Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

AzaadiSAT

2026-05-08T02:33:01Z

Cinehub 022: starting a article w/ refs

{{copy edit|for=Grammar|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian earth observation satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = AzaadiSAT
| names_list =
| image = File:AzaadiSAT.jpg
| mission_type = [[Earth observation]]
| operator = [[Indian space research organisation|ISRO]]
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in/
| mission_duration = 55 minutes
| orbits_completed = <1
| spacecraft = [[CubeSat]]
| manufacturer = Space Kidz India
| launch_mass = 8 kg
| launch_date = 03:48 UTC, 7 August 2022
| launch_rocket = [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First launch Pad (FLP) ]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian space research organisation|ISRO]]
| decay_date = 7 August 2022 04:43 UTC
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] (intended) [[Transatmospheric orbit|Transatmospheric]] (achieved)
| orbit_periapsis = 76 km (47 mi)
| orbit_apoapsis = 356 (221 mi)
| orbit_inclination = 37.2
|previous_mission=None
|next_mission=[[AzaadiSAT-2]]
}}

'''AzaadiSAT''' was an [[India|Indian]] Earth observation 8U [[CubeSat|Cubesat]] weighing around 8 kg developed by the Space Kidz India as a test payload on the maiden launch of the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (SSLV). It was hitching a ride with [[EOS 02|EOS-02]], the primary satellite of the mission. The launch on 7 August 2022 was a failure in the rocket leading to imminent return to atmosphere for the rocket and the satellites (AzaadiSAT and EOS-02) it carried, destroying them all.

Its successor AzaadiSAT-2 was launched onboard [[SSLV-D2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSLV-D2/EOS-07 MISSION |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_SSLV_D2.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

==Development==
It was created to mark India’s 75th year of independence. This anniversary was being marked in 2022 by the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations throughout the country, and the CubeSat was part of this campaign. AzaadiSAT was built by schoolgirls from 75 schools across India. 10 girls from each school were involved, for a total of 750 students involved {{Who|date=May 2026}}. The mission was created to give girls from lower-income backgrounds the opportunity to learn the fundamentals of spaceflight, as part of the United Nations theme of “women in space.” It gave a feeling of pride and importance to women when the satellite was launched<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=ISRO's new SSLV small satellite launcher debuts - mission success unclear |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/08/isro-sslv-debut/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
It carried 75 different [[payload]]s each weighing around 50 grams and conducting femto-experiments. Girl students from rural regions across the country were provided guidance to build these payloads. The payloads were integrated by the student team of "Space Kidz India". The payloads included a UHF-VHF [[transponder (aeronautics)|transponder]] working in [[amateur radio|ham radio]] frequency to enable voice and data transmission for amateur radio operators, a solid state [[PIN diode]]-based [[Geiger counter|radiation counter]] to measure the ionising radiation in its orbit, a long-range transponder and a selfie camera to take pictures of its solar panels and the Earth. The ground system developed by ‘Space Kidz India’ was to be utilised for receiving the data from this satellite.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/sslv-d1-eos-02-mission | title=SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission - ISRO | access-date=2022-08-07 | archive-date=2022-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807071752/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/sslv-d1-eos-02-mission | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Launch==
AzaadiSAT was launched on [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]]'s maiden flight [[SSLV-D1]] at 03:48 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] / 09:18 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 7 August 2022,<ref name="wion-20220630">{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isros-next-gen-rocket-sslv-to-have-maiden-launch-by-july-end-493369 |title=ISRO's next-gen rocket SSLV to have maiden launch by July-end |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[WION]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1554003107545092096|user=ISRO|title=The launch of the SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission is scheduled for Sunday, August 7, 2022, at 9:18 am (IST) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. ISRO invites citizens to the Launch View Gallery at SDSC to witness the launch.|author=Indian Space Research Organisation|date=1 August 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> but failed to reach the intended orbit.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/isro-plans-to-launch-new-rocket-before-dec-2020-151852 | title=ISRO plans to launch new rocket before Dec 2020 | newspaper=Tribuneindia News Service }}</ref> Due to the final VTM stage failure, the stage as well as the two satellite payloads were injected into an unstable elliptical orbit measuring 356km x 76km and subsequently destroyed upon reentry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Maiden Small Satellite Rocket Flight Ends in Doubt After Engine Fails to Fire |url=https://thewire.in/space/sslv-suffers-data-loss-at-terminal-stage-isro |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== AzaadiSAT-2 ==
{{Confusing section|date=May 2026}}
'''AzaadiSAT-2''', the official successor of AzaadiSAT, was placed in a 450km circular orbit. It was launched onboard SSLV-D2. It features a modular [[satellite bus]] expansion system capable of transforming from 8U to 64U once in orbit {{Clarify|date=May 2026}}. Other payloads remains unchanged from the original AzaadiSAT. AzaadiSAT-2 aims to measure various health data like temperature and reset count from 75 student experiments installed inside the satellite {{Clarify|date=May 2026}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SatNOGS DB - AzaadiSAT-2 |url=https://db.satnogs.org/satellite/EKAM-8316-2757-5928-1987/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=db.satnogs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|title=It's T Minus 17 hours for the launch of our next-gen satellite #AzaadiSAT2 aboard @isro's #SSLVD2 LV. It gets launched in an 8U form factor but it's the biggest satellite we've built so far, measuring 64U in fully expanded conditions.|number=1623638294188941313|user=SpaceKidzIndia |access-date=14 February 2023|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2022}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2022]]
[[Category:Small satellites]]

Vijaynagar, Arunachal Pradesh

2026-05-06T19:41:14Z

Cinehub 022: adding the article first draft

{{how-to|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vijaynagar
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = A wintry morning in Vijaynagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|11|31|N|96|59|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Changlang district|Changlang]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1965
| founder = Maj. Gen. Ajit Singh Guraya
| named_for = Vijay Nagar
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1240
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 792055
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Vijaynagar, Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of surrounding mountains]]
'''Vijoynagar''' (also known as '''Vijay Nagar''' and '''Vijaynagar''') is a remote town and [[Tehsil|circle]] headquarter in the [[Changlang district]] of south [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. It is located in the easternmost inhabited area of the country, bordered by [[Myanmar]] on three sides and the [[Namdapha National Park]] on the other.<ref name="changlang">{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/vijoynagar/ |website=Changlang District, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

== History ==

===Prehistoric===

Early Trade (2nd Century BCE): Records from the Han Dynasty suggest that Chinese merchants from Sichuan traded [[Silk route|silk and bamboo]] with "India" (then referred to as Shendu) via Upper Myanmar, likely utilizing the Chaukan Pass or Pangsau Pass near [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Bin |title=Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2009 |chapter=Chapter 3: The Southern Silk Road}}</ref>

The indigenous Singpho and Tangsa tribes have oral histories that predate colonial records. The name Namdapha itself is derived from the Singpho words "Nam" (water) and "Dapha" (origin), referring to the river's source at the Chaukan Pass.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park |url=https://changlang.nic.in/namdapha-national-park/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> Local oral traditions of the Singpho and Yobin tribes mention ancient fortifications and stone markers deep within the forest that predated colonial arrival. However, the extreme humidity and acidic soil of the Namdapha rainforest have largely disintegrated organic and even some stone structures over the millennia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park - Management Plan |url=https://www.namdapha.in/management.php |publisher=Project Tiger, Government of India |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

===Medieval era===

During the 13th century, the Tai-[[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] entered the Assam plains through these same [[Patkai|Patkai passes]], fundamentally altering the political landscape of the region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=S.L. |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1985 |pages=230-235}}</ref>

=== 1939-45: World War II===
{{anchor | WWII }}

The Vijaynagar and Miao region holds deep historical significance related to [[World War II]] and the consolidation of post-Independence India. During World War II, this area was part of the infamous [[The Hump]] air route, the perilous [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] airlift [[India in World War II|from India to China]] after the [[Operation U-Go|Japanese blocked the Burma Road]] in 1942.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying the 'Hump' Lifeline to China |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/3627010/flying-the-hump-lifeline-to-china/ |publisher=National Museum of the United States Air Force |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> The dense rainforests around the Noa Dihing River and Namdapha forests became a "graveyard" for hundreds of Allied aircraft that crashed due to extreme turbulence and mechanical failure, with wreckages still being discovered by locals today.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 WW-II aircrafts' [sic] wreckages found in Arunachal & Assam |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2026/01/25/3-ww-ii-aircrafts-wreckages-found-in-arunachal-assam/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2026-01-25}}</ref>

{{anchor | Epic }}
Additionally, the region witnessed the '''"Epic of Chaukan Pass"''' in 1942, where over 230 British refugees and soldiers fleeing the Japanese advance in Burma were rescued by the British tea planter [[Gyles Mackrell]] using a fleet of elephants to cross the flooded Dapha River near Miao.<ref>{{cite web |title=TREK TO CHAUKAN PASS - Harish Kapadia |url=https://www.harishkapadia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2013-Chaukan-Pass-Brief-Report.pdf |publisher=Harish Kapadia |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Elephant Man |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=2010-11-08}}</ref>

=== 1961 May: Imti Expedition of India===
{{anchor | Imti }}

The history of Vijaynagar as an integral Indian territory began with the Sumer Expedition in May 1961, when a 7th [[Assam Rifles]] team led by '''Major Sumer Singh Imti''' marched for weeks through the dense Namdapha forests to reach the Moloshidi Valley (also known as Daodi) and hoisted the [[Flag of India|Indian Flag]] at Shidi village (later renamed Gandhigram) on 7 May 1961.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Historic Sumer Expedition |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2021-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijaynagar: A lost land |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/06/04/vijaynagar-a-lost-land/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2019-06-04}}</ref> This milestone is commemorated by '''Imti Point''', a strategic landmark near the valley named to honor Major Imti’s leadership in navigating what was then a cartographic "no man's land".<ref name=Imti1>{{cite web |title=Vijaynagar: An Untold Story of Assam Rifles |url=https://salute.co.in/vijaynagar-untold-story-of-assam-rifles/ |publisher=Salute Magazine |date=2020-11-27}}</ref>

=== 1961 SRIJITGA-II Expedition of India===
{{anchor | SRIJITGA }}

Later that year, the high-level '''SRIJITGA-II expedition''', led by Major General Ajit Singh Guraya, arrived to formalize the administration of the serene landscape; he officially renamed the region Vijaynagar after his son, Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Major Vishnu Kumar|date=2020-11-27|title=VIJAYNAGAR : AN UNTOLD STORY OF ASSAM RIFLES|url=https://salute.co.in/vijaynagar-untold-story-of-assam-rifles/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Salute|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

=== 1961-71 Gurkha resettlement to Vijaynagar ===
{{anchor | Gurkha }}

To secure this three-sided border with Burma (now [[Myanmar]]), the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) initiated a settlement program between 1961 and 1971, relocating 200 families of retired Assam Rifles personnel—95% of whom were ethnic [[Gurkha]]s—to villages like Phaparbari and Hazolo alongside the indigenous [[Lisu people|Yobin (Lisu) community]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Miao-Vijoynagar road: A decades-long struggle |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/03/29/miao-vijoynagar-road-a-decades-long-struggle/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2021-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Echoes of the Past: The Sumer Expedition |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2021-04-10}}</ref>

=== Post-independence illegal immigration ===
{{anchor | Illegal }}

The history of post-independence migration in the Vijaynagar region is centered on the '''Yobin (Lisu) people''', who migrated from [[Upper Myanmar]] into the Noa Dihing valley since 1950s, settling in what was then a remote and unadministered frontier area of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=In the Shadow of the State |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2015/in-the-shadow-of-the-state/ |publisher=Roads & Kingdoms |date=2015-03-18}}</ref> Following the Imti Expedition of 1961, the Indian government formally established administrative control and initially granted the community citizenship rights, but their status became highly contentious in the 1970s and 1980s when political shifts led to the withdrawal of their Scheduled Tribe (ST) status and voting rights, with many being reclassified as "illegal migrants" or "refugees" despite their decades-long residency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Constitutional validity of Yobin being ST |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/04/27/constitutional-validity-of-yobin-being-st/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2025-04-27}}</ref> This legal limbo sparked a protracted struggle for recognition that only saw significant resolution in 2015, when the Government of India and the Arunachal Pradesh state government officially restored their ST status.<ref name=ill/>

The region continues to face modern challenges regarding the monitoring of newer unauthorized crossings from Myanmar following the 2021 military coup.<ref name=ill>{{cite web |title=Illegal Influx of People |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1739494 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2021-07-27}}</ref>

=== History of road and air connectivity ===
{{anchor | HisRd }}

The Vijaynagar Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) airstrip, established in 1962, served as the sole gateway to the region for over sixty years, predating any motorable road. Following the Imti Expedition, the Indian Air Force (IAF) commenced operations using [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Dakota]] and [[de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter|Otter]] aircraft to support the fledgling settlement and ferry the 200 Gurkha families to their new homes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijaynagar: An Untold Story of Assam Rifles |url=https://salute.co.in/vijaynagar-untold-story-of-assam-rifles/ |publisher=Salute Magazine |date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vijaynagar Advanced Landing Ground Details |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-vijaynagar-advanced-landing-ground-of-the-indi--6103a6606a83f0066a784c21 |publisher=Testbook |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> The use of these specific models in 1962 coincided with the [[Sino-Indian War]], where the need for rapid troop mobilization to the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) led to the urgent [[List_of_Indian_Air_Force_stations#List_of_advance_landing_grounds|expansion of the Vijaynagar ALG]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

In the 1970s, the "MV Road" (Miao-Vijaynagar Road ) was roughly cleared as a fair-weather track for [[Indian Military]] supply convoys.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

After 1983 when surrounding forests were notified as the Namdapha National Park, which introduced strict environmental regulations that halted major construction, the road was reclaimed by the rainforest for decades; this left the Yobin (Lisu) community and local settlers isolated, forced to trek for 5 to 6 days to reach Miao for essential goods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miao-Vijoynagar road: A decades-long struggle |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/03/29/miao-vijoynagar-road-a-decades-long-struggle/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2021-03-29}}</ref>

In 1984, the airfield transitioned to [[Antonov An-32|Antonov AN-32]] operations due to the closer of road via the national park, but the runway-initially constructed from [[Marston Mat|Pierced Steel Plate]] (PSP) sheets-gradually deteriorated due to the harsh humid climate of the Namdapha rainforest, leading to a suspension of heavy aircraft operations in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=IAF activates Vijaynagar ALG |url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2011/11/indian-air-force-activates-vijaynagar.html |publisher=Broadsword |date=2011-11-18}}</ref> Recognizing its strategic necessity, a massive renovation was undertaken, and the resurfaced runway was officially reopened in September 2019, restoring vital air-maintenance for the 16 villages and enhancing the operational reach of the Indian Army near the Myanmar border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boost to defence infrastructure in Arunachal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPEDJSHUFVA |publisher=North East Live |date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

In 2021, a major turning point occurred when the Arunachal Pradesh state government, under Chief Minister Pema Khandu, prioritized the project, leading to the road's incorporation into the Arunachal Frontier Highway (NH-913) project, which successfully connected Vijaynagar by motorable road for the first time in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border Road Construction in Arunachal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ |publisher=NDTV |date=2023-01-20}}</ref> Today, while the road remains a challenging passage through sensitive ecological zones, it has transitioned from a historical "lost trail" into a key pillar of national security and regional development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre fast-tracks Arunachal Frontier Highway |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ |newspaper=The Telegraph India |date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{see also | Diphu_Pass#Geography | l1= Geography of Diphu Pass }}

Vijoynagar is {{cvt|157|km}} from Miao.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> It is bordered to the south and east by [[Myanmar]], and to the north by a thick forest of the [[Namdapha National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> Nearby Indian cities are Miao, [[Hayuliang]], and [[Tezu]]. [[Putao Township|Putao]] is the nearest city in [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Miao-Vijoynagar road: A decades-long struggle |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/03/29/miao-vijoynagar-road-a-decades-long-struggle/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2021-03-29}}</ref>

[[Dihing River|Noa Dihing River]], also locally known as the ''Nam Dhing'' and ''Dihing River'', which originates near Chaukan Pass and flows westward into [[Assam]] in India as a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra River]]. Vijaynagar and the valleys and passes around it lie in the basin of this river.<ref name=vijrt2/>

{{anchor | PB | Patkai | Patkai Bum}}
'''Patkai Bum range''' surrounds the Noa Dihing River valley and Vijaynagar from 3 sides and all the passes around Vijaynagar lie in this subrange. Patkai Bum range is a sub-range of the [[Patkai]] hills in southeastern Arunachal Pradesh. This mountain chain forms part of the natural boundary between India and Myanmar. The range is known for its forested ridges, rugged terrain, and conical peaks, and plays a vital role in regional ecology and hydrology. The Patkai range is historically significant as part of ancient trade and migration routes between Northeast India and Upper Burma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Patkai Hills – A Range with History |url=https://thecriticalscript.com/article-details/the-patkai-hills-a-range-with-history |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref> Forming part of the larger [[Purvanchal Range]], the Patkai Hills are characterized by steep slopes, conical peaks, and deep valleys. The range is densely forested and supports a rich biodiversity, including rare species such as the [[Hoolock gibbon]] and various [[hornbill]] species. The Patkai Hills are not as rugged as the Himalayas, with peaks generally lower in elevation. One of the significant passes in this range is the Pangsau Pass, which historically served as a strategic route during World War II. The Patkai Bum Range plays a crucial role in the climatic and ecological dynamics of the northeastern region of India.<ref name=vijrt1>{{Cite web |title=Physical Features of Arunachal Pradesh |date=12 December 2024 |url=https://arunachal.pscnotes.com/arunachal-geography/physical-features-of-arunachal-pradesh/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh PCS Notes |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

Following passes, around Vijaynagar valley, lie in this subrange:

{{anchor | CP | Chaukan | Chaukan Pass}}
'''Gphuka Pass''' (approx. 2,200 m) lies roughly 14 km northwest of Vijaynagar in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh. It provides a route between India and Myanmar through the Patkai hills, marked by Border Pillar No. 182. The Nam Dihing River flows nearby in India, and the area beyond the pass falls into the basin of the Chindwin River in Myanmar. The nearest peak is '''Shawngshan Bum''' (2,448 m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changlang District |url=https://changlang.nic.in/ |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

{{anchor | HP | Hpungan | Hpungan Pass}}
'''Hpungan Pass''' (3,072 m) is situated north of Vijaynagar in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, and is part of the border trail system in the eastern Patkai range. It is marked by Border Pillar No. 185. The Indian side is drained by the Nam Dihing River, and the Myanmar side by tributaries of the Chindwin River. The nearest notable peak is '''Phongan Razi''' (3,635 m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hpungan Pass - PeakVisor |url=https://peakvisor.com/poi/hpungan-pass-1rp92b.html |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>

{{anchor | MP | Mugaphi | Mugaphi Pass}}
'''Mugaphi Pass''' (3,650 m) is located approximately 24 km east of Vijaynagar in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is one of the highest passes in the region and part of the cross-border route into Myanmar. Border Pillar No. 184 is nearby. The Nam Dihing River lies on the Indian side, while the Myanmar side leads into the Chindwin River system. The closest peak is Phongan Razi (3,635 m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mugaphi Pass |url=https://peakvisor.com/poi/mugaphi-pass.html |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

{{anchor | CP | Chaukan | Chaukan Pass}}
'''Chaukan Pass''' (2,448 metres), approximately 25 km southeast of Vijaynagar in Arunachal Pradesh, is a significant saddle on the [[India–Myanmar border]] between two peaks '''Chaukan Bum''' (3,046 m) in north and '''Chawngshan Bum''' (3,287 m) in south all of which lie on junction of Patkai and [[Kachin Hills|Kumon mountain]] ranges. Marked by the Border Pillar No. 183, established in 1971, and is surrounded by dense tropical forests and rugged terrain. The pass historically served as a route toward [[Putao, Myanmar|Putao]], the nearest settlement in Myanmar located approximately 60 km to the northeast accessible via challenging trails through the [[Hukawng Valley]], in Myanmar's [[Kachin State]]. The Noa Dihing River flows westward into Assam in India. On the Myanmar side, the pass descends into the basin of the [[Namyang River]] (also known as the Namyang River, not to be confused with similarly named [[Namwan River]]), which eventually joins the [[Chindwin River]].<ref name=vijrt2>{{Cite web |title=India-China-Myanmar Trijunction |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2022/11/18/india-china-myanmar-trijunction-at-chaukan-pass-still-a-dream/ |website=EastMojo |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Epic of Chaukan Pass |url=https://www.harishkapadia.com/climbs-explorations/arunachal-pradesh/epic-of-chaukan-pass/ |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

==Administration==

Vijoynagar, part of [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Parliament Lok Sabha |url=https://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha/ |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>
and the [[Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituencies and People's Representatives |url=https://changlang.nic.in/constituencies/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> and managed by an [[Assistant commissioner|Extra Assistant Commissioner]] (EAC) as the circle headquarter within the Miao [[Subdivision in India|Sub-Division]] of the Changlang District,<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Officers |url=https://changlang.nic.in/divisions/administrative-officers/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> consists of a cluster of 16 villages on the border with Myanmar: Ramnagar, Chididi, Majgoan, Two-hut, Budhamandir, Phaparbari, Daragoan, Gehrigaon, Topi-Hill, Preeti Nagar, (Assam Rifle settlers), and Hazolo, Sidikuh, Twohut and Dawadi (Yobin inhabitants). Vijaynagar is also known as Daudi in the local language of the Lisu (Yobin) people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijoynagar {{!}} Changlang District, Government of Arunachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==People ==
{{anchor | People | Culture }}
{{see also | Arunachal_Pradesh#Demographics | l1= Demography of Arunachal Pradesh | Religion in Arunachal Pradesh | Arunachalese cuisine | List of people from Arunachal Pradesh }}

'''Demography''': The area comprises sixteen villages with a population of approximately 4,500-5,000 people. The 55% of the population is Gurkha, who speak [[Nepali language|Gurkhali language]] of [[Indo-Aryan_languages|Indo-Aryan language family]] and mainly live in Vijaynagar HQ, Ramnagar, Phaparbari, and Mazgaon. The 45% are Lisu people (Yobin), who speak a tonal [[Lisu language]] of [[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burman language family]] and mainly live in Gandhigram, Sidikuh, Dawodi, Hazolo, with their population concentrated in Gandhigram, which accounts for nearly 40% of the entire circle's population with approximately 1,754 residents. Remaining 1% are other civil and military administration.<ref name=dem1>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar Circle - Changlang |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1679-vijoynagar-changlang-arunachal-pradesh.html |publisher=Census of India 2011 |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref><ref name=vijpp1/><ref name=dem2>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}.</ref><ref name=vij1>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/new-iaf-airport-in-arunachal-is-alternative-to-walking-157-km/article29448790.ece|title=New IAF 'airport' in Arunachal provides an alternative to walking 157 km|work=The Hindu|date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

'''Religion''': The 50% of the population follows the [[Indian religions|Indian-origin religions]], i.e. 45% [[Hindus]] and 5% [[Buddhist]], who are mainly Gurkhas as well as the small number of [[Monpa people|Monpa]] and [[Khamti people|Khamti]] tribes. The 48% are converted-Christians tribals who are mostly Yobin. Remaining 2%, who are mostly Yobin, still follow the indigenous religions which are officially classified as Hindus.<ref name=dem1/><ref name=vijpp1/><ref name=dem2/><ref name=vij1/>

==Education ==
{{see also | List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh }}

'''School education:''' Educational infrastructure includes several primary schools; and a government-run secondary school<ref name=vijpp1>{{Cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Tourism |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref> which offers classes up to the 12th standard locally<ref>{{cite news |title=Telecom issues of Arunachal's Vijaynagar raised in LS; Scindia assures connectivity to every village |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/telecom-issues-of-arunachals-vijaynagar-raised-in-ls-scindia-assures-connectivity-to-every-village/ |newspaper=Nagaland Tribune |date=2026-02-11}}</ref> in arts, commerce and science streams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vibrant Village Programe |url=https://arunachalplan.gov.in/vibrant-village-programe/ |publisher=Department Of Planning, Investment & Finance, Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

'''Vocational training''': While there are no confirmed construction start dates for a local ITI as of 2026, the state government has set up the [[Skill India]] hubs for all Vibrant Villages to train local youth in tourism, hydro-power maintenance, and horticulture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enhance the vibrancy of border villages |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2241341 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

'''University education''': The Department of Education is establishing a partnership with [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) to provide e-learning modules and distance degree courses once the high-speed satellite broadband is stabilized,<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital Village Project |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2237671&reg=3&lang=1 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development |date=2026-03-10}}</ref> with courses expected to be available from 2026-27. Students seeking on-site physical campus-based [[Education in Arunachal Pradesh|vocational training or university education]] are still required to travel to the nearest functional ITIs or tertiary education institutes in Miao, [[Roing]], or Tezu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education Department |url=https://changlang.nic.in/department/education/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

==Infrastructure ==
{{anchor | Infra }}

As of early 2026, the infrastructure in the Vijaynagar circle has undergone a significant modernization through the [[India–China_border_infrastructure#VVP_–_Vibrant_Village_Program|Vibrant Villages Programme]].<ref name=pow1/>

{{anchor | Emergency }}
'''Emergency and civil disaster management''': The District Disaster Management Officer (DDMO) in Changlang oversees the Incident Response System (IRS) for the region,<ref>{{cite web |title=Disaster Management |url=https://changlang.nic.in/disaster-management/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> the first local responders are the Arunachal Pradesh Police (APP) station in Vijaynagar and community volunteers trained under the Aapda Mitra scheme,<ref>{{cite web |title=Disaster Management |url=https://itanagar.nic.in/disaster-management/ |publisher=Itanagar Capital Complex |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> who can be reached via the [[List_of_emergency_telephone_numbers|state-wide toll-free disaster]] number (1077 or 1090).<ref>{{cite web |title=State Disaster Response Force |url=https://sdma-arunachal.in/state-disaster-response-force/ |publisher=SDMA Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> In severe events (earthquakes, major landslides blocking the MV Road, or medical emergencies), the AR battalion stationed in Vijaynagar manages local search and rescue and provides immediate medical stabilization at their battalion MI Room,<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal: Assam Rifles conducts medical check-up |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/arunachal-pradesh-assam-rifles-conducts-door-to-door-medical-check-up-at-changlang20260225195517/ |newspaper=ANI News |date=2026-02-25}}</ref> and the IAF provides Heavy Lift Fixed-Wing Transport Aircraft support and Helicopter MEDEVAC for transporting critical casualties from the Vijaynagar Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) to Dibrugarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=IAF inaugurates resurfaced runway at Vijaynagar |url=https://www.gktoday.in/iaf-inaugurates-resurfaced-runway-at-india-s-easternmost-village-vijaynagar/ |publisher=GKToday |date=2019-09-19}}</ref> Vijaynagar is located in [[Earthquake_zones_of_India#Zone_5|Highest Damage Risk Seismic Zone V]] highly vulnerable to high-intensity quakes, also the Noa-Dihing River is prone to flash floods during the monsoon (May–September), which can sever the only road link to Miao.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Disaster Management Plan Changlang |url=https://sdma-arunachal.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DDMP-CHANGLANG-2020.pdf |publisher=SDMA Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

{{anchor | CSC}}
'''[[Common Service Centres]]''' (CSC): It offers for-fee access to the online digital services to government schemes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Unreliable mobile network services in Vijaynagar |url=https://blog.connectquest.co.in/news/24-01-2026/analysis-unreliable-mobile-network-services-in-vijaynagar.php |publisher=Connect Quest |date=2026-01-24}}</ref>

{{anchor | Electricity}}
'''24x7 [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]]''': Earlier dependent on diesel generators and small-scale personal solar systems that frequently failed during nocturnal hours or prolonged cloud cover exceeding two to three days,<ref name=pow1>{{cite news |title=Telecom issues of Arunachal's Vijaynagar raised in LS; Scindia assures connectivity to every village |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/telecom-issues-of-arunachals-vijaynagar-raised-in-ls-scindia-assures-connectivity-to-every-village/ |newspaper=Nagaland Tribune |date=2026-02-11}}</ref> the region's power supply is now facilitated by the localized hydroelectricity, the 1 [[Megawatt|MW]] '''Dehing Micro Hydroelectric Project''' (DMHP) and the 500 [[Kilowatt|KW]] '''Sirit Micro Hydro Project''' (SMHC),<ref>{{cite news |title=DyCM-led ministerial team visits Vijaynagar |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2022/04/05/dycm-led-ministerial-team-visits-vijaynagar/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2022-04-05}}</ref> the extension of the electric grid to all 16 villages in the valley is ongoing, with priority focus on primary residential clusters and [[border outpost]]s (BOP).<ref>{{cite news |title=16 Arunachal towns included in e-billing and payment platform |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/16-arunachal-towns-included-in-e-billing-and-payment-platform-664119 |newspaper=The Sentinel |date=2023-08-24}}</ref> The long-term goal for the Vibrant Villages in Arunachal Pradesh involves laying high-capacity [[Fiber-optic cable|Optical Fibre Cable]] (OFC) along the new NH-913 Frontier Highway corridor once the highway is operational.<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia: Commitment to Connect 'Vibrant Villages' |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226569 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2026-02-11}}</ref> The "Digital Village" initiative for Vijaynagar also includes the deployment of Wi-Fi hotspots in public institutions such as the upgraded Government Higher Secondary School and the Primary Health Centre, which will utilize the BBNL satellite link to provide non-discriminatory internet access to students and healthcare workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital Village Project |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2237671&reg=3&lang=1 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development |date=2026-03-10}}</ref>

{{anchor | Digital | Mobile | Internet}}
'''Digital connectivity''': It has been modernized through the [[BSNL_Mobile#History|4G Saturation Project]], replacing legacy satellite-linked [[2G]]/[[3G]] equipment and 10 meters antennae with a new high-altitude BSNL telecom tower standing approximately 40 to 60 metres tall to overcome the dense canopy of Namdapha National Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saturation of 4G Mobile Services in Uncovered Villages |url=https://usof.gov.in/en/saturation-of-4g-mobile-services |publisher=Department of Telecommunications |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> This tower installed by [[BSNL Mobile|BSNL]] provides [[4G]] services with an effective range of 10 to 15 kilometres, primarily supporting BSNL [[SIM card]]s, although regional roaming for [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] and [[Jio]] is also supported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Unreliable mobile network services in Vijaynagar |url=https://blog.connectquest.co.in/news/24-01-2026/analysis-unreliable-mobile-network-services-in-vijaynagar.php |publisher=Connect Quest |date=2026-01-24}}.</ref> The focus as of April 2026 is establishing stable 4G data first, with the software-defined upgrade to [[5G]] expected to be enabled once the backhaul (the connection from the tower to the main network) is sufficiently upgraded via satellite or microwave links.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Unreliable mobile network services in Vijaynagar |url=https://blog.connectquest.co.in/news/24-01-2026/analysis-unreliable-mobile-network-services-in-vijaynagar.php |publisher=Connect Quest |date=2026-01-24}}</ref>

{{anchor | Health }}
'''Healthcare''': The local Primary Health Centre (PHC) Vijaynagar has been upgraded to include 24-hour emergency observation beds and basic maternal care under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. It is now part of the 40 [[Field hospital|Mobile Medical Units]] (MMUs) network, which brings AI-enabled portable X-rays and diagnostic kits directly to the 16 villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal kicks off 2026 with big push for healthcare |url=https://indigenousherald.com/News/arunachal-kicks-off-2026-with-big-push-for-healthcare-24462.html/ |newspaper=Indigenous Herald |date=2026-01-08}}</ref> The Assam Rifles (AR) maintains a medical inspection room at their battalion headquarters in Vijaynagar. While their primary duty is military, they operate a Civil-Military Outreach where AR medical officers (doctors) provide consultations, minor surgeries, and life-saving stabilizers to civilians. The AR conducts weekly door-to-door medical camps for elderly residents in the valley who cannot reach the PHC. For critical emergencies, the military remains the primary coordinator for medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) by helicopter to Dibrugarh or Guwahati.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh: Assam Rifles conducts door-to-door medical check-up at Changlang |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/arunachal-pradesh-assam-rifles-conducts-door-to-door-medical-check-up-at-changlang20260225195517/ |newspaper=ANI News |date=2026-02-25}}</ref>

{{anchor | Airport | ALG }}
'''Vijoynagar Airport''', also called the Vijaynagar [[Advance airfield|Advanced Landing Ground]] (ALG), with 1,213-metre (4,000 feet) asphalt surface runway upgraded in 2019 to handle modern fighter jets and large heavy-lift transport planes (e.g. [[Antonov An-32|Antonov AN-32]] and [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Landing Ground Reopened @ Vijayanagar, Arunachal |url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/currentaffairs-detail/advanced-landing-ground-reopened-@-vijayanagar-arunachal |publisher=TNPSC |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> is a dual-use civilian-military airport. This is the 8th Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) in Arunachal Pradesh which was upgraded by the [[Indian Airforce]] (IAF) and [[Indian Army]].<ref name=vij1/><ref name=kolk1/>

==Tourism ==

With progressively improving connectivity, Vijaynagar is emerging as a center for eco-tourism and rural tourism in Arunachal Pradesh, characterized by the high-altitude biodiversity of the surrounding Namdapha National Park and the cultural heritage of the Yobin and Gurkha communities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miao-Vijoynagar road: A decades-long struggle |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/03/29/miao-vijoynagar-road-a-decades-long-struggle/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2021-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> The valley is geographically isolated, bordered on three sides by Myanmar and enclosed by dense temperate and sub-tropical forests. The state government has initiated infrastructure and sustainability projects to facilitate tourism in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism dept aiming to make Vijaynagar valley tourist spot |date=10 October 2022 |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/10/10/tourism-dept-aiming-to-make-vijaynagar-valley-tourist-spot/ |publisher=The Arunachal Times |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref> In settlements such as Hazolo, local residents participate in the service sector as guides for expeditions to the Chaukan Pass and the Noa Dihing headwaters, and through the establishment of homestays.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CM walks to assess Miao-Vijaynagar road status |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2021/03/28/cm-walks-to-assess-miao-vijaynagar-road-status/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2021-03-27}}</ref> The Yobin (Lisu) inhabitants maintain traditional artisanal practices, producing various handmade goods. State-led awareness programs have been implemented to integrate hospitality training with environmental conservation and cultural preservation efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal's Vijoynagar Has Potential To Become Major Tourist Destination: Governor Mishra |date=20 January 2023 |url=https://theprint.in/india/arunachals-vijoynagar-has-potential-to-become-major-tourist-destination-governor-mishra/1326316/ |publisher=ThePrint |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>

Tourist attractions include the following:

* '''Mandatory Permits Required''': The region's isolation and proximity to the Myanmar border necessitate permits: an [[Inner Line Permit]] (ILP) for Indian tourists and a [[Protected and restricted areas of India|Protected Area Permit]] (PAP) for foreign tourists.<ref name="tourmyindia"/>
* '''Trekking in Vijoynagar'''
: Vijaynagar provides numerous cultural enrichment and eco-tourism trekking and driving opportunities to several villages and passes in the area.

* '''[[Vijaynagar,_Arunachal_Pradesh#Imti|Imti Point]]''', a historic point, at Hazolo village on Miao-Vijaynagar Road.<ref name=Imti1/><ref name=Imti2/>

* '''Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve'''
: Located adjacent to Vijaynagar, Namdapha National Park is the fourth-largest national park in India, spanning 1,985 km2. It is a biodiversity hotspot in the [[Eastern Himalayas]], hosting over 1,000 floral and 1,400 faunal species, including rare species like the [[snow leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[red panda]], and [[Hoolock gibbon]]. The park offers trekking, camping, and birdwatching, with campsites like Deban and Hornbill for nature enthusiasts. The best time to visit is October to March.<ref name="tourmyindia">{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/wildlife/namdapha-national-park.html |website=Tour My India |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="arunachaltourism">{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/destination/namdapha-national-park/ |website=Arunachal Tourism |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
: Visitors require an Inner Line Permit (ILP) for entry into Arunachal Pradesh and a tourist permit from the Field Director's Office at Namdapha.<ref name="tourmyindia"/>
: '''Jungle safari''': While Namdapha National Park is a designated Tiger Reserve, traditional vehicle-based tiger tours are not conducted due to the dense rainforest and rugged terrain; instead, wildlife viewing is primarily facilitated through guided multi-day treks and specialized birding expeditions from Deban toward the Vijaynagar valley.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namdapha National park tour package |url=https://nexplore.org/tour-details/namdapha-national-park-tour.php |publisher=Nexplore Travel |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Miao Travel Guide: Wildlife & Safari Guide |url=https://india-guide.in/destinations/miao/wildlife |publisher=India Guide |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> Visitors often engage local guides from the Yobin or Singpho communities to navigate the core areas in search of the park's elusive four big cat species and the endangered Hoolock Gibbon, as the thick evergreen canopy makes sightings rare compared to the open grasslands of central Indian reserves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park: A Pocket-Guide |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/namdapha-national-park/ |publisher=Travel Triangle |date=2025-03-03}}</ref>

* '''Noa Dihing River adventure tourism''': This river originates from the Chaukan Pass and flows through the valley, offering opportunities for river rafting, angling, and riverside camping near Deban and Vijaynagar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

* '''Chaukan Pass trekking''': Located on the Indo-Myanmar border, this high-altitude pass is a challenging trekking destination known for its historical association with World War II rescue missions and its role as a natural gateway for regional migrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=TREK TO CHAUKAN PASS - Harish Kapadia |url=https://www.harishkapadia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2013-Chaukan-Pass-Brief-Report.pdf |publisher=Harish Kapadia |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

* '''[[Lake of No Return]] viewpoint''' (Nampong): Accessible via the Pangsau Pass (near Miao/Jairampur), this lake is shrouded in World War II myths regarding missing Allied aircraft and remains a significant stop for those exploring the broader region's war history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake of No Return |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/lake-of-no-return/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

* '''Buddist Monasteries and Shrines''': The local communities, including the Gurkha and tribal settlements, have established various local shrines and small monasteries that reflect the syncretic cultural landscape of the frontier.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM walks to assess Miao-Vijaynagar road status |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2021/03/28/cm-walks-to-assess-miao-vijaynagar-road-status/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2021-03-27}}</ref>

* '''Miao Museum'''
: Situated near the Field Director's Office of Namdapha National Park, the Miao Museum, maintained by park authorities, displays animal specimens from Namdapha, including mammal pelts and bird skins, offering insights into the biodiversity of the [[Mishmi Hills]].<ref name="india">{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park Tourism |url=https://www.india.com/travel/namdapha-national-park/ |website=India.com |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="incredibleindia">{{cite web |title=Namdapha National Park |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/destinations/namdapha-national-park |website=Incredible India |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

* '''Miao Mini Zoo'''
: Located opposite the Miao Museum, the Miao Mini Zoo houses species native to Namdapha, such as [[slow loris]], [[Assamese macaque]], [[pig-tailed macaque]], [[Hoolock gibbon]], [[leopard cat]], [[porcupine]], and [[Himalayan palm civet]]. It provides an educational experience for tourists interested in the region's wildlife.<ref name="india"/>

* '''Gandhigram and Vijaynagar Inspection Bungalows'''
: Maintained by the Public Works Department (PWD), these inspection bungalows in Gandhigram and Vijaynagar serve as accommodation options for tourists. They provide a base for exploring the remote region, though advance reservations through the Field Director's Office at Namdapha are recommended.<ref name="india"/>

* '''Homestays cultural experience'''
: Homestays in villages like Gandhigram and Vijaynagar are also available,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> with focus on sustainable eco-tourism, allowing visitors to experience the traditional lifestyles of the Yobin and Gurkha settlers while navigating the remote frontier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tourism dept aiming to make Vijaynagar valley tourist spot |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/10/10/tourism-dept-aiming-to-make-vijaynagar-valley-tourist-spot/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2022-10-10}}</ref>

* '''Vijaynagar Advanced Landing Ground (ALG)'''
: Operated by the [[Indian Air Force]], the Vijaynagar ALG is a key logistical point in this remote area. While primarily a military site, its strategic location near the Myanmar border may interest visitors curious about the region's geopolitical significance.<ref name="changlang"/>

==Transport==

Until the Miao-Vijoynagar Road is fully constructed and/or Vijoynagar Airport is brought under the UDAN scheme, a challenging 6-day trek from Miao is required (2025 update).<ref name="changlang"/>

===Air===

[[Vijaynagar,_Arunachal_Pradesh#ALG|Vijoynagar Airport]] offers the following:

* Helicopter services: Scheduled commercial civilian helicopter services from Mohanbari Airport in [[Dibrugarh]] in [[Assam]] or Miao in Arunachal Pradesh are available on Tuesdays and Thursdays, subject to seat availability.<ref name="changlang"/>

* Fixed-wing aircraft services: Though it not yet open for the civilian traffic as of 2025,<ref name=vij1/><ref name=kolk1/> since there are demands to bring this under [[UDAN]] regional connectivity for the scheduled commercial civilian flights,<ref>{{citation |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/10/AS23.pdf?source=pqals|title=UDAN Scheme|date=2016-11-17 |publisher=Lok Sabha}}</ref> under the Modified UDAN Scheme (approved March 2026 with a ₹28,840 crore outlay), Vijaynagar ALG is being readied for scheduled fixed-wing passenger flights. [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] has committed to deploying indigenous [[Dornier 228]] aircraft to frontier ALGs once terminal and safety infrastructure-such as the newly installed high-altitude BSNL telecom tower for enhanced navigation-is fully commissioned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet Approves Modified UDAN to Deepen Regional Connectivity |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2245471&reg=3&lang=1 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raja pushes for expansion of air connectivity in Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/raja-pushes-for-expansion-of-air-connectivity-in-arunachal-pradesh.html |newspaper=Eastern Sentinel |date=2026-02-16}}</ref>

===Railway===

[[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]] railway station in Assam is the nearest existing station, approximately 220 km east of Vijoynagar, and 65 km from Miao.

=== Road ===

* [[Arunachal Frontier Highway|Arunachal Pradesh Frontier Highway]] (APFH) has Vijoynagar as its western terminus point. It is a {{cvt|2000|km}} road following the [[McMahon Line]] from [[Mago, Tawang|Mago]] (Tawang) and [[Thingbu]] to Vijoynagar.<ref name=BR1>{{cite web|title=Top officials to meet to expedite road building along China border|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms|work=Dipak Kumar Dash|date=16 October 2014 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR2>{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi government to provide funds for restoration of damaged highways
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR3>{{cite web|title=Indian Government Plans Highway Along Disputed China Border|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/|work=Ankit Panda|publisher=thediplomat.com|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR4>{{cite web |url= http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |title= Govt planning road along McMohan line in Arunachal Pradesh: Kiren Rijiju |work= mint |date= 14 October 2014 |publisher= Live Mint |access-date= 2014-10-26}}</ref> A map of the proposed route can be seen [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306112247/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/images/state_map.jpg here].<ref name=BR5>{{cite web |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nation.htm|title=China warns India against paving road in Arunachal|work=Ajay Banerjee|publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date= 2014-10-26}}</ref> Before being upgraded to the AFPH, the Vijoynagar-Miao road, costing ₹225 crores,<ref name=vij1/> construction was completed in 2019.<ref name=kolk1>[https://nenow.in/north-east-news/expedite-miao-vijaynagar-road-arunachal-governor.html Expedite Miao-Vijaynagar road: Arunachal Governor], Nenow.in, 2 September 2019.</ref> The Miao–Vijaynagar section of the Arunachal Frontier Highway (officially National Highway 913), historically referred to as MV Road, begins at Kharsang and serves as the strategic 157-kilometre (98 mi) lifeline connecting the remote Vijaynagar circle to the rest of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar |url=https://changlang.nic.in/tourist-place/vijoynagar/ |publisher=District Administration, Changlang |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> The route traces the Noa Dihing River through the Namdapha National Park, passing through key settlements including Miao, Mpen, Deban (a major camping ground and entry point), Ngwazakha, Nibodi, Yacheley, Gandhigram (the largest village en route at the 137 km mark), Hazolo (site of a critical bridge and historic Imti Point), and Phaparbari.<ref name=Imti2>{{cite news |title=CM walks to assess Miao-Vijaynagar road status |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2021/03/28/cm-walks-to-assess-miao-vijaynagar-road-status/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2021-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MV road project unlikely to meet deadline |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/03/14/mv-road-project-unlikely-to-meet-deadline/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=2022-03-14}}</ref> While the road is undergoing extensive upgrades to meet National Highway standards, as of April 2026 the fuel availability remains highly restricted; reliable petrol and diesel stations are only located at the starting hubs of Kharsang and Miao, with no formal gas stations existing between Miao and Vijaynagar due to the environmental sensitivity of the national park.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL Petrol Pump Locator - Changlang |url=https://petrolpump.hpretail.in/location/arunachal-pradesh/changlang/miao |publisher=Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> Beyond Miao, travelers must rely on carried reserves or local procurement in emergency situations at Gandhigram, as the area is primarily air-maintained for heavy supplies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijoynagar - Arunachal Tourism |url=https://arunachaltourism.com/vijoynagar-2/ |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh Tourism |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref>

* There are plans to extend this APFH to [[Putao Airport]] in Myanmar under the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]], thus connecting it to both India's and Myanmar's national highway networks.

