Management Plan, Khatav Taluka, Satara District, Maharashtra (Part-I) |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Maharshtra/KHATAV%20(VADUJ)%20TALUKA,%20SATARA%20DISTRICT,%20part%20_i.pdf |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Govt. of India |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> It is located 35km from its district headquarters [[Satara (city)|Satara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pusegaon to Satara distance |url=https://www.satara.gov.in/en/other-tourist-attractions/ |publisher=NIC, Govt. of India |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

== Culture ==
* Pusegaon is famous for the Shree Sevagiri Maharaj temple located on the bank of the Yerla river. Shree Sevagiri Maharaj appeared in Pusegaon in 1905 and took Sanjivan Samadhi on 10 January 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shree Sevagiri Maharaj Samadhi, Pusegaon |url=https://www.lokmat.com/satara/devasthan-sevagiri-maharaj-a713/ |publisher=Lokmat Newspaper |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> Shri Sevagiri Maharaj's Rathotsav fair is held every year and many devotees from Maharashtra gather at the Rathotsav fair at Pusegaon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sevagiri Maharaj Rathotsav fair, Pusegaon |url=https://www.lokmat.com/satara/donation-of-75-lakhs-on-the-chariot-of-sevagiri-maharaj-in-pusegaon-on-the-occasion-of-amrit-mahatsavi-including-foreign-currencies-a746/ |publisher=Lokmat Newspaper |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>

* In 2021, the Department of Public Construction Work of Maharashtra set a world record in the [[Limca Book of Records]] for constructing a {{convert|40|km}} road from Pusegaon to Mhasurne in 24 hours. The {{convert|39.65|km}} stretch was built from 7am on Sunday, 30 May 2021, to 7am on Monday, 31 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pusegaon-Jaigaon-Aundh-Mhasurne Road, Limca World Record |url=https://www.esakal.com/image-story/limca-book-of-world-record-construction-of-pusegaon-mhasurne-road-trending/image-3 |publisher=Maharashtra Times Newspaper |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

== Education ==
Pusegaon has facilities from primary education to higher education. Institutions in Pusegaon are listed below:
* Shri Hanumangiri Highschool, Pusegaon<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Hanumangiri Highschool, Pusegaon |url=https://schools.org.in/satara/27310410507/shri-hanumangiri-highschool.html |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
* J. J. English Medium School, Pusegaon<ref>{{cite web |title=J. J. English Medium School, Pusegaon |url=https://schools.org.in/satara/27310410512/j-j-english-medium-school-pusegaon.html |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
* Rayat Shikshan Sanstha's Arts and Commerce College, Pusegaon<ref>{{cite web |title=Arts and Commerce College Pusegaon |url=http://www.accp.ac.in/ |publisher=Arts and Commerce College Pusegaon |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
* Shaskiy Vidyaniketan, Pusegaon<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaskiy Vidyaniketan, Pusegaon |url=https://schools.org.in/satara/27310410505/shashkiy-vidya-niketan.html |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]

The Stoneman Murders (TV series)

2025-10-25T05:08:48Z

ClariceLinderman: starting new entry v1

{{short description|Indian Bengali-language web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
| starring =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* Bengali
* Hindi
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Raaj Rahhi
* Zarna Mistry
}}
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = {{plainlist|
* Green Apple LLP
* World Cinema Partners
}}
| released = {{Start date|2019|09|13|df=y}}
}}
'''''The Stoneman Murders''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] web series streaming on hoichoi. The story is basically inspired by true events, a serial killer who killed several people in the year of 1985 to 1989 in Mumbai and Calcutta and remained unidentified. The murderer is known as the [[Stoneman]] as he uses a stone to kill people. [[Rajatabha Dutta]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]] and [[Swastika Mukherjee]] are the lead actors in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/hoichoi-announces-their-line-till-year-end-including-barkha-bishts-kamini-flora-sainis-dupur|title=hoichoi announces their line-up till year end including Barkha Bisht's Kamini & Flora Saini's Dupur Thakurpo Phul Toss|date=8 August 2019|website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/hoichoi-announces-their-line-up-till-year-end/|title=hoichoi announces their line-up till year end|date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svf.in/news/swastika-mukherjee-has-started-shooting-for-a-hoichoi/|title=Swastika Mukherjee has started shooting for a Hoichoi|date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/rupankar-bagchi-takes-up-the-case-in-hoi-choi-web-series-the-stoneman-murders-140168/|title=পুলিশ হলেও মানুষ তো! ভয়ডর নেই বললে মিথ্যে বলা হবে|date=12 September 2019}}</ref> The Story starts with a train journey of journalist Sneha who finds the Stoneman's diary. This diary makes her curious to find out all the details about the Stoneman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/the-stoneman-murders-hoichoi-new-series-swastika-mukherjee-rajatava-rupankar-123662/|title=রাস্তায় স্টোনম্যান, কলকাতায় অলিতে গলিতে আতঙ্ক|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/the-trailer-of-web-series-the-stoneman-murders-released/|title=The trailer of web series The Stoneman Murders released|date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rajatava Dutta]]
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Sneha
* [[Rupankar Bagchi]]
* Pallab Kumar Das

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #4C5966
| link1 = #Season 1 (2019)
| episodes1 = 9
| released1 = {{Start date|2019|09|20|df=yes}}
}}

==Season 1 (2019)==
Season 1 of The Stoneman Murders was released on 13 September 2019 with 4 episodes, streaming on Bengali [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform Hoichoi.<ref name="auto"/> Season finale premiered on 20 September on hoichoi platform.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Saint and Sins
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Camouflage
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Before the Murder
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Face to Face
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Do It Now
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Friend in Disguise
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Hide and Seek
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Revenge
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = In Search of a Mystery
|DirectedBy = Ejaz Saiyed, Rafik
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10436804}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stoneman Murders}}
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2017 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]
[[Category:Television series about real serial killers]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

19th National Film Awards

2025-10-21T12:41:48Z

ClariceLinderman: cleaned up page additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian ceremony celebrating cinema of 1971}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 19
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 19th National Film Awards
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 1971
| award_org = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| presenting_org = [[Indira Gandhi]] {{small|([[Prime Minister of India]])}}
| announced_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1972|05|01}}
| presented_date =
| site =
| host =
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]
| lifetime_achievement = [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
| best_feature = ''[[Seemabaddha]]''
| best_non_feature =
| most_wins = ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]'' (3)
| last = 18th
| next = 20th
}}

The '''19th [[National Film Awards]]''', presented by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 1971.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000467/1972 National Film Awards, India (1972)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1972.html |title=National Film Awards - 1972 |access-date=4 May 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010756/http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1972.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Juries ==
Four different committees were formed based on the film making sectors in India, mainly based in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras along with the central committee for all India level. For 19th National Film Awards.

* '''Jury Members: Central'''
* '''Jury Regional: Bombay'''
* '''Jury Regional: Calcutta'''
* '''Jury Regional: Madras'''

== Awards ==
Awards were divided into feature films and non-feature films.

President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]]. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.

=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|[[File:Prithviraj Kapoor 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]] {{small|(Posthumously)}} 
|Actor
|{{INR}}11,000, a shawl and a plaque
|}

=== Feature films ===

Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 19th National Film Awards, a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] ''Seemabadha'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film]].

