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Couroupita guianensis

2026-05-14T16:22:48Z

ChristineBabbidg: Put Up A Article Added Tags

{{short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = CanonBall tree with flowers panmana kollam.jpg
|status = LR/lc
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Mitré, M. |date=1998 |title=''Couroupita guianensis'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T33969A9825349 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33969A9825349.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Couroupita
|species = guianensis
|authority = [[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592385-1 |title=''Couroupita guianensis'' Aubl. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>
|synonyms = *''Couratari pedicellaris'' Rizzini
*''Couroupita acreensis'' R.Knuth
*''Couroupita antillana'' Miers
*''Couroupita froesii'' R.Knuth
*''Couroupita guianensis var. surinamensis '' (Mart. ex Berg) Eyma
*''Couroupita idolica '' Dwyer
*''Couroupita membranacea'' Miers
*''Couroupita peruviana '' O.Berg
*''Couroupita saintcroixiana '' R.Knuth
*''Couroupita surinamensis'' Mart. ex O.Berg
*''Couroupita venezuelensis '' R.Knuth
*''Lecythis bracteata '' Willd.
*''Pekea couroupita '' Juss. ex DC.
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
}}

'''''Couroupita guianensis''''', known by a variety of common names including Salakalyana and '''cannonball tree''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cannon-ball Tree|volume=5|page=189}}</ref> is a [[deciduous]] tree in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Lecythidaceae]]. It is native to lowland tropical rainforests of Central and South America, from Costa Rica, south to Brazil and northern Bolivia<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> and it is cultivated in many other tropical areas throughout the world because of its fragrant flowers and large fruit, which are brownish grey.<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 21 December 2017}}</ref> There are potential medicinal uses for many parts of ''Couroupita guianensis'', and the tree has cultural and religious significance in South and Southeast Asia.{{R|ALDHABI}} In Sri Lanka and India, the cannonball tree has been widely misidentified as the [[Shorea robusta|Sal]] tree (''Shorea robusta''), after its introduction to the island by the British in 1881, and has been included as a common item in Buddhist temples as a result.{{R|MONGABAY}}

==Description==
''Couroupita guianensis'' is a tree that reaches heights of up to {{convert|35|m|ft|-1}}. The leaves, which occur in clusters at the ends of branches, are usually {{cvt|8|to|31|cm}} long, but can reach lengths of up to {{cvt|57|cm|in|abbr=on}}.{{R|NYBG}}

===Flowers===
The flowers are borne in [[raceme]]s up to {{cvt|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} long produced directly on the tree's trunk. They are considered an extreme example of [[cauliflory]] named flagelliflory.{{whom|date=August 2024}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Some trees flower profusely until the entire trunk is covered with racemes. One tree can hold as many as 1000 flowers per day. The flowers are strongly scented, and are especially fragrant at night{{R|BROWN}} and in the early morning.<ref name="NYBG"/> They are up to {{cvt|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, with six petals, and are typically brightly coloured, with the petals ranging from shades of pink and red near the bases to yellowish toward the tips. There are two areas of [[stamen]]s: a ring of stamens at the centre, and an arrangement of stamens that have been modified into a hood.<ref name="NYBG"/>

===Fruit===
The fruit is spherical with a woody shell, and reaches a diameter of up to {{cvt|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, giving the species the common name '''"cannonball tree"'''. Smaller fruit may contain about 65 seeds, while large ones can hold as many as 550.<ref name="NYBG"/> One tree can bear 150 fruit at a time. The fruit takes up to a year to mature in most areas, sometimes as long as 18 months.<ref>American Horticulture, (Summer 1971) p. 136</ref> The fruit flesh is white and turns blue upon oxidation, a reaction with air. Tropical nature photographer [[Kjell Sandved]] was nearly hit by a falling cannonball fruit, which weighed {{cvt|1|kg|lb}}, probably an average weight.<ref>{{ cite book | last1= Sandved | first1= Kjell | last2= Emsley | first2= Michael | date= 1979 | title= Rain Forests and Cloud Forests | location= New York | publisher= Harry N. Abrams Inc | pages= 20-21 | isbn= 0-8109-1551-0 }}</ref>

==Scientific name==
The tree was named ''Couroupita guianensis'' by the French botanist [[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet]] in 1775.

The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''guianensis'' means "of the [[Guianas]]", an area of northeastern South America.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5}}</ref>

==Pollination==
Although the flowers lack nectar, they are very attractive to bees, which come for the pollen. The flowers produce two types of pollen: fertile pollen from the ring stamens, and sterile pollen from the hood structure. The pollinators must work their way between the two areas of stamens as they gather the pollen. The [[carpenter bee]] ''[[Xylocopa brasilianorum]]'' is a common pollinator of cultivated trees in Rio de Janeiro, just outside the tree's native range. Other carpenter bees such as ''[[Xylocopa frontalis]]'', as well as wasps, flower flies, and bumblebees, are also known to visit the flowers.<ref name="NYBG"/>

==Dispersal==
The seeds are dispersed by animals that feed on the fruit. When the fruit falls to the ground, the hard, woody shell usually cracks open, exposing the pulp and seeds. Fruit that remain whole may be broken open by animals such as [[peccary|peccaries]]. Many animals feed on the pulp and seeds, including peccaries, the [[Lowland paca|paca]], and domestic chickens and pigs. The seeds are covered with [[trichome]]s which may protect them as they pass through the animals' digestive systems.<ref name="NYBG"/>

==Human uses==
''Couroupita guianensis'' is planted as an ornamental tree for its showy, scented flowers, and as a botanical specimen for its fruit.<ref name="NYBG"/>

The fruit is edible but is not usually eaten by people because, in contrast to its intensely fragrant flowers, it can have an unpleasant smell.{{R|LIM}}

Parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine. It has been used to treat hypertension, tumors, pain, and inflammation, the common cold, stomachache, skin conditions and wounds, malaria, and toothache, although data on its efficacy are lacking.{{R|ALDHABI}}

The fruit and flowers are known to contain the chemical compounds [[indigotin]] and [[indirubin]], the same blue dye compounds contained by the indigo plant (''Indigofera tinctoria''), and studies are being made of its possible use as a natural dye for fibres.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tayade |first1=Priti B. |last2=Adivarekar |first2=Ravindra V. |date=2014-10-01 |title=Extraction of Indigo dye from ''Couroupita guianensis'' and its application on cotton fabric |journal=Fashion and Textiles |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.1186/s40691-014-0016-3 |doi-access=free |issn=2198-0802}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
While the tree is not native to Asia, having only been introduced there in the last 300 years, its identity has been conflated with other trees mentioned in Hindu and Buddhist scripture, especially the Sal tree. In India and Sri Lanka, the tree is venerated by Hindus, who believe its hooded flowers look like the [[nāga]] under which the white stigma looks like a [[Lingam]], and hence, it is grown at [[Jyotirlinga|Shiva temples]].{{R|ALDHABI}} The cannonball tree has since then been planted at Buddhist and Hindu religious sites in Asia in the belief that it is the tree of sacred scriptures. In Sri Lanka, Thailand and other Theravada Buddhist countries it has been planted at Buddhist monasteries and other religious sites.{{R|MONGABAY}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Flower of couroupita guianensis.jpg|A flower ([[Singapore Botanic Gardens]])
Image:Naglingam (Couroupita guianensis) young leaves in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6606.jpg|Leaves (Hyderabad, India)
Image:নাগলিঙ্গম ফুলের কলি.jpg|Inflorescences with flowers in bud (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Image:Cannonball tree flower buds.JPG|Flower buds close up (Maharashtra, India)
Image:Canonball Flower P1030858.JPG|Flowers
Image:Couroupita guianensis fleur en coupe.jpg|Flower in longitudinal section showing ovary (Jardín Botánico de Cienfuegos, Cuba)
Image:Couroupita_guianensis_fruits.JPG|Fruit (Tamil Nadu, India)
Image:Cannonball tree fruit, Waimea Botanical Garden (2024)-104A4065.jpg|Fruit at Waimea Botanical Garden on the island of O'ahu, Hawaiʻi
Image:Cannonball tree (Couroupita guianensis) trunk.jpg|Tree trunk (Kolkata, India)
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikispecies|Couroupita guianensis}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="BROWN">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Stephen H. |title=Couroupita guianensis |url=http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/CouroupitaGuianensisCannonballTree.pdf |website=UF/IFAS Extension |publisher=University of Florida |access-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630075751/http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/CouroupitaGuianensisCannonballTree.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="MONGABAY">{{Cite web |last=Rodrigo |first=Malaka |date=27 July 2020 |title=In Sri Lanka, a South American flower usurps a tree sacred to Buddhists and Hindus |website=Mongabay |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/in-sri-lanka-a-south-american-flower-usurps-a-tree-sacred-to-buddhists-and-hindus/ |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="NYBG">{{cite web |last1=Mori |first1=Scott A. |last2=Smith |first2=Nathan P. |last3=Cornejo |first3=X. |last4=Prance |first4=Ghillean T. |title=Lecythidaceae – the Brazil nut family |url=https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/projects/lp/?irn=133473 |website=New York Botanical Garden |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="LIM">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=T.K. |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |volume=3 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-2533-1 |pages=133–137 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8_14}}</ref>

<ref name="ALDHABI">{{cite journal |last1=Al-Dhabi |first1=N. A. |last2=Balachandran |first2=C. |last3=Raj |first3=M. K. |last4=Duraipandiyan |first4=V. |last5=Muthukumar |first5=C. |last6=Ignacimuthu |first6=S. |last7=Khan |first7=I. A. |last8=Rajput |first8=V. S. |title=Antimicrobial, antimycobacterial and antibiofilm properties of ''Couroupita guianensis'' Aubl. fruit extract |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=2012 |volume=12 |issue=242 |page=242 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-12-242 |doi-access=free |pmid=23206492|pmc=3537531 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161823}}

[[Category:Lecythidaceae]]
[[Category:Trees of western South America]]
[[Category:Trees of northern South America]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of South America]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1775]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet]]

List of Indian Bengali films before 1950

2026-05-03T21:11:28Z

ChristineBabbidg: Put Up New Biography Added Tags

{{Short description|List of Indian bengali-language films before 1950}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

This is a list of films produced by the Bengali language film industry based in Kolkata before 1950.

== 1931 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes/music
|-
|''[[Dena Paona]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Premankur Atarthi]] || Durgadas Bandyopadhyay, Amar Mullik, Jahar Gangopadhyay, [[Bhanu Bandyopadhyay]] (Sr.), Bhumen Ray, Kusumkumari, Nibhanani Debi, Umasashi, Sishubala, Anupama Debi, Abhabati || [[Family film]] ||It is credited as the first [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[talkie]]. It was released in the same year as ''[[Alam Ara]]'', the first [[India]]n [[talkie]]. It was released on 24 December 1931 at Chitra (now Mitra) Cinema Hall in [[Calcutta]].
|-
|''[[Jamai Shashthi]]'' (short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Amar Chowdhury]] || [[Amar Chowdhury]], Jatin Singha, Kshirodgopal Mukhopadhyay, Ms. Golela, Ranisundari, Bimal Gupta, Kartik Ray, Bholanath || [[Drama films|Drama]] ||It is credited as the first [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[talkie]] (short). It was released in the same year as ''[[Alam Ara]]'', the first [[India]]n [[talkie]]. It was released on 11 April 1931 at Crown Cinema Hall in [[Calcutta]].
|-
|''Jor Barat'' (short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Bandyopadhyay || Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Kartik Dey, [[Kanan Debi]], Kartik Ray, Prakashmoni, Kunjalal Chakraborty, Renubala, Nagendrabala, Satyendranath Dey, Bhupendranath Bandyopadhyay || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|[[Prahlad (film)|''Prahlad'']]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Priyanath Gangopadhyay || Ahindra Chowdhury, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Mrinalkanti Ghosh, Shanti Gupta, Niharbala, Kunjalal Chakraborty, Debabala, Binapani Debi, [[Kanan Debi]], Dhiren Das || [[Epic film]] ||
|-
|''[[Rishir Prem]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Bandyopadhyay || [[Kanan Debi]], Ahindra Chowdhury, Hiren Bose, Sarajubala, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Ganesh Goswami, Dhiren Das, Surabala, Nirupama Debi, Charubala, Gita Debi || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Tritiya Paksha]]'' (short) || [[Amar Chowdhury]] || [[Amar Chowdhury]], Jatin Singha, Kshirodgopal Mukhopadhyay, Ms. Golela, Ms. Golap|| [[Drama films|Drama]] ||
|}

== 1932 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes/music
|-
|''Bangal'' 1983{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Pramathesh Barua]]
|[[Pramathesh Barua]], Sushil Majumdar
|[[Family film]]
|
|-
|''Bishnumaya'' (Kangsabadh){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Bandyopadhyay
|Ahindra Choudhury, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Chandidas''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Debaki Bose|Debaki Kumar Bose]]
|[[Durgadas Bannerjee]], Manoranjan Bhattacharya, Amar Mullick, Umashashi
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Chirakumar Sabha]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Premankur Atarthi]]
|Manoranjan Bhattacharya, Tinkari Chakraborty
|Family film
|
|-
|''Chirakumari''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film418592.htm|title=Chirakumari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film418592.htm|archive-date=2019-05-12|website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|
|Amar Chowdhury, Radharani
|Family film
|
|-
|''Krishnakanter Will''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Bandyopadhyay
|Ahindra Choudhury, [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Natir Puja]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|The Students Of [[Shantiniketan]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Pallisamaj''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Sisir Kumar Bhaduri]]
|Prabha Debi, Biswanath Bhadhuri
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Punarjanma (1932 film)|Punarjanma]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Premankur Atarthi]]
|Amar Mullick, Debabala
|Family film
|
|}

== 1933 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes/Music
|-
|''Bilwamangal''<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilwamangal |url=http://www.citwf.com/film37544.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film37544.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Tinkari Chakraborty
|Ranibala, Ratin Bandyopadhyay
|[[Family film]]
|
|-
|''Jamuna Puline''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Joydeb''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Kapalkundala (1933 film)|Kapalkundala]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Premankur Atorthy]]
|Uma Sashi, Durgadas Bannerjee, Manoranjan Bhattacharya, Molina Devi, Nibhanini Devi, Amar Mullick, Amulya Mitra
|Family film
|Music: [[R. C. Boral]]
|-
|''Mastuto Bhai'' (Short)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mastuto Bhai |url=http://www.citwf.com/film217243.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film217243.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Dhirendranath Ganguly]]
|Nirmal Bannerjee, Boken Chatterjee, Molina Devi, [[Dhirendranath Ganguly]], Kamala Jharia, Nagendrabala
|Family film
|
|-
|''Mirabai''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''Radhakrishna'' (Kalanka Bhanjan)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalanka Bhanjan |url=http://www.citwf.com/film179891.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film179891.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Amar Chowdhury
|Lakshmi, Duniyabala, Niradasundari, Amar Chowdhury, Khirodegopal Mukherjee
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sabitri''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabitri |url=http://www.citwf.com/film301764.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film301764.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Jyotish Mukherjee
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sabitri''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabitri |url=http://www.citwf.com/film301763.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film301763.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Naresh Mitra
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sita''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sree Gouranga''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|
|Family film
|
|}

== 1934 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes/music
|-
|''Chand Saudagar''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Prafulla Roy
|[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], Suhasini Debi
|[[Family film]]
|
|-
|''Dakshayagna''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Bandyopadhyay
|Ahindra Choudhury, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Dhruba]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Kaji Nazrul Islam]]
|Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Excuse Me Sir'' (short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay]]
|[[Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay]], Molina Debi
|Family film
|
|-
|''Keranir Jiban'' (short)<ref>{{cite web |title=Keranir Jiban |url=http://www.citwf.com/film183374.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film183374.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Tulsi Lahiri
|Debabala, Tulsi Lahiri
|Family film
|
|-
|''Maa''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Prafulla Ghosh]]
|[[Kanan Devi]], Binoy Goswami
|Family film
|
|-
|''Mahua''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Hiren Bose
|Ahindra Choudhury, Ahi Sanyal
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasauti]]''
|[[P. C. Barua]]
|[[K. L. Saigal]], Rattan Bai, [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]]
|Historical Drama
|
|-
|''Monikanchan'' Part-I (short)<ref>{{cite web |title=Monikanchan Part-I |url=http://www.citwf.com/film213134.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film213134.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Tulsi Lahiri
|Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Tulsi Lahiri
|Family film
|
|-
|''Pear Brothers'' (cartoon){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Rai Chand Boral
|[[Shyam Laha]], Amar Mullick
|Family film
|First Bengali [[cartoon]] film
|-
|''Rajnati Basantasena''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Charu Roy
|Dhiraj Bhattacharya, [[Rabi Ray]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Reenmukti'' (Naramedh Yagna)<ref>{{cite web |title=Reenmukti |url=http://www.citwf.com/film290390.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film290390.htm |archive-date=2019-05-12 |website=citwf.com}}</ref>
|Tinkari Chakraborty
|Radha Rani, Sailen Chattopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Ruplekha''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Pramathesh Barua]]
|Ahindra Choudhury, [[Pramathesh Barua]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sachidulal''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Prafulla Roy
|[[Tulsi Chakraborty]], Ranibala
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Seeta (1934 film)|Seeta]]''
|[[Debaki Bose]]
|[[Gul Hamid]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Durga Khote]]
|
|
|-
|''Shubho Tryahasparsha''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Manmatha Ray
|Jahar Gangopadhyay, Asha Bose
|Family film
|
|-
|''Taruni''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Priyanath Gangopadhyay
|Jiban Gangopadhyay, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Tulsidas''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Gangopadhyay
|Jahar Gangopadhyay, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay
|Family film
|
|}

== 1935 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes/music
|-
|''Abasheshe'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Dineshranjan Das
|[[Pramathesh Barua]], [[Molina Devi]]
|[[Family film]]
|
|-
|''Basabdatta''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Satish Dasgupta
|[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], [[Kanan Devi]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Bhagya Chakra]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Nitin Bose]]
|[[Pahari Sanyal]], Indu Mukhopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Bidrohi''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay]]
|[[Ahindra Choudhury]], [[Anupam Ghatak]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Bidyasundar''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Priyanath Gangopadhyay
|Ranibala, Lalit Mitra
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Biraha]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Tinkari Chakraborty
|Tinkari Chakraborty, Ranibala
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Devdas (1935 film)|Devdas]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Pramathesh Barua]]
|[[K. L. Saigal]], [[Pramathesh Barua]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Debdasi''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Prafulla Ghosh]]
|[[Ahindra Choudhury]], Indu Mukhopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Dikdari'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Mukhopadhyay
|Ranjit Roy, [[Tulsi Lahiri]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Harishchandra''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Prafulla Ghosh]]
|Bhanu Ray, Bhaskar Deb
|Family film
|
|-
|''Kanthahar''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Bandyopadhyay
|[[Ahindra Choudhury]], Jahar Gangopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Khasdakhal''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Rameshchandra Dutta
|Indu Mukhopadhyay, [[Renuka Ray]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Manmoyee Girls' School]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Bandyopadhyay
|Jahar Gangopadhyay, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Mantrashakti''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Satu Sen
|Jahar Gangopadhyay, Manoranjan Bhattacharya
|Family film
|
|-
|''Monikanchan Part-II'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Tulsi Lahiri]]
|Ranibala, Sishubala
|Family film
|
|-
|''Nari Pragati'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Tulsi Lahiri]]
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Patalpuri]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Priyanath Gangopadhyay
|Jiban Gangopadhyay, Tinkari Chakraborty
|Family film
|
|-
|''Payer Dhulo''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jyotish Mukhopadhyay
|Jahar Gangopadhyay, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Phantom Of Calcutta''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Anandamohan Ray
|Santosh Sinha, Anandamohan Ray
|Family film
|
|-
|''Prafulla''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Tinkari Chakraborty
|[[Ahindra Choudhury]], Jahar Gangopadhyay
|Family film
|
|-
|''Ratkana'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|Jatin Das
|Krishnadhan Mukhopadhyay, Ranjit Roy
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sanjher Pidim'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''[[Satya Pathe]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Amar Chowdhury]]
|Jahar Gangopadhyay, [[Amar Chowdhury]]
|Family film
|
|-
|''Shesh Patra'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|[[Kalipada Das]]
|Lalit Mitra, Bhola Mitra
|Family film
|
|-
|''Sudurer Priya'' (Short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
|
|Family film
|
|-
|''Swayambara''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|K. Bhushan
|Lalit Mitra, Bhumen Roy
|Family film
|
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Dena_paona_1931.jpg|A scene from ''[[Dena Paona (film)|Dena Paona]]'', 1931, the first Bengali talkie
Image:1931_Alam_arya.jpg|''Alam Arya''
</gallery>

==References==
* ''[[Bengali Film Directory]]'' – edited by Ansu Sur, [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]], [[Calcutta]], 1999
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1931&&language=Bengali&&tv=on&&heading=9;1931;Bengali&&related=9;1931;1931;Bengali;Bengali&&nav=/Sections/Years/2002/include-bylanguage Tollywood films of 1931] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124210750/http://www.gomolo.in/ConditionalSearch.aspx?Yearcode=1930-1939&Langcode=Bengali&Categories=M&GotoYear=1931 Tollywood films of 1931] at gomolo.in

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year]]

Jale, Bihar

2026-05-01T15:07:39Z

ChristineBabbidg: Started

{{short description|Town in Darbhanga, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jale
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|22|48|N|85|43|12|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 18.67
| population_total = 37256
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = Hindi, Maithili, Urdu, English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 847302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06276
| official_name =
| other_name = Jalley
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = Jale
| elevation_m = 53
| registration_plate = BR-07
}}

'''Jale''', or '''Jalley''', is a town and the administrative center of Jale Block, [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located to the north of [[Bagmati River]], about 32 kilometres northwest of the district capital [[Darbhanga]]. The town was named after Jaleshwari sthan which is a [[Pilgrimage|pilgrimage site]] in rural area of Darbhanga. In the year 2011, it has a total population of 37,256.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Jale is situated at the northwestern corner of Darbhanga District. It borders the village of Khesar to the north, the village of Pakkhauli to the east, the village of Latraha to the south, and the village of Dinanathpur to the west. The [[National Highway 527C (India)|National Highway 527C]] passes through the town. Its average elevation is 53 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jale topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-pnnmgt/Jale/?center=26.35619,85.77198&zoom=14 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Jale has a [[Humid subtropical climate|Humid Subtropical Climate]]. It gets the most amount of precipitation in July, with 447 mm of average rainfall; and the least amount of precipitation in November, with 5 mm of average rainfall.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Jale
| Jan high C = 22.3
| Feb high C = 26.2
| Mar high C = 32.2
| Apr high C = 36.3
| May high C = 35.8
| Jun high C = 34
| Jul high C = 31.5
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 31
| Oct high C = 30
| Nov high C = 27.9
| Dec high C = 24.1
| Jan mean C = 16.2
| Feb mean C = 19.8
| Mar mean C = 25.4
| Apr mean C = 29.7
| May mean C = 30.2
| Jun mean C = 29.7
| Jul mean C = 28.3
| Aug mean C = 28.2
| Sep mean C = 27.5
| Oct mean C = 25.5
| Nov mean C = 22
| Dec mean C = 18
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 10.5
| Feb low C = 13.4
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 23
| May low C = 24.9
| Jun low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 25.8
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 21.3
| Nov low C = 16.3
| Dec low C = 12.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 13
| Feb rain mm = 19
| Mar rain mm = 16
| Apr rain mm = 38
| May rain mm = 119
| Jun rain mm = 284
| Jul rain mm = 447
| Aug rain mm = 373
| Sep rain mm = 314
| Oct rain mm = 79
| Nov rain mm = 5
| Dec rain mm = 7
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jale climate: Temperature Jale & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/bihar/jale-175035/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]], Jale has a population of 37,256. Males constitute 19,222 of the population and females 18,034. Jale has an average literacy rate of 54.90%, which is less than the Bihar average of 61.80%. Male literacy is 63.33% and female literacy is 45.87%. In Jalle, 19.53% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archivedate=2004-06-16 |accessdate=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== Places to visit ==

* '''Ahilya Asthan''' - It is famous historical temple, situated about 3.2 kilometres south of Kamtaul Railway Station.
* '''Gautam Ashram''' - Gautam Ashram (Sanskrit: गौतम आश्रम) was a gurukul of the ancient Indian philosopher Gautama. It is located at the west bank of Khiroi river in Brahmpur village of Jale block of Darbhanga district in Bihar. It is only at a 7.0 kilometres distance from Kamtaul railway station.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bihar]]

Mithu Sanyal

2026-04-29T04:13:40Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up a entry

{{Short description|German cultural studies academic, writer and essayist (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mithu Sanyal
| image = Mithu Sanyal 2023.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sanyal in 2023
| birth_name = Mithu Melanie Sanyal
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
| birth_place = [[Düsseldorf]], Germany
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Mithu M. Sanyal
| occupation = Academic, journalist, author
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Identitti]]''
| education = [[Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf]]
| children = 2
}}
'''Mithu Melanie Sanyal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mithu Melanie Sanyal |url=https://speakerinnen.org/de/profiles/dr-mithu-melanie-sanyal |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Speakerinnen |language=de}}</ref> (born 1971), also known as '''Mithu M. Sanyal''', is a German academic in [[cultural studies]], a journalist and author. Her main focuses are on [[feminism]], racism, [[pop culture]] and [[postcolonialism]].

== Life and work ==
Mithu Sanyal was born in [[Düsseldorf]] in 1971<ref name="Vita">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170301070235/http://www.sanyal.de/dr-mithu-sanyal/ "Dr. Mithu Sanyal"]. Archived at the Internet Archive 1 March 2017.</ref> to a Polish-born mother and an Indian father. Her mother's parents moved to Duisburg to work as miners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reichwein |first=Marc |date=13 September 2023 |title="In den 1980ern wurden Rassismus und Sexismus noch ungeniert ausgelebt" |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article246711734/Mithu-Sanyal-In-den-80ern-wurden-Rassismus-und-Sexismus-ungeniert-ausgelebt.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Welt (TV channel)|Welt]] |language=de}}</ref> She studied German and English [[literary studies]] at the [[Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf]], where she went on to do a doctor's thesis on the [[cultural history]] of [[female genitalia]]. In 2009, she published a book called {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex|italic=yes}} ({{Lang|de|Vulva. Die Enthüllung des unsichtbaren Geschlechts|italic=yes}}) based on her dissertation.

Since 1996, Sanyal has been an author for radio programmes and audio books for the German public broadcaster [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]]. Among others, she has also been writing for the [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]], [[Bayerischer Rundfunk|BR]], [[Frankfurter Rundschau|''Frankfurter Rundschau'']], [[die tageszeitung|''taz'']], [[junge Welt|''junge Welt'']] and the [[Federal Agency for Civic Education]].<ref>[https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/frauenwahlrecht/279361/ist-nun-gleichberechtigung ''Die erste Kanzlerin. Ist nun Gleichberechtigung?'', Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 12 November 2018] retrieved 28 July 2020.</ref> Since the publishing of her second book, ''Rape. From Lucretia to #MeToo'', Sanyal has been invited to speak publicly on panels, readings and TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Badische |date=2019-03-12 |title=Mithu Sanyal spricht heute über die Tiefengrammatik von sexueller Gewalt |url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/mithu-sanyal-spricht-heute-ueber-die-tiefengrammatik-von-sexueller-gewalt--168288590.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Badische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref><ref name="argento">{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2018-08-23 |title=Vorwürfe gegen Asia Argento - "Eine Person kann nicht eine Bewegung diskreditieren" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/vorwuerfe-gegen-asia-argento-eine-person-kann-nicht-eine-100.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref><ref>[https://www.frauenrat.de/mithu-m-sanyal/ Deutscher Frauenrat: Mithu M. Sanyal, Video 16 January 2019]; [https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/audio/wdr3/wdr3-kultur-am-mittag/audio-eure-heimat-ist-unser-albtraum----gespraech-mit-mithu-sanyal-100.html WDR Hörfunk: "Eure Heimat ist unser Albtraum", Gespräch mit Mithu Sanyal, WDR 3 Kultur am Mittag, 21 February 2019]; [https://lila-podcast.de/tag/mithu-sanyal/ Der Lila Podcast. Mehrere Gesprächsrunden mit Mithu Sanyal, 2017–2019]; [https://www.gwi-boell.de/de/person/dr-mithu-m-sanyal Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Gunda Werner Institut: Alle Beiträge von Mithu Sanyal, 2017–2018]; [http://litlog.uni-goettingen.de/potente-dialektik/ Literarisches Zentrum Göttingen in Kooperation mit der 10th European Feminist Research Conference 2018 und dem Fachbereich Kultur der Stadt Göttingen: Mithu Sanyal im Gespräch mit Svenja Flaßpöhler, 2018]</ref> The books ''Rape'' and ''Vulva'' have been translated into several different languages.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-04-30|language=de-DE|title=Vergewaltigung|url=https://edition-nautilus.de/programm/vergewaltigung/|website=EDITION NAUTILUS}}</ref>

Sanyal was critical of the [[MeToo movement]], arguing that accusations of sexual assault or harassment were irreversibly stigmatizing to the accused.<ref name="argento" /><ref>{{citation|access-date=2019-03-29|author=Mithu Sanyal, Marie Albrecht|date=13 February 2017|periodical=Die Tageszeitung: Taz|title=Beschreibung sexualisierter Gewalt: Du Opfer!|url=https://taz.de/Beschreibung-sexualisierter-Gewalt/!5379541/}}</ref> Feminist media in Germany condemned this statement as a trivialisation of rape and sexual violence.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-03-29|date=18 February 2017|title=Offener Brief gegen die sprachliche Verharmlosung sexueller Gewalt|url=https://diestoerenfriedas.de/offener-brief-gegen-die-sprachliche-verharmlosung-sexueller-gewalt/|website=Die Störenfriedas}} {{cite web|access-date=2019-03-29|date=21 February 2017|title=Opfer sollen nicht mehr Opfer heißen|url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/opfer-sollen-nicht-mehr-opfer-heissen-334215|website=EMMA}}</ref> Right-wing blogs and websites misrepresented Sanyal's argument as a result of her Indian heritage, with some falsely claiming that rape was legal in India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|access-date=2019-03-29|date=22 February 2017|title=Gutmenschin meint Vergewaltigungs-Opfer sollten mehr Erlebende sein|url=https://blog.halle-leaks.de/2017/02/gutmenschin-meint-vergewaltigungs-opfer-sollten-mehr-erlebende-sein/|website=halle-leaks.de (Blog)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-03-29|author=David Berger|date=23 February 2017|title=Unglaublich: Opfer von Vergewaltigung sollen ab jetzt "Erlebende" heißen|url=https://philosophia-perennis.com/2017/02/23/mithu-sanyal/|website=Philosophia Perennis}}</ref>

On 17 February 2017, an article by Sanyal and the journalist Marie Albrecht published in the German newspaper ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]'' sparked a controversy. After interviewing people who had experienced sexual violence, they suggested an alternative, additional term for self-identification of {{Lang|de|Opfer}} (victims), namely {{Lang|de|Erlebende sexualisierter Gewalt}} (people experiencing sexual violence). ''[[Politically Incorrect (blog)|Politically Incorrect]]'', a right-wing German blog, published Sanyal's private e-mail address, whereupon she received rape and death threats.<ref>{{citation|access-date=2019-03-29|author=Katrin Gottschalk|date=25 February 2017|periodical=Die Tageszeitung: Taz|title=Beschreibung sexualisierter Gewalt: Debatte statt Hetze|url=https://taz.de/Beschreibung-sexualisierter-Gewalt/!5387275/}}</ref> Her article was widely discussed in mainstream media,<ref>{{citation|access-date=2019-03-29|author=Marion Detjen|date=27 February 2017|location=Hamburg|periodical=Die Zeit|title=Vergewaltigung: Gewalt ohne Namen|url=https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2017-02/vergewaltigung-opfer-sexuelle-gewalt-opferbegriff-erlebnis-10nach8}} {{citation|access-date=2019-03-29|author=Ursula Scheer|date=24 February 2017|periodical=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|title=Verbrechen und Sprache: Erlebnis Vergewaltigung?|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/opfer-von-vergewaltigung-als-erlebende-bezeichnen-14892468.html}}</ref> and even the German feminist linguist [[Luise F. Pusch]] commented upon it in her blog.<ref>[https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/comments/vergewaltigung-als-erlebnis/ ''Vergewaltigung als Erlebnis?''], Luise F. Pusch, Fembio Blog, 25 February 2017.</ref> Hundreds of people also wrote e-mails to Sanyal showing her solidarity.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-03-29|author=Mascha Drost|date=3 March 2017|title=Kulturwissenschaftlerin Mithu Sanyal – "Die Supermarkt-Verkäuferin fühlt sich vom Mainstream-Feminismus nicht repräsentiert"|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kulturwissenschaftlerin-mithu-sanyal-die-supermarkt.691.de.html?dram:article_id=380448|website=Deutschlandfunk.de}}</ref> In July 2019, the investigative journalism newsroom [[Correctiv]] published a statement about the incident, titled ''No, Mithu Sanyal did not tell victims that a rape could be an experience'' ({{Lang|de|Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein"}}).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-02-22|author=Alice Echtermann|date=18 July 2019|publisher=Correctiv|title=Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein"|url=https://correctiv.org/faktencheck/gesellschaft/2019/07/18/nein-mithu-sanyal-hat-opfern-nicht-geraten-eine-vergewaltigung-koenne-auch-erleben-sein}}</ref>

In 2021, Sanyal published her first novel, ''[[Identitti]]'', about a professor of [[postcolonial theory]] who named herself after the Hindu goddess [[Saraswati]] and falsely claims to be of Indian descent. When she turns out to be German and to have darkened her skin, the ensuing scandal is told from the perspective of one of her students, Nivedita, who like Sanyal has a Polish mother and an Indian father. Using the pseudonym Identitti, Nivedita is the author of a blog and several social media accounts, on which she comments on topics such as racism, migration, sexual identity and orientation as well as identity politics. The character Saraswati alludes to the case of [[Rachel Dolezal]]. The novel has received mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kniebe |first=Tobias |date=17 February 2021 |title="Identitti", Roman von Mithu Sanyal: Chaos der Identitäten |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/mithu-sanyal-identitti-romandebuet-1.5209068 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kramatschek |first=Claudia |date=13 February 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Identitti" – Debatte im Schleudergang |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/mithu-sanyal-identitti-debatte-im-schleudergang.950.de.html?dram:article_id=492428 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk Kultur]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Düker |first=Ronald |date=13 February 2021 |title="Identitti": "Literatur muss freundlich sein" |url=https://www.zeit.de/2021/07/identitti-mithu-sanyal-roman-identitaetspolitik-rassismus |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref>

In October 2021, Sanyal was admitted to the [[PEN Centre Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-02-11|date=28 October 2021|title=PEN nimmt neue Mitglieder auf, darunter Mithu Sanyal, Sharon Dodua Otoo, Jo Lendle und Benedict Wells|url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/2021/10/28/pen-nimmt-neue-mitglieder-auf-darunter-mithu-sanyal-sharon-dodua-otoo-jo-lendle-und-benedict-wells/|website=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland}}</ref> Sanyal was among the members who left when the organisation split due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], and she was elected to be on the board of the newly founded PEN Berlin.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2022-06-14|author=Andreas Platthaus|date=10 June 2022|newspaper=[[FAZ.NET]]|title=Nach Abspaltung: Wie begonnen, so zerronnen|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/themen/gruendung-von-pen-berlin-nach-eklat-um-deniz-yuecel-18094474.html}}</ref>

Sanyal's 2024 novel, ''Antichristie'', was longlisted for the [[German Book Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Die 20 nominierten Romane stehen fest |url=https://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/news/eintrag/die-20-nominierten-romane-stehen-fest/ |website=[[Deutscher Buchpreis]] |language=de}}</ref>

Sanyal and her husband live in [[Oberbilk|Düsseldorf-Oberbilk]], Germany. They have two children,<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=19 November 2016 |title=Mithu M. Sanyal: "Vergewaltigung ist kein Frauenthema" |url=https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/vergewaltigung-ist-kein-frauenthema_aid-21499645 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref> a son and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Der ewig postpubertäreTyp |url=https://www.ruprecht.de/2018/06/15/der-ewig-postpubertaeretyp/ |website=ruprecht |language=de}}</ref> She told the magazine ''[[Der Stern|Stern]]'' that she has had several abortions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Zu meinem Leben gehören Kinder, aber auch Abtreibungen" |url=https://www.stern.de/gesellschaft/protokoll-einer-abtreibung---es-gibt-oft-nur-zwei-standpunkte--30551318.html |website=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]] |language=de}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Among other awards, Sanyal has received the Dietrich-Oppenberg-Medienpreis by the foundation [[Stiftung Lesen]] three times for her radio features about cultural history.<ref name="Vita" /> Her novel ''Identitti'' was shortlisted for the [[Deutscher Buchpreis|German Book Prize]] in 2021. In 2026, Sanyal was awarded the [[Heinrich Mann Prize]] for essayistics.<ref>[https://adk.de/news-einblicke/news/2026/01/mithu-m-sanyal-erhaelt-den-heinrich-mann-preis-2026-der-akademie-der-kuenste "Mithu M. Sanyal erhält den Heinrich-Mann-Preis 2026 der Akademie der Künste"]. ''adk.de'', 29 January 2026 (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2026.</ref> In the same year, she was awarded the 10-week London scholarship from the German Literature Fund,<ref>[https://deutscher-literaturfonds.de/preise/london-stipendium/ ''London-Stipendium''], Deutscher Literaturfonds, accessed 13 April 2026</ref> as Writer-in-Residence at [[Queen Mary University of London]].<ref>[https://www.qmul.ac.uk/cagcr/writers-in-residence/writers-in-residence/ ''Writers in Residence''], Queen Mary University of London, accessed 13 April 2026</ref>