* Local mettled link roads to villages around Vijaynagar were built and upgraded in 2019.<ref name=kolk1/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}

* [[List of extreme points of India]]
* [[Ledo Road]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Arunachal Pradesh
|North = {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China
|Northeast =
|East = {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Kachin State]], Burma
|Southeast = {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Sagaing Region]], Burma
|South = [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Assam]]
|West = {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Dzongdey#Zone Statistics|Eastern Zone]], Bhutan
|Northwest =
}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Villages in Changlang district]]

Jeetendra Mishra

2026-05-06T13:56:03Z

Cinehub 022: Put up some post first draft.

{{Short description|Officer of the Indian Air Force}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air marshal|Air Marshal]]
| name = Jeetendra Mishra
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|SYSM|AVSM|VSM}}
| image = Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra AVSM VSM.png
| image_size = 230px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Western Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Air Command]]
| term_start = 1 January 2025
| term_end = 30 April 2026
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Pankaj Mohan Sinha]]
| successor =
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| nickname =
| birth_place =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| service_years = 6 December 1986 – 30 April 2026
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air marshal|Air Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 18575<ref>https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/18575</ref>
| unit =
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Western Air Command.png|17px]] [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
* Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment
* [[Pathankot Airport|18 Wing]]
* [[Bareilly Airport|15 Wing]]
* [[MiG Operational Flying Training Unit|MOFTU]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater =
}}

[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Jeetendra Mishra,''' [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal|SYSM]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[air officer]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He served as the [[Western Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Air Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delhi |first=PIB |date=1 January 2025 |title=AIR MARSHAL JEETENDRA MISHRA ASSUMES COMMAND OF IAF'S WESTERN AIR COMMAND |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089242&reg=3&lang=2 |website=PIB}}</ref> He previously served as the Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Ops),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 Dec 2023 |title=Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra, VSM assumed the appointment of Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (OPS) at HQ IDS on 05 Dec 23 |url=https://x.com/HQ_IDS_India/status/1732666609012211745?s=20 |access-date=23 Dec 2025 |website=X}}</ref> prior to that he was Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Doctrine, Organisation and Training) at the [[Integrated Defence Staff]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=Jan 9, 2023 |title=On assuming appointment of DCIDS (DOT), HQ IDS, Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra, VSM laid wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti & paid homage to Bravehearts at National War Memorial. Honouring valiant action of fallen heroes, he quoted that their sacrifice will continue to inspire generations |url=https://x.com/salute2soldier/status/1612451281909731328?s=20 |website=X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
The [[Air officer]] is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla and the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Dundigal. He is also an alumnus of the [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School|Air Force Test Pilots School]], the [[Air Command and Staff College]], [[Montgomery, Alabama]] and the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal College of Defence Studies, Indian Air Force - Database |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/RCDS%20UK |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Military career ==
He was commissioned into the fighter stream of the [[Indian Air Force]] on 6 December 1986 from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=138 Course IAF |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/courses/courselist.php?qunit=138 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> In a career spanning over 38 years, he has over 3000 hours of flying experience and has flown more than 18 types of fighter & transport aircraft and helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Details of Leader |url=https://ids.nic.in/content/Leaders/CfDJ8Jz3bf4p_JtLpbMk1qIAOnQXqdnmA6lUITkv530XGu4jgYSc7oHCwdV78l5aLU1DjJYHSvWhLYRRAV8r7OQsxcKrapPZGmJUWzHFeyESJv8_TR2hRfA7LU31ZU_VeQJVww}}</ref> He is a highly experienced fighter pilot, a fighter combat leader and an experimental test pilot and has held instructional & staff appointments. As a [[Squadron leader|Squadron Leader]], he was a part of the team that operationalized [[Laser-guided bomb]]s on the [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] aircraft at the start of the [[Kargil War|Kargil war]] which were then used during the famous attacks on [[Tiger Hill (Kargil)|Tiger Hill]] and Muntho Dhalo during [[Operation Safed Sagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livefist |first=Team |title=IAF Reveals What It Took To Bomb Tiger Hill - Livefist |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/iaf-reveals-what-it-took-to-bomb-tiger-hill/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www.livefistdefence.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref> The Air Marshal's operational tenures include being the Commanding Officer of a fighter squadron in the Eastern Sector and being chief test pilot at the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (Nasik Division) in the ranks of a [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Test Pilot Appointments at Hindustan Aeronatics Limited (Nasik Division) |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/HAL%20(Nasik) |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> As a [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]], he served as the Chief Test Pilot at the Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Test Pilot Appointments at Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/ASTE |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> and as the Director (Operational Planning and Assessment Group) at Air Headquarters, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dte:Ops Strat, Air HQ, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/STRA%20AHQ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> In Jun 2010, he was also selected to lead the Indian Air Force contingent for multinational air exercise Garuda IV in France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-07 |title=IAF Contingent For Indo-French Exercise Garuda Flagged Off - Livefist |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/iaf-contingent-for-exercise-garuda/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.livefistdefence.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref>

As an [[Air commodore|Air Commodore]], he commanded the [[Bareilly|15 Wing]] (AFS, Bareilly) and [[Pathankot Airport|18 Wing]] (AFS, Pathankot). Later, he held the appointment of [[Air Cmde]] (Air Staff Requirements) at Air Headquarters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Air Head Quarters, Indian Air Force - Database |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/AirHQ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> As [[Air vice-marshal|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Projects) <ref name=":1" /> at Air Headquarters and as the [[Commandant]] of [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School|Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commandants of Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment, Indian Air Force |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/ASTE |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

After being promoted to the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]], on 9 January 2023 he assumed the appointment of Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Doctrine, Organisation and Training) at the [[Integrated Defence Staff]].<ref name=":2" /> Later, on 5 December 2023 he assumed the appointment of Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations).<ref name=":0" /> On 1 January 2025, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Jeetendra Mishra took over as the [[Western Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Air Command]] succeeding [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Pankaj Mohan Sinha]] who superannuated on 31 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra assumes command of IAF's Western Air Command |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/air-marshal-jeetendra-mishra-assumes-command-of-iafs-western-air-command-on-new-year/articleshow/116857445.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
During his career, the air marshal has been awarded the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] on Independence Day 2025 for his role during [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref> the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous |url=http://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1999669 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=359 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91831 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104172820/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91831 |archive-date=2025-01-04 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|Colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|width=106|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg}} {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|Colspan=2|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Dates of ranks ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1a.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Pilot Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|6 December 1986<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Service Record of Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra 18575 F(P) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/18575 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1b.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flying officer|Flying Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|6 December 1987<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-2.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flight Lieutenant]]
|Indian Air Force
|6 December 1991<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-3.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Squadron Leader]]
|Indian Air Force
|6 December 1997<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-4.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|Indian Air Force
|5 May 2003<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-5.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Group Captain]]
|Indian Air Force
|2 March 2009<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-6.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
|Indian Air Force
|17 June 2013<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-7.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|11 June 2019<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-8.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 January 2023 (AOC-in-C from 1 January 2025)<ref name=":3" />
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Western Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Air Command]]
| years = 1 January 2025 – 30 April 2026
| before = [[Pankaj Mohan Sinha]]
| after = [[George Thomas (air marshal)|George Thomas]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = DCIDS (Ops) [[Integrated Defence Staff]]
| years = 5 December 2023 – 31 December 2024
| before = [[Sanjay Vatsayan]]
| after = Rakesh Sinha
}}
{{Succession box
| title = DCID (DOT) [[Integrated Defence Staff]]
| years = 9 January 2023 – 4 December 2023
| before = Sandesh Prabhakar Wagle
| after = [[Vipul Shinghal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Jeetendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]

Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T05:02:40Z

Cinehub 022: Put up basic data nd citations

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaynagar {{Small|WB-19}}
| type = LS
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Jaynagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jaynagar Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1962–present
| reservation = SC
| assembly_cons = [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]] [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]] [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]] [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]] [[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim]] [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]] [[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba]]
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Pratima Mondal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 1,645,203<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date= 6 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency''' or '''Joynagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven legislative assembly segments of No. 19 Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency are in [[South 24 Parganas]] district. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. '''Jaynagar''', 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] regarding the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in [[West Bengal]], the Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments from 2009:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-11-15 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|127
|[[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" |[[South 24 Parganas]]
|Bikarna Naskar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|128
|[[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]] (SC)
|Nilima Mistry Bishal
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|129
|[[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]] (SC)
|[[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]]
|-
|136
|[[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]] (SC)
|[[Biswanath Das]]
|-
|138
|[[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim]] (SC)
|[[Paresh Ram Das]]
|-
|139
|[[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
|Md. Baharul Isalam
|-
|141
|[[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba]] (SC)
|Sharmistha Purkait
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962–1967||[[Paresh Nath Kayal]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967–1971||Chitta Roy||{{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203524/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name=indianexpress/>
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971–1977||rowspan=2|[[Sakti Kumar Sarkar]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195218/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977–1980||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980–1984||rowspan=8|[[Sanat Kumar Mandal]]||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|dab=yes|rowspan=8}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984–1989
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989–1991
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991–1996
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996–1998
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998–1999
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999–2004
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004–2009
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009–2014||[[Tarun Mandal]]||{{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014–2019||rowspan=3|[[Pratima Mondal]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019–2024
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024–''Incumbent''
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Jaynagar<ref name="Jaynagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Jaynagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jaynagar |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712062604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jaynagar |archivedate=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jaynagar">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jaynagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2519.htm |accessdate=12 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712062611/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2519.htm |archivedate=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Pratima Mondal]]
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes= 894,312
|percentage= 60.32
|change={{increase}}4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Kandari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 424,093
|percentage = 28.60
|change ={{decrease}}4.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Meghnath Halder
|party=Indian Secular Front
|votes=65,372
|percentage=4.41
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Samarendra Nath Mandal
|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes=40,113
|percentage=2.71
|change={{decrease}}2.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Niranjan Naskar|votes=14,622|percentage=0.99|change={{decrease}}1.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,788
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =470,219
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,482,631
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Jaynagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pratima Mondal]]
|party =
Trinamool Congress
|votes = 761,206
|percentage = 56.13
|change = +14.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Kandari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 444,427
|percentage = 32.77
|change = +23.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhas Naskar]]
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 67,913
|percentage = 5.01
|change = -27.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Joy Krishna Halder]]
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 38,261
|percentage = 2.82
|change = -7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tapan Mondal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,758
|percentage = 1.38
|change = -2.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 316,775
|percentage = 23.36
|change = 14.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,356,386
|percentage = 82.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: Jaynagar<ref name=loksabha2014/><ref>CEO West Bengal. ''[http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/Form_7A/Phase%205/Form_7A_19_Jaynagar.pdf Form 7A - 19 Jaynagar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185817/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/Form_7A/Phase%205/Form_7A_19_Jaynagar.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}''</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pratima Mondal]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,94,746
|percentage = 41.71
|change = +41.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhas Naskar]]
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 3,86,362
|percentage = 32.58
|change = -10.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Tarun Mandal]]
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 1,17,454
|percentage = 9.90
|change = -38.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishnapada Majumdar
|votes = 1,13,206
|percentage = 9.54
|change = +6.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arnab Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 38,493
|percentage = 3.25
|change = +3.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Taranga Mondal
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 13,333
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of The Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,819
|percentage = 0.60
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,08,384
|percentage = 9.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,89,048
|percentage = 81.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]:Jaynagar<ref name=loksabha2009/><ref name=indianexpress>{{cite web | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/at-joynagar-suci-banks-on-a-doctor/437239/1 | title = At Joynagar, SUCI banks on a doctor | access-date = 2009-05-25 | publisher = Indian Express, 29 March 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = [[Tarun Mandal]]
|votes = 4,46,200
|percentage = 48.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Nimai Barman
|votes = 3,92,495
|percentage = 42.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nirode Chandra Halder
|votes = 24,608
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Taranga Mondal
|votes = 17,087
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Shyamal Naskar
|votes = 10,809
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 53,705
|percentage = 5.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,15,836
|percentage = 80.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]] West Bengal summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

===General Elections 1962–2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|
|
!Runners up
|
|
|-
|
|
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1962
|297,962
|55.98
|[[Paresh Nath Kayal]]
|53.28
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sailendra Nath Haldar]]
|46.72
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|373,749
|71.07
|[[Chitta Roy]]
|43.95
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|[[Paresh Nath Kayal]]
|35.84
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967/><ref name=indianexpress/>
|-
|1971
|393,696
|70.16
| rowspan="10" |[[Sakti Kumar Sarkar]]
|41.61
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Nirmal Kumar Sinha]]
|22.18
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|380,210
|60.73
|48.92
|[[Janata Party ]]
|[[Nirmal Kanti Mondal]]
|32.49
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|528,330
|75.97
|45.72
| rowspan="8" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
|[[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
|36.32
|-
|1984
|611,190
|80.11
|44.17
|[[Ardhendu Sekhar Naskar]]
|40.76
|-
|1989
|758,240
|81.34
|45.35
|[[Ardhendu Sekhar Naskar]]
|36.78
|-
|1991
|754,350
|78.88
|46.01
|[[Narayan Naskar]]
|28.02
|-
|1996
|894.59
|84.11
|48.17
|[[Jogesh Roy]]
|31.60
|-
|1998
|858,360
|77.98
|48.48
|[[Krishnapada Majumdar]]
|27.49
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|815.92
|73.05
|49.39
|[[Krishnapada Majumdar]]
|34.80
|-
|2004
|807,320
|71.01
|55.81
|[[Asit Baran Thakur]]
|27.22
|}

==See also==
* [[Jaynagar Majilpur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/jaynagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Jaynagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.1751965|N|88.4200762|E|display=title|region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaynagar Majilpur]]

Sunanda Pawar

2026-04-30T02:56:48Z

Cinehub 022: adding new data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian women's rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Sunanda Pawar.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|31|df=y}}
| occupation = Farmer
| organization = Agricultural Development Trust (ADT), Baramati, Pune (India)
| known_for = Social activism
| notable_works = Bhimthadi Jatra
| title = Trustee of Agricultural Development Trust (ADT), Baramati
| spouse = Rajendra Dinkarrao alias Appasaheb Pawar
| children = 1. [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]], 2. Saee Pawar-Negi
| website = https://bhimthadijatra.com, https://agridevelopmenttrustbaramati.org
}}
'''Sunanda Rajendra Pawar''', popularly known as Sunandatai, is an Indian women's rights activist and part of the [[Political families of Maharashtra|Pawar political family]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guest Speakers |url=http://www.lmad.in/speakers.php |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.lmad.in}}</ref> She is a trustee of the Agricultural Development Trust in [[Baramati]], [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khyade |first1=Vitthalrao B. |last2=Pawar |first2=Sunanda Rajendra |last3=Borowski |first3=Jerzy |date=2016 |title=Physical, nutritional and biochemical status of vermiwash produced by two earthworm species Lampito mauritii (L) and Eudrillus eugeniae (L). |url=https://www.infona.pl//resource/bwmeta1.element.psjd-aad2179e-43b2-45a8-843b-1f0f654839f0 |journal=World Scientific News |language=English |issue=42 |pages=228–255 |issn=2392-2192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nimbalkar |first=Dr Mohan R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAtECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |title=Stress and Personality for Working and Non-Working Women |date=17 December 2015 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-329-76877-2 |language=en}}</ref> She is the mother of [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]], a [[Member Of Legislative Assembly|member]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karjat Jamkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat-Jamkhed]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-09 |title=Sharad Pawar's grandnephew Rohit Pawar to contest Zilla Parishad elections, says he wants to do social work at grassroots level |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/sharad-pawars-grandnephew-rohit-pawar-to-contest-zilla/cid5232513.htm |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=punemirror.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=महाराष्ट्राची आधुनिक सावित्री 'सुनंदा पवार' {{!}} Jamkhed Times |url=https://www.jamkhedtimes.com/hou-de-charcha/maharashtras-modern-savitri-sunanda-pawar/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Pawar was born to Mohanrao Namdevrao Bhapkar and Savitribai Mohanrao Bhapkar in [[Baramati]], [[Maharashtra]] on 31 May 1959. She completed her Primary education at Khatalpatta Z.P. School, her Secondary education at Mahatma Gandhi Balak Mandir, [[Baramati]] and her Junior education at Chhatrapati Vidyalaya Bhavaninagar, [[Indapur]]. She graduated in 'Economics Studies' from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]] in 1980 and later married Rajendra Pawar. The couple has two children, one daughter and one son. She is the mother of [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]], who is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Karjat-Jamkhed.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Social Activities ==
[[File:Folk dance by tribe 02.jpg|thumb|Folk dance by tribe at Bhimthadi Jatra]]

=== Bhimthadi Jatra ===
Pawar has organized an annual carnival called Bhimthadi Jatra since 2008. The week-long event showcases the art, culture, and foot of rural Maharashtra and was founded to promote women's empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=23 Dec 2021 |title=Bhimthadi Jatra returns after 2 years with 230 stalls {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bhimthadi-jatra-returns-after-2-years-with-230-stalls/articleshow/88440751.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pandit |first1=Shiladitya |date=December 19, 2021 |title=Bhimthadi Jatra back after 2 yrs with 200 exhibitors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bhimthadi-jatra-back-after-2-yrs-with-200-exhibitors/articleshow/88364734.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-14 |title=13th edition of Bhimthadi Jatra to focus on 'recycle, reuse and sustain' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/13th-edition-of-bhimthadi-jatra-to-focus-on-recycle-reuse-and-sustain/story-huuzrq3tuGuSBkpBuxE0wN.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sobti ===
Pawar's "Sobti" program was founded by Pawar to spread menstrual awareness and increase rural women's access to menstrual products. Since its founding the program has reached over 55,000 college-aged women in rural India.<ref>{{Cite web |title='सोबती'चा लाखाचा टप्पा पार |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/sobati-sanitary-napkin-170748 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=12 February 2019 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Help Rural India {{!}} Social Work for rural India |url=https://helpruralindia.com/initiative.aspx?id=2 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=helpruralindia.com}}</ref>

=== Water conservation ===
Pawar has chaired committees dedicated to water conservation work in rural Maharashtra. These committees and initiatives have improved groundwater levels and increased access to water in drought-stricken regions of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spirit of competition turns barren Pune village into green |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/spirit-of-competition-turns-barren-pune-village-into-green |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जलसंधारणाच्या कामासाठी लोकसहभागाची चळवळ होणे गरजेचे - सुनंदा पवार |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/people-participation-should-be-movement-water-conservation-110418 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=17 April 2018 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

=== Police training for women ===
Pawar leads an initiative to recruit women police officers and provide scholarships for their training. Since the founding of this initiative, over 600 women have become police officers in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बारामतीच्या २५ मुलींची पोलिस शिपाई पदावर नियुक्ती |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/appointment-of-25-girls-from-baramati-to-the-post-of-police-peon-success-motivation-pjp78 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=10 March 2022 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=अकरा वर्षांच्या संसारानंतर तिने घर सावरण्यासाठी कंबर कसली.. सुनंदाताईंची एक भेट तिचे सारे आयुष्य बदलणारी ठरली..! आज ती म्हणाली.. मैं हूॅं खुश रंग 'हिना'..! - Maha News Live |url=https://mahanews.live/31450/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=mahanews.live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian women farmers]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People from Baramati]]
[[Category:21st-century women farmers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]

R. M. Lala

2026-04-30T00:46:54Z

Cinehub 022: Adding Some Stub First Draft

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Russi M. Lala''' (22 August 1928 – 19 October 2012) was an Indian author, editor, and publisher known for his chronicles of the [[Tata family|Tata]]s. When he was 19, he entered the profession of [[book publishing]] in 1951. From 1959 to 1963, he established the first publishing house from [[India]] in [[London]], 1959.

==Family and Education==
Russi M. Lala, graduated with History Honours from [[Bombay University]]. Journalism was his passion from his childhood. In his 'early years', he was fond of his father, Maneckshaw P. Lala, from whom he acquired an abiding love for [[literature]]. "The urge for expression marks the beginning of writing" says Mr Lala in his autobiography.[1] It was this urge that made him write letters to newspapers during his teens – about topics ranging from cruelty to animals, to [[Gandhi]], and Roosevelt.

==Biography==
Russi M.Lala joined the Tata group in 1974, and he retired in 2003 as director of the [[Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]]. During his association with the Tata group he authored a number of books celebrating the Tata heritage. R.M.Lala's books have been translated into other languages, including Japanese.

==Turning point==
Heading the first Indian book publishing house in London was a turning point for Mr. Lala. It was here that he got a deeper understanding of Moral Re-Armament (MRA), subsequently renamed as Initiatives of Change, besides life and human nature. The discipline of an early morning 'quiet time' that the author calls 'the secret of life' was shaped during this period.
Editor of the journal 'Himmat Weekly', was co founded with [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] by Russi in 1964, and managed it successfully for the next decade.

==Positions held in Tata's==
* Russi Lala was also the Director of Tata's premier Foundation,
* The Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for 18 years.
* Co-founder of the Centre for Advancement of Philanthropy. (CAP) Since 1993, he has been its Chairman.
* CAP, was founded to enable people to build trusts for any specific purpose of their choice. It gives free consultancy services to NGOs regarding registration, taxexemptions, finance and management. It also makes periodic representations to government on behalf of the philanthropic sector.[4]{{Clarify|date=September 2017}}
* CAP has played a facilitative role in introducing, for the first time in India, a 'Certificate Programm in Resource Mobilization & Management (CPRMM)' at the S.P. Jain Institute of Management Studies. Technical input for this one-year course is being provided by the U.K.-based 'Resource Alliance', of which the Chief Executive of CAP, Mr. Dadrawala was earlier a board member.[5]{{Clarify|date=September 2017}}

===Severe health problems===
The author's faith and purpose have seen him weather severe challenges to health. Cancer of the lymph nodes was first detected in 1989. He had to undergo [[chemotherapy]], which he refers to as one of the most violent forms of treatment. "It is essential to recognize that life is larger than cancer" Lala states in his autobiography, adding that to confront any crisis, "we have to marshal our inner resources of strength." Some of his most creative works have come after his epic battle with cancer. The updated version of "The Creation of Wealth" was followed by [[Jamsetji Tata]]'s biography "For the Love of India". Within six weeks of bypass surgery "In Search of Ethical Leadership" was launched. "Celebration of the Cells" is a detailed account by R.M.Lala written in the form of letters to prepare a friend who is also diagnosed with cancer. A free copy of [[Ebook|e-book]] of "Celebration of the Cells" is available on Mr Lala's own website.[2]{{Clarify|date=September 2017}}

==Books by R.M. Lala==
* The Creation of Wealth - The Tatas from the 19th to 21st century; 1st published in 1981; was a bestseller, {{ISBN|978-0-14-306224-0}}
* The Heartbeat of a Trust - The story of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust; 1st published in 1984; {{ISBN|0-07-463246-9}}
* In Search of Ethical Leadership - Includes Business Ethics of J.R.D. Tata; 1st published in 1986; {{ISBN|978-81-7094-631-1}}
* Beyond the Last Blue Mountain - A Life of J.R.D. Tata; 1st published in 1992 was a bestseller; {{ISBN|978-0-14-016901-0}}
* The Joy of Achievement - Conversations with J.R.D. Tata; 1st published in 1995; {{ISBN|978-0-14-025064-0}}
* Celebrations of the Cells - Letters from a Cancer Survivor; 1st published in 1999; {{ISBN|0-670-88561-4}}
* A Touch of Greatness - Encounters with the Eminent; 1st published in 2001; {{ISBN|9780141005195}}
* For the Love of India - The Life and Times of Jamsetji; 1st published in 2004; {{ISBN|978-0-14-306206-6}}
* The Romance of Tata Steel; 1st published in 2007; {{ISBN|9780670081462}} <ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/ramashankar1985/the-romance-of-tata-steel The romance of Tata steel]</ref>
* The Thread of God in my Life - An autobiography with a difference; 1st published in 2009; {{ISBN|978-0-670-08268-1}}
* Finding a purpose in life - 26 People Who Inspired the World; 1st published in 2009; {{ISBN|978-81-7223-856-8}}
* Widening the Circle - The Art of Effective Giving; 1st published in 2011; {{ISBN|978-93-5029-172-6}}

==Post retirement==
Post retirement R.M.Lala has been involved in giving talks on the role of purpose in life, leadership, and cancer. He has been associated with [[Moral Re-Armament]], an organisation based in Panchgani. He is also on the board for Bombay Community Public Trust and [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]].[3]{{Clarify|date=September 2017}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rmlala.in/books 'About Russi M. Lala's official website']
* [http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/node/114.html Penguin books-Author Profile of R.M.Lala]
* [https://www.eastsidebookshop.com/ PLR Book Seller]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lala, Russi}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Digras Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T10:22:32Z

Cinehub 022: Added First Stub V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Digras
| constituency_no = 79
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 79-Digras.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal-Washim]]
| district = [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sanjay Rathod]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =346,058
}}
'''Digras Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the seven which are located in the [[Yavatmal district]].

It is a segment of the [[Yavatmal-Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)]] with adjoining [[Washim district]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. [[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim (SC)]], [[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]], [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon (ST)]], [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal (ST)]] and [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digras Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/digras.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Alihasan Mamdani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2"| Madhaorao Baburao Mahindre (Patil)
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. D. Mahindre (Patil)
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2"| Nanabhau Yembadwar
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Nanasaheb Tajane
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Pratapsing Ade
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Shrikant Munginwar
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sanjay Deshmukh]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Sanjay Rathod]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Rathod|Sanjay Dulichand Rathod]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 143,115 |percentage = 54.55% |change = {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manikrao Thakre|Manikrao Govindrao Thakre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 114,340 |percentage = 43.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Najukrao Udebhanji Dhande |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,985 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,514 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,775 |percentage = 10.97% |change = {{decrease}}17.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 263,863 |percentage = 76.25% |change = {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 262,349}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 346,058 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Rathod|Sanjay Dulichand Rathod]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 136,824 |percentage = 60.89% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[ Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh]]|party = Independent politician |votes = 73,217 |percentage = 32.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tarik Sahir Lokhandwala |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,205 |percentage = 2.76% |change = {{decrease}}17.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Shehjad Samiulla Khan |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,077 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devrao Ramnath Masal |party = Baliraja Party |votes = 1,811 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,083 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 63,607 |percentage = 28.31% |change = {{decrease}}11.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 226,259 |percentage = 70.05% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 224,693}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,980 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Rathod|Sanjay Dulichand Rathod]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 121,216 |percentage = 60.45% |change = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Vishvasrao Ghuikhedkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,352 |percentage = 20.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devanand Narsing Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,807 |percentage = 9.38% |change = {{decrease}}16.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajay Jagatnarayan Dube |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,902 |percentage = 5.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Govindrao Bhoyar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,273 |percentage = 1.63% |change = {{decrease}}13.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Marotrao Raut |party = Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,947 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,185 |percentage = 0.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 79,864 |percentage = 39.83% |change = {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,701 |percentage = 68.13% |change = {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,059 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Rathod|Sanjay Dulichand Rathod]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 104,134 |percentage = 54.13% |change = {{increase}}27.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[ Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,989 |percentage = 25.98% |change = {{increase}}21.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khwaja Baig Mirza |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 29,319 |percentage = 15.24% |change = {{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Sadashiv Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,828 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alamkhan Hajimiyakhan Pathan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,491 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Madhav Bhoju |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shere Motilal Ramji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,275 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,145 |percentage = 28.14% |change = {{increase}}26.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,603 |percentage = 72.28% |change = {{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,460 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}25.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Deshmukh|Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 42,991 |percentage = 28.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shreekant Alias Balasaheb Munginwar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 40,473 |percentage = 26.56% |change = {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khwaja Baig Mirza |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,665 |percentage = 20.13% |change = {{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Ratnabai Pratapsing |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,187 |percentage = 7.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Ramji Bhavsing |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,986 |percentage = 5.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sau Sumantai Baliram Rathod |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,152 |percentage = 4.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramrao Marotrao Raut Patil |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 4,903 |percentage = 3.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Dulsing Kisan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,592 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,518 |percentage = 1.65% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,397 |percentage = 75.54% |change = {{increase}}9.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,360}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,735 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Deshmukh|Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,415 |percentage = 25.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khawaja Mastan Baig |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,289 |percentage = 25.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Alias Balubhau Munginwar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 23,110 |percentage = 21.99% |change = {{decrease}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Jadhav |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 16,751 |percentage = 15.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Pratap Lalsingh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,964 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhopidas Chimna Rathod |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 3,397 |percentage = 3.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Sudhakar Bablaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Bokse Patil |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra) |votes = 1,275 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 126 |percentage = 0.12% |change = {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,340 |percentage = 65.74% |change = {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,100}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,921 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}8.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Munginwar Shrikant Wamanrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 43,392 |percentage = 33.55% |change = {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Pratap Lalsing |party = Janata Dal |votes = 31,875 |percentage = 24.65% |change = {{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Pratapsing Ramsing |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,574 |percentage = 18.23% |change = {{decrease}}28.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bokse Pralhadrao Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,429 |percentage = 3.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Ramraoji Gawande (Patil) |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,151 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Alias Vinod Tulsiramji Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,133 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harising Alias Haribhau Rathod |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,821 |percentage = 2.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Vithalrao Rodbaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,708 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,517 |percentage = 8.91% |change = {{decrease}}13.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,955 |percentage = 73.19% |change = {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,319}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,288 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Pratapsing Ramsing |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,964 |percentage = 47.13% |change = {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upganlawar Yeshwant Wasudeo |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 24,123 |percentage = 24.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wankhade Chandrakant Vithalrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 15,675 |percentage = 16.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Praplasing |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,342 |percentage = 7.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishwarrao Bhaurrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,670 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,841 |percentage = 22.39% |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,155 |percentage = 63.32% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,534}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,586 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tajane Manasaheb Suryabhanji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,416 |percentage = 43.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Vilasrao Krushanarao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 23,632 |percentage = 30.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durgadas Kisandas Rathode Alias Maharaj |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,569 |percentage = 17.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harichand Bhasu Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,911 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Deorao Pawale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,308 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundhe Induwar Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 690 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,784 |percentage = 12.66% |change = {{decrease}}34.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,607 |percentage = 61.95% |change = {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,302}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,884 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}29.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Embadwar Nanabhau Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 47,478 |percentage = 72.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Vilas Krishnarao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 16,789 |percentage = 25.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Buchake Govindrao Punjaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 937 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,689 |percentage = 47.07% |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,096 |percentage = 58.02% |change = {{decrease}}20.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,204}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,926 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Embadwar Nanabhau Narayanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 49,051 |percentage = 59.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Modhe Shiwaji Shioram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,846 |percentage = 19.22% |change = {{decrease}}27.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Pratapsing Ramsing |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,664 |percentage = 16.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Solanke Marotrao Timaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,221 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmawar Rambhau Ramkrushna |party = Independent politician |votes = 679 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamanakar Haribhau Keshaorao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 636 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pande Shriram Gunaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 580 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,205 |percentage = 40.27% |change = {{increase}}35.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,205 |percentage = 78.46% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,464}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,321 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,753 |percentage = 46.35% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanabhau Patil N. Narayan |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 30,269 |percentage = 41.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawande Bhimrao Deorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,103 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirsat Sahebrao Kisanrao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,033 |percentage = 2.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ch Shioram Dattatraya |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,347 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chiddarwar V. Pandharinath |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,305 |percentage = 1.79% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Turabkha Rustamkha |party = Independent politician |votes = 768 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Ashok Amrutrao |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 587 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,484 |percentage = 4.78% |change = {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,913 |percentage = 72.83% |change = {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,825}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,857 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Mahindre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,164 |percentage = 42.29% |change = {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Jamankar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 21,425 |percentage = 34.63% |change = {{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Pande |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,063 |percentage = 14.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Todasam |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,728 |percentage = 6.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. Chavan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Babar |party = Independent politician |votes = 399 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,739 |percentage = 7.66% |change = {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,003 |percentage = 75.24% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,870}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,052 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao Baburao Mahindre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,660 |percentage = 46.03% |change = {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao Punjaji Buchake |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,668 |percentage = 42.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ziauddin Syed Ishgaque Syed |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,084 |percentage = 9.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Narayan Chavan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,162 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,992 |percentage = 3.72% |change = {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,541 |percentage = 78.80% |change = {{increase}}14.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,021 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao Baburao Mahindre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,248 |percentage = 57.08% |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Buchake Govindrao Punjaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,728 |percentage = 42.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,520 |percentage = 14.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,976 |percentage = 64.63% |change = {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,976}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,308 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Digras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Alihasan Jiwabhai Mamdani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,883 |percentage = 47.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Punjaji Buchake |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 7,660 |percentage = 28.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabrao Dattaram Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,924 |percentage = 14.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nana Dada Solke |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,410 |percentage = 8.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,223 |percentage = 19.43% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,877 |percentage = 52.76% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,877}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,941 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Digras]]
*[[Darwha]]
*[[Ner Parsopant]]

==Notes==
<references/>

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.10|77.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Angadia

2026-04-17T21:40:43Z

Cinehub 022: starting first article v1

{{Short description|Traditional Indian banking system}}
{{Financial market participants}}

'''Angadia''' is a traditional [[banking system]] that has been prevalent in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. Angadia refers to a trusted network of individuals who specialize in the secure transportation of valuable goods, including cash, jewelry, and important documents.<ref name="Indian Express"/> It originated in the state of [[Gujarat]]. Angadia services facilitate trade and commerce in the region.<ref name="Indian Express"/> In exchange for their services, they charge a nominal fee. The system relies on a network of couriers, known as Angadias, who operate with utmost integrity and trustworthiness.<ref name="Mint"/> The Angadia system is legal in India.<ref name="Express"/>

The business of angadias generally involves people from the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Marwari people]], and [[Malbars|Malbari]] communities.<ref name="Express">{{Cite news |last=Thaver |first=Mohamed |title=Who are Angadias? |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=23 Feb 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-angadias-7786519/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221122183823/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-angadias-7786519/#selection-917.333-917.483 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2022}} [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-angadias-7786519/ Alt URL]</ref>

== History ==
Historically, Angadias were primarily employed by merchants, businesses, and individuals who required a secure means of transferring funds or valuable assets.

Traditionally, Angadias operated on a cash-based system, providing a reliable and confidential mode of transferring money. This made them particularly valuable in a society where formal banking services were not easily accessible or lacked the level of trust required for high-value transactions.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

Angadias can be classified into distinct groups based on their specialized services. One category is dedicated to serving diamond traders, facilitating the transportation of rough and uncut diamonds from Gujarat to Mumbai's export houses. Another category focuses on the safe transportation of gold and silver. A third category assumes the responsibility of securely delivering substantial amounts of currency and diverse goods to and from [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite news |last=Saiyed |first=Kamaal |author2=Srinath Rao |title=The gold hush |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 Jul 2013 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-gold-hush/1138515/0}}</ref>

Prior to the late 1980s, Angadias used to travel with their consignments on horse carriages to [[Mumbai Central railway station]]. Due to security concerns and attacks by criminal gangs, they now receive police escort with two police vans accompanying them. Delivery personnel from different companies often travel together for safety reasons.<ref name="Indian Express"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=The secretive world of angadias |work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |date=5 Jul 2013 |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-secretive-world-of-angadias/20130705.htm}}</ref>

== Operations ==
The Angadia system operates on a strong foundation of trust and close-knit relationships. Clients entrust their valuables to the Angadia couriers, who meticulously handle and transport the goods with the highest level of security. These couriers are known for their discretion, professionalism, and dedication to delivering the entrusted items safely and promptly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |title=Angadias are trusted unofficial couriers |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=15 Mar 2015 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/465603/angadias-trusted-unofficial-couriers.html}}</ref>

In recent years, the Angadia system has faced some challenges due to increased regulatory scrutiny and the emergence of formal banking channels. However, it continues to thrive in certain sectors and regions where the need for secure and confidential financial services remains high.

Angadias transports high-value goods and cash between [[Mumbai]] and [[Gujarat]] on a daily basis. It is estimated that these individuals handle several hundred crore rupees worth of goods and cash in their operations. Various estimates suggest that the combined value of goods and cash transported by Angadias annually ranges between ₹70,000 crore and ₹1 trillion.<ref name="Mint">{{Cite news |last=Gadgil |first=Makarand |author2=Khushboo Narayan |title=Hauling cash: the secret world of angadias |newspaper=[[LiveMint|Livemint]] |date=4 Jul 2013 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PuMeIfmJcaSodRGx20A0BP/Hauling-cash-the-secret-world-of-angadias.html}}</ref>

As of 2017, Approximately 200 angadias operate in Mumbai, while an additional 200 can be found in cities like [[Ahmedabad]], [[Rajkot]], [[Surat]], and [[Vadodara|Baroda]]. They primarily conduct their operations in areas such as [[Bhuleshwar]], [[Opera House, Mumbai|Opera House]], and [[Zaveri Bazaar]] in [[South Mumbai]], as well as in northern suburbs like [[Malad]], [[Borivali|Borivli]], and [[Ghatkopar]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Vicky |title=Who are the Angadias and how do they operate |work=[[Oneindia]] |date=26 Sep 2017 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/who-are-the-angadias-and-how-do-they-operate-2551032.html?story=3}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Informal value transfer systems]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]

Gowaal Kagada Padavi

2026-04-16T19:07:06Z

Cinehub 022:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gowaal Kagada Padavi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|08|22}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| office = [[Loksabha|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]]
| term_start = June 2024
| predecessor = [[Heena Gavit]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| father = [[Kagda Chandya Padvi]]
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] ([[ Master of Laws|LLM]])
| occupation = [[Advocate]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Gowaal Kagada Padavi''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nandurbar (ST) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Heena Vijaykumar Gavit vs Cong's Gowaal Kagada Padavi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nandurbar-st-election-results-2024-maharashtra-nandurbar-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-heena-vijaykumar-gavit-bjp-gowaal-kagada-padavi-cong/articleshow/110673726.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nandurbar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nandurbar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917213.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Padavi was elected in 2024 as a Member of Parliament from [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-06-04 |title=Nandurbar Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Congress's Gowaal Kagada Padavi Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/nandurbar-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-maharashtra-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> He defeated [[Heena Gavit]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] by a margin over 159120 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nandurbar, Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC Secures Victory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/nandurbar-maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547807-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Abrar Ahmed (Samajwadi politician)

2026-04-14T13:51:52Z

Cinehub 022: starting initial info needs work

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abrar Ahmed
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|08|11}}
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Ajmatulnisha
| parents = Late Rafaatullah
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| children = 1 Boy & 1 Girl
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| alma_mater =
| source = http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20105
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2022
| constituency = [[Isauli Assembly constituency|Isauli]]
| successor = [[Mohammad Tahir Khan]]
}}

'''Abrar Ahmed''' (born 11 August 1950) is an Indian politician representing the [[Samajwadi Party]], being a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Isauli Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425235209/https://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20105|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2023|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info|website=www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3852|title=Abrar Ahmad(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- ISAULI(SULTANPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/isauli/|title=2017 Isauli - Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/sultanpur-news/simple-and-straightforward-abrar-ahmed-style-changed-after-winning-mla-election-1350031/|title=इसौली विधायक का फर्श से अर्श तक का सफ़र|website=www.patrika.com|language=hindi|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Abrar}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Barjora Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:10Z

Cinehub 022: starting new entry w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barjora
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Barjora.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Barjora Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Alok Mukherjee]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| constituency_no = 253
| established = 1951
| electors = 203,550
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Barjora Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 253 Barjora Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Barjora (Community development block)|Barjora]] [[community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Bhaktabandh, Gangajalghati, Gobindadham, Kapista, Nityanandapur and Piraboni [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2011-04-03 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Barjora Assembly constituency is part of No. 37 [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| - class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! Party affiliation
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Alok Mukherjee (politician)|Alok Mukherjee]]
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Sujit Chakraborty]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Asutosh Mukherjee
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Susmita Biswas]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Susmita Biswas]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Susmita Biswas]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Jayasri Mitra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Jayasri Mitra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[Lalbihari Bhattacharya]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Aswini Kumar Raj
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sudhansu Sekhar Tewary
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Aswini Kumar Raj
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Aswini Kumar Raj
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|A.Chatterje
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pramatha Ghosh
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| colspan="2" |''No Seat''
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Prafulla Chandra Roy
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Barjora}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sujit Chakraborty]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Barjora}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Alok Mukherjee (politician) | Alok Mukherjee]]
|votes = 93,290
|percentage = 42.51
|change = -0.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Supriti Chatterjee|votes=90,021|percentage=41.02|change=+33.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Sujit Chakraborty]]|votes=25,235|percentage=11.50|change=-31.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=4,903|percentage=2.23|change=+0.11}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tarani Roy
|votes = 2,081
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyam Bauri
|votes = 1,391
|percentage = 0.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Bablu Gorai|votes=1,371|percentage=0.62|change=-0.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Sudarshan Adhikari|votes=1,160|percentage=0.53|change=-0.65}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3,269|percentage=1.49|change=+1.18}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=219,452|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Barjora}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Sujit Chakraborty]]|votes=86,873|percentage=43.42|change=+0.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Soham Chakraborty]]|votes=86,257|percentage=43.11|change=-4.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sujit Agasthi|votes=15,991|percentage=7.99|change=+4.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Sudarshan Adhikari|votes=2,352|percentage=1.18|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Raghunath Roy|votes=2,326|percentage=1.16|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Indrani Sardar|votes=2,050|percentage=1.02|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=4,235|percentage=2.12|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=616|percentage=0.31|change=-4.49}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,00,084|percentage=86.46|change=-0.55}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,31,414
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Barjora<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25253.htm |title = Barjora |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054757/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25253.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=253| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072429/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=253| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Barjora | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Barjora |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Asutosh Mukherjee|votes=84,457|percentage=47.69|change=+9.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Susmita Biswas]]|votes=75,966|percentage=42.89|change=-10.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanjoy Pal|votes=6,245|percentage=3.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prasanta Hembram
|votes = 5,577
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Thakurdas Hembram
|votes = 2,592
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhabesh Tudu|votes=2,265|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=177,102|percentage=87.01|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 19.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001 and 1996 state assembly elections, [[Susmita Biswas]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Barjora seat defeating Shampa Daripa of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Sudhansu Sekhar Tewari of Trinamool Congress and Tapasi Banerjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Jayasri Mitra of CPI(M) defeated Sabyasachi Roy of Congress in 1991 and Sudhansu Sekhar Tewari of Congress in 1987. [[Lalbihari Bhattacharya]] of CPI(M) defeated Sudhansu Sekhar Tewari of Congress in 1982. Aswini Kumar Raj of CPI(M) defeated Sudhansu Sekhar Tewari of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp250.htm |title = 250 - Barjora Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-04-03 }}</ref>

===1952-1972===
Sudhansu Sekhar Tewary of Congress won in 1972. Aswini Kumar Raj of CPI(M) won in 1971 and 1969. A.Chatterjee of Congress won in 1967. Pramatha Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. The Barjora seat was not there in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. Prafulla Chandra Roy of Congress won the Barjora seat in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1952]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2011-04-03 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Desun Hospital