==== All India Award ====

Following were the awards given:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1971 |title=National Film Awards (1971) |access-date=4 May 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023137/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1971 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:7%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24.5%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:18.5%;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|''[[Seemabaddha]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer and director:[[Satyajit Ray]]
|Gold Medal and {{INR}}40,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]''
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|Producer:
|{{INR}}15,000 and a medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''Wings of Fire''
|rowspan="2"| English
|Producer:
|{{INR}}30,000 and a medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director:
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Do Boond Pani]]''
|rowspan="2"| Hindi
|Producer: [[K. A. Abbas]]
|{{INR}}30,000 and a medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[K. A. Abbas]]
|{{INR}}10,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Bharat Award)]]
|''[[Rickshawkaran|Rikshakaran]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|A figurine
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Urvashi Award)]]
|''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''
|Hindi
|[[Waheeda Rahman]]
|A figurine
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''Ajab Tujhe Sarkar''
|Marathi
|[[Sachin (actor)|Master Sachin]]
|A plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''
|Kannada
|{{*}}[[B. V. Karanth]] {{*}}[[Girish Karnad]]
|{{INR}} 5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''
|Hindi
|[[Jaidev]]
|{{INR}} 5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''[[Nimantran]]''
|Bengali
|[[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
|A plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Savaale Samali|Savale Samali]]''
|Tamil
|[[P. Susheela]]
|A plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|''Ekoni''
|Bengali
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Black-and-white|Black and White]])
|''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]''
|Bengali
|Nandu Battacharya
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Color motion picture film|Color]])
|''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''
|Hindi
|Ramachandra
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''Nanak Dhukhia Sab Sansar''
|Punjabi
|[[Prem Dhawan|Prem Dhavan]]
|{{INR}}10,000 and a certificate
|}

==== Regional Award ====

The awards were given to the best films made in the [[Languages of India|regional languages of India]]. For feature films in English, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]] and [[Punjabi language]], President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:26%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]
|rowspan="2"|''Aranya''
|Producer:
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director:
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Nimantran]]''
|Producer:
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Tarun Majumdar]]
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Phir Bhi]]''
|Producer:
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: Shivendra Sinha
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''
|Producer: [[G. V. Iyer]]
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[B. V. Karanth]] and [[Girish Karnad]]
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|rowspan="2"|''Karakana Kadhal''
|Producer:
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director:
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]''
|Producer:
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Arvind Deshpande]]
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Veguli Penn|Veguli Pen]]''
|Producer: Abdul Kabar
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: S. S. Devadass
|Silver Medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''
|Producer: [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]]
|{{INR}}5,000
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[B. V. Prasad]]
|Silver Medal
|}

=== Non-Feature films ===

Following were the awards given:

==== Short films ====

{|class="wikitable" style="width:96%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:27.5%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:14%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:7%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:17.5%;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Documentation]]
|rowspan="2"|''A Village Smiles''
|rowspan="2"|English
|Producer:
|{{INR}}5,000 and a medal
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director:
|{{INR}}2,000 and a plaque
|}

=== Awards not given ===

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Story|Best Story Writer]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
* [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Experimental Film|Best Experimental Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in English]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Oriya|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Oriya]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:1971 film awards|National Film Awards]]
[[Category:1971 in Indian cinema]]

Ramkona

2025-09-10T06:00:08Z

ClariceLinderman: added info!

{{Short description|Village in Pandhurna District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramkona
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Kanhan River near Ramakona.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kanhan River in Ramkona
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhindwara District|Pandhurna]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| population_total = 6,144
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 28]]
}}
'''Ramakona''' is a town located in [[Pandhurna District]] of Madhya Pradesh.

==Geography==
Ramkona is located on banks of [[Kanhan River]]. It's 11 km away from [[Sausar]]. 480106 is pin code of Ramkona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India TV News |first= |title=Ramakona Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Ramakona, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/chhindwara/ramakona |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
==Demographics==
Ramkona's population is 6,144 of which 3120 are males while 3024 are females according to India's 2011 census and has 1394 families residing there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakona Village Population - Sausar - Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/495209-ramakona-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Ramkona is well connected with roadways and railway. The Ramkona railway station code is 'RMO'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/ramakona-rmo|title=Ramakona (RMO) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri|website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

Ramkona is located on [[National Highway 547 (India)|NH-547]] connecting Ramkona to Nagpur, Narsinghpur, Chhindwara, Saoner, Sausar, and Amarwada.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pandhurna district]]

RISAT-2B

2025-08-24T17:16:44Z

ClariceLinderman: small fix article per standard format and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = RISAT-2B
| names_list = Radar Imaging Satellite-2B
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] [[Imaging radar|Radar imaging satellite]] [[Emergency management|disaster management]])
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2019-028A
| SATCAT = 44233
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in/
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned) {{time interval|22 May 2019|show=ymd}} ''(in progress)''

| spacecraft = RISAT-2B
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus = [[RISAT]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|615|kg}}
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 2000 [[Watt|watts]]

| launch_date = 22 May 2019, 00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-CA]] [[PSLV-C46]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad (FLP)]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]

| entered_service = August 2019
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_altitude = {{cvt|555|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 37.0°
| orbit_period = 93.0 minutes
| apsis = gee

| instruments = [[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar]] ([[X band|X-band]]) (SAR-X)

| programme = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation satellites series]]
| previous_mission = [[Cartosat-2F]]
| next_mission = [[Cartosat-3]]
}}

'''RISAT-2B''', or '''Radar Imaging Satellite-2B''' is an Indian [[Radar imaging|radar]] [[reconnaissance satellite]] that is part of India's [[RISAT]] programme and the third satellite in the series. It is built by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) to replace [[RISAT-2]].

== Overview ==
RISAT-2B satellites will succeed India's ten-year-old [[RISAT-2]] spacecraft. Equipped with [[X band|X-band radar imagers]], RISAT-2B monitors the [[Earth]] day and night, in any weather conditions. RISAT uses a technique called Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to build images of the Earth below it. Signals transmitted from the satellite are reflected from the surface and its echo is recorded when it reaches back to the satellite. These signals can then be processed to build a profile of the ground below. The RISAT constellation is operated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]. While ISRO states the satellites applications as supporting [[agriculture]], [[forestry]] and [[Emergency management|disaster management]], their primary purpose is military surveillance.<ref name="Display">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2019-028A|title=Display: RISAT-2B 2019-028A|publisher=NASA|date=27 April 2021|access-date=14 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

RISAT-2B can operate in different modes including [[Very High Resolution Radar]] (VHRR) imaging modes of 1 × 0.5 m resolution and 0.5 × 0.3 m resolution. It is placed in an inclined orbit for better revisit rates over area of interest. Being a radar imaging satellite, RISAT-2B can image during day or night and in all weather conditions.<ref name=GOVINDIA>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1577185|title=Earth Observation Satellite RISAT-2B|publisher=Press Information Bureau - Government of India|date=4 July 2019|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

== Satellite description ==
RISAT-2B's main sensor is an indigenously developed [[synthetic-aperture radar]] (SAR) imaging satellite operating in [[X band|X-band]] with 3.6 m radial rib antenna. The satellite is utilized for high resolution spot imaging of locations of interest and it has a mass of {{cvt|615|kg}}.<ref name="ISRO">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-may-2019/risat-2b-radial-rib-antenna|title=RISAT-2B: Radial Rib Antenna|publisher=ISRO|date=22 May 2019|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529104039/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-may-2019/risat-2b-radial-rib-antenna|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Launch ==
It was successfully launched aboard a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] [[PSLV-C46]] launch vehicle at 00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 22 May 2019 from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad]] at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].<ref name="TIMESINDIA">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pslv-c46/risat-2b-mission-a-success-isro-places-radar-imaging-earth-observation-satellite-in-orbit/articleshow/69436939.cms|title=PSLV-C46 / Risat-2B mission a success, ISRO places radar imaging earth observation satellite in orbit|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 May 2019|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="SC20191204">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-risat-2b-earth-satellite-launch-success.html|title=India Successfully Launches RISAT-2B Earth-Observation Satellite|date=22 May 2019 |publisher=SPACE.com|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[PSLV-C46]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{PSLV}}
{{RISAT satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2019}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2019]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Imaging reconnaissance satellites]]
[[Category:RISAT]]

Cochin Port Maritime Heritage Museum

2025-08-17T01:15:06Z

ClariceLinderman: creating a details

{{short description|Heritage museum in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Cochin Port Maritime Heritage Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Cochin Maritime Heritage Museum.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Cochin Port Maritime Heritage Museum
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.96903|76.26086|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| established = May 2014
| dissolved =
| location = [[Willingdon Island]], [[Kerala]]
| type =
| collection =
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| owner =
| curator =
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| network =
| website =
}}