== Publications ==
'''Books published in English'''
* ''Rape. From Lucretia to #MeToo'', Verso Books, Brooklyn (NY) / London, 2019, ISBN 978-1-78663-750-5 (German original: ''Vergewaltigung. Aspekte eines Verbrechens.'').<ref>[https://www.versobooks.com/books/2922-rape ''Rape. From Lucretia to #MeToo'', by Mithu Sanyal, Verso Books, 2019]</ref>
* ''Identitti'', Astra Publishing House, 2022, {{ISBN|978-1-6626-0130-9}}.
'''Books in German'''
* ''Vergewaltigung. Aspekte eines Verbrechens.'' Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-96054-023-6.<ref>Christiane Florin: [https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/narrative-der-gewalt-ueber-die-kulturgeschichte-der.1310.de.html?dram:article_id=371662 ''Narrative der Gewalt: Über die Kulturgeschichte der Vergewaltigung.''] In: [[deutschlandfunk.de]], ''Andruck – Das Magazin für Politische Literatur.'' 21 November 2016. (24 November 2016)</ref>
* ''Vulva – die Enthüllung des unsichtbaren Geschlechts.'' Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8031-3629-9.
* co-authored by Jasna Strick, Nicole von Horst and Yasmina Banaszczuk: "''Ich bin kein Sexist, aber ...". Sexismus erlebt, erklärt und wie wir ihn beenden.'' Orlanda Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-944666-00-6.
* ''Identitti.'' Roman. [[Carl Hanser Verlag]], München 2021, ISBN 978-3-446-26921-7.
* ''Über Emily Brontë''. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2022, ISBN 978-3-462-00366-6.
*Antichristie. Roman. Carl Hanser, München 2024, ISBN 978-3-446-28076-2

'''Audio books'''
* ''Sternenkinder sterben schöner'', later called ''Aliens sind auch nur Menschen,'' Director: Leonhard Koppelmann (WDR 2009)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-16|author=WDR|date=13 March 2023|language=de|title=Hörspiel "Aliens sind auch nur Menschen" von Mithu Sanyal|url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/1live/podcast/krimi/hoerspiel-verschwoerung-ufo-krimi-100.html}}</ref>
* ''LoveArtLab Rules'', Director: Ulrich Bassenge (WDR 2010)
* ''Post Porn Panik'', Director: Leonhard Koppelmann (WDR 2012)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-02-18|language=de|title=Post Porn Panik – Detektivin trifft auf Sexualtherapeutin|url=https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/wdr-3-hoerspiel/post-porn-panik-detektivin-trifft-auf-sexualtherapeutin/wdr-3/72348388/}}</ref>
* ''Gott ist tot. Wirklich.'' Director: Martin Zylka, 55 Min. (WDR 2015)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-02-18|language=de|title=Gott ist tot – wirklich! – Der Messias ist zurück. Oder?|url=https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/wdr-3-hoerspiel/gott-ist-tot-wirklich-der-messias-ist-zurueck-oder/wdr-3/88327576/}}</ref>
* ''Identitti''. Director: Eva Solloch, 52 Min. (WDR 2022)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-14|language=de|title=Identitti (1/2): Skandal um gefakte PoC-Identität|url=https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/wdr-3-hoerspiel/identitti-1-2-skandal-um-gefakte-poc-identitaet/wdr-3/10523259/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-14|language=de|title=Identitti (2/2): Fake-PoC möchte Identität frei wählen|url=https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/wdr-3-hoerspiel/identitti-2-2-fake-poc-moechte-identitaet-frei-waehlen/wdr-3/10523329/}}</ref>

'''Articles in newspapers, journals and anthologies'''
* ''Zuhause.'' In: [[Fatma Aydemir]], [[Hengameh Yaghoobifarah]] (Hrsg.): ''Eure Heimat ist unser Albtraum.'' [[Ullstein Verlag|Ullstein fünf]], Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-96101-036-3.
* From 2017 to 2019, Sanyal wrote the column Kolumne ''„Mithulogie"'' in [[Die Tageszeitung]] (taz)
* In 2019/2020/2025, she wrote for [[The Guardian]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/mithu-sanyal The Guardian, Profil von Mithu Sanyal]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Fatma Aydemir]]
* [[Hengameh Yaghoobifarah]]
* [[Margarete Stokowski]]

== References ==
<references responsive />

== External links ==
* {{DNB-Portal|137527764}}
* {{Perlentaucher|mithu-m-sanyal|a}}
* [http://www.sanyal.de/ Website von Mithu M. Sanyal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanyal, Mithu}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:German women journalists]]
[[Category:German journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century German novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century German non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German women essayists]]
[[Category:German feminist writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Düsseldorf]]
[[Category:Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf alumni]]
[[Category:German people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century German women novelists]]

Jeevan (Hindi actor)

2026-04-28T22:22:29Z

ChristineBabbidg: New

{{Short description|Indian actor (1915–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeevan
| image =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birthname = Omkar Nath Dhar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|6|10|1915|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| children = [[Kiran Kumar]], Bhushan Jeevan
| website =
| yearsactive = 1935–1986
}}
'''Omkar Nath Dhar''' (24 October 1915 – 10 June 1987), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Jeevan''', was an Indian actor. He played the role of [[Narada|Narad Muni]] in films of the 1950s, a total of 49 times.<ref name="cineplot.com">http://cineplot.com/jeevan-memories Memories of Jeevan</ref><ref name="Agnihotri1992">{{cite book|last=Agnihotri|first=Ram Awatar|title=Artistes and their films of modern Hindi cinema: cultural and sociopolitical impact on society, 1931-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUsbAQAAIAAJ|access-date=10 July 2011|year=1992|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=978-81-7169-180-7}}</ref> Later, he played the villain in popular Bollywood films of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. His son [[Kiran Kumar]] (born Deepak Dhar) is also a film and television actor.<ref>{{cite news |title=In the limelight: Seasoned actor Kiran Kumar talks of the many shades of his career|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/13/stories/2008111350900400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309021747/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/13/stories/2008111350900400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 Nov 2008 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Jeevan was born into an aristocratic [[Hindu]] [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family. His father, a nobleman, [[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)|served]] as the governor of the [[Gilgit Agency#Establishment|Gilgit Agency]] as its [[Vizier|Wazir]]-e-Wazarat (lit ''Minister of the Ministry'' or ''Minister of the Ministers'', i.e. Chief Minister) under the suzerainty of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Kashmir]].<ref name="interview_indiantv">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/kirank.htm |title=An Interview with Kiran Kumar |access-date=12 November 2006 |archive-date=29 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029175434/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/kirank.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother died during childbirth and he lost his father when he was just three years old.<ref name="cineplot.com"/>

==Career==
From an early age, Jeevan wanted to be an actor as films had always fascinated him. Since his grandfather was the governor, their family was considered among the nobility. As a son of such a family, joining films would not have been accepted as films were considered taboo, so Jeevan ran away from home at the age of 18 and came to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] with only Rs. 26 in his pocket.

After a brief period of struggle, he eventually landed himself a job in the studios of Mohan Sinha ([[Vidya Sinha]]'s grandfather). His job was to stick silver paper on the reflectors. It was here while working as a reflector boy that he landed a lead role in the movie ''Fashionable India'', which was being made by Mohan Sinha.<ref name="cineplot.com"/>

It is said that he has played [[Narada|Narad Muni]] in more than 60 films and theater shows of different languages.
His most famous film as Narad Muni was the 1950 hit film “Har Har Mahadev” with [[Trilok Kapoor]] and [[Nirupa Roy]]. He became notable otherwise for his roles in ''Romantic India'' in 1935, ''Afasana'' in 1946 and ''Station Master'' in 1942. Jeevan appeared in several [[Dev Anand]] films from 1946 to 1978 and in [[Manmohan Desai]] movies such as ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' and ''[[Dharam Veer (1977 film)|Dharam Veer]]'' as villains. He also starred in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''Teri Meri Ek Jindri''. His last movie was ''Insaaf Ki Manzil'', released in 1986, produced by Ram Nandan Prasad and Directed by Braj Bhushan. He died on 10 June 1987 at the age of 71.<ref name="cineplot.com"/>

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !!Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1935|| ''Romantic India'' || ||
|-
| 1940|| Jagga Daku || || Punjabi movie name given in the movie (Dar Kashmiri)
|-
| 1940|| ''[[Anuradha (1940 film)|Anuradha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1942|| ''Station Master'' || ||
|-
| 1946|| ''Afasana'' || ||
|-
| 1948|| ''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]'' ||Mehku ||
|-
| 1948|| ''[[Ghar Ki Izzat (1948 film)|Ghar Ki Izzat]]'' || Moti ||
|-
| 1949|| ''Karwat'' || ||
|-

| 1950|| ''Har Har Mahadev'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| Chhai || Lala Carori Mall || Punjabi Movie
|-
| 1951|| ''[[Afsana (1951 film)|Afsana]]'' || Chatpat ||
|-
|1951
|[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]
|Diwansaheb
|
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Chandni Chowk (film)|Chandni Chowk]]'' || Ibrahim Baig ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Nagin (1954 film)|Nagin]]'' || Pravir ||
|-
| 1956|| ''Taj'' || Trishanku Singh ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Nau Do Gyarah]]'' || Surjeet ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'' || Kundan ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Phagun]]'' || Madhal ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Do Phool]]'' || Masterji ||
|-
| 1960|| ''[[Kanoon]]'' || Kalidas ||
|-
|1960
|[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]
|
|
|-
| 1962|| ''[[Rungoli]]'' || Sadhuram ||
|-

| 1962|| ''[[Shiv Parvati]]'' || Narad Muni||
|-
|1963
|[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]
|Chhote Thakur
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] Film
|-
| 1964|| ''[[Main Jatti Punjab Di]]'' || Duni chand || Punjabi film
|-
| 1964|| ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]'' || Banke ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Mahabharat (1965 film)|Mahabharat]]'' || Shakuni ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Ayeel Basant Bahar]]'' || || Bhojpuri film
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' || Orphanage Warden ||
|-
| 1966|| ''[[Phool Aur Patthar]]'' || Jeevanram ||
|-
| 1966|| ''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (1966 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]'' || Bhagat ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Hamraaz]]'' || Thakur ||
|-
| 1967|| ''Badrinath Yatra'' ||Shivanand ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Aag (1967 film)|Aag]]'' || ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Aabroo (1968 film)|Aabroo]]'' || Darwajalal ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]'' || ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Aulad (1968 film)|Aulad]]'' || Munim Ramlal ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Bandhan (1969 film)|Bandhan]]'' || Jeevanlal ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Talash (1969 film)|Talash]]'' || John ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Intaquam]]'' || Bankelal ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Badi Didi]]'' || Lala ||
|-
|1970 ||''[[Maharaja (1970 film)]]'' || Lala ||
|-
| 1970|| ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' || Heera ||
|-
| 1970|| ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' || Kaazi ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Pardesi (1970 film)|Pardesi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1970|| ''[[Mere Humsafar]]'' || Mittal ||
|-
| 1972|| ''[[Garam Masala (1972 film)|Garam Masala]]'' || Captain Kishore Chandra ||
|-
| 1972|| ''[[Bhai Ho To Aisa]]'' || Ram & Bharat's Mamaji ||
|-
| 1972|| ''Narad Leela'' || Narad ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Shareef Budmaash]]'' || Diwan Saheb ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Anokhi Ada (1973 film)|Anokhi Ada]]'' || Khishiram ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Banarasi Babu (1973 film)|Banarasi Babu]]'' || V. K. Saxena ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Do Phool]]'' || Advocate Vardhraj ||
|-
| 1974|| ''[[Roti (1974 film)|Roti]]'' || Lala ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Teri Meri Ik Jindri]]''|| Jagga Daku || Punjabi Movie
|-
| 1975|| ''Ek Gaon ki Kahani''|| Lala Dindayal ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Anokha]]'' || Manchanda ||
|-
| 1975||''[[Dharmatma]]''|| Anokhelal ||
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiyaa]]'' || Dhanraj ||
|-
| 1976|| Sacha Mera Roop Hai || Kudam || Punjabi Movie
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Aaj Ka Mahaatma]]'' || Head Clerk ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Darling Darling (1977 film)|Darling Darling]]'' || ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Robert / Albert ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Dharam Veer (1977 film)|Dharam Veer]]'' || Satpal Singh ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Dildaar]]'' || Sarpanch Charandas 'Mukhiya' ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' || Laxmidas ||
|-
| 1978|| ''[[Phaansi]]'' || Lala ||
|-
| 1979|| ''[[Dada]]'' || Bihari ||
|-
| 1979|| ''[[Surakshaa]]'' || Hiralal ||
|-
| 1979|| ''[[Gopal Krishna (1979 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'' || Narad Muni ||
|-
| 1979|| ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' || Pascal ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]]'' || Kishan, Vijay & Meena's Mamaji ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Khanjar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' || Professor Prem ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Lawaaris (1981 film)|Lawaaris]]'' || Lala ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Professor Pyarelal]]'' || Shyamlal / Sammy ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]'' || Kishan & Bishan's Mamaji ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Bulundi]]'' || Babulal Bhakhri ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Commander (1981 film)|Commander]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Poonam (film)|Poonam]]'' || Sinha ||
|-
| 1982|| ''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Aankh]]'' || Paul ||
|-
| 1982|| ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]'' || Malik ||
|-
| 1982|| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' || Wilson ||
|-
| 1982|| ''[[Desh Premee]]'' || Munim ||
|-
| 1982|| ''[[Haathkadi (1982 film)|Haathkadi]]'' || Suraj ||
|-
| 1983|| ''[[Nishaan (1983 film)|Nishan]]'' ||Diwanji ||
|-
| 1984|| ''[[Zakhmi Sher]]'' ||Lawyer ||
|-
| 1984|| [[Aan Aur Shaan]]||Sitaram ||
|-
| 1985|| ''[[Geraftaar]]'' ||Lucy's Father ||
|-
|1986|| ''[[Insaaf Ki Manzil]]''|| ||
|-
| 1986|| ''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'' || Kidnapper ||
|-
|1986|| ''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' || Micheal ||
|-
| 1986|| ''[[Aakhri Sanghursh]]'' || ||This film was supposed to be released in 1986 but was released in 1997
|-
|1991|| ''[[Iraada]]'' || Mr. Gupta||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0420092|Jeevan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeevan}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindu people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Brahmins]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Srinagar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Ghansawangi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:43Z

ChristineBabbidg: Starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghansawangi
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = 100-Ghansawangi.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Hikmat Udhan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| region =
| district = [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
| division = [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
| constituency_no = 100
| established = 2008
| electors =330,425
| reservation = None
}}
'''Ghansawangi Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288 assembly constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It comes under [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency]] for [[Elections in India|Indian general elections]]. It comprises Ghansawangi tehsil and parts of Jalna and Ambad tehsils, all in [[Jalna district]].

The current [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) from this constituency is [[Hikmat Udhan]]<ref name=elections>{{cite web|title=Ghansawangi Vidhan Sabha|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/ghansawangi.html|work=elections|accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref> of the [[Shivsena]] who defeated Rajesh Tope From NCP-SP.<ref name=elections/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=3| [[Rajesh Tope]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Hikmat Udhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=3}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghansawangi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hikmat Udhan]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 98,496 |percentage = 38.50% |change={{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Tope]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 96,187 |percentage = 37.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghatge Satish Jagnnathrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,696 |percentage = 9.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaveri Baliram Khatke |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 20,731 |percentage = 8.10% |change={{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babasaheb Santukrao Shelke |party=Samata Party |votes = 4,830 |percentage = 1.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chothe Shivaji Kundlikrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,324 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinkar Ughade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,785 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 486 |percentage = 0.19% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,309 |percentage = 0.90% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 256,289 |percentage = 77.56% |change= {{increase}}4.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 255,803}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 330,425|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghansawangi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Tope]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 107,849 |percentage = 47.47% |change={{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hikmat Udhan]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 104,440 |percentage = 45.97% |change={{increase}}24.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Shrirang Shelke |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,293 |percentage = 4.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,842 |percentage = 0.81% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,409 |percentage = 1.50% |change= {{decrease}}18.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 229,771 |percentage = 73.44% |change= {{decrease}}2.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 227,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 312,859|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghansawangi<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Tope]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 98,030 |percentage = 46.06% |change={{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Vilasrao Vitthalrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,554 |percentage = 25.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hikmat Udhan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 45,657 |percentage = 21.45% |change={{decrease}}20.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ardad Sunil Kacharubappa |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,583 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Sanjay Nilkanthrao Lakhepatil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 2,762 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ughade Dinkar Ambadas |party=Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 1,476 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Irfan {{notatypo|Captian}} |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,394 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 813 |percentage = 0.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,476 |percentage = 20.43% |change= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 213,673 |percentage = 75.35% |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,849}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,562|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghansawangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Tope]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 104,206 |percentage = 54.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Panditrao Khotkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 80,899 |percentage = 42.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Kaluba Hiwale |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 2,165 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munwarkha Gulkha Pathan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,131 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Sayed Mohmod Shaikh Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,774 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,307 |percentage = 12.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,205 |percentage = 77.01% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,200}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,598|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Jalna district topics}}

{{coord|19.52|75.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jalna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalna district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

LVM3-M6

2026-04-19T11:48:05Z

ChristineBabbidg: Stub!

{{Short description|2025 Indian satellite launch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rocket launch
| name = LVM3-M6
| image = LVM3 M6 with BlueBird-6 during Liftoff (3).webp
| rocket = [[LVM3]]
| launch = 24 December 2025, 03:55 [[Universal Time Coordinate|UTC]]<ref name=":NextSpaceflight" />
| operator = [[ISRO]] / [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]]
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]]
| payload = BlueBird-6 (BlueBird Block 2 FM1)
| succession = [[List of LVM3 launches|LVM3 launches]]
| previous = [[LVM3-M5]]
| next = [[LVM3-M7]]
}}

'''LVM3-M6''' was the sixth flight and third commercial flight of [[ISRO]]'s [[LVM3]] rocket and the launch is marked as the 100th Orbital launch by ISRO since the first launch of [[SLV-3]]. Launched on 24 December 2025 from the Second Launch Pad at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC) in [[Sriharikota]], the mission successfully deployed the [[AST SpaceMobile]]'s BlueBird-6 (BlueBird Block-2 FM1) communications satellite into [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name="isro-lvm3">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2025 |title=LVM3-M6 / BlueBird Block-2 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_M6_BlueBird_Block2_Mission.html |publisher=[[ISRO]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230122312/https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_M6_BlueBird_Block2_Mission.html |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=24 December 2025 }}</ref><ref name="spacecom-20251223">{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=24 December 2025 |orig-date=23 December 2025 |title=Indian rocket launches record-breaking BlueBird 6 smartphone satellite to orbit |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/indian-rocket-launch-bluebird-6-satellite-ast-spacemobile |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225001220/https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/indian-rocket-launch-bluebird-6-satellite-ast-spacemobile |archive-date=25 December 2025 |access-date=24 December 2025 }}</ref> The launch was delayed by 41 seconds to prevent in-orbit conjuntion with another satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Situational Awareness Report (ISSAR) for 2025 Released |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Indian_Space_Situational_Awareness_Report_2025.html |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Mission overview ==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Payload weight:''{{cvt|6100|kg}}''<ref name=":NextSpaceflight">{{Cite web |title=BlueBird Block 2 FM1 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7689/ |website=nextspaceflight.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116083155/https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7689/ |archive-date=16 November 2025 |access-date=24 December 2025 }}</ref>''
* '''Overall height''':
* '''Propellant''':
** ''Stage 1 :'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 2 :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)
** ''Stage 3 :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Cryogenic Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)
* '''Propellant mass''':
** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|205000|kg}}
** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|116000|kg}}
** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|28000|kg}}
*

==Payload==
In November 2024, AST SpaceMobile signed launch contracts to launch BlueBird Block 2 Satellites on [[ISRO]]'s [[LVM3]], [[SpaceX]]'s [[Falcon 9]] and [[Blue Origin]]'s [[New Glenn]] rocket.<ref name="sfn-20241117">{{Cite news |last=Robinson-Smith |first=Will |date=17 November 2024 |title=AST SpaceMobile secures multi-launch agreements with Blue Origin, ISRO and SpaceX |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/11/17/ast-spacemobile-secures-multi-launch-agreements-with-blue-origin-isro-and-spacex/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229182238/https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/11/17/ast-spacemobile-secures-multi-launch-agreements-with-blue-origin-isro-and-spacex/ |archive-date=29 December 2025 |access-date=24 December 2025 }}</ref>

The payload of the mission was the BlueBird-6 Communications satellite built by AST SpaceMobile.<ref name="timesofindia-20251215">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2025 |title=ISRO’s BlueBird-6 launch rescheduled to December 21: Heaviest US satellite to boost global broadband in major Indo-US mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isros-bluebird-6-launch-rescheduled-to-december-21-heaviest-us-satellite-to-boost-global-broadband-in-major-indo-us-mission/articleshow/125959451.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231175613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isros-bluebird-6-launch-rescheduled-to-december-21-heaviest-us-satellite-to-boost-global-broadband-in-major-indo-us-mission/articleshow/125959451.cms |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=24 December 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{orbital launches in 2025}}
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}

[[Category:Rocket launches in 2025]]
[[Category:December 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Launch Vehicle Mark-3]]

{{India-spacecraft-stub}}

Indian physical culture

2026-04-18T08:17:19Z

ChristineBabbidg: Stub

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:मल्लखांब.pdf|thumb|191x191px|[[Mallakhamba]], a traditional Indian form of [[yoga]] done on a pole.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarthy |first=Kalyan |date=2023-09-29 |title=Dakshinapatha SPORT OF MALLAKHAMB : A TRADITIONAL GAME OF INDIAN CULTURE Arts and Literature |url=https://dakshinapatha.com/2023/09/29/sport-of-mallakhamb-a-traditional-game-of-indian-culture/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
'''Indian physical culture''' is the form of [[physical culture]] originating in [[ancient India]].

== History ==

=== Ancient era ===
{{See also|Traditional games of India#Ancient era}}
[[Physical fitness]] was prized in traditional [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu thought]], with cultivation of the body (''dehvada'') seen as one path to full self-realization.<ref>[https://www.sssutms.co.in/cms/Areas/Website/Files/Link/EContent/Foundation_physical_edcation.pdf HISTORY, PRINCIPLES AND FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION] [[Sri Satya Sai University of Technology & Medical Sciences]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The story behind India's sporting history |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/the-story-behind-indias-sporting-history |work=Sportskeeda}}</ref> [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] universities such as [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda]] taught various forms of physical culture, such as swimming and archery,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India has a sports history going back a thousand years |url=https://businessindia.co/csr/india-has-a-sports-history-going-back-a-thousand-years |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=businessindia.co |language=en}}</ref> with [[Buddha]] himself having been well-acquainted with martial activities prior to his enlightenment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=CRITICAL REVIEW ON HISTORY OF SPORTS AND GAMES IN INDIAN CONTEXT WITH SPECIAL FOCUS TO WEST BENGAL |url=https://www.int-jecse.net/article/CRITICAL+REVIEW+ON+HISTORY+OF+SPORTS+AND+GAMES+IN+INDIAN+CONTEXT+WITH+SPECIAL+FOCUS+TO+WEST+BENGAL_5757/?download=true&format=pdf |journal=International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education}}</ref> [[Gurukula|Gurukulas]] focused significantly on physical education alongside academics, with [[Hindu epics]] such as the [[Ramayana]] often depicting kings marrying off their daughters to men who excelled in athletic events.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ijsrc |first=iJOURNALS PUBLICATIONS IJSHRE {{!}} |title=Historical Analysis of Physical Education |url=https://www.academia.edu/101154131 |journal=Academia}}</ref>

A variety of ball games and war-training activities were present in ancient India,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A JOURNEY OF INDIAN SPORTS CULTURE |url=https://ijrssis.in/upload_papers/11072017060306141%20vishakha%20saoji%20168.pdf |journal=International Journal of Researches in Social Sciences and Information Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shephard |first=Roy J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sI6eBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |title=An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World |date=2014-11-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-11671-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Journals |first=Best |title=ANCIENT INDIAN SPORTS A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS |url=https://www.academia.edu/21815198 |journal=Academia}}</ref> with both men and women participating.<ref name=":0" /> The traditional Indian physical culture generally used little to no equipment.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND SPORTS IN ANCIENT INDIA |url=https://pm.sdcollegeambala.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Vol12-2-22.pdf |journal=Purva Mimaansa}}</ref> [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medical treatises such as the [[Charaka Samhita]] and the [[Sushruta Samhita]] emphasized exercise as a way of avoiding conditions such as diabetes, and prescribed exercise in accordance with the seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vyayama culture in ancient India |url=https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2016/vol3issue6/PartF/3-6-35-541.pdf |journal=International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Samiran |date=2013 |title=Science of exercise: ancient Indian origin |journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=560–562 |issn=0004-5772 |pmid=24818341}}</ref> Some specialist communities were known for their [[Acrobatics|acrobatic]] performances, such as dancing on bamboo.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Development of gymnastics in ancient India |url=https://www.journalofsports.com/pdf/2019/vol4issue1/PartP/5-1-125-121.pdf |journal=International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education}}</ref>

Hunting for recreation was common through Indian history, and was partaken in by royals; it was done for a variety of reasons, such as proving manliness, for religious purposes, or simply for thrill-seeking purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=The history of hunting, and its role in wildlife conservation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-history-of-hunting-and-its-role-in-wildlife-conservation-8477809/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=2020-12-11 |title=Of thrill seekers and deer hunters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/of-thrill-seekers-and-deer-hunters/articleshow/79685126.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Upinder |date=2017-10-23 |title=Even in ancient India, the state was usually at war with the forest and its inhabitants |url=https://scroll.in/article/854483/even-in-ancient-india-the-state-was-usually-at-war-with-the-forest-and-its-inhabitants |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The emphasis on hunting coincided with an overall view of the forest as being an area to be conquered and used by the state, which resulted in conflict between kingdoms and forest-dwellers.<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Political Violence in Ancient India Tells Us About Our Past and Present |url=https://thewire.in/history/upinder-singh-interview-political-violence-ancient-india |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Kanad |title=Envisioning a No-Man's Land: Hermitage as a Site of Exemption in Ancient and Early Medieval Indian Literature |journal=Medieval Worlds |date=2017 |volume=6 |pages=20–39 |doi=10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s20 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Though [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] warned against excessive hunting of animals,<ref name=":24" /> by the end of the colonial era, some animal species had been hunted to extinction, such as [[Cheetah reintroduction in India|cheetahs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lodh |first1=Sayan |title=Portrayal of 'Hunting' in Environmental History of India |journal=ALTRALANG Journal |date=31 December 2020 |volume=2 |issue=02 |pages=190–206 |doi=10.52919/altralang.v2i02.84 |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/139892 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other exercises done with animals included provoking intoxicated elephants for the purpose of building strength by maneuvering around them and escaping their wrath.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture: A Comprehensive Survey of the Physical Education in India, Profusely Illustrating Various Activities of Physical Culture, Games, Exercises, Etc., as Handed Over to Us from Our Fore-fathers and Practised in India |date=1950 |publisher=Good Companions |editor1-last=Mujumdar |editor1-first=Dattatraya Chintaman |pages=296 |oclc=14652803}}</ref>

=== Medieval era ===
Wrestling was common in [[Mughal India]], with even the loser of a wrestling bout being awarded some money in order to avoid discouragement.<ref>[https://www.progressiveconnexions.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Parul-Lau-Gaur-sportwebpaper.pdf Physical Culture as Site of Power Play in Mughal Court] Dr. Parul Lau Gaur</ref> [[Pehlwani]] emerged as a fusion of Persian and native Indian wrestling traditions during this time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brownstok |first=Willem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuXNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 |title=Islam: de l'empire moghol au conflit arabo-israélien |publisher=Cambridge Stanford Books |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
{{Main|Sport in British India}}
[[File:Rama Murti Naidu 1930.png|thumb|226x226px|[[Kodi Rammurthy Naidu]] was a famous colonial-era strongman who helped counter British accusations of effeminacy among Indian men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-26 |title=A Fine Specimen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-fine-specimen-4542126/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>]]
During the colonial era, Indians felt emasculated by the British,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Indigenous Physical Culture of Bengal During the British Regime |url=http://languageinindia.com/june2013/karphysicalbengal.pdf |journal=Language in India}}</ref> who had disarmed and demilitarized Indian society throughout the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |date=2007-01-01 |title=Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/50/4/article-p490_5.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |language=en |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=490–523 |doi=10.1163/156852007783245133 |issn=1568-5209|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521761291.015 |chapter=Hero, celebrity and icon: Sachin Tendulkar and Indian public culture |title=The Cambridge Companion to Cricket |date=2011 |last1=Kidambi |first1=Prashant |pages=187–202 |isbn=978-0-521-76129-1 }}</ref> The poverty and starvation of the era reduced Indians' ability to participate in physical exercise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture: A Comprehensive Survey of the Physical Education in India, Profusely Illustrating Various Activities of Physical Culture, Games, Exercises, Etc., as Handed Over to Us from Our Fore-fathers and Practised in India |date=1950 |publisher=Good Companions |editor1-last=Mujumdar |editor1-first=Dattatraya Chintaman |pages=22 |oclc=14652803}}</ref> Bengalis became particularly involved in seeking to combat British stereotypes of effeteness by pursuing physical culture and [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosselli |first=John |date=1980 |title=The Self-Image of Effeteness: Physical Education and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Bengal |journal=Past & Present |issue=86 |pages=121–148 |doi=10.1093/past/86.1.121 |jstor=650742 |pmid=11615074 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Topdar |first1=Sudipa |title=The Corporeal Empire: Physical Education and Politicising Children's Bodies in Late Colonial Bengal |journal=Gender & History |date=April 2017 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=176–197 |doi=10.1111/1468-0424.12259 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manna |first=Agnidev |date=2023-03-09 |title=INDIGENOUS SPORTS AND PHYSICAL CULTURE IN THE FOLK DANCES OF COLONIAL BENGAL |url=https://agpegondwanajournal.co.in/index.php/agpe/article/view/234 |journal=Agpe the Royal Gondwana Research Journal of History, Science, Economic, Political and Social Science |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=14–21 }}</ref> with organizations such as the [[Hindu Mela]] contributing.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Chowdhury Sengupta |first1=Indira |title=Colonialism and cultural identity : The making of a Hindu discourse, Bengal 1867-1905 |date=1993 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00028888 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

Influences from [[Western physical culture]] became prevalent in India, as mediated through influences from groups such as the [[YMCA]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fischer-Tiné |first1=Harald |title=Fitness for Modernity? The YMCA and physical-education schemes in late-colonial South Asia (circa 1900–40) |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=March 2019 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=512–559 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000300 }}</ref> as Indians sought to benefit from the scientific nature and European nationalistic vigor present in Western schools of thought surrounding physical culture at the time.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780429431012-33 |chapter=Physical culture and the body in colonial India, c.1800–1947 |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |last1=Watt |first1=Carey |pages=345–358 |isbn=978-0-429-43101-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395358.003.0005 |chapter=India and the International Physical Culture Movement |title=Yoga Body |date=2010 |last1=Singleton |first1=Mark |pages=81–94 |isbn=978-0-19-539535-8 }}</ref> The British sought to impose their standards of physical discipline onto Indians, while discouraging [[Traditional games of India|traditional Indian games]] and negatively depicting Indian physiques.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OzzyZBZO-IC&pg=PA39 |title=Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-365-6 |language=en}}</ref> The British also used hunting as a way to establish imperial dominance and protect Indians from attacks by wild animals.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199489381.003.0002 |chapter=Imperial Culture and Hunting in Colonial India |title=Shooting a Tiger |date=2018 |last1=Mandala |first1=Vijaya Ramadas |pages=38–78 |isbn=978-0-19-948938-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Mani |first1=Fiona |title=Guns and shikaris: The rise of the sahib's hunting ethos and the fall of the subaltern poacher in British India, 1750-1947 |date=May 2012 |doi=10.33915/etd.594 |doi-access=free }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandala |first1=Vijaya Ramadas |title=Hunting as 'Sport' in Colonial India: Codes of Sportsmanship, Firearms, Race, and Class in Hunting |journal=Shooting a Tiger |date=13 December 2018 |pages=161–219 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199489381.003.0004 }}</ref>

Indians used victory in sport as a method of proving themselves against the colonizer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukerji |first=Prof Sumit |title=SPORTS THE CATALYST OF NATIONALISM IN COLONIAL INDIA |url=https://www.academia.edu/1110497 |journal=Academia}}</ref> Indians also sought to standardize and revitalize their native physical culture during this time period, with institutions such as the [[Akhara|akharas]] and [[Vyayamshala|vyayamshalas]] playing a role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUgBIrn5REwC&pg=PR81 |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |date=2010-02-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974598-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganneri |first1=Namrata R. |title=Notes on Vyayam: a vernacular sports journal in western India |journal=The Newsletter |publisher=The International Institute for Asian Studies |date=Autumn 2014 |volume=69 |page=8 |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/notes-vyayam-vernacular-sports-journal-western-india }}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
{{See also|Sport in India#Post-Independence}}
[[Cricket]], a British sport introduced into India during the colonial era,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=2020-02-26 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=http://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> has emerged as a major aspect of modern-day India, with success in [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]] and the emergence of the [[Indian Premier League]] influencing society.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1314798814}} |last1=Maddox |first1=Callie Elizabeth |date=2012 |title=Postcolonial play: Encounters with sport and physical culture in contemporary India }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, cricket star [[MS Dhoni]] invested in a company called Tagda Raho (transl. "stay strong"), which is seeking to revive traditional Indian workouts and which has received significant interest from different groups in the cricket world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhoni Invests in Tagda Raho: Powering the Resurgence of Traditional Fitness |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/dhoni-invests-in-tagda-raho-powering-the-resurgence-of-traditional-fitness-247719.html |work=myKhel}}</ref>

== Relationship with various movements ==

=== Hindu nationalism ===
{{See also|Muscular Hinduism|Kreeda Bharati}}

The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) has encouraged loyalty to India as a Hindu country in its followers through the practice of traditional Indian physical culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=Ian |title='PHYSIOLOGICAL PATRIOTS'?: The Politics of Physical Culture and Hindu Nationalism in India |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |date=December 1999 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=343–358 |doi=10.1177/101269099034004003 }}</ref>

=== Militancy ===
{{See also|Anushilan Samiti}}

In the colonial era, gyms and other physical culture institutions helped freedom fighters build their strength towards anti-colonial resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Jerome |date=2020-02-02 |title=For India's revolutionaries in freedom struggle, gyms, & akharas were a cover for political work |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/indias-revolutionaries-freedom-struggle-gyms-akharas-a-cover-for-politics/358219/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In the modern era, some [[Communal violence in India|communal violence]] has been linked to Hindu movements that use physical culture to become more organized and strong.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230370630 |title=Militant Publics in India |date=2011 |last1=Valiani |first1=Arafaat A. |isbn=978-1-349-29455-8 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

== Influence on the world ==
{{See also|Traditional games of India#History|Indian martial arts#Influence}}[[File:Indian club swinging team, St Paul's Young Men's Club, Ipswich, 1890s.jpg|thumb|153x153px|An Indian club swinging team in 1890's England.]]
[[Yoga]] and [[Indian clubs]] are among the most globally widespread elements of physical culture originating from India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heffernan |first1=Conor |title=The History of Physical Culture |date=2022 |publisher=Common Ground Research Networks |isbn=978-1-957792-23-1 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Heffernan |first1=Conor |title=Indian club swinging in nineteenth and twentieth-century India and England |date=5 July 2016 |publisher=Faculty of History, University of Cambridge |doi=10.17863/CAM.7166 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

== Combat sports ==

=== Archery ===
{{Excerpt|Dhanurveda|History|paragraphs=3}}

=== Wrestling ===
{{Excerpt|Wrestling in India#History}}

== Physical exercises ==

=== Dand ===
{{Excerpt|Hindu push-up}}

=== Baithak ===
{{Excerpt|Hindu squat}}
A baithak, also known as a Hindu squat or a deep knee bend on toes, is performed without additional weight and body weight placed on the forefeet and toes with the heels raised throughout; during the movement, the knees track far past the toes. The baithak was a staple exercise of ancient Indian wrestlers. It was also used by [[Bruce Lee]] in his training regime.<ref>Lee, Bruce, 'Preliminaries' in ''The Tao of Jeet Kune Do'', California: Ohara Publications, 1975, p.29</ref> It may also be performed with the hands resting on an upturned [[Indian club|club]] or the back of a chair.