2026-04-10T10:38:27Z

Cinehub 022: Added First Post From Scratch

{{Self-published|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital

| name = Desun Hospital
| org_group =
| image = 
| image_alt = Desun Hospital
| image_size = 225
| caption = 
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| logo = 300-300 Logo.png
| logo_size = 
| location = Kasba Golpark
| region = Kolkata
| state = West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|30|53.43|N|88|24|03.97|E|display=title,inline}}
| address = 
| healthcare = 
| funding = For-profit
| type = Specialist
| speciality = Cardiology, Emergency, Orthopedics, Oncology
| standards = 
| emergency = <9051715171>
| helipad = 
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 
| founded = {{start date and age|2008}}
| closed = 
| website = http://www.desunhospital.com/
}}
'''Desun Hospital ''' is a [[Joint Commission|JCI (Joint Commission International)]]<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=3rd city hosp gets patient safety, quality care cert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3rd-city-hosp-gets-patient-safety-quality-care-cert/articleshow/125170127.cms |access-date=10 April 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[NABH]] accredited 750 beds hospital with dedicated 100 beds for women & children <ref name="Kolkata hospital launches institute of women and children
">{{cite web|title=Kolkata hospital launches institute of women and children|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/kolkata-hospital-launches-institute-of-women-and-children/105231351}}</ref> in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name="Desun Hospital Med">{{cite web|title=Desun Hospital|url=http://medicalwellnesscenters.co.in/desun-hospital-heart-institute-kolkata/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217235816/http://medicalwellnesscenters.co.in/desun-hospital-heart-institute-kolkata/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2013|accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Desun Hospital plans expansion">{{cite web|title=Desun Hospital plans expansion|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2150692.ece|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref> Desun Hospital has another 300 beds hospital <ref name="Desun Hospital Plans Expansion
">{{cite web|title= Desun Hospital Plans Expansion|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/desun-hospital-plans-expansion/article23057734.ece}}</ref> at [[Siliguri]] and also planned to open Hospital in Bangladesh.<ref name="India's Desun Hospital to invest 1,000C in Bangladesh">{{cite web|title=India's Desun Hospital to invest 1,000C in Bangladesh|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/322074/india-s-desun-hospital-to-invest-1-000c-in}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Desun hospital was founded by Sajal Dutta in 2008, who pursued Mechanical Engineering from [[Jadavpur University]] and post-graduation degree in Business Management from [[IIM Calcutta]] (Joka). The hospital has a ten storied building and is spread across 250,000 sq. ft area.<ref name="Founder Promoter">{{cite web|title=Founder Promoter|url=http://www.desunhospital.com/founder-promoter.php|accessdate=26 December 2012|archive-date=4 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304005648/http://desunhospital.com/founder-promoter.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Departments===
* Cardiology
* Neurology
* Nephrology
* General Medicine
* ENT
* Gastroenterology
* Gynaecology
* Oncology
* Emergency Med

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://desunhospital.com Official website (Kolkata)]
* [https://www.desunsiliguri.com Official website (Siliguri)]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Desun Hospital and Heart Institute}}
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 2008]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in West Bengal]]

P K Abdulla Koya

2026-04-08T23:31:27Z

Cinehub 022: Adding New Post First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P K Abdulla Koya
| image = File:PKAbdulla_Koya.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|02|13}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Founder & Chairman, [[AKNOVEL Group]], Vice Chairman [[MVR Cancer Centre & Research Institute]]
| spouse = Naseema
| children = 4
}}

Palliyulla Kariat Abdulla Koya ('''P K Abdulla Koya''') (born 13 February 1957) is an Indian entrepreneur from [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Garshom Awards|Garshom Award]] winner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garshomonline.com/13th-garshom-awards-2018/|title=13th Garshom International Awards 2018|website=Garshomonline.com|accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref> He is the founder and chairman of the AKNOVEL Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aknovel.com/our-founder.html| title=Founder and Chairman:P K Abdulla Koya }} </ref>.|.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doolnews.com/garshom-lifetime-achievement-award-for-abdulla-koya258.html|title='ഗര്‍ഷോം' ലൈഫ്ടൈം അച്ചീവ്മെന്റ് പുരസ്‌ക്കാരം പ്രവാസി വ്യവസായി അബ്ദുള്ള കോയക്ക്}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sunstamper.com/news/award-at-japan | title=Award at Japan | publisher=SunStamper | date=13 October 2018 | accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref>
Abdulla Koya has helped over 50,000 people across country to gain self-employment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesuccessfulmale.com/p-k-abdulla-koya/| title=P.K. Abdulla Koya: Bringing Revolutionary Change To Stamp Manufacturing|date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abdulla Koya is from [[Calicut]] in [[North Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garshomonline.com/abdulla-koya-2018/|title=Abdulla Koya 2018|website=Garshomonline.com|accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref> He is the third son of the late Kasmi Koya and Beevi. He was forced to find out small jobs as daily wages to support his family. He worked in several sectors for earning the minimum to help his family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/my-creatives/2022/07/10/gulf-work-experience.html | title=ഒരു യുദ്ധകാലത്തിന്റെ ഓർമ }}</ref> In 1978, Abdulla Koya arrived in [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190519/pk-abdulla-koyas-seal-to-a-made-in-gulf-success-story.html|title=PK Abdulla Koya's seal to a Made in Gulf success story|date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesuccessfulmale.com/p-k-abdulla-koya/?amp=1| title=P.K. Abdulla Koya, Bringing Revolutionary Change to Stamp Manufacturing | date=11 April 2022 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Abdulla Koya is married to Nazeema and has four children – Noora, Majidha, Ahamed Zayed and Shymah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/13rd-garshom-award-india-news/564604|title = പതിമൂന്നാമത് ഗർഷോം അന്തർദേശീയ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു | Madhyamam|date = 11 October 2018}}</ref>

==Career history==
Koya established branded stamp products such as Sun Stamper<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sunstamper.com/ |title=Home |website=sunstamper.com}}</ref> with Japanese Technology during 1998 by providing products to the common business segment by associating with international manufactures and Addprint.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.addprint.net/ |title=Home |website=addprint.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-05-19 |title=PK Abdulla Koyaâ€™s seal to a Made in Gulf success story {{!}} PK Abdulla Koyaâ€™s seal to a Made in Gulf success story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190519/pk-abdulla-koyas-seal-to-a-made-in-gulf-success-story.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Koya entered the supply of telecommunication equipment, in the telecom and Power Project field through MELTRAX Electro Mechanical & communication system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meltrax.com/ |title=Home |website=meltrax.com}}</ref> His other notable diversification are M/S National Tile Works, Beta Granite (P) Ltd, Walayar steels, Musou Micro Flash Foams Pvt Ltd., Crest Wood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsexperts.in/pk-abdulla-koya-stamping-success-way/|title=PK Abdulla Koya: Stamping 'Success' in his Own Way|date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

Koya is also the Vice Chairman of CARE (The Cancer and Allied Ailments Research) Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carecalicut.org/carefoundation/board-of-directors/|title = Care Foundation}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Currently, he is the Vice Chairman of [[MVR Cancer Centre & Research Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mvrcancerhospital.com/care-foundation/|title = MVR - Care Foundation}}</ref> He has done various philanthropic activities across [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.garshomonline.com/garshom-post-flood-rehabilitation-works/|title = ഗർഷോം ഫൗണ്ടേഷൻ നിർമ്മിച്ച് നൽകിയ വീടിന്റെ താക്കോൽദാനം നിർവഹിച്ചു| date=30 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/kozhikode/beypore/dialysis-center-foundation-stone-1118345/|title =ഡയാലിസിസ് സെന്റർ ശിലാസ്ഥാപനം|date=16 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/kozhikode-1.8227935/|title =ഡയാലിസിസ്‌ കേന്ദ്രത്തിന്‌ തറക്കല്ലിട്ടു|date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Garshom Awards|Garshom International Award 2018]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.garshomonline.com/13th-garshom-awards-2018/|title=13th Garshom International Awards 2018|website=Garshomonline.com|accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2018/10/15/garshom-award-for-abdulla-koya.html|title = 'ഗര്‍ഷോം' അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര പുരസ്‌കാരം സ്വന്തമാക്കി അബ്ദുള്ള കോയ|award|garshom| date=15 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://suprabhaatham.com/thirteenth-garshom-international-award-declare-spm-world/|title = പതിമൂന്നാമത് ഗര്‍ഷോം അന്തര്‍ദേശീയ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; പുരസ്‌കാരദാനച്ചടങ്ങു ശനിയാഴ്ച ടോക്കിയോയില്‍| date=11 October 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulla Koya, P K}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Garshom Awardees]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]

Arun Bhimawad

2026-04-04T03:29:27Z

Cinehub 022: starting first data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur]]
| name = Arun Bhimawad
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|5|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shajapur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Arun Bhimawad''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is the current MLA from [[Shajapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He fought against the [[Indian National Congress]] veteran [[Hukum Singh Karada]] three times, and won in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/shajapur|title=Shajapur Constituency Election Results 2023: Shajapur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/arun-bhimawad-12167-1|title=Arun Bhimawad Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Madhya-pradesh Assembly|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2023 he won by a margin of just 28 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Meet the biggest winner of MP elections, and the smallest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/meet-biggest-winner-mp-election-2023-9056712/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhimawad, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:People from Shajapur district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Tatanagar–Katihar Express

2026-03-31T13:26:06Z

Cinehub 022:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tatanagar–Katihar Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] & [[Jharkhand]]
| first =
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tatanagar}} (TATA)
| stops = 28
| end = {{stnlnk|Katihar}} (KIR)
| distance = {{convert|591|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 17 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Tri-Weekly {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, Second class seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 28181 / 28182
| speed = {{convert|34|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 28181 / 28182 '''Tatanagar–Katihar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 28181/28182 train numbers on a tri-weekly basis.

== Service==

The 28181/Tatanagar–Katihar Express has an average speed of 34 km/h and covers 591 km in 17h 20m. The 28182/Katihar–Tatanagar Express has an average speed of 39 km/h and covers 591 km in 15h 20m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}}
* [[Joychandi Pahar railway station]] ({{stnlnk|Adra Junction}} alternative)
* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhajha}}
* {{stnlnk|Kiul Junction}}
* New Barauni
* {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Naugachia}}
* {{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 5 Second Seating coaches
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Tatanagar Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Tatanagar to [[Asansol]]. From Asansol, trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive uptil [[Katihar Junction railway station|Katihar]] and vice versa.

==Slip coaches==

It used to run linked with [[Tatanagar-Thawe Express]] (then running up to [[Chhapra Junction railway station|Chhapra]]) up to [[Barauni]] and used to get detached there to continue its journey. This system was discontinued during suspension of train services during [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].

==Rake Sharing==

It shares its rake with [[Tatanagar-Thawe Express]] (formerly Tatanagar-Chhapra Express).

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 time:

* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Tatanagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Katihar Junction railway station]]
* [[Utsarg Express]]
* [[Tatanagar-Thawe Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/15169 28181/Tatanagar–Katihar Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/13689 28182/Katihar–Tatanagar Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatanagar-Chhapra Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Katihar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Tourism in Tripura

2026-03-26T08:06:05Z

Cinehub 022: adding the stub first draft

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Cleanup|reason=REFBOMBING|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Ujjayanta palace Tripura State Museum Agartala India.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ujjayanta Palace]] former royal palace of [[Twipra Kingdom]]]]
[[Tripura]] is a state located in [[North-East India]] and the third smallest state in [[India]] by size.<ref>{{cite news |title=Solar policies, subsidies and other incentives for the installation of rooftop solar systems in Tripura |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/power-generation/solar-policies-subsidies-and-other-incentives-for-the-installation-of-rooftop-solar-systems-in-tripura/articleshow/71688883.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=21 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Tripura to vote on April 11, 18; four-way battle for two seats |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-tripura-to-vote-on-april-11-18-four-way-battle-for-two-seats-182723-2019-04-10 |work=Business Today |date=10 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/answers/states/which-are-the-largest-and-smallest-states-in-india-in-terms-of-area/|title=Which are the Largest and Smallest States in India in Terms of Area?}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Shuvrajit |title=Explained {{!}} Demand for Greater Tipraland: How is a new state formed in India? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/explained-demand-for-greater-tipraland-how-is-a-new-state-formed-in-india-1188412.html |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Tripura is widely regarded as a beautiful destination, appreciated for its picturesque landscape and delightful climate. The tourism in Tripura is maintained by [[Tripura Tourism Development Corporation|TTDCL]], a state government owned enterprise.

Tripura shares its border with [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Banned cough syrup bottles worth Rs 1 crore seized during raid near Tripura border |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-banned-cough-syrup-bottles-worth-rs-1-crore-seized-during-raid-near-tripura-border-713287-2023-11-19 |work=India Today NE |date=19 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram to set up boundary committee to deal with border issues: CM Lalduhoma |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mizoram/mizoram-to-set-up-boundary-committee-to-deal-with-border-issues-cm-lalduhoma-2803415 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It also a border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/about-us |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=BSF jawan posted on Indo-Bangla border in Tripura injured in stone-pelting by smugglers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bsf-jawan-indo-bangla-border-tripura-injured-9144036/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Sumir |title=Tripura: 10 Bangladeshi migrants arrested from Agartala railway station |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/tripura-10-bangladeshi-migrants-arrested-from-agartala-railway-station-2785364 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=Fake Aadhaar cards, domicile certificates facilitate illegal entry into Tripura from Bangladesh |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/fake-aadhaar-cards-domicile-certificates-facilitate-illegal-entry-into-tripura-from-bangladesh-715416-2023-11-23 |work=India Today NE |date=23 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Currently [[Sourav Ganguly]] former captain of the [[Indian Cricket Team]] serves as the brand ambassador of Tripura Tourism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Biswendu |title=Sourav turns Tripura tourism ambassador |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/sourav-turns-tripura-tourism-ambassador/articleshow/105918717.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Sumir |title=Sourav Ganguly appointed as brand ambassador for tourism in Tripura |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/sourav-ganguly-appointed-as-brand-ambassador-for-tourism-in-tripura-2806480 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Ganguly to sign agreement for becoming Tripura tourism brand ambassador |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sourav-ganguly-to-sign-agreement-for-becoming-tripura-tourism-brand-ambassador/cid/1985931 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Bikash |title=Former India cricket captain and ex-BCCI chief Sourav Ganguly to formalise agreement as the brand ambassador of Tripura tourism on Monday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/former-india-cricket-captain-and-ex-bcci-chief-sourav-ganguly-to-formalise-agreement-as-the-brand-ambassador-of-tripura-tourism-on-monday/articleshow/105881992.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Ganguly Arriving On Monday To Boost Tripura Tourism As Brand Ambassador: Minister Sushanta Chowdhury |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2023/12/10/sourav-ganguly-arriving-on-monday-to-boost-tripura-tourism-as-brand-ambassador-minister-sushanta-chowdhury/ |work=Northeast Today |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

==Ancient Hindu sites==

* [[Chabimura]], 15th-16th century Hindu rock carvings
* [[Unakoti]], 7th-9th century Hindu rock carvings

==Major attractions by place==
===Agartala===
[[Agartala]] is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of [[Tripura]], Located on the banks of the [[Haora River]].

[[File:Pushpabanta Palace at Agartala, Tripura.jpg|thumb|right|Pushpabanta Palace]]

[[File:Temple of 14 gods-Tripura.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chaturdasha Temple]]]]

Surroundings important locations are:
*[[Ujjayanta Palace]]: Former royal palace of the Tripura kings, was converted to state legislative assembly and now into a [[Tripura Government Museum|museum]], situated in the area of Palace Compound is one of the eye catching attraction in the state. Built by Maharaja [[Radha Kishore Manikya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ujjayanta Palace {{!}} West District, Government of Tripura {{!}} India |url=https://westtripura.nic.in/tourist-place/ujayanta-palace/ |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Controversy over Tripura royal palace ends |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/controversy-over-tripura-royal-palace-ends/articleshow/22947178.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ujjayanta Palace in Agartala to be transformed into a weekend tourism hub |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/ujjayanta-palace-in-agartala-to-be-transformed-into-a-weekend-tourism-hub/articleshow/102327120.cms |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ujjayanta Palace Tripura, Ujjayanta Palace Tour, Ujjayanta Palace Travel |url=http://www.incredible-northeastindia.com/tripura/ujjayanta-palace.html |website=www.incredible-northeastindia.com}}</ref>
*[[Pushbanta Palace]]: One of former royal palace of Tripura, it was the [[Raj Bhavan]] of Tripura till 2018 and later converted as national level cultural museum. Built by Maharaja [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iconic Tripura palace to be turned into museum, cultural centre |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/iconic-tripura-palace-to-be-turned-into-museum-cultural-centre-101659260129040.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura's Pushpabanta Palace to be turned into museum celebrating royal history, Tagore links |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Aug/01/tripuras-pushpabanta-palace-to-be-turned-into-museum-celebrating-royal-history-tagore-links-2482972.html |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Pushpabanta Palace to be developed as museum |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-pushpabanta-palace-museum.html |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=31 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Abhijit |title=Tripura Government Sanctions Rs 40 Crores For Establishing Museum At Pushpabanta Palace |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/02/02/tripura-tourism-ministry-sanctions-rs-40-crore-for-establishing-museum-at-pushpabanta-palace/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=Northeast Today |date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
*[[Unakoti]] Rock Cut Temple: Dedicated to Lord shiva, has 99,99,999 rock cut idols.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/news/india-s-angkor-wat-5-things-you-didn-t-know-about-unakoti/ar-AA1DGRxb?ocid=winp2fptaskbar&cvid=9bd6a6c8ed5c42e4bec708f82c4e648f&ei=19 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
*Albert Ekka Park: The park is named after [[Albert Ekka]], the [[Indian Army]] soldier who saved Agartala in 1971 when Pakistani forces targeted the Indian state capital. Single-handedly, he silenced two enemy machine guns, securing the freedom of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=Tripura Honours Albert Ekka, the Soldier Who Saved Agartala |url=https://thewire.in/security/tripura-honours-albert-ekka-the-soldier-who-saved-agartala |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Wire |date=28 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1971 war hero finally gets memorial park in Tripura |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/1971-war-hero-finally-gets-memorial-park-in-tripura-600487 |date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Park built to honour Ekka |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/park-built-to-honour-ekka/cid/1451071 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=6 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Agartala Jagannath Mandir|Jagannath Mandir]]: A [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to Hindu God [[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagannath Temple |url=https://www.theindiatourism.com/india-tourism/jagannath-temple.html |publisher=The India Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jagannath Temple {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/agartala/jagannath-temple.html |work=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref>
*Agartala Durga Bari: A Hindu temple dedicated to [[Durga]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Agartala: A divine command led Durga idol to have only 2 visible hands in this 183-year-old puja |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/agartala-divine-command-durga-idol-only-2-visible-hands-183-year-old-puja-7572107/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja linked to royal dynasty remains a hit in Tripura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/puja-linked-to-royal-dynasty-remains-a-hit-in-tripura/articleshow/94609719.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Historic Durga Bari Temple's idol immersed |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/tripura-durga-bari-temples-idols-immersed-with-playing/cid2554700.htm#:~:text=The%20the%20Maharaja%20Krishna%20Kishore,Udaipur%2C%20Amarpur%20and%20Puran%20Haveli. |work=thenortheasttoday.com |date=23 October 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*[[Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala|Lakshmi Narayan Temple]]: A Hindu temple dedicated to lord [[Lakshmi Narayana]] and [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agartala Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Tripura – Light up Temples |url=https://lightuptemples.com/agartala-lakshmi-narayan-temple-tripura/ |date=29 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala, Tripura |url=https://www.thedivineindia.com/lakshmi-narayan-mandir/6813 |website=thedivineindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Chaturdasha Templee]]: This temple was built in honour of fourteen deities, together called the [[Chaturdasha Devata]], situated in Old Agartala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaturdasha Temple, Tripura - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/chaturdasha-temple-tripura/ |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://westtripura.nic.in/tourist-place/fourteen-goddess-temple/|title=Fourteen Goddess Temple | West District, Government of Tripura | India}}</ref>
*Ramakrishna Mission, Agartala
*Heritage Park<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage park {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/agartala/heritage-park.html |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref>
*Rabindra Kanan
*Durgabari Tea Garden: It is located in close proximity to the capital city Agartala and spans across an extensive area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durgabari Tea Estate |url=https://nidhi.tourism.gov.in/home/attraction-details/40977bb3-865e-4f56-a850-32b396e1817a |website=nidhi.tourism.gov.in}}</ref> This garden serves as a thriving symbol of the state's rich tea heritage.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

===Khumulwng===
[[Khumulwng]] is the head-quarter and the largest city of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Kamalika |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Oindrila |title=Tripura Polls: Will Call for Greater Tipraland Tip All-important Tribal Vote in Favour of Tipra Motha? News18 Takes A Closer Look |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/tripura-polls-will-call-for-greater-tipraland-tip-all-important-tribal-vote-in-favour-of-tipra-motha-news18-takes-a-closer-look-7057069.html |work=[[News18]] |date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331113812/https://www.news18.com/news/elections/tripura-polls-will-call-for-greater-tipraland-tip-all-important-tribal-vote-in-favour-of-tipra-motha-news18-takes-a-closer-look-7057069.html |archive-date=31 Mar 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=BJP says 'Laal Motha' violence, hot sun, traffic led to low turnout at Nadda's Tripura rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/bjp-laal-motha-violence-hot-sun-traffic-low-turnout-nadda-tripura-rally-8123750/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Tripura: IPFT leaders shave head in protest against CAA, demand separate state for tribals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-anti-caa-protests-ipft-tipraland-tribals-6218421/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KHADC, TTAADC to bring all NE ADCs together |url=https://themeghalayan.com/khadc-ttaadc-to-bring-all-ne-adcs-together/ |work=The Meghalayan |date=1 May 2023}}</ref> It is located around 18 km from [[Agartala]].

*Khumulwng Eco Park: This park has been established amidst the embrace of nature, spanning across a 14.5-hectare expanse of land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlife & Eco Tourism Destinations |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/wildlife-eco |publisher=Tripura Tourism |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hon'ble CEM Of TTAADC Purna Chandra Jamatia Launches E-Ticketing Services Of Khumulwng Eco-Park. - TRIPURA STAR NEWS |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/honble-cem-of-ttaadc-purna-chandra-jamatia-launches-e-ticketing-services-of-khumulwng-eco-park/ |date=9 July 2023}}</ref>
*Khumulwng Museum and Heritage Centre: It serves as a repository for the indigenous Tiprasa culture and folk art, featuring collections of rare costumes and ornaments of 19 (nineteen) tribal community of Tripura, crafts, instruments, and paintings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Museums NE |url=https://dbcic.org/museums-ne/ |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TRIPURA TRIBAL AREAS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT COUNCIL DEPARTMENT- INFORMATION CULTURAL AFFAIRS & TOURISM |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/sites/default/files/ICAT-Department-2020.pdf |publisher=TTAADC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Tribal Autonomous Museum, Khumulwng, Tripura |url=https://architecturalheritage.intach.org/?p=2777 |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

===Teliamura===
{{main|Teliamura}}
There are two notable destination in Teliamura Sub-division.

*[[Montang Valley]]: It is known for its floating clouds and scenic beauty.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Montang valley Become Tourist Attractive Place |date=4 February 2024 |url=https://brueducationgyan.in/montang-valley-become-tourist-attractive-place/ |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agnihotri |first1=Akanksha |title=Montang is emerging as a new tourist destination on Tripura's tourism map |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/montang-is-emerging-as-a-new-tourist-destination-on-tripura-s-tourism-map-101672657427536.html |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*Baramura Eco Park: It is renowned for its rich biodiversity and preservation of oriented pied hornbills. The park is located in the lap of [[Baramura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Secret Behind Upcoming "Hornbill Festival" in Tripura! |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/secret-behind-upcoming-hornbill-festival-tripura-407714-2020-01-28 |work=India Today NE |date=28 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=After Nagaland, Tripura holds Hornbill Festival to boost eco-tourism |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/after-nagaland-tripura-holds-hornbill-festival-to-boost-eco-tourism-6258583/ |work=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Sepahijala===
{{main|Sepahijala district}}
*[[Neermahal]]: A largest water palace in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rongmei |first1=Precious |title=Neermahal, the largest water palace in India you didn't know about |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/neermahal-the-largest-water-palace-in-india-you-didnt-know-about/articleshow/93561349.cms |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It is a former royal palace of [[Twipra Kingdom]], built by [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=Tripura palace belongs to state govt, says HC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-palace-belongs-to-state-govt-says-hc/story-7plqTiaajMITVNdP0x0yDO.html |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sepahijala.nic.in/tourist-place/neermahal/|title=Neermahal | District Sepahijala, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA | India}}</ref> The palace is located amidst the scenic surroundings of [[Rudrasagar Lake]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura's erstwhile royal family gets possession of Neermahal palace |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tripura-s-erstwhile-royal-family-gets-possession-of-neermahal-palace-115060900492_1.html |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura CM Manik Saha inaugurates show at Neermahal |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/tripura-news/tripura-cm-manik-saha-inaugurates-show-at-neermahal-643722 |work=Sentinel Assam |date=2 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary]]: It is considered one of the finest wildlife sanctuaries in Tripura, spanning approximately 18.53 square kilometers in area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sepahijala.nic.in/tourist-place/sepahijala-wildlife-santuary/|title=Sepahijala WildLife Santuary | District Sepahijala, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA | India}}</ref>
*[[Kasbeswari Kali Mata|Kasbeswari Kali Temple]]: A hindu temple dedicated to Goddess [[Kali]]. This temple was built by Maharaja [[Dhanya Manikya]] It is located beside the international border of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kasba Kali Temple, Kamalasagar, Sepahijala District |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/node/146}}</ref> The [[Kamalasagar|Kamalasagar Lake]] is in front of this temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sepahijala.nic.in/tourist-place/kasba-kali-temple/|title=Kasba Kali Temple | District Sepahijala, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA | India}}</ref>
*[[Boxanagar Ruins|Buddhist Stupa]]: This site is situated in Boxanagar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boxanagar {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/agartala/boxanagar.html |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When an 8th century stupa was found under a Tripura Eidgah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/when-an-8th-century-stupa-was-found-under-a-tripura-eidgah-5485543/ |work=The Indian Express |date=9 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Uniyal |first1=Parmita |title=Tripura's hidden treasure: Reawakening a lost Buddhist legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/tripuras-hidden-treasure-reawakening-a-lost-buddhist-legacy-101682235663696.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Gomati===
{{main|Gomati district}}
*[[Tripura Sundari Temple]]: It is a [[Hindu temple]] of the Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]]. This temple situated in ancient city of [[Udaipur]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johny |first1=Ritu Maria |title=In photos: Nadda offers prayers at Tripura temple, releases BJP's poll manifesto |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-photos-nadda-offers-prayers-at-tripura-temple-releases-bjp-s-poll-manifesto-101675931976598.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The temple built by Maharaja [[Dhanya Manikya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Sekhar |title=Tradition endures in Tripura |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tradition-endures-in-tripura/cid/1400208 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah offers Puja at Sundari Temple in Tripura |url=https://hubnetwork.in/amit-shah-offers-puja-at-sundari-temple-in-tripura/ |work=Hub News |date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Bhubaneswari Temple]]: Located about 55 km from [[Agartala]] on the bank of [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gomati river]]. This hindu temple dedicated to Goddess [[Bhuvanesvari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhuvaneshwari temple {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/agartala/bhuvaneshwari-temple.html |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> This temple was built by Maharaja [[Govinda Manikya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhuvaneshwari Temple, Udaipur, Gomati District, Tripura |url=https://sahasa.in/2023/03/02/bhuvaneshwari-temple-udaipur-gomati-district-tripura/ |language=en |date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
*[[Chabimura]]: Chabimura is famous for its panels of rock carvings on the steep mountain wall on the bank of Gomati. There are huge carved images of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Kartikeya|Kartika]], Mahisasura Mardini [[Durga]] and other Gods and Goddesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mysterious 15th-century rock carvings dot Kalajhari Hills in Tripura |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/mysterious-15th-century-rock-carvings-dot-kalajhari-hills-in-tripura/articleshow/95348497.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chabimura, Gomati District |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/node/156}}</ref>

===South Tripura===
{{main|South Tripura district}}
*[[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]]: 12th century Hindu-Buddhist [[archaeological]] site preserved by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southtripura.nic.in/tourist-place/pilak/|title=Pilak | District South Tripura, Government of Tripura | India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pilak, a 1000-year-old Tripura archaeological site, 2 others part of historical tourism circuit beckon tourists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/pilak-a-1000-year-old-tripura-archaeological-site-2-others-part-of-historical-tourism-circuit-beckon-tourists-101689497895475.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soon, explore Pilak, Tripura's 1000-year-old archeological site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/soon-explore-pilak-tripuras-1000-year-old-archeological-site/articleshow/101987965.cms |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Buddhist archaeological site of Pilak becomes prominent destination for tourists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/buddhist-archaeological-site-of-pilak-becomes-prominent-destination-for-tourists-101690807357173.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary]]: Indian [[gaur]] (bison) is an attraction of the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southtripura.nic.in/tourist-place/trishna-wild-life-sanctuary/|title=Trishna Wild Life Sanctuary | District South Tripura, Government of Tripura | India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five Indian Bison calves born at Tripura's Trishna sanctuary |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2021/07/17/five-indian-bison-calves-born-at-tripuras-trishna-sanctuary/ |work=EastMojo |date=17 July 2021}}</ref>
*[[Bharat-Bangladesh Maitri Udyan]]: Memorial park of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh Liberation War]] developed by [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharat-Bangladesh Maitree Uddyan Created To Commemorate Victory Of Brave Soldiers of Both Countries |url=https://theriseeast.com/tripura/bharatbangladesh-maitree-uddyan-created-to-commemorate-victory-of-brave-soldiers-of-both-countries/ |work=Rise East |date=17 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inauguration of Indo-Bangla Maitri Park a treasure war history on 16th Dec |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/96931/inauguration-of-indo-bangla-maitri-park-a-treasure-war-history-on-16th-dec.html |work=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southtripura.nic.in/tourist-place/bharat-bangla-maitree-uddyan-chottakhol/|title=BHARAT BANGLA MAITREE UDDYAN, CHOTTAKHOL | District South Tripura, Government of Tripura | India}}</ref>
*Dhananjoy Tripura Smriti Park: The park was constructed in the memorial of Dhananjay Tripura, who was the martyr of Kokborok language movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southtripura.nic.in/tourist-place/dhananjoy-tripura-smriti-eco-park/|title=DHANANJOY TRIPURA SMRITI ECO-PARK | District South Tripura, Government of Tripura | India}}</ref>
*[[Maitri Setu]]: Bridge on [[Feni River]] which connects [[India]] with [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Moushumi Das |title=Maitri Setu & why the India-Bangladesh bridge is being touted as 'Gateway to Northeast' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/maitri-setu-why-the-india-bangladesh-bridge-is-being-touted-as-gateway-to-northeast/619065/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=10 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Modi inaugurates 'Maitri Setu' between India and Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-maitri-setu-between-india-and-bangladesh/article34026410.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Biswendu |title=Indo-Bangladesh connectivity via Tripura's Maitri Setu likely to begin in Feb: LPAI Chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/indo-bangladesh-connectivity-via-tripuras-maitri-setu-likely-to-begin-in-feb-lpai-chairman/articleshow/107114528.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM to inaugurate 'Maitri Setu' between India and Bangladesh on 9th March |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1703042 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Transportation==
'''Arriving by Air''': The [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Maharaja Bir Bikram International Airport]] is well-connected to major cities in India. Taxi services, including Uber, and auto-rickshaws are available at airports for transfers to the city.

'''Arriving by Train''': Tripura is connected through the [[North East Frontier Railway]], with only one route linking it to nodal stations in other parts of the country. [[Agartala railway station]] is the largest railway station of Tripura, is served by direct trains to [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]].

'''Road''': The [[Tripura Road Transport Corporation]] alongside various private companies, there are bus and taxi services that operate, connecting Agartala with Guwahati, Shillong, and Aizawl. Agartala is linked by regular bus services with Bangladesh, making it more convenient for foreign nationals to enter Tripura via Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Reach Tripura by International Bus Service |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/bus}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Tourism in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Tripura]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Tripura]]

2008–09 East Bengal FC season

2026-03-25T15:53:51Z

Cinehub 022: starting basic pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| season = [[2008–09 I-League|'''2008–09''']]
| manager = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]] {{nobreak|(until 15 September 2008)}} {{flagicon|IND}} [[Stanley Rozario]] {{nobreak|(until 24 December 2008)}} {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]] {{nobreak|(from 24 December 2008)}}
| mgrtitle = Head-Coach
| chairman = Dr Pranab Dasgupta
| chrtitle = President
| stdtitle = Ground
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[Barasat Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2008–09 I-League|6th]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''3rd'''
| cup1 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2008 Indian Federation Cup|Semi-finals]]'''
| league topscorer = [[Yusif Yakubu]] ('''11''')
| season topscorer = [[Sunil Chhetri]] ('''13''')
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
|pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_08_09_Home
|leftarm1 = FFC90E
|rightarm1 = FFC90E
|shorts1 = 000000
|socks1 = FF0000
|pattern_b2 = _EastBengal_09_10_Away
|pattern_la2 = _EastBengal_09_10_Away
|pattern_ra2 = _EastBengal_09_10_Away
|pattern_sh2 =
|pattern_so2 = _goldtop
|leftarm2 =ffffff
|body2 =ffffff
|rightarm2 =ffffff
|shorts2 =000000
|socks2 =ffffff
| prevseason = [[2007–08 East Bengal F.C. season|2007–08]]
| nextseason = [[2009–10 East Bengal F.C. season|2009-10]]
}}

The 2008–09 season was [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'s 2nd season in the [[I-League]] and 89th season in existence.

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:130px;" | Final position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
| 14 July 2008
| 12 September 2008
| 3rd
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[I-League]]
| 26 September 2008
| 16 April 2009
| [[2008–09 I-League|6th]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| 11 December 2008
| 18 December 2008
| [[2008 Indian Federation Cup|Semi-finals]]
|-
|}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=3
|c1=[[Calcutta Football League]]
|w1=7|l1=3|d1=4|f1=21|a1=12
|c2=[[2008–09 I-League|I-League]]
|w2=7|l2=8|d2=7|f2=31|a2=26
|c3=[[2008 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
|w3=3|l3=0|d3=1|f3=5|a3=1
|u=1 June 2009
}}
 
----

===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|Calcutta Football League}}

East Bengal finished the 2008 Calcutta Premier Division in 3rd place with 25 points from 14 matches behind champions [[Mohun Bagan]] and runners-up [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |date=14 Feb 2019 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg08.html |title=IFA-Calcutta Premier League 2008 (first level) |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=11 Aug 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511202527/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-reg08.html#calc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Amoy |last=Ghoshal |date=14 Sep 2008 |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/09/14/863041/mohun-bagan-crowned-champions-of-kolkata |title=Mohun Bagan Crowned Champions Of Kolkata |work=Goal |accessdate=11 Aug 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811152909/https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/09/14/863041/mohun-bagan-crowned-champions-of-kolkata |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 14 July 2008
|round=1
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200807.html
|team2= Calcutta Port Trust
|goals1= [[Mehtab Hussain]] {{goal|9}} [[Chhangte Malsawmkima|Kima]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= [[Jayanta Sen]] (East Bengal)
|referee= Rathin Mukherjee
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 17 July 2008
|round=2
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200807.html
|team2= [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|goals1= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|52}}
|goals2= Francis Chibueze Maduako {{goal|65}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm= Francis Chibueze Maduako (George Telegraph)
|referee= Dhanapati Roy
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 20 July 2008
|round=3
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–3
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200807.html
|team2= [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1= [[Khelemba Singh]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2= [[Theodore Sunday Wrobeh]] {{goal|1||85}} [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|90+2|pen}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm= [[Theodore Sunday Wrobeh]] (Mohammedan Sporting)
|referee= Minangshu Bhattacharya
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 24 July 2008
|round=4
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200807.html
|team2= Railway FC
|goals1= Parveen Kumar {{goal|16}}
|goals2= [[Suraj Mandal (footballer)|Suraj Mandal]] {{goal|33}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm= [[Suraj Mandal (footballer)|Suraj Mandal]] (Railway FC)
|referee= Kashinath Sen
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 29 July 2008
|round=5
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200807.html
|team2= [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]
|goals1= [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] {{goal|49}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] (East Bengal)
|referee= Dilip Ghosh
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 1 August 2008
|round=6
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–1
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200808.html
|team2= [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|goals1= [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] {{goal|22}} Parveen Kumar {{goal|28||67}}
|goals2= Uzozle Emmanuel Junior {{goal|45+3}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= Parveen Kumar (East Bengal)
|referee= Debashish Mishra
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 5 August 2008
|round=[[Kolkata Derby|7]]
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 2–1
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200808.html
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Lalawmpuia Pachuau]] {{goal|72||82}}
|goals2= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|19}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm= [[Lalawmpuia Pachuau]] (Mohun Bagan)
|referee= Minangshu Bhattacharya
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 11 August 2008
|round=8
|time=
|team1= Calcuta Port Trust
|score= 0–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200808.html
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm= Simanta Das (Calcuta Port Trust)
|referee= Barun Saha
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 14 August 2008
|round=9
|time=
|team1= [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|score= 1–2
|report = https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/hard-fought-win-for-eb/cid/557172
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Freebone Ipekere {{goal|90}}
|goals2= [[Saumik Dey]] {{goal|32}} [[Suley Musah]] {{goal|53|pen}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= [[Abhra Mondal]] (East Bengal)
|referee= Kashinath Sen
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 25 August 2008
|round=10
|time=
|team1= [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 0–2
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200808.html
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Nirmal Chettri]] {{goal|23}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] {{goal|27}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] (East Bengal)
|referee= Rathin Mukherjee
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 30 August 2008
|round=11
|time=
|team1= Railway FC
|score= 0–3
|report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-defeat-railway-fc-in-cfl/articleshow/3426270.cms
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] {{goal|78}} [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] {{goal|82}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|85}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= [[Sanju Pradhan]] (East Bengal)
|referee= Debashish Mukherjee
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 5 September 2008
|round=12
|time=
|team1= [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]
|score= 1–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200809.html
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Lalmalswama Hmar {{goal|8}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm= Lalmalswama Hmar (Chirag United)
|referee= Rathin Mukherjee
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 8 September 2008
|round=13
|time=
|team1= [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|score= 1–3
|report = https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/comfortable-win-for-east-bengal/cid/548013
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Uzozle Emmanuel Junior {{goal|77|pen}}
|goals2= [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|2}} Parveen Kumar {{goal|53}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|60}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm= [[Surkumar Singh]] (East Bengal)
|referee= Tushar Kanti Guha
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 12 September 2008
|round=[[Kolkata Derby|14]]
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report = https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/09/14/863041/mohun-bagan-crowned-champions-of-kolkata
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2= [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] {{goal|25|pen}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm= [[Rakesh Masih]] (Mohun Bagan)
|referee= Minangshu Bhattacharya
}}
 
----

===I League===
{{Main|2008–09 I-League}}

====League table====
{{:2008–09 I-League|showteam=EB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 26 September 2008
|round = 1
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/09/26/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/chirag-united-sc/716150/
|team2 = [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]
|goals1 = [[Surkumar Singh]] {{goal|10}} [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|19}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|28}}
|goals2 = Shankar Oraon {{goal|79}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (East Bengal)
|referee = S. Suresh
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 30 September 2008
|round = 2
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/09/30/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mumbai-fc/716156/
|team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Felix Aboagye]] {{goal|23}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Selwyn Fernandes]] (Mumbai)
|referee = A. Arjunan
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 October 2008
|round = 3
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/10/12/india/i-league/air-india/east-bengal-club-fc/716166/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = Surojit Roy {{goal|48}} [[Michael Tayo]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Mumbai]]
|stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Michael Tayo]] (Air India)
|referee = O.P. Thakur
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 October 2008
|round = 4
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/10/18/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/vasco-sports-club/716170/
|team2 = [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|goals1 = [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|7||90}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Yusif Yakubu]] (East Bengal)
|referee = P.K. Bose
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 25 October 2008
|round = 5
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/10/25/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/east-bengal-club-fc/716177/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] {{goal|2}}
|goals2 = [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] {{goal|39}} [[Surkumar Singh]] {{sentoff|0|49}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = [[Ishfaq Ahmed]] (Mohun Bagan)
|referee = Pradeep Kumar
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 November 2008
|round = 6
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/11/02/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/east-bengal-club-fc/716185/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = Tharangachan Tungshang (Mohammedan Sporting)
|referee = P.K. Bose
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 November 2008
|round = 7
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/11/07/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mahindra-united/716186/
|team2 = [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2 = Paresh Shivalkar {{goal|58}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]] (Mahindra United)
|referee = P. Bhaskar
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 November 2008
|round = 8
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/11/15/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/716193/
|team2 = [[Sporting Club de Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|14}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] {{goal|27||32}}
|goals2 = [[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|54}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] (East Bengal)
|referee = A. Arjunan
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 November 2008
|round = 9
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/11/22/india/i-league/jagajit-cotton-textile-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/716200/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Eduardo da Silva Escobar]] {{goal|68|pen}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Ludhiana]]
|stadium = [[Guru Nanak Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Jaspal Parmar]] (JCT)
|referee = Dinesh Nair
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 26 November 2008
|round = 10
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/11/26/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/721465/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Climax Lawrence]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Climax Lawrence]] (Dempo)
|referee = P. Bhaskar
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 December 2008
|round = 11
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2008/12/01/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/721473/
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 = [[Chitrasen Chandam]] {{goal|2}} {{own goal}}
|goals2 = [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Ogba Kalu]] {{goal|32}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] {{goal|61}} {{own goal}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Ogba Kalu]] (Churchill Brothers)
|referee = S. Suresh
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 January 2009
|round = 12
|time = 14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/01/24/india/i-league/chirag-united-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/729456/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = Somnath Khara (Chirag United)
|referee = P.K. Bose
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 January 2009
|round = 13
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/01/31/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/729460/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]] {{goal|47}} [[Abel Hammond]] {{goal|88}}
|goals2 = [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|13|pen}}
|location = [[Mumbai]]
|stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Abel Hammond]] (Mumbai)
|referee = A. Rowan
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 February 2008
|round = 14
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/02/07/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/air-india/729470/
|team2 = [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
|goals1 = [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|49}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|56}} [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2 = [[Subhash Singh]] {{goal|88}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Sanju Pradhan]] (East Bengal)
|referee = Dinesh Nair
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 February 2008
|round = 15
|time = 16:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/02/14/india/i-league/vasco-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/729475/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = Sherzod Nazarov {{goal|52}}
|goals2 = [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|28||90}} [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|46||56}}
|location = [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Yusif Yakubu]] (East Bengal)
|referee = Pratap Singh
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 February 2008
|round = 16
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/02/22/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/729482/
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] {{goal|22||40}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|47}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] (East Bengal)
|referee = Dinesh Nair
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 February 2008
|round = 17
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/02/28/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohammedan-sporting-club/729486/
|team2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1 = [[Nirmal Chettri]] {{goal|49}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|54}}
|goals2 = [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|4}} [[Eugene Gray]] {{goal|30}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (East Bengal)
|referee = Shaji Kurian
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 March 2008
|round = 18
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/03/06/india/i-league/mahindra-united/east-bengal-club-fc/729490/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|54|pen|70|pen}}
|goals2 = [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|50}}
|location = [[Mumbai]]
|stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Chidi Edeh]] (Mahindra United)
|referee = A. Arjunan
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 March 2008
|round = 19
|time = 16:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Sporting Club de Goa]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/03/15/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/729500/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Joseph Pereira]] {{goal|64}}
|goals2 = [[Ishmael Addo]] {{goal|42}}
|location = [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = [[Joseph Pereira]] (Sporting Club de Goa)
|referee =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 March 2008
|round = 20
|time = 16:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/03/22/india/i-league/churchill-brothers-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/729506/
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]] {{goal|33||74}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Ogba Kalu]] {{goal|47}}
|goals2 = [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|90+1}}
|location = [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = L
|motm = [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]] (Churchill Brothers)
|referee = P. Bhaskar
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 April 2008
|round = 21
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/04/03/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/jagajit-cotton-textile-fc/742862/
|team2 = [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
|goals1 = [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|35||69}}
|goals2 = [[Eduardo da Silva Escobar]] {{goal|76}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm = [[Yusif Yakubu]] (East Bengal)
|referee = O.P. Thakur
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 April 2008
|round = 22
|time = 15:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2009/04/16/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/dempo-sports-club/767074/
|team2 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|goals1 = [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|12}} [[Ishmael Addo]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 = [[Creson Antao]] {{goal|21}} [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] {{goal|22}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm = [[Yusif Yakubu]] (East Bengal)
|referee = P.K. Bose
}}
 
----

===Federation Cup===
{{main|2008 Indian Federation Cup}}

East Bengal started the Federation Cup campaign as defending champions and was allotted into Group C alongside [[JCT Mills Football Club|JCT]], [[New Delhi Heroes FC|New Delhi Heroes]] and [[Sporting Club de Goa]]. East Bengal won all the group matches and reached the semi-finals where they lost to their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] in the penalty shoot-out after the game ended 1–1 in regulation time.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |date=26 Feb 2009 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacup09.html |title=30th Federation Cup 2008 |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=11 Aug 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154725/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacup09.html#fedcup |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sudeep |last=Pakrashi |date=19 Dec 2008 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bagan-hold-nerve-move-into-final/400376/ |title=Bagan hold nerve, move into final |work=Indian Express |accessdate=11 Aug 2021}}</ref>

;Group C
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|section=Group C

|team1=EBG|name_EBG={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|team2=JCT|name_JCT={{flagicon|IND}} [[JCT Mills Football Club|JCT]]
|team3=NDH|name_NDH={{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi Heroes FC|New Delhi Heroes]]
|team4=SCG|name_SCG={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Club de Goa]]

|win_EBG=3|draw_EBG=0|loss_EBG=0|gf_EBG=4|ga_EBG=0
|win_SCG=0|draw_SCG=0|loss_SCG=3|gf_SCG=0|ga_SCG=4
|win_NDH=1|draw_NDH=0|loss_NDH=2|gf_NDH=1|ga_NDH=3
|win_JCT=2|draw_JCT=0|loss_JCT=1|gf_JCT=3|ga_JCT=1