The '''Cochin Port Maritime Heritage Museum''' is a museum located on [[Willingdon Island]] in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-21 |title=An inspiring insight into Cochin port heritage |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/an-inspiring-insight-into-cochin-port-heritage/articleshow/94339970.cms |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The museum has rare collection of photographs related to the evolution of Cochin (now Kochi) as a port city. It also shows the development of Willingdon Island and Kochi's [[Maritime history|maritime heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare images of Cochin Port Trust's early days handed over to Heritage Museum |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/feb/13/rare-images-of-cochin-port-trusts-early-days-handed-over-to-heritage-museum-1772421.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Old marine equipment and rare photographs documenting [[Cochin Port]]'s history can be found in the museum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-12 |title=Memories of a time when city of Kochi was still being built |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/memories-of-a-time-when-city-of-kochi-was-still-being-built/article22735621.ece |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The building, which was used as the chief engineer's quarters during the construction of Willingdon Island was converted into a museum by the Cochin Port Trust in May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing Imprints of City's Maritime History |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/may/27/showcasing-imprints-of-city%e2%80%99s-maritime-history-618009.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Overview==
The photographs in the museum reveal the hardships faced by Sir [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]] and his workforce, who developed the port amidst financial constraints and without technology support. It unveils the history of the Kochi port during a period of 21 years starting from 1920 to 1941. Some of the photographs in the museum includes the construction of the [[Mattancherry Bridge|Mattanchery bridge]] and wharves, the [[Venduruthy Bridge|Venduruthy Rail-Road bridges]], the arrival of the first train in Kochi, Sir Robert Bristow's house and car, the reclamation of the Ernakulam foreshore, the loading of the elephant that [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] gave to the Russian children and the [[Mattancherry|Mattanchery]] shore lined with [[Alappuzha]] boats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-27 |title=A watershed moment in Kochi's maritime legacy |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/A-watershed-moment-in-Kochi%E2%80%99s-maritime-legacy/article20782956.ece |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> The museum also has several maritime equipments such as maritime clocks, mechanical calculators, underwater search tools, steering units.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-27 |title=Maritime heritage museum encapsulates Kochi port's voyage from 1922 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/maritime-heritage-museum-encapsulates-kochi-ports-voyage-from-1922/article6052525.ece |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Kochi]]
*[[Cochin Port]]
* [[Willingdon Island]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Kerala]]
[[Category:Maritime museums in India]]

Taljhari

2025-07-27T02:04:20Z

ClariceLinderman: refine section to improve readability

{{About|the community development block in Jharkhand, India|its namesake village|Taljhari, Sahibganj}}
{{other uses|Taljhari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Taljhari
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|25|4|37|N|87|44|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahebganj district|Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 273.03
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 32
| population_total = 76,330
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 29,546 (47.74%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816129 (Taljhari)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06426
| registration_plate = JH 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Borio (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Borio]]
| website = {{URL|sahibganj.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Taljhari''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Rajmahal subdivision]] of the [[Sahibganj district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Taljhari, the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at {{coord|25|4|37|N|87|44|29|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/4205450/Basic-School-Taljhari | title= Basic School, Taljhari | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | accessdate = 12 January 2016}}</ref>

It is located 23 km from [[Sahebganj|Sahibganj]], the district headquarters.

Sahebganj district may be divided into three natural divisions – (i) the hilly portion stretching from the Ganges on the north to the borders of West Bengal on the south, (ii) the uplands, undulations, long ridges and depressions, with fertile lands, and (iii) the low fertile alluvial plains lying between the hills and the Ganges, with the [[Sahibganj loop]] line passing through the narrow strip.<ref name=geography1>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 13: Physical aspects, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref> Three rivers flowing through this region – the [[Ganges]], Gumani and [[Bansloi River|Bansloi]] – make the plains rich and cultivable.<ref name=geography2>{{cite web | url = http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | title = District Profile – Physical Aspects | work = Jharkhand | publisher = Sahibganj district administration | accessdate = 14 November 2020 | url-status = dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095412/http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | archivedate = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

The Santhal Pargana division has about {{convert|5120|km2}} hilly tract, out of which about {{convert|3471|km2}} is in [[Damin-i-koh]], which is spread across Sahibganj, Godda and Dumka districts, a major portion being in Sahibganj district. The Borio, Barhait, Taljhari and Pathana CD blocks of Sahibganj district are in the Damin-i-koh tract. Dense forests once covering the hills slopes have thinned out. Paddy is produced in the valleys. Barbatti and maize are grown in the hill area. [[Sauria Paharia people|Paharias]], [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharias]] and [[Santali people|Santals]] generally inhabit the area.<ref name=geography1/><ref name=geography2/>

Taljhari CD block is bounded by [[Sahibganj (community development block)|Sahibganj]] CD block on the north, [[Rajmahal (community development block)|Rajmahal]] and [[Udhwa (community development block)|Udhwa]] CD blocks on the east, [[Barhait (community development block)|Barhait]] CD block on the south and [[Borio (community development block)|Borio]] on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/sahibganj.html| title = CD block/ tehsil map of Sahibganj | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

Taljhari CD block has an area of 273.03 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>[[Taljhari, Sahibganj|Taljhari]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| title = District Police Profile - Sahibganj| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 14 November 2020| archive-date = 24 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124041957/https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/police/ | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Taljhari, Sahibganj|Taljhari]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Sahibganj on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

Taljhari CD block has 195 inhabited (chiragi) and 78 uninhabited (bechiragi) villages.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | title = District Profile – Physical Aspects | work = Jharkhand | publisher = Sahibganj district administration | accessdate = 12 January 2016 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095412/http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | archivedate = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Taljhari CD block had a total population of 76,330, all of which were rural. There were 38,659 (51%) males and 37,671 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 14,435. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 5,067 (6.64%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 42,348 (55.48%).<ref name=census2011/>

In the 2011 census, Taljhari had a population of 1,377.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 12 January 2016}}</ref>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Taljhari CD block was 29,546 (47.74% of the population over 6 years) out of which 18,153 (61%) were males and 11,393 (39%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 22%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Sahibganj district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Taljhari Block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|61.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christians]]|dodgerblue|20.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|9.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|7.05}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.45}}
}}

Hindus are the largest religious group. Christians are the second largest minority, with Muslims and Sarna also having strong followings.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Taljhari block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value1 = 38.85 |color1 = darkturquoise
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 22.90 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Malto language|Malto]] |value3 = 13.64 |color3 = mediumaquamarine
|label4 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value4 = 11.18 |color4 = red
|label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value5 = 4.12 |color5 = orchid
|label6 = 'Other' Hindi |value6 = 3.16 |color6 = deeppink
|label7 = [[Urdu]] |value7 = 2.49 |color7 = green
|label8 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value8 = 1.85 |color8 = mediumseagreen
|label9 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value9 = 1.50 |color9 = gold
|label10 = Others |value10 = 0.31 |color10 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 38.85% of the population spoke [[Santali language|Santali]], 22.90% [[Hindi]], 13.64% [[Malto language|Malto]], 11.18% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 4.12% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.13% [[Urdu]], 1.85% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and 1.50% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. Those speaking 'Others' under Hindi made up 3.16% of the population, mainly speakers of [[Angika]].<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
50-60% of the population of Sahibganj district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Pakur, Deoghar and Garhwa districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | accessdate = 1 November 2020}}</ref>"Based on the number of the total rural households in Census 2011 and BPL Revision Survey of 2010-11 the percentage of BPL households in rural areas is 86.03 percent."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/profile/ | title = Sahibganj | work = District Profile | publisher = Jharkhand Government | accessdate = 22 October 2020}}</ref> [[Rural poverty]] in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | accessdate = 1 November 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Taljhari CD block'''
|value1 = 34.80
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 38.63
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.32
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 23.25
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Taljhari CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 12,365 and formed 34.80%, agricultural labourers numbered 13,727 and formed 38.63%, household industry workers numbered 1,179 and formed 3.32% and other workers numbered 8,260 and formed 23.25%. Total workers numbered 35,531 and formed 46.55% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 40,799 and formed 53.45% of total population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 14 November 2020 }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Sahibganj, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 16: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 205 inhabited villages in Taljhari CD block. In 2011, 40 villages had power supply. 20 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 192 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 98 villages had hand pumps, and 1 village did not have drinking water facility. 10 village had post offices, 3 villages had sub post offices, 9 villages had telephones (land lines), 15 villages had public call offices and 58 villages had mobile phone coverage. 154 villages had pucca (paved) roads, 8 villages had bus service (private/public), 9 villages had auto/ modified auto, 11 villages had taxis/ vans, 35 villages had tractors, 5 villages had navigable waterways. 2 villages had bank branches, 4 villages had agricultural credit societies, 5 villages had cinema/ video hall, 4 villages had public library and public reading room. 40 villages had [[public distribution system]], 19 villages had weekly haat (market) and 44 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 811-814 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
A large part of Sahibganj district is hilly and most of the thick forests are gone. Some of the plains are cultivable.<ref name=admin/><ref name=geography2/> The livelihood scenario presented above indicates that a large population depends on agriculture. In Taljhari CD block 25.74% of the total area is cultivable area and 8.43% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Sahibganj district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | accessdate = 14 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
The [[Sahibganj Loop]] line passes through this block. [[Taljhari railway station]] is situated at Taljhari.