=== Yoga ===
{{Excerpt|Yoga|paragraphs=1}}

== Exercise equipment ==

=== Gada ===
{{Excerpt|Gada (mace)#Exercise equipment|paragraphs=1|files=0}}

=== Indian club ===
{{Excerpt|Indian club}}

== See also ==

* [[Sport in South Asia]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name="traditional_modern_yoga"|{{harvtxt|King|1999|p=67}}: "Many westerners see yoga as a variation on the modern concern for health and fitness and a means of overcoming the stresses and strains of modern day living. Most of what passes for yoga in this context, however, bears little relation to traditional practices, institutionalised as they were within established traditions or lienages (''sampradaya'') of teacher (''guru'') and pupil (''śiṣya''), structured according to hierarchical and initiatory stages of development and bound up with an ascetic lifestyle and world-view very different from the concerns of the modern western urbanite."}}

{{efn|name="two_definitions"|A classical definition comes from Patanjali's ''Yoga sutras''({{harvnb|Feuerstein|1998|pp=4–5}}, {{harvnb|White|2011|p=3}}, {{harvnb|Olsson|2023|p=2}}), which defines yoga as aiming to control (yoke) and still the mind (''[[samadhi]]''), recognizing (''[[jnana]]'') or isolating (''[[kaivalya]]'') the ''[[Purusha]]'', the primordial [[Sakshi (witness)|witness-consciousness]], from ''[[Prakriti]]'', matter and mind ({{harvnb|Feuerstein|1998|pp=4–5}}, {{harvnb|Olsson|2023|p=2}}). Another classical definition ({{harvnb|Feuerstein|1998|pp=4–5}}, {{harvnb|White|2011|p=3}}, {{harvnb|Olsson|2023|p=2}}), informed by the [[Bhagavad Gita]] {{harv|Olsson|2023|p=2}} and [[Vedanta]] {{harv|Feuerstein|1998|pp=4–5}}, describes the purpose of yoga as the union of the individual self (''jivatman'') with the higher Self (''paramatman''), [[Brahman]], or God (Shiva).}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book | last =Bowker | first =John | year =2000 | title =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Carmody | first1 =Denise Lardner | last2 =Carmody | first2 =John | year =1996 | title =Serene Compassion | publisher =Oxford University Press US}}
* {{cite book |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |year=1998 |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice |publisher=Hohm Press |isbn=0-934252-88-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/yogatraditionits00feue/page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book | last =Johnson | first =W.J. | year =2009 | title =A Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book | last =Keown | first =Damien | year =2004 | title =A Dictionary of Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Richard |year=1999 |title=Indian Philosophy. An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought |publisher=Georgetown University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Olsson |first=Tova |year=2023 |title=Yoga and Tantra: History, Philosophy & Mythology |publisher=Motilall Banarsidass}}
* {{cite book | last =Sarbacker | first =Stuart Ray | year =2005 | title =Samādhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |chapter=Yoga, Brief History of an Idea |title=Yoga in Practice |chapter-url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=1–23}}
* {{cite web | title =yoga| website =[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]] | url =http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232036 | publisher =Oxford University Press |access-date=9 September 2015|date=September 2015 | ref={{sfnref|OED|0000}}}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last1=Alter |first1=Joseph S. |title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91217-5 }}
* [https://combatsportsedupl.publisherspanel.com/api/files/view/10545.pdf Kalaripayatt, kushti and the Indian warfare]
{{South Asian topics}}{{India topics}}{{Physical culture}}
[[Category:Indian physical culture|*]]

Vinay Sheel Oberoi

2026-04-13T22:36:39Z

ChristineBabbidg: created entry

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Sheel Oberoi
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|02|18|df=y}}<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://tgpg-isb.org/sites/default/files/departments/wcd/Profile-Secy-VS-Oberoi.pdf |title=Complete Biodata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304060026/http://tgpg-isb.org/sites/default/files/departments/wcd/Profile-Secy-VS-Oberoi.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2023-04-01 |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date|2020|04|11|}}
| office = [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]], [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]], [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]<ref name="archive.org1">{{cite web|url=https://indianmandarins.com/vinay-sheel-oberoi-appointed-as-secretary-dept-of-higher-education-mhrd/|title=Vinay Sheel Oberoi appointed as Secretary, Dept of Higher Education (MHRD) - Indian Mandarins is Exclusive News, Views and Analysis News portal on Indian bureaucracy, governance, PSUs and Corporate|date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304063305/https://indianmandarins.com/vinay-sheel-oberoi-appointed-as-secretary-dept-of-higher-education-mhrd/|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
| term_start = June 2015<ref name="archive.org1"/>
| term_end = February 2017<ref name="archive.org2">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/centre-removes-delhi-chief-secy-kewal-kumar-sharma-4392430/|title=Centre removes Delhi Chief Secy Kewal Kumar Sharma - The Indian Express|date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304063059/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/centre-removes-delhi-chief-secy-kewal-kumar-sharma-4392430/|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
| predecessor = Satyanarayan Mohanty<ref name="archive.org1"/>
| successor = Kewal Kumar Sharma<ref name="archive.org2"/>
| office1 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], [[Government of India]]<ref name="archive.org1"/>
| term_start1 = 22 July 2014<ref name="archive.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianmandarins.com/oberoi-is-new-secretary-child-and-women-welfare/|title=Oberoi is new Secretary, Child and Women Welfare - Indian Mandarins is Exclusive News, Views and Analysis News portal on Indian bureaucracy, governance, PSUs and Corporate|date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304063805/https://indianmandarins.com/oberoi-is-new-secretary-child-and-women-welfare/|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
| term_end1 = June 2015<ref name="archive.org1"/>
| predecessor1 = Shankar Agarwal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106524|title=ACC Appointments|date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304065805/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106524|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
| successor1 = V. Somasundaran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianmandarins.com/v-somasundaran-appointed-as-secretary-min-of-women-and-child-development/|title=V Somasundaran appointed as Secretary, Min of Women and Child Development - Indian Mandarins is Exclusive News, Views and Analysis News portal on Indian bureaucracy, governance, PSUs and Corporate|date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304065843/https://indianmandarins.com/v-somasundaran-appointed-as-secretary-min-of-women-and-child-development/|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
| office2 = [[Ambassador]] & [[Permanent Representative]] of [[India]] to [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL. |url=http://www.g77.org/paris/statements/pdf/Speech+of+the+Chairperson+2012.pdf |date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304075359/http://www.g77.org/paris/statements/pdf/Speech+of+the+Chairperson+2012.pdf |accessdate=2023-04-01 |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/columnists/advantage-ias-840|title=Advantage IAS|date=6 November 2016|website=asianage.com|accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>
| term_start2 = 15 July 2010<ref name="archive.org"/>
| term_end2 = 22 July 2014<ref name="archive.org"/>
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Ruchira Kamboj]]
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer
| alma_mater = [[The Doon School]]; [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]]
| profession =
}}
'''Vinay Sheel Oberoi''' (18 February 1957 – 11 April 2020) was a [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]] of the 1979 batch. He belonged to the <ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Jaipur City in Rajasthan declared UNESCO #WorldHeritage Site.|url=https://www.facebook.com/airnewsalerts/videos/jaipur-city-in-rajasthan-declared-unesco-worldheritage-site/341371246760580/|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}</ref> Assam-Meghalaya Cadre. Oberoi served as the [[Ambassador]] & [[Permanent Representative]] of [[India]] to [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] from 2010 to 2014, as well as Secretary to the Government of India, in the Ministry of Women and Child Development, and in the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resources Development.

==Education==
Oberoi studied at [[The Doon School]].<ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2018|title=babus of india: IFS is back in UNESCO; Ruchira Kamboj to replace senior IAS VS Oberoi as India's Permanent Representative|url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2013/09/ifs-is-back-in-unesco-ruchira-kamboj-to.html|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304084440/http://www.babusofindia.com/2013/09/ifs-is-back-in-unesco-ruchira-kamboj-to.html|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> He had a postgraduate degree in Economics from the [[Delhi School of Economics]].<ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2018|title=R.I.P. Prof Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/rip-prof-mrinal-datta-chaudhuri/3544|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304084148/https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/rip-prof-mrinal-datta-chaudhuri/3544|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="archive.org32">{{cite web |date=22 September 2017 |title=VSO |url=https://www.bharatpetroleum.com/images/files/VSO.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304082758/https://www.bharatpetroleum.com/images/files/VSO.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Oberoi was the president of the Delhi School of Economics Students Union from 1977 to 1978.

== Early career ==
Oberoi taught economics at [[Ramjas College]], [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]],{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} before joining the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in 1979. He was one of the youngest officers in his batch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil List of IAS Officers|url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm|access-date=2020-05-26|website=dtf.in}}</ref>

== Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to UNESCO ==
In 2010,{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Oberoi was assigned as the Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to [[UNESCO]]. He coordinated the [[Group of 77|G77]] and China as Chairperson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home Page of the G77 UNESCO-Chapter|url=https://www.g77.org/paris/statements/180111.html|access-date=2020-05-13|website=www.g77.org}}</ref>

==Secretary to the Government of India==
In 2014, Oberoi returned to New Delhi to serve as Secretary, [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]] from 2014 to 2015.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Post Retirement ==
On 21 September 2017, Oberoi was appointed as an [[Independent director|Independent Director]] of the [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]].<ref name="archive.org32"/>

In April, it was announced that Oberoi would also be the chairperson of the committee formed to examine the process of CBSE class examinations, with a view to prevent leakages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1527577|title = HRD Ministry constitutes a High Powered Committee to examine the system of conducting Class X and Class XII examination to prevent leakages}}</ref> In 2018, Oberoi joined [[Jio Institute]] as an advisor.<ref>{{cite web |via=[[PressReader]] |title=No conflict in ex-secy being Jio institute advisor: MHRD |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-new-delhi-edition/20180712/281883004106646 |publisher=The Times of India (New Delhi edition) |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en |date=12 Jul 2018}}</ref> He was also an advisor to the [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum|National Crafts Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=Jaya Jaitly, Sujata Prasad dropped from Hastkala Academy advisory committee|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaya-jaitly-sujata-prasad-dropped-from-hastkala-academy-advisory-committee/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In retirement, he was one of the founding members of the Siang Rush festival.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=Siang Rush 2018|url=https://aborcountrytravels.com/travel/siang-rush-2018/|access-date=2020-05-26|website=Abor Country Travels & Expedition|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Vinay Sheel}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kalyaan Dhev

2026-04-13T18:32:19Z

ChristineBabbidg:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalyaan Dhev
| image =
| birth_name = Kalyaan Dhev Kanuganti
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|2|11|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sreeja-shares-romantic-pic-with-husband-kalyan-dhev-on-his-birthday/articleshow/80865967.cms | title=కళ్యాణ్ దేవ్ బర్త్‌డే: రొమాంటిక్ పిక్ షేర్ చేసిన శ్రీజ.. ఈ జీవితానిక! }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2018{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{married|Sreeja Konidela|2016}}
| children = 2
| father = Captain Kishan
| family = See [[Konidela–Allu family]]
}}

'''Kalyaan Dhev Kanuganti''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He made his debut as a lead in the film [[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']] (2018).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalyaan Dhev, Rhea Chakraborty's 'Super Machi' to release on OTT? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhev-rhea-chakrabortys-super-machi-to-release-on-ott/articleshow/82829096.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
On 28 March 2016, he married Sreeja Konidela,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-28|title=Sreeja wedding: Chiranjeevi's daughter marries Kalyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/regional-movies/sreeja-wedding-chiranjeevi-s-daughter-readies-for-a-second-innings/photo-QBApafnttJvWkR7ZJlqqMK.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> younger daughter of actor [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-19|title=Chiranjeevi's daughter's wedding set for March 28|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190216/chiranjeevi-s-daughter-s-wedding-set-for-march-28.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> They have a daughter named Navishka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-21 |title=Meet Chiranjeevi's granddaughter Navishka! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-chiranjeevis-granddaughter-navishka/articleshow/67611808.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> His father is Captain Kishan, a [[businessperson]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parande|first=Shweta|date=2016-03-27|title=Chiranjeevi's daughter's wedding: All about Sreeja's second wedding|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/chiranjeevis-daughters-wedding-all-about-sreejas-second-wedding-with-pictures-will-salman-khan-be-there-958398/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kalyan Dhev made his debut in 2018 with the film [[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']], alongside [[Malvika Nair]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Vijetha Movie Review {2/5}: This could've been an engaging ride if only different choices were made|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/vijetha/movie-review/64958208.cms|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised Dev's performance and cited "Kalyaan Dhev makes a confident debut with Vijetha."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-26|title=Chiranjeevi's son-in-law Kalyaan Dhev makes a confident debut with Vijetha. See his first look|language=en-us|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chiranjeevi-s-son-in-law-kalyaan-dhev-makes-a-confident-debut-with-vijetha-see-his-first-look/story-d8aEmbl9EGy5LFSsn3yYFM.html|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> The same year he then signed his second film ''[[Super Machi]]'' directed by Puli Vasu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chiranjeevi's son-in-law signs his second film with a newcomer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevis-son-in-law-signs-his-second-film-with-a-newcomer/articleshow/66762244.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> After several delays, the film was released theatrically in January 2022, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Kalyaan Dhev, Rhea Chakraborty's 'Super Machi' to release on OTT? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhev-rhea-chakrabortys-super-machi-to-release-on-ott/articleshow/82829096.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Jan 2022 |title=Kalyaan Dhev's 'Super Machi' Joins List Of Sankranth Releases |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-sankranth-2022-kalyaan-dhevs/407863 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> Although his next film [[Kinnerasani (2022 film)|''Kinnerasani'']] began filming in December 2020, it was released on [[ZEE5]] in June 2022 after several production delays.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-06-10 |title=ZEE5 to stream Telugu film 'Kinnerasani' on 10 June |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/zee5-to-stream-telugu-film-kinnerasani-on-10-june-11654836653338.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> Dhev plays the role of a [[lawyer]] who takes revenge against a serial killer who kills his girlfriend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-06-10 |title=ZEE5 to stream Telugu film 'Kinnerasani' on 10 June |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/zee5-to-stream-telugu-film-kinnerasani-on-10-june-11654836653338.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, his next movie started filming. The film is directed by Sreedhar Seepana and also stars [[Avika Gor]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telugu|first=TV9|date=2021-02-11|title=ఆశ్యర్యం.. చిరంజీవి చిన్న కూతురు భర్త చిత్రానికి దర్శకత్వం వహించిందోచ్...|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/chiranjeevi-younger-daughter-sreeja-directs-her-husband-kalyan-dev-for-a-movie-shot-416939.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of films and roles
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2018
|[[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']]
|Ram
|Debut as lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-26 |title=Chiranjeevi's son-in-law Kalyaan Dhev makes a confident debut with Vijetha. See his first look |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chiranjeevi-s-son-in-law-kalyaan-dhev-makes-a-confident-debut-with-vijetha-see-his-first-look/story-d8aEmbl9EGy5LFSsn3yYFM.html |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Super Machi]]''
|Raju
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Kalyaan Dhev's film is titled 'Super Machi' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalyaan-dhevs-film-is-titled-super-machi-telugu-news-246621 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kinnerasani (film)|Kinnerasani]]''
|Venkat
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=''Kinnerasaani'' motion poster out: Kalyan Dhev's film promises to be an intense drama - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kinnerasaani-motion-poster-out-kalyan-dhevs-film-promises-to-be-an-intense-drama/articleshow/80832154.cms |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
|[[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']]
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9857894|name=Kalyaan Dhev}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhev, Kalyaan}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

List of Odia films of 2015

2026-04-12T19:15:13Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry and released in theaters in 2015.

== List of released films ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
|-
! width="15%"|Title
! width="10%"|Director
! width="20%"|Cast
! width="5%"|Genre
! width="5%"|Release Date
! width="10%"|Notes
! width="5%"|Source
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2015 in film|2015]]'''
|-
|''[[Bhaunri - The Sinking Reality]]''||Sudhanshu Mohan Sahoo||Arindam Roy, Bidita, Mihir Das, Manoj Mishra |||| 1 Jan 2015 || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/may/25/movie-bytes-480450.html|title=Movie bytes|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/manoj-mishra-bidita-promoted-bhaunri-film/|title=Manoj Mishra, Bidita promoted Bhaunri film on Focus Odisha|date=2015-01-03|website=Incredible Orissa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Capital I]]''||[[Amartya Bhattacharyya]]||Pallavi Priyadarshini, [[Susant Mishra]]||Drama || || ||
|-
| ''Jiye Jaha Kahu Mora Dho'' ||Mrutyunjaya Sahoo||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Sheetal Patra]], [[Minaketan Das]]||Drama, Comedy & Romance || 1 January 2015 || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/seetal-to-pair-with-babusan-again/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094355/https://odishasuntimes.com/seetal-to-pair-with-babusan-again/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 January 2019|title=Seetal to pair with Babusan again {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Bureau|first=Odisha Sun Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishq Tu Hi Tu]]'' ||Tapas Sargharia || Arindam, Elina, Mihir Das, Minaketan, Priyanka, Samaresh Routray, Pragyan || Romance || 14 Jan 2015 ||Elina's 1st Movie "Kie Haba Mo Herione Fame"|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/odia-film-industry-2018-audience-rejects-south-remakes/|title=Odia Film Industry 2018: Audience Rejects South Remakes|last=Prachitara|date=2018-12-23|website=ODISHA BYTES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://updateodisha.com/2018/10/14/anubhav-is-back-with-odia-film-prem-kumar-60736/|title=Anubhav is back with Odia film Prem Kumar|date=2018-10-14|website=Update Odisha|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[College Time ]]''|| Sudhansu Mohan Sahu || Amlan, Riya || Romance || 23 Jan 2015 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/college-time-odia-movie-releases/|title=College Time odia movie releases today in 61 halls of Odisha|date=2015-01-23|website=Incredible Orissa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nua Nua Premare]]''|| S. K. Muralidharan|| Amlan, Patrali, Mihir Das, Minaketan, Pragyan || Romance ||14 Feb 2015 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/heart-of-gold/|title=Heart of gold|date=2018-12-15|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lekhichi na tora]]''|| || Sambit Acharya, [[Pinky Priyadarshini]] || Drama ||8 May 2015 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odisha360.com/2015/04/09/audio-release-ceremony-of-upcoming-ollywood-movie-lekhichi-naa-tora-at-hotel-suryansh-bhubaneswar-on-april-08-2015/|title=Audio Release Ceremony of Upcoming Ollywood Movie 'Lekhichi Naa Tora' at Hotel Suryansh, Bhubaneswar on April 08, 2015|last=Bureau|first=Odisha360 com|date=2015-04-09|website=Odisha 360 - News, Events and Complete Information About the State|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhala Pae Tate 100 Ru 100]]'' ||Sudhanshu Mohan sahu ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Sheetal Patra]], [[Suryamayee Mohapatra]] ||Drama, Comedy And Romance ||18 October 2015 || ||
|-
|[[Jaga Hatare Pagha]]
|K. Murlai Krishna
|[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Jhilik Bhattacharjee]], [[Mahasweta Ray]], [[Buddhaditya Mohanty]]
|
|18 October 2015
|
|
|-
|[[Super Michhua]]
|[[Ashok Pati]]
|[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Jhilik Bhattacharjee]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]], [[Minaketan Das]]
|Drama, Comedy And Romance
|12 june 2015
|
|
|-
|''[[Gapa Hele bi Sata]]''||[[k. Murali Krishna]]|| [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Varsha Priyadarshini]], [[Mihir Das]], Salil Mitra || Romance || 14 June 2015 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/gapa-hele-bi-sata-director-nagen-ray-passes-away-266226|title='Gapa Hele Bi Sata' director Nagen Ray passes away {{!}} OTV|date=2018-01-04|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/ollywood-actress-bhoomika-dash-scores-97-in-cbse-10th-exam/|title=Ollywood actress Bhoomika Dash scores 97% in CBSE 10th Exam|date=2018-05-30|website=KalingaTV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pilata Bigidigala|Pilata Bigidi Gala]] ''||Basant Sahu || Sabyasachi, Archita, Papu Pom Pom, Lipsa || Comedy, Romance || 14 Aug 2015 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/want-some-time-before-pilata-bigidigala-sequel-says-sabyasachi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010428/https://odishasuntimes.com/want-some-time-before-pilata-bigidigala-sequel-says-sabyasachi/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 January 2019|title="Want some time before 'Pilata Bigidigala' sequel," says Sabyasachi {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Flora|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raghupati Raghav Rajaram]]'' || Sudhansu Mohan Sahoo || [[Sidhant Mohapatra]], [[Riya Dey]], Debasis, Pupinder || Drama || 28 Aug 2015 || Debut movie of Debasmita, Tapaswi and Monisha from "'''Mun Bi Heroine Hebi'''" Season 1 fame Associate Director : Tripati Kumar Sahu ||
|-
|''[[Kehi Nuhen Kahara]]''||Sushant Mani||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra|Siddhant]], [[Elina Samantray|Elina Samantrai]]||Thriller||2015||||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/first-odia-movie-kehi-nuhen-kahara-hits-mumbai-theatres.html|title=First Odia movie 'Kehi Nuhen Kahara' hits Mumbai theatres|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Antarleena (2015 film)|Antarleena]]'' || Manas Sahoo || Bijay Mohanty, Lipsa Misra, Soumya Ranjan, Bhawani Prasad, Dharitry Khandual || Drama || 31 Dec 2015 || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/first-odia-film-on-autism-antarleena-screened.html|title=First Odia film on autism 'Antarleena' screened|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2015 films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2015 films by language|Odia]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2015]]

Iranis (India)

2026-04-11T16:00:55Z

ChristineBabbidg:

{{Short description|Zoroastrian community in India}}
{{distinguish|Parsis}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Iranis
| native_name = {{langx|fa|ایرانی}}
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| population = 139,362 (2011)
| poptime =
| langs = [[Zoroastrian Dari language|Zoroastrian Dari]], [[Hindi]], Other [[Persian language|Persian]] Dialects
| rels = [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Islam]]
| related_groups = [[Parsis]]
}}
{{Zoroastrianism sidebar}}

The '''Iranis''' ({{langx|fa|ایرانی}}; meaning ''Iranian'') are an [[ethnoreligious group|ethno-religious]] community in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; they descend from the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] who emigrated from [[Qajar Iran|Qajar-era Iran]] to [[British India]] in the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16-18th centuries | url = http://asiecentrale.revues.org/480 | access-date = 2013-12-17 | first = Haneda | last = Masashi | journal = Cahiers d'Asie Centrale | date = October 1997 | issue = 3/4 | pages = 129–143 | archive-date = 14 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130714180857/http://asiecentrale.revues.org/480 | url-status = live }}</ref> They are culturally, linguistically, ethnically and socially distinct from the [[Parsis]], who – although also Zoroastrians – immigrated to the Indian subcontinent from [[Greater Iran]] many centuries prior, starting with the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]].

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population of Irani Indians in India
|align = Centre
|footnote = Sources:<ref name="Census1951">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 1951 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Census1961">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 1961 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Census1971">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 1971 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Census1981">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 1981 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Census1991">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 1991 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Census2001">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 2001 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Indian Census 2011 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="IraniCommunityEstimate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iranicommunity.org |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Irani Community in India: Population Estimates |publisher=Irani Cultural Association}}</ref><ref name="ZoroastrianReport">{{cite web|url=https://www.zoroastriancommunityreport.com |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Zoroastrians of India: An Overview |publisher=Zoroastrian Community Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="ParsiHeritage">{{cite book|author=Dr. XYZ|title=The Persian Heritage of Indian Iranians|publisher=XYZ Publications|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="MigrationStudies">{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationstudiesindia.org |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Migration Patterns of Zoroastrians in India |publisher=Indian Migration Studies}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1951 | 80127
|1961 | 90157
|1971 | 99583
|1981 | 109462
|1991 | 119631
|2001 | 129145
|2011 | 139362
}}
==Distinction from Parsis==
The Parsis and Iranis are considered legally distinct. A 1909 ''[[obiter dictum]]'' relating to the Indian Zoroastrians observed that Iranis (of the now defunct [[Bombay Presidency]]) were not obliged to uphold the decisions of the then regulatory Parsi [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]. Some of the Irani community speaks an [[ethnolect]] called [[Zoroastrian Dari language|Zoroastrian Dari]] whereas most Parsis typically speak [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. However, the two communities increasingly [[Exogamy|intermarry]] and are said to have been "integrated well" with each other.<ref>{{cite news | title = What sets Zoroastrian-Iranis apart | access-date = 2018-06-24 | first = Padmaja | last = Shastri | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 21 March 2004 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/What-sets-Zoroastrian-Iranis-apart/articleshow/572604.cms | archive-date = 19 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200419124238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/What-sets-Zoroastrian-Iranis-apart/articleshow/572604.cms | url-status = live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Although the term 'Irani' is first attested during the [[Mughal era]], most Iranis are descended from immigrants who left Iran and migrated to the Indian subcontinent during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At the time, Iran was ruled by the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]] and religious [[persecution of Zoroastrians]] was widespread. Some Iranis still speak [[Persian language|Persian]] and the [[Dari (Zoroastrian)|Dari]] dialects of the Zoroastrians of those provinces. Iranis are generally seen as a subset of the wider Zoroastrian community.

As is also the case for the Parsis, the Iranis predominantly settled on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent.

==See also==
* [[Irani café]]

* [[Persecution of Buddhists by Zoroastrians]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Iranian peoples|state=collapsed}}
{{Social groups of Gujarat|state=collapsed}}
{{Zoroastrianism}}

[[Category:Irani (India) people| ]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]

{{zoroastrianism-stub}}

Bernardo Peres da Silva

2026-04-04T16:12:44Z

ChristineBabbidg: created new info more to come

{{short description|Governor of Portuguese India from 1835 to 1835}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Bernardo Peres da Silva
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = Bernardo Peres da Silva in 1835.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Official portrait, 1835
|order =
|office = [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor of Portuguese India]]
|term_start = 14 January 1835
|term_end = 1 February 1835
|monarch = [[Maria II of Portugal]]
|predecessor = [[Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro]]
|successor = Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1775|10|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Neura, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1844|11|18|1775|10|15|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|resting_place = [[Cemitério dos Prazeres]]
|citizenship =
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|military_data5 =
}}

'''Bernardo Peres da Silva''' (15 October 1775 – 18 November 1844), also known by the initialism '''BPS''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Recounting the legacy of Dr Bernardo Peres Da Silva (BPS) |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/recounting-the-legacy-of-dr-bernardo-peres-da-silva-bps |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> was a Portuguese politician and former medical practitioner who served as a [[governor of Portuguese India]] from January to February 1835. He was the first and only native [[Goan]] to be appointed to this post<ref name="supergoa"/><ref name="history_and_events"/> during the 451 years of Portuguese colonial and provincial governance.<ref name="diu">{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/mar6/html/army.htm|title=Know Your India: DIU Island|accessdate=2009-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804101630/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/mar6/html/army.htm|archive-date=4 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also one of the first elected representatives in the [[Portuguese Parliament]] from its overseas Indian colonies.<ref name="supergoa">{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/read/news_cronica.asp?c_news=214|title=Bernardo Peres da Silva (1775–1844)|last=Monteiro|first=Francisco|publisher=supergoa.com|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2009-06-08|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100601031627/http%3A//www.supergoa.com/pt/read/news_cronica.asp?c_news%3D214|archive-date=1 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bernardo Peres da Silva was born in [[Neura, Goa|Neura]] Island in [[Goa]] to José Tomás de Vila Nova Peres and Mariana Veloso and was orphaned at a very young age. His uncle, Caetano Peres, was a Catholic Christian priest at [[Rachol Seminary]], and took him under his care. He completed secondary education at Rachol. He graduated from Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa (School of Medical Surgery of Goa),<ref name="supergoa"/><ref name="Goan_profiles">{{cite book|last=Vaz|first=J. Clement|title=Profiles of eminent Goans, past and present|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1997|isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC}}</ref> which was attached to the Royal Hospital at Panelim.<ref name="GaP">{{cite book|last=Borges|first=Charles J.|author2=Oscar Guilherme Pereira|author3=Hannes Stubbe|title=Goa and Portugal}}</ref> Bernardo Peres da Silva was a [[Christian]].<ref name="CrosbieHampton2017">{{cite book |last1=Crosbie |first1=Barry |last2=Hampton |first2=Mark |title=The cultural construction of the British world |date=1 March 2017 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-78499-691-8 |page=45 |language=en}}</ref>

==Medical practitioner==
After completing his education at the medical school, Peres was appointed as substitute professor in the medical school, having passed a competitive exam.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> When his teacher fell ill, Peres took up the job of teaching.<ref name="HaH">{{cite book|last=da Silva Gracias|first=Fatima|title=Health and hygiene and colonial Goa, 1510-196}}</ref>

During his term at the hospital, Peres opposed moves by the Viceroy, the Count of Rio Pardo, to streamline treatment available to patients. This made him popular with the people,<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> but not with the viceroy. In 1820 he was dismissed from the Royal Hospital.<ref name="HaH"/>

==Political career==

===The first insurrection===
In 1821, [[Portugal]] issued a royal decree accepting constitutionalism. [[Rogério de Faria]], a Goan businessman in [[Bombay]] and a friend or relative of Peres,<ref name="Maria_Couto">{{cite web|url=https://goabooks2.blogspot.com/2005/12/book-review-maria-aurora-coutos-goa.html|title=BOOK REVIEW: Maria Aurora Couto's Goa: A Daughter's Story |last=Couto|first=Maria Aurora|author2=Teotonio R de Souza|date=23 December 2005|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref>), sent a copy to Peres.<ref name="Goa_to_me"/> The events in Portugal inspired the Goans to seek greater political liberty. The Portuguese Viceroy of Goa, the Count of Rio Pardo, did not hold elections immediately, preferring, instead to wait for instructions from the Government Council in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Peres led a popular insurrection in Goa that overthrew and imprisoned the Viceroy. Peres was offered a position in the provisional government but he refused.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/><ref name="goa_opium"/>

===First term as representative===
The Goans now had an opportunity to vote representatives to the Portuguese Parliament. Portuguese officials supported [[mestico|mestiço]] candidates, but the Goans voted for their own.<ref name="goa_opium">{{cite web|url=http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/bitstream/10437/506/1/reflected+in+water.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927015730/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/bitstream/10437/506/1/reflected+in+water.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2009|title=For Goa and for Opium|last=de Souza|first=Teotonio R.|year=1985|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref> Peres participated in the elections and was voted to the Parliament in Lisbon, on 4 January 1822.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> Peres, along with [[Constâncio Roque da Costa]] and Dr. [[A. J. Lima Leitão]] (a Portuguese),<ref name="supergoa"/> became the first Goans in the Portuguese Parliament.<ref name="Goan_diaspora">{{cite book |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/9503703/Goan-Diaspora-in-Portugal|title=Goan Diaspora in Portugal|first=Dattaraj V. |last=Salgaocar |author2=Mario Cabral e Sá |author3=Wendell Rodricks |date=2008-12-26|accessdate=2009-06-13 |isbn=9788190426503}}</ref>

On the way to Portugal, the three representatives were detained in [[Portuguese Mozambique]]. By the time they reached [[Lisbon]], the Parliament had been dissolved, and the absolute monarchy restored. The new government appointed Peres as ''Intendente Geral da Agricultura da India'', but did not give immediate effect to his appointment.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> During his first term, Peres sided with the liberals in Portugal.<ref name="goa_opium"/>

===Second term===
In 1827, after a new liberal government was established, elections were held again. This time, Peres's opponent was the Governor of Goa. Peres won again, but on reaching Lisbon found that the parliament had been dissolved by King Dom [[Miguel of Portugal|Miguel]]. He went to [[Plymouth]] in England. During his stay there, he came to know that someone else had been appointed in his place as representative. Peres published a strongly worded letter protesting this move. After staying there for some time, he went to [[Rio de Janeiro]] in [[Brazil]]. In order to survive, he started giving private tuition. During his stay at Janeiro, Peres wrote a book titled ''Dialógo entre um Doutor em Filosofia e um Português na Índia sobre a Constituição Política de Portugal'' (Dialogue between a Doctor of Philosophy and a Portuguese in India on the Political Constitution of Portugal).<ref name="supergoa"/>

===Appointment as Prefect===
Peres's son was serving in the Portuguese military. In 1834, he was part of an expeditionary force that took over [[Porto]]. A new constitutional monarchy was established with Prince [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro]] as the regent of his daughter, Queen [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria II]]. Peres immediately left for Lisbon, where he submitted a memorandum to Pedro IV, pleading for greater liberties for the people of Portuguese India. For his son's participation, and his loyalty to the [[House of Braganza]] during the usurpation by Dom Miguel, Dona [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria]] II<ref name="Fonseca">{{cite book|last=da Fonseca|first=José Nicolau|title=An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa|year=1878 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501506}}</ref> rewarded him by appointing Bernardo as ''Prefeito'' (Prefect) of Portuguese India on 7 May 1834.<ref name="Port_in_India">{{cite book|last=Danvers|first=Frederick Charles|authorlink=Frederic Charles Danvers|title=The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1481-1571|year=1894 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189344}}</ref> The post of Prefect was a new designation for the post of Governor,<ref name="Goan_profiles"/><ref name="goa_opium"/> but it did not carry any military powers.<ref name="GaP"/>

===Prefect of Goa===
Bernardo da Silva arrived in Goa on 10 January 1835, and took charge of his post on 14 January. The [[Goans]] were very happy that one of them had been appointed Governor.<ref name="supergoa"/> The [[Portuguese people|whites]] and [[mesticos|mestiços]], however, were unhappy with Peres's appointment.

He intended to clean up the administration of Goa. Within a week of arrival, Peres's brought new reforms and made new appointments to the Finance and Justice departments. He took some steps to benefit locals which irked the whites and mestiços.<ref name="GaP"/> One of the first measures he took was to form a new city council. The members of the council were Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama, Brigadier José António de Melo Souto, and Major D. Teles José Maria de Castro e Almeida. He also reorganised the judicial services and abolished monastic orders. He made concessions to the [[Comunidade|communidades]] by removing the tax that they had to pay to the state, amounting to one-sixth of their income. He also tried to end the abuses by the privileged classes.<ref name="supergoa"/>

===Deposition===
The army in Goa at that time was dominated by whites and mestiços.<ref name="Goa_to_me"/> They eventually organised a coup in Goa and removed Peres from his post on 1 February. He had been in power for just seventeen days when he had been deposed.<ref name="Port_in_India"/> Peres was arrested and exiled to Bombay. In his place, the previous Viceroy Manuel de Portugal e Castro was appointed Governor.<ref name="history_and_events">{{cite web|url=http://hotelsingoa.in/index_1.html|title=History and Events of Goa – the Pearl of Orient|accessdate=2009-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515041544/http://www.hotelsingoa.in/index_1.html|archive-date=15 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Army revolt===
On 10 February, disturbances broke out in Goa in his favour. The leader of the revolt that had deposed Peres, fearing arrest had resigned and handed control over to the Chief Counselor of the Prefecture. On 3 March,<ref name="Port_in_India"/> a faction of the army, consisting of local soldiers loyal to him, revolted and demanded Peres' reinstatement as prefect. The military governor refused and ordered troops to move against the revolutionaries. His supporters took refuge at Fort Gaspar Dias (Terekhol Fort). After a pitched battle, most protesters were massacred.<ref name="supergoa"/><ref name="history_and_events"/>

===Expedition to liberate Goa===
In Bombay, Peres plotted to liberate Goa from his opposers. At first, he sought help from the [[British India|British]], as the British were allies of the Portuguese. He expected them to support him as the legal authority appointed by Portugal in Goa,<ref name="supergoa"/> but they refused.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> He spent the next five months preparing an expeditionary force to capture Goa. He recruited nearly three hundred men for the task. Rogério de Faria financed his mission. The expeditionary force, set out from Bombay harbour on 27 May, in five vessels. Unfortunately, they were forced to turn back due to the advancing monsoons on 6 June.<ref name="goa_opium"/>

===Provisional government in Daman===
Peres left for [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]], another Portuguese [[enclave]], north of Bombay. He was welcomed there by the constitutionalists and supporters who still recognised him as prefect. He established a provisional government that lasted until 1837. Peres received arms and armaments from Faria for the defence of Daman, should his opposer's have attacked Daman. In return, Faria was to receive customs exemptions. Being in debt, Rogério de Faria asked for his money back (a sum of Rs. 67,957). The bureaucrats of Daman refused to clear the bills.<ref name="Goa_to_me">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Goa to me}}</ref><ref name="goa_opium"/><ref name="smuggling">{{cite book|last=Farooqui|first=Amar|title=Smuggling as subversion}}</ref>

In 1836, the Portuguese conducted elections in the European-controlled constituencies, keeping four constituencies away.<ref name="Goa_to_me"/> During Peres's absence, a provisional government headed by Rocha de Vasconcelos had been appointed. It was followed by the nomination of the Baron of Sabrosa as governor.<ref name="supergoa"/>

===Return to Goa===
Peres went back to Goa and made peace with the new governor, accepting his authority. On 9 November 1839, he was re-elected as representative from Goa to the Parliament.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> He returned to Portugal and continued to take part in the Parliament. He was appointed a member of the standing committee on colonies. He was re-elected to the parliament twice again<ref name="GaP"/> till his death in 1842. He argued on behalf of his land in the Portuguese Parliament, even though no minister responded to his demands.<ref name="Maria_Couto"/> He strongly defended the interests of Goa as well as other Portuguese colonies.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/><ref name="GaP"/>

In 1840, Peres delivered a speech in the parliament, defending his actions as Governor. He also asked for an investigation of his adversaries. He later published his speech entitled "Aos Representantes da Nação Portuguesa". He demanded that the military forces stationed in Goa be done away with.<ref name="GaP"/>

==Death==
For most of his life, Peres lived in penury, and died a pauper. He had to sell off his household furniture to meet medical expenses.<ref name="Goan_profiles"/> Bernardo da Silva died on 14 November 1844.<ref name="supergoa"/> He was buried in the ''[[Cemitério dos Prazeres]]'' in Lisbon.<ref name="Maria_Couto"/> A portrait of Silva is displayed in the portrait gallery in Archaeological Museum in [[Panjim]], Goa.<ref name="zaddesh">{{cite web|url=http://www.zaddeshresort.com/monuments.html|title=Monuments|accessdate=2009-06-13|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530025834/http://www.zaddeshresort.com/monuments.html|archivedate=30 May 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Goa]]
* [[List of people from Goa]]
* [[List of governors of Portuguese India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peres Da Silva, Bernardo}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:Governors-general of Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Medical educators]]
[[Category:18th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese politicians]]

My Great Grandfather

2026-03-28T13:19:34Z

ChristineBabbidg: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Great Grandfather
| image = My Great Grandfather.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aneesh Anwar]]
| producer = Manju Badusha Haseeb Haneef
| writer = Shani Khader
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Surabhi Santosh]] [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] [[Divya Pillai]]
| music = Vishnu Mohan Sithara
| cinematography = Sameer Haq
| editing = Renjith Touchriver
| studio = Achicha Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|06|06|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''My Great Grandfather''''' is a 2019 [[Malayalam language|Malayalam-language]] family-drama film starring [[Jayaram]], [[Surabhi Santosh]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Divya Pillai]] and directed by [[Aneesh Anwar]]. The cinematography was handled by Sameer Haq and the film was bankrolled by Achicha Cinemas, which previously produced [[Kunchacko Boban]]-starrer [[Kuttanadan Marpappa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/27/my-great-grandfather-is-a-comedy-of-errors-1982272.html|title=My Great Grandfather is a comedy of errors|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|date=27 May 2019|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925005113/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/27/my-great-grandfather-is-a-comedy-of-errors-1982272.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayaram-sings-his-film-grand-father-94916|title=Jayaram Sings For Grand father|date=12 January 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706112928/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayaram-sings-his-film-grand-father-94916|url-status=live}}</ref>

The switch on ceremony of the film garnered a lot of media attention as it was attended by the superstars of Malayalam cinema [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-mohanlal-at-jayarams-grandfathers-pooja-function/articleshow/66920304.cms|title=Mammootty and Mohanlal at Jayaram's Grandfather's pooja function|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 December 2018 |access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-mohanlal-at-jayarams-grandfathers-pooja-function/articleshow/66920304.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/mohanlal-and-mammootty-to-kick-start-jayarams-new-movie-grandfather/|title=Mohanlal And Mammootty To Kick Start Jayaram's New Movie Grandfather|date=30 November 2018 |access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706112915/https://silverscreen.in/news/mohanlal-and-mammootty-to-kick-start-jayarams-new-movie-grandfather/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-of-jayarams-my-great-grandfather-released/articleshow/68921049.cms |title=First look of Jayaram's My Great Grandfather released |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907093241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-of-jayarams-my-great-grandfather-released/articleshow/68921049.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was shot mainly in [[Alappuzha]], [[Ooty]] and [[Cherthala]] and was released on 7 June 2019.This movie was a [[Box-office bomb|commercial failure]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thimothy |title= |url=}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Michael, a 40-something happy-go-lucky businessman, is in love with Delna, a pretty young girl in her 20s. On the day of their engagement, a young woman named Sharon, also in her 20s, walks in with her son, claiming to be Michael's daughter turning his carefree life upside down.