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|showteam=EBG
|update=complete|source=[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacup09.html 30th Federation Cup 2008]
}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 11 December 2008
|round=QF Group Stage
|time= 17:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200812.html
|team2= [[New Delhi Heroes FC|New Delhi Heroes]]
|goals1= [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|46}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2= Santosh Singh {{sentoff|2|72|90+2}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee= Shaji Kurian
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 13 December 2008
|round=QF Group Stage
|time= 17:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200812.html
|team2= [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
|goals1= [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|47}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee= T. Pradip Kumar
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 15 December 2008
|round=QF Group Stage
|time= 17:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report = http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200812.html
|team2= [[Sporting Club de Goa]]
|goals1= [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee= A. Arjunan
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 18 December 2008
|round=Semi-final
|time= 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|aet=yes
|report = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bagan-hold-nerve-move-into-final/400376/
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2= [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] {{goal|65}}
|penalties1=
* Parveen Kumar {{pengoal}}
* [[Mehtab Hossain|Hossain]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Jayanta Sen|Sen]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore=3–5
|penalties2=
* {{pengoal}} [[José Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Marcos Alexandro de Carvalho Pereira|Pereira]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Bhowmick]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Lalawmpuia Pachuau|Pachuau]]
* {{pengoal}} [[James Lukram Singh|JL Singh]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee= A. Arjunan
}}

==Statistics==

===Appearances===
:Players with no appearances are not included in the list.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
!colspan="12"| Appearances for East Bengal in 2008–09 season
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Nat.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:165px;" rowspan="2" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Fed Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts
|-
!colspan="12"| Goalkeepers
|-
| 24 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Subrata Paul]] || 4 || 4 || 13 || 13 || 1 || 1
! 18 !! 18
|-
| 1 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Abhra Mondal]] || 6 || 6 || 9 || 8 || 3 || 3
! 18 !! 17
|-
| 21 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || Avijit Ghosh || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0
! 1 !! 1
|-
| 31 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Arnab Das Sharma]] || 4 || 4 || || || ||
! 4 !! 4
|-
!colspan="12"| Defenders
|-
| 19 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] || 4 || 4 || 22 || 22 || 3 || 2
! 29 !! 28
|-
| 26 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] || 4 || 4 || 21 || 20 || 4 || 4
! 29 !! 28
|-
| 3 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Nirmal Chettri]] || 10 || 8 || 19 || 17 || 4 || 4
! 33 !! 29
|-
| 29 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Saumik Dey]] || 10 || 10 || 18 || 18 || 4 || 4
! 32 !! 32
|-
| 22 || DF || {{flagicon|GHA}} || [[Suley Musah]] || 9 || 8 || 14 || 14 || 3 || 3
! 26 !! 25
|-
| 27 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Surkumar Singh]] || 3 || 3 || 13 || 13 || 0 || 0
! 16 !! 16
|-
| 2 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Muttah Suresh]] || 6 || 6 || 9 || 8 || 0 || 0
!15 !! 14
|-
| 5 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Khelemba Singh]] || 9 || 8 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0
! 12 !! 10
|-
| 17 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jeevan Singh || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || ||
! 5 !! 3
|-
| 20 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Poibang Pohshna || 4 || 4 || || || 2 || 1
! 6 !! 5
|-
| 16 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Saheb Ali Mondal || 1 || 0 || || || ||
! 1 !! 0
|-
| 33 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Saikat Saha Roy || 5 || 3 || || || ||
! 5 !! 3
|-
| 12 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Anupam Sarkar]] || 7 || 7 || || || ||
! 7 !! 7
|-
!colspan="12"| Midfielders
|-
| 7 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Jayanta Sen]] || 10 || 9 || 20 || 14 || 4 || 4
! 34 !! 27
|-
| 14 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mehtab Hossain]] || 9 || 9 || 17 || 13 || 4 || 4
! 30 !! 26
|-
| 22 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sanju Pradhan]] || 7 || 7 || 17 || 6 || 4 || 3
! 28 !! 16
|-
| 8 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Renedy Singh]] || 2 || 2 || 16 || 15 || 2 || 2
! 20 !! 19
|-
| 9 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Alvito D'Cunha]] || 11 || 7 || 10 || 2 || 4 || 0
! 25 !! 9
|-
| 18 || MF || {{flagicon|GHA}} || [[Ishmael Addo]] || || || 10 || 8 || ||
! 10 !! 8
|-
| 28 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Chhangte Malsawmkima|Malsawmkima]] || 13 || 9 || 9 || 4 || 2 || 1
! 24 !! 14
|-
| 6 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Dipankar Roy]] || 6 || 2 || 2 || 0 || ||
! 8 !! 2
|-
| 15 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Dharamjit Singh || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || ||
! 3 !! 1
|-
| 23 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mumtaz Akhtar]] || 1 || 0 || || || 1 || 0
! 2 || 0
|-
!colspan="12"| Forwards
|-
| 12 || FW || {{flagicon|GHA}} || [[Yusif Yakubu]] || || || 21 || 21 || 4 || 4
! 25 || 25
|-
| 11 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sunil Chhetri]] || 5 || 5 || 17 || 17 || 4 || 4
! 26 || 26
|-
| 25 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || Parveen Kumar || 12 || 3 || 8 || 3 || 3 || 0
! 23 || 6
|-
| 10 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] || 13 || 13 || 5 || 1 || ||
! 18 || 14
|-
| 30 || FW || {{flagicon|BRA}} || [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] || 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 9 || 5
|-
| 32 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || Goutam Kujur || 5 || 3 || 3 || 0 || ||
! 8 || 3
|-
|}

=== Goal scorers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! colspan="9" |Goals for East Bengal in 2008–09 season
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Fed Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Total
|-
! 1
| 11 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sunil Chhetri]] || 2 || 9 || 2 || 13
|-
! 2
| 12 || FW || {{flagicon|GHA}} || [[Yusif Yakubu]] || || 11 || 0 || 11
|-
! 3
| 19 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] || 0 || 5 || 0 || 5
|-
! rowspan="2"| 4
| 9 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Alvito D'Cunha]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 4
|-
| 25 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || Parveen Kumar || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4
|-
! rowspan="2"| 6
| 10 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] || 3 || 0 || || 3
|-
| 22 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sanju Pradhan]] || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3
|-
! rowspan="3"| 8
| 3 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Nirmal Chettri]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
| 18 || MF || {{flagicon|GHA}} || [[Ishmael Addo]] || || 2 || || 2
|-
| 30 || FW || {{flagicon|BRA}} || [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] || 2 || 0 || || 2
|-
! rowspan="7"| 11
| 5 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Khelemba Singh]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 14 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mehtab Hossain]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 22 || DF || {{flagicon|GHA}} || [[Suley Musah]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 26 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 27 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Surkumar Singh]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 28 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Chhangte Malsawmkima|Malsawmkima]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 29 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Saumik Dey]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| colspan="5" | ''Own goals'' || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
! colspan="5"| Total || 21 || 31 || 5 || 57
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2008–09 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2008-09 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]

Second Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore

2026-03-23T04:33:53Z

Cinehub 022:

{{See also|Ayurveda}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
| name = Second Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore
| other_titles = Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore
| logo = Second Ayurveda World Summit logo.webp
| logo_alt = Second Ayurveda World Summit logo
| logo_size =
| image = 2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 128.jpg
| alt = Second Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 2025
| size = 225px
| caption = Official entrance of the summit at The Royal Senate & The Grand Castle, Palace Grounds, Bangalore
| country = India
| date = 25 to 28 December 2025
| motto = A meet with a mission
| venues = [[Bangalore Palace|Palace grounds]]
| cities = Bangalore
| participants = Ayurveda priests, students, doctors, stores
| chairperson =
| president =
| secretary =
| secretary-general =
| follows =
| precedes =
| website = {{URL|https://ayurvedaworldsummit.com/}}
| keypoints =
| compactnav =
}}
The second edition of '''Ayurveda World Summit''' was held in [[Bangalore Palace|Palace grounds]], Bangalore, from 25 to 28 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayurveda Summit: 4-Day World Event Kicks Off in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/four-day-world-ayurveda-summit-begins-in-bengaluru-3842868 |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=deccanherald.com |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 25, 2025 |title=Ayurveda needs deeper research, specialised expertise: Health Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ayurveda-needs-deeper-research-specialised-expertise-health-minister/article70437392.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಿಶ್ವವಾಣಿ |date=December 23, 2025 |title=2nd Ayurveda World Summit: ಡಿ.25ರಿಂದ 28ರವರೆಗೆ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ ವಿಶ್ವ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನ |url=https://www.vishwavani.news/karnataka/bengaluru-urban/2nd-ayurveda-world-summit-in-bengaluru-from-december-25-to-28-64456.html |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=vishwavani.news |publisher=[[Vishwavani News]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಡಿ.25-28ರವರೆಗೆ ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ ವಿಶ್ವ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನ: ಡಾ.ಗಿರಿಧರ ಕಜೆ ಘೋಷಣೆ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/bangalore-ayurveda-world-summit-2025-palace-grounds-gvd/articleshow-6bdo27k |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=kannada.asianetnews.com |publisher=[[Asianet Suvarna News]] |language=kn}}</ref> It was organized by Kaje Ayurvedic Chartable Foundation, [[Ministry of Ayush]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second World Ayurveda Summit begins in Bengaluru |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/index.php/karnataka/second-world-ayurveda-summit-begins-in-bengaluru |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=english.varthabharati.in |publisher=[[Vartha Bharati]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Second Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore (2025)
|width=175 | height=175 |mode=nolines |align=center
|File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 122.jpg|Ayurveda signboard
|File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 03.jpg|[[Dhanvantari]] [[Chariot|Ratha]] Yatra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanwanthri Ratha Yatra – Promotion of 2nd Ayurveda World Summit |url=https://sairamayur.edu.in/dhanwanthri-ratha-yatra-promotion-of-2nd-ayurveda-world-summit/ |website=sairamayur.edu.in |publisher=Sri Sairam Group of Institutions }}</ref> at the summit
|File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 165.jpg|Exhibitor and organizer Kaje Ayurvedic Chartable Foundation
|File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 107.jpg|Conferences
|File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 53.jpg|Sculptures
|File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 70.jpg|Cattle
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore (2025)}}

[[Category:Summits]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]

Ghalib ki Haveli

2026-03-20T14:15:43Z

Cinehub 022:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Ghalib ki Haveli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = {{CSS image crop| Image = Bust of Mirza Ghalib.JPG
| Location = center| bSize = 864| cWidth = 189| cHeight = 286| oLeft = 342| oTop = 117}}
| caption = Bust of Ghalib at the Haveli
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| established = 27 December 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghalib ki Haveli |url=http://delhilostmarvels.webs.com/ghalibkihaveli.htm |accessdate=22 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120083954/http://delhilostmarvels.webs.com/ghalibkihaveli.htm |archivedate=20 November 2013 }}</ref>
| dissolved = 
| location = Gali [[Qasim Jan]], [[Ballimaran]], [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Old Delhi]], India
| type = [[Memorial museum]], [[Biographical museum]]
| accreditation = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| key_holdings = Handwritten poems of Ghalib
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| curator =
| owner = [[Government of Delhi]]
| publictransit = [[Chawri Bazar metro station|Chawri Bazaar Metro Station]]
| car_park =
| network =
| website =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}
{{coord|28.6543099|77.2255774|display=title}}
'''Ghalib ki Haveli''' ([[ALA-LC]]: {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''G̱ẖālib kī Ḥawelī''}} {{IPA|ur|ˈɣɑːlɪb kiː ɦəˈʋeːliː|IPA}}, {{Lit|Ghalib's Mansion}}) is a [[haveli]] in Gali [[Qasim Jan]] ({{Lit|Qasim Jan Street}}), [[Ballimaran]], in the [[Chandni Chowk]] neighbourhood of [[Old Delhi]]. It was the residence of the 19th-century Indian poet [[Ghalib]] and is now a heritage site.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Ghalib ki Haveli|url=http://www.sodelhi.com/history-heritage/360-mirza-ghalib-ki-haveli|accessdate=22 January 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225224959/http://www.sodelhi.com/history-heritage/360-mirza-ghalib-ki-haveli|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its [[Mughal architecture]] reflects the period when the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era was on the decline in [[India]].

The house was given to him by [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]], a physician who is believed was an enthusiast of his poetry. After the poet's death in 1869, Hakim used to sit there every evening, not allowing anyone enter the building.<ref name="The Better India 2016">{{cite web | title=Lost in the Chaos of Chandni Chowk, Mirza Ghalib's 300-Year-Old Haveli is a Forgotten Treasure | website=The Better India | date=2016-12-27 | url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/79714/mirza-ghalib-haveli-chandni-chowk-delhi/ | access-date=2020-07-27}}</ref>

==History==

Ghalib lived in this haveli for a long period of his life after he came from [[Agra]]. While staying at this haveli, he wrote his [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] '[[Diwan (poetry)|diwans]]' (''[[Diwan-e-Ghalib]]''). Years after Ghalib's death the place housed shops inside it until the year 1999 after which the government acquired a portion of it and renovated it. It was given a special touch with the use of Mughal [[lakhori bricks]], sandstone and a wooden entrance gate to recreate the [[19th century in India|19th-century period]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

[[File:A view of Ghalib ki Haveli.JPG|thumb|225px|A view of the Haveli]]
After takeover by the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] the haveli was made into a permanent [[memorial museum]] in 2000 housing objects related to the poet and his times. It also houses various hand written poems by the poet besides his books. The museum also houses a life size replica of the poet in a realistic setting with a [[hookah]] in his hand. Portraits of [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Ustaad Zauq]], [[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar]], [[Momin Khan Momin|Momin]], and other noted contemporaries of Ghalib can also be seen. On 27 December 2010, former [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Delhi Chief Minister]] [[Sheila Dikshit]] unveiled a sculpture of the poet that was sculpted by a well known artist Bhagwan Rampure and commissioned by poet and lyricist [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ghalib's marble bust unveiled|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-27/delhi/28220634_1_213th-birth-anniversary-haveli-mirza-ghalib|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140122150300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-27/delhi/28220634_1_213th-birth-anniversary-haveli-mirza-ghalib|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Sculptor Bhagwan Rampure |url=https://www.indiaart.com/Sculptors/Bhagwan-Rampure/Profile-of-Bhagwan-Rampure.asp |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=indiaart.com}}</ref> A portrait of Ghalib commissioned by the former president of India Dr. [[Zakir Husain]] served as the blue print for the sculpture.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2013 |title=Ghalib's Legacy |url=http://sufinews.blogspot.in/2011/01/ghalibs-legacy.html |website=Sufi News}}</ref>

The walls are adorned with the huge portrait of the poet and his couplets which are hung around the side walls.

{{Quote box
| align = center
| fontsize = 100%
| width = 30%
| quote = <poem>
{{nq|اگ رہا ہے در و دیوار سے سبزہ غاؔلب}}
{{nq|ہم بیاباں میں ہیں اور گھر میں بہار آئی ہے}}

Transliteration ([[ALA-LC]]):
''Ug rahā hai dar-o-dīvār se sabza 'ġhālib',''
''Ham bayābāñ meñ haiñ aur ghar meñ bahār aa.ī hai.''<ref name="Rekhta">{{cite web | title=Read full ghazal by Mirza Ghalib | website=Rekhta | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ghazals/ug-rahaa-hai-dar-o-diivaar-pe-sabza-gaalib-mirza-ghalib-ghazals | access-date=2020-07-27}}</ref>

It is roughly translated into English as:
"Greenery is growing out of the doors and walls, 'Ghalib'!
I am in wilderness and spring has arrived at my house."
</poem>
}}

==Architecture==
Mirza Ghalib's Haveli is located in the [[Old Delhi]] and is a heritage site declared by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. It offers an insight into the Mirza Ghalib's lifestyle and [[Mughal architecture|architecture of the Mughal era]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirza Ghalib's Haveli in Chandni Chowk, Delhi |date=16 October 2013 |url=http://discoverindiaonvacation.wordpress.com/tag/archaeological-survey-of-india/ |accessdate=22 January 2014}}</ref> The large compound of the [[haveli]] with columns and bricks are the reminiscence of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[Delhi]]. It is built using traditional material including [[lakhori bricks]] and [[lime mortar]].<ref name=bri4>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Haveli-to-speak-of-a-history-lost-in-time/articleshow/50259881.cms | title=Haveli to speak of a history lost in time | newspaper=[[Times of India]] | date=21 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=bri6>{{cite web | url=https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/South%20Shahjahanabad.pdf | title=5. Havelis of Kucha pati Ram, in South Shahjahanabad | publisher=World Monument Fund | access-date=27 November 2017 | archive-date=23 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523222552/https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/South%20Shahjahanabad.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=bri7>{{cite news | url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/revival-hemu-haveli-cards-000000408.html | title=Revival of Hemu's Haveli on the cards | publisher=Yahoo News India | date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=bri9>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/a-jail-a-school-and-an-orphanage-bawana-s-fortress-gets-another-makeover/photo-MnALg5tq9GtOs1MadSf5aM.html | title=A Jail, school and orphanage: Bawana's fortress gets another makeover | date=21 February 2017 | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | accessdate=26 August 2018 }}</ref>

==Information==
Located near [[Chawri Bazar metro station]] and [[Delhi Junction railway station]] it is open to all, with free entry and no photography charges, from 11 am till 6 pm on all days except Monday.

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Genealogy of Ghalib.jpg|Genealogy of Ghalib as displayed at the Ghalib ki Haveli, Old Delhi
File:Renovated roof Ghalib ki Haveli.JPG|Renovated roof Ghalib ki Haveli
File:A closeup of a page from Ghalib's Diwan.JPG|A page from Ghalib's Diwan reading "Ye na thi hamari qismat..."
File:Postal stamp in memory of Ghalib.JPG|Postal stamp in memory of Ghalib, Government of Pakistan
File:A book that belonged to Ghalib.JPG|At Ghalib ki Haveli
File:Ghalib's favourite pastime.jpg|Game of "[[Chaupar]]" (similar to [[ludo]]) Ghalib's favourite pastime
File:A visual projection of Ghalib.JPG|A visual projection of Ghalib during his leisure time
File:A couplet on the walls.JPG|A couplet on the wall
</gallery>

==See also==

{{commons category}}

*[[Ghalib Museum, New Delhi]]
*[[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi]]
* [[Chandni Chowk]]
* [[Chunnamal Haveli]]
* [[Dharampura Haveli]]
* [[Nangal Sirohi#Havelis and architecture|Nangal Sirohi havelis]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Biographical museums in India]]
[[Category:Havelis in India]]
[[Category:Houses in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ghalib]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2000]]

Paramilitary forces of India

2026-03-19T12:02:36Z

Cinehub 022: quick reworked intro for clarity additionally and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Auxiliary Forces of India}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
'''[[Paramilitary Forces]] of India''' refer to a group of 10 armed organisations responsible for supporting the Indian military and ensuring internal security.<ref name="IISS 2012">{{cite journal |title=Chapter Six: Asia |pages=205–302 |journal=The Military Balance |volume=112 |number=1 |author1=IISS |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |doi=10.1080/04597222.2012.663215 |s2cid=219626887}}</ref>

== List of paramilitary forces ==
{{Indian Armed Forces sidebar}}
From 1986 to 2011 the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPF) were considered as Central Police Organisations (CPOs).<ref name="Memorandum">{{cite web |title=Office Memorandum |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |website=MHA |publisher=MHA, GoI |access-date=26 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, as per their respective acts they all are Armed Police Forces.<ref name="Memorandum"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/for-the-paramilitary-all-s-in-a-new-name/cid/415027 |title=For the paramilitary, all's in a new name. |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraphy]] |first=Nishit |last=Dholabhai |date=26 March 2011}}</ref>

The paramilitary forces are made up of:<ref name="IISS 2012"/>
* '''[[Central Armed Police Forces]]'''<ref name=StandingCommitteeReport>{{cite book |author=Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs |title=Working conditions in Border Guarding Forces Sashastra Seema Bal, Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Border Security Force) |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |page=1 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/15/107/214_2019_11_11.pdf?source=rajyasabha |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>
** Border Guarding Forces
*** [[Assam Rifles]] (AR)
*** [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)
*** [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP)
*** [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB)
** Special Task Force
*** [[National Security Guard]] (NSG)
** Forces for Internal Security
*** [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF)
*** [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF)
* '''[[Railway Protection Force]]''' (RPF)
* '''[[Special Frontier Force]]''' (SFF)
* '''[[Special Protection Group]]''' (SPG)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="align: center" colspan="5" | Paramilitary Forces<ref name="IISS 2012"/>
|-
!Paramilitary force
!Active Strength
!Governing Body
!Operational area
!Role
|-
| {{flagicon image|Assam Rifles Flag.svg}} [[Assam Rifles]]
| 63,747<ref name="Annual Report 16-17">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016-17 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India}}</ref>
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (administrative) [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (operational)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-assam-rifles-dual-control-structure-role-nagaland-violence-7658329/ |title=Explained: Assam Rifles' dual control structure, and its role |work=[[The Indian Express]] |first=Deeptiman |last=Tiwary |date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Northeast India]], [[India–Myanmar border]]
| [[Border guard]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force]]
| 257,363<ref name="Annual Report 16-17"/>
| rowspan="6" | [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[India–Pakistan border]] and [[Bangladesh–India border|India–Bangladesh border]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bsf.nic.in/en/introduction.html |title=Introduction |publisher=[[Border Security Force]] |website=bsf.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206040944/http://bsf.nic.in/en/introduction.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Border guard
|-
| {{flagicon image|CISF Flag.svg}} [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
| 144,418<ref name="Annual Report 16-17"/>
| [[Industry in India|Industries]], [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation|space installations]], [[Airports in India|airports]], [[Ports in India|seaports]] and [[Delhi Metro]]
| Protection and security of operational areas
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
| 313,678<ref name="Annual Report 16-17"/>
| All India Force
| [[Counter-insurgency]] and [[Elections in India|general elections]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|ITBP Flag.svg}} [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| 89,432<ref name="Annual Report 16-17"/>
| [[Line of Actual Control|India–China border]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/Aboutus_new/history&role/htmnav.html |title=Home | Indo Tibetan Border Police, Ministry of Home Affairs |website=itbpolice.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
| Border guard
|-
| {{flagicon image|NSG Flag.svg}} [[National Security Guard]]
| 10,000
| Active Special operations in India
| [[Counter-terrorism]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Sashastra Seema Bal Flag.svg}} [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| 97,244<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNAzQEACAAJ |title=The Military Balance 2020 |last=(Iiss) |first=The International Institute of Strategic Studies |date=14 February 2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]], Chapman & Hall, Incorporated |isbn=9780367466398 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
| [[India–Nepal border]] and [[Bhutan–India border|India–Bhutan border]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=38&lev=2&lid=10&langid=1&Cid=0 |title=Role- SSB Ministry Of Home Affairs, Govt. Of India |website=ssb.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
| Border guard
|-
| [[File:Logo of RPF.jpg|25px]] [[Railway Protection Force]]
| 76,563
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
| [[Indian Railways]]
| Protection and security of operational areas
|-
| [[File:SFF LOGO.svg|25px]] [[Special Frontier Force]]
| 10,000<ref name=":0"/>
| rowspan="2" | [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]]<ref name="Chhina and Kaushik">{{cite web |last1=Chhina |first1=Man Aman Singh |last2=Kaushik |first2=Krishn |date=2 September 2020 |title=Explained: What is the Special Frontier Force, referred to as Vikas Battalion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-special-frontier-force-vikas-battalion-6578568/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|
| [[Covert operation]]s
|-
| {{flagicon image|SPG Flag.svg}} [[Special Protection Group]]
| 3,000<ref name=":0"/>
| Security of [[Prime Minister of India]]
| [[Executive Protection]]
|-
!Total
!'''1,065,445'''
!
!
!
|}

== Ranks and insignia ==
;Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (BSF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CISF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (ITBP)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (RPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Special Frontier Force)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|}

;Personnel below officer rank
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (BSF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CISF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (ITBP)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (RPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Special Frontier Force)}}
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
* [[State Armed Police Forces]]
* [[Special forces of India]]
* [[Police ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Indian Police Service]]
* [[Indian Army ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard]]
* [[Armed Forces Medical Services]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090217111800/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=2&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 India's Paramilitary Forces @ Bharat-Rakshak.Com]

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030213140909/http://www.assamrifles.com/ Assam Rifles official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212202228/http://www.indiadefence.com/PMF.htm Analysis of the PMF]
* [http://www.photius.com/countries/india/national_security/india_national_security_paramilitary_and_res~8898.html An informative article on the PMF]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/bsf.htm Global Security article on Border Security Force]

{{India topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Military of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Law Enforcement in India}}
[[Category:Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary forces of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]

Dhubri Medical College and Hospital

2026-03-18T11:58:02Z

Cinehub 022: Added First Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Medical college in Dhubri, Assam, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dhubri Medical College and Hospital
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2022|08|08}}
| type = [[Government]]
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| image =
| city = Jhagrarpar, Dhubri
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| principal = Dr. Anku Moni Saikia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/media-workshop-on-malnutrition-among-children-organized-at-bn-college-dhubri-603610|title=Media workshop on malnutrition among children organized at BN College, Dhubri|date=2022-07-21|website=The Sentinel|language=en|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref>
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = 100
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| campus = Sub Urban
| postcode = 783325
| coordinates = {{coord|26.0353446|89.9647172
|display=title}}
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| affiliations = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]] [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://dhubri-mch.assam.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhubri Medical College and Hospital''' is a medical college with attached hospital located in [[Dhubri]], [[Assam]].<ref name="sentinel" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/health-minister-keshab-mahanta-takes-stock-of-construction-works-of-dhubri-medical-college-579656
|title=Health Minister Keshab Mahanta takes stock of construction works of Dhubri Medical College|date=|website=The Sentinel|language=en|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> This is the 9th medical college of the state.<ref name="sentinel" />
The college operates under the State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Assam. It is recognised by [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/assam-gets-approval-for-9th-medical-college-at-dhubri/amp
|title=Assam Gets Approval For 9th Medical College At Dhubri|date=|website=NDTV|language=en|access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> Currently the college has an intact capacity of 100 undergraduate students, from academic year 2022-23.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-gets-its-9th-medical-college-dhubri-medical-college-gets-nmc-approval-606698|title=Assam Gets Its 9th Medical College, Dhubri Medical College Gets NMC Approval
|date=|website=The Sentinel|language=en|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}
{{India-hospital-stub}}

François Courson de la Villehelio

2026-03-17T17:36:10Z

Cinehub 022: Added A Details More To Come

{{Short description|French colonial administrator (1791–1830)}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}

'''François Courson de la Villehelio''' was chief of [[Yanam]] in what is today India during French colonial rule.

De la Villehelio was born at [[Île-de-France]] in 1791. His parents were François-Thérès Courson de la Villehelio and Amélie Courson de la Villehelio (née de Kersauson du Vijac).

De la Villehelio was nominated by [[Louis XVIII|King Louis XVIII]] as Chief of Yanam on 21 July 1814. A royal decree dated 9 June 1824 relieved him of his duties. However his term ended on 19 April 1825. De la Villehelio remained in Yanam until his death on 28 May 1830.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56856965|title=Recherches historiques sur la maison de Courson en Bretagne et en Angleterre depuis 1066 jusqu'à 1881 avec cartes, dessins divers et pièces justificatives|date=12 November 1881|via=gallica.bnf.fr|language=fr}}</ref>

In Yanam, the village Coursonpeta (now Kurasampeta'')'' was named in De la Villehelio's honor.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Courson De La Villehelio, Francois}}
[[Category:French colonial governors and administrators]]
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Fortification

2026-03-15T05:32:30Z

Cinehub 022: cleanup information per sources and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Military defensive construction}}
{{Redirect-several|Fort|Fortress|Stronghold|Fortification}}
{{Distinguish|food fortification|fortified wine}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{War}}
[[File:Castillo San Felipe del Morro (10 of 1).jpg|thumb|[[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]], Puerto Rico. The fortress and walled city of [[Old San Juan]] are a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].]]

A '''fortification''' (also called a '''fort''', '''fortress''', '''fastness''', or '''stronghold''') is a [[military]] [[construction]] designed for the defense of territories in [[war]]fare, and is used to establish rule in a region during [[peacetime]]. The term is derived from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|fortis}} ("strong") and {{lang|la|facere}} ("to make").{{sfn|Jackson|1911|p=679}}

[[File:Aerial photograph of Maiden Castle, 1935.jpg|thumb|[[Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle]] in 1935. The [[Iron Age]] [[hillfort]] was first built in 600 BC.]]

From very early history to modern times, [[defensive wall]]s have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of [[invasion]] and [[conquest]]. Some settlements in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] were the first small cities to be fortified. In [[ancient Greece]], large [[cyclopean]] stone walls fitted without mortar had been built in [[Mycenaean Greece]], such as the ancient site of [[Mycenae]]. A Greek ''[[Towns of ancient Greece#Military settlements|phrourion]]'' was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military [[garrison]], and is the equivalent of the [[ancient Roman|Roman]] [[castellum]] or fortress. These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and borders. Though smaller than a real fortress, they acted as a border guard rather than a real strongpoint to watch and maintain the border.

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called "castrametation" since the time of the [[Roman legion]]s. Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. There is also an intermediate branch known as semipermanent fortification.{{sfn|Jackson|1911|p=680}} [[Castle]]s are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a [[monarch]] or [[Nobility|noble]] and command a specific defensive territory.

[[Castra|Roman forts]] and [[hill fort]]s were the main antecedents of castles in Europe, which emerged in the 9th century in the [[Carolingian Empire]]. The [[Early Middle Ages]] saw the creation of some towns built around castles.

Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of [[cannon]]s in the 14th century. Fortifications in the age of [[black powder]] evolved into much lower structures with greater use of [[Ditch (fortification)|ditches]] and [[Earthworks (engineering)|earth]] [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]] that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so the walls were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes to improve protection.

The arrival of [[explosive shell]]s in the 19th century led to another stage in the evolution of fortification. [[Star fort]]s did not fare well against the effects of high explosives, and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells. [[Steel]]-and-[[concrete]] fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The advances in modern warfare since [[World War I]] have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations.

==History==

===Early uses===
[[File:Han Tomb Brick - 3.jpg|thumb|[[Han dynasty]] tomb brick showing gate towers]]

Defensive fences for protecting humans and domestic animals against predators was used long before the appearance of writing and began "perhaps with primitive man blocking the entrances of his [[cave]]s for security from large [[carnivore]]s".<ref>{{cite web |last1=A. Wade |first1=Dale |title=THE USE OF FENCES FOR PREDATOR DAMAGE CONTROL |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/188047270 |website=University of Nebraska - Lincoln |publisher=Wade, Dale A., "THE USE OF FENCES FOR PREDATOR DAMAGE CONTROL" (1982). Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1982). 47. |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>

From very early history to modern times, [[Defensive wall|walls]] have been a necessity for many cities. [[Amnya Fort]] in western Siberia has been described by archeologists as one of the oldest known fortified settlements, as well as the northernmost Stone Age fort.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piezonka |first1=Henny |last2=Chairkina |first2=Natalya |last3=Dubovtseva |first3=Ekaterina |last4=Kosinskaya |first4=Lyubov |last5=Meadows |first5=John |last6=Schreiber |first6=Tanja |date=December 1, 2023 |title=The world's oldest-known promontory fort: Amnya and the acceleration of hunter-gatherer diversity in Siberia 8000 years ago |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/worlds-oldestknown-promontory-fort-amnya-and-the-acceleration-of-huntergatherer-diversity-in-siberia-8000-years-ago/90559E4105F93528A6552B36C7236259 |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=97 |issue=396|pages=1381–1401 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2023.164 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In Bulgaria, near the town of [[Provadia]] a walled fortified settlement today called [[Solnitsata]] starting from 4700 BC had a diameter of about {{convert|300|ft}}, was home to 350 people living in two-story houses, and was encircled by a fortified wall. The huge walls around the settlement, which were built very tall and with stone blocks which are {{convert|6|ft|sp=us}} high and {{convert|4.5|ft|sp=us}} thick, make it one of the earliest walled settlements in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/49645182 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402235426/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/49645182 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 2, 2020 |title=Bulgaria claims to find Europe's oldest town |work=NBC News |date=2012-11-01 |access-date=2013-05-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20156681 |title= Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria |publisher=BBC |date=2012-10-31 |access-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611222256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20156681 |archive-date=2013-06-11 |work=BBC News }}</ref> but it is younger than the walled town of [[Sesklo]] in Greece from 6800 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greek-thesaurus.gr/neolithic-settlements-organization.html |title=Organization of neolithic settlements:house construction |publisher=Greek-thesaurus.gr |access-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722215151/http://www.greek-thesaurus.gr/neolithic-settlements-organization.html |archive-date=2013-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2500 |title=Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism | Sesklo |publisher=Odysseus.culture.gr |access-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060412/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2500 |archive-date=2013-01-02 }}</ref>

[[Uruk]] in ancient [[Sumer]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) is one of the world's oldest known [[walled cities]]. The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the [[Nile Valley]] to protect against invaders from adjacent territories, as well as circle-shaped mud brick walls around their cities. Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of dirt for today's archeologists. A massive prehistoric stone wall surrounded the ancient temple of [[Ness of Brodgar]] 3200 BC in [[Scotland]]. Named the "Great Wall of Brodgar" it was {{convert|4|m|ft|sp=us|abbr=on}} thick and {{convert|4|m|ft|sp=us|abbr=on}} tall. The wall had some symbolic or ritualistic function.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Ness of Brodgar Excavations |url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/archaeology/nessofbrodgar/excavation-background-2/the-great-wall-of-brodgar/ |title=The Ness of Brodgar Excavations – The 'Great Wall of Brodgar' |publisher=Orkneyjar.com |access-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428094607/http://www.orkneyjar.com/archaeology/nessofbrodgar/excavation-background-2/the-great-wall-of-brodgar/ |archive-date=2013-04-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Alex Whitaker |url=http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/scotlandness.htm |title=The Ness of Brodgar |publisher=Ancient-wisdom.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501034018/http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/scotlandness.htm |archive-date=2013-05-01 }}</ref> The [[ancient Assyrians|Assyrians]] deployed large labor forces to build new [[palaces]], temples and defensive walls.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture |first1=Banister |last1=Fletcher |first2=Dan |last2=Cruickshank |date=1996 |publisher=Architectural Press |isbn=0-7506-2267-9 |page=20}}</ref>

===Bronze Age Europe===
[[File:Borg in-Nadur ruins.jpeg|thumb|left|Remains of a fortified village, [[Borġ in-Nadur]], Malta. Borġ in-Nadur is a notable example of [[Bronze Age]] fortifications.]]

In [[Bronze Age]] [[Malta (island)|Malta]], some settlements also began to be fortified. The most notable surviving example is [[Borġ in-Nadur]], where a bastion built in around 1500 BC was found. Exceptions were few—notably, ancient [[Sparta]] and ancient [[Rome]] did not have walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defense instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. In [[ancient Greece]], large stone walls had been built in [[Mycenaean Greece]], such as the ancient site of [[Mycenae]] (famous for the huge stone blocks of its '[[cyclopean]]' walls). In [[Classical Greece|classical era Greece]], the city of [[Athens]] built two parallel stone walls, called the [[Long Walls]], that reached their fortified seaport at [[Piraeus]] a few miles away.

In [[Central Europe]], the [[Celts]] built large fortified settlements known as [[oppidum|oppida]], whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the [[Mediterranean]]. The fortifications were continuously being expanded and improved. Around 600 BC, in [[Heuneburg]], Germany, forts were constructed with a limestone foundation supported by a [[mudbrick]] wall approximately 4 meters tall, probably topped by a roofed walkway, thus reaching a total height of 6 meters. The wall was clad with lime plaster, regularly renewed. Towers protruded outwards from it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Focke|first1=Arne|title=Die Heuneburg an der oberen Donau: Die Siedlungsstrukturen|url=http://www.isentosamballerer.de/de/bibliothek/siedlungsstrukturen-heuneburg/befestigungen.html|website=isentosamballerer.de|date=2006|language=de}}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Erforschung und Geschichte der Heuneburg|url=http://www.heuneburg.de/heuneburg-kelten.htm|website=Celtic Museum Heuneburg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624231023/http://www.heuneburg.de/heuneburg-kelten.htm|archive-date=24 June 2007|language=de}}</ref>
[[File:Bibracte Porte Rebout.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed walls of [[Bibracte]], a [[Gaulish]] ''[[oppidum]]'', showing the construction technique known as ''[[Murus Gallicus|murus gallicus]]''. ''Oppida'' were large fortified settlements used during the [[Iron Age]].]]

The [[Oppidum of Manching]] (German: Oppidum von Manching) was a large Celtic proto-urban or city-like settlement at modern-day Manching (near Ingolstadt), Bavaria (Germany). The settlement was founded in the 3rd century BC and existed until {{Circa|50–30 BC}}. It reached its largest extent during the late La Tène period (late 2nd century BC), when it had a size of 380 hectares. At that time, 5,000 to 10,000 people lived within its 7.2 km long walls. The oppidum of [[Bibracte]] is another example of a Gaulish fortified settlement.

===Bronze and Iron Age Near East===
{{See also|Casemate}}
[[File:Casamata de Masada.jpg|thumb|right|An ancient casemate wall at [[Masada]].]]

The term ''casemate wall'' is used in the archeology of [[Land of Israel|Israel]] and the wider [[Near East]], having the meaning of a double wall protecting a city<ref name=Safra>{{cite web |last=Emswiler |first=Elizabeth Anne |title=The Casemate Wall System of Khirbat Safra |pages=1, 3–15 |date=2020 |publisher=[[Andrews University]] |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1156&context=theses |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> or fortress,<ref name=MGH>{{cite dictionary |title=Casemate wall |dictionary =McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |via=[[The Free Dictionary]] |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/casemate+wall |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref> with transverse walls separating the space between the walls into chambers.<ref name=Safra /> These could be used as such, for storage or residential purposes, or could be filled with soil and rocks during siege in order to raise the resistance of the outer wall against battering rams.<ref name=Safra /> Originally thought to have been introduced to the region by the [[Hittites]], this has been disproved by the discovery of examples predating their arrival, the earliest being at [[Ti'inik]] (Taanach) where such a wall has been dated to the [[16th century BC]].<ref>Emswiler (2020), pp. 7–9.</ref> Casemate walls became a common type of fortification in the Southern Levant between the Middle Bronze Age (MB) and Iron Age II, being more numerous during the Iron Age and peaking in Iron Age II (10th–6th century BC).<ref name=Safra /> However, the construction of casemate walls had begun to be replaced by sturdier solid walls by the [[9th century BC]], probably due the development of more effective battering rams by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref name=Safra /><ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |author=[[Seton Lloyd|Lloyd, Seton H.F.]] |title=Syro-Palestinian art and architecture |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |via= Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Syro-Palestinian-art#ref419785 |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref> Casemate walls could surround an entire settlement, but most only protected part of it.<ref>Emswiler (2020), p. 4.</ref> The three different types included freestanding casemate walls, then integrated ones where the inner wall was part of the outer buildings of the settlement, and finally filled casemate walls, where the rooms between the walls were filled with soil right away, allowing for a quick, but nevertheless stable construction of particularly high walls.<ref>Emswiler (2020), pp. 4–5.</ref>

===Ancient Rome===
{{Main|Roman military frontiers and fortifications}}
[[File:Celio - le mura tra porta san Sebastiano e porta Ardeatina 2004.JPG|thumb|An interior view of the [[Aurelian Walls]] near [[Porta San Sebastiano]]]]

The [[ancient Rome|Romans]] fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. The most famous of these are the largely extant [[Aurelian Walls]] of [[Rome]] and the [[Theodosian Walls]] of [[Constantinople]], together with partial remains elsewhere. These are mostly city gates, like the [[Porta Nigra]] in [[Trier]] or [[Newport Arch]] in [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]].

[[Hadrian's Wall]] was built by the [[Roman Empire]] across the width of what is now [[northern England]] following a visit by [[List of Roman Emperors|Roman Emperor]] [[Hadrian]] (AD 76–138) in AD 122.

===Indian subcontinent===
{{Main|Forts in India|List of forts in India|List of forts in Pakistan|List of forts in Nepal}}
[[File:Dholavira gujarat.jpg|thumb|Defensive wall of the ancient city of [[Dholavira]], Gujarat 2600 BCE]]

A number of forts dating from the [[Later Stone Age]] to the [[British Raj]] are found in the mainland [[Indian subcontinent]] (modern day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]). "Fort" is the word used in India for all old fortifications. Numerous [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]] sites exhibit evidence of fortifications. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the [[Indus]] floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of [[Kot Diji]] were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighboring communities bickered constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged |first1=Peter N. |last1=Stearns |first2=William Leonard |last2=Langer |date=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books |isbn=0-395-65237-5 |page=17}}</ref> The fortification varies by site. While [[Dholavira]] has stone-built fortification walls, [[Harappa|Harrapa]] is fortified using baked bricks; sites such as [[Kalibangan]] exhibit [[mudbrick]] fortifications with bastions and [[Lothal]] has a quadrangular fortified layout. Evidence also suggested of fortifications in [[Mohenjo-daro]]. Even a small town—for instance, Kotada Bhadli, exhibiting sophisticated fortification-like bastions—shows that nearly all major and minor towns of the Indus Valley Civilization were fortified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19437/Agressive%20Architecture.pdf?sequence=1|title=Agressive [sic] Architecture: Fortifications of the Indus Valley in the Mature Harappan phase | Student Repository}}</ref> Forts also appeared in urban cities of the Gangetic valley during the second urbanization period between 600 and 200 BC, and as many as 15 fortification sites have been identified by archeologists throughout the Gangetic valley, such as [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]], [[Mahasthangarh]], [[Pataliputra]], [[Mathura]], [[Ahichchhatra]], [[Rajgir]], and [[Lauria Nandangarh]]. The earliest [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]] brick fortification occurs in one of the stupa mounds of Lauria Nandangarh, which is 1.6 km in perimeter and oval in plan and encloses a habitation area.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barba|first=Federica|date=2004|title=The Fortified Cities of the Ganges Plain in the First Millennium B.C.|journal=East and West|volume=54|issue=1/4|pages=223–250|jstor=29757611}}</ref> [[Mundigak]] ({{Circa|2500 BC}}) in present-day south-east [[Afghanistan]] has defensive walls and square [[bastion]]s of sun dried bricks.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture |first1=Banister |last1=Fletcher |first2=Dan |last2=Cruickshank |date=1996 |publisher=Architectural Press |isbn=0-7506-2267-9 |page=100}}</ref>
[[File:Jaisalmer forteresse.jpg|thumb|[[Jaisalmer Fort]], [[Rajasthan]], India]]

India currently has over 180 forts, with the state of [[Maharashtra]] alone having over 70 forts, which are also known as ''durg'',<ref>''Durga'' is the [[Sanskrit]] word for "inaccessible place", hence "fort"</ref><ref name="Nossov-8"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=1991 |title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukserta |location=Delhi, India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |volume=1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&pg=PA62 62] |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6}}</ref> many of them built by [[Shivaji]], founder of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]].

A large majority of forts in India are in North India. The most notable forts are the [[Red Fort]] at [[Old Delhi]], the [[Agra Fort|Red Fort]] at [[Agra]], the [[Chittor Fort]] and [[Mehrangarh Fort]] in [[Rajasthan]], the [[Ranthambhor Fort]], [[Amer Fort]] and [[Jaisalmer Fort]] also in Rajasthan and [[Gwalior Fort]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Nossov-8">{{Cite book|author=Nossov, Konstantin|year=2012|title=Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate|edition=second|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMydaF1yzM8C&pg=PA8 8]|isbn=978-1-78096-985-5}}</ref>

[[Arthashastra]], the Indian treatise on military strategy describes six major types of forts differentiated by their major modes of defenses.

==== Sri Lanka ====
{{Main|Forts in Sri Lanka}}
[[File:Beauty of Sigiriya by Binuka.jpg|thumb|Rock fort of [[Sigiriya]] built by King [[Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura]].]]