==Tourism==
[[Moti Jharna]] (pearl cascade) is the most picturesque waterfall in Sahebganj district, at the head of a picturesque glen of the [[Rajmahal hills]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Page 11|publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 26 November 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Taljhari CD block had 20 villages with pre-primary schools, 116 villages with primary schools, 38 villages with middle schools, 3 villages with secondary schools, 1 village with senior secondary school, 89 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory/>
 *Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Taljhari CD block had 9 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 2 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with maternity and child welfare centre, 1 village with allopathic hospital, 1 villages with dispensaries, 6 villages with veterinary hospitals, 6 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Sahibganj district]]

Raghuvanahalli, Bengaluru East

2025-07-26T21:31:53Z

ClariceLinderman: added details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raghuvanahalli, Bengaluru East
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0887204|N|77.7434534|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 142
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = KA 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]<ref name="174_Mahadevapura">{{cite web|url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|title="174-Mahadevapura : BLO Details"|accessdate=2025-02-24|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517042839/https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raghuvanahalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is located in the [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]] taluka of the [[Bangalore Urban district]]. The village is situated approximately 14 km from both [[Krishnarajapuram]] and [[Hoskote]], and according to 2009 statistics, it is administered under the gram panchayat of [[Mandur, Bengaluru East|Mandur]].<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=2011 census of India Village: Raghuvanahalli|accessdate=2025-02-24}}</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Raghuvanahalli,+Karnataka+562129/@13.0887204,77.7434534,1360m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bae16b18d069fe1:0xee4b05d768687e8b!8m2!3d13.0891398!4d77.7494998!16s%2Fg%2F12j033llb?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIyNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D|title=Raghuvanahalli Map|accessdate=2025-02-23}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Based on data from the [[2011 census of India]], Raghuvanahalli (location code 613092) covers an area of 112.95 hectares. The census recorded a population of 142 residents, comprising 73 males and 69 females. The overall literacy rate is 64.79%, with male literacy at 63.01% and female literacy at 66.67%. The village comprises approximately 29 houses, and its postal code is 562129.<ref name="census_2011"/>

==Facilities==
Raghuvanahalli has below basic types of facilities.

* Stree Shakti Bhavana

==Places of Worship==
* Shri Kashi Vishweshwara Temple
* Shiva Temple
* Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Temple
* Dattatreya temple

==See also==
* [[Nimbekaipura]]
* [[Huskur, Bengaluru East|Huskur]]
* [[Bommenahalli, Bengaluru East|Bommenahalli]]
* [[Jyothipura, Bengaluru East|Jyothipura]]
* [[Kodigehalli, Bengaluru East|Kodigehalli]]

==References==
*Book: Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract, Publisher: University of Minnesota, Contributor:India. Director of Census Operations, Karnataka
*Book: The Mysore Gazette, 1962
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Urban district}}
{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Rabarka

2025-07-14T18:32:36Z

ClariceLinderman: added a details!

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}

'''Rabarka''' or '''Rabadka''' (राबड़का) is a village in the [[Tijara]] [[tehsil]] of the [[Khairthal-Tijara district]] (earlier [[Alwar district]]) in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>[https://rera.rajasthan.gov.in/Home/ViewProject?id=m8pGnJpplDo=&type=O Real Estate Project Detail], Real Estate Regulatory Authority, Rajasthan</ref> It is located on the Rajasthan-Haryana border, and is part of the [[Ahirwal]] region. Ahir(''Heer'') of Rabad (राबड़) gotra (clan) live in the village. The main language(''dialect'') spoken is [[Ahirwati]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Baba Baldev Das Maharaj's fair held in Rabarka {{!}} राबड़का में बाबा बलदेव दास महाराज का मेला भरा - tapukara News {{!}} Dainik Bhaskar | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/alwar/tapukara/news/baba-baldev-das-maharajs-fair-held-in-rabarka-132085209.html | access-date=2025-06-16 | website=www.bhaskar.com | date=2 November 2023 }}</ref>

== Temple ==
*Baba Baldev Das Temple <ref>{{Cite web | title=In Rajasthan People gathered in Baba Baldev Dass fair {{!}} तिजारा: बाबा बलदेव दास के मेले में उमड़ा जनसैलाब, कुश्ती दंगल में पहलवानों ने दिखाया दम {{!}} Hindi News, Alwar | url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/alwar/in-rajasthan-people-gathered-in-baba-baldev-dass-fair/1395898 | access-date=2025-06-16 | website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Khairthal-Tijara district}}
{{coord|28|07|00|N|76|44|51|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Khairthal-Tijara district]]
[[Category:Villages in Khairthal-Tijara district]]
[[Category:Villages in Alwar district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Dev (TV series)

2025-07-13T05:58:03Z

ClariceLinderman:

{{Short description|Indian thriller television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dev_-_Poster.jpg
| genre = [[Crime]] [[Drama]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| developer = B.R. Sharan Arshad Syed Debojit Das Agrim Joshi
| director = Nissar Parvez Alind Srivastava
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 71
| producer = Nissar Parvez Alind Srivastava Rajesh Chadha
| runtime = 1 hour (Season 1) 30 minutes (Season 2)
| company = Peninsula Pictures
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|8|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|9|6}}
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
}}

'''''Dev''''' is an Indian suspense drama television series produced by Peninsula Pictures. It follows the story of Dev Anand Burman, a detective grappling with personal struggles, as he investigates crime stories inspired by real-life cases.

The first season premiered on 5 August 2017. [[Ashish Chaudhary]], [[Sumona Chakravarti]] and [[Pooja Bose]] played the lead roles in this season. The first season ended on 12 November 2017 after the planned 27 episodes and was replaced by [[Entertainment Ki Raat]].

The second season began airing on 25 June 2018. [[Ashish Chaudhary]], [[Amit Dolawat]], [[Jigyasa Singh]] and [[Pooja Bose]] play the lead roles in this season.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | No. of episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:#FF0000"|
|align="center"| '''1'''
|align="center"| 27
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2017|8|5}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2017|11|12}}
|-
|style="background:#00FF00"|
|align="center"| '''2'''
|align="center"| 44
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2018|6|25}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2018|9|6}}
|}

==Plot==
Detective Dev Anand Burman ([[Ashish Chaudhary]]) battles inner demons caused by the death of his wife Mahek. He has become a recluse but still works on criminal cases with Inspector Amod Narvekar. The Inspector believes that Dev murdered his own wife. Dev befriends his landlady Zohra Aapa who treats him like a son. Later, he meets fire-brand Meera who forces him to reassess his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colorstv.com/in/shows/dev-3781.html |title=Dev : Most Wanted Detective or Wanted Criminal |publisher=[[Viacom 18]] |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808055051/http://www.colorstv.com/in/shows/dev-3781.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ashish Chaudhary]] as [[Detective]] Dev Anand Burman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/meet-dev-the-detective-445563|title=Meet Dev, the Detective|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050922/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/meet-dev-the-detective-445563|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pooja Bose]] as Mehek Miranda Burman / Vaani Sahay
* [[Sumona Chakravarti]] as Meera Banerjee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-actor-ashish-chowdhary-misses-sumona-chakravarty-on-the-sets-of-colors-dev-2-447578|title=Actor Ashish Chowdhary misses Sumona Chakravarty on the sets of Colors Dev 2|first1=Parina|last1=Taneja|date=15 June 2018|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050925/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-actor-ashish-chowdhary-misses-sumona-chakravarty-on-the-sets-of-colors-dev-2-447578|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as [[Inspector]] Amod Narvekar
* [[Jayshree Arora]] as Zohra Rizvi
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Arastu Sahay
* [[Surbhi Jyoti]] as [[Lawyer]] Fatima Hydari<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-jyoti-to-play-a-lawyer-on-ashish-choudhary-starter-dev/articleshow/60005641.cms|title=Surbhi Jyoti to play a lawyer on Ashish Choudhary starter Dev - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 August 2017|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-jyoti-to-play-a-lawyer-on-ashish-choudhary-starter-dev/articleshow/60005641.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Pranali Saluja
* Mandar Jadhav as Ankit Saluja
* Neha Chowdhury as Janhvi Purohit
* Gauri Singh
* Vijay Badlani
* Atharva Vishwakarma as Avinash Malhotra alias Avi
* [[Jigyasa Singh]] as Dhwani Karchiwala
* [[Divyangana Jain]] as Kinjal Singhal
* Ayush Shrivastava as Bhaskar Tripathi
* Sagar Mandal as Hemant