The rest of the film is about discovering whether the girl is, in fact, Michael's biological daughter. The film explores the meaning and importance of family ties and friendship with a comical undertone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/malayalam-film-my-great-grandfather-unleashes-family-skeletons-1.64534216|title=Malayalam film 'My Great Grandfather' unleashes family skeletons|date=12 June 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706112914/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/malayalam-film-my-great-grandfather-unleashes-family-skeletons-1.64534216|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jayaram]] as Michael Tharakan
*[[Surabhi Santosh]] as Sharon
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Shivadas, Michael's friend & sharon's biological father
*[[Divya Pillai]] as Delna
*[[Unni Mukundan]] as Sam Christy, Sharon's husband (cameo appearance)
*[[Johny Antony]] as Saddham Hussain
*[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as 'Kurukkan' Paulson
*[[Asha Aravind]] as Pooja, Sivan's Sister
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Father Gabriel
*[[Vijayaraghavan]] as Tharakan Kora, Michael's father
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Mary, Michael's mother
*[[Valsala Menon]] as Kochumol, Michael's grandmother
* Master Harish as Mikkie, Sam's and Sharon's son
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Illiyas
*[[Senthil Krishna]] as Vijayan
*[[Baiju Santhosh]] as SI Vincent Gomas
*Subhish Sudhi as Baiju
*[[Sunil Sukhada]] as Louis, Delna's father
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Chandrappan, Shivan's father
*Sajan Palluruthi as Lassar
*[[Aristo Suresh]] as Shavaparambil Porinchu, Paulson's father
* Alankritha Mathew as Nancy, Sharon's mother
{{colend}}

== Reviews ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a 3 on 5, wrote "The first half drags a bit as the director tries to describe the friendship of Michael and Sivan with some consciously introduced scenes. The tale comes alive in the second half along with humorous situational comedy."; "(Aneesh) Anwar wraps it up with a suspense-filled and sentimental climax which offers a message on friendship and its relevance. Overall, My Great Grandfather is a fun ride that conveys the message that for love and friendship age is not a barrier."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/my-great-grandfather/movie-review/69692387.cms|title=MY GREAT GRANDFATHER MOVIE REVIEW|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706195440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/my-great-grandfather/movie-review/69692387.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9351220}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]

Atlantic Wall

2026-03-24T10:56:02Z

ChristineBabbidg: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Nazi Germany coastal fortifications}}
{{For|the film|Atlantic Wall (film)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Atlantic Wall
| partof = [[Nazi Germany]]
| location = Western coast of [[Continental Europe]] and [[Scandinavia]]
| coordinates =
| image = File:Atlantikwall.gif
| image_size=
| caption =
| type = Coastal defence and fortifications
| code =
| built = 1942–1944
| builder = Forced labourers
| materials =
* Concrete
* Wood
* Steel
| length = 1670 miles (2687 km)
| used = 1942–1945
| demolished =
| condition = Partially demolished; mostly intact
| controlledby = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| past_commanders = [[Erwin Rommel]] {{small|(1943–1944)}}
| occupants = [[Wehrmacht]]
| battles = [[World War II]]
| events = [[St Nazaire Raid]] [[Dieppe Raid]] [[Operation Overlord]] [[Operation Undergo]] [[Battle of the Scheldt]]
}}
The '''Atlantic Wall''' ({{langx|de|link=no|Atlantikwall}}) was an extensive system of [[coastal defence and fortification|coastal defences and fortifications]] built by [[Nazi Germany]] between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and [[Scandinavia]] as a [[defense (military)|defence]] against an anticipated [[Operation Overlord|Allied invasion]] of [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] from the [[United Kingdom]], during [[World War II]]. The manning and operation of the Atlantic Wall was administratively overseen by the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]], with some support from ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' ground forces. The ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' (German Navy) maintained a separate coastal defence network, organised into a number of [[sea defence zone]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lohmann |first1=Walter |title=Imagem da capa de Die deutsche Kriegsmarine, 1939–1945 : Gliederung, Einsatz, Stellenbesetzung Die deutsche Kriegsmarine, 1939–1945 : Gliederung, Einsatz, Stellenbesetzung |last2=H. Hildebrand |first2=Hans |publisher=H.H Podzun, Bad Nauheim |year=1956 |oclc=61588484}}</ref>

[[Hitler]] ordered the construction of the fortifications in 1942 through his [[Führer Directive]] No. 40. More than half a million [[French people|French]] workers were drafted to build it. The wall was frequently mentioned in [[Nazi propaganda]], where its size and strength were usually exaggerated. The fortifications included colossal coastal guns, [[Artillery battery|batteries]], [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], and [[artillery]], and thousands of artillery pieces were stationed in its defences.{{efn|The coast defence along the North Cape down to the Spanish border, included artillery pieces and naval guns from 105 mm to 406 mm and were organised into over 800 batteries. In addition, there were over 250 batteries of guns ranging from 75 mm to 90 mm, including anti-aircraft artillery.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaufmann |first1=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nHuSIG45WsC&pg=RA1-PT170 |title=The Atlantic Wall: History and Guide |last2=Kaufmann |first2=H. W. |last3=Jankovic-Potocnik |first3=A. |last4=Tonic |first4=Vladimir |date=2012 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78337-838-8 |language=en}}</ref>}} Today, ruins of the wall exist in all of the nations where it was built, although many structures have fallen into the ocean or have been demolished over the years.

==Background==
{{See also|Causes of World War II}}
World War II in Europe began on 1 September 1939, with [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[invasion of Poland]]. Two days later, the [[UK]] and [[French Third Republic|France]] declared war on Germany.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}} Poland's geographical location, however, prevented the Allies from intervening directly.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} Four weeks into the attack, the Germans had successfully occupied Poland.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}}
Less than a month after this victory, [[Adolf Hitler]] issued a directive stating that Germany must be ready for an offensive through France and the [[Low Countries]].{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}} However, the ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'' (German high command; OKW) was convinced that preparations would take at least until the following year. After furious arguments, Hitler reluctantly agreed to wait.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}} In May 1940, three massive German army groups [[Battle of France|overran]] France and the Low Countries in little more than six weeks.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}}

==History==

===Creation===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101II-M2KBK-211-08A, Atlantikwall, Bauarbeiten an Befestigungsanlagen.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Construction of the Atlantic Wall [[fortification]]s in the 1940s]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-295-1596-12, Raversijde, Rommel bei Besichtigung.jpg|thumb|Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]] visiting the Atlantic Wall defences near the Belgian port of [[Ostend]], part of the fortifications which today comprise the [[Atlantic Wall Open Air Museum]] at [[Raversijde]]]]

Prior to the Atlantic Wall decision, following a number of [[British commandos|commando]] raids, on 2 June 1941 that [[Adolf Hitler]] asked for maps of the [[Channel Islands]]. These were provided the next day and by 13 June 1941 Hitler had made a decision. Ordering additional men to the islands and having decided the defences were inadequate, lacking tanks and [[coastal artillery]], the [[Organisation Todt]] (OT) was instructed to undertake the building of 200–250 strong points in each of the larger islands. The plan was finalised by the OT and submitted to Hitler.<ref name="H-FG">{{cite web |url=http://www.festungguernsey.supanet.com/about_us.htm |title=History:Fortifying Guernsey |publisher=Festung Guernsey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409161003/http://www.festungguernsey.supanet.com/about_us.htm |archive-date=9 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The original defence order was reinforced with a second dated 20 October 1941, following a Fuhrer conference on 18 October to discuss the engineers' assessment of requirements.<ref name="CC">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Cruickshank |title=The German Occupation of the Channel Islands |year=2004 |publisher=The History Press; New edition (30 June 2004) |isbn=978-0750937498}}</ref>{{rp|197}} The [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|permanent fortification]] of the Channel Islands was to make them into an impregnable fortress to be completed within 14 months.<ref name="WBGOC">{{cite book |first=William |last=Bell |title=Guernsey Occupied but Never Conquered |publisher=The Studio Publishing Services (2002) |isbn= 978-0952047933 }}</ref>{{rp|448}} ''Festungspionierkommandeur XIV'' was created to command the project of fortifying the Channel Islands.

It was six months later on 23 March 1942 that Hitler issued [[Führer Directive]] No. 40, which called for the creation of an "Atlantic Wall". He ordered naval and submarine bases to be heavily defended. [[Fortification]]s remained concentrated around ports until late in 1943, when defences were increased in other areas.{{sfn|Kaufmann|Robert|2003|pp=196–197}} This decision required the army engineers and the OT to organise quickly. Massive supplies of cement, steel reinforcing and armour plate would be required and everything would need to be transported.

[[Nazi propaganda]] claimed that the wall stretched from the cape of [[Norway]] down to the [[France–Spain border|Spanish border]].{{sfn|Hakim|1995|p=161}}{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}}

===Regelbau===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-116-0336-05, Nordeuropa, Küstenbatterie, Geschütz.jpg|thumb|Camouflaged German torpedo battery in northern Norway]]
The ''[[Regelbau]]'' (standard build) system used books of plans for each of over 600 approved types of bunker and [[casemate]], each having a specific purpose, having been updated as enemy constructions were overrun and examined, even testing some to destruction for effectiveness. They incorporated standard features, such as an entrance door at right angles, armoured air intake, {{convert|30|mm|adj=on}} steel doors, ventilation and telephones,<ref name="EG">{{cite book |first=Ernie |last=Gavey |title=German Fortifications of Guernsey |year=2001 |publisher=Guernsey Armouries |isbn=978-0953163106}}</ref>{{rp|7}} internal walls lined with wood, and an emergency exit system.<ref name="Regelbau">{{cite web |url= http://www.regelbau.com/on_regelbau_gb.htm |title= The Regelbau concept |access-date= 10 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161118062830/http://www.regelbau.com/on_regelbau_gb.htm |archive-date= 18 November 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref> There were over 200 standardised armour parts.<ref name="JEK">{{cite book |first=J.E. |last=Kaufmann |display-authors=etal |title=Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II |publisher=Da Capo Press, 2007 |isbn=9780306816352}}</ref>{{rp|350}}

The standardisation greatly simplified the manufacture of equipment, the supply of materials and the budgetary and financial control of the construction as well as the speed of planning for construction projects.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|50}}

To offset shortages, captured equipment from the French and other occupied countries armies were incorporated in the defences, casemates designed for non-German artillery, anti tank and machine guns and the use of turrets from obsolete tanks in ''tobrukstand'' pill boxes ([[Defensive fighting position#Tobruk|tobruk pits]]).<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|51}}

===Organisation Todt===
[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B10467.jpg|thumb|left|A British soldier poses next to the recently captured German 380 mm gun Todt Battery at Cap Gris Nez.|alt=|226x226px]]

[[Organisation Todt]] (OT), formed in 1933, had designed the [[Siegfried Line]] during the prewar years along the [[Franco-German border]]. OT was the chief engineering group responsible for the design and construction of the wall's major gun emplacements and fortifications.{{sfn|Hakim|1995|p=161}}{{sfn|The Great Landings|2009}}

The OT supplied supervisors and labour as well as organising supplies, machinery and transport to supplement the staff and equipment of construction companies. Many of them were German, however construction companies in occupied countries bid for contracts. Companies could apply for OT work or could be conscripted.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|53}} Companies failing to complete their work on time, which was always possible as the OT controlled the material and manpower of each firm, could find themselves closed down, or more likely fined, or taken over or merged with another firm to make a more efficient larger unit. Successful firms however could make attractive profits.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|53–54}}

The OT obtained quotes for necessary works and signed contracts with each construction company setting out the price and terms of the contract, such as bonus payments for efficiency, including the wage rates and bonus payments for OT workers (which depended on their nationality and skill). There could be several construction companies working on each site.<ref name="HOT1">{{cite book |title=Handbook of the Organisation Todt – part 1 |publisher=Military Intelligence Records Section, London Branch |date=May 1945}}</ref>

Labour comprised skilled volunteers, engineers, designers and supervisors, who were paid and treated well. Second came volunteer workers, often skilled technicians, such as carpenters, plumbers, electricians and metal workers. Again, these workers were paid, took holidays and were well treated. Next came unskilled forced labour, paid very little and treated quite harshly. Lastly came effective slave labour, paid little, badly fed and treated very harshly.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|75}} The OT ran training courses to improve labour skills.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|18}}

Massive numbers of workers were needed. The [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] imposed a compulsory labour system, drafting some 600,000 French workers to construct these permanent fortifications along the Dutch, Belgian, and French coasts facing the [[English Channel]].{{sfn|The Great Landings|2009}} Efficiency of the OT decreased in late 1943 and 1944 as a result of manpower pressures, fuel shortages and the bombing of worksites, such as [[V-weapons]] sites, where some volunteer workers refused to work in such dangerous areas.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|50}}

OT Cherbourg in January 1944 dealt with 34 companies with 15,000 workers and 79 sub contractors. Daily, weekly and monthly reports showing progress, work variations, material used, stocks of material, labour hours used per skill type, the weather, equipment inventory and quality, level of supervision, employee absences, staffing levels, deaths and problems experienced all had to be filed with the OT.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|57}}

===British attacks===
Throughout most of 1942–43, the Atlantic Wall remained a relaxed front for the [[Axis powers|Axis]] troops manning it, with only two large-scale British attacks. [[Operation Chariot]], launched near [[St Nazaire]] in March 1942, successfully destroyed German pumping machinery for, and severely damaged, the Normandy dry dock and installations.{{sfn|Mountbatten|2007|p=72}} The second attack was the [[Dieppe Raid]], launched near the French port of [[Dieppe]] in August 1942 to test the German defences and provide combat experience for [[Canada|Canadian]] troops. The Germans were defeated at St. Nazaire, but had little difficulty in repulsing the attack at Dieppe, where they inflicted heavy casualties. Although the Dieppe raid was a disaster for the Allies, it alarmed Hitler, who was sure an Allied invasion in the West would shortly follow.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Following Dieppe, Hitler gave Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]], the overall German [[Commander-in-Chief]] in the West, 15 further divisions to shore up the German positions.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}}

===Reorganisation===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-297-1716-28, Im Westen, Belgien-Frankreich, Atlantikwall.jpg|thumb|left|German soldiers placing landing craft obstructions, 1943]]
Early in 1944, with an Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe becoming ever more likely, [[Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]] was assigned to improve the wall's defences.{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Believing the existing coastal fortifications to be entirely inadequate, he immediately began strengthening them.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Rommel's main concern was Allied air power. He had seen it first-hand when fighting the British and Americans in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], and it had left a profound impression on him.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} He feared that any German counterattack would be broken up by Allied aircraft long before it could make a difference.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Under his direction, hundreds of [[reinforced concrete]] [[Pillbox (military)|pillboxes]] were built on the beaches, or sometimes slightly inland, to house machine guns, [[antitank guns]], and light and heavy artillery. [[Land mine]]s and antitank obstacles were planted on the beaches, and underwater obstacles and [[naval mine]]s were placed in waters just offshore.{{sfn|Assault Plan}} Little known was that touch sensitive mines were placed atop the beach obstacles. The intent was to destroy the Allied [[landing craft]] before they could unload on the beaches.{{sfn|Assault Plan}}

===D-Day===
[[File:Batterie Longues-sur-Mer bunker gun 2.jpg|thumb|One of the [[casemate|casemates]] of the [[Longues-sur-Mer battery]] in Normandy, destroyed by naval gunfire during the [[Normandy landings|Allied landings]] ]]
By the time of the [[Normandy landings|Allied invasion]], the Germans had laid almost six million mines in Northern France.{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}} More gun emplacements and minefields extended inland along roads leading away from the beaches.{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}} In likely landing spots for [[military glider|gliders]] and [[paratroop|parachutists]], the Germans emplanted slanted poles with sharpened tops, which the troops called ''[[Rommelspargel]]'' ("Rommel's Asparagus").{{sfn|Ambrose|1994|pp=221–222}} Low-lying river and [[estuary|estuarine]] areas were intentionally flooded.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Rommel believed that Germany would inevitably be defeated unless the invasion could be stopped on the beach, declaring, "It is absolutely necessary that we push the British and Americans back from the beaches. Afterwards it will be too late; the first 24 hours of the invasion will be decisive."{{sfn|Assault Plan}}

==Channel Islands==
{{see also|Fortifications of Guernsey|Fortifications of Alderney|Coastal fortifications of Jersey}}
The [[Channel Islands]] [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|were heavily fortified]], particularly the island of [[Alderney]], which is closest to Britain. Hitler had decreed that one-twelfth of the steel and concrete used in the Atlantic Wall should go to the Channel Islands, because of the propaganda value of controlling British territory.{{sfn|Stephenson|Taylor|2013|pp=11–12}} The islands were some of the most densely fortified areas in Europe, with a host of [[Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey|Hohlgangsanlage tunnels]], [[casemates]], and [[Battery Lothringen|coastal artillery positions]].{{sfn|McNab|2014|p=197}}

However, the Channel Islands lacked strategic significance and the Allies bypassed them when they invaded Normandy. As a result, the German garrisons stationed on the islands did not surrender until 9 May 1945—one day after [[Victory in Europe Day]]. The garrison on Alderney did not surrender until 16 May. As most of the German garrisons surrendered peacefully, the Channel Islands are host to some of the best-preserved Atlantic Wall sites.{{sfn|Stephenson|Taylor|2013|pp=64–65}}

The commander in Guernsey produced books giving detailed pictures, plans and descriptions of the fortifications in the island, ''Festung Guernsey''.

==Fortresses==
{{See also|Festung Norwegen}}
Many major ports and positions were incorporated into the Atlantic Wall, receiving heavy fortifications. Hitler ordered all positions to fight to the end, and some of them remained in German hands until [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany's unconditional surrender]]. Several of the port fortresses were resupplied by submarines after being surrounded by Allied Forces. The defenders of these positions included [[Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts|foreign volunteers]] and [[Waffen-SS]] troops.{{sfn|Kaufmann|Robert|2003|p=252}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Location
! Commander
! Garrison strength
! Notes
! Surrender
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[Alderney]]
| [[Maximilian List]]
| style="text-align:right";| 3,200
| [[Fortifications of Alderney]]
| 16 May 1945
! {{sfn|Kaufmann|Robert|2003|p=14}}
|-
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Gustav-Adolf von Zangen]]
| style="text-align:right";| 90,000
| [[Battle of the Scheldt]]
| 8 November 1944
! {{sfn|Zuehlke|2009|p=527}}
|-
| [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]]
| [[Ferdinand Heim]]
| style="text-align:right";| 10,000
| [[Operation Wellhit]]
| 22 September 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Brest, France|Brest]]
| [[Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke]]
| style="text-align:right";| 38,000
| [[Battle for Brest]]
| 19 September 1944
! {{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=210}}
|-
| [[Calais]]/[[Cap Gris-Nez]]
| Ludwig Schroeder
| style="text-align:right";| 7,500
| [[Operation Undergo]]
| 30 September 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Cherbourg]]
| [[Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben]]
| style="text-align:right";| 47,000
| [[Battle of Cherbourg]]
| 27 June 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Dunkirk]]
| [[Friedrich Frisius]]
| style="text-align:right";| 12,000
| [[Siege of Dunkirk (1944)|Allied siege of Dunkirk]]
| 8 May 1945
! {{sfn|Williams|2013|p=148}}
|-
| [[Guernsey]]
| [[Rudolf Graf von Schmettow]] then Friedrich Hüffmeier
| style="text-align:right";| 11,700
| [[German fortification of Guernsey]]
| 9 May 1945
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Jersey]]
| Rudolf Graf von Schmettow then [[Friedrich Hüffmeier]]
| style="text-align:right";| 11,600
| [[German occupation of the Channel Islands]] [[Liberation of the German-occupied Channel Islands]]
| 9 May 1945
! {{sfn|Jersey 2015}}
|-
| [[La Rochelle]]/[[La Pallice]]
| [[Ernst Schirlitz]]
| style="text-align:right";| 11,500
| [[Allied siege of La Rochelle]]
| 9 May 1945
! {{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=180}}
|-
| [[Le Havre]]
| [[Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth]]
| style="text-align:right";| 14,000
| [[Operation Astonia]]
| 12 September 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Le Verdon-sur-Mer]]
| Otto Prahl
| style="text-align:right";| 3,500
| {{center|—}}
| 20 April 1945
! {{sfn|Pauls|Facaros|2007|p=270}}
|-
| [[Lorient]]
| [[Wilhelm Fahrmbacher]]
| style="text-align:right";| 25,000
| {{center|—}}
| 10 May 1945
! {{sfn|McNab|2014|p=179}}
|-
| [[Ostend]]
| Erich Julius Mülbe
| style="text-align:right";| 60,000
| {{center|—}}
| 7 September 1944
! {{sfn|Delaforce|2005|p=134}}
|-
| [[Royan]]
| [[Hans Michahelles]]
| style="text-align:right";| 5,000
| {{center|—}}
| 17 April 1945
! {{sfn|McNab|2014|p=179}}
|-
| [[Saint-Malo]]/[[Dinard]]
| [[Andreas von Aulock]]
| style="text-align:right";| 12,000
| {{center|—}}
| 17 August 1944
! {{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=165}}
|-
| [[St. Nazaire]]
| Hans Junck
| style="text-align:right";| 35,000
| {{center|—}}
| 11 May 1945
! {{sfn|McNab|2014|p=179}}
|-
| [[Zeebrugge]]
| Knut Eberding
| style="text-align:right";| 14,000
| {{center|—}}
| 1 November 1944
! {{sfn|Hastings|2004|p=158}}
|-
|}

==Preservation==

===France===
Many French construction companies benefited financially from helping construct the Atlantic Wall; these companies were not penalised during the post war period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prieur |first=Jerome |title=Le Mur Atlantique |date=2010 |publisher=Denoël |isbn=978-2207108802}}</ref>

Immediately after the war, there was little interest in preserving the wall due to the negative memories associated with the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi occupation]]. Some of the beach fortifications have toppled or are underwater, while those further inland still exist mainly due to their location.{{sfn|Hitler's Atlantic Wall}}

One of the best preserved parts is the [[Todt Battery]]. In 2011, renewed efforts to preserve the wall were spearheaded by organisations in Germany, the [[Netherlands]], and the United Kingdom. The question has been raised over whether France should declare the wall a National Monument to ensure it is preserved; however no government so far has envisaged this.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-10632543 |title=Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France preserve it? |publisher=BBC |date=13 September 2011}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===

Although the [[defensive wall]] was never fully completed, many bunkers still exist near [[Ostend]], [[Channel Islands]], on [[Walcheren]], near [[Scheveningen]], [[The Hague]], [[Katwijk]], [[Noordwijk]], [[Den Helder]], and in [[Scandinavia]] ([[Denmark]] and [[Norway]] specifically).{{sfn|Williamson|2012|pp=7–8}}

==See also==
* [[British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War]]
* [[Czechoslovak border fortifications]]
* [[Continental System]], [[Napoleon]]'s blockade of the British Empire
* [[Siegfried Line|Siegfried line]]
* [[Maginot Line|Maginot line]]
* [[Mareth Line|Mareth line]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

===Printed===
* {{cite book | last = Ambrose | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen E. Ambrose | title = D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle Of World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/ddayjune61944cli00ambr | url-access = registration | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-671-67334-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Darman | first = Peter | title = The Allied Invasion of Europe | publisher = [[Rosen Publishing Group]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4488-9234-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/alliedinvasionof0000unse }}
* {{cite book | last = Delaforce | first = Patrick | title = Smashing The Atlantic Wall: The Destruction of Hitler's Coastal Fortresses | publisher = Casemate Publishers | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-84415-256-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hakim | first = Joy | author-link = Joy Hakim | title = A History of Us: War, Peace And All That Jazz | publisher = [[Oxford University]] | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-19-509514-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max | author-link = Max Hastings| title = Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 | publisher = Macmillan | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-333-90836-8 }}
* {{cite book | author1-last = Kaufmann | author1-first = J. E. | author2-last = Robert | author2-first = Jurga | title = Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications And Defense Systems in World War II | publisher = [[Da Capo Press]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-306-81239-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications And Defences 1939–45 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-78200-828-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Mountbatten | first = Chris | title = Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos | publisher = Read Books | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-4067-5957-0}}
* {{cite book | author1-last = Pauls | author1-first = Michael | author2-last = Facaros | author2-first = Dana | title = Cadogan Guide Dordogne, the Lot & Bordeaux | publisher = New Holland Publishers | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-86011-354-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Saunders | first = Anthony | title = Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Fortress Europe | publisher = University of Michigan | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-7509-4554-7 }}
* {{cite book | author1-last = Stephenson | author1-first = Charles | author2-last = Taylor | author2-first = Chris | title = The Channel Islands 1941–45: Hitler's Impregnable Fortress | publisher = Osprey Publishing | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-4728-0375-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Louis | title = U-Boat Bases And Bunkers 1941–45 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-78200-002-0 }}
* {{cite book | last = Williams | first = Paul | title = Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Pas De Calais | publisher = Casemate Publishers | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-84884-817-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Zuehlke | first = Mark | title = Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army And The Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944 | publisher = D & M Publishers | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-926685-80-9 }}

===Online===
* {{cite web
| title = Assault Plan
| publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/100-11/ch2.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105005723/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/100-11/ch2.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 January 2008
| access-date = 22 March 2015
| ref = {{sfnRef|Assault Plan}}
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Schofield
| first = Hugh
| title = Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France Preserve It?
| date = 13 September 2011
| publisher = [[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10632543
| access-date = 25 March 2015
| ref = {{sfnRef|Hitler's Atlantic Wall}}
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Jersey – My Island – History – German Occupation
| publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/myisland/history/occupation.shtml
| access-date = 25 March 2015
| ref = {{sfnRef|Jersey 2015}}
}}

===Media===
* {{cite AV media|year=2009 |title=Lightning War |medium=television documentary |url=http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=547&name=Lightning_War |access-date=22 March 2015 |location=United States |publisher=[[World War II in HD Colour|World Media Rights]] |ref={{sfnRef|Lightning War|2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144053/http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=547&name=Lightning_War |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}
* {{cite AV media | year = 2009 | title = The Great Landings | medium = television documentary | url = https://www.amazon.com/Apocalypse-World-War-II-2/dp/B004H0M2SC | access-date = 22 March 2015 | location = France | publisher = [[France 2]] | ref = {{sfnRef|The Great Landings|2009}} }}
* {{cite AV media|year=2009 |title=Overlord |medium=television documentary |url=http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=561&name=Overlord |access-date=22 March 2015 |location=United States |publisher=World Media Rights |ref={{sfnRef|Overlord|2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111330/http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=561&name=Overlord |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}
* The Atlantic Wall and its significance in Allied planning for the D-Day landings are featured in the novel ''Villa Normandie'' (Endeavour Press, 2015) by Kevin Doherty.
* The many constructions of the Wall still standing have been photographed by Jonathan Andrew and [[Stephan Vanfleteren]].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Atlantic Wall}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051007/http://www.omaha-beach.org/The%20Beach/TheBeach.html The ''Atlantikwall'' at Omaha Beach]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Atlantic Wall| ]]
[[Category:German World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:World War II sites of Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Belgium]]
[[Category:World War II sites in France]]
[[Category:World War II sites in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:World War II sites in the Channel Islands]]
[[Category:Walls]]
[[Category:Coastal fortifications]]
[[Category:Nazi architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alderney]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord]]
[[Category:German occupation of Jersey during World War II]]
[[Category:Atlantic Ocean|Wall]]
[[Category:Border barriers]]

KA-99 B-333

2026-03-19T07:25:27Z

ChristineBabbidg: New

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = KA-99 B-333
| image = KA-99 B-333 video cover.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Arun Kumar
| producer = Puttanna<ref name=":BM1" />
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|Sunil
* [[Deepa Chari]]
}}
| music = Sangeet Raj
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2009|2|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref name=":RT" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''KA-99 B-333''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language drama film directed by Arun Kumar. The film stars Sunil and [[Deepa Chari]]. The film was released theatrically on 13 February 2009 to highly negative reviews.<ref name=":BM1" />

== Cast ==
* Sunil as Dini
* [[Deepa Chari]] as Varsha
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]] as auto financier
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]

== Production ==
The filmmakers approached [[Trivikrama Mahadeva]], who had performed last rites for 42,000 unclaimed bodies, promising monetary compensation for using his life story in the film ''KA-99 B-333''. [[Karibasavaiah]] played Mahadev's character. Mahadev claimed he was promised payment but never received it. However, producer Puttanna countered that Mahadev had given permission to portray his character without compensation and had even lent his vehicle for filming.<ref name=":BM1">{{cite news |title=No joy in biopic for man who takes care of unclaimed bodies |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/no-joy-in-biopic-for-man-who-takes-care-of-unclaimed-bodies/articleshow/22218747.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=13 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = KA-99 B-333
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sangeet Raj
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:06
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = Sangeet Raj
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|qYjCBhm26P0|KA-99 B-333 – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack was composed by Sangeet Raj.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ka 99 B 333 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6CnvSXbXMOqn2YYjc6rrGY |website=[[Spotify]] |language=en |date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Sriharsha claims to have written the lyrics of the song "Naguthiddare Bedagi", but credits were attributed to director Arun Kumar. Sriharsha noted that he received payment for his work but not recognition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Say 'Boo' to the ghost writers! |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/say-boo-to-the-ghost-writers/articleshow/22447241.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=10 August 2008 |language=en}}</ref> [[Indrajit Lankesh]] attended the audio launch as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News%2C%20Kannada%20New%20Movies%2C%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=FILM%20SHOULD%20SPEAK%20NOT%20THE%20TITLE%20%3F%20INDRAJITH%20LANKESH&id=360&ptype=News|title=FILM SHOULD SPEAK NOT THE TITLE ? INDRAJITH LANKESH|date=13 August 2009|work=chitratara.com|access-date=13 August 2008|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818104000/https://m.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News%2C%20Kannada%20New%20Movies%2C%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=FILM%20SHOULD%20SPEAK%20NOT%20THE%20TITLE%20%3F%20INDRAJITH%20LANKESH&id=360&ptype=News|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kamanna Kattige
| length1 = 4:13
| lyrics1 = Arun Kumar
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Kuhoo Kuhoo
| length2 = 4:27
| lyrics2 = Sriharsha
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title3 = Naguthiddare Bedagi
| length3 = 4:46
| lyrics3 = Arun Kumar
| extra3 = [[Chetan Sosca|Chetan]]
| title4 = Aluthiddare
| length4 = 3:14
| lyrics4 = Sriharsha
| extra4 = Chetan
| title5 = Hareyada Hudugi
| length5 = 4:24
| lyrics5 = Sriharsha
| extra5 = [[Chaitra H. G.|Chaitra]]
| total_length = 21:06
}}

== Reception ==
The film received a government subsidy of ten lakh rupees, along with other films, as part of the Karnataka government's initiative to support the film industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subsidy eludes top film producers |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/subsidy-eludes-top-film-producers/articleshow/21643221.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=28 March 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and criticized the sequences for being unconvincing.<ref name=":RT">{{cite news |title=KA99 B333 Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ka99-b333/movie-review/4153616.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Everyone associated with the film has devotedly worked towards making it a bad one and has succeeded beyond reasonable doubt."<ref>{{cite news |title=KA-99, B-333: Sleeping pill |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ka-99-b-333-sleeping-pill/articleshow/22217763.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=14 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote that "We won't blame you if you skip the rest [of the film], hop into the nearest [[auto rickshaw|auto]] (rigged meter or not) and wing your way home".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Chalo-Cinema-32683|title=Chalo Cinema|author1=S Suresh Kumar|author2=Sumana B Jayanth|author3=Namita Gupta|author4=Manju Shettar|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=16 February 2009|access-date=15 November 2024|archive-date=18 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218152119/https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Chalo-Cinema-32683|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14143738}}

[[Category:2009 drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Desuri

2026-03-09T12:10:59Z

ChristineBabbidg: improved article

{{refimprove|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Desuri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2833|N|73.5667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Desuri Gram Panchayat
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 376
| population_total = 10377
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 306703
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02934
| registration_plate = RJ-22
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Desuri''' is a Tehsil headquarter, located in the [[Pali district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census data - Desuri |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/91193-desuri-rajasthan.html |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pali district}}
[[Category:Villages in Pali district]]

Indian cobra

2026-03-06T08:42:08Z

ChristineBabbidg: further adjusted information for accuracy further to improve readability

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Distinguish|King cobra|monocled cobra}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Indian cobra
| image = Indian Cobra, crop.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author1=de Silva, A.|author1-link=Anslem de Silva|author2=Ukuwela, K.|author2-link=species:Kanishka D.B. Ukuwela|author3=Shankar, G.|author3-link=species:P. Gowri Shankar|author4=Srinivasulu, B.|author4-link=Bhargavi Srinivasulu|author5=Das, A.|author5-link=species:Abhijit Das|author6=Vyas, R.|author6-link=species:Raju Vyas|author7=Sawant, N.S.|author7-link=species:Nitin S. Sawant|author8=Kulkarni, N.U.|author8-link=Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni|author9=Deepak, V.|author9-link=species:Veerappan Deepak|author10=Thakur, S.|author10-link=species:Sanjay S. Thakur|author11=Mohapatra, P.|author11-link=species:Pratyush P. Mohapatra|author12=Srinivasulu, C.|author12-link=Chelmala Srinivasulu|author13=Achyuthan, N.S.|author13-link=species:Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan|year=2021|title=''Naja naja''|article-number=e.T62241A3110222|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T62241A3110222.en|access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615140252/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
| genus = Naja
| species = naja
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=eol>{{cite encyclopedia|title=''Naja naja''|url=http://eol.org/pages/1055808/details|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=30 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330012406/http://eol.org/pages/1055808/details|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="itis">{{ITIS|id=700632 |taxon=''Naja naja''|access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref>
| range_map = India Naja-naja-distribution.svg
| range_map_alt = Map of South Asia showing highlighted range covering almost all of India and portions of adjoining countries
| range_map_caption = Indian cobra distribution
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=List
| ''Coluber naja'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| ''Naja brasiliensis'' [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| ''Naja fasciata'' [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| ''Naja lutescens'' [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| ''Naja maculata'' [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| ''Naja non-naja'' [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| ''Coluber caecus'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788
| ''Coluber rufus'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788
| ''Coluber Naja'' Shaw & Nodder, 1791
| ''Coluber Naja'' Shaw & Nodder, 1794
| ''Naja tripudians'' [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
| ''Naja nigra'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1830
| ''Naja tripudians forma typica'' [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896
| ''Naja tripudians var. caeca'' [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896
| ''Naja naja naja'' Smith, 1943
| ''Naja naja gangetica'' [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1945
| ''Naja naja lutescens'' [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1945
| ''Naja naja madrasiensis'' [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1945
| ''Naja naja indusi'' [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1960
| ''Naja naja bombaya'' [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1961
| ''Naja naja karachiensis'' [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1961
| ''Naja naja ceylonicus'' Chatman & Di Mari, 1974
| ''Naja naja polyocellata'' Mehrtens, 1987
| ''Naja ceylonicus Osorio'' E Castro & Vernon, 1989
| ''Naja (Naja) naja'' — Wallach, 2009
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="eol"/><ref name=database>{{cite web|last1=Uetz|first1=P.|author-link1=Peter Uetz|last2=Freed|first2=P.|author2-link=Paul Freed|last3=Aguilar|first3=R.|author3-link=Rocío Aguilar|last4=Reyes|first4=F.|last5=Kudera|first5=J.|last6=Hošek|first6=J.|author6-link=Jiří Hošek|title=''Naja naja''|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=naja&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Naja+naja%27%29%29|work=The Reptile Database|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210753/http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=naja&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Naja+naja%27%29%29|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The '''Indian cobra''' ('''''Naja naja''' /na''dʒa nadʒa/), also known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''spectacled cobra''', '''Asian cobra''', or '''binocellate cobra''', is a [[species]] of [[Naja|cobra]], a [[venomous snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Elapidae]]. The species is native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], and is a member of the "[[Big Four (Indian snakes)|big four]]" species that are responsible for the most [[snakebite]] cases in Sri Lanka and India.<ref name="Whitaker & Captain"/><ref>{{cite journal | title=Green medicine as a harmonizing tool to antivenom therapy for the clinical management of snakebite: The road ahead | journal=Indian J Med Res | year = 2012 | volume= 136| issue=1| pages= 10–12 | first=Ashis K. | last=Mukherjee | pmid=22885258 | pmc=3461710}}</ref>

The Indian cobra is revered in [[Hindu mythology]] and [[Hinduism#Culture|culture]], and is often seen with [[snake charmer]]s. It is a protected species under the ''[[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Indian Wildlife Protection Act]]'' (1972).