Forts in [[Sri Lanka]] date back thousands of years, with many being built by Sri Lankan kings. These include several walled cities. With the outset of colonial rule in the [[Indian Ocean]], Sri Lanka was occupied by several major colonial empires that from time to time became the dominant power in the Indian Ocean. The colonists built several western-style forts, mostly in and around the coast of the island. The first to build colonial forts in Sri Lanka were the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]; these forts were captured and later expanded by the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]]. The [[British Empire|British]] occupied these Dutch forts during the [[Napoleonic wars]]. Most of the colonial forts were garrisoned up until the early 20th century. The coastal forts had [[coastal artillery]] manned by the [[Ceylon Garrison Artillery]] during the two world wars.
Most of these were abandoned by the military but retained civil administrative officers, while others retained military garrisons, which were more administrative than operational. Some were reoccupied by military units with the escalation of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]; [[Jaffna fort]], for example, came under siege several times.

===China===
{{See also|Chinese city wall|List of castles in China}}
[[File:20090529 Great Wall 8185.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Wall of China]] near [[Jinshanling]]. The Great Wall was a series of fortifications built across the historical northern borders of China. ]]

Large tempered earth (i.e. [[rammed earth]]) walls were built in [[ancient China]] since the [[Shang dynasty]] ({{Circa|1600}}–1050 BC); the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see [[siege]] for more info). Although stone walls were built in China during the [[Warring States]] (481–221 BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907 AD). The [[Great Wall of China]] had been built since the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–207 BC), although its present form was mostly an engineering feat and remodeling from the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644 AD).

In addition to the Great Wall, a number of Chinese cities also constructed [[defensive wall]]s to defend their cities. Notable [[Chinese city wall]]s include the city walls of [[Hangzhou City Walls|Hangzhou]], [[City Wall of Nanjing|Nanking]], the [[Old City (Shanghai)|Old City of Shanghai]], [[City Wall of Suzhou|Suzhou]], [[Fortifications of Xi'an|Xi'an]] and the [[walled villages of Hong Kong]]. The famous walls of the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]] were established in the early 15th century by the [[Yongle Emperor]]. The Forbidden City made up the inner portion of the [[Beijing city fortifications]].

===North America===
===={{anchor|Frontier forts}}Frontier forts====
In the United States, there are many examples of historical forts or [[Station (frontier defensive structure) |fortified "stations"]] - the name depended on the region. This was a structure built for defense against primarily [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas |Indian]] attacks in frontier areas. While some forts were sometimes used by [[militia]]s, state and federal military units, their primary purpose was for private or civilian defense. Sometimes a [[stockade]] would surround the building(s).<ref>{{cite web |title= [Kentucky Frontier] Migration & Settlement: Settling the Land |publisher=[[Western Kentucky University]] Libraries & Museum |url=http://www.wku.edu/library/museum/education/frontieronline/frontiermigration.htm |access-date= 2012-09-13 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110826054304/http://www.wku.edu/library/museum/education/frontieronline/frontiermigration.htm |archive-date= 2011-08-26 }}</ref>

Examples of historic private or civilian fortified houses built include:
*[[Fort Nelson (Kentucky)|Fort Nelson]] and [[Floyd's Station (Kentucky)|Floyd's Station]] and [[Low Dutch Station]] all in [[Kentucky]]
*[[Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park|Mormon Fort]] and [[Mormon Station State Historic Park|Mormon Station]] in [[Nevada]]
*[[Fort Buenaventura]], [[Cove Fort]], [[Fort Deseret]], and [[Fort Utah]] all in [[Utah]].
*[[Carpenter's Fort, Ohio|Carpenter's Fort]] in [[Ohio]]
*[[Fort Bigham]], [[Fort Swatara]], the [[Heinrich Zeller House]], and [[Fort Depuy]], 18th-century fortified homesteads in Pennsylvania

===Philippines===
====Spanish colonial fortifications====
{{Main|Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines}}

During the [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish Era]] several forts and outposts were built throughout the archipelago. Most notable is [[Intramuros]], the old [[defensive walls|walled]] city of Manila located along the southern bank of the [[Pasig River]].<ref>Luengo, Pedro. Intramuros: Arquitectura en Manila, 1739–1762. Madrid: Fundacion Universitaria Española, 2012</ref> The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of [[World War II]]. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city, only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.

Partial listing of Spanish forts:
# [[Intramuros]], Manila
# [[Cuartel de Santo Domingo]], Santa Rosa, Laguna
# [[Cuyo Fort|Fuerza de Cuyo]], Cuyo, Palawan
# [[Cagayancillo Fort|Fuerza de Cagayancillo]], Cagayancillo, Palawan
# [[Fort Pilar|Real Fuerza de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza]], Zamboanga City
# [[Fort San Felipe (Cavite)|Fuerza de San Felipe]], Cavite City
# [[Fort San Pedro|Fuerza de San Pedro]], Cebu
# [[Fuerte de la Concepcion y del Triunfo]], Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental
# [[Fort San Antonio Abad|Fuerza de San Antonio Abad]], Manila
# [[Fort Pikit|Fuerza de Pikit]], Pikit, Cotabato
# Fuerza de Santiago, [[Romblon, Romblon]]
# Fuerza de Jolo, [[Jolo, Sulu]]
# Fuerza de Masbate, [[Masbate]]
# Fuerza de Bongabong, [[Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro]]
# Cotta de Dapitan, [[Dapitan]], Zamboanga del Norte
# Fuerte de Alfonso XII, [[Tukuran, Zamboanga del Sur]]
# Fuerza de Bacolod, [[Bacolod, Lanao del Norte]]
# Guinsiliban Watchtower, [[Guinsiliban, Camiguin]]
# Laguindingan Watchtower, [[Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental]]
# Kutang San Diego, [[Gumaca, Quezon]]
# Baluarte Luna, [[Luna, La Union]]

====Local fortifications====
{{Main|Ivatan people|Architecture of the Philippines}}

The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes built their so-called ''[[idjang]]'' on hills and elevated areas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filipiknow.net/archaeological-discoveries-in-the-philippines/|title=15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History|work=FilipiKnow|access-date=17 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315060732/http://www.filipiknow.net/archaeological-discoveries-in-the-philippines/|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> to protect themselves during times of war. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.
[[File:American flag raised over Fort Santiago 8-13-1898.jpg|thumb|left|An American flag raised at the [[Fort Santiago]], 1898. Fort Santiago was a [[citadel]] that was a part of the [[Intramuros]], a walled city within Manila.]]

The [[Igorot people|Igorots]] built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.<ref name="irwin">[http://www.livecebu.com/philhistory.htm#Ancientprspanish Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210190659/http://livecebu.com/philhistory.htm |date=2015-12-10 }}. Accessed September 04, 2008.</ref>

The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong [[fortresses]] called ''kota'' or ''moong'' to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao Sultanate]]'s power, they blanketed the areas around Western [[Mindanao]] with kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily or destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the sultanate was subdued and a majority of kotas dismantled or destroyed. kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and rebels also built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the datus, rajahs, or sultans often built and reinforced their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morolandhistory.com/08.PG-Battle%20of%20Bayan/battle_of_bayan_p2.htm|title=The Battle of Bayan|access-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230005052/http://www.morolandhistory.com/08.PG-Battle%20of%20Bayan/battle_of_bayan_p2.htm|archive-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions, as a result, very very few kotas still stand to this day.

Notable kotas:
* [[Kingdom of Maynila|Kota Selurong]]: an outpost of the [[Bruneian Empire]] in Luzon, later became the City of [[Manila]].
* [[Cotabato City|Kuta Wato/Kota Bato]]: Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cotabatocity.net.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=79&limitstart=1|title= The Kutawato Caves|access-date=17 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016065601/http://www.cotabatocity.net.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=79&limitstart=1|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Jolo, Sulu|Kota Sug/Jolo]]: The capital and seat of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]]. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city.

===Pre-Islamic Arabia===

====During Muhammad's lifetime====
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}
[[File:The Battle of the Trench.jpg|thumb|Map of defenses available during the [[Battle of the Trench]], 627. Muslim defenders repelled the Confederates using Medina's natural fortifications and makeshift trenches.]]

During [[Muhammad]]'s era in Arabia, many tribes made use of fortifications. In the [[Battle of the Trench]], the largely outnumbered defenders of Medina, mainly [[Muslim]]s led by [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] Muhammad, dug a [[Trench warfare|trench]], which together with Medina's natural fortifications, rendered the confederate [[cavalry]] (consisting of horses and [[Camel cavalry|camels]]) useless, locking the two sides in a stalemate. Hoping to make several attacks at once, the confederates persuaded the Medina-allied [[Banu Qurayza]] to attack the city from the south. However, [[Muhammad as a diplomat|Muhammad's diplomacy]] derailed the negotiations, and broke up the confederacy against him. The well-organized defenders, the sinking of confederate morale, and poor weather conditions caused the siege to end in a fiasco.<ref name =statesman>*{{cite book | last = Watt |first=William M. | author-link = William Montgomery Watt | title = Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 1974 | isbn = 978-0-19-881078-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/96 96] | url = https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/96 }}</ref>

During the [[Siege of Ta'if]] in January 630,<ref name="Mubarakpuri 2005 481">{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA481|first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960-899-55-8|page=481|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419104753/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA481|archive-date=2016-04-19}} Note: Shawwal 8AH is January 630AD</ref> Muhammad ordered his followers to attack enemies who fled from the [[Battle of Hunayn]] and sought refuge in the fortress of Taif.<ref name="William Muir p. 142">{{cite book |first=William |last=Muir |title=The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira |volume=4 |page=142}}</ref>

===Islamic world===
{{Further|Caravanserai|Kasbah|Ribat|Qalat (fortress)}}

===Africa===
The entire city of [[Kerma]] in [[Nubia]] (present day Sudan) was encompassed by fortified walls surrounded by a ditch. Archeology has revealed various Bronze Age bastions and foundations constructed of stone together with either baked or unfired brick.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bianchi| first = Robert Steven| title = Daily Life of the Nubians| year = 2004| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-313-32501-4| page = 83 }}</ref>

The [[walls of Benin]] are described as the world's second longest man-made structure, as well as the most extensive earthwork in the world, by the ''Guinness Book of Records, 1974''.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Henry Louis |last1=Gates |first2=Anthony |last2=Appiah |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |date=1999 |page=97 |isbn=0195170555}}</ref><ref>Osadolor, pp. 6–294</ref> The walls may have been constructed between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth century CE<ref name="Ogundiran">{{cite journal |last1=Ogundiran |first1=Akinwumi |title=Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |date=June 2005 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=133–168|doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y |s2cid=144422848 }}</ref> or, during the first millennium CE.<ref name="Ogundiran"/><ref name="MacEachern">{{cite journal |last1=MacEachern |first1=Scott |title=Two thousand years of West African history |url=https://www.academia.edu/831918 |journal=African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction |date=January 2005 |publisher=Academia}}</ref> Strong citadels were also built other in areas of Africa. [[History of the Yoruba people|Yorubaland]] for example had several sites surrounded by the full range of earthworks and ramparts seen elsewhere, and sited on ground. This improved defensive potential—such as hills and ridges. Yoruba fortifications were often protected with a double wall of trenches and ramparts, and in the Congo forests concealed [[Ditch (fortification)|ditches]] and paths, along with the main works, often bristled with rows of sharpened stakes. Inner defenses were laid out to blunt an enemy penetration with a maze of defensive walls allowing for entrapment and [[crossfire]] on opposing forces.<ref name="Robert July p. 11-39">July, pp. 11–39</ref>
[[File:Kankelefa 1849.png|thumb|The [[Tata (fortification)|tata]] of [[Kankelefa]] (1849)]]
Between the 15th and 19th centuries,
forts and walled cities were constructed on a large scale from the [[Senegal River]] to settlements of the [[Niger River]]. The types of fortification ranged from the [[Tata (fortification)|Tata]] to the [[Ribat]]. Stone castles and fortified villages were evident in Ethiopia since the 13th century. In [[Southern Africa]], urban centres were walled since the 13th century with notable examples at [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]] and [[Great Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpZnEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=tata+West+Africa+fortification&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtgYz_rrCQAxXlUkEAHcyECls4ChC7BXoECAkQBw#v=onepage&q=tata%20West%20Africa%20fortification&f=false|last=Ettore Morelli|year=2025|title=African Thresholds: Borders and Places of Passage in Africa, c.1450 to Present|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=47–49|isbn=9789004726970}}</ref>

A military tactic of the [[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]] was to create powerful log [[stockade]]s at key points. This was employed in later wars against the [[British Empire|British]] to block British advances. Some of these fortifications were over a hundred yards long, with heavy parallel tree trunks. They were impervious to destruction by artillery fire. Behind these stockades, numerous Ashanti soldiers were mobilized to check enemy movement. While formidable in construction, many of these strongpoints failed because Ashanti guns, gunpowder and bullets were poor, and provided little sustained killing power in defense. Time and time again British troops overcame or bypassed the stockades by mounting old-fashioned bayonet charges, after laying down some covering fire.<ref>The Ashanti campaign of 1900, (1908) By Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro, (1901) Sands and Co. pp. 130–131</ref>

===Medieval Europe===
{{Main|Medieval fortification}}
{{See also|Austrian walled towns}}
[[File:Mury obronne Szprotawa.jpg|thumb|Medieval defensive walls and towers in [[Szprotawa]], Poland, made of field stone and [[bog iron]].]]

[[Castra|Roman forts]] and [[hill fort]]s were the main antecedents of [[castle]]s in [[Europe]], which emerged in the 9th century in the [[Carolingian Empire]]. The [[Early Middle Ages]] saw the creation of some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and [[Ditch (fortification)|ditches]]. From the 12th century, hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterward.

[[File:John Smith 1624 map of Bermuda with Forts 01.jpg|thumb|[[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]]'s 1624 map of [[Bermuda]] with the first stone fortifications built by [[England]] in the [[New World]].]]

The founding of urban centers was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in [[eastern Europe]], were founded precisely for this purpose during the period of [[Ostsiedlung]]. These cities are easy to recognize due to their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development. During the [[Renaissance era]], the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]] raised great walls around cities, and the finest examples, among others, are in [[Nicosia]] (Cyprus), [[Rocca di Manerba del Garda]] (Lombardy), and [[Palmanova]] (Italy), or [[Dubrovnik]] (Croatia), which proved to be futile against attacks but still stand to this day. Unlike the Venetians, the [[Ottoman architecture|Ottomans]] used to build smaller fortifications but in greater numbers, and only rarely fortified entire settlements such as [[Počitelj]], [[Walled city of Vratnik|Vratnik]], and [[Walled city of Jajce|Jajce]] in [[Ottoman Bosnia|Bosnia]].

===Development after introduction of firearms===
{{See also|Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar}}

Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of [[cannon]]s on the 14th century [[battle]]field. Fortifications in the age of [[black powder]] evolved into much lower structures with greater use of [[Ditch (fortification)|ditches]] and [[earthworks (engineering)|earth]] [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]] that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes.

This placed a heavy emphasis on the [[geometry]] of the fortification to allow defensive cannonry interlocking fields of fire to cover all approaches to the lower and thus more vulnerable walls.

[[File:Table of Fortification, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Table of a typical [[bastion fort]], 1728. The development of bastion forts resulted from the increased use of cannons and firearms in the 14th century.]]

The evolution of this new style of fortification can be seen in transitional forts such as [[Sarzana#History|Sarzanello]]<ref>Harris, J., [http://www.fsgfort.com/FortArt/Fort37Art1.htm "Sarzana and Sarzanello – Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181015/http://www.fsgfort.com/FortArt/Fort37Art1.htm |date=2011-07-26 }}, ''Fort'' ([[Fortress Study Group]]), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50–78</ref> in North West Italy which was built between 1492 and 1502. Sarzanello consists of both crenellated walls with towers typical of the medieval period but also has a [[ravelin]] like angular gun platform screening one of the curtain walls which is protected from flanking fire from the towers of the main part of the fort. Another example is the [[fortifications of Rhodes]] which were ''frozen'' in 1522 so that Rhodes is the only European walled town that still shows the transition between the classical medieval fortification and the modern ones.<ref name="restoration">{{Cite book | title = Medieval Town of Rhodes – Restoration Works (1985–2000) – Part One | publisher = Ministry of Culture – Works supervision committee for the monuments of the medieval town of Rhodes | year = 2001 | place = Rhodes}}</ref> A manual about the construction of fortification was published by [[Giovanni Battista Zanchi]] in 1554.

Fortifications also extended in depth, with protected batteries for defensive cannonry, to allow them to engage attacking cannons to keep them at a distance and prevent them from bearing directly on the vulnerable walls.

[[File:Suomenlinna.jpg|thumb|[[Suomenlinna]], a [[sea fortress]] from 18th century in [[Helsinki]], Finland]]

The result was [[Star fort|star shaped fortifications]] with tier upon tier of hornworks and [[bastion]]s, of which [[Fort Bourtange]] is an excellent example. There are also extensive fortifications from this era in the [[Northern Europe|Nordic]] states and in [[Great Britain|Britain]], the fortifications of [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] and the harbor [[archipelago]] of [[Suomenlinna]] at [[Helsinki]] being fine examples.

===19th century===
During the 18th century, it was found that the continuous [[enceinte]], or main defensive enclosure of a bastion fortress, could not be made large enough to accommodate the enormous field armies which were increasingly being employed in Europe; neither could the defenses be constructed far enough away from the fortress town to protect the inhabitants from bombardment by the besiegers, the range of whose guns was steadily increasing as better manufactured weapons were introduced. Therefore, since refortifying the [[Prussia]]n fortress cities of [[Koblenz]] and [[Köln]] after 1815, the principle of the '''ring fortress''' or '''girdle fortress''' was used: forts, each several hundred meters out from the original enceinte, were carefully sited so as to make best use of the terrain and to be capable of mutual support with neighboring forts.<ref>[https://prussia.online/Data/Book/th/the-forts-and-fortifications-of-europe-1815-1945/Kaufmann%20J.,%20Kaufmann%20H.%20The%20Forts%20and%20Fortifications%20of%20Europe,%201815-1945%20(2014),%20OCR.pdf The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945]</ref> Gone were citadels surrounding towns: forts were to be moved some distance away from cities to keep the enemy at a distance so their artillery could not bombard said urbanized settlements. From now on a ring of forts were to be built at a spacing that would allow them to effectively cover the intervals between them.

The arrival of [[explosive shell]]s in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification. [[Star fort]]s did not fare well against the effects of high explosives and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.

[[File:Malta Delimara one.jpg|thumb|left|The ditch and [[counterscarp]] of [[Fort Delimara]]. Built in 1878, Delimara was built as a typical [[polygonal fort]] ditches and counterscarps made to be very deep, vertically sided, and cut directly into the rocks.]]

Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered way at the edge of the [[counterscarp]]. The ditch was extremely vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells.

In response, military engineers evolved the [[Polygonal fort|polygonal]] style of fortification. The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of fortification its name.

Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking troops but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive [[blockhouses]] set in the ditch as well as firing positions cut into the outer face of the ditch itself.

The profile of the fort became very low indeed, surrounded outside the ditch covered by [[caponiers]] by a gently sloping open area so as to eliminate possible cover for enemy forces, while the fort itself provided a minimal target for enemy fire. The entrypoint became a sunken gatehouse in the inner face of the ditch, reached by a curving ramp that gave access to the gate via a rolling bridge that could be withdrawn into the gatehouse.

[[File:14-46-35-f-mutzig.jpg|thumb|The tunnels of [[Fort de Mutzig]], German fortifications built in 1893. By the 19th century, tunnels were used to connect [[blockhouse]]s and firing points in the ditch to the fort.]]

Much of the fort moved underground. Deep passages and [[tunnel network]]s now connected the [[blockhouse]]s and firing points in the ditch to the fort proper, with [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]] and machine rooms deep under the surface. The guns, however, were often mounted in open emplacements and protected only by a [[parapet]]; both in order to keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in closed [[casemate]]s had seen them put out of action by rubble as their own casemates were collapsed around them.

The new forts abandoned the principle of the bastion, which had also been made obsolete by advances in arms. The outline was a much-simplified polygon, surrounded by a ditch. These forts, built in masonry and shaped stone, were designed to shelter their garrison against bombardment. One organizing feature of the new system involved the construction of two defensive curtains: an outer line of forts, backed by an inner ring or line at critical points of terrain or junctions (see, for example, [[Séré de Rivières system]] in France).

Traditional fortification however continued to be applied by European armies engaged in warfare in colonies established in Africa against lightly armed attackers from amongst the indigenous population. A relatively small number of defenders in a fort impervious to primitive weaponry could hold out against high odds, the only constraint being the supply of ammunition.

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Fort Campbell 09.jpg|thumb|Gun emplacement in [[Fort Campbell (Malta)|Fort Campbell]], built in the 1930s. Due to the threat of [[aerial warfare]], the buildings were placed at a distance from each other, making it difficult to find from the air.]]

[[Steel]]-and-[[concrete]] fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the advances in modern warfare since [[World War I]] have made large-scale fortifications [[obsolete]] in most situations. In the 1930s and 1940s, some fortifications were built with designs taking into consideration the new threat of [[aerial warfare]], such as [[Fort Campbell (Malta)|Fort Campbell]] in Malta.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mifsud|first1=Simon|title=Fort Campbell|url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/fort-campbell.html|website=MilitaryArchitecture.com|access-date=15 March 2015|date=14 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115113234/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/fort-campbell.html|archive-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> Despite this, only underground [[bunker]]s are still able to provide some protection in modern wars. Many historical fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and prominent local [[landmark]]s today.

The downfall of permanent fortifications had two causes:
* The ever-escalating power, speed, and reach of artillery and airpower meant that almost any target that could be located could be destroyed if sufficient force were massed against it. As such, the more resources a defender devoted to reinforcing a fortification, the more combat power that fortification justified being devoted to destroying it, if the fortification's destruction was demanded by an attacker's strategy. From [[World War II]], [[bunker buster]]s were used against fortifications. By 1950, [[nuclear weapon]]s were capable of destroying entire cities and producing dangerous [[radiation]]. This led to the creation of civilian nuclear [[air raid shelter]]s.
* The second weakness of permanent fortification was its very permanency. Because of this, it was often easier to go around a fortification and, with the rise of mobile warfare in the beginning of World War II, this became a viable offensive choice. When a defensive line was too extensive to be entirely bypassed, massive offensive might could be massed against one part of the line allowing a breakthrough, after which the rest of the line could be bypassed. Such was the fate of the many defensive lines built before and during World War II, such as the [[Siegfried Line]], the [[Stalin Line]], and the [[Atlantic Wall]]. This was not the case with the [[Maginot Line]]; it was designed to force the Germans to invade other countries (Belgium or Switzerland) to go around it, and was successful in that sense.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halter |first=Marc |title=History of the Maginot Line |publisher=Moselle River |date=2011 |isbn=978-2-9523092-5-7}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Image-GBU-24 Missile testmontage-gi BLU-109 bomb.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[GBU-24 Paveway III|GBU-24]] {{cvt|2000|lb}} bomb hits the ground. The development of [[bunker buster]]s, bombs designed to penetrate hardened targets buried underground, led to a decline in the use of fortifications.]]
Instead field fortification rose to dominate defensive action. Unlike the [[trench warfare]] which dominated World War I, these defenses were more temporary in nature. This was an advantage because since it was less extensive it formed a less obvious target for enemy force to be directed against.

If sufficient power were massed against one point to penetrate it, the forces based there could be withdrawn and the line could be reestablished relatively quickly. Instead of a supposedly impenetrable defensive line, such fortifications emphasized [[defense in depth]], so that as defenders were forced to pull back or were overrun, the lines of defenders behind them could take over the defense.

Because the mobile offensives practiced by both sides usually focused on avoiding the strongest points of a [[defensive line]], these defenses were usually relatively thin and spread along the length of a line. The defense was usually not equally strong throughout, however.

The strength of the defensive line in an area varied according to how rapidly an attacking force could progress in the terrain that was being defended—both the terrain the defensive line was built on and the ground behind it that an attacker might hope to break out into. This was both for reasons of the strategic value of the ground, and its defensive value.

This was possible because while offensive tactics were focused on mobility, so were defensive tactics. The dug-in defenses consisted primarily of infantry and [[antitank gun]]s. Defending [[tank]]s and [[tank destroyer]]s would be concentrated in mobile [[brigade]]s behind the defensive line. If a major offensive was launched against a point in the line, mobile reinforcements would be sent to reinforce that part of the line that was in danger of failing.

Thus the defensive line could be relatively thin because the bulk of the fighting power of the defenders was not concentrated in the line itself but rather in the mobile reserves. A notable exception to this rule was seen in the defensive lines at the [[Battle of Kursk]] during World War II, where German forces deliberately attacked the strongest part of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] defenses, seeking to crush them utterly.

The [[terrain]] that was being defended was of primary importance because [[open terrain]] that tanks could move over quickly made possible rapid advances into the defenders' rear areas that were very dangerous to the defenders. Thus such terrain had to be defended at all costs.

[[File:NORADNorth-Portal.jpg|thumb|[[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]] is an underground [[bunker]] used by [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]]. Cheyenne Mountain is an example of a mid-20th century fortification built deep in a mountain.]]

In addition, since in theory the defensive line only had to hold out long enough for mobile reserves to reinforce it, terrain that did not permit rapid advance could be held more weakly because the enemy's advance into it would be slower, giving the defenders more time to reinforce that point in the line. For example, the [[Battle of the Hurtgen Forest]] in Germany during the closing stages of World War II is an excellent example of how difficult terrain could be used to the defenders' advantage.

After World War II, [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s capable of reaching much of the way around the world were developed, so speed became an essential characteristic of the strongest militaries and defenses. [[Missile silo]]s were developed, so missiles could be fired from the middle of a country and hit cities and targets in another country, and airplanes (and [[aircraft carrier]]s) became major defenses and offensive weapons (leading to an expansion of the use of airports and airstrips as fortifications). Mobile defenses could be had underwater, too, in the form of [[ballistic missile submarine]]s capable of firing [[submarine launched ballistic missile]]s. Some bunkers in the mid to late 20th century came to be buried deep inside mountains and prominent rocks, such as [[Gibraltar]] and the [[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]]. On the ground itself, [[minefield]]s have been used as hidden defenses in modern warfare, often remaining long after the wars that produced them have ended.

[[Demilitarized zone]]s along borders are arguably another type of fortification, although a passive kind, providing a buffer between potentially hostile militaries.

===Military airfields===
[[Military airfield]]s offer a fixed "target rich" environment for even relatively small enemy forces, using [[hit-and-run tactics]] by ground forces, stand-off attacks (mortars and rockets), air attacks, or ballistic missiles. Key targets—aircraft, munitions, fuel, and vital technical personnel—can be protected by fortifications.

Aircraft can be protected by [[Revetment (aircraft)|revetment]]s, [[hesco barrier]]s, [[hardened aircraft shelter]]s and [[underground hangar]]s which will protect from many types of attack. Larger aircraft types tend to be based outside the operational theater.

Munition storage follows safety rules which use fortifications (bunkers and bunds) to provide protection against accident and chain reactions (sympathetic detonations). Weapons for rearming aircraft can be stored in small fortified ''expense'' stores closer to the aircraft. At Biên Hòa, South Vietnam, on the morning of May 16, 1965, as aircraft were being refueled and armed, a chain reaction explosion destroyed 13 aircraft, killed 34 personnel, and injured over 100; this, along with damage and losses of aircraft to enemy attack (by both [[Infiltration tactics|infiltration]] and stand-off attacks), led to the construction of revetments and shelters to protect aircraft throughout [[South Vietnam]].

Aircrew and ground personnel will need protection during enemy attacks and fortifications range from culvert section "duck and cover" shelters to permanent air raid shelters. Soft locations with high personnel densities such as accommodation and messing facilities can have limited protection by placing prefabricated concrete walls or barriers around them, examples of barriers are [[Jersey Barrier]]s, T Barriers or Splinter Protection Units (SPUs). Older fortification may prove useful such as the old 'Yugo' pyramid shelters built in the 1980s which were used by US personnel on 8 Jan 2020 when Iran fired 11 ballistic missiles at [[Al Asad Airbase|Ayn al-Asad Airbase]] in Iraq.

Fuel is volatile and has to comply with rules for storage which provide protection against accidents. Fuel in underground bulk fuel installations is well protected though valves and controls are vulnerable to enemy action. Above-ground tanks can be susceptible to attack.

Ground support equipment will need to be protected by fortifications to be usable after an enemy attack.

Permanent (concrete) guard fortifications are safer, stronger, last longer and are more cost-effective than [[sandbag]] fortifications. Prefabricated positions can be made from concrete culvert sections. The British Yarnold Bunker is made from sections of a concrete pipe.

Guard towers provide an increased field of view but a lower level of protection.

Dispersal and camouflage of assets can supplement fortifications against some forms of airfield attack.

====Counterinsurgency====
Just as in colonial periods, comparatively obsolete fortifications are still used for low intensity conflicts. Such fortifications range in size from small patrol bases or [[forward operating base]]s up to huge [[airbase]]s such as [[Camp Bastion]]/[[Camp Leatherneck|Leatherneck]] in [[Afghanistan]]. Much like in the 18th and 19th century, because the enemy is not a powerful military force with the heavy weaponry required to destroy fortifications, walls of [[gabion]], [[sandbag]] or even simple mud can provide protection against small arms and antitank weapons—although such fortifications are still vulnerable to mortar and artillery fire.

==Forts==
[[File:Fortaleza Ozama RD 11 2017 6495.jpg|thumb|The [[Fortaleza Ozama|Ozama Fortress]] in [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic is recognized by UNESCO for being the oldest military construction of European origin in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/526|title=Colonial City of Santo Domingo. Outstanding Universal Value|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre website}}</ref>]]

Forts in modern American usage often refer to space set aside by governments for a permanent military facility; these often do not have any actual fortifications, and can have specializations (military barracks, administration, medical facilities, or intelligence).

However, there are some modern fortifications that are referred to as forts. These are typically small semipermanent fortifications. In urban combat, they are built by upgrading existing structures such as houses or public buildings. In field warfare they are often log, sandbag or [[gabion]] type construction.

Such forts are typically only used in low-level conflicts, such as counterinsurgency conflicts or very low-level conventional conflicts, such as the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]], which saw the use of log forts for use by forward [[platoon]]s and [[Company (military unit)|companies]]. The reason for this is that static above-ground forts cannot survive modern direct or indirect fire weapons larger than mortars, RPGs and small arms.

==Prisons and others==
Fortifications designed to keep the inhabitants of a facility in rather than attacker out can also be found, in [[prisons]], [[concentration camps]], and other such facilities. Those are covered in other articles, as most prisons and concentration camps are not primarily military forts (although forts, camps, and garrison towns have been used as prisons and/or concentration camps; such as [[Theresienstadt]], [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] and the [[Tower of London]] for example).

==Field fortifications==
{{Main|Trench warfare}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Fortification and Siegecraft|volume=10|pages=679–725|first=Louis Charles|last=Jackson}}

==Bibliography==
* July, Robert ''Pre-Colonial Africa'', Charles Scribner, 1975.
* Murray, Nicholas. "The Development of Fortifications", ''The Encyclopedia of War'', Gordon Martel (ed.). WileyBlackwell, 2011.
* Murray, Nicholas. ''The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914''. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013.
* Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson, "The Military System of Benin Kingdom 1440–1897", (UD), Hamburg University: 2001 [https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2001/544/pdf/Disse.pdf copy].
* Thornton, John Kelly ''Warfare in Atlantic Africa'', 1500–1800, Routledge: 1999, {{ISBN|1857283937}}.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fsgfort.com Fortress Study Group]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205190113/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com|date=5 December 2018|title=Military Architecture}}
* [http://www.icofort.org ICOFORT]

{{Fortifications}}
{{Stonemasonry}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Military and war}}

[[Category:Fortifications| ]]
[[Category:Engineering barrages]]
[[Category:Military strategy]]
[[Category:Military installations]]
[[Category:Forts]]

Tamil sexual minorities

2026-03-12T08:04:54Z

Cinehub 022: New First Details Needs Work!

#REDIRECT [[Tamil LGBTQ people]]

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{{R from move}}
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Mallika Sagar

2026-03-10T02:15:28Z

Cinehub 022: added new post

{{Short description|Indian art collector and auctioneer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mallika Sagar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|08|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai), Maharashtra, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Auctioneer|Art collector}}
}}

'''Mallika Sagar''' is an Indian art collector and auctioneer.

== Biography ==
Sagar was born on 3 August 1975 in [[Bombay]].<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Annesha |title=Who is Mallika Sagar, the IPL's first female auctioneer? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/12/18/ipl-auction-who-is-mallika-sagar-auctioneer-wpl-first-woman-cricket-franchise-t20-interview |access-date=18 November 2024| date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiapresentbio.com/mallika-sagar-biography-age-net-worth-wiki | title=Mallika Sagar | work=Indiapresentbio | access-date=1 June 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She was introduced to auctioneering as a teenager when she read a book where the protagonist was a female auctioneer, which inspired her to become an auctioneer.<ref name="Bio" />

== Career ==
Sagar graduated with a degree in the art history at [[Bryn Mawr College]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="India">{{cite web |title=Meet Mallika Sagar, the gorgeous auctioneer for IPL 2025 Mega Auction |url=https://www.india.com/photos/sports/meet-mallika-sagar-the-gorgeous-auctioneer-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-2-411639/ |date=16 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=India.com }}</ref> In 2001, she began her career at the [[New York City]] office of international auction house [[Christie's]], becoming the first Indian woman auctioneer at the company.<ref name="Bio"/> She specialized in modern art and served as an auctioneer at other auction houses such as the Pundole's Art Galleries in Mumbai.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Mallika Sagar: All You Need To Know About The IPL 2025 Auctioneer |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/mallika-sagar-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-ipl-2025-auctioneer-9121871.html |date=16 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

Sagar made her first appearance as a sports auctioneer in 2021 by hosting [[Pro Kabaddi League]] player auction ahead of the [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|competition's eight season]] and was the first female auctioneer to host a Pro Kabaddi League auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-mallika-sagar-set-conduct-ipl-2025-mega-auction-reports|title=Mallika Sagar to conduct IPL 2025 mega auction|date=16 November 2024|access-date=16 November 2024|work=[[Sportskeeda]]|archive-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115141630/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-mallika-sagar-set-conduct-ipl-2025-mega-auction-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> She received an invitation from the auctioneer Hugh Edmeades to serve as his alternative as a precautionary measure prior to the [[2021 Indian Premier League]] auction as the event was held during the middle of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Bio"/> She hosted the player auction as an auctioneer for the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural edition]] of the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref name="India"/> She was announced as the auctioneer for the [[2024 Indian Premier League]] auction in [[Dubai]], replacing Edmeades.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mallika Sagar: Who Is Women's Premier League 2024 Auctioneer? |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/women-s-premier-league-2024/mallika-sagar-who-is-womens-premier-league-2024-auctioneer-4648489 |date=16 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304140304/https://sports.ndtv.com/women-s-premier-league-2024/mallika-sagar-who-is-womens-premier-league-2024-auctioneer-4648489 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2024 |title=All about Mallika Sagar: The first female auctioneer in the history of IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/all-about-mallika-sagar-the-first-female-auctioneer-in-the-history-of-ipl/articleshow/106098635.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309022742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/all-about-mallika-sagar-the-first-female-auctioneer-in-the-history-of-ipl/articleshow/106098635.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=IPL 2024 Auction: Mallika Sagar to replace Hugh Edmeades as auctioneer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2024-auction-mallika-sagar-hugh-edmeades-auctioneer-13516112.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> She was the first female auctioneer of the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="News18"/> In November 2024, she was appointed as the auctioneer to host the [[2025 Indian Premier League]] auction.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2024 |title=Mallika Sagar to conduct IPL 2025 mega auction in Jeddah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/mallika-sagar-ipl-2025-mega-auction-host/articleshow/115334563.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116011547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/mallika-sagar-ipl-2025-mega-auction-host/articleshow/115334563.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2024 |title=IPL 2025 Auction in Jeddah: Mallika Sagar returns as auctioneer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2025-auction-in-jeddah-mallika-sagar-returns-as-auctioneer/articleshow/115336276.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Mallika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]
[[Category:Indian auctioneers]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]

Vigraharaja IV

2026-03-05T09:22:10Z

Cinehub 022: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|King from 12th-Century India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| name = Vigraharaja
| title = '''Sapadalakshiya-Nripati''' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|year=2006|isbn=81-291-0890-9|location=New Delhi|pages=43}}</ref>
| reign = c. 1150–1164 CE
| image = [[File:Vigraha Raja IV of the Chauhans of Ajmer Circa 1150-1164.jpg|300px]]
| caption = A coin of Vigraharaja IV. ''Obverse:'' [[Rama]] standing left, holding bow; "sri ra ma" in Devanagari. ''Reverse:'' "Srimad vigra/ha raja de/va" in Devanagari; star and moon symbols below.
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]]
| successor = [[Amaragangeya]]
| full name = Visaldev Chauhan
| regnal name = Vigraharāja IV
| father = [[Arnoraja]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
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'''Vigraharāja IV''' (r. c. 1150–1164 CE), also known as '''Visala-deva''' (or Visaldev), or '''Vigraharāja''' '''the Great''' was a king from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) dynasty in north-western India, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of the dynasty. He turned the Chahamana kingdom into an empire by subduing the neighbouring kingdoms of [[Chaulukya]], [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula]], and [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] kingdoms. He also repulsed Muslim invasions, from the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] and defeated [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]].

Vigraharaja's kingdom included major parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Delhi]]; and possibly some parts of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] too. Vigraharaja commissioned several buildings in his capital Ajayameru (modern [[Ajmer]]), most of which were destroyed or converted into Muslim structures after the Muslim conquest of Ajmer. These included a [[Sanskrit]] centre of learning that was later converted into the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque. ''[[Harakeli Nataka]]'', a [[Sanskrit]]-language drama written by him, is inscribed on inscriptions discovered at the mosque site.

== Early life ==

Vigraharaja was born to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Arnoraja]]. Vigraharaja's elder brother and predecessor [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]] killed their father. Their half-brother, [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]], was brought up in Gujarat by his [[Chaulukya]] maternal relatives. Vigraharaja probably ascended the throne after killing Jaggaddeva to avenge their father's death.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=56}}

== Military career ==

The 1164 CE Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription states that Vigraharaja conquered the region between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Vindhyas]]. The Himalayas and the Vindhyas form the traditional boundary of [[Aryavarta]] (the land of ancient [[Indo-Aryans|Aryans]]), and Vigraharaja claimed to have restored the rule of Aryans in this land. While his claim of having conquered the entire land between these two mountains is an exaggeration, it is not completely baseless. His Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription was found at Topra village in Haryana, near the [[Shivalik Hills]]. This indicates that Vigraharaja captured territories to the north of Delhi, up to the Himalayan foothills.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=148}} Raviprabha's ''Dharmaghosha-Suri-Stuti'' states that the ruler of [[Malwa]] and Arisiha (possibly Arisimha of [[Guhilas of Medapata|Mewar]]) assisted him in hoisting a flag at the Rajavihara Jain temple in Ajmer. The ruler of Malwa here probably refers to a claimant to the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom, which had been captured by the [[Chaulukya]]s during this period. Assuming that the claimant to the Malwa throne had accepted Vigraharaja's suzerainty, it appears that Vigraharaja's influence extended up to the Vindhyas, at least in name.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=62}}

His kingdom included the present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi. It probably also included a part of [[Punjab]] (to the south-east of [[Sutlej River]]) and a portion of the northern Gangetic plain (to the west of Yamuna).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=150}}

The play ''Lalita-Vigraharaja-Nataka'', composed by Vigraharaja's court poet, claims that his army included 1 million men; 100,000 horses; and 1,000 elephants.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=150}}

=== Chaulukyas of Gujarat ===
[[File:Visaladeva inscription on Delhi Topra 12th century.jpg|thumb|Visaladeva inscription on [[Topra Kalan|Delhi-Topra pillar]], 12th century]]
Vigraharaja's father [[Arnoraja]] had suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat. Vigraharaja launched several expeditions against the Chaulukyas to avenge his father's defeat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=56}}

According to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription, he killed one Sajjana.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=109}} The inscription describes Sajjana as "the most wicked person of the land", who was sent to the abode of [[Yama]] (the god of death) by Vigraharaja. Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] identified Sajjana with Kumarapala's governor (''daṇḍāhiśa'') of [[Chittor]]. According to the Jain author Somatilaka Suri, Vigraharaja's army captured Sajjana's [[war elephant|elephant force]]. While Vigraharaja was busy fighting at Chittor, Kumarapala tried to create a diversion by besieging [[Nagor]], but lifted the siege after learning about Vigraharaja's victory at Chittor.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=57}}

A Chahamana ''[[prashasti]]'' ([[eulogy]]) boasts that Vigraharaja reduced Kumarapala to a ''karavalapala'' (probably the designation of a subordinate officer). This is obviously an exaggeration, but it does appear that Vigraharaja conquered some of Kumarapala's territories. The earliest Chahamana inscriptions from the [[Bijolia]]-[[Jahazpur]]-[[Mandalgarh]] area are dated to Vigraharaja's reign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=58-59}}

==== Chahamanas of Naddula ====
[[File:Temple at bisalpur dam.jpg|thumb|The [[Bisaldeo temple]] in [[Bisalpur, Rajasthan|Bisalpur]] was constructed by Vigraharaja IV.]]
Vigraharaja subdued the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], who had branched off from the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty, and were feudatories of the Chaulukya king Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=149}} The Bijolia inscription boasts that he turned Javalipura (modern [[Jalore]]) into "Jvalapura" (city of flames); reduced Pallika (modern [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]) to a ''palli'' (a hamlet); and made Naddula (modern [[Nadol]]) a ''nadvala'' (a cane-stick or a marsh of reeds).{{sfn|Shyam Singh Ratnawat|Krishna Gopal Sharma|1999|p=105}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=109}} The Naddula ruler subdued by him was probably [[Alhanadeva]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=148}}

Vigraharaja also defeated one Kuntapala, who can be identified with a Naddula Chahamana subordinate of Kumarapala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=57-58}}

=== Tomaras of Delhi ===

The [[Bijolia]] rock inscription states that Vigraharaja conquered Ashika (identified with [[Hansi]]) and [[Delhi]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=147}} The Chahamanas had been involved in conflicts with the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]] of Delhi since the time of his ancestor [[Chandanaraja]]. Vigraharaja put an end to this long conflict by decisively defeating the Tomaras, who had grown weak under attacks from the Chahamanas, the [[Gahadavala]]s and the Muslims. The Tomaras continued to rule for a few more decades, but as vassals of the Chahamanas.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

An old ''bahi'' (manuscript) states that Visaladeva i.e. Vigraharaja captured Delhi from Tamvars ([[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]]) in the year 1152 CE (1209 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=59}} According to historian R. B. Singh, [[Hansi]] might have been under Muslim control by this time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=147}} On the other hand, Dasharatha Sharma theorizes that the Tomaras had recaptured Hansi from [[Ghaznavids]] by this time, and Vigraharaja captured it from the Tomaras.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

The legendary epic poem ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that the later Chahamana king [[Prithviraja III]] married the daughter of the Tomara king Anangapala, and was bequeathed Delhi by the Tomara king. Historian R. B. Singh speculates that it was actually Vigraharaja who married the daughter of the Tomara king. According to Singh, Desaladevi, who has been mentioned in the play ''Lalita-Vigraharaja-Nataka'' as Vigraharaja's lover, might have been the daughter of a Tomara king named Vasantapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=147}}

=== War against the Turushkas ===

Several sources indicate that Vigraharaja achieved military successes against the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s, the Muslim Turkic invaders.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60-61}} The Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription boasts that he destroyed the [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners), and once again made [[Aryavarta]] ("the land of [[Indo-Aryans|Aryans]]") what its name signifies. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandha-Kosha]]'' describes him as "the conqueror of Muslims". The Muslim invaders forced to retreat by him were probably the [[Ghaznavid]] rulers [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] and [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=145}}

The plot of [[Harakeli Nataka|''Lalita Vigraharaja Nataka'']] involves Vigraharaja's preparations against a Turushka ruler named Hammira ([[Emir]]). In the story, his minister Shridhara tells him not to risk a battle with a powerful adversary. Nevertheless, Vigraharaja is determined to fight the Turushka king. He sends a message to his lover Desaladevi, informing her that the upcoming battle would soon give him an opportunity to meet her. The play describes Desaladevi as the daughter of prince Vasantapala of Indrapura.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=143}} The play is available only in fragments, so the details of the ensuing battle are not known. Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] identified Hammira with Khusrau Shah, and assumed that Vigraharaja repulsed his invasion.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

Historian R. B. Singh, on the other hand, theorizes that no actual battle took place between Vigraharaja and Hammira. According to Singh's theory, the "Hammira" on the play might have been Bahram Shah, who fled to India after the [[Ghurids]] defeated him at the [[Battle of Ghazni (1151)]]. Bahram Shah invaded the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] territory of [[Delhi]] after coming to India. Vasantapala might have been a Tomara ruler, possibly Anangapala. Indrapura may refer to Indraprastha, that is, Delhi. Vigraharaja probably decided to send an army in support of the Tomara king. But before an actual battle could take place, Bahram Shah returned to Ghazna as the Ghurids had departed from that city.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=143-144}}

=== Other conquests ===

According to the Bijolia inscription, Vigraharaja also defeated the [[Bhadanakas]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=59}} The ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' claims that he conquered several hill forts.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

== Cultural activities ==
[[File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Arcade and ceiling detail (6133962667).jpg|thumb|right|Vigraharaja's Sanskrit learning centre was converted into the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque (pictured) after the Muslim conquest of Ajmer.]]
Vigraharaja patronized a number of scholars, and was a poet himself. Jayanaka, in his ''Prithviraja-Vijaya'', states that when Vigraharaja died, the name ''kavi-bandhava'' ("the friend of the poets") disappeared.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=151}}

The king commissioned a centre of learning in Ajmer, which was later destroyed by the [[Ghurid]] invaders and converted into the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque. Several literary works were engraved on stones at this centre:{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=152}}
* The play ''Lalita Vigraharaja Nataka'' was composed by his court poet Somadeva in his honour. Only fragments of this play were recovered from the mosque.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=151-152}}
* Fragments of the play ''[[Harikeli Nataka]]'', authored by Vigraharaja himself, were also found inscribed on two slabs at the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra. The play is styled after ''[[Kiratarjuniya]]'', a work by the ancient poet [[Bharavi]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=151}}
* A Chauhan ''prashasti'' (eulogy), which is in form of a ''[[kavya]]'' (poem).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=62}}
* A ''[[stuti]]'' (prayer) to various Hindu deities, also in ''kavya'' form.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=62}}

According to ''Prithviraja-Viajaya'', Vigraharaja commissioned as many buildings as the hill forts he captured. Most of these appear to have been destroyed or converted to Muslim structures (such as Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra) after the Muslim conquest. He established a number of towns named Visalapura ("the city of Visala") after his alternative name Visala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=64}} He is also said to have commissioned a lake named Visalasara (also known as Vislya or Bisalia) in Ajmer. According to ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', the king saw a beautiful spot with springs and hills while returning from a hunt. He ordered his chief minister to construct a lake at this spot.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=153}}

He also founded the Vigrahapura town (modern [[Bisalpur, Rajasthan|Bisalpur]]) on the site of an older town called Vanapura. There, he constructed the Gokarnesvara temple, now popularly known as [[Bisaldeo temple|Bisal Deoji's temple]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bisalpur-%20Bisaldeo%20temple,%20Todarai%20Singh.html |title=Bisaldeo Temple |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>

Like his predecessors, Vigraharaja was a devout [[Shaivite]], as indicated by his ''Harakeli-Nataka''. He also aided [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars, and participated in their religious ceremonies. At the request of the Jain religious teacher Dharmaghosha-Suri, he banned [[animal slaughter]] on the [[Ekadashi]] day.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=64}}

The Bijolia rock inscription describes Vigraharaja as "a protector of the needy and the distressed".{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=150}} He is generally considered one of the greatest rulers of the Chauhan Dynasty.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=65}} Historian [[Dashratha Sharma]] calls him "Vigraharaja the Great" and describes his reign as the "Golden age of Sapdalaksha" (the Chauhan Territory).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=65}}

Vigraharaja's son [[Amaragangeya]] succeeded him on the throne.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=153}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Shyam Singh Ratnawat |editor2=Krishna Gopal Sharma |title=History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times upto 1956 A.D |year=1999 |publisher=University of Rajasthan. Centre for Rajasthan Studies |oclc=42717862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yNuAAAAMAAJ }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Puthiya Theerangal

2026-03-03T20:49:20Z

Cinehub 022: Adding Initial Post W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puthiya Theerangal
| image = Puthiya Theerangal.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = [[Neeta Anto]]
| writer = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nivin Pauly]]
*[[Namitha Pramod]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Ann Mega Media
| distributor = Ann Mega Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|27|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/sathyan-anthikkads-puthiya-theerangal-to-release-on-september-27/55282/story.htm|title = Sathyan Anthikkads Puthiya Theerangal to release on September 27}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Puthiya Theerangal''''' ({{Translation|The New Shores}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]], produced by Anto Joseph, and written by [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]. It stars [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Namitha Pramod]], and [[Nedumudi Venu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nedumudi-and-namitha-played-lead-in-sathyans-next/282333-71-210.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012005436/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nedumudi-and-namitha-played-lead-in-sathyans-next/282333-71-210.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-12 |title=Puthiya Theerangal: Nedumudi, Namitha play the lead - South Cinema - Malayalam News - ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].