==Controversy==
The show was previously titled ''Dev Anand''. However, after the family of the legendary actor [[Dev Anand]] sent a notice to the makers, they decided to rename the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2017/ashish-chowdhry-new-show-dev-anand-gets-legal-notice-from-dev-anand-family-266252.html|title=Ashish Chowdhry's New Show 'Dev Anand' Gets Legal Notice From Dev Anand's Family!|date=25 July 2017|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034037/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2017/ashish-chowdhry-new-show-dev-anand-gets-legal-notice-from-dev-anand-family-266252.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=darkred |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Case File 1: The Kidnapping of Aanya
| DirectedBy = Nissar Parvez & Alind Srivastava
| WrittenBy = Arshad Syed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|5}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/dev-s-search-for-aanya-begins-/522764 |title=Dev - Episode 1 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075106/https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/dev/1/case-file-1-the-kidnapping-of-aanya/3192703 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Anya gets kidnapped while playing in a children's park, her parents Pranali and Ankit seek help from Detective Dev Burman, who is unwilling to take the case initially as he finds it to be too straight forward but relents ultimately on the insistence of his landlady Zohra Aapa.
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Case File 1: Will Aanya Be Found?
| DirectedBy = Nissar Parvez & Alind Srivastava
| WrittenBy = Arshad Syed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|6}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/the-mystery-unfolds/522851 |title=Dev - Episode 2 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075153/https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/dev/1/case-file-1-will-aanya-be-found/3126125 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Inspector Narvekar's investigation and the evidence that he gathers point the finger of suspicion towards Anya's father Ankit, as a consequence of which Police takes Ankit into their custody. Meanwhile Dev remains adamant that there is more to this case than is visible to the naked eye and his conviction leads him to Meera, through whom he comes across a hidden piece of information which makes the case much more complex than it seemed initially.
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Case File 2: Murder in Samarpan Apartments
| DirectedBy = Nissar Parvez & Alind Srivastava
| WrittenBy = Agrim Joshi & Debojit Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|12}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/case-file-2-murder-of-geeta/523737 |title=Dev - Episode 3 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=13 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075634/https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/dev/1/case-file-2-murder-in-samarpan-apartments/3155256 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = A young woman named Geeta gets murdered in her house and Inspector Narvekar arrests her boyfriend Arjun on the basis of complaints received from Geeta's neighbours and her friend Daisy. Detective Dev has plenty of suspects on his radar but Arjun is not one of them and his scattered thoughts attain composure when he gets an unexpected help from Meera once again.
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Case File 3: The Disappearance of Jahnvi Purohit
| DirectedBy = Pushkar Mahabal
| WrittenBy = Agrim Joshi & Debojit Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|13}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/case-file-3-the-disappearance-of-jahnvi-purohit/523830 |title=Dev - Episode 4 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810192934/https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/case-file-3-the-disappearance-of-jahnvi-purohit/523830 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Dev investigates the case of a pregnant woman who disappeared mysteriously seven days ago, he comes across a gruesome reality of our society.
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Case File 4 : Who murdered Dimple Prabhakar?
| DirectedBy = Pushkar Mahabal
| WrittenBy = Agrim Joshi & Debojit Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|19}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/who-murdered-dimple-prabhakar-/524720 |title=Dev - Episode 5 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075635/https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/dev/1/who-murdered-dimple-prabhakar/3224386 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Dimple doesn't return home from work, her sister knocks on Dev's door for help. With Dev's help, the police not only find Dimple's body but also arrest the murderer with concrete evidence. But Dev is not satisfied, upon further investigation, he finds out that Dimple's murderer is someone else.
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Dev's haunting past
| DirectedBy = Sacchin Deo
| WrittenBy = Agrim Joshi & Debojit Das
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|20}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/dev-s-haunting-past/524845 |title=Dev - Episode 6 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075627/https://www.jiocinema.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Inspector Amod is concerned that his friend Meera is staying in Dev's home. Amod tells her the details of Uma Nayyar's murder which was the event where he first met Dev. Meera fears for her life.
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Case File 5 : Papa....I'm Afraid to go to School
| DirectedBy = Vighnesh Kamble
| WrittenBy = Debojit Das & Agrim Joshi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|26}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/dev-s-most-intriguing-case-ever-/525703 |title=Dev - Episode 7 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206080909/https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/dev-s-most-intriguing-case-ever-/525703 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Dev stumbles upon a shocking case of suicide at Avi's school. The victim is one of the school's most highly respected teachers named Amit. But when Dev digs deeper, he uncovers something much more shocking than the act of suicide itself!
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Case File 5 : Papa....I'm Afraid to go to School Part-2
| DirectedBy = Vighnesh Kamble
| WrittenBy = Debojit Das & Agrim Joshi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|27}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/dev-digs-deeper-into-amit-s-suicide-/525794 |title=Dev - Episode 8 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205105920/https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/dev-digs-deeper-into-amit-s-suicide-/525794 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Dev's investigation into Amit's suicide leads him to a series of shocking revelations. Turns out, Amit was having an extra marital affair and as Dev digs deeper, he is forced to question Amit's involvement in the incidents of child molestation. Will Dev be able to bring the real culprit to justice?
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Case File 6 : An act of parricide
| DirectedBy = Bithin Das
| WrittenBy = Debojit Das & Agrim Joshi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|9|2}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/an-act-of-parricide/526597 |title=Dev - Episode 9 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815130838/https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/an-act-of-parricide/526597 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When the wife of a wealthy and reputed diamond merchant is brutally murdered in his own home, he decides to seek Dev's services to find the killer. Upon arrival, Dev learns that the killer is among his client's own family members! Can Dev solve this complicated case and find the murderer?
| LineColor = darkred
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Fame's dark side!
| DirectedBy = Suraj Rao
| WrittenBy = Debojit Das & Agrim Joshi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|9|3}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/dev/1/522450/fame-s-dark-side-/526689 |title=Dev - Episode 10 |publisher=[[Voot]] |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075609/https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/dev/1/fame-s-dark-side/3220407 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When a budding actress named Vishakha dies in her apartment, Dev decides to crack the case. As he delves deeper into it, he uncovers a sinister world of fame and drugs that Vishakha tragically fell victim to. Will the culprit be brought to light?
| LineColor = darkred
}}
}}

==See also==
[[List of Hindi thriller shows]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]

Pavalavannam Temple

2025-06-21T21:19:42Z

ClariceLinderman: added place!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kanchipuram}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Tirupavalavannam
| image = Manavalamamunigal 05.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|40|N|79|42|16|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Pavalavanna Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Pavalavalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
| temple_tank = Chakra Theertham
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Tirupavalavannam''' or '''Pavalavanam temple''' located in [[Kanchipuram]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Pavalavannar Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Pavalavalli.

The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Cholas]], with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]]. The temple has three inscriptions on its walls, two dating from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE) and one to that of [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] (1018-54 CE). A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines and two bodies of water. There is a seven-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, in the temple.

Pavalavannar is believed to have appeared to sage Naimisaranya. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Brahmotsavam festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June), being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
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|image1=Manavalamamunigal 06.jpg
|image2=Manavalamamunigal 07.jpg
|footer= Stucco images of the legend of [[Narasimha]]
| footer_align = center
}}
The [[Sthala purana|regional legend]] of this temple states that Vishnu assumed various colours during various eras according to the nature of the living beings and their behaviour. During [[Satya Yuga]], people were well-behaved (''satvaguna'') and Vishnu was white (called ''svetavarna'') in colour. During [[Treta Yuga]], he assumed the colour of pavalam ([[emerald]]) and hence came to be known as Pavalavannar or Pralavannar (in [[Sanskrit]]). In the [[Dvapara Yuga]], he assumed green colour (''pachai'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]). In the current [[Kali Yuga]], he assumed blue tint called ''syamalavarna'' and it is believed that people will not be influenced by the form Vishnu appears. Vishnu is believed to have appeared for twin [[Ashvins|Ashvini twins]] as Pavalavannar and hence retains the name in modern times.<ref name=Chari/><ref name=Ayyar>{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi|page=539 |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=pavalavannar&pg=PA87}}</ref>

As per another legend, [[Saraswati]], the goddess of knowledge in Hinduism, wanted to stop the penance of her husband [[Brahma]]. She sent an army of demons to attack him. Vishnu stood up to save his devotee Brahma and was smeared with blood red colour. He was called Pravalesa and Pavalvannan, the colour of emerald in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. There is another temple named Pachaivannan, which is located axially across the road and these two twin temples are mentioned together.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=521–2}}</ref>