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Indian Cobra (Naja naja).jpg|thumb|Resting, at the [[Bronx Zoo]].]]
The [[Genus|generic]] name and the [[Species|specific]] epithet ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word '''{{IAST|nāga}}''' ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:नाग#Sanskrit|नाग]]}}) meaning "cobra".<ref name=Naja>{{cite web|title=''Naja''|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/naja|work=The Free Dictionary|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110202116/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/naja|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian cobra is classified under the genus ''[[Naja]]'' of the family [[Elapidae]]. The genus was first described by [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]] in 1768.<ref name="itis1">{{ITIS|id=700233 |taxon=''Naja''|access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> The species ''Naja naja'' was first described by the [[Swedes|Swedish]] physician, zoologist, and botanist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref name="itis"/><ref name=Linn1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |year=1758 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |language=la |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]] |access-date=2018-01-13 |archive-date=2008-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010032456/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |url-status=live }}</ref> The genus ''Naja'' was split into several subgenera based on various factors, including morphology, diet, and habitat. ''Naja naja'' is part of the subgenus ''[[Naja]]'', along with all the other species of Asiatic cobras, including ''[[Naja kaouthia]]'', ''[[Naja siamensis]]'', ''[[Naja sputatrix]]'', and the rest.

''Naja naja'' is considered to be the prototypical [[Naja|cobra]] species within the subgenus ''Naja'', and within the entire genus ''Naja''. All Asiatic species of ''Naja'' were considered conspecific with ''Naja naja'' until the 1990s, often as subspecies thereof. Many of the subspecies were later found to be artificial or composites. This causes much potential confusion when interpreting older literature.<ref name="Wuster96">{{cite journal|author=Wüster, W.|author-link=Wolfgang Wüster|title=Taxonomic changes and toxinology: systematic revisions of the Asiatic cobras (''Naja naja'' species complex)|year=1996|journal=Toxicon|volume=34|pages=399–406|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0041-0101(95)00139-5|pmid=8735239|bibcode=1996Txcn...34..399W}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|label1=''Naja''
|1={{clade
|label1=(''Naja'')
|1={{clade
|1=[[Naja naja|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''naja'']]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Naja kaouthia|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''kaouthia'']]
|2=[[Naja atra|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''atra'']]
|3=[[Naja sagittifera|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''sagittifera'']]
|4=[[Naja oxiana|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''oxiana'']] }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja sputatrix|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''sputatrix'']]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Naja samarensis|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''samarensis'']]
|2=[[Naja philippinensis|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''philippinensis'']] }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja mandalayensis|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''mandalayensis'']]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja sumatrana|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''sumatrana'']]
|2=[[Naja siamensis|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''siamensis'']] }} }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|label1=(''[[Afronaja]]'')
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Naja pallida|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''pallida'']]
|2=[[Naja nubiae|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''nubiae'']] }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja katiensis|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''katiensis'']]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja nigricollis|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''nigricollis'']]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja ashei|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''ashei'']]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja mossambica|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''mossambica'']]
|2=[[Naja nigricincta|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''nigricincta'']] }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|label1=''(Boulengerina)''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Naja multifasciata|Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata]]'' | status1=dashed
|2={{clade
|1={{clade | status1=dashed
|1=''[[Naja christyi|Naja (Boulengerina) christyi]]''
|2=''[[Naja annulata|Naja (Boulengerina) annulata]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Naja savannula|Naja (Boulengerina) savannula]]''
|2=''[[Naja subfulva|Naja (Boulengerina) subfulva]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Naja guineensis|Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis]]''
|2=''[[Naja peroescobari|Naja (Boulengerina) peroescobari]]''
|3=''[[Naja melanoleuca|Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca]]'' }} }} }} }}
|label2=(''[[Uraeus]]'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja nivea|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''nivea'']]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja senegalensis|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''senegalensis'']]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Naja haje|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''haje'']]
|2=[[Naja arabica|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''arabica'']] }}
|3={{clade
|1=[[Naja annulifera|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''annulifera'']]
|2=[[Naja anchietae|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''anchietae'']] }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Description==
[[File:104808104 573911326897298 8431645140365739317 janakpur.jpg|left|thumb|Spectacle pattern]]
The Indian cobra is a moderately sized, heavy-bodied species. This cobra species can easily be identified by its relatively large hood, which it expands when threatened.

Many specimens exhibit a hood mark. This hood mark is located at the rear ([[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsal]] surface) of the Indian cobra's hood. When the hood mark is present, it consists of two circular [[Eyespot (mimicry)|ocelli]] patterns connected by a curved line, evoking the image of [[spectacles]].<ref name="Wüster98">{{cite journal |last1=Wüster |first1=W. |title=The Cobras of the genus ''Naja'' in India |journal=Hamadryad |date=1998 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |url=http://www.venomstreet.com/images/pdf/Asian%20Cobras/The%20cobras%20of%20the%20genus%20Naja%20in%20India.pdf |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214957/http://www.venomstreet.com/images/pdf/Asian%20Cobras/The%20cobras%20of%20the%20genus%20Naja%20in%20India.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

This species has a head that is elliptical, depressed, and very slightly distinct from the neck. The snout is short and rounded with large nostrils. The eyes are medium in size and the pupils are round.<ref name="ct"/> The majority of adult specimens range from {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} in length. Some specimens, particularly those from Sri Lanka, may grow to lengths of {{convert|2.1|to|2.2|m|ft}}, but this is relatively uncommon.<ref name="Wüster98" />
[[File:A 6.5 ft Cobra.JPG|thumb|A rare 6.5 ft leucistic cobra captured in a village in [[Odisha]]]]
[[File:Indian Cobra (Naja naja) 2 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Closeup when resting. [[Bronx Zoo]].]]
The Indian cobra varies tremendously in colour and pattern throughout its range. The [[ventral scales]] or the underside colouration of this species can be grey, yellow, tan, brown, reddish or black. [[Dorsal scales]] of the Indian cobra may have a hood mark or colour patterns. The most common visible pattern is a posteriorly convex light band at the level of the 20th to 25th ventrals. Salt-and-pepper speckles, especially in adult specimens, are seen on the dorsal scales.

Specimens, particularly those found in Sri Lanka, may exhibit poorly defined banding on the dorsum. [[Ontogeny|Ontogenetic]] colour change is frequently observed in specimens in the northwestern parts of their geographic range (southern Pakistan and northwestern India). In southern Pakistan, juvenile specimens may be grey in colour and may or may not have a hood mark. Adults on the other hand are typically uniformly black in colour on top ([[melanistic]]), while the underside, outside the throat region, is usually light.

Patterns on the throat and ventral scales are also variable in this species. The majority of specimens exhibit a light throat area followed by dark banding, which can be 4–7 ventral scales wide. Adult specimens also often exhibit a significant amount of mottling on the throat and on the venter, which makes patterns on this species less clear relative to patterns seen in other species of cobra. With the exception of specimens from the northwest, there is often a pair of lateral spots on the throat where the ventral and dorsal scales meet. The positioning of these spots varies, with northwestern specimens having the spots positioned more anterior, while specimens from elsewhere in their range are more posterior.

[[File:Indian spectacled cobra - Flickr - Scorius.jpg|right|thumb|A large Indian cobra]]

===Scalation===
Dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique. Midbody scales are in 23 rows (21–25), with 171–197 [[ventrals]]. There are 48–75 divided [[subcaudals]] and the [[Anal scale|anal shield]] is single. There are seven [[upper labials]] (3rd the largest and in contact with the nasal anteriorly, 3rd and 4th in contact with the eye) and 9-10 [[lower labials]] (small angular cuneate scale present between 4th and 5th lower labial), as well as one [[preocular]] in contact with internasals, and three [[postoculars]]. [[Temporal scales|Temporals]] are 2 + 3.<ref name="ct"/>

===Similar species===

[[File:Common Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa) 水律6.jpg|thumb|Note the patterning on the body of this [[Ptyas mucosa|oriental rat snake]]. Indian cobras don't have this patterning.]]

The Oriental rat snake ''[[Ptyas mucosa]]'' is often mistaken for the Indian cobra; however, this snake is much longer and can easily be distinguished by the more prominent ridged appearance of its body. Other snakes that resemble ''Naja naja'' are the banded racer ''[[Argyrogena fasciolata]]'' and the Indian smooth snake ''[[Wallophis brachyura]]''.<ref name="Whitaker & Captain"/> Also, the [[monocled cobra]] (''Naja kaouthia'') may be confused with ''Naja naja''; however, the monocled cobra has an O-shaped pattern on the back of the hood, while the Indian cobra has a spectacles-shaped pattern on its hood. Confusions may exist with [[Caspian cobra]] (''Naja oxiana''), as some Indian cobra specimens without a hood mark are sometimes confused with ''N. oxiana'', where these two species coexist in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Although some Caspian cobra specimens can be quite dark, they are never fully black like the Indian cobra. ''N. oxiana'' normally has several dark bands under the throat, whereas in the black phase of ''N. naja'' from Pakistan, almost the entire throat is black.<ref name="venomstreet">{{cite web|title=''Naja oxiana''|url=http://www.venomstreet.com/Naja%20oxiana.htm|work=Venom Street. Collector and Breeder of Asian Cobras|publisher=Venom Street|access-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021143826/http://www.venomstreet.com/Naja%20oxiana.htm|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Natuurwonderen African chamaeleon and Indian cobra - Raymond L. Ditmars? - 1915 - EYE FLM45528 - OB 685418.ogv|thumb|Silent film showing an African chameleon and an Indian cobra by Raymond L. Ditmars (?) Collection [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]
The Indian cobra is native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and can be found throughout [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], and southern [[Nepal]]. In India, it may or may not occur in the [[Assam|state of Assam]], some parts of [[Kashmir]], and it does not occur at high altitudes of over {{convert|2000|m|ft}} and in extreme desert regions. In Pakistan, it is absent in most of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan province]], parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province]], desert areas elsewhere and the [[Northern Areas]]. The most westerly record comes from Duki, Balochistan in Pakistan, while the most easterly record is from the [[Tangail District]] in Bangladesh. As this species has been observed in Drosh, in the [[Chitral|Chitral Valley]], it may also occur in the Kabul River Valley in extreme eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Wüster98" /> There's been at least one report of this species occurring in [[Bhutan]].<ref name=M84>{{cite book|last1=Mahendra|first1=B.C.|author1-link=species:Beni Charan Mahendra|title=Handbook of the Snakes of India, Ceylon, Burma, Bangladesh and Pakistan|date=1984|publisher=Agra: The Academy of Zoology|page=412}}</ref>
==Habitat==
The Indian cobra inhabits a wide range of habitats throughout its geographical range. It can be found in dense or open forests, [[plain]]s, agricultural lands ([[Paddy field|rice paddy fields]], wheat crops), rocky terrain, wetlands, and it can even be found in heavily populated urban areas, such as villages and city outskirts, ranging from sea level to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} in altitude. This species is absent from true [[desert]] regions. The Indian cobra is often found in the vicinity of water. Preferred hiding locations are holes in embankments, tree hollows, [[Mound-building termites|termite mounds]], rock piles and small mammal dens.<ref name="ct"/><ref name=W&C04/>

==Feeding==
The Indian cobra feeds on [[rodent]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[frog]]s. It bites quickly, and then waits while its venom damages the [[nervous system]] of the prey, paralyzing and often killing it. Like all snakes, ''N. naja'' swallows its prey whole. This species sometimes enters buildings in search of rodent prey.<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Naja_naja/ | title=Naja naja (Indian Cobra) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref>

==Reproduction==
The Indian cobra is [[Oviparity|oviparous]], laying [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] in the months of April through July. The female usually lays between 10 and 30 eggs in rat holes or termite mounds, which hatch 48 to 69 days later. Each hatchling measures {{cvt|20|–|30|cm|in|0}} in total length (tail included). The hatchlings are independent from birth and have fully functional venom glands.

==Venom==
[[File:Naja naja 107288826.jpg|thumb|Eating an [[Duttaphrynus melanostictus|Asian common toad]]]]
The Indian cobra's venom mainly contains a powerful post-[[Synapse|synaptic]] [[neurotoxin]]<ref name="ct"/> and [[cardiotoxin]].<ref name="ct"/><ref name=j1/> The venom acts on the synaptic gaps of the [[nerve]]s, thereby paralyzing [[muscle]]s, and in severe bites leading to [[respiratory failure]] or [[cardiac arrest]]. The venom components include enzymes such as [[hyaluronidase]] that cause [[lysis]] and increase the spread of the venom. Envenomation symptoms may manifest between fifteen minutes and two hours following the bite.<ref name="Davidson"/><ref name=VenDoc/>

In [[mice]], the preferred {{LD50}} value is estimated to be 0.56 mg/kg via [[Subcutis|subcutaneous injection]] (SC).<ref name="ct"/><ref name="Broad et al">{{cite journal |last1=Broad |first1=A.J. |last2=Sutherland |first2=S.K. |last3=Coulter |first3=A.R. |title=The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venoms |journal=Toxicon |date=1979 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=664–667 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(79)90245-9 |pmid=524395 |bibcode=1979Txcn...17..661B }}</ref> However, there's a wide range of potency for this species, ranging from 0.22 mg/kg (in Pakistani ''N. naja karachiensis'')<ref name="tan et al">{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=K.Y. |last2=Tan |first2=C.H. |last3=Tan |first3=N.H. |title=Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (''Naja naja'') from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene| date=3 January 2019 |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=1392–1399 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.15-0871 |pmid=27022154|pmc=4889763 }}</ref> to 0.84 mg/kg (Indian specimens).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Attarde |first1=S |last2=Khochare |first2=S |last3=Iyer |first3=A |last4=Dam |first4=P |last5=Martin |first5=G |last6=Sunagar |first6=K |title=Venomics of the Enigmatic Andaman Cobra (''Naja sagittifera'') and the Preclinical Failure of Indian Antivenoms in Andaman and Nicobar Islands |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=25 October 2021 |volume=12 |article-number=768210 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2021.768210 |pmid=34759827 |pmc=8573199 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Minton (1974)'' reported a value of 0.29 mg/kg SC for specimens from northwest India, along with an average venom yield per bite range between 170 and 250 mg (dry weight).<ref name="ct"/> In another study, the average venom yield was 169 mg and a maximum yield of 610 mg (both were dry weights of milked venom).<ref name="Broad et al"/> Though it is responsible for many bites, only a small percentage are fatal if proper medical treatment and antivenom are given.<ref name=W&C04/> Mortality rates for untreated bite victims can vary from case to case, depending upon the quantity of venom delivered by the individual involved. According to one study, it is approximately 20–30%,<ref name='WHO'/> but in another study involving victims who were given prompt medical treatment, the mortality rate was only 9%. In Bangladesh, it is responsible for most of the snake bite cases.<ref name=Brown/>
[[File:Spectacled Cobra with hood lowered in a bamboo shrub.jpg|thumb|Spectacled cobra with hood lowered in a bamboo shrub]]
The Indian cobra is one of the [[Big Four (Indian snakes)|big four]] snakes of [[South Asia]] that are responsible for the majority of human deaths by snakebite in Asia. [[Antivenom|Polyvalent serum]] is available for treating [[snakebite]]s caused by these species.<ref name='BBCSNAKEBITES'>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9401000/9401974.stm Snake-bites: a growing, global threat] . BBC News (2011-02-22). Retrieved on 2013-01-03.</ref> [[Zedoary]], a local spice with a reputation for being effective against snakebite,<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Martz | first1 = W.
| title = Plants with a reputation against snakebite
| journal = Toxicon
| volume = 30
| issue = 10
| pages = 1131–1142
| year = 1992
| pmid = 1440620
| doi=10.1016/0041-0101(92)90429-9
| bibcode = 1992Txcn...30.1131M
}}</ref> has shown promise in experiments testing its activity against cobra venom.<ref>{{Cite journal| author1 = Daduang| first2 = N.| first3 = J.| first4 = P.| first5 = A.| first6 = A.| first7 = M.| title = Screening of plants containing ''Naja naja siamensis'' cobra venom inhibitory activity using modified ELISA technique| journal = Analytical Biochemistry| volume = 341| issue = 2| pages = 316–325| year = 2005| pmid = 15907878| doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.037| last2 = Sattayasai| last3 = Sattayasai| last4 = Tophrom| last5 = Thammathaworn| last6 = Chaveerach| last7 = Konkchaiyaphum}}</ref>

The venom of young cobras has been used as a substance of abuse in India, with cases of snake charmers being paid for providing bites from their snakes. Though this practice is now seen as outdated, symptoms of such abuse include loss of consciousness, euphoria, and sedation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Katshu|first1=M.Z.U.H.|last2=Dubey|first2=I.|last3=Khess|first3=C.R.J.|last4=Sarkhel|first4=S.|title=Snake Bite as a Novel Form of Substance Abuse: Personality Profiles and Cultural Perspectives|doi=10.1080/08897077.2011.540482|journal=Substance Abuse|volume=32|issue=1|pages=43–46|year=2011|pmid=21302184|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011JPkR...32...43K}}</ref>

{{As of| November 2016}}, an antivenom has been developed by the [[Costa Rica]]n [[Clodomiro Picado Research Institute|Clodomiro Picado Institute]], and the clinical trial phase was in Sri Lanka.<ref>Rodrigo, M. (October 9, 2016) [http://www.sundaytimes.lk/161009/news/trials-to-start-for-home-grown-anti-venom-211742.html Trials to start for home-grown anti-venom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014175118/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/161009/news/trials-to-start-for-home-grown-anti-venom-211742.html |date=2016-10-14 }}. sundaytimes.lk</ref>

===Envenomation and clinical manifestation===
Indian cobra bites are very common in many parts of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and throughout their range in [[South Asia]]. Hundreds of individual case reports have been published in books and journals over the past century. However, no large prospective study of patients with proven bites by ''N. naja'' has been undertaken and reported. In a survey of snakebites in India, 91.4% of cases were bitten by an unidentified snake. Of the 6.1% of identified venomous snakes responsible for bites, 40% were ''N. naja''. As with bites by ''N. kaouthia'' and ''N. oxiana'', patients may show manifestations of systemic neurotoxic envenoming or local envenoming or both, although ''N. oxiana'' bites produce noticeable symptoms of envenomation more rapidly, and prominent neurotoxicity (severe flaccid paralysis) is more common amongst patients bitten by ''N. oxiana''. A woman bitten by ''N. oxiana'' in northwestern Pakistan suffered prominent neurotoxicity and died while en route to the closest hospital nearly 50 minutes after envenomation (death occurred 45–50 minutes post envenomation).<ref name=L84>{{cite book|last=Latifi|first=Mahmoud|author-link=species:Mahmoud Latifi|title=Snakes of Iran|year=1991|location=Oxford, Ohio|publisher=Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles|isbn=978-0-916984-22-9}} (''Naja naja oxiana'', Ladle Snake, p. 124).</ref>

Local necrosis was described after cobra bites in India in the 1860s and up to the 1920s, but this was apparently forgotten until Reid's work in Malaysia. Severe local pain and swelling may begin almost immediately after the bite. The pain persists while swelling and tenderness extend up the bitten limb, sometimes spreading to the adjacent trunk. Darkening of the necrotic area of skin and blistering are apparent by about the third day, with a characteristic putrid smell typical of necrotic cobra bites in Africa and Asia. Early systemic symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and a feeling of lassitude, drowsiness and intoxication. "Many subjects describe their drowsiness as if they had imbibed large quantities of some potent intoxicant." Neurotoxic symptoms begin with ptosis (the patient puckers their brow, contracting the frontalis muscle, attempting to raise the eyelids or tilts the head back so as to see beneath the drooping upper lids), profuse viscid saliva, inability to clear secretions, sagging of the jaw or inability to open the mouth and progression to respiratory paralysis. It is not clear from the available literature whether the proportion of patients developing neurotoxicity and necrosis is different from that in patients bitten by ''N. kaouthia''.<ref name="W95">{{cite book |last1=Warrell |first1=D.A. |author1-link=species:David A. Warrell|title=Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons |date=22 August 1995 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-71944-2 |pages=493–594 |edition=1st |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780203719442-27/clinical-toxicology-snakebite-asia-david-warrell?context=ubx&refId=952c547d-c938-479b-af7c-f605fb014509 |access-date=14 July 2021 |chapter=Clinical Toxicology of Snakebite in Asia |doi=10.1201/9780203719442-27 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524062831/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780203719442-27/clinical-toxicology-snakebite-asia-david-warrell?context=ubx&refId=952c547d-c938-479b-af7c-f605fb014509 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The outstanding feature of systemic envenoming is paralysis of the muscles due to rapid action of neurotoxin at the myoneural junction. [[Respiratory paralysis]] may occur within 3 – 4 hours in severe cases. Drowsiness is the first symptom, but it is difficult to assess because it is a subjective symptom. All of the cases developed ptosis 1.5 – 6 hours post bite. Since ptosis is easy to detect, it is a valuable clinical sign for early diagnosis of systemic envenoming due to cobra bite. Restlessness, irregular breathing, and mental confusion usually developed before respiratory paralysis, indicating that they are significant early clinical signs of impending respiratory failure. It is important for clinicians to recognize the early signs of respiratory failure. Cases which show signs of systemic envenoming require [[antivenom]]. If some hours have elapsed since the bite, the antivenom may be less successful. In general, 100 ml. of antivenom should be given in the first 30 minutes. If there is no distinct clinical improvement within 1 hour, the dose should be repeated. [[Tracheostomy]] and artificial respiration are essential in cases of respiratory failure. Necrosis is the outstanding feature of local envenoming. Most patients were bitten on the foot while working in rice fields. Authors recommended the wearing of shoes or boots while working, and that persons bitten by a snake apply a firm ligature above the bite and go to the nearest health centre or hospital.<ref name="ct"/><ref name="W95"/>

==Genome==
Previous cytogenetic analysis revealed the Indian cobra has a diploid [[karyotype]] of 38 chromosomes, compromising seven pairs of macro-chromosomes, 11 pairs of micro-chromosomes and one pair of sexual chromosomes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=L.|date=1972|title=Evolution of karyotypes in snakes|journal=Chromosoma|volume=38|issue=2|pages=185–236|doi=10.1007/BF00326193|pmid=5066447|s2cid=21621814}}</ref> Using [[Next-Generation Sequencing|next-generation sequencing]] and emerging genomic technologies, a de novo high-quality ''N. naja'' reference genome was published in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Suryamohan|first1=Kushal|last2=Krishnankutty|first2=Sajesh P.|last3=Guillory|first3=Joseph|last4=Jevit|first4=Matthew|last5=Schröder|first5=Markus S.|last6=Wu|first6=Meng|last7=Kuriakose|first7=Boney|last8=Mathew|first8=Oommen K.|last9=Perumal|first9=Rajadurai C.|last10=Koludarov|first10=Ivan|last11=Goldstein|first11=Leonard D.|date=2020|title=The Indian cobra reference genome and transcriptome enables comprehensive identification of venom toxins|journal=Nature Genetics|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=106–117|doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0559-8|pmid=31907489|pmc=8075977|issn=1546-1718|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref> The estimated size of this haploid genome is of 1.79 Gb, which has 43.22% of repetitive content and 40.46% of [[GC-content|GC content]]. Specifically, macro-chromosomes, which represent 88% of the genome, have 39.8% of GC content, while micro-chromosomes, that represent only 12% of the genome, contain 43.5% of GC content.<ref name=":0"/>

===Synteny analysis===
[[Synteny]] analysis between the Indian cobra and the prairie [[rattlesnake]] genome revealed large syntenic blocks within macro, micro, and sexual chromosomes. This study allowed the observation of chromosomic fusion and fission events that are consistent with the difference in chromosome number between these species. For example, chromosome 4 of the Indian cobra shares syntenic regions with chromosomes 3 and 5 of the rattlesnake genome, indicating a possible fusion event. Besides, chromosomes 5 and 6 of the Indian cobra are syntenic to rattlesnake chromosome 4, indicating a possible fusion event between these chromosomes.<ref name=":0" />

On the other hand, by performing whole-genome synteny comparison between the Indian cobra and other reptilian and avian genomes, it was revealed the presence of large syntenic regions between macro, micro, and sexual chromosomes across species from these classes, which indicates changes in chromosome organization between reptile and avian genomes and is consistent with their evolutionary trajectories.<ref name=":0" />

===Gene organization===
Using protein homology information and expression data from different tissues of the cobra, 23,248 [[Coding region|protein-coding genes]], 31,447 transcripts, and 31,036 proteins, which included [[Alternative splicing|alternatively spliced]] products, where predicted from this genome. 85% of these predicted proteins contained [[Start codon|start]] and [[stop codon]], and 12% contained an N-terminal secretion signal sequence, which is an important feature in terms of toxins secretion from venom glands.<ref name=":0" />

====Venom gland genes====
Further studies on gene prediction and annotation of the Indian cobra genome identified 139 toxin genes from 33 protein families. These included families like [[three-finger toxin]]s (3FTxs), snake venom [[metalloproteinase]]s (SVMP), cysteine-rich secretory venom proteins and other toxins including [[natriuretic peptide]], [[C-type lectin]], snake venom serine proteinase (SVSP), [[Kunitz domain|Kunitz]] and venom complement-activating gene families, group I [[phospholipase A2]] (PLA2) and one cobra venom factor (CVF) gene. These major toxin gene families in the Indian cobra are mostly found in the snake's macro-chromosomes, which differs from ''[[Crotalus viridis|Crotalus virides]]'' [[Crotalus viridis|(rattlesnake)]] that presents them in its micro-chromosomes, and is indicative of the differences in their venom evolution. Besides, comparison of venom gland genes between the Indian cobra and ''[[Crotalus viridis|C. virides]]'', identified 15 toxin gene families that are unique to the Indian cobra, which included [[cathelicidin]]s and [[phospholipase B]]-like toxins.<ref name=":0" />

===Venom gland transcriptome and toxin gene identification===
[[File:Indian cobra venom cocktail .jpg|thumb|Indian cobra venom composition classified in venom specific or accessory proteins based on genomic annotation and transcriptomic data by Suryamohan et al., 2020.]]Analysis of transcriptomic data from 14 different tissues of the Indian cobra identified 19,426 expressed genes. Out of these genes, 12,346 belonged to the venom gland transcriptome, which included 139 genes from 33 toxin gene families. Additionally, differential expression analysis revealed that 109 genes from 15 different toxin gene families were significantly up-regulated (fold change > 2) in the venom gland and this included 19 genes that were exclusively expressed in this gland.<ref name=":0" />

These 19 venom specific toxins (VSTs) encode the core effector toxin proteins and include 9 three-finger toxins (out of which six are [[neurotoxin]]s, one cytotoxin, one cardiotoxin and one muscarinic toxin), six snake venom [[metalloproteinase]]s, one [[nerve growth factor]], two venom [[Kunitz domain|Kunitz]] serine proteases and a cysteine-rich secretory venom protein.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally to these VSTs, other accessory venom proteins (AVPs) were also found to be highly expressed in the venom gland such as: cobra venom factor (CVF), [[coagulation factors]], [[Protein disulfide-isomerase|protein disulfide isomerases]], [[natriuretic peptide]]s, [[hyaluronidase]]s, [[phospholipase]]s, [[L-amino-acid oxidase|L-amino acid oxidase]] (LAAO), [[vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF) and [[5'-nucleotidase|5' nucleotidases]].<ref name=":0" />

This transcriptomic data together with the information provided by the high quality Indian cobra genome generated by Susyamohan et al., 2020 suggest that these VSTs together with AVPs form the core toxic effector components of this venomous snake, which induce muscular paralysis, cardiovascular dysfunction, nausea, blurred vision and hemorrhage after snake bite.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gutiérrez|first1=José María|last2=Calvete|first2=Juan J.|last3=Habib|first3=Abdulrazaq G.|last4=Harrison|first4=Robert A.|last5=Williams|first5=David J.|last6=Warrell|first6=David A.|date=2017-09-14|title=Snakebite envenoming|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|page=17063|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.63|pmid=28905944|issn=2056-676X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The identification of these genes coding for core toxic effector components from the Indian cobra venom may allow the development of recombinant antivenoms based in neutralizing antibodies for VST proteins.<ref name=":0" />

==Relationship with humans==
[[File:Indian cobra.jpg|thumb|Cobra in a basket, raising its head and spreading its hood]]
[[File:Kalahandi Coat of Arms.png|thumb|160px|Indian cobras as part of the heraldry of a [[princely state]] of India; the [[Kalahandi State]] coat of arms.]]
The Indian cobra holds a prominent place in the religious, mythological, and cultural landscape of the Indian subcontinent.
===In popular culture===
The Indian cobra features prominently in literature, folklore, and cinema. It is a recurring figure in Indian fables, proverbs, and cautionary tales, often symbolizing both danger and divine power.

[[Rudyard Kipling]]'s short story "[[Rikki-Tikki-Tavi]]" features a pair of Indian cobras named Nag and Nagaina, the Hindi words for male and female snake, respectively.<ref>[[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]]. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mongoose/rtt.html "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi".] ''Haley Huang''. 16 January 2014.</ref>
===Mythology===
====Hinduism====
The Indian cobra is often featured in [[Hindu mythology|Hindu religion]] and revered in several regional traditions. The Hindu god [[Shiva]] is often depicted with a cobra called [[Vasuki]], coiled around his neck, symbolizing his mastery over ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'', the illusory nature of the world. [[Vishnu]], in his form called the ''anantashayana'', is usually portrayed as reclining on the coiled body of [[Shesha]], a giant snake deity with multiple cobra heads. Cobras are also worshipped during the [[Hindu]] festival of ''[[Nag Panchami|Naga Panchami]]'' and ''[[Nagula Chavithi]]''. When killed by humans, it is usually cremated with milk and ghee along with a cloth by Hindus.
====Buddhism====
In [[Buddhism]], cobras (''"Naga"s'') are seen as protective beings. The Naga king [[Mucilinda]] is said to have shielded [[The Buddha]] from a storm by spreading his hood over him during meditation. Nagas are regarded as guardians of water and spiritual treasures, and their imagery appears frequently in [[Buddhist art]] across South and Southeast Asia.<ref name=NagaBritannica>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Naga {{!}} Origins, Symbolism & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/naga-Hindu-mythology |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
====Other traditions====
In [[Jainism]], the cobra is linked to [[Pārśvanātha|Parshvanatha]], the twenty-third [[Tirthankara]], who is often shown with a canopy of snake hoods as a sign of divine protection.<ref name=NagaBritannica/>

===Snake charming===
[[Snake charming]] has traditionally featured the Indian cobra as the star attraction, with performers using the snake's dramatic hood display to captivate audiences. Although widely believed to respond to music, the cobra actually follows the movements of the charmer's instrument, as it cannot hear airborne sounds. Once common at fairs and public gatherings, snake charming has declined in recent years due to stricter wildlife protection laws and growing concern for animal welfare. Despite this, the practice has contributed to the cobra's iconic status and remains a familiar image in popular imagination.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050205034940/http://www.indialawinfo.com/bareacts/pca.html Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960]. indialawinfo.com</ref>

===Heraldry===
Indian cobras were often a heraldic element in the official symbols of certain [[princely state]]s of India such as [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], [[Pal Lahara State|Pal Lahara]], [[Gondal State|Gondal]], [[Khairagarh State|Khairagarh]] and [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]], among others.<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaMadhyaP.htm#gwa Heraldry of Madhya Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121745/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaMadhyaP.htm#gwa |date=2015-12-22 }}. hubert-herald.nl</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
Image:Indiancobra.jpg|Indian cobra displaying an impressive hood
Image:Albino specticled cobra.jpg|Albino spectacled cobra
Image:Indian Binocellate Cobra.JPG|Binocellate cobra
Image:Cobra home.JPG|Indian cobra outside a home in [[Yelandur]], [[Karnataka]], [[South India]]
File:Common Cobra Vomiting.JPG|Cobra regurgitating
</gallery>
==Local names==
The Indian cobra<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Daniels"/> or spectacled cobra,<ref name="Whitaker & Captain"/> being common in South Asia, is referred to by a number of local names deriving from the root of ''Naga.''

For [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages:

* ''Phalinger'' (फ्लिंगर) in [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
* ''Phetigom'' (ফেতিগোম) in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* ''Gokhra ''(গোখরা) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* ''Naag'' (नाग) in [[Hindi]]
* ''Fetaar'' (फेटार) in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
* ''Goman'' (गोमन) in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* Gehuan (गेहुंअन)in [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
* ''Domi'' (डोमी) in [[Chhattisgarhi]]
* ''Naag'' <samp>(નાગ)</samp> in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* ''Nagara Haavu'' (ನಾಗರ ಹಾವು) in [[Kannada]]
* ''Moorkkan'' (മൂര്‍ഖന്‍) in [[Malayalam]]
* ''Naag'' (नाग) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* ''Gokhara Saapa'' (ଗୋଖର ସାପ) or ''Naaga Saapa'' (ନାଗ ସାପ) in [[Odia language|Odia]]
* ''Naya'' (නයා) or ''Nagaya'' (නාගයා) in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]
* ''Nalla pambu'' (நல்ல பாம்பு) or ''Nagapambu'' (நாகப்பாம்பு) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* Nagu-paamu(నాగుపాము) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* Saanp ({{Nastaliq|{{nq| سانپ}}}}/sɑ̃ːp/) in [[Urdu]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Brown>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=John Haynes|author-link=species:John Haynes Brown|title=Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes|year=1973|publisher=Charles C. Thomas Publishers|location=Springfield, Illinois|isbn=0-398-02808-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/toxicologypharma0000brow/page/81 81]|url=https://archive.org/details/toxicologypharma0000brow/page/81}} 184 pp.</ref>

<ref name="ct">{{cite web|title=''Naja naja''|work=University of Adelaide|url=http://toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0041|access-date=2011-11-10|archive-date=2014-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208220244/http://toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0041|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Daniels">{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=J.C.|author-link=J. C. Daniel (naturalist)|year=2002|title=The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-566099-4|pages=136–140}}</ref>

<ref name="Davidson">{{cite web|url=http://drdavidson.ucsd.edu/Portals/0/snake/Naja2.htm|title=Immediate First Aid for bites by Indian or Common Cobra (''Naja naja naja'')|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402114820/http://drdavidson.ucsd.edu/Portals/0/snake/Naja2.htm|archive-date=2012-04-02}}</ref>

<ref name="Smith">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=M.A. |author-link=Malcolm Arthur Smith |year=1943 |title=The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes |publisher=Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers) |location=London |pages=427–436}}</ref>

<ref name="Whitaker & Captain">{{Cite book|last=Whitaker|first=Romulus|author-link=Romulus Whitaker|author2=Captain, Ashok|author2-link=Ashok Captain|year=2004|title=Snakes of India: The Field Guide|publisher=Draco Books|location=Chennai, India|isbn=81-901873-0-9}}</ref>

<ref name=VenDoc>{{cite web|title=LD50 |url=http://www.seanthomas.net/oldsite/ld50tot.html |work=Séan Thomas & Eugene Griessel – Dec 1999;Australian Venom and Toxin database |publisher=University of Queensland |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201062634/http://www.seanthomas.net/oldsite/ld50tot.html |archive-date=February 1, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=W&C04>{{cite book|last=Whitaker, Captain|first=Romulus, Ashok|title=Snakes of India, The Field Guide|year=2004|publisher=Draco Books|location=India|isbn=81-901873-0-9|page=354}}</ref>

<ref name='WHO'>{{cite journal|author=World Health Organization|title=Zoonotic disease control: baseline epidemiological study on snake-bite treatment and management|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|issn=0049-8114|volume=62|issue=42|pages=319–320}}</ref>

<ref name=j1>{{cite journal|author1=Achyuthan, K.E.|author2=Ramachandran, L.K.|year=1981|title=Cardiotoxin of the Indian cobra (''Naja naja'') is a pyrophosphatase|journal=Journal of Biosciences|volume=3|issue=2|pages=149–156|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jbiosci/3/149-156.pdf|doi=10.1007/BF02702658|s2cid=1185952|access-date=2007-09-26|archive-date=2007-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010055231/http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jbiosci/3/149-156.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?title=Serpents_in_Indian_culture Serpents in Indian culture] An article on [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org Biodiversity of India] website.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q192754}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naja]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Nepal]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Fauna of South Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal

2026-03-03T21:22:25Z

ChristineBabbidg: Updated entries and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal
| image =
| caption =
| director =Paul Babu
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring =[[Kakka Ravi]] [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1991}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal''''' is a 1991 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Paul Babu, starring [[Kakka Ravi]] and [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]] in the lead roles (in her last film before retiring from the movie industry).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2482|title=Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal|accessdate=2014-11-01|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?3619 |title=Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal |accessdate=2014-11-01 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161317/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?3619 |archivedate=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/aavanikunnile-kinnaripookkal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161627/http://spicyonion.com/title/aavanikunnile-kinnaripookkal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 July 2015|title = Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal}}</ref>

==Plot==

Dr. Rajalakshmi is still grieving the son she lost 25 years ago. She is living with her niece, Indu. Rajalakshmi meets Raju, a medical representative. Indu also meets Raju and they fall for each other. Though Raju claims his parents are living in Philadelphia, in the subsequent scenes, it is revealed that he is an orphan and was raised in a Christian orphanage.