==Plot==
The film is set at the seaside and focuses on the life of a young girl named Thamara who lives on her own at the shore after the death of her parents. Sometime later, she finds an old man and feels that she got her father back. The story dwells on the bond between the two and how that changes in the presence of the few new people who start to live on the sea shore.

==Cast==
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Mohanan Maash
* [[Namitha Pramod]] as Thamara
**Amritha Anil as Young Thamara
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Advocate Immanuel (Original Name)/Kurian Paulose/Kumara Panickker (K.P.)
*[[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] as Minikkutty (Adv. Immanuels Daughter)
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Father Michael
* [[Sidhartha Siva (actor)|Sidhartha Siva]] as Appachan
* Mahima as Appachan's wife
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Sankaran, Thamars's father (extended cameo)
* [[S.P.Sreekumar]] as Manikandadaasan
* [[Krishnabhaskar Mangalasserri]]
* Molly Aunty
*[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Srank Velayudan

==Production==
Puthiya Theerangal is produced by Anto Joseph under the banner of Aan Mega Media and scripted by Benny P. Nayarambalam.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shruti Karthikeyan |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/sathyan-names-it-puthiya-theerangal-855 |title=Sathyan names it Puthiya Theerangal |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2012-08-13 |accessdate=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814043509/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/sathyan-names-it-puthiya-theerangal-855 |archive-date=2012-08-14}}</ref> Audiography was done by [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Puthiya Theerangal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Original CD cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|9|9}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=12|s=50}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Mathrubhumi Music
| producer = Ilaiyaraaja
| prev_title = [[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Mayilu]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with lyrics penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]. The album consists of three songs. The audio rights were acquired by Mathrubhumi Music. The album was launched on 9 September 2012 at [[Kochi]]. The soundtrack received generally positive reviews from music critics. "Rajagopuram" song was widely appreciated and the pick of the album.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:50
| title1 = Rajagopuram
| lyrics1 = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 4:05
| title2 = Sindoora Pottu
| lyrics2 = Kaithapram
| extra2 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Marippeelikkatte
| lyrics3 = Kaithapram
| extra3 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length3 = 4:20
}}

==Reception==
''Puthiya Theerangal'' received mixed reviews upon release with most critics complaining that it is a typical Sathyan Anthikad film with nothing new to offer. [[Sify.com]] gives the verdict "Disappointing" and says, "''Puthiya Theerangal'' has nothing new about it and ends up as a meek affair. With clichéd situations and half-baked characters, the film is a lazy effort from one of Kerala's most popular directors ever."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151223083940/http://www.sify.com/movies/puthiya-theerangal-review-malayalam-pcma77aaccjia.html "Movie Review: Puthiya Theerangal"]. Sify.</ref> Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] says ''Puthiya Theerangal'' has some good performances but in the end it leaves us with mixed feelings. He rated the film {{Rating|2|5}}.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-puthiya-theerangal-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20120928.htm "Review: Puthiya Theerangal has nothing new to offer"]</ref> [[Oneindia.in]] was somewhat impressed with the film. In a review which rates the film {{Rating|3|5}}, its critic comments that the film "spells the same 'Sathyan Anthikkad' magic".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2012/puthiya-theerangal-movie-review-099822.html |title="Puthiya Theerangal Movie Review – A typical Sathyan Anthikkad film" |access-date=30 September 2012 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031151225/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2012/puthiya-theerangal-movie-review-099822.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it.flopped

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Lyricist
|[[Kaithapram]] for "Rajagopuram"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Debutant
|[[Namitha Pramod]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2901062|title=Puthiya Theerangal}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

Kargil (film)

2026-03-03T03:21:58Z

Cinehub 022: Put up initial post w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{short description|2018 Tamil film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kargil
| image = Kargil film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sivaani Senthil
| producer = Subha Senthil
| writer = Sivaani Senthil
| story =
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = Jishnu Menon
| narrator =
| music = Vignesh Pai
| cinematography = Ganesh Paramahamsa
| editing = Abinath
| studio = Sivaani Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|6|22}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kargil''''' is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by Sivaani Senthil and produced by Subha Senthil, starring Jishnu Menon in the lead role. The film released on 22 June 2018. It is one of the only Tamil-language films that features one character throughout the film.

== Plot ==
Kargil is a war not between two countries but between two hearts. Arjun (Jishnu Menon), an IT professional, romances with his lover Maha, who fights more, which Arjun treats as his love. Maha informs about her father, who travels from the US next week, and asks Arjun to receive him, impress him, and get permission for marriage. Arjun accept that with a smile and says he will marry Maha immediately as Tatkal marriage once his father arrives. On that day, Arjun travels alone from Chennai to Bangalore in his car without receiving her father, and Maha as usual gets angry with him and disconnects the mobile. Throughout the film, Arjun travels alone in his car and speaks in the speakerphone with all the other characters. Along with Maha, the trouble arises from Sindhu, his ex-lover and current MD, boss Kings, missed call Beep Sahayam, Inspector Vincent, and US return Aadhi. Finally, Arjun resolves his problems, believes in his love, states that his trust is his love, and finally impresses Maha's father and convinces her.

== Cast ==
*Jishnu Menon as Arjun

;Voice cast

*Prarna Sathani as Maha
*Iswarya as Sindu
*Akan Jayabalan as Senthil Maams
*Nivin Sahaya as Sahayam
*Kartikeyan as Vincent
*Sivaani Senthil as Kings
*Meiyappan as Sathyan
*Harish as Aadhi
*Abinath as Pandi
*Renuka as Nancy

== Production ==
The film stars one person for much of the film and bears no relationship to the [[Kargil War|Kargil war]].<ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=5 June 2018 |title=A movie that has only one character in the cast |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050618/a-movie-that-has-only-one-character-in-the-cast.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Other than a brief scene involving the heroine, the rest of the film features one character who is travelling a car.<ref name="D" />

== Release ==
''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and noted that "After a point, the film becomes monotonous. Shivaani’s idea is laudable, but had he concentrated on infusing few more interesting elements, it would have made the right impact".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=23 June 2018 |title=Kargil movie review: After a point, the film becomes monotonous |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230618/kargil-movie-review-after-a-point-the-film-becomes-monotonous.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film the same rating and stated "Kudos to Sivaani for choosing an interesting concept to debut with, but he should really have spent some more time in fine-tuning the script".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kargil Movie Review {2/5}: Interesting concept, but Sivaani should really have spent some more time in fine-tuning the script |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kargil/movie-review/64671314.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and wrote that "The only saving grace comes in the form of the humour portions involving a wrong call from someone named Beep Sagayam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kargil Review: A long, tiresome ride |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/jun/22/kargil-review-a-long-tiresome-ride-6632.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8644126}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:One-character films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]

Nelpettai

2026-02-14T10:33:01Z

Cinehub 022: Adding The Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Madurai, Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Nelpettai
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Nelpettai, Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|9.923100|N|78.125400|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 159
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language]], English language
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language]], English language
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625001
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = 0452xxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], Goripalayam, [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[East Gate, Madurai|East Gate]], South Gate
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Madurai South Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[M. Boominathan]]
|website = https://madurai.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Nelpettai''' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4XaAAAAMAAJ&q=Nelpettai |title=Faultlines |date=2005 |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Madras (India : State) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjoiA7w-Uj0C&q=Nelpettai |title=Fort Saint George Gazette |date=1964 |language=en}}</ref> Muslims live in large clusters in Nelpettai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10-day anti-CAA protest kickstarts at Nelpettai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/18/10-day-anti-caa-protest-kickstarts-at-nelpettai-2104933.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Albert Victor Overbridge|Albert Victor Bridge]] which is more than 133 years old, that connects Nelpettai and Goripalayam, is constructed over river Vaigai. Nelpettai has a non-vegetarian market that sells fish, meat such as mutton, chicken, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-15 |title=Renovated abattoir opened at Nelpettai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/renovated-abattoir-opened-at-nelpettai/article5462386.ece |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=TNN / |date=2020-03-31 |title=Madurai Corporation to shift fish sales from Nelpettai, Karimedu markets to avoid crowds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/corpn-to-shift-fish-sales-from-nelpettai-karimedu-markets-to-avoid-crowds/articleshow/74902257.cms |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On East Veli street, a famous non-vegetarian restaurant namely Amsavalli bhavan biryani restaurant that functions beyond decades, is located.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-27 |title=மதுரையில் கட்டாயம் ருசிக்க வேண்டிய நெல்பேட்டை அம்சவல்லி பிரியாணி.. இதுல அப்படி என்ன ஸ்பெஷல்? |language=ta |url=https://tamil.news18.com/madurai/madurai-amsavalli-bhavan-briyani-restaurant-stmap-792563.html |access-date=2022-12-13}}</ref> A bridge 3.2 km long and 12 m wide, is planned to be constructed to reduce traffic congestion, in between Madurai Corporation Ecopark just opposite of Madurai Corporation building and Nelpettai Anna statue junction, at a project cost of about ₹175.80 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை குறைக்க மதுரை கோரிப்பாளையத்தில் ரூ.175.80 கோடியில் புதிய மேம்பாலம்: 3 மாதங்களில் பணி துவங்குகிறது |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/news_detail.asp?Nid=818593 |access-date=2022-12-13 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211224640/https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=818593 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Location ==
Located at an altitude of about 159 m above the mean sea level, the geographical coordinates of Nelpettai are 9°55'23.2"N, 78°07'31.4"E (i.e., 9.923100°N, 78.125400°E).

== Neighbourhoods ==
[[Madurai]], Goripalayam, [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[East Gate, Madurai|East Gate]] and South Gate are some of the important neighbourhoods of Nelpettai.

== Transport ==
=== Road transport ===
Nelpettai is well connected to other parts of Madurai via. important roads viz., East Veli street, North Veli street, Munichalai road, East Masi street, North Masi street, Yanaikkal bridge and Albert Victor Bridge. Madurai City Transport Corporation operates numerous bus services via. Nelpettai. Nelpettai is served by [[Periyar Bus Terminus]] at the heart of Madurai, Anna Bus Terminus near Anna Nagar, [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai|MGR Bus Terminus]] in Mattuthavani and [[Arappalayam Bus Terminus]].

=== Rail transport ===
[[Madurai Junction railway station]] which is busy round-the-clock is situated at 2 km from Nelpettai.

=== Air transport ===
From Nelpettai, Madurai Airport is located at about 12 km in [[Avaniapuram]].

== Education ==
=== School ===
Madurai Corporation Umarupulavar school is situated in Nelpettai near Albert Victor Bridge.

== Worshipping ==
=== Mosque ===
Nelpettai has a worshipping place for Muslims viz.,[[Sungam Mosque]].

== Politics ==
Nelpettai comes under [[Madurai South Assembly constituency]], with the winner of its legislative assembly elections held in the year 2021, as [[M. Boominathan]]. It also comes under [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]] for which the parliamentary elections were held in the year 2019 with the winner as [[S. Venkatesan]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

Anath Bondhu Panja

2026-02-06T05:30:00Z

Cinehub 022: starting new info added tags

{{short description|Bengali revolitionary (1911–1933)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anathbandhu Panja
| image = Freedom fighter Anath Bondhu Panja.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|29 October 1911}}
| birth_place = Jalabindu, [[Midnapore]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age text|2 September 1933|29 October 1911}}
| death_place = [[Midnapore]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| known =
| occupation = Revolutionary
| organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]
| known for =
| citizenship =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anathbandhu Panja''' (29 October 1911 – 2 September 1933) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/anathbandhu_panja.html|title=Anath Bandhu Panja|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Panja was born in a poor [[Mahishya]] family at Jalabindu Village in [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] in 1911.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=.:: Legacy of Midnapore - Freedom Fighter - Anath Bandhu Panja ::. |url=https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/anathbandhu_panja.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref> Surendra Nath Panja and Kumudini Devi were his parents.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Prohor |title=শহিদ হওয়ার আগেই ইংরেজ জেলাশাসককে হত্যা, রক্তাক্ত মেদিনীপুরের ফুটবল মাঠ - Prohor |url=https://www.prohor.in/freedom-fighter-anath-bandhu-panja |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=শহিদ হওয়ার আগেই ইংরেজ জেলাশাসককে হত্যা, রক্তাক্ত মেদিনীপুরের ফুটবল মাঠ - Prohor |language=en}}</ref> He lost his father at the age of three and lived with his mother and elder brother.<ref>[http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019 Unknown]{{Dead link | date=April 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=খেলার ছলে অত্যাচারি ম্যাজিস্ট্রেটকে মেরে মৃত্যুবরণ করেছিলেন এই বিপ্লবী |url=https://kolkata24x7.in/offbeat-news/anathbandhu-panja-the-hero-of-killing-magistrate-burge/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Kolkata24x7 {{!}} Latest Bengali News, News in Bangla, বাংলা নিউজ |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-08-21 |title=গুলি করে পালিয়ে যাননি, অনাথবন্ধু চড়ে বসেছিলেন ইংরেজ অফিসারের বুকে |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/paschim-medinipur/freedom-fighter-anath-bandhu-panja/wb20200821193217633 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> He completed his early education from Bhuban Pal's Village Pathsala and then he went with his mother to Midnapore Town and got admitted in Sujaganj Primary School.<ref name=":5"/> Subsequently, he was admitted to [[Midnapore Town School]] but he could not continue his studies due to his economic hardahips.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> He joined [[Bengal Volunteers]], a revolutionary organisation of [[British India]] and under the direction of the organisation he got admitted at the [[Midnapore Collegiate School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.midnapore.in/bv.html|title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> At that time he was a member of ballavpur Jimnasiyam club.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|last=Ujjwal Kumar Singh|date= 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=9789352801626}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rammanohar Lohia|volume=9|year=1990|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171002511}}</ref> He accompanied [[Nirmal Jibon Ghosh]], [[Brajakishore Chakraborty]], [[Mrigendra Dutta]] and [[Ramkrishna Roy]] to [[Calcutta]] to learn how to fire a pistol and subsequently returned to [[Midnapore]] to join the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Revolutionary activities ==
[[File:Statue of Bengali revolutionary Anath Bondhu Panja 01.jpg|thumb|Statue of Panja]]
After the assassination of two previous [[District Magistrate]]s James Peddy and Robert Douglas, no British officer was ready to take charge of [[Midnapore district]]. Bernard E. J. Burge,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|volume=I|first1=Subodhchandra |last1=Sengupta |first2=Anjali |last2=Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://biplabisabyasachi.com/paschim-medinipur/that-was-the-historic-day-of-the-assassination-of-the-oppressive-british-district-magistrate-burge/|title=Historic Day |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> a ruthless District Magistrate and former soldier, was posted to Midnapore. Members of the Bengal Volunteers, [[Ramkrishna Roy]], [[Brajakishore Chakraborty]], [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]], [[Kamakhya Charan Ghosh]], Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, Sukumar Sen Gupta, Bijoy Krishna Ghose, Purnananda Sanyal, Manindra Nath Choudhury, Saroj Ranjan Das Kanungo, Santi Gopal Sen, Sailesh Chandra Ghose, Anath Bondhu Panja, [[Mrigendra Dutta]] and others decided to [[Assassination|assassinate]] him.<ref name=":0" />

On 2 September 1933 Ghosh, along with Panja and Dutta, shot Burge dead during the half time of a football match when Burge was stepping from a car to take part in the game. Panja was killed instantly by a bodyguard,<ref name=":2" /> the assassins were pursued by a Police Superintendent and Assistant Superintendent playing. Dutta was wounded and also died that day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=P. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urqvDQAAQBAJ&q=Pradyot+Kumar+Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate&pg=PA1845 |title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs |volume=I |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2180-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

A Special Tribunal under the [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]], 1925, found the survivors guilty and sentenced them to death.<ref name=abhilek>{{cite web |title=Assassination of Mr B. E. J. Burge, ICS District Magistrate |url=http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2696808 |website=www.abhilekh-patal.in |publisher=Abhilekh Patal |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার. |first= Madhumanti |last=Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= January 1, 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref><ref name="emperor">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=894391367100&CaseId=894391367100/ |website=www.the-laws.com |title=Emperor Vs. Nirmal Jiban Ghose |access-date=February 24, 2021 |date=30 August 1934}}</ref> Nirmal Jiban Ghosh, Brajakishore Chakraborty and Ram Krishna Roy were all sentenced to death.<ref name=abhilek/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url= http://www.midnapore.in/bv.html|title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|last=Durba Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Revolutionaries 1757-1961 (Vol-4): A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961 |last= Srikrishan 'Sarala'|publisher=Ocean Books|year=1999|isbn=9788187100157 |location=New Delhi|pages=}}</ref>
Bijoy Krishna Ghose, Purnanandu Sanyal, Manindra Nath Choudhury and Saroj Ranjan Das Kanungo were found not guilty of the charges against them.<ref name="abhilek"/>

The rest of the accused: [[Santi Gopal Sen]], Kamakhya Charan Ghosh, Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, Sukumar Sen Gupta, Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal, Sailesh Chandra Ghose were found guilty and were sent to Jail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kali Charan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

Anath Bondhu Panja was acquitted of murder.<ref name=kanoon>{{Cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>

== Death ==
Anathbandhu was killed instantly by the body guard of the District Magistrate on 2 September 1933.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Revolutionaries 1757-1961 (Vol-4): A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961 |last= Srikrishan 'Sarala'|publisher=Ocean Books|year=1999|isbn=9788187100157 |location=New Delhi|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার |first= Madhumanti |last=Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date=January 1, 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A school near his village is named after him as Harirhat Anath Smriti Girls' High School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://local.infobel.in/IN101851904-03222249203/harirhat_anath_smriti_girls_high_school-midnapore.html|title=Harirhat Anath Smriti Girls'High School in Midnapore, Government Agencies}}</ref> A statue of Panja was founded near [[Midnapore Collegiate School]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panja, Anath Bondhu}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]

Rampur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-05T03:25:58Z

Cinehub 022:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rampur {{Small|UP-7}}
|established = 1952
|electors = 17,31,836<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
|alliance =[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|reservation =None
|party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
|mp = [[Mohibbullah Nadvi]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Rampur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rampur Lok Sabha constituency
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Swar Assembly constituency|Swar]] [[Chamraua Assembly constituency|Chamraua]] [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]] [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur]] [[Milak Assembly constituency|Milak]]
}}
'''Rampur Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|ɾaːmpʊɾ}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Rampur Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/007_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-7-Rampur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|2024 Lead{{cn|date=June 2025}}
|-
|34
|[[Swar Assembly constituency|Swar]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|[[Shafeek Ahmed Ansari]]{{Efn|[[Shafeek Ahmed Ansari]] of [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] won [[Swar Assembly constituency|Swar assembly segment]] in 2023 by-elections in May 2023<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/live-rampur-sadar-bypoll-result-updates-round-wise-counting-details-asim-raja-akash-saxena-voting-percentage-azam-khan-5787726/|title=Rampur By-Election Result: BJP's Akash Saxena Defeats Samajwadi Party's Asim Raza|work=India.com|accessdate=8 December 2022}}</ref>}}
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 35
|[[Chamraua Assembly constituency|Chamraua]]
|[[Naseer Ahmad Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|36
|[[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|[[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|37
|[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur]]
|[[Akash Saxena]]{{Efn|Akash Saxena of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur assembly segment]] in 2022 by-elections in December 2022.<ref name="auto"/>}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|38
|[[Milak Assembly constituency|Milak]] (SC)
|[[Rajbala Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Indian National Congress]] is the most successful political party in [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] Lok Sabha elections.
| value1 = 52.63
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (10 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 21.05
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (4 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 21.05
| label3 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''']] (4 terms)
| color3 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| value4 = 5.26
| label4 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
| color4 = blue
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |S. Ahmad Mehdi
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zulfiquar Ali Khan]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Sharma (politician)|Rajendra Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Zulfiquar Ali Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Sharma (politician)|Rajendra Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Begum Noor Bano]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Begum Noor Bano]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaya Prada]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |date=14 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Naipal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2022 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2022^]]
|[[Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Mohibbullah Nadvi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}
^ By-poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rampur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S247.htm |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074840/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S247.htm |archive-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Mohibbullah Nadvi]]
|party= Samajwadi Party
|votes= 4,81,503
|percentage=49.74
|change={{up}}3.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi]]
|party= Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes= 3,94,069
|percentage=40.71
|change={{down}}11.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Zeeshan Khan
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 79,692
|percentage=8.23
|change={{up}}8.23
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes= 5,653
|percentage=0.58
|change={{down}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 87,434
|percentage=9.03
|change={{down}}22.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 9,68,079
|percentage= 55.90
|change= {{increase}}24.40
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2022 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022_elections_in_India#Lok_Sabha_by-elections|By-election, 2022]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi]]
|votes = 3,67,397
|percentage = 51.96
|change = +9.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Asim Raza
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,25,205
|percentage = 46.00
|change = -6.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,450
|percentage = 0.63
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,192
|percentage = 5.96
|change = -4.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,07,084
|percentage = 31.40
|change = -31.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +8.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |date=18 June 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Mohammad Azam Khan]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 5,59,177
|percentage = 52.71
|change = +9.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jaya Prada]]
|votes = 4,49,180
|percentage = 42.34
|change = +4.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kapoor (politician)|Sanjay Kapoor]]
|votes = 35,009
|percentage = 3.30
|change = -13.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,577
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.10
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,09,997
|percentage = 10.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,61,238
|percentage = 63.19
|change = +3.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.18
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naipal Singh]]
|votes = 3,58,616
|percentage = 37.42
|change = +27.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Naseer Ahmad Khan
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,35,181
|percentage = 34.98
|change = -3.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nawab Kazim Ali Khan]]
|votes = 1,56,466
|percentage = 16.33
|change = -16.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Akbar Husain
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 81,006
|percentage = 8.45
|change = -7.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Minorities Front
|candidate = Jannat Nisha
|votes = 4,473
|percentage = 0.47
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,905
|percentage = 0.72
|change = +0.72
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,435
|percentage = 2.44
|change = -2.66
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,58,336
|percentage = 59.27
|change = +6.77
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -0.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rampur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/rampur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Rampur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Moradabad division topics}}

{{Coord|25.47|82.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rampur district]]

Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer

2026-02-02T19:57:14Z

Cinehub 022: adding new pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer''' is given by the state government as part of its annual [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Kollywood]]) films.<ref>{{cite book|last=‘Film News'|first=Anandan|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (Tamil Film History and Its Achievements)|year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|pages=738}}</ref> [[S. Janaki]] is the record award winner with Six Awards.

==Recipients==
The following is the complete list of award winners and the films for which they won.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Singer
! Song
! Film
|-
| 1969 || [[P. Susheela]]<ref name="ps" /> || "Paal Polave", "Brindavanthukku" || ''[[Uyarntha Manithan]]'', ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
|-
| 1969 || [[K. B. Sundarambal]] || || ''[[Thunaivan]]''
|-
| 1970 || [[S. Janaki]]<ref name="sj" /> || || ''[[Namma Kuzhanthaigal]]''
|-
| 1977-78 || [[S. Janaki]]<ref name="sj" /> || "Senthoora Poove" || ''[[16 Vayathinile]]''
|-
| 1979-80 || [[S. Janaki]]<ref name="sj" /> || || ''[[Uthiripookkal]]''
|-
| 1978-79 || [[Vani Jayaram]] || || ''[[Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren]]''
|-
| 1980-81 || [[P. Susheela]] || || ''Anbulla Athaan''
|-
| 1981-82 || [[S. Janaki]]<ref name="sj" /> || || ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
|-
| 1982-83 || [[S. Janaki]]<ref name="sj">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjanaki.net/gallery/awards-and-achievements|title=Awards and Achievements |}}</ref>|| || ''[[Kadhal Oviyam]]''
|-
| 1983 || No award || ||
|-
| 1984 || No award || ||
|-
| 1985 || No award || ||
|-
| 1986 || No award || ||
|-
| 1987 || No award || ||
|-
| 1988 || [[K. S. Chitra]]{{cn|date=December 2024}} || || Multiple films
|-
| 1989 || [[P. Susheela]]<ref name="ps">{{Cite web|url=http://psusheela.org/awards.html|title = Melody Queen P. Susheela}}</ref> || "Magane Magane Kannurangu" || ''Varam''
|-
| 1990 || [[K. S. Chitra]]{{cn|date=December 2024}} || "Chinna Ponnu Dhaan" || ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]''
|-
| 1991 || [[Swarnalatha]]<ref name="My first break - Swarnalatha" /> || "Povoma Oorgolam" || ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''
|-
| 1992 || [[Minmini]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm |title=It happened one day |work=The Hindu |accessdate=2007-07-14 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215202442/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm |archivedate=2007-12-15 }}</ref> || "Chinna Chinna Asai" || ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
|-
| 1993 || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zagainfo.com/sujatha1.htm |title=Sujatha Mohan |website=zagainfo.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617190117/http://zagainfo.com/sujatha1.htm |archive-date=17 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || "Netru Illadha Matram" || ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]''
|-
| 1994 || [[Swarnalatha]]<ref name="My first break - Swarnalatha">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/05/08/stories/2009050850351600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510085158/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/05/08/stories/2009050850351600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2009-05-10 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=My first break - Swarnalatha | date=2009-05-08}}</ref> || "Porale Ponnuthayi" || ''[[Karuththamma]]''
|-
| 1995 || [[K. S. Chitra]]<ref name="kschitra.info" /> || "Kannalane" || ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
|-
| 1996 || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |title=1996 State Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |accessdate=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522211531/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archivedate=22 May 2008 }}</ref> || "Poo Pookum Osai" || ''[[Minsaara Kanavu]]''
|-
| 1997 || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |accessdate=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archivedate=1 January 2008 }}</ref> || "Manam Virumbudhe" || ''[[Nerukku Ner]]''
|-
| 1998 || [[Nithyashree Mahadevan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html|title=BULLETIN ON FILM|access-date=8 November 2023|work=Research, Reference and Training Division|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803044643/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html|archive-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> || "Kannodu Kanbadellam" || ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
|-
| 1999 || [[S. Janaki]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archivedate=22 June 2008 }}</ref> || "Maarghazhi Thingal" || ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]''
|-
| 2000 || [[Swarnalatha]]<ref name="in" /> || "Evano Oruvan" || ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
|-
| 2001 || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<ref name="in" /> || "Un Samayal Arayil" || ''[[Dhill]]''
|-
| 2002 || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<ref name="in">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years|work=indiaglitz.com|accessdate=2009-10-19}}</ref> || "Oru Deivam Thanda" || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|-
| 2003 || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/13/stories/2006021312680100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703222112/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/13/stories/2006021312680100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-07-03 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title='Autograph,' 'Eera Nilam' bag awards | date=2006-02-13}}</ref> || "Aalanguyil" || ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
|-
| 2004 || [[K. S. Chitra]]<ref name="kschitra.info">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kschitra.info/awards.htm |title=K.S.Chitra-Awards |access-date=20 October 2009 |archive-date=11 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211125552/http://www.kschitra.info/awards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> || "Ovvoru Pookalume" || ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]''
|-
| 2005 || [[Bombay Jayashree]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|title=Tamilnadu govt awards Rajini and Kamal|publisher=cinesouth.com|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911141539/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|archivedate=2007-09-11}}</ref> || "Suttum Vizhi" || ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
|-
| 2006 || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33425.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908230828/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33425.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2007|title=State Awards for the year 2006 - Govt. of Tamil Nadu|work=indiaglitz.com|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref> || "Munbe Vaa" || ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]''
|-
| 2007 || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<ref name="rk" /> || "Sahana" || ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''
|-
| 2008 || [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]<ref name="rk">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-01|title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-09-28|location=Chennai, India|date=2009-09-29}}</ref> || "Naeraa Varattuma" || ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2008 film)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]''
|-
| 2009 || [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]<ref name="hi" /> || "Nenje Nenje" || ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]''
|-
| 2010 || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<ref name="hi" /> || "Kilimanjaro" || ''[[Enthiran]]''
|-
| 2011 || [[Swetha Mohan]]<ref name="hi" /> || Various || Multiple films
|-
| 2012 || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<ref name="hi" /> || "Sollitaley Ava Kaadhala" || ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| 2013 || Sandhya Jayakrishna<ref name="hi" /> || "Onakkaga Poranthaenae" || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
|-
|2014 || [[Uthara Unnikrishnan]]<ref name="hi">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece|title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2017-07-14|location=Chennai, India|date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231110140448/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece|archive-date=10 November 2023}}</ref> || "Azhage Azhage" || ''[[Saivam]]''
|-
| 2015 || [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards announced for 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/05/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-announced-for-2015 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>|| "Pogiren" || ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]''
|-
| 2016 || [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]<ref name="TN2016-22">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards (2016-2022) winners list: Sai Pallavi’s Gargi, Dhanush’s Vada Chennai Suriya’s Jai Bhim win top honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-2022-winners-list-sai-pallavi-dhanush-suriya-vijay-sethupathi-10502762/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>|| "Aaravalli" || ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]''
|-
| 2017 || [[Shaktisree Gopalan]]<ref name="TN2016-22" />|| "Yaanji" || ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|-
| 2018 || Aaradhana Sivakarthikeyan<ref name="TN2016-22" />|| "Vaayadi Petha Pulla" || ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''
|-
| 2019 || [[Saindhavi]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || "Ellu Vaya Pookalaye" || ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|-
| 2020 || Varsha Ranjith<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || || ''Thaainilam''
|-
| 2021 || [[Bhavatharini]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || "Pannapurathu" || ''[[Maamanithan (2022 film)|Maamanithan]]''
|-
| 2022 || [[Khatija Rahman]]<ref name="TN2016-22" />|| "Kaayam" || ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Tamil cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Actor]]
[[Category:Mass media awards honoring women]]

Prem Lal Gautam

2026-01-28T03:20:00Z

Cinehub 022: Adding Basic Post Added Tags!

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1947)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = Dr
| name = Prem Lal Gautam
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1947|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| fields = Geneticist, Plant breeder
| title = Chancellor, [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]]
| employer =
| education = M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
| years_active = 2023–present, Chancellor, [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]]
| known_for =
}}

'''Prem Lal Gautam''' is an Indian academician, agricultural scientist, currently the chancellor of [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]], Pusa, Bihar, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=P L Gautam is new RPCAU chancellor |url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/p-l-gautam-is-new-rpcau-chancellor/articleshow/104930406.cms |website=Times of India|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

He was born in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India on 12 December 1947. He is an agricultural graduate from Agricultural College Solan, Himachal Pradesh, completed his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Genetics from [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellor's Profile |url= https://rpcau.ac.in/chancellors-profile/ |website=RPCAU|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

He is a former Vice Chancellor [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About University, History |url= https://www.gbpuat.ac.in/about/index.html |website=GBPUAT|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> former Vice Chancellor [[Career Point University]],<ref>{{cite web |title= Prem Lal Gautam, Vice Chancellor, Career Point University |url= https://cpuh.in/pro-chancellor-message/ |website=CPU|access-date=Aug 10, 2025}}</ref> former chairperson of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority, the Ministry of Agriculture in India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2023-24 |url= https://plantauthority.gov.in/sites/default/files/annual-report-2023-24-english.pdf
|website=Plant Authority |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> Vice-Chair of 5th Governing Body of the International Treaty,<ref>{{cite web |title=Crop trust celebrates 10th anniversary |url=
https://www.croptrust.org/resources/crop-trust-celebrates-10th-anniversary/ |website=Crop Trust |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> and former director of National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) Ministry of Agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |title= Commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture |url= https://www.fao.org/4/x4111e/x4111e.pdf |website=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

He is a fellow of [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]],<ref>{{cite web |title= Profile Dr. Prem Lal Gautam |url= https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=135 |website=NAAS|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> National Academy of Biological Sciences,<ref>{{cite web |title= Profile Dr. Prem Lal Gautam |url=
https://nabsindia.org/profiles/gautam.html|website=NABS India |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> National Academy of Horticultural Sciences, Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, and the Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources.<ref>{{cite web |title= Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources |url= http://ispgr.nbpgr.ernet.in/publications/637655726003269002_2.pdf |website=NBPGR |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

He is known to have improved varieties of bread wheat, soybean, [[ricebean]], [[foxtail millet]] and [[buckwheat]]. He has also contributed to augmentation of plant [[germplasm]] in the national [[gene bank]] including mounting of special explorations.<ref>{{cite web |title= Profile Dr. Prem Lal Gautam |url= https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=135 |website=NAAS|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

He received honoris causa Doctorate of Science degree by [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu|SKUAST-J]] and [[Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology|ANDUaT]] Faizabad (UP) for his noteworthy contributions as an institution builder and researcher.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lt Governor attends the 7th Convocation Ceremony of SKUAST-Jammu |url=https://kashmirdespatch.com/lt-governor-attends-the-7th-convocation-ceremony-of-skuast-jammu/ |website=Kashmir Despatch |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Modern Agri strategies, environment-friendly tech to accelerate rural economy transformation LG |url=https://statetimes.in/amp/modern-agri-strategies-environment-friendly-tech-to-accelerate-rural-economy-transformation-lg |website=State Times |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
He has received various awards. Some of the awards are as follows:
* Pamda Shri<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2026W_25012026.pdf |website=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS}}</ref>
* Dr. Harbhajan Singh Memorial Award
* Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial Award
* Indira Gandhi Priyadarshni Award; and other awards

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=N-0vSQwAAAAJ Google Scholar Profile]

{{Authority control}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Prem Lal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]

Indian foreign aid

2026-01-09T22:16:02Z

Cinehub 022: minor edit

{{Short description|Foreign Indian aid that was given by the government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
'''Indian foreign aid''' is the aid given by the [[Indian government]] to other governments. India's major quantum of foreign aid is given to neighbouring countries. Since 2000, the Indian government has provided financial assistance worth $48 billion to over 65 countries. The amount comprised $14.74 billion in grants, $32.6 billion in concessional lines of credit and $656 million in capacity building and training programs.<ref>{{Cite web | title=India’s Foreign Assistance: Trends, Processes, and Priorities — ORF America | url=https://orfamerica.org/newresearch/india-foreign-assistance-priorities | access-date=2026-01-09 | website=orfamerica.org}}</ref> For the year 2025, India planned on providing developmental grants worth of {{INRConvert|6750|c}} to several developing countries and it included a notable increase in allocation for countries in [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/union-budget/2025/Feb/01/indias-foreign-aid-up-by-20-bhutan-tops-list-slash-in-funds-to-afghanistan-myanmar |title = Budget 2025: Over Rs 6750 Crore Allocated to External Affairs Ministry for oversea grants}}</ref> That apart, concessional lines of credit and other developmental assistance are provided throughout the year and are not included as part of the initial budget.<ref name=":0"/> India has set up 'Indian Agency for Partnership in Development' as a part of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] to channelize aid to recipient nations.

An American [[social enterprise]], ''[[Devex]]'' reported in 2013 that India has spent US$1 billion on foreign aid in 2012–13. Since 2009, the foreign aid had increased around 3.2 times annually.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.devex.com/news/despite-tempered-outlook-bric-countries-stay-the-course-on-foreign-aid-82370 | title=Despite tempered outlook, BRIC countries stay the course on foreign aid | publisher=Devex | date=25 November 2013 | access-date=15 May 2019 | author=Troilo, Pete}}</ref> In 2017, the government declared that India had been a net donor in 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/22/emerging-power-india-gives-more-aid-than-it-receives-1584604.html | title=Emerging power India gives more aid than it receives | publisher=Indian Express | date=22 March 2017 | access-date=14 May 2019 | author=Sharma, Ritu}}</ref> In the Indian Government budget of year 2019-2020 USD 1.32 billion (INR 8415 crore) were allocated (0.3% of the overall budget) for India's foreign aid programme . Indian aid receiving countries are Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, African nations, Caribbean nations and a few Eastern European nations. Over the years India has funded several infrastructure, development and other projects in many countries worth billions of USD.

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Amount USD (in million) !! Source
|-
| 2009-10 || 442 ||''[[Devex]]''<ref name="Devex">{{cite web | url=https://www.devex.com/news/india-s-foreign-aid-program-catches-up-with-its-global-ambitions-80919 | title=India's foreign aid program catches up with its global ambitions | publisher=Devex | date=10 May 2013 | access-date=15 May 2019 | author=Piccio, Lorenzo}}</ref>
|-
| 2010-11 || 563 || ''Devex''<ref name="Devex"/>
|-
| 2011-12 || 646 || ''Devex''<ref name="Devex"/>
|-
| 2012-13 || 1,020 || ''Devex''<ref name="Devex"/>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''India’s ‘Aid to Countries’ under Budget 2024'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Swati |title=Observer Research Foundation |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/budget-2024-viksit-bharat-s-aid-diplomacy#:~:text=According%20to%20Demand%20No%2029,crore%20to%20INR%204%2C883.56%20crore. |website=www.orfonline.org}}</ref>
!Aid to Countries
|'''Budget 2023-2024 (in ₹ crore)'''
!Revised 2023-2024 (in ₹ crore)
!Budget 2024-2025 (in ₹ crore)
|-
|Bhutan
|2,400.58
|2,398.97
|2,068.56
|-
|Afghanistan
|200
|220
|200
|-
|Bangladesh
|200
|130
|120
|-
|Nepal
|550
|650
|700
|-
|Sri Lanka
|150
|60
|245
|-
|Maldives
|400
|770.90
|400
|-
|Mongolia
|7
|5
|5
|-
|African Countries
|250
|180
|200
|-
|Eurasian Countries
|75
|20
|20
|-
|Latin American Countries
|50
|32
|30
|-
|Other Developing Countries
|150
|95
|125
|-
|Disaster Relief
|5
|55
|10
|-
|Chabahar Port
|100
|100
|100
|-
|Mauritius
|460.79
|330
|370
|-
|Seychelles
|10
|9.91
|40
|}

==History==
India's foreign aid program began in the 1950s through the [[Colombo Plan]]. Although India's contributions through the Colombo Plan were small, it was still the fifth highest contributor to the Plan and the highest contributor among developing countries. Nepal was the largest recipient of Indian aid.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutt |first1=Srikant |title=Indian Aid to Co-Developing Countries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368542 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=13 November 2021 |pages=672–678 |date=1980|volume=15 |issue=14 |jstor=4368542 }}</ref> Nepal and Bhutan were the first countries to receive aid from India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mullen |first1=Rani D. |title=India Flexes Its Foreign Aid Muscle |url=https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/rdmull/currenthistoryarticle |website=wmpeople.wm.edu |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> In 1958, India committed to providing $100 million multi-year grants to Nepal and also extended a {{INRConvert|20|c|year=1958}} loan to Myanmar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chanana |first1=Dweep |title=India as an Emerging Donor |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40278800 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=13 November 2021 |pages=11–14 |date=2009|volume=44 |issue=12 |jstor=40278800 }}</ref>

== Vaccine Maitri ==

{{see also|Vaccine Maitri}}

== Africa ==
{{main|Indian aid to Africa}}
In May 2011, India pledged $5 billion to African countries, following an injection of $5.4bn in 2008 for infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=May 25 |first1=Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury |title=India gives $5-billion aid to Africa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/rest-of-the-world/story/pm-announces-five-billion-dollars-aid-for-africa-134355-2011-05-25 |website=India Today |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced $600m (£393m) in assistance for development projects in Africa at an India-Africa Forum Summit attended by 50 African nation in October 2015 in New Delhi. PM Modi announce a concessional credit of $10 billion to Africa that included Nigeria and 50000 scholarships to African students at the India-Africa Forum Summit in 2015. India's line of credit to Africa is close to $9 billion, with projects taking up $7.4 billion. India sent a grant of $100 million to UN to fight Ebola and another $20 million bilaterally to Guinea to tackle the disease.<ref name=":0" />

India was the first Asian country to become a member of the Africa Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian |title=India's rise in Africa |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/riia/v88i4/f_0025566_20916.pdf |website=Columbia University |access-date=13 November 2021 |date=2012}}</ref> Between 2002 and 2021, India provided over US$11 billion in the form of aid and grants to African countries. India donated 150 metric tons of medical aid to 25 African countries, and supplied over 24.7 million doses of COVID vaccines to 42 countries in Africa as of February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Harsh V. Pant, Abhishek |title=Is India the New China in Africa? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/17/india-china-africa-development-aid-investment/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

In May 2017, India and Japan proposed a plan to build an Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) to boost in economic development in region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=P |first1=Jagannath P. |title=Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC): An India-Japan Arch in the Making? |url=https://isdp.eu/publication/asia-africa-growth-corridor-aagc-india-japan/ |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Asia ==

=== South Asia and neighbouring countries ===
==== Nepal ====
India has aided many hydro-electric power plants in Nepal like Pardi, Trishuli and Devighat. {{As of|2014}}, under foreign direct investment, India plans to fund two hydel projects of [[Upper Karnali Hydropower Project|Upper Karnali]] and [[Arun III]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/HN/article/view/11256/9126 | title=Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal's Hydropower Development | publisher=Hydro Nepal | date=January 2014 | access-date=20 May 2019 | author=Gangol, Pradeep}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5906/Agreement_regarding_Hydroelectric_Power_Project | title=Agreement regarding Hydro-electric Trisuli Hydro-electric Power Project | publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) | date=20 November 1958 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/hydro/india-nepal-inaugurate-india-backed-hydropower-plant/20044 | title=India, Nepal inaugurate India-backed hydropower plant | publisher=Anadolu Agency | date=14 May 2018 | access-date=20 May 2019 | author=Adhikari, Deepak}}</ref> India's aid to Nepal was $142 million this year{{which|date=January 2025}}.