==History==
The temple has various inscriptions from the [[Chola]] (10th -12th centuries) and [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara]] period (15-16th centuries). The temple is originally believed to be built during the period of [[Medieval Cholas]]. In modern times, the temple was maintained and administered by hereditary trustees, but a litigation during the 2014 from the [[Chennai High Court]] split the control between the trustee and the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Before the Commissioner, H.R. & C.E Admin Department, Chennai-34|url=http://www.tnhrce.org/pdf/Commissioner_orders/RC_ORDERS/2014/RC.5258_2014.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2014|pages=1–3}}</ref> Among the 12 [[alwars|Alvars]] (the poet-saints of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition) three of them namely [[Peyalvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Alvar]] have sung on the different forms of God in this temple. Many [[acharya]]s have also written songs on the various forms of God in this Temple. The temple faces the west.<ref name=Chari>{{cite book|title=The Glorious temples of Kanchi|last=T.V.R|first=Chari|year=1982|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust|location=Big Kancheepuram|pages=78–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|page=539}}</ref> As per another legend, sage [[Bhrigu]] was doing his penance and wanted to find out whom among the trio of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] would be the most accommodating when their patience was tested. Out of the three, he found Vishnu to be the most accommodating who in spite of the sage kicking him, went on to massage his legs for pain relief. The sage felt ashamed of his act, but Vishnu asked him to go to Kanchipuram to complete his penance. Vishnu appeared as Pavalavannar to the sage. The image of the sage is seen in the sanctum in worshiping posture inside the sanctum.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams|pages=86–9}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3264| height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264| height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Manavalamamunigal 08.jpg
|image2=Manavalamamunigal 09.jpg
|footer= Shrines of the temple
| footer_align = center
}}
The central shrine of the temple has the image of presiding deity, Pavalavannar in standing posture. The festive image of the presiding deity and that of Santhanagopala Krishnan are located inside the sanctum. The West facing sanctum is approached through the flagstaff, pillared halls, namely Mahamandapam and the Ardhamandapam. The roof of the sanctum is called Vedasara Vimana and it has five ''kalasams'' and stucco images of various legend. The temple has separate shrines for Alvars located to the North of the flagstaff. The pillars in the hall are sculpted with images of [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]], [[Ramanujar]], [[Manavala Mamunigal]] and various [[avatar]]s and legends of Vishnu. There are other shrines of [[Rama]] along with [[Sita]] and [[Hanuman]] and [[Garuda]]. The ''[[vimana (shrine)|vimana]]'' of the central shrine is called Vedasara Vimana. The shrine of Pavalavalli, the consort of Pavalavannar, is located facing the central shrine in the Eastern side of the temple. The temple has two precincts with the second precinct enclosed by granite walls pierced by a five tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The gopuram is studded with stucco images of various legends, with the notable among them being the representation of [[Narasimha]], an avatar of Vishnu slaying the demon Hiranya. A shrine of [[Manavala Mamunigal]] is located to the left of the gopuram from the entrance. The temple tank, Chakra Theertham, is located to the North east direction from the entrance.<ref name=Chari/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Manavalamamunigal 13.jpg|225px|thumb|Pavalavannan temple tank]]
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows ''vaikanasa aagama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7:00 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Pavalavannar Perumal and Pavalavalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nadaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Pavalavannaperumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=241|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> Brahmotsavam celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June) is the major festival of the temple.<ref name=Chari/><ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=pavalavannar&pg=PT305|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|isbn=9788184950243|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2009}}</ref> Pavitrotsavam celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Panguni'' (March - April) and [[Vaikunta Ekadasi|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during ''Margali'' (December - January) are the other festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Pavalavannam Temple}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Divya Desams]]

Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India

2025-06-14T16:32:34Z

ClariceLinderman: new new bio w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Supreme Court case on applicability of non-refoulement of Rohingya refugees}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = MOHAMMAD SALIMULLAH AND ANR. VERSUS UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.
| date decided = Pending
| citations = AIR 2021 SUPREME COURT 1789
| ECLI =
| transcripts = [https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/27338/27338_2017_31_1502_27493_Judgement_08-Apr-2021.pdf WP (C) 793/2017] (Interlocutory order)
| judges = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]], [[A. S. Bopanna]], [[V. Ramasubramanian]] JJ
| number of judges =
| decision by =
| concurring =
| dissenting =
| concur/dissent =
| prior actions =
| appealed from =
| appealed to =
| subsequent actions =
| related actions =
| opinions = The rights guaranteed under [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Articles 14]] (equality) and 21 (due process of law) are available to all persons who may or may not be citizens. But the right not to be deported, is ancillary or concomitant to the right to reside or settle in any part of the territory of India guaranteed under Article 19(1)(e)
| keywords = {{hlist| [[Non-refoulement]] | [[Deportation]] | [[Refugee law]] }}
| italic title =
}}
'''''Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India''''' (Writ Petition (Civil) 793 of 2017), is a petition challenging the deportation of [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] who had taken refuge in India to escape [[Rohingya genocide|persecution in Myanmar]]. The court however, in an [[Interlocutory injunction|interim order]] rejected any relief and allowed their deportation subject to proper procedure being followed.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |author1=Dr. Subhradipta Sarkar |title=Deporting Rohingyas to the slaughter house: Dilution of the "Non- Refoulement" Principle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sarkari-thoughts/deporting-rohingyas-to-the-slaughter-house-dilution-of-the-non-refoulement-principle/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news |author1=Chander Uday Singh |title=Supreme Court must rethink its order on deportation of Rohingya refugees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rohingya-refugees-crisis-india-supreme-court-7288913/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 2017, Indian government sources estimated that around 40,000 Rohingya Muslims were living in different parts of the country, having entered India illegally and around 10,000 were in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Govt exploring ways to deport 10,000 Rohingyas from J&K |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-exploring-ways-to-deport-10000-rohingyas-from-jk/articleshow/57994850.cms |access-date=1 November 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Economic Times |date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Petitioners Mohammad Salimullah and Mohammad Shaqir, sought interim relief against the deportation of these people and also sought the release of over 150 Rohingya refugees reportedly detained in a Jammu jail.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |title=Plea in SC seeks release of Rohingyas held in Jammu as deportation fear looms |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/mar/12/plea-in-sc-seeks-release-of-rohingyas-held-in-jammu-as-deportation-fear-looms-2275542.html |access-date=1 November 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

==Significance==
The petitioners argued that deportation by the Indian government would violate the rights guaranteed under [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Articles 14]] (Right to Equality) and Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) of the Indian Constitution, which are available to all persons. The court however observed that, "''the right not to be deported, is ancillary or concomitant to the right to reside or settle in any part of the territory of India guaranteed under Article 19(1)(e)''", and that such a right is only available to its citizens. The court also argued that since India is not a signatory to [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|UN Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951]] or its [[Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees|1967 Protocol]], the principle of [[Non-refoulement]] does not apply to it.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="IE"/>

==Criticism==
Some experts have contended that non-refoulement is a rule of customary international law i.e. it is a [[peremptory norm]]. Also, since no legislation has specifically been passed for matters concerning refugees in India, no distinction is made between an illegal immigrant and a refugee.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katrak |first1=Malcolm |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Shardool |title=Refouling Rohingyas: The Supreme Court of India's Uneasy Engagement with International Law |journal=Journal of Liberty and International Affairs |date=2021 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=116–127 |doi=10.47305/JLIA21720116k|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Shriansh Jaiswal |author2=Ananya Kumar |title=India's Response to Rohingyas: A Gross Misuse of Defense of National Security and Turning Away from Its International and Constitutional Obligations |url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/https-www-jurist-org-commentary-2021-07-jaiswal-kumar-rohingya-muslims-national-security-india/ |website=jurist.org |access-date=1 November 2021 |date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:2017 in case law]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Rohingya diaspora]]
[[Category:Rohingya genocide]]
[[Category:Right of asylum case law]]
[[Category:Deportation]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in India]]

Ganesha Temple, Morgaon

2025-03-02T18:02:27Z

ClariceLinderman: creating new place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Ganesha in Morgaon, India}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Shri Mayureshwar Mandir, Morgaon
| image = Morgaon.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The [[shikhara]] of the temple
| map_type = Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location within Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|18|16|33.8|N|74|19|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = Pune District
| locale = Morgaon
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ganesha]] as Mayureshwar or Moreshwar
| festivals = [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Ganesh Jayanti]], [[Vijayadashami]]
| architecture = [[Mandir]] architecture
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 14th to 17th century AD
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Shri Mayureshwar Mandir''' or '''Shri Moreshwar Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] (''mandir'') dedicated to [[Ganesha]], god of wisdom. It is located in Moragaon in [[Pune District]], about 65 km away from [[Pune]] city in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=Gunaji/> The temple is the starting and ending point of a pilgrimage of eight revered Ganesha temples called [[Ashtavinayaka]].