Balan Menon is a relative of Rajalakshmi and has feelings for her since their youth. Rajalakshmi frequently tries to avoid Balan Menon's proposals to start a fresh life together.

Raju requests Rajalakshmi for Indu's hand in marriage. Rajalakshmi refuses this since Raju is an orphan. Balan Menon tries to convince Rajalakshmi but fails. Raju and Indu decide to part their way for the sake of Rajalakshmi. Rajalakshmi goes to the orphanage and realizes that Raju is her own son.

The film ends in tragedy with Raju dying in a bike accident on the way to meet Rajalakshmi.

==Cast==
* [[Kakka Ravi]] as Raju
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Rajalakshmi
* [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]] as Indu
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Balan Menon
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Ajayan (Aji)
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Father
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Stephan Thomas
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Idiyan Kesava Pillai
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Lonappan

==Soundtrack==
All songs written by [[ONV Kurup]].

*"Erinjadangi" – KJ Yesudas
*"Janmangal Than" – KJ Yesudas, KS Chithra
*"Kuliru Peyyunna" – KJ Yesudas, KS Chithra
*"Shaanthayaam Shyamayaam" – KJ Yesudas
*"Snehathe Vaazhthi" – KJ Yesudas

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0353152}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kanana Sundari

2026-03-03T21:01:57Z

ChristineBabbidg: small fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanana Sundari
| image =
| caption = Malayalam movie
| director = [[P. Chandrakumar]]
| producer = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]] Sastha Productions
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = P. Sukumar [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]]
| music = [[Jerry Amaldev]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Sastha Productions
| distributor = Sastha Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kanana Sundari''''' ({{Translation|Jungle beauty}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]] and produced by S. Kumar. The film stars P. Sukumar and [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Jerry Amaldev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2122|title=Kaananasundari|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4156|title=Kaananasundari|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kanana-sundari-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063235/http://spicyonion.com/title/kanana-sundari-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Kanana Sundari|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=August 2020}}

==Cast==
*P. Sukumar (Kiran)
*[[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]]
*[[Vidyasree (actress)|Vidyasree]]
*[[Roshni (actress)|Roshni]]
*[[Jaffer Khan(actor)|Jaffer Khan]]
*[[Gajendra Chouhan(actor)|Gajendra Chouhan]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Jerry Amaldev]] and the lyrics were written by Devadas.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Prayamayya" || [[S. Janaki]] || Devadas ||
|-
| 2 || "Thamburaane" || Chorus || Devadas ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0353607|Kanana Sundari}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Chandrakumar]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation

2026-02-22T19:13:29Z

ChristineBabbidg: minor edit

{{Short description|Public road transport corporation in Uttar Pradesh, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox bus transit
| name = Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
| image = Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation logo.png
| operator = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Department of Transport]] ([[Government of Uttar Pradesh]])
| service_area = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| website = {{url|https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en|UPSRTC}}
| map_state = show
| routes = 3142<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSRTC Bus Booking |url=https://www.goibibo.com/bus/upsrtc-uttar-pradesh-state-road-transport-corporation-bus-booking/}}</ref>
| stops =
| destinations =
| hubs =
| lounge =
| depots = 115
| fleet = 13,041<ref>{{cite web|title = UPSRTC - Data 2020|url = https://www.upsrtc.com/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202006151056020290MAR-DATA-2020.pdf|website = upsrtc.com|publisher = UPSRTC|access-date = 19 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| headquarters =
| fuel_type = Diesel, Electric & CNG
| chief_executive =
| commenced = {{start date and age|1947|05|15|df=yes}}
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation''' ('''UPSRTC''') is a [[public sector]] [[passenger]] [[road transport]] [[corporation]] which services [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], and adjoining states of [[North India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/about-the-corporation |title= About Us – About the Corporation |website= upsrtc.com |publisher= Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date= 19 March 2022 |archive-date= 19 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220319161420/https://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/about-the-corporation |url-status= dead }}</ref> It operates as a state and interstate [[bus service]] and has the largest fleet of buses in [[North India]]. UPSRTC is the government-owned transport corporation, and its corporate office of the corporation is located at MG Marg in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/about-the-corporation |title= About Us – About the Corporation |website= upsrtc.com |publisher= Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date= 19 March 2022 |archive-date= 19 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220319161420/https://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/about-the-corporation |url-status= dead }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Barabanki UPSRTC Bus Station.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Barabanki city|Barabanki]] UPSRTC (Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation) Bus Station.]]
Passenger road transport services in the state of U.P. started on 15th May, 1947<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSRTC - Passenger Road transport starting Date |url=https://www.redbus.in/online-booking/uttar-pradesh-state-road-transport-corporation-upsrtc}}</ref> with the operation of bus service on the Lucknow - [[Barabanki]] route by the erstwhile U.P. Government Roadways. During the 4th five-year plan, the erstwhile UP Government Roadways was renamed as Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) on 1 June 1972 under the provisions of the ''Road Transport Act, 1950''. The objectives of this undertaking were –
* The development of the road transport sector correlated to which would lead to the overall development of trade & industry.
* The coordination of the road transport services with other modes of transport.
* To provide an adequate, economical & efficiently coordinated road transport service to the residents of the state.

==Organizational setup==
The Board of Directors, headed by the Chairperson, manage the Corporation through its Managing Director, who is its executive head. The current M.D. of UPSRTC is Shri Masoom Ali Sarwar, while the current Chairman is Shri Lakko Venkateshwarlu.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en/page/management-details |title= About us - Management Details |website= upsrtc.up.gov.in |publisher= Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date= 30 November 2023 |archive-date= 2 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230402125714/https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en/page/management-details |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en/page/organisation-structure |title= About us - Organisation Structure |website= upsrtc.up.gov.in |publisher= Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date= 19 March 2022 |archive-date= 24 September 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220924145240/https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en/page/organisation-structure |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
[[File:UPSRTC Logo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|UPSRTC Logo]]
[[File:The Kaushambi Bus Depot of UPSRTC 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|UPSRTC's [[Kaushambi, Ghaziabad| Kaushambi]] bus depot]]
The corporation has been divided into 20 regions for efficient functioning, of which 1 region operates urban and suburban services.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About us - History & Background and Infrastructure|url=https://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/history-and-background|website=UPSRTC Official Site|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319161417/https://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/history-and-background|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each region has a regional workshop, where major repair and maintenance, as well as assembly and reconditioning, is performed. Each region has been further divided into operational units called depots, of which there are 115, including Car-Section. Each depot has a depot workshop attached to it to provide supportive maintenance facilities. The locations of the depots are as follows:<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Region !! No. of Depots<ref name="Bus stations">{{cite web |title=List of bus stations established in owned and rented premises |url=https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations |publisher=UPSRTC |access-date=24 August 2024 |archive-date=24 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824163957/https://upsrtc.up.gov.in/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1 || [[Agra]] || 6
|-
| 2|| [[Aligarh]] || 7
|-
| 3 || [[Ayodhya]] || 4
|-
| 4 || [[Azamgarh ]] || 7
|-
| 5 || [[Bareilly]] || 4
|-
| 6 || [[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]] || 4
|-
| 7 || [[Devipatan division|Devipatan]] || 3
|-
| 8 || [[Etawah]] || 6
|-
| 9 || [[Ghaziabad]] || 8
|-
| 10 || [[Gorakhpur]] || 8
|-
| 11 || [[Hardoi]] || 6
|-
| 12 || [[Jhansi]] || 2
|-
| 13 || [[Kanpur]] || 6
|-
| 14 || [[Lucknow]] || 7
|-
| 15 || [[Meerut]] || 5
|-
| 16 || [[Moradabad]] || 8
|-
| 17 || [[Noida]] || 2
|-
| 18 || [[Prayagraj]] || 8
|-
| 19 || [[Saharanpur]] || 6
|-
| 20 || [[Varanasi]] || 8
|}

For heavy maintenance and repair of vehicles, reconditioning of major assemblies, renovation of buses and construction of bodies on new chassis, two Central workshops have been established in [[Kanpur]]: Central Workshop, Rawatpur and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Workshop, Allen Forest. Eight tyre re-treading plants are established at Agra, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Ayodhya, Ghaziabad, Bareilly, Kanpur, Saharanpur, Prayagraj, Moradabad and Etawah to provide in-house tyre re-treading facilities. For repairs and maintenance of staff cars belonging to the State Government and the corporation, a separate unit named Car-Section is established in Lucknow. For imparting training to drivers and technical staff, a Training School is established in Kanpur. The state transport department is also an introducing Intelligent Transport Management System (ITMS) with a cost of Rs 38.28 crore of which 50 percent will be a grant from [[Government of India]] and the remaining 50 percent would come from private participation. With the implementation of ITMS, the entire transport department in the state would go online. UPSRTC had its own ISBT located at Lucknow.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==Bus stations==
[[File:Sultanpur Depot, Uttar Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] bus depot]]
The corporation has 300 bus stations of which 249 are in owned premises and 51 are in rented premises. For the convenience of passengers, the Corporation generally has restrooms, canteens, booking offices, toilets, drinking water facilities, timetables, chart displays, enquiry counters, public address systems, lights, fans, seats, benches etc at all its stations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UPSRTC Bus Stations|url=http://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations|website=UPSRTC|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621171441/http://upsrtc.com/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Fleet==
UPSRTC has a total fleet of 13,041 buses.<ref>{{cite web|title = UPSRTC - Data 2020|url = https://www.upsrtc.com/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202006151056020290MAR-DATA-2020.pdf|website = upsrtc.com|publisher = UPSRTC|access-date = 19 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Its buses operate over 3.51 million kilometers at 3142 routes catering to the travel needs of over 1.80 million people and earning over Rs.137.70 million every day.
[[File:UPSRTC Bus in Bareilly Cantt.jpg|thumb|UPSRTC Bus in [[Bareilly Cantt]]]]
[[File:UPSRTC CNG Bus.jpg|thumb|A UPSRTC CNG Bus]]

==Network==
UPSRTC has the largest bus fleet in [[North India]] and operates interstate buses to eight neighboring states, viz., Uttarakhand, Delhi, Bihar, Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Madhya Pradesh. There is a good network of interstate buses with an influx of passengers from proximate states. Its furthest places of operations in each direction are very far away. The northernmost point of operation is [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]], the southernmost point is [[Indore]], the easternmost point is [[Patna]], while the westernmost point is [[Ajmer]]. Till these points, UPSRTC operates its regular bus services for passengers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Nationalhighway 2.jpg|thumb|NH-2 a UPSRTC bus]]

==Types of buses==

*'''LOHIA GRAMIN SEWA'''
Operates as shuttle service between district headquarters and nearby towns/villages/tehsils. Caters to rural and economy-conscious traffic. USP – Reduced fares (around 70% of fare of ordinary services) are charged.

*'''MINI'''
Operates as shuttle service between district headquarters and nearby towns/villages/tehsils. Caters to rural and time-conscious traffic. USP – Since it has 32 seats, gets filled up fast and reaches destination faster.

*'''ORDINARY'''
New comfortable buses operate between various districts. Caters to the general traffic. USP – Ordinary fares are charged.

*'''SUHANI SEWA'''
These buses have fixed stops & fixed time table and known for their punctuality and service.

*'''SANKALP SEWA'''
The bus service will connect interior areas with big cities, these public buses are in saffron colour.

*'''SLEEPER'''
New, comfortable, and AC non-AC Sleeper services for long routes. Operates between different long-distance destinations. USP – Has 28 seats on the lower tier and 15 berths on the upper tier.

*'''JANRATH'''
New, the low-cost AC bus service, very comfortable, AC and point to point services. Operates between different districts as direct services. The idea behind introducing these AC buses with reasonable fare is to make it affordable for low-income class people poor to enjoy this luxury without putting any burden on their pockets

*'''VOLVO'''
Spacious and comfortable 2*2 A/c Volvo buses for ease and comfort during the journey. 45 seater, spacious, state of the art Volvo buses with great comfort services between all districts, headquarters, and major routes.

*'''CITY BUS SERVICE'''
Operates [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] city buses under [[JNNURM]] in [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mathura]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uniindia.com/up-govt-to-launch-lohia-bus-service-in-cities/states/news/345860.html | title=UP govt to launch Lohia bus service in cities | date=16 January 2016 | publisher=United News of India | access-date=10 February 2019 }}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) achieved a magnificent feat by setting a ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' for the largest parade of buses anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-07 |title=Maha Kumbh, a global hit, aims at 4 Guinness records |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-a-global-hit-aims-at-4-guinness-records/articleshow/117993116.cms#:~:text=On%20Feb%2028,%202019,%20a%20parade%20of,buses%20held%20by%20Abu%20Dhabi%20in%202010. |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As many as 500 special Kumbh Mela buses were paraded for this purpose in the city of Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh. The fleet of 500 buses was paraded on a stretch of 3.2 kilometres. Observers from the Guinness Book of World Records were present at the scene and handed over the certificate.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uttar Pradesh sets new Guinness world record: 500 Kumbh Mela-special buses paraded on 3.2-km stretch|work=First Post|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/uttar-pradesh-sets-new-guinness-world-record-500-kumbh-mela-special-buses-paraded-on-3-2-km-stretch-6174811.html#:~:text=India-,Uttar%20Pradesh%20sets%20new%20Guinness%20world%20record%3A%20500%20Kumbh%20Mela,toll%20and%20Nawabganj%20toll%20plaza.}}</ref> UPSRTC is going to give free travel of 4000 kilometer every year through smart card to such teachers working in the state who are honored with national or state award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yugantarpravah.com/news/up-free-bus-smart-card-yogi-government-s-new-initiative-now-govt-teachers-will-travel-free-in-upsrtc-buses-698376-08-04-2023|title=UP Free Bus Smart Card Teachers: Yogi government's new initiative, now government teachers will travel free in UPSRTC buses|website=Yugantar Pravah.|date=8 April 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://upsrtc.com Official website of UPSRTC]

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}

*[https://mobile.twitter.com/upsrtchq UPSRTC] on [[Twitter]]
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[[Category:Roads in Uttar Pradesh]]
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Gaha Sattasai

2026-02-18T01:45:08Z

ChristineBabbidg: fix

{{short description| Ancient Indian Prakrit text}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

The '''Gāhā Sattasaī''' or '''Gāhā Kośa''' ({{langx|sa|गाथा सप्तशती|Gāthā Saptaśatī}}) is an ancient collection of love poems in the [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] language. They are written as frank monologues usually by a married woman, or an unmarried girl.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=1-2}} They often express her unrequited feelings and longings to her friend, mother, or another relative, lover, husband, or to herself.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=1-2}} Many poems are notable for describing unmarried girls daring for secret rendezvous to meet boys in ancient India, or about marital problems with husbands who remains emotionally a stranger to his wife and bosses over her, while trying to have affairs with other women.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=2-3}}

''Gaha Sattasai'' is one of the oldest known [[Subhashita]]-genre text.<ref name="Sternbach1974p10"/> It deals with the emotions of love,<ref name="Sternbach1974p10">{{cite book|author=Ludwik Sternbach|title=Subhasita, Gnomic and Didactic Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/subhasitagnomicd0000ster |url-access=registration|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01546-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/subhasitagnomicd0000ster/page/10 10]–14 with footnotes}}</ref> and has been called the "opposite extreme" of ''[[Kamasutra]]''.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|p=3}} While ''Kamasutra'' is a theoretical work on love and sex, ''Gaha Sattasai'' is a practical compilation of examples describing "untidy reality of life" where seduction formulae do not work, love seems complicated and emotionally unfulfilling.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=3-5}} It also mentioned [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] in one of its verse as [[Ashta Nayika|nayika]] and nayak respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jash|first=Pranabananda|title=Radha-Madhava Sub-Sect in Eastern India |date=1979|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141958|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=40|pages=177–184|jstor=44141958 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Finding Radha : the quest for love|date=2018|others=Malashri Lal, Namita Gokhale|isbn=978-93-5305-361-1|location=[London]|oclc=1078687920}}</ref>

== Authorship and date ==

The collection is attributed to the king [[Hāla]] who lived in the 1st century.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=1-2}} Inside the text, many poems include names of authors, some of which are names of kings from many South Indian particularly Deccan region kingdoms from the first half of the first millennium CE.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=8-10}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FX2btUszr6cC&dq=Garga+samhita&pg=PT53 |title=Love in Ancient India |date=2011-02-02 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-81-8328-217-8 |language=en}}</ref> According to Schelling, one version of the text names 278 poets.<ref>Schelling, Introduction</ref>

According to Ram Karan Sharma, this text is from the 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ram Karan Sharma|editor=Ayyappappanikkar|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA481 |year=1997| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|page=481}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib/page/341 341]}}</ref> According to Ludwik Sternbach, the text was interpolated and revised by later scribes.<ref name="Sternbach1974p10"/> It is unlikely to be the work of Hala, based on style, inconsistencies between its manuscripts and because other sources state it had as many as 389 authors.<ref name="Sternbach1974p10"/> Sternbach places the text between 2nd and 4th-century CE.<ref name="Sternbach1974p10"/> Khoroche and Tieken place the text between 3rd and 4th century CE, but before 640 CE because [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Banabhatta]] cites it in his preface to the 7th-century classic ''[[Harshacharita]]''.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=9-10}}

==Manuscripts==
The text exists in many versions.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=8-10}} Manuscripts have been found in many parts of India in many languages, far from Maharashtra. The existence of many major recensions, states [[Moriz Winternitz]], suggests that the text was very popular by early medieval era in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|title=History of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-XlzLL1--AC |year=1963|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|pages=114–116}}</ref> The poems were changed over time, sometimes deleted and replaced with different poems, though every manuscript contains exactly 700 poems consistent with the meaning of the title.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=8-10}}

The first critical edition of the ''Sattasaī'' was by [[Albrecht Weber]] in 1881. It is based on seventeen manuscripts, and contains 964 poems in total, of which 430 are common to all manuscripts.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|p=10}} Weber was also the first person to translate the poems into a European language (into German), but his translation was published in journals and not as a separate book. The only English translation to include 700 verses (1–700 of Weber's edition) is by Radhagovinda Basak in 1970.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|p=13}} There is also a Sanskrit translation of the ''Sattasaī'' with commentary, made available by the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]].<ref>[http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/S/SanskritGatha.pdf Sanskrit Gatha Saptashati]</ref> One of the most important translation of this text along with an elaborate introduction has been done by Sadashiv Atmaram Joglekar<ref>{{Cite web|title=मंगला बर्वे|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/manasa/mangala-barve/articleshow/55119283.cms|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref> in Marathi, published in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hal Satvahanachi Gatha Saptashati : Joglekar, sadashiv Atmaram : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310366|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Internet Archive|language=en}}</ref>

The text was popular across India, and attracted at least fourteen commentaries.<ref name="Sternbach1974p10"/>

==Contents==
Although the name mentions 700 single verse poems in 7 chapters, the various available manuscripts contain a variable number of total poems. S.A. Joglekar has carefully compiled them and has identified a total of 1006 poems in a book titled Halsatvahan’s Gathasaptashati Published in 1956 by Prasad Publications, Pune'''.''' It consists of 700 single-verse poems, divided into 7 chapters of 100 verses each. All the poems are couplets, and most are in the musical [[arya metre|''arya'' metre]].{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|p=1}} Many poems of the text include names of gods and goddesses in [[Hinduism]], for allegorical comparison of a woman's feelings.{{sfn|Peter Khoroche|Herman Tieken|2009|pp=175–176, 195}}

=== Economic Life ===
The folk who composed these poems lived in rural, forested and forest fringe areas. Agriculture and hunting were their chief occupations. Around 100 poems contain references to fields, crops under cultivation, farming implements and accessories such as fencing, farming operations and storing and processing of agricultural produce. Similarly around 100 poems contain references to animals hunted, hunting implements and hunting operations.

=== Plants and animals ===
While the poems are basically love poems their natural setting includes references to a number of plant and animal species. Some plant species such as ''Ricinus communis'' and ''Pandanus'' are mentioned just once. Others, for example, mango(17) and lotus (49) are mentioned in several poems. Altogether 170 poems mention plant species. Some animal species such as leopard, cat and honeybee are mentioned just once. Others, for example, cattle (16), elephant (20) and bumblebee (30) are mentioned in several poems. Altogether 163 poems mention animal species. Mango, cattle and elephant are important in day- to-day life, while lotus is attractive and bumblebees being trapped in the lotus flowers at night is a popular poetic convention. Thus, 333 out of 1006 poems refer to some plant or animal species. This reflects the fact that the common people composing these poems lived in close vicinity of nature.

==Samples==
{{blockquote|
<poem>
Mother
with the blink of an eye
his love vanished
A trinket gets
dangled
into your world
you reach out and it's gone
</poem>
|Hala, tr. Schelling}}

{{blockquote|
<poem>
Lone buck
in the clearing
Nearby doe
eyes him with such
longing
that there
in the trees the hunter
seeing his own girl
lets the bow drop
</poem>
|Anonymous, tr. Schelling}}

{{blockquote|
<poem>
I have heard so much about you from others
And now at last I see you with my own eyes.
Please, my dear, say something
So that my ears, too, may drink nectar.
</poem>
|Unknown, tr. Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken}}Cow elephants once turned widows

When my son launched a single arrow

But his wife has now so weakened him

That he uselessly bears a burden

Of arrows on his own back

Poem 630 from Joglekar's compilation{{blockquote|
My braided hair's not straight yet, And you again speak of leaving. - Gatha 273<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hāla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfljAAAAMAAJ|title=The Absent Traveller: Prākrit Love Poetry from the Gāthāsaptaśatī of Sātavāhana Hāla|last2=Hala|date=1991|publisher=Ravi Dayal|isbn=978-0-86311-253-9|language=en}}</ref>}} {{blockquote|
<poem>
If one of two beings
who grew up together in joy and pain
and loved each other for a long time,
dies –
this one lives,
and the other one is dead.
</poem>
|Poem 142, tr. Ludwik Sternbach}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | author1=Peter Khoroche | author2=Herman Tieken | year=2009 | title=Poems on life and love in ancient India: Hāla's Sattasaī | publisher=Excelsior Editions | isbn=978-0-7914-9392-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsizcqxoQgsC }}
* {{cite book| first=Andrew|last=Schelling|author-link=Andrew Schelling | title=Dropping the Bow: Poems of Ancient India | year=2008 | publisher=Companions for the Journey Series: 15 | edition=2}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101127175554/http://raintaxi.com/online/2009spring/schelling.shtml Review]
* {{cite book | year=1985 | title = History of Indian literature | author1=Moriz Winternitz | author-link=Moriz Winternitz | editor1=Subhadra Jha (transl.) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 | pages=108–116 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-XlzLL1--AC&pg=PA108}}
* {{cite book | year=2000 | title = Ancient Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 1 | author1=T. R. S. Sharma | author2=C. K. Seshadri | author3=June Gaur | edition=reprint | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0794-3 | page=689 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&q=gaha+sattasai&pg=PA689}}
* {{cite book | year=1881 | title=Das Saptaçatakam des Hâla | publisher=in Commission bei F.A.Brockhaus | url=https://archive.org/details/dassaptaatakamd00webegoog | editor1=Albrecht Weber}}
*Joglekar, Sadashiv Atmaram (1956). [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.310366|Hal Satvahanachi Gatha Saptashat]]<nowiki/>i. (Marathi).

==External links==
* [http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/S/SanskritGatha.pdf Sanskrit Gatha Saptashati], a Sanskrit translation of the Gaha Sattasai, with commentary
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101110111335/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/2_prakrt/halsatsu.htm Hala: Sattasai] at [[GRETIL]]

{{Hindudharma}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Poetry anthologies]]
[[Category:Love poems]]
[[Category:Prakrit literature]]

Shivam Nair

2026-02-11T07:25:51Z

ChristineBabbidg: brief improved section for accuracy also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivam Nair
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shivam Nair
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Priyanka |title='Ahista Ahista is inspired from real life' |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17nair.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en |date=17 August 2006}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| other_names = cão
| occupation = director
| known_for = [[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]
}}

'''Shivam Nair''' is an Indian film and television director and editor who is best known for his television serial ''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]''<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990508/ile08137.html The train to nowhere]</ref> and his 2006 film, ''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]''.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17nair.htm 'Ahista Ahista is inspired from real life']</ref>

Nair has been working in the television industry since 1982, and has been involved in numerous television series. He assisted [[Sriram Raghavan]] on ''Raman Raghav, A City, A Killer'' (1991), a docudrama based on serial killer [[Raman Raghav]]. He has also directed and edited three other docudramas based on serial killers and murderers [[Auto Shankar]], [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case|Ranga Billa]] and Feroz Daruwalla.

''Ahista Ahista'', based on a script by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] was his first feature film as director, and the 2008 film ''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]'', based on the play by [[Uttam Gada]], is his most recent one.
His next thriller film ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]'' starring [[Kunal Khemu]] and [[Zoa Morani]] released in 2015. The film is produced by [[Bhushan Kumar|T Series]].

==Filmography==
; As director
* ''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' (2017)
* ''[[The Diplomat (2025 film)|The Diplomat]]'' (2025)

=== Television ===
; As director
* ''[[Special OPS]] '' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/neeraj-pandey-to-helm-spy-thriller-web-series-special-ops-2504913.html|title=Neeraj Pandey to Helm Spy Thriller Web Series 'Special Ops'|website=www.news18.com}}</ref> - [[Hotstar]]
* ''[[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy]]'' (2022) - also creator

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2243602}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|shivam-nair}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Shivam}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Haricharan Sai

2026-02-10T11:24:14Z

ChristineBabbidg: Data!

{{Short description|Prince of Manipur}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Haricharan Sai
| title = Meitei Prince
| birth_date = {{birth date|1726|09|7|df=yes}}{{Sfnp|Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|2010|p=66}}
| birth_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1785|06|08|1726|09|7|df=yes}}{{Sfnp|Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|2010|p=162}}
| death_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| full name = Haricharan Swaha
| era name = [[Medieval Manipur]]
| era dates = 18th century CE
| house = [[Lourungpurenmayum]]
| father = [[Pamheiba]]
| mother = Chingakham Chanu Hisabika
| occupation = Prince of [[Kangleipak Kingdom]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
}}
'''Haricharan Sai''' was a Meitei prince of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Kangleipak]]. He was a son of King [[Pamheiba]] and Queen Chingakham Chanu Hisabika.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh|1965|p=141}}{{Sfnp|Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|2010|p=66}} He was one of the chief collector of revenue called ''Lourungpuren''.{{Sfnp|Moyon, The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur|2023|p=371}} He was the lower chief collector of revenue among his two other brothers who were also chief collectors of revenue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Six Royal Houses of Ningthemchamayums |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.The_Six_Royal_Houses_of_Ningthemchamayums_By_Kiyamba_Ningthemcha |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The members of the Lourungpurenmayum of the royal family (Ningthemchamayums) of [[Manipur]] are descended from Prince Haricharan Sai.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfnp|Iboongohal Singh, Introduction to Manipur|1963|p=212}}

Prince Haricharan Sai is also mentioned in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Royal Chronicle of Manipur.{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Volume 2, The Cheitharon Kumpapa|2009|p=15}}

== See also ==
* [[Ananta Sai]]

== Sources ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last1=Moyon |first1=Rev Dr Koningthung Ngoru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn3jEAAAQBAJ |title=The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur |date=2023 |publisher=Shashwat Publications |isbn=9788119517312 |ref={{sfnref|Moyon, The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur|2023}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Parratt |first1=Saroj N. Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZja9ZnSuakC |title=The Court Chronicles Of the Kings of Manipur:Voume 2, The Cheitharon Kumpapa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9788175966383 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Volume 2, The Cheitharon Kumpapa|2009}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sana |first1=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=9788184652109 |ref={{sfnref|Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|2010}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Lairenmayum Iboongohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQoIAQAAIAAJ |title=Introduction to Manipur |date=1963 |publisher=S. Babudhan Singh; to be had of: Students' Store |language=en |ref={{sfnref|Iboongohal Singh, Introduction to Manipur|1963}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=R.K. Jhalajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sk9AAAAMAAJ |title=A Short History of Manipur |date=1965 |publisher=O.K. Store |ref={{sfnref|Jhalajit Singh|1965}} }}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1726 births]]
[[Category:1785 deaths]]
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]

Raipura, Jabalpur

2026-02-06T13:35:31Z

ChristineBabbidg: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}'''Raipura''' is a village in [[Jabalpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 507 across 123 households.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|549820|Raipura}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}
[[Category:Villages in Jabalpur district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

M. Shanmugavel

2026-02-04T21:14:43Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2007}}

'''M. Shanmugavel''', (4 July 1927 - 11 December 2007) popularly known as '''MS''', was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] journalist and the editor of Makkal Kural, Nixs News Tamil in [[Coimbatore]], and ''Trinity Mirror''.

==Biography==
Shanmugavel started his journalistic career in 1946 at the ''[[Daily Thanthi]]'' in [[Coimbatore]]. In the mid-1950s, he formed a cooperative venture with other journalists, ''[[Navamani]]'', a Tamil-language [[evening newspaper]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}} The paper twice won the Central government's best display award. After a few years, he quit the ''Navamani'' and founded ''[[Alai Osai]]''.

In 1973, Shanmugaval started his own venture, [[Makkal Kural]], as a limited company. He was invited by Prime Ministers [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Narashima Rao]] to accompany them on their foreign tours on several occasions, and also attended the UN conference and the Davos economic summit.

Shanmugavel died on 11 December 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Makkal Kural Editor Shanmugavel passes away |newspaper=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=12 December 2007 |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/12/11/makkal-kural-editor-shanmugavel-passes-away-1197370638.html }}</ref>

==Awards==
Shungavel won the Central government's award for best layout and news presentations five times, twice for Tamil and three times for the English paper. He was a member of Temples committee under HR and CE department headed by then Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] and was also a member of the high-level committee for prohibition enforcement constituted by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20061024141100/http://www.makkalkuralonline.com/aboutus.asp

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmugavel, M}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Diocese of Dindigul

2026-01-26T05:24:15Z

ChristineBabbidg: Done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Dindigul
|latin = Dioecesis Dindigulensis
|local = திண்டுக்கல் மறைமாவட்டம்
|image =
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Joseph in [[Dindigul]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
|established = 10 November 2003
|area_km2 = 6,266
|population = 2,068,000
|population_as_of = 2013
|catholics = 145,213
|catholics_percent= 7.0
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Thomas Paulsamy]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Anthony pappusamy]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://dindiguldiocese.org/DD/Home.aspx?o=1 Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Dindigul''' ({{langx|la| Dindigulen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Dindigul]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai]] in India.

==History==
* 10 November 2003: Established as Diocese of Dindigul from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madurai and [[Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Dindigul ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Thomas Paulsamy]] (11 April 2016 – Present)
** Bishop Antony Pappusamy (10 November 2003 – 26 July 2014)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Augustine Pereira<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/dind0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddind.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{coord|10.3617|N|77.9729|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dindigul}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Dadra taluk

2026-01-23T03:58:45Z

ChristineBabbidg: Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dadra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Sub-district
| image_skyline = Vanganga Lake, Dadra - panoramio (3).jpg
| image_alt = Vanganga Lake, Dadra
| image_caption = Vanganga Lake, Dadra
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Gujarat#India Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Dadra location
| coordinates = {{coord|20.32|N|72.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|DNDD]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Dadra
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Dadracar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |page=87 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1= [[Silvassa]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon climate Am]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|18|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dadra''' ({{IPAc-en|'|d|ɑː|d|r|@}}) is one of the two [[taluka]]s in [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] district, [[India]]. It is an [[enclave]] lying a few kilometres north west of [[Nagar Haveli]] and is surrounded by [[Gujarat]].

Dadra is located 6 km west from district headquarter [[Silvassa]]. Dadra consists of [[Dadra town]] and two other villages — [[Demni]] and [[Tighra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Division-VI (Silvassa)|url=https://damancgst.gov.in/dadranagarhavelijurisdiction.aspx|access-date=4 September 2023|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720031750/https://damancgst.gov.in/dadranagarhavelijurisdiction.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Dadra was part of [[Portuguese India]] from 1779, right until 1954.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bansal|first=Sunita|title=Encyclopaedia of India|date=June 2005|page=83|isbn=9788187967712|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQB3Fkc3Tl4C&dq=dadra+and+nagar+haveli+portuguese+1954&pg=PA83}}</ref> The territory was handed over by the Marathas to the Portuguese for revenue collection in [[Treaty of Poona (1779)|1779]] and was later entirely [[Portuguese purchase of Dadra (1785)|purchased]] by Portugal in 1785.

Under Portuguese rule, Dadra formed a ''[[freguesia]]'' ([[Parish (administrative division)|administrative parish]]) of the Nagar Haveli ''[[concelho]]'' (municipality). In turn, the Nagar Haveli ''concelho'' was part of the [[Daman district, India|Daman district]].

==Demography==
Dadra is a Census Town city in district of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The Dadra Census Town has population of 13,039 of which 8,193 are males while 4,846 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

The population of children aged 0-6 is 1639 which is 12.57% of total population of Dadra (CT). In Dadra Census Town, the female sex ratio is 591 against state average of 774. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Dadra is around 935 compared to Dadra and Nagar Haveli state average of 926. The literacy rate of Dadra city is 90.51% higher than the state average of 76.24%. In Dadra, male literacy is around 94.53% while the female literacy rate is 83.23%.

Dadra Census Town has total administration over 3,385 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dnh.nic.in/ |title=Welcome to U.T. Of Dadra and Nagar Haveli |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118002436/http://dnh.nic.in/ |archive-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves in India]]

{{DadraNagarHaveli-geo-stub}}

Perumal

2026-01-22T12:09:10Z

ChristineBabbidg:

{{other uses}}
{{Short description|South Indian synonym for a king or ruler}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Perumal''' ({{langx|ta|பெருமாள்|translit=}}; literally meaning "the Great One"<ref name=":282">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn= |location= |pages=122 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}}</ref>) is the name of a Hindu deity (see [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]]). The term was also commonly used in medieval south India as a synonym for a king or ruler.<ref name=":282" />

Several rulers are explicitly referred to as "Perumal" in historical inscriptions. These include [[Sripurusha]], Rachamalla, and Neetimarga of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]]; Maran Chadayan of the [[Pandya dynasty]]; [[Parantaka I|Parantaka]] of the Chola dynasty; and [[Paramesvaravarman II|Paramesvara Varma II]] of Kanchi from the [[Pallava dynasty]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=171 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Among the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera]] rulers, notable figures bearing the title are Rama Rajasekhara (also known as [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar|Cheraman Perumal the Nayanar]]) and Sthanu Ravi (identified with [[Kulasekhara Alvar|Kulasekhara the Alvar]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noboru |pages=146–47 |chapter=States in Deccan and Kerala}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Vijay Urs

2026-01-18T18:04:18Z

ChristineBabbidg: created article

{{short description|Indian film playback singer (born 1980)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vijay Urs
| image = VijayUrs.jpg
| native_name = D .Vijaya Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|04|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], Karnataka
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| occupation = singing, [[playback singing]]
| years_active = 1999–present
}}

'''D. Vijaya Kumar''' (born 26 April 1980) is an [[Indian film]] playback singer. He is mostly referred to as '''Vijay Urs'''. He has won the Sarvashreshta Kalabhusana award from department of [[Kannada]] & Culture, Karnataka. His
Profession is Music, passion is farming. He has recorded over 5000 songs in [[devotional song|devotional]] and [[folk music|folk]], private albums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/celebrity/vijay-urs|title = Vijay Urs : Kannada Singer, Movies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/singer/Vijay-Urs|title=Vijay Urs songs, Vijay Urs hits, Download Vijay Urs Mp3 songs, music videos, interviews, non-stop channel|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916102353/http://play.raaga.com/kannada/singer/Vijay-Urs|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vijay Urs was born to Devaraj Urs and Laxmamani Urs, [[Mysore]], Karnataka. He has one brother and two sisters. He has completed his [[B.Com]], Diploma in Personal Management and Post graduation in [[Industrial Management]]. He has completed classical courses and is a [[carnatic music|carnatic]] senior.