==== Sri Lanka ====
Also in November 2019 PM Modi offers $450 million development, anti-terror aid to Sri Lanka. In all, over $15 billion has been given to other Asian countries, mostly focusing on India's immediate neighbours for infrastructural development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Lines-of-Credit-for-Development-Projects.htm#:~:text=Development%20assistance%20in%20the%20form,been%20extended%20to%2064%20countries.|title=Line of Credit for Development work in foreign countries|date=2021-02-05|work=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=2021-02-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Afghanistan ====

India provided over $3 billion of aid to the former [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] and was involved in over 400 projects across 34 provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: Will Afghanistan's new status impact India and its $3 billion investment? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/explained-will-afghanistans-new-status-impact-india-and-its-3-billion-investment-10021471.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en |date=17 July 2021}}</ref> These included several major infrastructure projects such as the [[Salma Dam]], the Zaranj-Dalaram Highway, the [[Afghan Parliament]] building, restoration of the [[Stor Palace]]. India also helped build infrastructure such as roads, dams, electricity transmission lines and substations, solar panels, schools, and hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: What are India's investments in Afghanistan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-indias-afghan-investment-7406795/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en |date=24 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Will India's investments in Afghanistan amount to anything? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/will-india-s-investments-in-afghanistan-amount-to-anything-11630281437354.html |website=mint |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en |date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India has invested heavily in Afghanistan over 2 decades: A look at landmark contributions |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/how-invested-is-india-in-afghanistan-lucrative-project-india-has-contributed-to-afghanistan-143202946.html |website=Yahoo Finance |date=25 August 2021 |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

The [[Afghan-India Friendship Dam]] (also called Salma Dam) started construction in 1976 but was halted due to political instability. The project resumed work in 2014 and the dam was inaugurated in 2016. India's funds for the dam were nearly US$290–300 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/syed-zafar-mehdi/india-wins-hearts-in-afgh_b_10305608.html | title=India Wins Hearts In Afghanistan With The 'Friendship Dam' | publisher=Huffington Post | date=7 June 2016 | access-date=20 May 2019 | author=Mehdi, Syed Zafar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/indias-controversial-afghanistan-dams/ | title=India's Controversial Afghanistan Dams | publisher=The Diplomat | date=20 August 2018 | access-date=20 May 2019 | author=Ramachandran, Sudha}}</ref> In May 2011, India pledged $500m to Afghanistan in addition to its existing commitment of $1.5bn, acquiring considerable goodwill in that country.

== Americas and Caribbean ==
India, in September 2019 announced $14 million grant for community development projects in the Caribbean Islands and expressed support to specialized capacity building courses for professionals in these Caribbean nations. In 2019 India offered aid to hurricane-devastated Caribbean nations through the Indian Mission at the UN and with partners in Antigua and Barbuda as well as Dominica and others an amount of $2 million from the India-UN Partnership Fund for South-South Cooperation for rehabilitation in Caricom. Caricom is an organisation of 15 Caribbean nations and their dependencies.<ref name=":0" />

== Other assistance ==
Apart from financial aids, India has also provided helps in terms of manpower and other supplies to needy disaster struck countries. Post [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, [[Indian Air Force]] aircraft provided 25 tonnes of relief supplies at the [[Little Rock Air Force Base]] in Arkansas. It extended similar support post the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]] in China.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-its-perfectly-justified-for-india-to-refuse-foreign-aid-for-natural-disasters/articleshow/65506672.cms | title=Why it's perfectly justified for India to refuse foreign aid for Kerala | newspaper=Economic Times | date=23 August 2018 | access-date=14 May 2019 | author=Bagchi, Indrani}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:Contributions to foreign aid by country]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Indian foreign aid]]

Divyanshi Bhowmick

2026-01-05T22:12:34Z

Cinehub 022: Added Some Data Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian table-tennis player (born 2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox table tennis player
| name = Divyanshi Bhowmick
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2010|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| nationality =
| other_names =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| coach = [[Massimo Costantini]]
| notable_works =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[table tennis]]}} [[File:Table tennis pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ITTF World Youth Championships|World Youth Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 ITTF World Youth Championships|2023 Nova Gorica]]|[[2023 ITTF World Youth Championships#Under-15|Girls' doubles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ITTF World Youth Championships|2025 Cluj-Napoca]]|[[2025 ITTF World Youth Championships#Under-15|Girls' singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ITTF World Youth Championships|2025 Cluj-Napoca]]|[[2025 ITTF World Youth Championships#Under-15|Girls' team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships|Asian Cadet Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships|2025 Tashkent]]|[[Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships|Girls' singles]]}}
| hrank =
|crank=
|playingstyle=Right-handed, shakehand grip
}}

'''Divyanshi Bhowmick''' (19 November 2010) is an Indian [[table tennis]] player. She won the U15 girls' singles gold at the [[Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships|2025 Asian Cadet Championships]], the first Indian to do so in 36 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01|title=India's Golden Moment: First Women's Cadet Singles Title in 36 Years|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/indias-golden-moment-first-womens-cadet-singles-title-in-36-years-divyanshi-bhowmick-article-152194897|access-date=2025-07-02|website=Times Now|language=en}}</ref> She also secured bronze in the U15 girls' singles at the [[2025 ITTF World Youth Championships|2025 World Youth Championships]], becoming the second Indian to medal in the event.

== Career ==
At the 2025 Asian Cadet Championships held in Tashkent, she won the gold medal in the girls' singles (U15) event, becoming the first Indian player in 36 years to secure the title. Among the other titles she won are the U17 Girls Singles gold at the 2024 WTT Youth Contender in [[Algiers]] and silver in the [[2023 ITTF World Youth Championships|2023]] ITTF World Youth Championships held at [[Nova Gorica]] in the U-15 Girls Doubles with Jennifer Varghese. Apart from the U17 WTT Youth Contender title, she has won similar titles in U13 and U15 categories as well in the past and as of 2025, she was ranked 3rd, 14th and 24th in U15, U17 and U19 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Father's foresight, TT robot behind Divyanshi taking down three Chinese on way to Asian title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/divyanshi-bhowmick-asian-youth-table-tennis-championships-father-10102451/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was also named the Best Women’s Player (Overall) at the Table Tennis Super League (TTSL) Maharashtra in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Youth Table Tennis Championships 2025: Divyanshi Bhowmick wins historic gold medal for India |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-youth-table-tennis-championsips-2025-divyanshi-bhowmick-gold-medal}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Table Tennis player | id= 202723 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhowmick, Divyanshi}}
[[Category:2010 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-tabletennis-bio-stub}}

Junooniyatt

2026-01-01T09:11:52Z

Cinehub 022: Put up first data needs work.

{{short description|Indian musical drama television series}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = JunooniyattRevamp.jpg
| alt_name =
| caption =
| genre = [[Musical drama film|Musical drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Ravi Dubey]]
| developer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrated =
| story = Faizal Akhtar Pallavi Mehta
| screenplay = Rajesh Chawla
| theme_music_composer = [[Salim-Sulaiman]] '''Singers''' [[Salim Merchant]] [[Shraddha Pandit]] Vivek Hariharan '''Lyrics''' [[Shraddha Pandit]] '''Music Producers''' Raj Pandit Muheet Bharti
| opentheme = Junooniyatt
| composer = Preetam Maer
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 190 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ravi Dubey]] [[Sargun Mehta]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography = Indranil Singha
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-45 minutes
| company = Dreamiyata Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|02|13}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|11|03}}
}}

'''''Junooniyatt''''' ({{Translation|''Passion/Obsession''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi Language|Hindi language]] musical romantic drama television series. that aired on [[Colors TV]] from 13 February 2023 to 3 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/junooniyat-premieres-tonight-cast-plot-and-time-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-show-2334137-2023-02-13 | title=Junooniyat premieres tonight: Cast, plot and time, all you need to know about the new show | date=13 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/photo/junooniyat-to-dhruv-tara-heres-a-look-at-the-upcoming-tv-shows-2334256-2023-02-13 | title=Junooniyat to Dhruv Tara, here's a look at the upcoming TV shows | date=13 February 2023 }}</ref> Produced by [[Sargun Mehta]] and [[Ravi Dubey]] under the banner of Dreamiyata Entertainment, it starred [[Ankit Gupta]], [[Gautam Vig|Gautam Singh Vig]] and [[Neha Rana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-threes-company-23263680 | title=Telly Tattle: Three's company | date=4 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-gautam-vig-ankit-gupta-open-up-about-their-upcoming-show-junooniyatt-after-bigg-boss-16-3022508 | title=Gautam Singh Vig, Ankit Gupta open up about their upcoming show Junooniyatt after Bigg Boss 16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/junooniyatt-ankit-gupta-gautam-vig-neha-rana-open-musical-avatar-new-colors-show/ | title=Junooniyatt: Ankit Gupta, Gautam Vig, and Neha Rana open up about their musical avatar in this new Colors' show | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=9 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ilahi, Jahaan, and Jordan are three aspiring musicians that want to take part in The Great Indian Voice competition to show off their talents.

Ilahi was abandoned by her mother Diljot as a child and was raised by her father. Her singing is an ode to her mother, who used to sing as a duo with her husband Amar. Her grandmother (Biji) is against her singing and will do anything to stop Ilahi from singing. However, it was known that Ilahi's mother was forced to abandon her as Biji left no stones unturned to destroy Diljot's singing passion and career with her evil tricks. Jahaan lives in [[Canada]] with his parents. However, his parents were forced out of India after being accused of a fraud in their own family business. Jahaan wants to become a huge singer to give back honour to his parents' name. Jordan, on the other hand, comes from a rich family. He is a self-obsessed, spoilt brat. He wants to become a superstar through his rapping skills. His mother, Maheeb, pulls strings to get whatever she wants and makes sure Jordan also gets what he wants.

Jahaan and Ilahi end up falling in love. Jordan has one-sided obsession with Ilahi and wants her no matter what. On Jahaan's wedding day, Maheeb falsely accuses Jahaan of ruining Jordan's life. She also brings up the past as to how Jahaan's parents were thieves and ruined their own family's name. Ilahi's father, Amar, breaks the marriage as he doesn't want his daughter to suffer by living with a liar. On the other hand, Maheeb also planned Baljeet and Dolly's accident so Jahaan has to leave for Canada.

Ilahi is heartbroken, thinking that Jahaan did betray her and left for Canada without saying anything. In reality, Jahaan had called her but Ilahi's grandmother disconnected the call. Under her father's pressure, Ilahi ends up marrying Jordan. Ilahi and Jordan become partners for the competition and end up winning the competition.

In Canada, Jahaan is heartbroken as his mother is in coma and he lost his true love. Seerat, Ilahi's estranged sister, cheers him up and tries to reignite his passion. She helps him recover and gets him to sing again, but she ends up falling in love in the process while spending time with him. Jahaan makes up his mind to seek revenge from Maheeb for what she did to him and his parents. Jahaan goes back to India with Seerat and his parents.

In India, Ilahi is kept in the dark about all the music record proposals she is receiving. Maheeb manipulates Jordan into thinking that Ilahi will leave him in the dust if she becomes famous. Jordan starts mistreating Ilahi and even leaves her to die. Jahaan ends up saving her and takes her to the hospital. Ilahi's father makes Jahaan promise that he will never come in front of Ilahi.

After Ilahi gains consciousness, she is scared of Jordan. She doesn't wanna go back with him, but Amar forces her to go back as he thinks it's a minor misunderstanding. Jordan pretends to have changed his way in front of Ilahi. On the other hand, Jahaan becomes a sensational superstar under the masked identity of Sultan. Ilahi decides to take a chance and make her dreams a reality and goes to audition for Sultan. Jordan, who is also unaware of Sultaan's identity, sends in his audition clip. Jahaan rejects him and Jordan can't accept the rejection. When he realises Ilahi is going to the audition as well, he slaps Ilahi in front of everyone. Finally, Amar sees Jordan's true face as he was there to witness the slap. He apologizes to Ilahi for not trusting her.

Ilahi ends up exposing Jordan's behavior to the Mehta family and asks Jordan for a divorce, but Jordan refuses to give Ilahi a divorce. Jordan and Maheeb use Dosanjh family's property papers to blackmail Ilahi into coming back. Amidst all this, Ilahi learns why Jahaan had left for Canada. Jahaan tells her to not worry about his problems and focus on hers as she has a battle to fight. Jahaan is also working on his plan to expose Maheeb's reality to the world. Eventually he makes Maheeb confess her cunning plan along with Inder, who was brainwashed by Maheeb. They confess that they framed Baljeet and Dolly to get them out of the family fortune. Inder apologizes to Baljeet and Dolly, as well as Bebe and Bauji as well. Maheeb reluctantly apologizes as well. Finally, the entire Mehta family reunites much to the dismay of Maheeb and Jordan.

Later on, due to Ilahi's touch, Dolly emerges from the coma but mistakenly believes that Ilahi is her daughter-in-law. Jahaan's truth about why he left to Canada is finally exposed to Amar. Jordan becomes angry and bursts out, causing Dolly to faint. The doctor warns that Dolly's condition is delicate and any stress could be fatal. Jahaan requests Ilahi to pretend to be his wife until Dolly gets well. Ilahi agrees and enters Mehta House as Jahaan's wife, hiding all the truth.

Later, Jordan discovers that Jahaan is Sultan and tells him that if Jahaan wants Dolly to get well and not let Jordan tell anything to her, Jahaan has to give Sultan's identity to Jordan. In return, Jahaan tells Jordan to stop torturing Ilahi and sign the divorce papers. Jahaan and Jordan agree to each other's deal.

Later, Jahaan confesses his love to Ilahi on the day of their fake marriage. Jordan cancels the deal he made with Jahaan, because he believed that Jahaan and Ilahi are coming closer again. On Jordan's birthday, Jordan reveals to Dolly that Ilahi is Jordan's wife, not Jahaan's. Dolly insults Ilahi, causing her to leave the Mehta House. On the same day, by Jordan's plan, Ilahi discovers Jahaan's true identity of Sultan during his performance in a fair. She becomes really proud of Jahaan for completing his dream. However, a terrorists attack occurs there, leading to the abduction of everyone present, including Ilahi and Jordan but not Jahaan. In an effort to save Ilahi and everyone, Jahaan puts his life on the line and is shot.

Jahaan loses much blood and he needed "O-negative" blood in emergency or else he won't survive. Even after much searching Ilahi and other family members weren't able to find the blood. However, Jahaan's blood group matched with Jordan, for which Ilahi requests him to give him his blood. Taking advantage of the situation, Jordan strikes a deal with Ilahi that he wants a second chance with their marriage. Ilahi agrees, but states her condition too: he won't bother anyone in his family, especially Jahaan and if he wouldn't be able to make their relation successful within a month, he'll have to sign the divorce papers. Jordan agrees and gives his blood to Jahaan and both agree to consummate their marriage much to Jahaan's disbelief. Eventually, Jahaan learns the truth about the deal, but Ilahi requests Jahaan to stay out of their personal matters. Unable to see Jahaan's situation, Dolly gives an ultimatum to Jahaan that he must move on with his life and marry Seerat. Jahaan initially denies but Dolly puts forth a condition that if he doesn't stop thinking about Ilahi then he'll have to forget his parents. Dolly gives Jahaan one week time to think about his decision. Meanwhile, Jordan's true colours are out and he vows to exact revenge on both Ilahi and Jahaan.

Later on, Jordan finally divorces Ilahi. Jahaan agrees to marry Seerat for the sake of Ilahi while Ilahi decides to leave for Chandigarh. Seerat turns antagonistic and starts attacking Ilahi so that Jahaan could finally be hers. However, one day before Jahaan and Seerat's haldi ceremony, Jahaan secretly marries Ilahi in the temple without Ilahi's permission. Next day, as Ilahi was leaving Chandigarh, Seerat takes Ilahi to a cliff, where she revealed that she was doing all the attacks on Ilahi. Ilahi is shocked while Seerat pushes Ilahi down the cliff and Ilahi falls into the river. At the same time, Jahaan reveals his and Ilahi's secret marriage to the family.

Fortunately, Ilahi was saved but she remains comatose for ten days. After waking up from her coma, she stops Jahaan and Seerat's marriage. She also exposes Seerat and Jordan's reality to the family. Seerat and Jordan are arrested by the police for attempt of murder. Jahaan and Ilahi get married.

===Some years later===

Ilahi has given birth to a baby boy, Ilhaan. Ilahi is called a random number and that person is revealed to be Jordan. Junooniyatt ends with the tag "To be continued...".

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Ankit Gupta]] as Jahaan Mehta: Dolly and Baljeet's son; Varun, Jordan and Tina's cousin; Seerat's ex-fiancé; Ilahi's husband; Ilhaan's father (2023)
**Sultan: Jahaan's masked identity (2023)
* [[Neha Rana]] as Ilahi Jahaan Mehta (née Dosanjh): Diljot and Amar's elder daughter; Seerat's sister; Lucky's cousin; Jordan's ex-wife; Jahaan's wife; Ilhaan's mother (2023)
* [[Gautam Vig|Gautam Singh Vig]] as Jordan "Jordy" Mehta: Maheep and Inder's second son; Varun and Tina's brother; Jahaan's cousin; Ilahi's ex-husband and obsessive one-sided lover; Ilhan's uncle (2023)

===Recurring===
* [[Manasi Salvi]] / [[Rinku Ghosh]] as Maheep Mehta: Inder's wife; Varun, Jordan and Tina's mother; college trustee (2023)
* Ram Aujla / Raaj Sunger / Rishi Khurana as Inderjeet "Inder" Singh Mehta: Rajpratap and Prakash's elder son; Baljeet's brother; Maheep's husband; Varun, Jordan and Tina's father; Jahaan's uncle (2023)
* Vishal Sharma as Baljeet Singh Mehta: Rajpratap and Prakash's younger son; Inder's brother; Dolly's husband; Jahaan's father; Varun, Jordan and Tina's uncle; Ilhaan's paternal grandfather (2023)
* Gurvinder Kaur as Dolly Mehta: Baljeet's wife; Jahaan's mother; Varun, Jordan and Tina's aunt; Ilhaan's paternal grandmother (2023)
* Paras Randhawa as Varun Mehta: Inder and Maheep's eldest son; Jordan and Tina's elder brother; Jahaan's cousin; Rasika's husband (2023)
* [[Mansi Sharma]] as Rasika Mehta: Varun's wife (2023)
* Aarchi Sachdeva as Tina Mehta: Inder and Maheep's daughter; Varun and Jordan's younger sister; Jahaan's cousin (2023)
* Balwinder Kaur as Prakash "Bebe / Biji" Kaur Mehta: Rajpratap's wife; Inder and Baljeet's mother; Jordan, Tina, Varun and Jahaan's grandmother; Ilhaan's paternal great-grandmother (2023)
* Manoj Bhatia as Rajpratap "Bauji" Singh Mehta: Prakash's husband; Inder and Baljeet's father; Jordan, Tina, Varun and Jahaan's grandfather; Ilhaan's paternal great-grandfather (2023)
* Abhishek Sharma as Sunny: Jordan's friend (2023)
* Vishwas Saraf as Karan: Jordan's friend (2023)
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2019)|Palak Jain]] as Seerat Dosanjh: Amar and Diljot's younger daughter; Ilahi's (formerly estranged) younger sister; Jahaan's ex-fiancée and obsessive one-sided lover; Sultan's manager (2023)
* Mamta Rana as Diljot "DJ" Dosanjh: Amar's (formerly estranged) wife; Ilahi and Seerat's mother; Ilhaan's maternal grandmother (2023)
* Aman Sutdhar as Amardeep "Amar" Dosanjh: Charan's son; Diljot's (formerly estranged) husband; Ilahi and Seerat's father; Ilhaan's maternal grandfather (2023)
* Sushma Prashant as Charan "Biji" Kaur Dosanjh: Amar and Kimmi's mother; Ilahi, Seerat and Lucky's grandmother; Ilhaan's maternal great-grandmother (2023)
* Poonam Walia as Kimmi Kaur: Charan's daughter; Happy's wife; Lucky's mother (2023)
* Pali Geetan Wala as Happy: Kimmi's husband; Lucky's father (2023)
* Shriaansh Sharma as Lucky: Happy and Kimmi's son; Ilahi's cousin (2023)
* Priya Bharadwaj as Husna: Ilahi's best friend (2023)
* Kawalpreet Singh as Dharmendra: Ilahi's friend; Jahaan's former landlord and elder-brother figure (2023)
* Onika Maan as Monica: Jordan's friend (2023)
* Tanya Mahajan as Shikha Mann: Ranjeet's legal wife (2023)
* Abhianshu Vohra as Ranjeet Mann: Ilahi's former obsessive lover; Shikha's legal husband (2023)
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja|Aishwarya Sakhuja-Nag]] as Dr. Pari Ahuja: Jahaan's voice therapist (2023)

===Guest appearances===
* [[Twinkle Arora]] as Nehmat Kaur Virk from [[Udaariyaan]] (2023)
* [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] as ASP Ekampreet Randhawa aka Ekam from [[Udaariyaan]] (2023)
* [[Isha Malviya]] as Jasmine Sandhu / Harleen Ahluwalia from [[Udaariyaan]] (2023)
* [[Sachet Tandon]] & [[Parampara Tandon]] as themselves; judges of The Great Indian Voice Competition 1st Round (2023)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Ankit Gupta]] as Jahaan, Neha Rana as Ilahi, Gautam Singh Vig as Jordan were signed as the leads.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bigg-boss-contestants-ankit-gupta-gautam-singh-vig-return-colors-new-show-junooniyatt-co-starring-neha-rana/ | title=Bigg Boss contestants Ankit Gupta, Gautam Singh Vig return to Colors with new show Junooniyatt, co-starring Neha Rana : Bollywood News | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=4 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-rana-it-was-a-conscious-decision-to-take-a-break-and-audition-only-for-the-lead-character/articleshow/96878809.cms | title=Neha Rana: It was a conscious decision to take a break and audition only for the lead character | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Maheshwri | first1=Neha }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gautam-singh-vig-on-joining-junooniyatt-was-a-no-brainer-for-me/articleshow/97771859.cms | title=Gautam Singh Vig on joining 'Junooniyatt': Was a no-brainer for me | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> In early May 2023, [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] entered the show as Dr. Pari. Her role lasted very briefly and ended mid-May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 May 2023|title=Aishwarya Sakhuja to reunite with Ravie Dubey after a decade in 'Junooniyatt'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aishwarya-sakhuja-to-reunite-with-ravie-dubey-after-a-decade-in-junooniyatt/articleshow/99962204.cms|access-date=5 May 2023|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> During later half of June 2023, Palak Jain was cast to play Seerat's role who is Ilahi's younger sister.

===Development===
The series was announced by Dreamiyata Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. for [[Colors TV]] in January 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/ankit-gupta-gautam-vig-neha-rana-s-new-show-junooniyatt-to-premiere-on-february-13-2571488.html | title=Ankit Gupta, Gautam Vig, Neha Rana's new Show 'Junooniyatt' to Premiere on February 13 }}</ref>

===Filming===
In January 2023, [[principal photography]] commenced in [[Chandigarh]], the series is set in [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sargun-mehta-promotes-the-title-track-of-her-new-musical-show-junooniyatt-478716|title=Sargun Mehta promotes the title track of her new musical show, Junooniyatt : The Tribune India}}</ref>

==Crossover==
* Junooniyatt had crossover episodes with [[Udaariyaan]] on 22 and 23 March 2023.

==Reception==
''[[India Today]]'' noted, "The true essence of Punjab, including the dialect and aesthetics, has been kept completely intact. Viewers will find the characters relatable as they are following their dreams while love is around the corner."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/junooniyatt-review-ankit-gupta-neha-rana-and-gautm-vijs-show-depicts-unique-love-triangle-soaked-in-music-2336510-2023-02-18 | title=Junooniyatt review: Ankit Gupta, Neha Rana and Gautam Vij's show depicts unique love triangle soaked in music | date=18 February 2023 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/junooniyatt/ ''Junooniyatt''] on [[Colors TV]]
* {{IMDb title|26637806}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/junooniyatt/304193 ''Junooniyatt''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511020043/https://www.voot.com/shows/junooniyatt/304193 |date=11 May 2023 }} on [[Voot]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Junooniyatt}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]

Gangapur City district

2025-12-28T21:27:20Z

Cinehub 022: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[GangapurCity district]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Zhangzhung

2025-12-27T22:18:53Z

Cinehub 022: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Ancient kingdom in western Tibet}}
{{for|the language|Zhangzhung language}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{Bo-textonly|ཞང་ཞུང་}}
| conventional_long_name = Zhangzhung
| common_name = Zhangzhung
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = center
|width = 270
|caption = General location of Zhangzhung, with contemporary neighbouring polities {{circa}} AD 500
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|border=none
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=27.5|N |long=77|E |label=<div style="text-align: center;">[[Alchon Huns|'''Alchon''' Huns]]</div> |label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36|N |long=67|E |label=[[Hephthalites|'''Hephthalites''']]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=30|N |long=67|E |label=[[Sassanian Empire|'''<div style="text-align: center;">Sassanian Empire</div>''']]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24|N |long=91|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|'''Gupta Empire''']]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18|N |long=78|E |label=[[Vakataka dynasty|'''Vakatakas''']]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31.0698 |N |long=81.3127|E |label=<div style="text-align: center;">'''Zhangzhung'''</div>|label_size=85|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| era = [[Iron Age]] to [[Classical Antiquity]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = {{circa}} 500 BC
| date_start =
| event_end = Conquest of [[Songtsen Gampo]]
| year_end = 625 AD<ref name="Aldenderfer2007">{{cite book|last=Aldenderfer|first=Mark|editor=Amy Heller and Giacomella Orofino|title=Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gu9M-IrLigC&pg=PA1|series=Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-15520-6|pages=1–22|chapter=Defining Zhang Zhung ethnicity: an archaeological perspective from far western Tibet}}</ref>
| date_end =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| stat_pop1 =
| p1 = Neolithic Tibet
| s1 = Yarlung dynasty
| s2 = Tibetan Empire
| capital = [[Kyunglung]]
| common_languages = [[Zhang-Zhung language]]
| religion = [[Bön]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader4 =
| title_leader = Tsenpo
| today = [[China]] [[India]] [[Nepal]]
}}

'''Zhangzhung''' or '''Shangshung''' was an ancient kingdom in western and northwestern [[Tibet]], existing from about 500 BC to 625 AD, pre-dating [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. The Zhangzhung culture is associated with the [[Bon]] religion, which has influenced the philosophies and practices of Tibetan Buddhism. Zhangzhung people are mentioned frequently in ancient Tibetan texts as the original rulers of today's western Tibet. Only in the last two decades have archaeologists been given access to do field work in the areas once ruled by the Zhangzhung.

==Extent==
Tradition has it that Zhangzhung consisted "of three different regions: Goba, the outer; Phugpa, the inner; and Barba, the middle. The outer is what we might call Western Tibet, from [[Gilgit]] in the west to Dangs-Ra Khyung-rDzong in the east, next to lake Namtso, and from [[Khotan]] in the north to Chu-Mig-brGyad-Cu-gTsa-gNyis in the south. [[Ladakh]], including [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]], was part of Goba. The inner region is said to be Tazig [often identified with [[Bactria]]], and the middle Rgya-Khar-Bar-Chod, a place not yet identified." {{citation needed|date=February 2023}} While it is not certain whether Zhangzhung was really so large, it was an independent kingdom and covered the whole of what is today's Western Tibet, Ladakh and Gilgit.<ref>[[Karmey, Samten G.]] (1979). ''A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon'', p. 180. The Toyo Bunko, Tokyo.</ref><ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization''. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}}.</ref>

The capital city of Zhangzhung was called [[Khyunglung]] ({{bo|t=|w=Khyunglung Ngülkhar |s= |z= |l= }}), the "Silver Palace of [[Garuda]]", southwest of [[Mount Kailash]] (Mount Tise), which is identified with palaces found in the upper [[Sutlej Valley]].<ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]]. (1999). ''The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History''. Abacus Edition, London. (2000), pp. 266–267; 273–274. {{ISBN|0-349-11142-1}}.</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2022}}

According to [[Rolf Alfred Stein]], author of ''Tibetan Civilization'', the area of Zhangzhung was not historically a part of Tibet and was a distinctly foreign territory to the Tibetans:<ref name=Stein>''Tibetan Civilization'' by R.A. Stein, Faber and Faber</ref>
{{blockquote...{{nbsp}}then further west, the Tibetans encountered a distinctly foreign nation. – Zhangzhung, with its capital at Khyunglung. [[Mt. Kailāśa]] (Tise) and [[Lake Manasarovar]] formed part of this country, whose language has come down to us through early documents. Though still unidentified, it seems to be Indo-European {{nbsp}}.... Geographically the country was certainly open to India, both through Nepal and by way of Kashmir and Ladakh. Kailāśa is a holy place for the Indians, who make pilgrimages to it. No one knows how long they have done so, but the cult may well go back to the times when Zhangzhung was still independent of Tibet.

How far Zhangzhung stretched to the north, east and west is a mystery{{nbsp}}.... We have already had an occasion to remark that Zhangzhung, embracing Kailāśa sacred Mount of the Hindus, may once have had a religion largely borrowed from Hinduism. The situation may even have lasted for quite a long time. In fact, about 950, the Hindu King of Kabul had a statue of Vishņu, of the Kashmiri type (with three heads), which he claimed had been given him by the king of the Tibetans who, in turn had obtained it from Kailāśa.<ref name=Stein/>}}

==History==

===Possible Iron Age culture===
Archeological work on the [[Chang Tang]] plateau in 2010 found possible evidence of an Iron Age culture in the area which some have tentatively identified as that of the Zhangzhung.<ref name=tibetarchaeology>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibetarchaeology.com/article1.htm |title=KM-III EXPLORATION REPORT: A Reconnaissance Mission to Locate the Sri Ashtapad Temple. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528222406/http://www.tibetarchaeology.com/article1.htm |archive-date=2010-05-28 |access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref>

===Conquest of Zhangzhung===
[[File:Tibetan empire greatest extent 780s-790s CE.png|thumb|200px|Map showing Zhangzhung and its capital [[Kyunglung]] under the [[Tibetan Empire]]]]

There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of [[Songtsen Gampo]] (605 or 617–649) or in the reign of [[Trisong Detsen]] ({{bo|t= |w=Khri-SrONG-iDE-bTsan |s= |z= |l= }}), (r. 755 until 797 or 804).<ref>Karmey, Samten G. (1975). "'A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon", p. 180. ''Memoirs of Research Department of The Toyo Bunko'', No, 33. Tokyo.</ref> The records of the ''[[Old Book of Tang|Tang Annals]]'' do, however, seem to clearly place these events in the reign of Songtsen Gampo for they say that in 634, Yangtong (Zhangzhung) and various [[Qiang people|Qiang]] tribes, "altogether submitted to him". Following this he united with the country of Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or [[Tuyuhun Kingdom|Tuyuhun]], and then conquered two more tribes of Qiang before threatening Songzhou with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, [[Tibetan attack on Songzhou|attacked Songzhou]]. He apparently finally retreated and apologised and later the emperor granted his request.<ref>Lee, Don Y. (1981). ''The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey'', pp. 7–9. Eastern Press, Bloomington, IN.</ref><ref>Pelliot, Paul. (1961). ''Histoire ancienne du Tibet'', pp. 3–4. Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris.</ref>

Early Tibetan accounts say that the Tibetan king and the king of Zhangzhung had married each other's sisters in a political alliance. However, the Tibetan wife of the king of the Zhangzhung complained of poor treatment by the king's principal wife. War ensued, and through the treachery of the Tibetan princess, "King Ligmikya of Zhangzhung, while on his way to ''Sumba'' ([[Amdo]] province) was ambushed and killed by King Songtsen Gampo's soldiers. As a consequence, Zhangzhung was annexed to U-Tsang (Central Tibet). Thereafter the new kingdom born of the unification of Zhangzhung and Bod(Tibet) was known as Bod-rGyal-Khab."<ref>Norbu, Namkhai. (1981). ''The Necklace of Gzi, A Cultural History of Tibet'', p. 30. Information Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, H.P., India.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia'', p. 20. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Fourth printing with new afterword and 1st paperback version. {{ISBN|0-691-02469-3}}.</ref><ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]]. ''The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History'', pp. 127–128. (1999). Reprint: (2000). Abacus, London. {{ISBN|0-349-11142-1}}.</ref> R. A. Stein places the conquest of Zhangzhung in 645.<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 59. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}}.</ref>

[[File:Tibetan Thangka Srongtsen Gampo - Wovensouls.jpg|thumb|Tibetan Thangka featuring Songtsen Gampo, courtesy the Wovensouls collection, Singapore]]

===677 revolt===
Zhangzhung revolted soon after the death of King [[Mangsong Mangtsen]] or Trimang Löntsän ({{bo|t=|w=Khri-Mang-sLon-rTsan}}, r. 650–677), the son of [[Songtsen Gampo]], but was brought back under Tibetan control by the "firm governance of the great leaders of the Gar clan".<ref name="Beckwith1987">Beckwith, Christopher I. ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages,'' 1987, Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-02469-3}}, p. 43.</ref>

==Zhangzhung language==
{{Further|Zhang-Zhung language}}

A handful of Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents attest to a Zhang-Zhung language which was related to [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]]. The [[Bonpo]] claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet, while modern scholars recognise the clear derivation of Tibetan script from a North Indian script, which accords with non-Bon Tibetan accounts.
A modern Kinnauri language called by the same name (pronounced locally [[Jangshung language|Jangshung]]) is spoken by 2,000 people in the [[Sutlej Valley]] of Himachal Pradesh who claim to be descendants of the Zhangzhung.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=JNA Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JNA]</ref>

==Cultural legacy==
Bonpo tradition claims that Bon was founded by a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] named [[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ligmincha.org/bon/founder.html |title=Bon: Tonpa Shenrab – The Founder of Bon |website= www.ligmincha.org |url-status=dead | quote = The Founder of Bon religion is the Lord Shenrab Miwo.{{nbsp}}... The Lord Shenrab was born in the Barpo Sogye Palace to the south of Mount Youngdong. He was born a prince, married while young, and had children. At the age of 31 he renounced the world and lived in austerity, teaching the doctrine. |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051230093707/http://www.ligmincha.org/bon/founder.html |archive-date=2005-12-30}}</ref> to whom are ascribed teachings similar in scope to those ascribed to the historical [[Gautama Buddha]]. Bonpos claim that Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche lived some 18,000 years ago, and visited Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring, or [[Shambhala]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jigme N. Kazi |date=20 October 2020 |chapter=Buddhism in Tibet |title=Sons of Sikkim: The Rise and Fall of the Namgyal Dynasty of Sikkim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwDEAAAQBAJ |publication-place=Chennai |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781648059810 |access-date=31 October 2022 |quote=The mysterious land of Olmo Lungring is said to be part of a larger geographical region to the northwest of Tibet called Tazig, which scholars identify with Iran or, more properly, Central Asia.{{nbsp}}... According to the 'gZi-brjid,' Olmo Lungring was also known as Shambhala in Sanskrit{{nbsp}}....{{nbsp}}... Bonpos claim that Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche lived some 18,000 years ago, and visited Kongpo in southern Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lungring or Shambhala.}}</ref> Bonpos also suggest that during this time Lord Shenrab Miwoche's teaching permeated the entire subcontinent and was in part responsible for the development of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]. An example of this link is said to be [[Mount Kailash]], which is the center of Zhangzhung culture, and also the most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that the supposedly much later Hindu teaching owes its origin – at least indirectly – to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.

==See also==
{{History of Tibet}}
*[[Zhang Zhung Meri|Zhangzhung Meri]]
*[[History of Tibet]]
*[[Ngari Prefecture]]
*[[Shambhala|Shambala]]
*[[Guge]]
*[[Purang-Guge Kingdom]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* [[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]]. (1999) ''The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History''. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: 2000 Abacus Books, London. {{ISBN|0-349-11142-1}}.
* Bellezza, John Vincent: ''Zhangzhung. Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland.'' Denkschriften der phil.-hist. Klasse 368. Beitraege zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 61, Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2008.
* [[Siegbert Hummel|Hummel, Siegbert]]. (2000). ''On Zhang-zhung''. Edited and translated by Guido Vogliotti. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. Dharamsala, H.P., India. {{ISBN|81-86470-24-7}}.
* Karmey, Samten G. (1975). ''A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon''. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, No. 33, pp. 171–218. Tokyo.
* Stein, R. A. (1961). ''Les tribus anciennes des marches Sino-Tibétaines: légends, classifications et histoire''. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris. (In French)
* Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "Ëast of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan". In: ''The Tibet Journal'', Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Bellezza, John Vincent. (2010). "gShen-rab Myi-bo, His life and times according to Tibet's earliest literary sources". ''Revue d'Études Tibétaines'' Number 19 October 2010, pp. 31–118.
* Blezer, Henk. (2010). "Greatly Perfected, in Space and Time: Historicities of the Bon Aural Transmission from Zhangzhung". In: ''The Tibet Journal'', Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 71–160.
* Zeisler, Bettina (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Northern India and South of Khotan". In: The Earth Ox Papers. Special Issue. ''The Tibet Journal'', Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n 3-Summer 2010 vol. SSSV n. 2. Edited by Roberto Vitali. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. pp. 371–463.