Moragon is the foremost centre of worship of the [[Ganapatya]] sect, which considers Ganesha as the Supreme Being. A Hindu legend relates the temple to killing of the demon Sindhura by Ganesha. The exact date of building of the temple is unknown, though the Ganapatya saint [[Morya Gosavi|Moraya Gosavi]] is known to be associated with it. The temple flourished due to the patronage of the [[Peshwa]] rulers and descendants of Moraya Gosavi.

==Religious significance==
The Morgaon temple is the starting point of the pilgrimage of eight revered temples of Ganesha, around [[Pune]].<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name="anne"/> The temple circuit is known as [[Ashtavinayak]] ("Eight Ganeshas"). The pilgrimage is considered incomplete if the pilgrim does not visit the Morgaon temple at the end of the pilgrimage.<ref name=Gunaji/> The Morgaon temple is not only the most important temple in the Ashtavinayak circuit, but also is described as "India's foremost Gaṇeśa (Ganesha) pilgrimage" ([[IAST]] original).<ref name="anne">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn7UK4y-FDUC&q=Morgav&pg=PA140|title=Connected places: region, pilgrimage, and geographical imagination in India|last=Anne Feldhaus|date=19 December 2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=142–3, 145–6, 160|access-date=13 January 2010 | isbn=978-1-4039-6324-6}}</ref><ref name=Subramuniya>{{Cite book|title=Loving Ganesa: Hinduism's Endearing Elephant-Faced God|last=Subramuniyaswami|first=Satguru Sivaya|work=The Morgaon Temple|pages=278, 284|access-date=2009-11-26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sV4_JpQvycC&q=Siddhatek&pg=PA279|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|year=2000|isbn=9780945497776}}</ref><ref name = Grimes37>Grimes pp. 37–8</ref>

Morgaon is the ''adhya pitha'' – foremost centre of worship of the [[Ganapatya]] sect, which considers Ganesha as the Supreme Being.<ref name = Grimes37/> It attracts the greatest number of pilgrims in the Ashtavinayak circuit.<ref name = Grimes37/> Both the primary scriptures of the Ganapatya sect praise Morgaon. While [[Mudgala Purana]] dedicates 22 chapters to Morgaon's greatness, [[Ganesha Purana]] states that Morgaon (''Mayurapuri'') is among the three most important places for Ganesha and the only one on earth ([[Bhuloka]]). The other locations are [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] in heaven (actually Kailash is a mountain on earth in the [[Himalayas]], believed to have the abode of Ganesha's parents [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]) and Adi-[[Shesha]]'s palace in [[Patala]] (underworld).<ref name = Grimes37/> According to a tradition, the temple is without beginning and without an end. Another tradition maintains that at the time of [[pralaya]] (the dissolution of the world), Ganesha will enter [[yoganidra]] here.<ref name = Grimes112/> Its holiness is compared with [[Varanasi|Kashi]], the sacred Hindu city.<ref name="anne"/>

===Legends===
According to the Ganesha Purana, Ganesha incarnated as Mayuresvara({{IAST|Mayūreśvara}}), who has six arms and a white complexion. His mount is a peacock. He was born to [[Shiva]] and [[Paravati]] in the ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', for the purpose of killing the demon Sindhu.<ref name = Grimes102/>

Sindhu was the son of Cakrapani – the king of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] and his wife Ugrā. Ugrā conceived due to the power of a solar [[mantra]], but was unable to bear the extreme heat radiating from the foetus, so she abandoned it in the ocean. Soon, a son was born from this abandoned foetus and the ocean returned him to his grieving father, who named him Sindhu – the ocean.<ref name = Grimes102/>

[[File:Lenyadri View.jpg|thumb|The caves of Lenyadri, where the Mayuresvara form of Ganesha is believed to have been born]]
Parvati underwent austerities meditating on Ganesha – "the supporter of the entire universe" – for twelve years at [[Lenyadri]] (another Ashtavinayak site, where Ganesha is worshiped as the son of Parvati). Pleased by her penance, Ganesha blessed her by the boon that he would be born as her son. In due course, Ganesha was born to Parvati at Lenyadri and named as Gunesha by Shiva. Little Gunesha once knocked an egg from a mango tree, from which emerged a peacock. Gunesha mounted the peacock and assumed the name Mayuresvara.<ref name = Grimes102/>

Sindhu was given the ever-full bowl of ''[[amrita]]'' (elixir of life) as a boon from the Sun-god. The demon was warned that he could drink from the bowl as long as it was intact. So to protect the bowl, he swallowed it. Sindhu terrorized the three worlds, so the gods asked Gunesha for help. Gunesha defeated Sindhu's army, cut his general Kamalasura into three pieces and then cut open Sindhu's body, emptying the amrita bowl and thus killing the demon. The creator-god [[Brahma]] is described as having built the Morgaon shrine, and marrying Siddhi and Buddhi to Ganesha. At the end of this incarnation, Gunesha returned to his celestial abode, giving his peacock mount to his elder brother [[Murugan|Skanda]], with whom the peacock mount is generally associated.<ref name = Grimes102>Grimes pp. 102–3, 114–5</ref>

Because Ganesha rode a peacock (in [[Sanskrit]], a ''mayura'', in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] – ''mora''), he is known as Mayureshwar or Moreshwar ("Lord of the peacock").<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name = Grimes37/> Another legend says that this place was populated by peacocks giving the village its Marathi name, Morgaon ("Village of peacocks"), and its presiding deity the name Moreshwar.<ref name=Gunaji>{{Cite book|last=Gunaji|first=Milind|title=Offbeat tracks in Maharashtra|chapter=Morgaon|pages=106–7|access-date=2009-11-26|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC&q=Ganesh%20jayanti&pg=PA105|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=9788171546695}}</ref>

A Ganapatya legend recalls how the creator-god Brahma, the preserver-god [[Vishnu]] and the dissolver-god [[Shiva]], the Divine Mother [[Devi]] and the Sun-god [[Surya]] mediated at Morgaon to learn about their creator and their purpose of existence. Ganesha emerged before them in form of an [[Om]]kara flame and blessed them.<ref name = Grimes112/> Another legend records that when Brahma created his son [[Kama]] (desire), he became a victim of desire and lusted for his own daughter [[Sarasvati]] (Goddess of learning). Upon invocation by all of the deities, the sacred ''Turiya Tirtha'' river appeared and Brahma bathed in her waters to cleanse his sin of incest. Brahma then came to Morgaon to worship Ganesha, carrying water from the river in his [[kamandalu|water pot]]. Entering the Ganesha shrine, Brahma stumbled and water fell from the pot. When Brahma tried to pick it up, it was turned into the sacred Karha river, that still flows at Morgaon.<ref name = Grimes112>Grimes pp.112–3</ref>

==History==
[[Morya Gosavi]] (Moroba), a prominent Ganapatya saint, worshipped at the Morgaon Ganesha temple before shifting to [[Chinchwad]], where he established a new Ganesha temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_m.html#. |title=Poona District: Places – Morgaon |year=2006 |publisher=The Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra |access-date=5 January 2010 |orig-year=1885 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101207/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_m.html |archive-date=October 16, 2009 }}</ref> The Morgaon temple and other Ganapatya centres near [[Pune]], enjoyed royal patronage from the [[Peshwa]] rulers of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the 18th century. The Peshwas, who worshipped Ganesha as their ''[[Kuladevata|kuladaivat]]'' ("family deity"), donated in land and/or cash and/or made additions to these Ganesha temples.<ref name="anne"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Eleanor Zelliot|title=The Experience of Hinduism: essays on religion in Maharashtra |publisher=SUNY Press.|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyon3IOpX-AC&q=morgaon&pg=PA209 | isbn=978-0-88706-664-1|year=1988}}</ref>

According to Anne Feldhaus, the Morgaon temple does not pre-date the seventeenth century, when Morya Gosavi popularized it.<ref name="anne"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Swami Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas|publisher=Sarup & Sons|page=562|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC&q=mayuresvara&pg=PA558 | isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|date=2001-01-01}}</ref> However, even the dating of Morya Gosavi is disputed and varies from the 13th–14th century to the 17th century.<ref>See [[Morya Gosavi#Dating]] for details.</ref> The descendants of Morya Gosavi – who were worshipped as Ganesha incarnates at the Chinchwad temple – often visited the Morgaon temple and controlled the finances and administration of many Ashthavinayak temples.<ref name="anne"/> The 17th-century saint [[Samarth Ramdas]] composed the popular [[arati]] song ''[[Sukhakarta Dukhaharta]]'', seeing the Morgaon icon.<ref name="vijay">{{cite web|author=Golesar, Vijay (गोळेसर, विजय)|date=17 February 2012|title=समर्थाची टाकळी|url=http://www.lokprabha.com/20120217/shree-ramdas06.htm|work=[[Lokprabha]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