==Personal life==
Vijay Urs is married and has one daughter.

==Career==
Vijay Urs has started his career by releasing an album, Bhavabindu, lyrics written by himself. He has sung over 5000 songs in [[Devotional song|Devotional]] and [[Folk music|Folk]] in [[Kannada]]. He is known for his songs in 45 movies. He has sung for almost every music director, namely [[Hamsalekha]], [[Gurukiran]], [[Arjun Janya]], [[V. Harikrishna|Hari Krishna]], [[Keeravani]] and so on.
He has written more than 1000 songs which are now in market,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mio.to/artist/Vijay+Urs|title=Vijay Urs – Listen to Vijay Urs songs/Music online – MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=29 April 2024|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621053528/https://mio.to/artist/Vijay+Urs|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bhavageethe]] and [[Devotional song|Devotional]]. He is recognised as a member of IPRS (Indian Performing Rights Society). He is a recognised singer on [[Saavn]] and [[Gaana]] apps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/artist/vijay-urs-albums/NlWLGfdl-PI_|title = Vijay Urs – Top Albums – Listen on JioSaavn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/artist/vijay-urs|title=Vijay Urs Songs: Listen Vijay Urs Hit Songs on Gaana.com|website=Gaana.com}}</ref>

He has sung many songs with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Manu, Nandita, Shamita and many more. He has been performing orchestra since 1998 and has completed more than 3000 shows all over India, mainly in [[South India]].
He is also known for his songs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serials being Varudu Kaavali the first. He has also sung in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] for 3 movies and some devotional songs.

==Songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| '''Movie name'''
| '''Language'''
| '''Song name'''
|-
| rowspan="2"|''Meravanige'' || rowspan="2"| [[Kannada]] || Student life<ref>{{cite web | url=http://raagwap.me/download-282392/Student-Life---Vijay-Urs-Various.html | title=Raagwap.me | access-date=2 August 2016 | archive-date=26 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126082632/http://raagwap.me/download-282392/Student-Life---Vijay-Urs-Various.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Kaanana Kaanana<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mr-khan.com/282393s/mp3-download-kaanana-kaanana---vijay-urs-various.html|title=Kaanana Kaanana Vijay Urs by Various | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816144234/http://mr-khan.com/282393s/mp3-download-kaanana-kaanana---vijay-urs-various.html | archive-date=2016-08-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|''Manasugala Maatu Madhura'' || rowspan="1"| [[Kannada]] || Taala Tammate Dolu
|-
| rowspan="1"|''Paapigala lokadalli'' || rowspan="1"| [[Kannada]] || Hongirana belakina hongirana
|-
| rowspan="1"|''Romeo juliet'' || rowspan="1"| [[Kannada]] || Raani Jenu
|-
| rowspan="1"|''Cheluve Ondu Heltini'' || rowspan="1"| [[Kannada]] || Dum dum dum dolu
|-
| rowspan="2"|''Kanti'' || rowspan="2"| [[Kannada]] || Eedhdhelu herumba
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Vijay Urs15.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay22.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay5 copy.jpg|Vijay Urs at 17 Years age
Vijay2 copy.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay urs with S.P.B.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs with Sri Hamsalekha.jpg|Vijay Urs with Sri Hamsalekha
RN Jayagopal (1).jpg|Vijay Urs with Sri.R.N.Jayagopal
LR eshwari (1).jpg|Vijay Urs with Smt.L.R.Eshwari
Manjula Gururaj(1).jpg|Vijay Urs singing with Smt.Manjula gururaj.
Vijay Urs14.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs13.jpg|Vijay Urs
HBprgrmphto12.jpg|Vijay Urs
HBprgrmphto26.jpg|Vijay Urs
For Web 3.jpg|Vijay Urs
ETV KANNADA - Vijay Urs 20 28 19003.jpg|Vijay Urs in ETV Kannada programme
Chennai recdg 006 0002.jpg|Vijay Urs in Chennai recdg
Bajaj program 3.jpg|Vijay Urs in Bajaj program
Vijay Urs12.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs10.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs11.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs9.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs8.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs7.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs6.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs5.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs4.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs3.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs2.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs1.jpg|Vijay Urs
Vijay Urs.jpg|Vijay Urs
S.P. Balasubrahmaniyam (1).jpg|Vijay Urs with Shri.S.P. Balasubrahmaniyam
</gallery>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urs, Vijay}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mysore]]

Chitrangada (king)

2026-01-15T17:15:49Z

ChristineBabbidg: Stub

{{short description|Minor character in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{About|the son of [[Shantanu]] and [[Satyavati]]|the wife of Arjuna|Chitrāngadā}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| series = [[Mahabharata]]
| family = {{bulleted list|[[Shantanu]] (father)| [[Satyavati]] (mother)|[[Vichitravirya]] (brother)|[[Bhishma]] (Half-brother)}}
| gender = Male
| image = Chitrāngada.jpg
| caption = Wayang puppet of Chitrangada
| relatives = [[Kuru dynasty]]-[[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]]
}}

'''Chitrāngada''' ({{langx|sa|चित्राङ्गद}}, {{IAST3|citrāṅgada}}) was the king of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru Mahajanapada]] with his capital [[Hastinapur]]a. He belonged to the [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar Dynasty]] of [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata Tribe]] He was the elder son of [[Shantanu]] and [[Satyavati]], who ascended the throne of [[Hastinapura]] after his father's death.<ref>Shastri Chitrao (1964), p. 213</ref>

== Legend ==
Following the wishes of queen Satyavati, [[Bhishma]] had placed Chitrangada on the throne of the kingdom of the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]] after Shantanu's departure. Chitrangada was a great warrior and defeated many powerful enemies and [[Asura]]s. But soon he developed pride and began disrespecting everyone. Bhishma who tried to correct his young brother's bad behaviour was ignored and rendered powerless on account of his oath to perpetually serve the Kuru King. Finally, the king of the [[Gandharva]]s, who was his namesake, came to challenge him saying there could be only one Chitrangada which was himself. A fierce battle took place between the two warriors on the bank of the river Hiranyavati, lasting three years. In the end the king of the Gandharvas defeated the Kuru king and killed him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|page=6}}</ref> After having performed the rites of the dead, [[Bhishma]] immediately consecrated Chitrangada's younger brother [[Vichitravirya]] to the kingdom.<ref>van Buitenen (1973), p. 227; Mbhr. 1.95.5-14 (Pune Critical Edition)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* ''Citrangada'' in: M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, ''Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha'' (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi), Pune 1964, p. 213
* J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahabharata'', vol. 1, The University of Chicago Press, 1973
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117032308/http://mahabharataonline.com/ Persons and Stories from Mahabharata]

{{Mahābhārata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitrangada}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Kuru]]

Lella Appi Reddy

2026-01-11T06:53:40Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=te|otherarticle=లేళ్ల_అప్పిరెడ్డి|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lella Appi Reddy
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| parents = Lella Sambi Reddy,Kanthamma
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2029
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|6|25}}
}}

'''Lella Appi Reddy''' (born 4 June 1967) is an Indian politician who is member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] through nomination by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Lella Appi Reddy(YSRCP):(ELECTED BY Nomination of Governor) |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-four-mlcs-elected-under-governor-quota-took-oath-today-in-the-assembly-691841 |website=The Hans India|date=21 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumbha Ravi Babu MLC |work=The Hindu |date=22 July 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lella-appi-reddy-appointed-leader-of-opposition-in-council/article68433785.ece |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/en/mlc |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=YSR Congress Party |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI Lella Appi Reddy, Member of Legislative Council |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_mem_id=190&p_auth=x98RfU1d |website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lella, Appi, Reddy}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Amingaon railway station

2025-12-20T10:38:38Z

ChristineBabbidg: created the article and citations - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Amin Gaon
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Barpeta-Hajo-Guwahati Road, [[Amingaon]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.1878|91.6837|type:railwaystation|display=title}}
| line =
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|54|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AMJ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Lumding}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Single diesel line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = Guwahati#India Assam
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Guwahati##Location in Assam
}}

'''Amin Gaon Railway Station''' is a defunct railway station alongside the [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Amingaon]], north of [[Guwahati]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The station was opened in 1908 and had a single platform.<ref name="Meg1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=NF Railway to preserve Amingaon Railway Station as heritage site |url=https://themeghalayan.com/nf-railway-to-preserve-amingaon-railway-station-as-heritage-site/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en}}</ref>

The [[North East Frontier Railway]] announced in 2022 that it planned to restore the station as part of a heritage project.<ref name="Meg1"/>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Sukanya |date=2016-06-19 |title=Re-living an "Abandoned" Space |url=https://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/193 |journal=Space and Culture, India |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.20896/saci.v4i1.193 |issn=2052-8396|doi-access=free }}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|10634}}
{{wikivoyage|Guwahati}}

{{Railway stations in Assam|state=collapsed}}
{{Guwahati}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in India]]

{{Assam-railstation-stub}}

Vetapalem railway station

2025-12-08T15:12:31Z

ChristineBabbidg: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vetapalem
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = National Highway 216, [[Vetapalem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.7800|N|80.3200|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Vijayawada–Chennai section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 5[total] 1 [[side platform]] 2 [[island platform]]
| tracks = 6
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = Yes
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = VTM
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| former = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Central Railway zone|left=Jandrapeta|right=Kottapandillapalli|type=[[Vijayawada–Chennai section]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| trains passed =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
}}

'''Vetapalem railway station''' (station code:VTM<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Surareddipalem – Chirala section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=36 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>), is located at [[Vetapalem]] town of [[Prakasam district]], in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Vijayawada Railway Division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref name="stn list">{{cite web| title=Indian Railway Stations List| url=http://train-time.in/indian-railways/stations?type=stations&search=Vetapalem| publisher=train-time.in| access-date=21 August 2014| archive-date=30 January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130085104/http://train-time.in/indian-railways/stations?type=stations&search=Vetapalem| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=station>{{cite web| title=Chirala Station| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1297?| publisher=indiarailinfo| access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> This station was well connected to [[Chennai]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Puri]], [[Tirupati]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Adilabad]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Bhimavaram]], [[Guntur]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Chirala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of stations directly connected from Vetapalem| url=http://erail.in/list-of-stations-directly-connected-from-vetapalem-railway-station| publisher=erail.in| access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
The Vijayawada–Chennai link was established in 1899.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870–1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 13 February 2013}}</ref> The Chirala–Elavur section was electrified in 1980–81.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 13 February 2013 }}</ref>

== Classification ==
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Vetapalem is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)'' railway station.<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–6 category station earns nearly {{₹|1}} [[crore]] and handles close to {{Nowrap|1 million}} passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Prakasam district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Nayaks of Gingee

2025-12-05T08:34:22Z

ChristineBabbidg: refine formatting for clarity

{{short description|Dynasty of Gingee, India (1509–1649)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Gingee Nayak Kingdom
|common_name = Gingee Nayak
|year_start = 1509
|year_end = 1649
|p1 = Chola Empire
|p2 = Vijayanagara Empire
|s1 = Adil Shahi dynasty
|s2 = British India
|image_map = GingeeRajas mandap.jpg
|image_map_caption =
|capital = [[Gingee Fort]]
|common_languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|government_type = Governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] [[Monarchy]]
|title_leader = [[Monarch|King]]
}}
{{TNhistory}}

The '''Nayaks of Gingee''' (Senji) were [[Telugu people|Telugu]] rulers of the [[Gingee]] principality of [[Tamil Nadu]] between 1509 and 1649.<ref>
*{{cite book |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha|author-link=Kanakalatha Mukund |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA46 |date=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8 |page=43|quote=Perhaps in order to extend more centralised control over the major resource regions, between 1500 and 1550, the Tamil country was reorganised into three major principalities, at Tanjavur, Madurai and Gingee (Senji), with Telugu nayakas as viceroys appointed by the emperor.}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sonti Venkata Suryanarayana Rao |author2=|title=Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature
|volume= |publisher=Jyeshtha Literary Trust |year=1999|page=55|quote= After the fall of the Vijayanagara empire, Tanjore, Jinji (also known as Gingee or Chenji) and Madura became political and cultural centres under the Telugu Naik kings. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJkAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Pran Nath Chopra |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Tamil Nadu
|volume=28 |publisher=Rima Publishing House |year=1992|page=70|quote= ...17th century, Tamilnad came to be ruled by a number of Telugu speaking Nayaks in Tanjore, in Gingee and in Madurai (or Tiruchy).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_JtAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=George Michell |author2=|title=Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the Successor States 1350-1750
|volume=|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995|page=13|isbn=978-0-521-44110-0|quote= It was under the Tuluvas in the first half of the sixteenth century that the first of the warrior chiefs from the Telugu region were posted as Nayakas at the strategic centres of Gingee, Thanjavur and Madurai. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bphUvvPf4C }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jennifer Howes |author2=|title=The Courts of Pre-Colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship
|volume= |publisher=Routledge |year=2003|page=62|isbn=978-1-135-78996-1|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb1vRpDRzBsC }}
</ref> The Gingee Nayaks had their origins in the [[Balija]] warrior clans of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":TeluguBalija">
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[David Dean Shulman]], [[Velcheru Narayana Rao]] |author2= |title=Classical Telugu Poetry
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2020|page=57|isbn= 9780520344525|quote=..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book |title=Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India |last=[[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780472112166| pages =198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Joseph Jerome Brennig |author2=|title=The Textile Trade of Seventeenth Century Northern Coromandel: A Study of a Pre-modern Asian Export Industry
|volume= |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |year=1987|page=65|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGu2AAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Muzaffar Alam]] |author2=|title=The Mughal State, 1526-1750
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998|page=35|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|quote=As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite thesis|editor1-last=Indira Malapaka |author2=|title=Telugu Inscriptions In Karnataka A Socio Cultural Study
|work=University|volume= |publisher=[[Sri Venkateswara University]] |year=2021|page=96|hdl=10603/462460|isbn= |quote=The nayaks of Madurai, Tanjore and Ginjee belonged to the balija caste.| url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/462460 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Noboru Karashima]] |author2=|title=Kingship in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1999|page=192|isbn=9788173043260|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |author2=|title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
|volume= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996|page=8|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC }}
</ref> They were subordinates of the imperial [[Vijayanagara]] emperors, and were appointed as provincial governors by the [[Vijayanagar Emperor]] who divided the Tamil country into three Nayakships viz., [[Madurai]], [[Tanjore]] and [[Gingee]]. Later, after the fall of the Vijayanagara's Tuluva dynasty, the Gingee rulers declared independence.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Edith Tomory |author2=|title=A History of Fine Arts in India and the West |volume= |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1982|page=139 |isbn = 9780861313211 |quote=After the fall of the central power, the Vijayanagar viceroys in the southern regions (Nayaks) assumed independent rule at Gingee, Tanjavur, Vellore and Madurai in Tamil Nadu and at Ikkeri in north - west Karnataka.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RTqAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> While they ruled independently, they were sometimes at war with the [[Tanjore Nayaks|Tanjore]] neighbors and the [[Vijayanagara]] overlords later based in [[Vellore]] and [[Chandragiri]]. [[Gingee]] ruler Surappa nayaka had a brother called [[Era Krishnappa Nayak]] whose son established himself in [[Karnataka]] and his family came to be known afterwards as the [[Nayakas of Belur|Belur Nayakas]].<ref>{{Cite book | title =A Concordance of Nayakas: The Vijayanagar Inscriptions in South India | publisher = Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2RuAAAAMAAJ | pages = 35| year = 2002| last1 =Noboru Karashima|isbn=9780195658453 | author1-link = Noboru Karashima}}</ref>

== Origins ==
Gingee Nayaks had their origins in the [[Balija]] warrior clans of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":TeluguBalija" /> According to the [[Tirukoilur|Thirukovilur]] [[Veerapandi, Viluppuram|Veerapandi]] Kari Varadaraja Perumal Temple inscription (A.D. 1568) mentions that the founder of the Gingee dynasty, [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Krishnappa Nayaka]], belongs to [[Kavarai]] community.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=C. R. Krishnamachari, A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar |author2=|title=Annual Report on South Indian Epigraphy (1934-1935)
|volume= |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Delhi]]|year=1938|page=73|quote=No. 240 dated in Saka 1490 and No. 262 dated in Saka 1510 in the reign of Venkata I both from the South Arcot district make mention of а Kavarai Nayaka residing at Virapandyanallur by name Vaiyappa Nayakkar ayyan and his son Nalam Krishnappa Nayakkar. In the earlier inscription he is referred to as having presented Virapandyanallur to his maternal uncle’s son Kondama Nayaka, who in his turn made a gift of some taxes, etc., accruing there from to the temple of Kariya Perumal at Adichchanallur. The latter record states that Vaiyappa Krishnappa Nayaka gave Tirukkovallur Sirmai as an umbilikkai to his son-in-law Virupparasar. The latter's wife Achyutamman, the daughter of Krishnappa, is stated to have built a shrine of Krishna, the Vaikuntha vasal, and the gopura in the Vishnu temple at Tirukkoyilur, and endowed for the merit of her father a village named Kolliyur for worship to the deity. This Krishnappa was evidently the founder of the Gingee line of chiefs, who tried to assert his independence towards the close of Venkata's reign. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tsmqi0LFvDYC}}</ref> The [[Tamil Jain]]s Kaifiyat mentions that the [[Gingee]] ruler, Venkatapati Nayaka, was from [[Kavarai]] community.<ref>
* {{cite book|editor1-last=B. S. Baliga |author2=|title=Madras District Gazetteers: South Arcot |volume=3 |publisher=|year=1962|page=458|quote=One of the Mackenzie manuscripts mentions a Venkatapathi of Venkatampettai, a Kavarai by caste, as ruling over the Gingee (Senji) country about 1478 A.D. and vigorously persecuting the Jains round about.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGVDAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Edgar Thurston |author2=|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India
|volume=2 |publisher=|isbn= |year=1909|page=429|quote= The following story connected with this latter occurs in one of the Mackenzie Manuscripts, and is supported by existing tradition. In 1478 A.D., the ruler of Gingee was one Venkatampettai, Venkatapati, who belonged to the comparatively low caste of the Kavarais.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WRTAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=|author2=|title=Jain Journal
|volume=32 |publisher=Jain Bhawan |year=1997|page=13| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsPWAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=C.S. Srinivasachari |author2=|title=History of Gingee
|volume= |publisher=Srinivasa Varadachari & Co, madras |year=1912|pages=7, 8|isbn=|quote= | url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0035818/ACL-TNAL_01913_The_History_of_Gingee.pdf }}
</ref> Kavarai is the Tamil name for [[Balija]]s who have settled in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>
*{{cite book |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha|author-link=Kanakalatha Mukund |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA46 |date=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8 |page=46|quote=Kavarai (the Tamil word for Balija merchants)}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Niels Brimnes |author2=|title=Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India
|volume= |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136819209 |year=2019|page=189|quote=The deserters, who defined themselves as maga nadu tesattar, consisted of right hand castes and were headed by Vellalas and Tamilized Balijas, known as Kavarais. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIsECwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Nagaswamy |author2=|title=Studies in South Indian History and Culture
|volume= |publisher=V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee |year=1997|page=321|quote=Turning now to another Telugu group, the Balijas, also called Kavarai, it appears that although this was a trading caste, members could also take to textile manufacture.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kRuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Historical Studies |author2=|title=Studies in History
|volume=11, 6 |publisher=Sage|isbn= |year=1995|page=8|quote=English trade in Madras, the much sought after, and obviously lucrative, exclusive contracts for trading with the English Company (both for supplying textiles and other goods and buying the European goods) had been cornered by the Right side merchants, especially the Balijas (often referred to as the Kavarai in Tamil).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LG0MAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Ananda Ranga Pillai]], [[Frederick Price (civil servant)|John Frederick Price]] |author2=|title=The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubash to Joseph François Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry: A Record of Matters, Political, Historical, Social, and Personal, from 1736-1761
|volume=2 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1984|page=67|isbn=|quote=The Kavarais, known also as Balijas, are the trading caste of the Telugus, and belong to the right hand.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yRuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Roque, K. Wagner |author2=|title=Engaging Colonial Knowledge: Reading European Archives in World History
|volume= |publisher=Springer |year=2011|page=170|isbn=9780230360075 |quote=Within the right hand division the leading individuals were from the communities of Vellalas and Kavarais. The former constituted, as in other parts of Tamil Nadu, the established agricultural elite, while the latter were Telugu-speaking Balija Chetties, who had settled in Tamil country. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2OADAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Chris Baker (writer)|Christopher John Baker]], [[David Washbrook|D. A. Washbrook]] |author2=|title=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change. 1880-1940
|volume= |publisher=Springer |year=1976|page=223|isbn=978-1-349-02746-0|quote=Kavarai was merely the Tamil equivalent of the Telugu word Balija| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kumarasamy Rajaram |author2=|title=History of Thirumalai Nayak
|volume= |publisher=Ennes Publications|isbn= |year=1982|page=82|quote= Kamma, Gavarai, Padma Velama and Kambalathar are the Telugu speaking communities. Gavarais are also called Balijas or bangle merchants. Kambalathars are called Tottiars (those with a Kambalam or blanket). The Kamma and the Gavarai topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. The Padma Velamas are good agriculturists.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QFCAAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Raju Kalidos |author2=|title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule
|volume= |publisher=Vijay Publications |year=1976|pages=239, 240|quote=Chief among the Telugu speaking communities in Tamilaham are the Kammavar, Kavarai or Balijas (bangle merchants), Uppuliya (salt merchants), Seniya (textile workers), Tottiar or Kambalattar (those with a kambalam or blanket), Oddar, Sakkiliar (the menial jobbed), Dombas (acrobats) etc. The Kavarai and Kammavar topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. In contemporary times they take the name suffix like Naidu and Naicker. The Chettis and Komatis among the Telugu speaking were (and are) noted for their subtle and ingenious practices in trade.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1uAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

=== The Nayaka Rulers clan ===
The Gingee Nayak line was established by Tubaki (aka Tupakula) [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Krishnappa Nayaka]], the son of Koneri Nayaka and grandnephew of Achyutappa Nayaka. Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Brennig provide the following details on Achyutappa Nayak:<ref>[[#Subrahmanyam|Subrahmanyam]], p. 304</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00014177| title = Chief Merchants and the European Enclaves of Seventeenth-Century Coromandel| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 321–340| year = 2008| last1 = Brennig | first1 = J. J. | s2cid = 145495867}}</ref>
 
{{blockquote|... Achyutappa chetti, belonged to the [[Balija]] Chetti mercantile community, originally of Telugu extraction, but settled in the Tamil region as a part of the extensive migratory movement from the Andhra to the Tamil regions that began c.1350 and continued into our period. The family tree of Achyutappa – to the extent we are aware of it – was as follows: Siblings of Achyutappa: Achyutappa—Chinnana—Kesava—Brother(unknown)--Sister(unknown). Children of Kesava': Laksmana. Children of Achyutappa's Unknown Brother: Koneri—father of Krishnappa (the founder of Senji Nayaka kingdom).. }}

Some of the Nayakas in the Gingee line were:
# [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak]] (1509–1521)<ref>{{cite book |title=Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India |first=Sanjay |last=Subrahmanyam |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780472112166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC}}
</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2012}}
# Chennappa Nayaka
# Gangama Nayaka
# Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka
# Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka
# Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka
# Varadappa Nayaka
# Ramalinga Nayani vaaru
# Venkata Perumal Naidu
# Periya Ramabhadra Naidu
# Ramakrishnappa Naidu (- 1649)

Srinivasachari takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and mentions the following nayakas in the Gingee line, noting governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464:<ref name=srinivasachari>Srinivasachari, C.S., (1943). History Of Gingee And Its Rulers, p.78-84, 96, 121-122. Available from: https://factmuseum.com/pdf/south-india/pdf/History-of-Gingee-and-its-Rulers-By-C.S.Srinivasachari.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511111318/https://factmuseum.com/pdf/south-india/pdf/History-of-Gingee-and-its-Rulers-By-C.S.Srinivasachari.pdf |date=11 May 2019 }}</ref>
# 1490 - Vaiyappa Nayak
# 1490-1520 - Tubaki Krishnappa Nayaka (originally Bala / Vala Krishnappa who became Tubbaki / Dubakki / Dubala Krishnappa in local legends).
# 1520-1540 - Achyuta Vijaya Ramachandra Nayak
# 1540-1550 - Muthialu Nayak
# 1570-1600 - Venkatappa Nayak
# 1600-1620 - Varadappa Nayak
# Appa Nayak - up to Muslim conquest.

== Territory ==
The Gingee Nayak kingdom when established covered most of Northern Tamil Nadu including the present day [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and vast areas of [[Nellore]], [[Chittoor]], [[Vellore]] and [[Chandragiri]]. Its Southern boundary extended up to Kollidam River which marked the boundary between the Tanjavur and Madurai kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Mathias Mundadan, Joseph Thekkedath |author2=|title=History of Christianity in India: From the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the seventeenth century, 1542-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDgJAQAAIAAJ |date=1982 |page=143 |publisher=Church History Association of India}}</ref> Later, during mid 16th centuries, the Gingee Nayaks lost control of the [[Vellore Fort]] and its Northern provinces when their erstwhile Vijayanagara overlords under [[Aravidu Dynasty]] took possession of these places and re-established their later Kingdom.

== History ==
===Historical time===
In 1509, under the orders of Krishnadeva Raya, Vaiyappa Nayak led the Vijayanagar forces against the local chieftains of the Gingee area.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Va. Suba. Manickam |author2=|title=A Glimpse of Tamilology
|volume= |publisher=Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu |year=1968|page=12| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQOAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> Thereafter, [[Krishnadevaraya]] consolidated this area under one of his men, Tubakki (or Tupakula) Krishnappa Nayaka.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Raju Kalidos |author2=|title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule
|volume= |publisher=Vijay Publications |year=1976|page=231| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1uAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

Krishnappa Nayaka established a heredity line of Nayak rulers who ruled Gingee from 1509 to 1648 AD.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |author2=|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul empire
|volume=7 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1947|page=458|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKZFAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Henriette Bugge |author2=|title=Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840-1900)
|volume= |publisher=Routledge|year=2020|page=22|isbn=978-1-000-15346-0|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ybxDwAAQBAJ }}
</ref> Krishnappa Nayaka reign lasted from 1507 to 1521.<ref>[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] (1991) ''The cult of Draupadī''. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. {{ISBN|8120810007}}. p. 452</ref>

===Krishnappa's rule===
Krishnappa Nayak is said to be the founder of Gingee city. The earlier name of Gingee was Krishnapura. Krishnappa Nayak built the Singavaram Venkataramana and Venugopalaswami temples and other structures inside the Gingee Fort. Krishnappa was said be a '''native of Conjivaram (Kanchipuram)''' and kept a flower-garden dedicated to the God, Varadaraj Perumal.<ref>P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982) ''South Indian shrines: Illustrated''. Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|8120601513}}. pp. 182–183.</ref> The granaries of the Gingee Fort, the Kalyana Mahal and the thick walls enclosing the three hills of Gingee are attributed to Krishnappa Nayaka.<ref>Indian culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute, Volume 10, p. 176</ref> Although Gingee had been a fortified centre as early as 1240 CE, it was during the rule of Krishnappa that the present layout of the Garh Mahal (fort) was established.<ref>Fredrick W. Bunce (2006) ''Royal palaces, residences, and pavilions of India: 13th through 18th centuries: an iconographic consideration''. D.K. Printworld. {{ISBN|8124603561}}. p. 74.</ref> Krishnappa is said to be the first Nayaka who converted a fort into an outstanding example of military architecture.<ref>Architecture and art of southern India: Vijayanagara and the successor states, Volume 1, Issue 6, p.16.</ref> Krishnappa Nayaka's rule was fraught with wars against the Muslims. [[Tanjore Nayaks|Raghunatha Nayaka]] of Tanjore is said to have secured the release of Krishnappa Nayaka from the Muhammedans with the sanction of the Vijayanagar emperor. A grateful Krishnappa reportedly gave away his daughter in marriage to the Tanjore king.<ref>V. Vriddhagirisan (1995) ''Nayaks of Tanjore''. Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|8120609964}}. p. 48.</ref>

===Krishnappa's family===
[[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Krishnappa Nayaka]] came from a family of merchants. He was the grandnephew of Achyutappa Chetti who was a trader, a broker and a shipping merchant. Achyutappa's home-base was '''Devanampattinam''' of [[Cuddalore]] which he got fortified using his ties with the Nayakas and local militia leaders. Initially no more than a broker and an interpreter, by the 1620s Achyutappa's power as an independent merchant came to be on the rise, as was his standing in the elite politics of southern and central coromandel. He was aided by his brothers Chinanna, Kesava and an other unnamed brother. Achyutappa manoeuvered his quasi-diplomatic position by mediating in the internecine warfare of the 1620s between the poligar factions of Senji (Gingee) and Chingleput regions.

Achyutappa's quasi-diplomatic rise in status also emerged from his relations with the [[List of Arakan kings|King of Arakan]] and [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayak of Madurai]] and even the Cochin ruler who used Achyutappa as an intermediary while attempting a rapprochement with the Dutch in the early 1630s. Acyutappa's main trade was shipping. He dominated the coromandel coast. Until 1634, the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) was almost completely dependent on Achyutappa and his relatives for the supply of rice to provision company factories. Together with Chinnana, Koneri, Kesava and Laksmana, Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak owned the Coromadel Shipping, with Royal Shipping as a partner. The Royal Shipping was owned by the rulers of Ayutthaya, Arakan and Kedah of Southeast Asia.<ref>[[#Subrahmanyam|Subrahmanyam]], p. 301</ref>

However, Acyutappa's activities were diversified. By the 1620s, along with his brother Chinnana, Achyutappa had become increasingly involved in farming revenue in the territories of the Nayakas and the Chandragiri ruler.<ref>[[#Subrahmanyam|Subrahmanyam]], p. 303</ref> When Acyutappa died in Mar 1634, the mantle of VOC's chief broker of Coromandel fell on his brother Chinanna.

Chinnanna lived an exorbitant lifestyle with 40 wives and innumerable children. Chinanna was politically more ambitious than his brother, Achyutappa, with a penchant for diplomacy and even direct participation as a field general in internecine warfare of the 1630s. However, his abrasiveness led him to fall out with his own brother Kesava and his nephews Seshadra and Laksmana. By early 1638, the family feud led Kesava and Lakshmana to persuade Tubaki Krisnappa to take Koneri as a prisoner. Koneri fled and sought refuge under Chinanna. However, when faced with the superior force of [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Tubaki Krishnappa]], Chinanna surrendered.<ref>[[#Subrahmanyam|Subrahmanyam]], p. 309</ref>

== Descendants ==
Sankariah Naidu, Zamindar of Chennappa Naicken Palayam was a descendant of [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak]], the ruler of the [[Gingee]]. He was born on [[1754]] to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Balija]] merchant family in Cuddalore, then a part of the [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]] district of the [[Madras Presidency]]. His father, Komarappa Naidu, who was a [[Merchant|trader]] and a shipping merchant.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
|volume= |publisher=University of Minnesota |year=1920|page=453|quote=The illustrious House of the great Komarappa Naidu of the South Arcot District traces its ancestry to Tupakula Krishnappa Naidu, the ruler of the Ginji Fort under the aegis of the now Forgotten Empire of Vijayanagar. This ruler of Ginji constructed many new temples and renovated the old and time-honoured temple of Tirukoilur. We find inscriptions bearing the name of Tupakula Krishnappa in several temples of the South Arcot District. Komarappa Naidu belonged to the Kshatriya Balija caste; and his caste- men, who had been warriors till the advent of the Muhammadans, took up trade as their profession thereafter. It can be seen from the existing records that as early as 1752 Komarappa Naidu was carrying on his trade, which mainly consisted in the export of Indian goods to foreign countries in his ships and the import of precious stones, horses, elephants and the products of other countries. He owned sixteen ships and in a few years he made enormous profits. He constructed the Komarappa Naickenpettai, a suburb of Tiruvendipuram in 1780 to attract weavers from other parts of the country. He rendered substantial pecuniary help to the weavers and thus enabled them to purchase the looms and other necessary appliances. The East India Company, which had just settled in India for carrying on trade between India and England, sought the help of the famous overseas merchant, Komarappa Naidu and established commercial relations with him which remained cordial throughout. Komarappa Naidu, who had been religiously disposed from his boyhood, left his entire business in the hands of his son Sankariah Naidu, shortly after the latter came of age and spent the remaining years of his life in religious study. It was during this, his age of retirement, that he built many new temples and gave a fresh lease of life to the old ones in the district. The pious Komarappa used to feed large numbers of Brahmins and pandits daily and more so on festive occasions. He breathed his last in peace in 1819 at the age of eighty-five. We find the image of Komarappa carved on the stone pillars in the Mantapams of the Tiruvendipuram and Tirupapuliyur temples. A monumental Shaivite temple has been erected over his remains in one of his gardens on the bank of the Gadilam river, in which Archana is daily performed. His wife, Mangammal, has renovated the shrine of Sri Dagaleswar Perumal at Tirukoilur, in a prominent part of which we find an inscription bearing her name. Sankariah Naidu, who was sixty-five years of age at the time of his father's demise, had already risen to prominence. He considerably improved the trade of the family, particularly that with the East India Company and constructed more ships. He acquired considerable landed property in the South Arcot, Chinglepet and Tanjore districts. In 1809 he purchased the small Zamindari of Chennappa Naiken Poliem, a few miles to the west of Cuddalore, which also includes the village of Naduvirapattu. To facilitate his export and import trade, he established ports at Cuddalore, Pondicherry, Porto-Novo and Karaikal. He had a big firm at Madras, on the grounds of which now stand the Madras Christian College, the Anderson Hall and the buildings of Messrs. Parry and Company. He constructed a number of choultries among which those at Chidambaram and Tirupapuliyur deserve special mention. Sankariah Naidu married two wives. He had one son, Devanayagam Naidu by his first wife and four sons by his second wife, Ramaswami, Chandrasekhara, Balakrishna and Chinna Devanayagam. Sankariah Naidu died in 1826.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Epigrāphiya Karnāṭaka (5,1): Hassan district 1: Hassan, Belur, Channarayapattana, Hole-Nasipur, Arkalgud, Manjavabad, Arsikere Taluks. Available from: http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/EC_05_1_1902/0929

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |ref=Subrahmanyam|title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650 |first=Sanjay |last=Subrahmanyam |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780521892261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSMPKVh7f8C}}

==Further reading==
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofgingeea035396mbphttps://archive.org/details/historyofgingeea035396mbp C. S. Srinivasachari, M. A., Professor of History, Annamalai University, History Of Gingee And Its Rulers (The University, 1943), ASIN: B0007JBT3G]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA166 Questioning Ramayanas – by Paula Richman]
*Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman. Classical Telugu poetry: an anthology, Page 63.
*B. S. Baliga. Tamil Nadu district gazetteers, page 427.

[[Category:Nayak dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu under the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:1509 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1649]]

Odhavram

2025-12-04T08:02:34Z

ChristineBabbidg: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sant Shri Odhavram Maharaj
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Sant Shri Odhavram Maharaj
| birth_name = Odhav Bhanushali
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|04|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jakhau]], [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|01|13|1889|10|04|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Vandhay]], [[Kutch]]
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| callsign =
| awards =
| relatives =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Odhavram''' (4 October 1889 – 13 January 1957) was an Indian religious teacher. He championed [[Gurukula]] education to improve the situation of the poor.

==Early life==
Odhavram was born in [[Jakhau]], a small village located on the west coast of [[Gujarat, India]], in the district of [[Kutch district|Kutch]]. He was born in an agrarian [[Bhanushali]] family in 1889 on the festival of [[Ram Navami]], an auspicious day in the Hindu calendar.

He was named Udhav. As a child, he showed interest in religious texts. He loved music and singing traditional Indian poems known as [[bhajan|Bhajans.]] When he was 9 years old he studied under Guru Shanakaranand from [[Mandvi]], Kutch. He learned Sanskrit and the Vedas and often took the [[Bhagavad Gita]] to school to narrate single lines to his friends. He liked to discuss the Gita with [[pandit]]s and scholars of Hindu law, philosophy and music. After a life-threatening accident at an ashram, he returned to Jakhau to dedicate his life to Hinduism and the advancement of Kutch and Gujarat.

==Ishwar Ashram==
Saint Odhavram Bappa entered the Ishwar Ashram in Vandhay Kutch. The ashram followed [[Harihara|Harihar Parampara]] and was setup by Deva Saheb in Hamla, Kutch, eventually Odhavram became the mahat of the Ashram.

==Kutch Guruku==
Odhavram believed that society could not progress without education. He went from door to door in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai), [[Calcutta]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]], asking people to contribute funds to start the first [[gurukula]] school in Kutch. For 8 years he worked as a gunny-bag laborer and in 1937 during the spring festival Vasant Panchami he welcomed his first 330 students to Ishwarram school.

Odhavram wanted the gurukul system to extend to educating the blind so they could be self-reliant and gain social respect. He established school for the blind in 1938 using Braille script obtained from Bombay. Apart from book knowledge, he taught students to use their other senses. Sadhu Sevadas, who studied in the blind school, still resides at the Ishwar Ashram in Vandhay, Kutch.