==External links==
*[http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/abhidharma-tenet-systems/comparison-of-buddhist-traditions/bon-and-tibetan-buddhism Study Buddhism article on Bon and the Zhangzhung]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181933/http://www.wisdom-books.com/ProductExtract.asp?PID=14663 Oral Tradition from Zhangzhung, An Introduction to the Bonpo Dzogchen Teachings of the Oral Tradition from Zhangzhung]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110920070536/http://www.recercaenaccio.cat/agaur_reac/AppJava/ca/projecte/081209-expedicio-cienti.jsp Expedition to Zhangzhung] {{in lang|ca}}

{{Tibet topics}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:7th century in Tibet]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia]]
[[Category:Bon]]
[[Category:Dzogchen]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]
[[Category:Tibetan archaeology]]

Eutropis vertebralis

2025-12-16T04:00:38Z

Cinehub 022: Added First Bio V1

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| genus = Eutropis
| species = vertebralis
| authority = ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1887)
| range_map =
}}

'''''Eutropis vertebralis''''' is a [[species]] of [[skink]] found in [[India]].<ref name=RDB/> It is distinguishable by its white stripes with black edges, as well as by lacking a transparent disc on its lower eyelid.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amarasinghe |first1=A.A. Thasun |last2=Ganesh |first2=S.R. |last3=Mirza |first3=Zeeshan A. |last4=Campbell |first4=Patrick D. |last5=Pauwels |first5=Olivier S.G. |last6=Schweiger |first6=Silke |last7=Kupfer |first7=Alexander |last8=Patel |first8=Harshil |last9=Karunarathna |first9=Suranjan |last10=Deuti |first10=Kaushik |last11=Ineich |first11=Ivan |last12=Hallermann |first12=Jakob |last13=Abinawanto |first13=A. |last14=Supriatna |first14=Jatna |title=The delusion of stripes: A century-old mystery of five-lined sun skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae: Eutropis) of Peninsular India elucidated |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |date=January 2022 |volume=296 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2021.11.004|s2cid=244899079 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Eutropis|species=vertebralis|accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q111460107}}

[[Category:Eutropis]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1887]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger]]

{{skink-stub}}

Culture of Coimbatore

2025-11-25T05:47:52Z

Cinehub 022: Added Some Info Needs Work

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
'''Culture of [[Coimbatore]]''' is based on the culture of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region and is distinctly unique. Being a cosmopolitan city, the culture of the city reflects its diverse population which has resulted in a unique blend. Though it is generally considered a traditional city, Coimbatore is more diverse and cosmopolitan than other cities in Tamil Nadu. Traditional music, dance and all other art forms of [[Tamil Nadu]] are very popular in the city. One can find a unique blend of culture from traditional foods to fast foods, from ancient temple architecture to modern high-rises and from classical music and dance to the growing nightlife in the city. Popularly called as the ''Manchester of South India'', the city is known for its industries and has developed a reputation for entrepreneurship.<ref name="mc1">{{cite news|title=Is Coimbatore the next BPO city?|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/is-coimbatorenext-bpo-city_345659.html|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=CNBC-TV18|date=5 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=German state keen to share expertise with Coimbatore |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/01/22/stories/2007012200821500.htm|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=Business Line|date=22 June 2007}}</ref>

==Music and arts==
The city conducts its own music festival every year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-14/coimbatore/30515319_1music-lovers-music-academy-music-festival | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Some music lovers still travel to Chennai for cultural overdoze | date=14 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Art, dance and music concerts are held annually during the months of September and December (Tamil calendar month – Margazhi).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/In-December-all-the-citys-a-stage/articleshow/11101597.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719000313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-14/coimbatore/30515339_1_concerts-offer-coimbatore-artistes | url-status=live | archive-date=19 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=In December, all the city's a stage | date=14 December 2011}}</ref> The heavy industrialisation of the city has also resulted in the growth of trade unions.<ref name="fl1">{{cite news|title=A time of troubles|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1505/15050170.htm|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=Frontline|date=7 March 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607060308/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1505/15050170.htm|archive-date=7 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
[[Swamikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of [[south India]] in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of ''Tent Cinema'' in which a tent was erected on an open land to screen the films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm|title=He brought cinema to South|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 September 2011|location=Chennai, India|date=30 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202215242/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm|archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Swamikannu">{{Cite news | url=http://o3.indiatimes.com/brahmanyan/archive/2007/09/21/4783241.aspx | title=Brahmanyan | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 July 2007 | access-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630202911/http://o3.indiatimes.com/brahmanyan/archive/2007/09/21/4783241.aspx | archive-date=30 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Central Studios]] was set up in 1935 while [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] established [[Pakshiraja Studios]] in 1945.<ref name="reeltime">{{Cite news|title=Reel-time nostalgia|author=M. Allirajan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm|location=Chennai, India|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109071506/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> Coimbatore also houses a number of museums and art galleries like [[G. D. Naidu Industrial Exhibition|G.D. Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition]], H A [[Gass Forest Museum]], Government Museum, Kadhi Gandhi Gallery and Kasthuri Srinivasan Art Gallery and Textile Museum.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The natural witness|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/19/stories/2009101950030100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 October 2009|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107222546/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/19/stories/2009101950030100.htm|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gass Forest Museum to be reopened|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gass-forest-museum-to-be-reopened/article1785707.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 January 2007|access-date=8 August 2010}}</ref>

{{bar box|title=Religion in Coimbatore (2011)<ref name=religion2011>{{Cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>|titlebar=#FCD116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hindu]]|darkorange|83.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|8.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|7.5}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|0.6}}}}

==People==
The city's population is predominantly [[Hindu]], along with a small group of [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicmeu.org/Muslim_Population_Distribution_in_India.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105194116/http://www.aicmeu.org/Muslim_Population_Distribution_in_India.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009|title=Indian Muslim Population Data |publisher=Aicmeu.org |access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> population.   [[Christians]], [[Sikh]]s and [[Jainism|Jains]] are also present in small numbers.<ref name="pca2001">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract – Census 2001 |url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |work=Directorate of Census Operations – Tamil Nadu |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217153857/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archivedate=17 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= KMK plans to overcome casteist tag |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052054210500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606113031/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052054210500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2009|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=20 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Roots of capital|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2514/stories/20080718251407800.htm|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=Frontline|date=5 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623101613/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2514/stories/20080718251407800.htm|archive-date=23 June 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Coimbatore also has a large number of [[Telugu people|Telugus]],<ref>The 1971 census puts Telugu speakers at 22.95% of the total population. {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXBAAAAAMAAJ&q=coimbatore+telugu|title=Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu|access-date=10 November 2011|author=((India. Office of the Registrar General, K. Chockalingam))|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1979}}</ref> [[Kannadigas]], [[Malayali]]s,<ref>Some estimates put it as high as 40% or at 300,000. {{cite news|last=Rajan|first=M.C|title=It's passion for the mother tongue not chauvinism|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/its-passion-for-the-mother-tongue-not-chauvinism-66784-2010-02-06|access-date=23 April 2011|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=7 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Majority should protect the minority|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article28748.ece|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Keralites' wishes take flight on Paramount's wings|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/keralites-wishes-take-flight-on-paramounts-wings/383037/|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128162808/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/keralites-wishes-take-flight-on-paramounts-wings/383037/|archive-date=28 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> mainly from [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] and [[North India]]ns,<ref name="et1">{{cite news|title=Residential space: Coimbatore spins a growth story|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-sunday-et/property/Residential-space-Coimbatore-spins-a-growth-story/articleshow/5454373.cms|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 January 2010}}</ref> mainly [[Gujarati language|Gujaratis]],<ref>{{cite news|title= Providing quality education |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404010200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105075841/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404010200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2008|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=24 September 2006}}</ref> who are engaged in trade and commerce. During the 1970s the city witnessed a population explosion as a result of migration fueled by increased economic growth and job opportunities.<ref name="pop2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/magazine/years/2005/sep/site_1.htm|title=Site Suitability Analysis using GIS for Coimbatore City|last=Elangovan|first=K|work=GIS Development|publisher=September 2005|access-date=21 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Urban labour market structure and job access in India: a study of Coimbatore|year=1990|publisher=International Institute for Labour Studies|isbn=978-92-9014-468-7|pages=4–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3ssAAAAMAAJ&q=migration}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| header = Popular places of worship
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Perur_Pateeswarar_Temple.jpg
| width1 = 100
| caption1 = [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]]
| image2 = Maruthamalai_Rajagopuram.jpg
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = [[Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple|Marudamalai Murugan Temple]]
}}

==Places of worship==
The [[Mariamman]] festivals at the city's numerous [[Mariamman]] temples are major events in summer.<ref name="Koniamman">{{Cite news|title=Rajagopuram for Kovai Koniamman temple too|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article253830.ece|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 March 2010|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093640/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article253830.ece|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> There are numerous temples in and around the city popular among those include Major Hindu temples in the city include the [[Perur Temple|Perur Patteeswarar Temple]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/05/27/stories/2005052700390300.htm|title=Rich in history and architecture|date=27 May 2005|last=Suryanarayanan|first=R|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Naga Sai Mandir]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=R |first=Balapattabi|date=1 August 2006|title=Nectarine Leelas of Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba |publisher=Sai Towers|page=108|isbn=978-81-7899-009-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=N|first=Kasthuri|date=16 April 2014|title=Sathyam Shivam Sundaram – Volume 1|publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Sadhana Trust|isbn=978-93-5069-170-0}}</ref> [[Koniamman Temple]],<ref name="Koniamman" /> [[Thandu Mariamman Temple]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Traffic diversions for temple festival tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/traffic-diversions-for-temple-festival-tomorrow/article7124256.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 April 2014|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/traffic-diversions-for-temple-festival-tomorrow/article7124256.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eachanarivinayagar.tnhrce.in/contactus.html|title=About us, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple|access-date=9 March 2016|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309202018/http://www.eachanarivinayagar.tnhrce.in/contactus.html|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=688|title=Eachanari Vinayagar Temple|access-date=9 March 2016|language=ta|newspaper=[[Dinamalar]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309192245/http://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=688|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> [[Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple|Puliakulam Temple]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2009|isbn=978-81-8495-024-3|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|pages=428–30}}</ref> [[Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple|Marudamalai Murugan Temple]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Domestic-tourism-flourishes-in-Coimbatore-district/articleshow/49123082.cms|title=Domestic tourism flourishes in Coimbatore district|last=Subburaj|first=A|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=27 September 2015|access-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612073124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Domestic-tourism-flourishes-in-Coimbatore-district/articleshow/49123082.cms|archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> [[Loga Nayaga Shaniswara Temple]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.dailythanthi.com/showxml.aspx?id=16502117&code=1563|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141218083010/http://epaper.dailythanthi.com/showxml.aspx?id=16502117&code=1563|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2014|title=Shani peyarchi celebrated in Shiva temples|language=ta|access-date=9 March 2016|date=16 December 2014|newspaper=[[Dina Thanthi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.dinamani.com/397254/Dinamani-Coimbatore/17122014#page/3/2|title=Shani peyarchi celebrated in Puliakulam temple|language=ta|access-date=9 March 2016|date=17 December 2014|newspaper=[[Dinamani]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310180851/http://epaper.dinamani.com/397254/Dinamani-Coimbatore/17122014#page/3/2|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> [[Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=475|title=Sri Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple|newspaper=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=29 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101255/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=475|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> [[Masani Amman]] Temple,<ref name="dupref">{{Cite news|last=Rangaswamy|first=Sudhakshina|title=Transformation of the inner Self|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm|access-date=4 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 July 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109234053/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> [[Ranganathaswamy temple, Karamadai|Karamadai Ranganathar Temple]],<ref>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=89–95|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref> [[Isha Foundation|Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple]] and [[Adiyogi Shiva bust|Adiyogi Shiva]].<ref name=bust1>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/adiyogi-bust-declared-world-s-largest-by-guinness-book-of-world-records/story-3lqACHP7TUSz7Y8JklnxqM.html|title='Aadiyogi bust' declared world's largest by Guinness Book of World|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=12 May 2017|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> The mosques on Oppanakara Street and Big Bazaar Street date back to the 18th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore|year=1966|last=Baliga|first=B.S.|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxuAAAAMAAJ&q=coimbatore+tipu+sultan+mosque}}</ref> [[Christian missions]] date back to the 17th century when permission was granted by the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] rulers to set up churches in the region.<ref>{{Cite book|title=When the Goddess was a Woman|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|page=388|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19380-2}}</ref> Sikh [[Gurudwara]]s and Jain temples are also present in Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/This-road-leads-to-Kovais-only-gurdwara/articleshow/32940179.cms|title=This road leads to Kovai's only gurdwara|date=30 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003095329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/This-road-leads-to-Kovais-only-gurdwara/articleshow/32940179.cms|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>

==Cuisine==
[[File:Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf.jpg|thumb|150px|Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf]]
{{See also|Tamil cuisine}}
Coimbatore cuisine is predominantly [[south Indian]] with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavor, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serving on a banana leaf |url=http://www.iskconhighertaste.com/served-on-a-banana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114232758/http://www.iskconhighertaste.com/served-on-a-banana/ |archive-date=14 January 2016 |access-date=1 January 2016 |publisher=ISCKON }}</ref> Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves|work=India Times|date=9 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> [[Indian cuisine|North Indian]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] and [[Continental breakfast|continental]] cuisines are also available. [[Idly]], [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], [[paniyaram]] and [[appam]] are popular dishes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/snack-street-combines-taste-of-street-food-with-hygiene-of-restaurant/article4930415.ece|title=Snack Street combines taste of street food with hygiene of restaurant|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 July 2013|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221211858/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/snack-street-combines-taste-of-street-food-with-hygiene-of-restaurant/article4930415.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Achaya|first=K.T.|title=The story of our food|date=1 November 2003 |publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-293-7|page=80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |title=Changes in the Indian menu over the ages |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2014 |last=Balasubramanian |first=D |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204643/http://www.thehindu.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kovakkai-kongunadu-and-quizzing/article1152872.ece|title=Kovakkai, Kongunadu and Quizzing|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2011|access-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031055/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kovakkai-kongunadu-and-quizzing/article1152872.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>

Coimbatore has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining. ''Arisi paruppu sadam'' and ''sambar sadam'', made from a mixture of dal and rice, is a recipe that existed from the 4th century CE that is unique to the area. Ariseemparuppu or arisi paruppu satham (literally translated as Rice and dal) originated from Coimbatore and the people of the city celebrate January 8 as national Aruseemparuppu day, after given light by a popular influencer and food consultant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Taste-some-cuisine-from-Kongunadu/articleshow/6067619.cms|title=Taste some cuisine from Kongunadu|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|first=Rema|last=Nagarajan|date=26 March 2011|access-date=14 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809003636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Taste-some-cuisine-from-Kongunadu/articleshow/6067619.cms|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> ''Kaalaan'' is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-rainy-day/article4054482.ece|title=A rainy day|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 November 2012|last=Kannadasan|first=Akila|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/a-taste-of-tradition/article4756166.ece|title=A taste of tradition|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 May 2013|access-date=1 October 2015|last=Nath|first=Parthasarathy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221223236/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/a-taste-of-tradition/article4756166.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> ''Chaats'' made from potatoes and a mix of other vegetables and spices are also popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treebo.com/blog/street-food-in-coimbatore/|title=Street Food in Coimbatore, 10 Best Food Places in Coimbatore – Treebo|date=17 December 2017|website=Treebo Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525162545/https://www.treebo.com/blog/street-food-in-coimbatore/|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Language==
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the official language and [[Kongu Tamil]] (also called ''Kangee'' or ''Kongalam''), a dialect, is predominantly spoken.<ref>{{Cite book|quote=In the southern part of Mysore the Tamil language is at this day named the Kangee, from being best known to them as the language of the people of Kangiam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7c9AAAAMAAJ&q=kangiam+mysore|title=Toponomy of Canara|page=34|year=1963|publisher=University of Michigan|last=Silva|first=Severine}}</ref> The speciality of Kongu Tamil is the use of the [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] ற – Tra/Dra (as in the English word track) instead of [[retroflex]] T/D (ட) of standard Tamil. For example, 'ennuDaya' (mine) of standard Tamil is pronounced enRa in the Kongu dialect. Additionally the use of guttural nasal (ங்) that sounds "ng" as in the English word Gang, is more prevalent in Kongu Tamil, leading to situations where the grammar of Kongu Tamil would not fit into the grammar of standard Tamil (as laid down in authoritative treatises like [[Tolkappiyam]] and Nannool). One of the examples is the use of ங் to end a word like வாங் "vaang", means 'come' expressed in a respectful tone, which in standard Tamil would be "vaanga".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlYIAAAAQAAJ&q=congoo+country&pg=PT69|title=Tamil̲umaiṅakilēcumāyirukakir̲a akarāti|last1=Poezold|first1=F|last2=Simpson|first2=William|publisher=Oxford University|edition=2nd|year=1809}}</ref> Coimbatore also has a significant number of [[Telugu people|Telugus]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXBAAAAAMAAJ&q=coimbatore+telugu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=1979|pages=88–89|last=Chockalingam|first=K}}</ref> [[Kannada]],<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kannadigas-outnumber-malayalis-21-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/2952062.cms|title=Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu|work=The Times of India|access-date=2008-11-25}}</ref> [[Malayali]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajan|first=M.C.|title=It's passion for the mother tongue not chauvinism|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/its-passion-for-the-mother-tongue-not-chauvinism-66784-2010-02-06|access-date=23 April 2011|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=7 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005516/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/It%27s+passion+for+the+mother+tongue+not+chauvinism/1/82836.html|archive-date=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Majority should protect the minority|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article28748.ece|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article28748.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Keralites' wishes take flight on Paramount's wings|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keralites--wishes-take-flight-on-paramount-s-wings/383037/|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308080730/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keralites--wishes-take-flight-on-paramount-s-wings/383037/|archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> and [[North India]]ns mainly [[Gujarati language|Gujaratis]].,<ref name="et1"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Providing quality education|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404010200.htm|access-date=23 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117155617/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404010200.htm|archive-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, Tamil is the most spoken language with 710,326 speakers, followed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (173,136),
[[Kannada]] (102,000), [[Malayalam]] (76,485). Other languages spoken in the city include [[Urdu]] (15,484) and [[Hindi]] (13,608).<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16_Town.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Urban labour market structure and job access in India: a study of Coimbatore|year=1990|publisher=International Institute for Labour Studies, Centre for Development Studies, University of East Anglia|isbn=978-92-9014-468-7|pages=4–7|first1=John|last1=Harriss| first2=Kappadath Parameswara|last2=Kannan|first3=Gerry|last3=Rodgers}}</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Thai_Pongal1.jpg|thumb|150px|Pongal, the major festival in the region]]
Being a cosmopolitan city, almost all major festivals like [[Deepavali]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Christmas]] are celebrated here. [[Thai Pongal]], celebrated in the month of January, is an important festival of and is celebrated over a period of five days. [[Tamil New Year|Puthandu]] signifying the beginning of the [[Tamil calendar]] usually falls in April and is celebrated widely. [[Onam]] is also celebrated with much fanfare due to a considerable [[Malayali]] immigrant population. [[Koniamman Temple]] car festival is celebrated in the month of March each year.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2020|title=Koniamman car festival|newspaper=Thamizhe|url=https://tamilinews.com/spirituality/covai-koniyamman-kovil-festivel-first-importance-devendrakulavelalar-community/471/|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221175537/https://tamilinews.com/spirituality/covai-koniyamman-kovil-festivel-first-importance-devendrakulavelalar-community/471/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple, Coimbatore|Perur Pateeswarar Temple]] car festival is celebrated in the month of March each year and seedling planting festival is celebrated each year in the month of June.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Devotional/DevotionalTopNews/2019/03/19094531/1232974/perur-pateeswarar-kovil-therottam.vpf |title=பேரூர் பட்டீசுவரர் கோவில் தேரோட்டம்: ஆயிரக்கணக்கான பக்தர்கள் தரிசனம் |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020100033/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Devotional/DevotionalTopNews/2019/03/19094531/1232974/perur-pateeswarar-kovil-therottam.vpf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 June 2018|title=Seedling Planting Festival at Perur Pateeswarar Temple in Coimbatore|newspaper=Maalai Malar|url=https://maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/06/20085626/1171330/perur-patteeswarar-temple-festival.vpf|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123120019/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/06/20085626/1171330/perur-patteeswarar-temple-festival.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vinayagar Chathurthi]] is celebrated in major temples such as [[Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple|Puliakulam Vinayagar Temple]] and [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Puliakulam temple background|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/religion/tamil-festivals/people-visit-puliakulams-vinayagar-temple-on-the-occasion-of-ganesh-chaturthi-to-coimbatore/articleshow/65795069.cms|date=13 September 2018|newspaper=The Tamil Samayam|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]] is another major festival celebrated in [[Murugan]] temples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/thai-poosam-celebrated-with-fervour/article6854491.ece|title=Thai Poosam celebrated with fervourt|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 February 2015|access-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000803/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/thai-poosam-celebrated-with-fervour/article6854491.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> [[Aravan Festival in Coimbatore|Aravan Festival]] is celebrated as a "Community Reconciliation Festival" in various areas.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Coimbatore}}

[[Category:Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Culture of India by community]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]

Bhootnath metro station

2025-10-16T05:11:01Z

Cinehub 022: starting a pg initial version

{{Short description|Patna Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Patna Metro.svg|50px]] Bhootnath भूतनाथ
| system = {{Patna Metro Infobox station line|line =Blue}}
| style = Patna Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Bhootnath Road]] Mor (South end), New Bypass Road/NH-30, [[Patna]]-800026, [[Bihar]] {{Flag icon|IND}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|35|10.2|N|85|10|23.89|E|display=inline}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2
| operator = Patna Metro Rail Corporation Ltd
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| connections =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|06 October 2025|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible =
| status =
| code =
| owned =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Patna Metro|line=Blue|left= Khemnichak |right=Zero Mile}}
| route_map = {{Blue Line (Patna Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Bhootnath''' is an elevated metro station on the [[Blue Line (Patna Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Patna Metro]] in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India. It serves as one of the three stations in the Priority Corridor, which became operational on 6 October 2025.<ref name=opening/>

==Overview==
The station was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] on 6 October 2025, as part of the launch of the first operational stretch of the Patna Metro. The Bhootnath station lies on a 3.6 kilometre elevated corridor that connects {{stl|Patna Metro|Zero Mile}} and {{stl|Patna Metro|Patliputra Bus Terminal}} metro stations. This corridor is the first phase of the Blue Line, which will eventually span 14.5 Kms, linking Patna Junction to Patliputra Bus Terminal through a combination of elevated and underground sections.<ref name=opening>{{cite news |title=Nitish to inaugurate first phase of Patna metro on Oct 6, to open for public from Oct |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-patna-metro-on-oct-6-to-open-for-public-from-oct-7/articleshow/124320938.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

This metro station serves the [[Bhootnath Road]] and adjoining areas.

==Infrastructure and Facilities==

The station features:
*⁠Three-coach trains with a capacity of 158 seated and up to 940 standing passengers
*⁠Bi-parting sliding doors and front emergency exits
*⁠CCTV surveillance and bilingual announcements in Hindi and English
*⁠Charging points for mobile devices and laptops
*⁠Reserved seating for women and disabled passengers

Trains operate between 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM, with a frequency of every 20 minutes, totaling approximately 40–42 trips per day. Fares starts from ₹15, depending on the travel distance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Elections 2025: CM Nitish Kumar inaugurates Patna Metro first phase; check route, stations, fare - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-inaugurates-first-phase-route-stations-timings-fare-19703609.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en |date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Bhootnath track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Patna Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Patna Metro|Zero Mile}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Patna Metro|Khemnichak}} {{rcb|Patna Metro|Red|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|[[Concourse]]
|valign=top|Station agent, ticket counters, information kiosks, public announcement systems, check-in/out facilities, food courts, retail shops, and accessibility features, etc 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Patliputra Bus Terminal metro station|Patliputra Bus Terminal]] '''Next Station:''' [[Zero Mile metro station|Zero Mile]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Patna Junction metro station|Patna Junction]] '''Next Station:''' [[Khemnichak metro station|Khemnichak]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Patna Metro|Red|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Patna Metro}}
{{Patna-metro-stub}}
[[Category:Patna Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Jaahanara

2025-09-07T09:39:14Z

Cinehub 022:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jaahanara.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| alt_name = Jahanara
| genre = 
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| director = Champak Dey Subrata Sharma
| creative_director = Baabu Banik
| presenter =
| starring = Shweta Mishra Ananda Ghosh Vicky Dev
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Abhisekh Saha
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| writer = Ashrunu Maitra
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[Babu Banik Production]]
* Friends Communication
* [[SVF Acropolis Makers]]
}}
| channel = [[Colors Bangla]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 258 
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|9|3}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|8|30|df=y}}
}}

'''''Jaahanara'''''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/jahanara-new-bengali-mega-serial-all-set-to-start-1.817927|title=Jahanara: New Bengali Mega Serial all set to start |last1=নাথ |first1=ঊর্মি }}</ref> is a popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television soap opera that premiered on 3 September 2018 and aired on [[Colors Bangla]]. It was produced by Friends Communication and starred<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/payel-de-excited-about-her-new-show-jaahanara/articleshow/64598933.cms|title=Payel De excited about her new show, Jaahanara|date=15 June 2018|first=Srishti|last=Dasgupta|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> [[Shweta Mishra]], [[Vicky Dev]], [[Srabani Banik]], [[Ananda Ghosh]], and [[Sumit Samaddar]]. The show also marked the comeback of [[Payel De]], who was earlier seen on [[Zee Bangla]]'s [[Tobu Mone Rekho|''Tobu Mone Rekho'']] and [[Star Jalsha]]'s ''[[Ardhangini (2018 TV series)|Ardhangini]]''. The show was based on a Muslim family and [[Triple talaq in India|Triple Talaque]] and was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Jaahanara'' on [[Colors Rishtey|Rishtey Europe/Colors Rishtey UK]] from 10 December 2018 to 11 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/rishtey-to-air-colors-bangla-show-jaahanara/|title=Rishtey UK to air Colors Bangla show 'Jaahanara'|date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

==Series overview==
What happens when two sisters find themselves trapped in a deceitful marriage, married to the same man? Set against the backdrop of an orthodox society, this is the story of Jahaanara and Rubina, who decide to take on the long-established system of ‘Triple Talaq’. Seeking justice for shackled women everywhere, Jahaanara and Rubina's journey towards freedom is fraught with danger and disasters.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Nizamuddin Sheikh, a devout but progressive Muslim. He is against conservative practices of his religion. His two daughters, Rubina and Jahaanara, are of different natures. Jahaanara, a lawyer, fights for women who are victims of Triple Talaq. Rubina, meanwhile, marries Ashraf, the son of the rich and powerful Abdul Khan. However, Ashraf likes Jahaanara and gives [[Divorce in Islam|Talaq]] to Rubina. What happens next?

== Cast ==
===Main===
*[[Shweta Mishra]] as Jahanara Shaikh
*Vicky Deb as Ruhaan Khan
*[[Payel De]] / Suranjana Roy as Rubina Sheikh: Daughter of Nizamuddin, elder sister of Jahanaara, First wife of Ashraf Khan.
*Ananda Ghosh as Ashraf Khan: Rubina's husband

===Recurring===
*Shraboni Bonik as Heena
*Joy Badlani as Abdul Khan
*Debjani Chattopadhyay / Mallika Banerjee as Rukhsar: Abdul's wife
*[[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Nizaamuddin Shaikh
*Ashish Deb as Kabir
*Mayna Banerjee as Masha: Ashraf's sister
*Rupam Singha as Munna

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Colors Bangla Shows}}
{{Acropolis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]

Wandal, Nidagundi

2025-09-04T12:39:10Z

Cinehub 022: adding the info needs work.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Other uses|Wandal (disambiguation){{!}}Wandal}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wandal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.414537|N|75.886073|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Nidagundi
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 530
| population_total = 7593
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 586201
| registration_plate = KA-28
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Wandal ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

==Overview==
Wandal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wandal,+Karnataka+586201/@16.4180221,75.8874571,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bc79810e5358ea3:0xd2dad309e2bdfafc=en|title=Wandal|website=Wandal}}</ref> is a village and has population of approximately 8,000 (in the year 2011). People speak Kannada, Hindi and English languages fluently. 80% of the people in the village are educated. Each house in the village has at least one teacher or doctors or engineers are common in Wandal village.<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 599487 {{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/karnataka/bijapur/basavana-bagevadi/wandal.html|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India :|access-date=2008-12-18}} Wandal, Bijapur, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Nidagundi]] [[taluk]] of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] in Karnataka. It was once recorded that village was having highest number of teachers in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]].

==History==
The village name came from [[banyan tree]] (in Kannada banyan tree means alada mara). In ancient days, people of the village used to gather under big banyan tree and have fun and other activities like village fest. So later, village name became Wandal (meaning one banyan tree).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Wandal had a population of 6,730 with 2,882 males and 2,848 females.<ref name="censusindia" /> Wandal is in Nidagundi Taluka. The village is situated along Bijapur–Bangalore National Highway No.50 at a distance of {{convert|54|km}} from Bijapur, and {{convert|487|km}} distance from the state capital of [[Bangalore]].

==Culture==
[[File:Uttar Karnataka food.JPG|thumb|North Karnataka Food]]
Includes genuine North Karnataka style art. Men wear dhothra, Nehru shirt and silk rumalu (Pakata). Women wear [[Ilkal saree]] and Khadi clothes in previous decades now it is all modern style brought it up from cities to village.

==Cuisine==
In the village, [[wheat]] and [[jowar]] rottis (unleavened bread made with millet) are popular.

The following are typical items in a vegetarian meal:

* [[Bhakri|Rotti]]/[[Bhakri]], [[Rice]], [[Rasam (dish)#Saaru in Karnataka|Saaru]], [[Papadum|Happala]] and [[Kosambari]]
* [[Peanut|Shenga]]/[[Sesame|Ellu]] – Dry chutney in powder form, sometimes called ''Hindi'' (chutney)

==Temples==
The village has several temples

* Shree Banashankari Temple- The Village Goddess<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shankramma+Temple+Vandal/@16.4136655,75.8852636,903m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bc79810bcc14157:0x9d397d2564f36f20!8m2!3d16.4136604!4d75.8874523?hl=en-US=en|title=Banashankari Temple|website=Wandal}}</ref>
* Shree Durga Devi Temple
* Shree Mallikarjuna Temple
* Shree Basaveshwara Temple
* Shree Venkateswara Temple
* Shree Hanuman Temple
* Shree Beeralingeshwara Temple
* Shree Lakshmi Devi Temple

==Education==

In 2011, literacy rate of Wandal village is 75.36% of Karnataka. In Wandal, male literacy stands at 86.67% while female literacy rate was 63.76%.

College/schools near Wandal:
*Shree Shakhambari High School
*KBHPS Wandal
*Unaided Sri Maruti High School Wandal R S
*Lower primary Urdu school
*Bhagyavanti Lower Primary School
*Sri Jagajyothi Basaveswara Public School Wandal

==Transportation==

Trains to Wandal:
*Golgumbaz Express
*Basava Express
*Dharwad -Solapur passenger

==See also==

* [[Almatti Dam]]
* [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]
* [[Kudalasangama]]
* [[Nidagundi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=Bijapur District Official Website|publisher=Bijapur District|url=http://Bijapur.nic.in/}}
*https://www.studyapt.com/school-unaided-bhagyavanti-lps-wandal-bijapur-ka

{{Settlements in Bijapur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bijapur district, Karnataka]]

Lokanatha Temple

2025-08-12T22:52:44Z

Cinehub 022: expanded content

{{Infobox temple
| name = Lokanatha Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Odisha, India]]
| district = [[Puri]]
| location = [[Puri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lokanatha ([[Shiva]])
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
[[File:Lokanath_temple.jpeg | thumb | right]]
'''Lokanatha Temple''' is a [[Hindu Temple|Hindu temple]] in the town of [[Puri]], [[Odisha, India]]. It is dedicated to the god [[Shiva]] as Lokanatha. As per legend, [[Lingam|linga]], the symbol of Shiva was established as the central icon by the god [[Rama]]. The unique feature is that the linga is always under water which substantiates the legend that the [[Ganges]] river flows through the top of the linga as a stream.

The festival of Sankranti Somavar is celebrated with great fervor in the temple. A fair is held. Devotees believe that the [[Darshan (Indian religions)|''darshan'']] (holy sight) of the linga can cure disease.

The ''[[utsava murti]]'' (festival icon) of Lokanatha is kept inside the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple, Puri]]. He is the guardian deity of all the treasures and jewelry of the god [[Jagannath]], presiding deity of the temple complex. This temple is one of the five famous [[Shiva temple]] of Puri. Others are Markandeswara Temple, Jambeswar Temple, Banambara Temple and Kapalamochana Temple.<ref>[http://www.shreekhetra.com/lokanatha.html shreekhetra.com: SHRI LOKANATHA TEMPLE]</ref>

==Festivals==
[[Shivaratri]] and Mondays especially of the month of [[Vaishakha]], [[Shraavana]] and [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shreekhetra.com/temples.html The wish-fulfilling deity of Puri]
*[http://www.shreekhetra.com/lokanatha.html Guardian of all treasures]

{{Shiva temples in Odisha}}

{{coord |19.920493|85.818156|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Puri]]

Gurinder Singh (volleyball)

2025-06-23T08:14:26Z

Cinehub 022: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian volleyball player (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox volleyball player
| name = Gurinder Singh
| image =
| fullname = Gurinder Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|03|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| death_date =
| height = {{height|cm=195|precision=0}}
| weight = {{convert|86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| spike = {{convert|395|cm|abbr=on}}
| block = {{convert|398|cm|abbr=on}}
| position = Universal spiker
| currentclub =
| currentnumber=
| years1 =
| club1 =Sai Nagar Amaravati,
| nationalyears = 2010 - 2015
| nationalteam = [[India men's national volleyball team|India]]
| medaltemplates-expand =
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Gurinder Singh''' (born 2 March 1989), known as '''Gurinder''' is the former captain of [[India men's national volleyball team]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/volleyball-deserves-a-better-life-says-captain-gurinder-singh/article5744019.ece |title= Volleyball deserves a better life, says captain Gurinder Singh |work=The Hindu|accessdate=2014-10-07 |location=Chennai, India |date=2014-03-03 }}</ref> He played for [[Ahmedabad Defenders]] in [[Pro Volleyball League]].

== Early life ==
Gurinder Singh was born on 2 March 1989 at [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Having been noticed by [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Coach Mohan Nargeta with a talent for volleyball, he started his national career in 2004. Because of his national level recognition, he was rewarded with a job in Punjab Police Department as Officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lucky-charm-gurinder-keeps-his-record-intact/499017/ |title= Lucky charm Gurinder keeps his record intact |work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2012-08-07 |location=Chennai, India |date=2014-10-07 }}</ref>
His instagram is [https://www.instagram.com/shrutx3/ shrutx3]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's volleyball players]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Volleyball players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Volleyball players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Volleyball players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Volleyball players from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Asian Games volleyball players for India]]
{{India-volleyball-bio-stub}}

Ghantakarna Mahavir

2025-05-20T22:57:14Z

Cinehub 022: fixed issues

{{for|Hindu mythical demon|Ghanta Karna}}
{{short description|Protector deity in Jain mythology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| name = Ghantakarna Mahavir
| image = GhantakarnMahvir-RavindraJain.JPG
| caption = Ghantakarna Mahavir
| alt = Image of deity
| deity_of = Kshatriya protector deity (Vira)
| Devanagari = घंटाकर्ण महावीर
| script_name = Gujarati
| script = {{lang|gu|ઘંટાકર્ણ મહાવીર}}
| mantra = ''Gantakarana Mantra Stotra''
| weapon = Bow and arrow
| region = [[Gujarat]], India
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| cult_center = [[Mahudi]]
| festivals = [[Kali Chaudas]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Ghantakarna Mahavira''' is one of the fifty-two ''vira''s (protector deities) of [[Śvētāmbara|Svetambara]] [[Jainism]].<ref name="Cort2000">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG5dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417|title=Tantra in Practice|last=Cort|first=John E.|date=16 July 2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-05779-8|editor=David Gordon White|pages=417–433|chapter=Worship of Bell-Ears the Great Hero, a Jain Tantric Deity}}</ref> He is chiefly associated with [[Tapa Gaccha]], a monastic lineage. He was a deity of the Jain ''tantrik'' tradition. There is a shrine dedicated to him at the [[Mahudi Jain Temple]] established by [[Buddhisagar Suri]], a Jain monk, in nineteenth century. It is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.<ref name="Cort2000" />

== History==

Ghantakarna Mahavira is a Jain deity from the Jain tradition and is worshiped and venerated by some specific monastic lineages and probably many laymen. He is one of the fifty-two ''vira''s (protector deities) and is called ''Mahavira'' (Great ''vira'').<ref name="Cort2000" /><ref name=":0" /> The verse 67 of ''Gantakarana Mantra Stotra'' by Vimalachandra states that he is worshipped since the time of [[Haribhadra]] (c. 6-8th century). There is other corroborating evidence.<ref name="Cort2000" /> In ''Ghantakrana-kalpa'', Vimalachandra mentions him as a ''vira'' as well as ''[[kshetrapala]]'' (guardian deity of the land). Late commentary on the ''Namiuna-stava'' (verse 1) also mentions his veneration.<ref name=":0" /> The veneration transmitted from the teacher to the disciple. Ravisagar Suri initiated [[Buddhisagar Suri]] (1874-1925) in February 1898. After having direct vision of Ghantakarna, Buddhisagar Suri established an image of Ghantakarna at [[Mahudi Jain Temple]].<ref name="Cort2000" /> The worship is further popularised by Jayasimha Suri, Sarabhai Nawab and other [[Śvētāmbara|Swetambara]] people. Ghantakarna is not known among [[Digambara]] Jains.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=U. P.|date=September–December 1982|title=Minor Jaina deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeINAAAAYAAJ|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|publisher=Oriental Institute, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]|volume=XXXII|issue=1–2|pages=95–97}}</ref> [[John E. Cort]] states it as a reformulation of a private tradition in a devotional public tradition.<ref name="Cort2000" />

== Worship ==
[[File:Mahudi Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Mahudi Jain Temple]]|left]]
Ghantakarna is invoked for protection from variety of obstacles and difficulties such as epidemics, diseases, fire, invasions, ghosts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Cort2000" /> He is also invoked for the protection from the opponents of Jainism.<ref name="Cort2000" />

Mahudi Jain temple is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.<ref name="Cort2000" /> Thousands of devotees visit it and offers ''[[Sukhdi]]'' (mixture of [[jaggery]], wheat and [[ghee]]), a sweet there. After offering, it is consumed by devotees within the temple complex. His images are also found in other Jain temples in western India.<ref name="Cort2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="kc" />

On ''[[Kali Chaudas]]'' (the fourteenth day of the dark half of the month of Aso), thousands of devotees visit the Mahudi temple to attend a religious ceremony, ''[[Havan]]''.<ref name=kc>{{cite news| last = Dave| first = Pranav| date = 2013-11-02| title = Kali Chaudas havan revered by all faiths| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Kali-Chaudas-havan-revered-by-all-faiths/articleshow/25078317.cms| newspaper = The Times of India| location = Ahmedabad| access-date = 2013-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=97203|title=Kali Chaudas Celebrated at Shri Ghantakarna Mahavir Temple at Mahudi, Gujarat|date=2013|work=Ahimsa Times|via=herenow4u}}</ref>

== Texts ==
''Gantakarana Mantra Stotra'' is a Sanskrit text associated with him which has 71 verses and is used as a [[mantra]] as well as hymn. It was composed in later half of the 16th century by a little known Jain monk Vimalachandra who was a disciple of Sakalachandra, a disciple of Tapa Gaccha monk [[Hiravijaya|Hiravijaya Suri]]. There are other Gantakarna Mantras as well.<ref name="Cort2000" /> ''Ghantakrana-kalpadi-sangrah'' published by Sarabhai M. Nawab is a collection of late manuscripts such as ''Ghantakarna-kalpa'' from Jain libraries with 26 illustrations. He has included some instructions in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] in ''Ghantakarna-kalpa'' No. 2 and No. 3 but has not mentioned its source of translation or any manuscript. The Sanskrit ''mantra'' in No. 3 is the only ''mantra'' common is texts found in Jain libraries.<ref name=":0" />

==Mythology==
In past life, Ghantakarna Mahavir was a king Tungabhadra or Mahabal from Shrinagar and had died fighting thieves to protect the innocents and pilgrims going to Shri Parvat. He reincarnated as Ghantakarna Mahavir, the thirtieth among fifty-two ''Vira''s (protector deities).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=62442&tt_address_pi1%5Buid%5D=1904&no_cache=1|title=Ghantakarna|date=2012-01-31|website=HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
There is no Jain textual authority to the iconography of Ghantakarna Mahavir described in ''kalpa'' texts or modern paintings.<ref name=":0" /> Until Buddhisagar Suri established anthropomorphic image of Ghantakarna Mahavir at Mahudi Jain Temple, Ghantakarna Mahavir was worshiped only in anthropomorphic [[yantra]]s and in an abstract forms.<ref name="Cort2000" /> In paintings, he is depicted as a two, four, six or eight armed with the bow and the arrow. He is also depicted with the shield, the sword, the [[Gada (mace)|mace]], the shield, the [[vajra]], the bow and arrow, the rosary, and the banner.<ref name=":0" /> The anthropomorphic image shows a standing man holding the bow and the arrow aimed towards left, having a crown on his head and the bell-shaped earrings. He has bell-shaped ears (''Ghanta'' and ''karna'') so he was called Ghantakarna Mahavir.<ref name="Cort2000" />

==See also==
* [[Manibhadra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jainism Topics|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jain minor deities]]

Operation Sindoor 2025

2025-05-10T20:39:08Z

Cinehub 022: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]

Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne

2025-02-21T14:38:53Z

Cinehub 022: adding the info added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption = Inter-title
| opentheme = Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne
| starring = [[Barkha Sengupta]] [[Ashnoor Kaur]] [[Hasan Zaidi]] [[Aasif Sheikh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| runtime = 22 minutes approx.
| num_episodes = 100
| producer = Sunjoy Wadhwa Comall Wadhwa
| director = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
| writer = [[Zama Habib]]
| creator = [[Zama Habib]]
| creative_director = Snehil Dixit Mehra
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| channel = [[Sony Pal]]
| location = [[Lucknow]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|09|01}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|12|30}}
| image = Inter-title_of_Tum_Saath_Ho_Jab_Apne.jpg
}}

'''Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne''' (English:''When you're with us)'' is a series broadcast on [[Sony Pal]] by [[Sphere Origins]].<ref name=aaa>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashnoor-Kaur-and-Asif-Sheikh-in-Tum-Saath-Ho-Jab-Apne/articleshow/39827236.cms|title=Ashnoor Kaur and Asif Sheikh in Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|date=7 August 2014 |accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref> The concept of the show brings forward the story of a daughter who achieves her dreams against all odds and a mother who nurtures her daughters dream in the face of all possible social pressures and hurdles.

==Plot==

Mariam is a widowed wife of Tauseef who was a badminton player. She lives with her in-laws and young daughter, Najma who is clever to play tennis and badminton like her father. Mariam helps her secretly. But, Tauseef's elder brother, Younis tries to stop it. He wants to teach badminton to his son, Waqar instead of Najma because she is a girl. However, A tennis coach named Imran comes to Mariam and Tauseef's former house as a neighbor. He is drunkard because of his daughter's untimely death. Much to Najma's surprise, He starts to work as a tennis coach at Najma's school.

Eventually, Imran notices the Najma's talent and helps her to join the school team. But, Najma refuses it because of Mariam's advice. Imran makes Mariam to understand Najma's talent. Mariam permits Najma to train with Imran.

Soon, Younis learns that Najma is training with Imran and warns Najma to leave sports. Mariam takes a stand for Najma and conflict arises. After that, Imran comes to control the situation but Younis argues with him. In their argument, Imran tells that he had fallen for Mariam already and he will marry her. Mariam gets shocked and her in-laws agrees to marriage. Finally, Imran and Mariam get married.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]] as Mariam Baig Siddiqui – Tauseef's widow; Imran's second wife; Najma's mother
*[[Ashnoor Kaur]] as Najma Baig Siddiqui – Mariam and Tauseef's daughter; Imran's student and step-daughter <ref name=aaa/>
*[[Hasan Zaidi]] as Imran Siddiqui – Zeenat's ex-husband; Mariam's second husband; Mehek's father; Najma's tennis coach and step-father
*[[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Tauseef Baig – Salman's younger son; Younis's brother; Mariam's late husband; Najma's father (Dead)

===Recurring===
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] as Younis Baig – Salman's elder son; Tauseef's brother; Nasima's husband; Sabah, Waqar and Fiza's father
*[[Parull Chaudhry|Parul Chaudhary]] as Nasima Baig – Younis's wife; Sabah, Waqar and Fiza's mother
*Pallavi Gupta as Sabah Baig – Younis and Nasima's elder daughter; Waqar and Fiza's sister
*Rakshit Wahi as Waqar Baig – Younis and Nasima's son; Sabah and Fiza's brother
*Divya as Fiza Baig – Younis and Nasima's younger daughter; Sabah and Waqar's sister
*[[S. M. Zaheer]] as Salman Baig – Younis and Tauseef's father; Sabah, Waqar, Najma and Fiza's grandfather
*Amita Udgata as Rahamat Khala – Caretaker of Baig Family
*[[Anup Upadhyay]] as Jamaal – Salman's son-in-law
*Hiteeka Ruchchandran as Mehek Siddiqui – Imran and Zeenat's daughter (Dead)
*[[Mohit Abrol]] as Ayaan – Sabah's love interest
*Neeharika Roy as Saajda – Najma's friend

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Parenting television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony Pal original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Indian Liberal Party

2025-01-30T02:25:39Z

Cinehub 022: update layout for clarity

{{Short description|Political party in British India}}
{{for|the party officially named South Indian Liberal Federation|Justice Party (India)}}
{{moresources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
The '''Liberal Party of India''' was a political organization espousing [[liberalism]] in the politics of [[India]].

==History and organization==
The Liberal party was formed in 1919,<ref name=RaySmith /> and British intellectuals and British officials were often participating members of its committees. The [[Indian National Congress]], which had been formed to create a mature political dialogue with the British government, included both moderates and patriots. Many moderate leaders with liberal ideas left the Congress with the rise of [[Indian nationalism]], and patriotic leaders like [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].

When the [[Montagu–Chelmsford_Reforms|Montagu report]] of 1918 was made public, there was a divide in the Congress over it. The moderates welcomed it while the extremists opposed it. This led to a schism in the Congress with moderate leaders forming the "Indian National Liberal Federation" in 1919. The party (INLF) was founded by [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and some of its prominent leaders were [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]], [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] and [[M. R. Jayakar]].

Tej Bahadur Sapru emerged as the most important leader among the Liberals. During the agitation against the [[Simon Commission]], he launched the idea of an all-parties conference in India to prepare an agreed constitutional scheme. This resulted in the "[[Nehru Report]]" which proposed a constitution and persuaded the [[Second_MacDonald_ministry|new Labour government]] in Britain to offer India a Round Table Conference.

A number of Liberals including Sapru and Sastri attended the first [[Round_Table_Conferences_(India)|Round Table Conference]] (November 1930 to January 1931). They rallied the [[Princely_state|Indian Princes]] to the idea of an all-India [[Federation|federal union]]. Sapru and Sastri likewise attacked the communal issue, working primarily through [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. The two Liberals' ultimate object was to secure a constitutional agreement, provisional if not final.<ref name=RaySmith>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Ray T.|title=The Role of India's Liberals in the Nationalist Movement, 1915–1947|jstor=2642630|journal=Asian Survey|volume=8|issue=7|date=July 1968|pages=607–624 |doi=10.2307/2642630}}</ref>

==Politics==
The Liberals were moderate nationalists who openly pursued India's independence from British rule and resented the excesses of British imperialism. They preferred gradual constitutional reform to revolutionary methods as the means of achieving independence and because they attempted to secure constitutional reform by cooperating with British authority rather than defying it. Their goals and methods were inspired by British Liberalism. They aimed toward parliamentary democracy, including not only an institutional structure but a system of values which emphasized the achievement of national welfare through peaceable negotiation and compromise among competing public interests.<ref name=RaySmith /> Therefore, the Liberals regularly participated in the legislative councils and assemblies at the town, provincial and central levels.

The [[Government of India Act 1919]] expanded the membership to the legislatures. The Liberals entered the new legislatures and attempted to make the reforms succeed so as to advance India far toward full self-government. They tried to persuade the British that Indians were a [[loyal opposition]] and well prepared for self-government, and trying also to build Indian self-respect and prove that revolutionary upheaval was unnecessary as well as dangerous. They urged for further constitutional reform, asking for an expanded Indian role in both provincial and central government. However, they had a minority position in the legislatures and hence were weakened.<ref name=RaySmith />

In the [[1923_Indian_general_election|legislative elections of 1923]], most Liberal candidates were defeated, but some were returned in both the Center and the [[Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India|provinces]], while even some of the principal leaders regained seats through nomination. Their influence during 1924–1926 depended largely on their relations with the other main parties in the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], such as the [[Swaraj Party]]. The Liberals often voted with these other parties, though they usually went separate ways from the Swaraj Party on highly controversial issues.{{Example needed |date=April 2019}} In general, however, they continued to occupy a slightly more conservative position than the other parties. In 1925, the Liberals joined the Swaraj Party to demand a Round Table Conference to discuss constitutional reforms.<ref name=RaySmith />

The Liberals urged in advance that the Statutory Commission, scheduled under the terms of the Indian Reform Act of 1919 to review the case for further Indian constitutional advance, have both British and Indian members. However an all-English Commission was announced under [[John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon|Sir John Simon]]. The Liberals were among the first to denounce it and called for a boycott.<ref name=RaySmith />

==See also==
*[[Liberalism in India]]
*[[Indian independence movement]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Indian nationalism]]
*[[List of Indian independence activists|Leaders of the Indian independence movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of British India]]

Chaudhari Nand Ram Saini

2024-11-28T20:06:22Z

Cinehub 022:

'''Nand Ram Saini''' was appointed as [[Zaildar]] during the [[British Raj]] rule of India. He inherited the Zaildari in 1906 when his father died.<ref name=inception>History of Hisar: From Inception to Independence, 1935-1947, pp 312, M. M. Juneja, Published by Modern Book Co., 1989</ref> He was appointed Zaildar from [[Hisar (district)|Hissar]] division of [[Punjab region]].
==Early life and career==
Saini was born in the present-day [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] of [[Haryana]], India to Chaudhari Mohan Lal Saini of Hissar.
==Indian Independence Movement==
He gave up the Zalidari in 1921 in order to support the [[Indian independence movement]]. Later, he became a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was also head of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] for Hissar briefly before rejoining Congress again in 1959. He died in 1973 at the age of 90.<ref name=inception/>

== See also ==
* [[Nanu Singh Saini|Sardar Nanu Singh Saini]] - Sikh army general and a well-known [[jagirdar]] in [[Phulkian]] riyasat

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]