Currently, the temple is under the administration of the ''Chinchwad Devasthan Trust'', which operates from Chinchwad. Besides Morgaon, the temple trust controls the Chinchwad temple and the [[Theur]] and [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Siddhatek|Siddhatek]] Ashtavinayak temples.<ref>As per the official receipt of donation, provided by the temple</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Morgaon temple.jpg|thumb|The main gate of the temple]]

The temple is surrounded by a tall stone boundary wall with minarets at each of the four corners, suggesting a [[Muslim]] influence on the architecture.<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name=Subramuniya/> The temple has four gates, each facing a cardinal direction and with an image of Ganesha, each gate depicting him in the form that he appeared in each of the four ages ([[yuga]]s). Each of the four Ganesha forms is associated with a ''[[Puruṣārtha]]'' (aim of life) and accompanied by two attendants. The image of Ballalvinayaka at the eastern gate, accompanied by god [[Rama]] ([[Vishnu]]'s [[Avatar]]) and his consort [[Sita]], symbolises [[Dharma]] (righteousness, duty, ethnics) and embodies the preserver-god Vishnu. Vignesha at the southern gate, flanked by Ganesha's parents [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] symbolises [[Artha]] (wealth and fame) and embodies the dissolver – Shiva. Cintamani at the western gate – representing [[Kama]] (desire, love and sensual pleasure) – is attended by the love god [[Kamadeva]] and his wife [[Rati]] and embodies the formless (''asat'') ''[[Brahman]]''. Mahaganapati at the northern gate standing for [[moksha]] (salvation), is accompanied by [[Varaha]] (Vishnu's boar avatar) and his wife the earth goddess [[Bhumi (goddess)|Mahi]] embodies ''Sat Brahman''.<ref name = Grimes37/>

The main entrance of the temple faces north. The quadrangular courtyard has two ''[[Deep Jyoti Stambh|Deepmala]]''s – lamp towers with niches to light lamps. A sculpted 6 foot mouse – the [[vahana]] (mount) of Ganesha sits in front of the temple.<ref name=Gunaji/> A ''Nagara-khana'' – which stores ''[[Naqareh|Nagara]]''s (kettle drums) – is situated nearby. A huge [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] bull sculpture is positioned facing the Lord, just outside the temple gates. This is considered unusual as a Nandi is normally positioned in front of the sanctum sanctorum in [[Shiva]] temples. A legend explains this oddity: the Nandi sculpture being transported from nearby Shiva temple, decided to settle in front of Ganesha and then refused to move.<ref name=Subramuniya/> Both the mouse and Nandi are considered guardians of the entrance.<ref name = Grimes112/>

[[File:Moreshwar.jpg|thumb|left|Central image at Morgaon.]]
A recently built ''sabha-[[mandapa]]'' (assembly-hall) has idols of god [[Vishnu]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]]. It leads to central hall built by the Patwardhan Rulers of Kurundwad. The ceiling of this hall is formed from a single stone. The ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum sanctorum) has a central image of Ganesha as Mayureshwar or Moreshwar, facing the North. The Ganesha image is depicted in a seated posture with its trunk turning to the left, four arms and three eyes. He holds a noose ([[Pasha (Hinduism)|pasha]]) and elephant goad ([[ankusha]]) in his upper hands, while his lower right rests on his knee and the other one holds a [[modak]]a (a sweet). The navel and the eyes are embedded with diamonds. A [[King cobra|cobra]] hood raised over Ganesha's head, shelters the Lord.<ref name=Subramuniya/><ref name = Grimes112/> The image is actually smaller than it looks as it is smeared with a thick level of saffron-coloured [[Sindoor]] (vermillion), which peels off once every century. It last fell off in 1882, and prior to that in 1788.<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name=Subramuniya/> Ganesha is flanked by idols of [[Consorts of Ganesha|his consorts Riddhi and Siddhi]] sometimes called Siddhi and Buddhi.<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name = Grimes112/> These idols are made of an alloy of five metals or of brass.<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name = Grimes112/> The deities are covered with crafted silver and gold.<ref name=Gunaji/> Like all Ashtavinayaka shrines, the central Ganesha image is believed to be ''[[svayambhu]]'' (self-existent), naturally occurring in the form of an elephant-faced stone.<ref>Grimes pp. 110–1</ref> In front of the central image, the vahanas of Ganesha – the mouse and the peacock are placed.<ref name = Grimes112/> To the left outside the ''garbhagriha'' is an image of ''Nagna-[[Bhairava]]''.<ref>As per the plank of above the idol of the deity.</ref>

The space around the ''sabha-[[mandapa]]'' (assembly hall) has 23 different idols depicting various forms of Ganesha. The Ganesha idols include the images of the eight avatars of Ganesha described in Mudgala Purana – Vakratunda, Mahodara, Ekadanta, Vikata, Dhrumavarna, Vighnaraja and Lambodara – positioned in eight corners of the temple.<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name = Grimes37/><ref>Planks below the idols have names of the idols.</ref> Some of the images are installed by the Yogendra Ashram followers.<ref name=Gunaji/> One more noteworthy Ganesha idol is of "Sakshi Vinayaka" who is "a witness" to the prayers offered to Mayureshwara. Traditionally, first "Nagna Bhairava" is prayed then Mayureshwara and then Sakshi Vinayaka. This is the perfect sequence for prayers offered here.

There are other images of Hindu deities around the ''sabha-mandapa'' including those of the regional deities [[Vithoba]] and [[Khandoba]], personifications of ''Shukla [[chaturthi]]'' and ''Krishna chaturthi'' (the 4th lunar day in bright fortnight and dark fortnight of a lunar month, both of which are sacred for Ganesha worship) and the Ganapatya saint Morya Gosavi. On the [[circumambulation]] path (''[[Parikrama (religious practice)|Pradakshina]]'' path), there is a ''Tarati'' tree (a thorny shrub) near the Kalpavrushka Mandir. The tree is believed to be the spot where Morya Gosavi underwent penance.<ref name=Gunaji/> There are two sacred trees in the courtyard: [[Prosopis cineraria|shami]] and [[bilva]].<ref name=Subramuniya/>

==Worship and festivals==
The central icon of Ganesha is worshipped daily: at 7 am, 12 noon and at 8 pm.<ref name="pune">{{cite web|url=http://www.pune.gov.in/history/monuments2.htm|title=Historical Monuments (Pune)|year=2008|publisher=National Informatics Center, District Office – Pune|access-date=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403052840/http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments2.htm|archive-date=3 April 2009}}</ref>

On [[Ganesh Jayanti]] (Magha Shukla Chaturthi) and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] (Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi) festivals on the 4th lunar day in the bright fortnight of [[Hindu calendar|the Hindu months]] [[Maagha|Magha]] and [[Bhadrapada]] respectively, devotees flock to the Mayureshwar temple in large numbers.<ref name="anne"/> On both occasion, a procession of pilgrims arrives from Mangalmurti temple, [[Chinchwad]] (established by Morya Gosavi) with the [[palkhi]] (palanquin) of Ganesha.<ref name=Gunaji/><ref name="pune"/> The Ganesha chaturthi celebrations last for more than a month, until Ashvin Shukla (10th lunar day in the bright fortnight of the Hindu month [[Ashvin]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=M.M. Underhill|title=The Hindu religious year |publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC&q=morgaon&pg=PA177 | isbn=978-81-206-0523-7|year=1991}}</ref> Fairs and celebrations also occur on [[Vijayadashami]], Shukla Chaturthi (the 4th lunar day in the bright fortnight of a Hindu month), Krishna Chaturthi (the 4th lunar day in the dark fortnight of a Hindu month) and Somavati [[Amavasya]] (a new moon night coinciding with a Monday).<ref name="pune"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Works cited==
*{{Cite book |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |last=Grimes |first=John A. |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-2440-5|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=duOe-jM8kRIC&q=morgaon&pg=PA37|pages = 38–9}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline|Morgaon temple}}

{{Ganesha}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgaon Ganesha Temple}}
[[Category:Ashtavinayaka temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pune district]]