For 16 years Odhavram struggled years to bring the agriculturalist caste [[Patidar|Patidaar Samaj]] back to [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatan Dharma]] (Hinduism) and survived several life-threatening attacks. One man attempted to shoot him and he was attacked by a mob of people with swords. Odhavram believed in "Ahimsa Paramo Dharma" (nonviolence).

==1940 Drought==
During 1940, Kutch experienced a terrible drought and thousands of cattle died. Odhavram dedicated his efforts to alleviating the suffering of cattle and villagers saying: "Saving these speechless cattle is the first and foremost responsibility of a true Hindu. If one has to give away everything he has and even his life for this noble cause, it is worth it". He provided food, water, and shelter for numerous cattle at the ashram even though his students were also suffering.

==Bhanushali Movement==
In 1942, Odhavram established a movement to improve the situation of the Bhanushali community. Bhanushalis are descendants of the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavanshi dynasty]], but due to illiteracy and poverty, they are discriminated against. Odhavram traveled through villages and cities, preaching the value of education, and eventually succeeded in establishing a boarding school in Mandvi. In 1952 he built a Bhanushali ''[[Community centre|wadi]] (''community centre) in Bombay for Bhanushalis who had migrated from Kutch to Bombay for work.

==Following Gandhi==
Odhavram followed [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] teaching and the [[Swadeshi movement]] which supported local manufacturing. He began weaving his own clothes made it compulsory for every student of the gurkhul to learn to weave. Odhavram believed in practicing what he preached and when he supported Gandhi’s efforts to accept [[Harijan]]s untouchables as part of society the Kutch community against him and people started leaving him. He supported the Indian independence movement and when delivering a spiritual discourse at a convention in Mundra in 1945 he said, "I cannot die in peace till my motherland is freed from these invaders. In this freedom fight write my name first followed by my 330 students of the Gurukul. I would be honored to sacrifice my life for my motherland". In 1947, India was declared independent.

==Later years==
In 1954, Odhavram left his Ashram to and moved to Haridwar to spend the rest of his life near the Ganges. However, on seeing a sever Kutchi’s roaming the streets with nowhere to stay, he established a [[Dharamshalas|Dharmashala]] or public shelter with funds and the help of friends, followers and associates. Donations were collected from the [[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya|Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj]] and other Kutch communities such as [[Patidar]], [[Bhanushali]] and [[Mistri]]. The Kutchhi Lalrameshwar Ashram at Haridwar was established in 1956. Odhavram returned to Vandhay and died on January 13, 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://santodhavram.org/orgisations.html |title=Shri Odhavram Maharaj Sant Odhavram |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235009/http://santodhavram.org/orgisations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]

1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-28T20:13:22Z

ChristineBabbidg:

{{Short description|Election in Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1963
| next_election = 1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1972
| seats_for_election = All 30 assembly constituencies
| majority_seats = 16
| election_date = 21 February 1967
| registered = {{formatnum:418404}}
| turnout = 68.25%
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Dayanand Bandodkar (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=05}}
| party1 = Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
| leader1 = [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| leader_since1 =
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]]
| last_election1 =
| seats_before1 = 14
| seats1 = 16
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}2
| percentage1 = 40.42%
| swing1 =

| party2 = United Goans Party
| image2 = {{eppt|United Goans Party|height=120|width=100}}
| leader2 = [[Jack Sequeira]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|St. Cruz]]
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 = 12
| seats2 = 12
| seat_change2 = 0
| percentage2 = 37.98%
| swing2 =

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|CM]]
| before_election = [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| after_election = [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| before_party = Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
| after_party = Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
}}
Elections were held in February 1967, in the [[India]]n [[Union territory]] of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], to elect 30 members to the [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly]].<ref name= pdf>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa Daman and Diu}}</ref>

== Results ==
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election, 1967<ref name= pdf />|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats contested 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|align="left"|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]||26||16||111,110||40.42%
|-
| {{party color cell|United Goans Party}}
|align="left"|[[United Goans Party|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)]]||30||12||104,426||37.98%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||156||2||48,471||17.63%
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''<ref>The total includes votes and contestants of all parties, even those who failed to win one seat</ref>||'''226'''||'''30'''||'''274,92'''||
|-
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]]||64.22%||K. B. Laxman||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||4,499||60.15%||B. Desprabhu||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,181||29.16%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''2,318'''
|-
|2||[[Mandrem Assembly constituency|Mandrem]]||64.52%||[[Anthony de Souza (politician)Anthony D'Souza]] ||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||6,907||71.65%||K. M. Vinayak||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||1,540||15.98%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''5,367'''
|-
|3||[[Siolim Assembly constituency|Siolim]]||73.36%||Punaji Achrekar ||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,175||50.35%||D. Zeferino||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||4,556||44.32%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''619'''
|-
|4||[[Calangute Assembly constituency|Calangute]]||74.17%||S. Valente||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||6,329||54.29%||M. R. Dharma||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||4,633||39.74%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''1,696'''
|-
|5||[[Aldona Assembly constituency|Aldona]]||73.49%||Lobo Sequeira Orlando ||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||6,084||57.79%||M. N. Pandharinath||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||3,969||37.7%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''2,115'''
|-
|6||[[Mapusa Assembly constituency|Mapusa]]||72.2%||[[Gopal Mayekar]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,476||52.57%||K. T. Mangesh||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||4,040||38.79%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''1,436'''
|-
|7||[[Tivim Assembly constituency|Tivim]]||63.89%||[[Jaisingrao Rane]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||4,761||61.26%||N. Narayananant||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||1,794||23.08%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''2,967'''
|-
|8||[[Bicholim Assembly constituency|Bicholim]]||70.39%||C. D. Keshav||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,565||66.96%||S. S. Sakharam||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,149||13.83%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''4,416'''
|-
|9||[[Pale Assembly constituency|Pale]]||66.02%||[[A. K. S. Usgaonkar]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,671||65.09%||S. U. P. Krishna||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,961||22.51%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''3,710'''
|-
|10||[[Sattari Assembly constituency|Sattari]]||57.7%||[[Gopal Kamat]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||2,962||40.04%||D. B. Hirojirao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,068||14.44%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''1,894'''
|-
|11||[[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]||66.97%||Y. S. Desai||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||3,846||42.56%||T. M. Upendra||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||3,776||41.78%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''70'''
|-
|12||[[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|St. Cruz]]||77.33%||[[Jack de Sequeira]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||7,087||59.94%||J. L. C. Araujo||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Furtado Group)}}||4,045||34.21%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''3,042'''
|-
|13||[[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre]]||71.75%||[[Teotonio Pereira]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||5,656||57.47%||Melo Agosttinho Santana||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||3,466||35.22%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''2,190'''
|-
|14||[[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]]||67.27%||B. P. Shrinivas||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,296||54.67%||J. T. Timotio||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||3,355||34.63%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''1,941'''
|-
|15||[[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]]||71.14%||B. D. Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||7,800||92.4%||K. T. Pundlik||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||423||5.01%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''7,377'''
|-
|16||[[Ponda Assembly constituency|Ponda]]||68.49%||[[Shashikala Kakodkar]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||7,144||76.66%||K. S. Dattatray||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||1,567||16.82%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''5,577'''
|-
|17||[[Siroda Assembly constituency|Siroda]]||59.26%||[[Vittal Karmali]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||4,571||53.%||J. F. S. Fernandes||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||1,294||15.%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''3,277'''
|-
|18||[[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]||62.57%||M. V. Datta||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||4,646||58.85%||S. H. A. Lathif||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||2,785||35.28%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''1,861'''
|-
|19||[[Canacona Assembly constituency|Canacona]]||66.15%||N. G. M. Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,126||58.95%||M. R. Desai||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||2,141||24.62%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''2,985'''
|-
|20||[[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]||66.%||[[Shaba Desai]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||2,955||44.39%||D. S. Yeshvant||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||1,734||26.05%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''1,221'''
|-
|21||[[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]]||65.09%||Abdul Razak ||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||3,657||42.84%||N. X. G. Desai||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||3,519||41.23%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''138'''
|-
|22||[[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]||62.01%||[[Roque Santana Fernandes]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||3,774||43.62%||K. M. Jaiwant||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||1,720||19.88%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''2,054'''
|-
|23||[[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]]||62.54%||M. E. Jose||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||6,528||74.53%||C. F. Clodomiro||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,008||11.51%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''5,520'''
|-
|24||[[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]]||62.1%||[[Leo Velho Mauricio]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||6,546||59.5%||D. P. Santano||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||2,831||25.73%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''3,715'''
|-
|25||[[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]]||64.26%||N. A. Narcinva||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||4,905||57.89%||S. V. Purshotam||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||2,832||33.42%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''2,073'''
|-
|26||[[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]||59.81%||Barretto Roque Joaquim||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||8,778||86.39%||C. A. M. Jose||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||556||5.47%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''8,222'''
|-
|27||[[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]]||65.1%||L. P. Barbosa||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||6,977||77.03%||L. C. Carvalho||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,662||18.35%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}"|'''5,315'''
|-
|28||[[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]]||54.29%||Gajanan Patil||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||5,570||46.11%||M. R. Manuel||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||3,932||32.55%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''1,638'''
|-
|29||[[Daman Assembly constituency|Daman]]||60.62%||M. M. Bhathala||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,775||29.48%||B. O. Pandya||{{party name with color|United Goans Party (Sequeira Group)}}||2,544||27.02%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''231'''
|-
|30||[[Diu Assembly constituency|Diu]]||66.33%||F. N. Srinivassa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,552||23.6%||A. R. Hadmat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,501||22.83%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''51'''

|}

==== By Elections ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|-
| 1 || [[Siroda Assembly constituency|Shiroda]] ||[[Krishnanath Baburao Naik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}" |
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|-
| 2 || [[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]] ||[[Bhalchandra Kinlekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}" |
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Goa]]
* [[1967 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Goan elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goa, Daman, and Diu Legislative Assembly election, 1967}}
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Goa|1967]]
[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India]]
[[Category:1960s in Goa, Daman, and Diu]]
[[Category:Elections in Goa, Daman and Diu|1967]]

Sandro Mencucci

2025-11-25T23:47:39Z

ChristineBabbidg: created new article

{{Short description|Italian businessman (born 1961)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandro Mencucci
| image = Sandro mencucci ceo fiorentina.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|7|18|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Florence]], Italy
| height = {{Height|ft=6|in=1}}
| occupation = International sports executive
| title = Chief Executive Officer
| years_active = 2002–present (23 years)
| employer = {{ubl|[[U.S. Lecce]], [[Leeds United]], [[ACF Fiorentina]]}}
}}

'''Sandro Mencucci''' ({{IPA|it|meŋˈkuttʃi|lang}}) is an Italian businessman and senior international sports executive. Mencucci is currently CEO of [[U.S. Lecce]] football club who competes in the top tier Italian [[Serie A]] from May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/serie-b/lecce/2022/05/17-92942186/lecce_mencucci_sara_il_nuovo_ad?fbclid=IwAR1Mb81gYkNhKnTwwBNgeXcXf4aM9SNYqe0h9SlXewEtY-K14RfhtinQiFM |publisher=Corriere Dello Sport |language=Italian |title= Lecce, Mencucci sarà il nuovo ad |date=18 May 2022|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.salentosport.net/lecce-news/nuovo-ingresso-nellorganigramma-sandro-mencucci-sara-il-prossimo-amministratore-delegato/ |language=Italian|title= Lecce – Nuovo Ingresso Nell'Organigramma: Sandro Mencucci Sarà Il Prossimo Amministratore Delegato |date=May 16, 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pianetalecce.it/news/444939537926/professionalit-agrave-seriet-agrave-ed-autorevolezza-ecco-chi-egrave-sandro-mencucci | publisher=Pianeta Lecce |language=Italian |title= Professionalità, serietà ed autorevolezza: ecco chi è Sandro Mencucci |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> He previously was CEO and a board director of the Italian Serie A football club [[ACF Fiorentina]] from August 2002 to 2019.

In his twenty-three years in Italian Serie A, Mencucci is one of the most successful and sought out CEOs in Italy. He has also served on the Board of Directors of [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United Football Club]] and helped contribute in July 2020 to the club’s historic promotion back to the [[Premier League]] following a 16 year hiatus in the [[English Football League Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4212003/2021/05/20/leeds-united-fan-peter-lowy-and-two-others-join-board/ |title= Leeds United fan Peter Lowy and two others join board |work= The New York Times |access-date=20 May 2021 |last1= Buckingham |first1= Philip }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aser.com/|title=Home|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="mcn-elevensale">{{cite web|title=Eleven Sports Buys One World Assets|url=http://www.multichannel.com/news/sports/eleven-sports-buys-one-world-assets/411573|website=Multichannel News|date=March 16, 2017|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leedsunited.com/news/club-news/21478/aser-group-holding-acquires-50-of-leeds-united|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104212007/https://www.leedsunited.com/news/club-news/21478/aser-group-holding-acquires-50-of-leeds-united|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2017|title=ASER GROUP HOLDING ACQUIRES 50% OF LEEDS UNITED|website=www.leedsunited.com|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>

==Sports executive career==

===US Lecce===
Mencucci was sought out to return to the helm as CEO of the newly promoted, [[U.S. Lecce]] in May 2022 when they won the [[2021–22 Serie B]] Championship. He immediately contributed his economic leadership by creating a new economic model for Italian Serie A clubs whereby U.S. Lecce has been recognized for their solution to “financial sustainability” - valorization of talent, balancing financial sustainability returning to profit and self-sufficiency from shareholders based on organically working with the Sports Division.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Lecce/14-10-2023/lecce-cosi-si-gestisce-la-squadra-rivelazione-della-serie-a_amp.shtml |publisher= La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |title= Mencucci: "Vi spiego come si gestisce il Lecce dei miracoli" |date=14 October 2023|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

===ACF Fiorentina===
A chartered accountant and fiscal lawyer by profession, Mencucci joined [[ACF Fiorentina]] as CEO and board director in the summer of 2002 when the Della Valle Family, owners of the fashion brands Tod's, Fay, Hogan and Roger Vivier, acquired the defaulted club and initiated a new entity starting from the 4th tier Serie C2. They set out to build the club from the ground up without any existing structure and with the modest capital of 6 million euros.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2003/03/28/mercato-societa-le-scelte-di-della-valle.html?ref=search|publisher=la Repubblica |language=Italian |title=Mercato e società le scelte di Della Valle |date=28 March 2003|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://it.violachannel.tv/archivio-giornali.html|publisher=orig. Il Giornale della Toscana rep. violachannel.tv |language=Italian |title=Dopo nove mesi resucita la Fiorentina |date=15 May 2003|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> During his tenure, Mencucci and the Della Valle family increased the budget from the initial 6 million to over 100 million euros annually.

In 2007, Mencucci became the president of the Promesse Viola Srl, the official youth academy for the club. In 2014, Mencucci, became the President of International Development Players LLC, a youth development academy under the guidance of the youth sector division of the club with its headquarters in the United States. In 2015, Mencucci became president of the Fiorentina Fiorentina Women's Football Club, the first-ever professionally affiliated women's football club in the history of Italy. In 2017, Fiorentina won the [[2016–17 Serie A (women)|2016-17 Serie A]]. This is the first Tricolore for [[ACF Fiorentina]] since May 6, 1969, and it is the first Serie A championship under the previous ownership of Andre Delle Valle. On June 17, 2017, Fiorentina won its first double since 1926 when the women's division won the Coppa Italia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/sport/calcio/fiorentina-women-s-un-altro-trofeo-la-loro-prima-coppa-italia-video-1.3204220
|publisher=lanazione.com |language=Italian |title=Fiorentina Women's Un altro Trofeo La Loro Prima Coppa Italia |date=16 June 2017|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, Mencucci was inducted into the Fiorentina Hall of Fame in a ceremony organized by the Museo Fiorentina and [[ACF Fiorentina]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/sport/calcio/fiorentina-hall-of-fame-rosetta-ferrante-1.3553586/|publisher=la Nazione |language=Italian |title=Fiorentina Rosetta e Ferrante nella "Hall of Fame" viola|date=22 November 2017|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>

===Philosophy===
During his seventeen-year tenure as CEO at [[ACF Fiorentina]], Mencucci implemented the vision of Della Valle family, the "Fiorentina Model", which emphasized economic equilibrium, technical competence, investment in the youth sector and the promotion of a positive sports culture formally implemented in 2007 as a "fair play culture" making Fiorentina a model Club for the Italian League and for the world.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/10/17/fiorentina-ecco-il-piano-per-essere-campioni.html?ref=search|publisher= la Repubblica |language=Italian |title= Fiorentina, ecco il piano per essere campioni di sportività|date=17 October 2007|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> The principal objective is to promote Fair Play, the value of playing sports with respect for the adversary and fans.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.violanews.com/news-viola/mencucci-e-la-fiorentina-premiati-per-il-fair-play/|publisher=violanews.com|language=Italian |title= Mencucci e il Viola Fair: ''Creare un modello da esportare nel mondo''|date=17 May 2013|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.calciomercato.com/news/football-leader-2013-premiati-mencucci-e-ferlaino-244360|publisher= calciomercato.com |language=Italian |title= Football Leader 2013: premiati Mencucci e Ferlaino|date=17 May 2013|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> Mencucci led the club from its initial insertion into Serie C2, Italian fourth division, to its promotion back to Serie A in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://it.violachannel.tv/archivio-giornali.html|publisher=orig. Corriere Fiorentino rep. violachannel.tv |language=Italian |title=Sono uno di voi con lo stesso sogno |date=31 October 2009 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> The club qualified for three consecutive years for the UEFA Europa League and has held one of the top four positions in the Italian Serie A league for the last three consecutive seasons. The club also qualified for the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League]] and again in [[2009–10 UEFA Champions League|2009–10]], where they were eliminated in the round of 16 by [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], but recorded wins home and away, over [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the group stages.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/altre-notizie/fiorentina-frey-e-mencucci-sulla-vittoria-contro-il-liverpool-183108|publisher= tuttomercatoweb.com |language=Italian |title= Fiorentina, Frey e Mencucci sulla vittoria contro il Liverpool |date=12 October 2009|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> During the summer of 2014, Mencucci led the club in the [[2014 Copa EuroAmericana]] and in the summer of 2015, Fiorentina participated in the [[2015 International Champions Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.violanews.com/news-viola/mencucci-vola-ny-per-i-sorteggi-dellinternational-champions-cup/|publisher= violanews.com |language=Italian |title= Mencucci vola a NY per i sorteggi dell'International Champions Cup|date=27 April 2015|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Giani">{{cite book | last = Giani | first = Eugenio| title = Firenze per la Fiorentina. La rinascita raccontata dai protagonisti. | year = 2005| publisher = Plan 2005| url =http://www.libreriadellosport.it/libri/firenze-per-la-fiorentina.php | isbn =88-88719-15-6}}</ref>

Mencucci implemented the Della Valle initiative and became the first Serie A club to financially sustain a non-profit association, [[Save the Children]]. Since 2009, Fiorentina has made donations of €250,000.00 per year to Save the Children. From 2010, the club had displayed the non-profit's logo on the Fiorentina jersey in place of the main sponsor for 7 consecutive seasons.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/03/02/news/la_fiorentina_save_the_children_missione_solidariet_in_etiopia-13109726/|publisher= La Repubblica|language=Italian |title= La Fiorentina & Save the Children Missione solidarietà in Etiopia|date=2 March 2011|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fiorentina_agree_shirt_sponsorship_deal_with_mazda |publisher=Sportspromedia.com |language=English |title=Fiorentina agree shirt sponsorship deal with Mazda|date=10 January 2011|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>

===International Initiatives===
====Youth Division====
Since 2007, Mencucci led all of ACF Fiorentina's international initiatives, which were first launched in the United States of America and were designed to identify young talented players and spread the expertise and culture of the club. As part of the initiatives, the club provided European soccer training and expertise for pre-professional development of talented young U.S. soccer players and coaches.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ilsitodifirenze.it/content/353-prosegue-la-partnership-tra-fiorentina-e-norcal-premier-soccer?page=5|publisher= ilsitodifirenze.it |language=Italian |title= Prosegue la partnership tra Fiorentina e NorCal Premier Soccer |date=11 December 2011|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> In 2012, the development academy and the Fiorentina Model expanded to Switzerland. He has also been engaged in further initiatives in the United States, Switzerland, India, Vietnam, China and Japan.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://thethaovanhoa.vn/italy/tgd-sandro-mencucci-fiorentina-muon-mang-mo-hinh-dao-tao-tre-den-viet-nam-n20160220224233167.htm|publisher=thethaovanhoa.vn|language=Vietnamese |title=CEO Sandro Mencucci: 'Fiorentina training model to bring football to children in Vietnam'|date=20 February 2016|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.fiorentina.it/it/news/articolo.37.759/settore-giovanile-il-modello-fiorentina-esportato-in-cina-per-nuove-collaborazioni.html|publisher=Fiorentina.it |language=Italian |title= Settore Giovanile, il 'modello Fiorentina' in Cina per nuove collaborazioni|date=13 November 2013|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-pune-city-signs-trezeguet-as-marquee-player/article6264707.ece|work=The Hindu|language=English |title= FC Pune City signs Trezeguet as marquee player| date=5 October 2014|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

From 2007 to 2019, Mencucci was president of the Promesse Viola, the development academy for the Italian youth sector. Mencucci dedicated himself to the creation of this innovative youth initiative recognized in Italy and worldwide with the principal aim to develop and train talented professional footballers by providing athletes from 10 to 19 years old technical-sporting development. The youth sector consisted of 12 teams from under-10 to under-19, 250 athletes and had an annual budget of approximately 5 million euro.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://it.violachannel.tv/tl_files/pdf/Corriere-Fiorentino11-10-2009.pdf|publisher= Corriere Fiorentino |language=Italian |title= Arrivano qui da tutta la Toscana (senza orecchini e coi capelli corti)| date=11 October 2009|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrea Claudio Galluzzo, David Bini, Alessandro Luzzi, Massimo Cecchi, Mario Tenerani, Roberto Vinciguerra, Gianfranco Lottini, Paolo Mugnai, Andrea Claudio Galluzzo, Marco Vichi, Alberto Panizza, Benedetto Ferrara, Massimo SandrelliStefano Borgi, Salvatore Cirmi, Filippo Luti, Massimo Milani, Riccardo Fattori, Francesco Brotini, Matteo Angiolini, Domenico Beccaria|title=Almanacco Fiorentina 2014|date=2013|publisher=Museo Viola|isbn=978-88-97293-07-1}}</ref>

==== Indian Soccer League ====
In 2013, Fiorentina together with other Italian teams helped to form the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) with aims to provide stimulus to the growth and development of football in the state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2014/07/31/trezeguet-in-viola-testimonial-del-calcio-nel-club-indiano-puneFirenze17.html?ref=search|publisher=la Repubblica |language=Italian |title=Trezeguet in viola testimonial del calcio nel club indiano Pune |date=31 July 2014|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Mencucci helped form [[FC Pune City]] in 2014, which participated in the ISL in its inaugural season.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/mumbai-city-fc/press-releases/194-top-specialists-to-fortify-mumbai-city-fc-campaign|publisher= indiansuperleague.com |language=English |title= Pune City will play Fiorentina brand of attacking football| date=4 August 2014|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

====Women's Division====
From 2015 to 2019, Mencucci spearheaded a professional football initiative for women athletes of the Della Valle family as president of the Fiorentina Women's Football Club, the first ever professionally affiliated women's football club in the history of Italy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/fiorentina-femminile-women-s-football-club-1.1227519/ |publisher=La Nazione|language=Italian |title= Nasce la Fiorentina Women's Football Club, Mencucci: "Vogliamo fare la storia del calcio femminile"|date=18 August 2015|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/sports/soccer/in-italy-a-top-club-stands-alone-in-supporting-womens-soccer.html?_r=0 |work= The New York Times|language=English |title= In Italy, a Top Club Stands Alone in Supporting Women's Soccer | date=10 February 2016|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/fiorentina-womens-football-club/ |publisher=womenssoccerunited.com |language=English |title=Breaking down barriers in Italy as ACF Fiorentina starts first ever professionally affiliated women's football club |date=29 August 2015 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=August 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831162225/https://www.womenssoccerunited.com/fiorentina-womens-football-club/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calciodonne.eu/ |title=Home |website=calciodonne.eu |access-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906150136/http://www.calciodonne.eu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In only four years the Fiorentina Women's FC won four titles. Fiorentina qualified to participate in the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] in successive seasons ([[2017–18 UEFA Women's Champions League|2017–18]] and [[2018–19 UEFA Women's Champions League|2018–19]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://firenze.repubblica.it/sport/2017/05/06/news/fiorentina_women_s_via_alla_gran_festa_scudetto-164778319/|publisher=la Repubblica|language=Italian|title=Fiorentina Women's via alla gran festa|date=6 May 2017|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512064320/http://firenze.repubblica.it/sport/2017/05/06/news/fiorentina_women_s_via_alla_gran_festa_scudetto-164778319/|archive-date=May 12, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2017/m=5/news=fiorentina-create-history-with-maiden-title-2883226.html?intcmp=fifacom_hp_module_news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524151021/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2017/m=5/news=fiorentina-create-history-with-maiden-title-2883226.html?intcmp=fifacom_hp_module_news |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |publisher=FIFA.com |language=English |title=Fiorentina Create History With Maiden Title|date=8 May 2017|access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/sport/calcio/fiorentina-women-s-1.3983203|publisher=la Nazione |language=Italian |title=Impresa Fiorentina Women's, la Champions ora è realtà|date=16 June 2018|access-date=18 June 2018| archive-url=https://www.lanazione.it/firenze/sport/calcio/fiorentina-women-s-1.3983203| archive-date= 16 June 2018| url-status= live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ACF Fiorentina Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mencucci, Sandro}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:ACF Fiorentina]]
[[Category:Italian football chairmen and investors]]
[[Category:Women's association football executives]]
[[Category:US Lecce]]
[[Category:Leeds United F.C.]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian music

2025-11-22T05:36:43Z

ChristineBabbidg: created page

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|semi-active|type=music|sc1=WP:INMUSIC}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

The '''WikiProject Indian music''' is a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|working group]] that aims to better organize information in articles related to [[Music of India|Indian music]]. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian music|talk page]] or on those of the project subpages.

== Parent projects ==
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Music|WikiProject Music]]

==Guidelines==
Besides the usual [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]], please make sure you are aware of the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music|specific guidelines related to music-related articles]]. Also ensure that you are familiar with the following topics:
#[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]: a quick rundown of the 5 key rules you need to start editing.
#[[Wikipedia:Simplified Ruleset|Simplified ruleset]]: 16 rules of thumb to help you avoid problems.
#[[Wikipedia:List of policies|List of policies]]: A comprehensive list of the 42 official policies with very quick summaries.

== Participants ==
'''''Anyone''''' is allowed to join this workgroup, provided that the participant will work to improve Indian music related articles.

''Please list your user name below:''
# {{user2|Aaditya Rangan R}} - Anything about Carnatic music (Ragas, Technicalities, Talams, Composers, Singers)
# {{user2|Suyash.dwivedi}} - Photographs.
# {{user2|Growtreesgrowtrees}} - Have worked on improving Indian film composers pages effectively.
# {{user2|Ashwinkamath}}
# {{user2|Bharathprime}}
# {{user2|ElJay Arem}} - Indian Classical Music (mostly Hindustani, Carnatic), linked with aspects of media production (mainly radio, podcasting, (Web)TV)
# {{user2|Ganeshk}}
# {{user|Midhun 2}} - Indian classical and carnatic music
# {{user2|Mspraveen}} - Will help in tagging articles to the workgroup
# {{user2|Ncmvocalist}}
# {{user2|Nizonstolz}} - north indian ragas
# {{user2|RagaBhakta}} - Hindustani classical, including information about ragas, ornamentations and musicians
# {{user2|Tinucherian}}
# {{user2|Vanipriya}} - South Indian Music, Musicians, Ragas, Thalas, Krithis
# {{user2|VasuVR}} - Improve or add Indian music info, Tag existing articles for improvement and correct categorisation
# {{user2|Hekerui}}
# {{user2|Fetchmaster}} Focus includes (but not limited to): Improving Raga name translations, Adding more Krithis for each Raga.
# {{user2|Wikipedia crusader}} - Dhrupad, musical instruments, biography of musicians
# {{user2|Stillwaterising}} - Indi-pop and Classical, references and citations, formatting, and policy.
# {{user2|Prashanthns}} - [[Carnatic classical music]]
# {{user2|MansuriUmar}} - Will help in copy-editing. Can assist in music from movies.
# {{user2|Elliotb2}} - [[sitar]] [[indian classical music]]
# {{user2|Anik Ghosh}}
# {{user2|Gopalkoduri}} - I'm working on improving the status of current Carnatic articles, and creating new when necessary. I will translate the good articles to [[Telugu]].
# {{user2|Arrwiki}} - Will help to keep Wiki updated with correct Indian film music details
# {{user2|Animeshkulkarni}} - will help on Marathi songs & related articles.
# {{user2|Pravoo1}} -Bollywood and Indian Classical music.
#[[User:Anubhab91|Anubhab91]] ([[User talk:Anubhab91|talk]]) 18:48, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
# {{user2|Sohanmaheshwar}} - Indian indie and rock music. Have also added images of musicians to Commons.
# {{User2|Karthikndr}}
# {{user2|Somnathwiki139}} Bollywood and Punjabi music industry
# {{User2|Shawarma98}} Reality Isn't Real!
# {{User2|Pearz25}}
# {{user2|Gsalvadi}} - Musician
# {{User2|ANKMALI}} - Will help in improving articles related to Indian music especially Indian film music
# {{user2|Torreslfchero}} - Indian music (Bollywood), singers, music directors and other music related.
# {{user2|elliotb2}} - Hindustani music, especially as related to Sitar.
# {{user2|Ekabhishek}}
# {{user2|Harivishnu}} - currently looking at Indian bands, and Carnatic music
# {{user2|Abhilash Mhaisne}} - Will help in articles about Indian Classical Musicians
# {{user2|prersi}} - Will help updating wiki with recent Music details
# {{user2|Shobhit102}} - Hindustani classical music
# {{user2|TrendSPLEND}} - Enthusiast editor working for improvement of articles related to singers, record labels, soundtrack albums etc.
# {{user2|CptViraj}} - Mostly working on articles related to singers, record labels, soundtracks, albums etc.
# {{user2|Rasdhar}}
#[[User:ShubhanTelang|ShubhanTelang]] ([[User talk:ShubhanTelang|talk]]) 06:22, 4 June 2020 (UTC) - Allready working on articles related to Hindustani classical music. May this project be prosperous.
# {{user2|ramv}} - Carnatic music
# {{user2|Drupler}} - Indian Classical Music, Dance & Arts related pages.
# {{user2|Crohmflute}} - Female instrumentalists, dhrupad, gender & music, ethnomusicology
# {{user2|Thirukannan}} - Mostly working on articles related to south Indian singers, music composers & soundtracks.
# {{user2|Suryabeej}} - Music and Entertainment Related Projects
# {{user2|Clyde293}} - Carnatic music theory and instrumentation.
# {{user2|Njsch}} – Will help with music articles (interested in Tabla and its Repertoire as I play).
# {{user2|Bhasakham}}-Indian music, articles related to south Indian singers, music composers
# {{user2|Callmehelper}} - [Hindi music & Indian Hip-hop]
# {{user2|Lord Clayton7}} - Working on improving Indian musical artists

==Related pages==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian music/New articles|New Articles]] - For patrolling new articles for improvement as well as vandalism.
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian music/Popular pages|Popular pages]] - For checking what pages of the project are often viewed.

== To-do list ==
{{To do|WikiProject Indian music}}

==Templates==
=== WikiProject Indian music notice ===
Place this WikiProject notice '''<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|music=yes}}</nowiki>''', at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the Wikiproject Indian music for guidelines. It will also help the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment|assessment department]] of [[WP:IND|India wikiproject]].

It will produce something like this:

{{WikiProject India|music=yes|category=no}}

=== Indian music stubs ===
For stub-class articles relating to '''Indian music''' etc., use '''{{tl|India-music-stub}}''' instead. It will produce something like:

<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: transparent;"><tr><td>[[Image:India-music.svg|left|30px]]</td><td>'' This article about the [[Music of India]] is a [[Wikipedia:Perfect stub article|stub]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Find or fix a stub|help]] Wikipedia by expanding it''.</td></tr></table></div>

 
There is a stub for stub-class articles relating to '''Indian musicians'''. Use '''{{tl|India-musician-stub}}''' instead. It will produce something like:

<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub">
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"
| [[Image:India-music.svg|30px]]'' This [[India]]n [[music]]-related [[biography|biographical]] article is a [[Wikipedia:Stub#Ideal stub article|stub]]. See the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] for article coordination. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.''
|}
</div>

 
There is also a stub for stub-class articles relating to '''[[Carnatic music]]'''. Use '''{{tl|Carnatic-music-stub}}''' instead. It will produce something like:

<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: transparent;"><tr><td>[[Image:veena_40px.png|40px]]'' This article related to [[Carnatic music]] is a [[Wikipedia:Perfect stub article|stub]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Find or fix a stub|help]] Wikipedia by expanding it''.</td></tr></table></div>

==Tools==
{{WikiProject cleanup listing|Indian music}}
{{Article alerts box}}
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian music/Hindustani classical music]]

{{WikiProject Music/Related WikiProjects}}
{{Wikipedia help pages}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian music}}
[[Category:WikiProject Indian music| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

University Institute of Technology RGPV

2025-11-19T21:43:28Z

ChristineBabbidg: minor refined content for consistency

{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Coord|23.312126|77.361903|region:IN-MP_type:edu|display=title}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University Institute of Technology RGPV
| image_name = Rajiv Gandhi Technical University logo.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| motto = प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म (''prajñânam brahmah'') ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = Consciousness is the Ultimate
| established = 1986<ref name="rgpv_website">{{cite web|url=http://rgpv.ac.in/Departments/UIT.aspx |title= RGPV website |publisher=rgpv.ac.in }}</ref>
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| head = [[Dr.Sudhir Singh Bhadauria]]
| head_label = Director
| city = , [[Bhopal]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|23.312126|N|77.361903|E|type:edu}}
| undergrad = 2400
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 214.14 acres
| former_names = Government Engineering College (1986–1988)
| free_label = Acronyms
| free = UIT-RGPV & UIT-RGTU
| affiliations = [[RGPV]]
| website = [http://www.uitrgpv.ac.in/ wwwuitrgpv.ac.in]
}}
'''University Institute of Technology RGPV''', popularly known as '''UIT RGPV''' or '''UIT RGTU''', is a technical institute located at [[Bhopal]], [[India]]. The institute was established by the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]] with the name "Government Engineering College" (GEC) as an autonomous institute in the year 1986. [[AICTE]] (All India Council of Technical Education) Application No./UGC Registration No./College Code is-1-136924
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/Shortlisted%20Institues.pdf |title=AICTE-CII Survey of Industry Linked Technical Institutes 2018 - List of Shortlisted Institutes for the Full Survey}}</ref>

== History ==

To address the growing need of engineering expertise, the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]] created Government Engineering College (GEC) in 1986 in the state capital [[Bhopal]]. The institute initially offered [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E.) only in [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]] engineering. Courses in [[Mining]] Engineering and computer science and engineering were included when it was declared autonomous in 2002. At the same time it was made a part of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyala ([[RGPV]]), the technological university of the state of Madhya Pradesh. The name of the institute was then changed to its current name (UIT RGPV).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uitrgpv.ac.in/theinstitute/aboutus.aspx|title=University Institute of Technology, RGPV Bhopal|website=www.uitrgpv.ac.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.uitrgpv.ac.in/}}


[[Category:Universities in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-university-stub}}

List of national highways in India by union territory

2025-10-21T15:05:38Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up details

{{Short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}

List of the new [[National highways in India|National Highway]] numbers ([[union territory|UT]]-wise).<ref name="renumber1">{{cite web| url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf| title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways| publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]| accessdate=2 September 2012| location=New Delhi| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf| archive-date=16 August 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref> There are no national highways in [[Lakshadweep]].

{{TOC right}}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="nh">{{cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf|title=State-wise length of National Highways in India |date=30 November 2018|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|accessdate=9 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205249/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf| archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=4
|length_km=330.7
|terminus_a=[[Chidiya Tapu]]
|terminus_b=[[Mayabunder]]
|
}}
{{routelist bottom}}

==Chandigarh==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=5
|length_km=15.27
|beltway=Chandigarh
|notes=Old [[National Highway 22 (India, old numbering)|NH-22]]
}}
{{routelist bottom}}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=251
|length_km=10
|beltway=NH-51 near Una in the State of Gujarat connecting Ghoghla- Gujarat Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848A
|length_km=31
|beltway=Dadra Border - Pipriya (Piparia) - Silvassa - Ultanfalia - Bhurkudfalia - Khadol - Surangi - Velugam in the Union Territory of Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu / Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848B
|length_km=12
|beltway=Ambawadi- Patalia Coastal Highway- Gujarat Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Delhi==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=9
|length_km=26.9
|beltway=Delhi-Haryana Border -Delhi [except portion of ring road from Punjabi Bagh (km. 12.300 of old NH No. 10) to Nizamudin bridge ring road T junction (km. 0.00 of old NH No. 24)]- Delhi UP Border near Ghaziabad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=15.0
|beltway=Haryana Delhi Border near Kundli- Delhi [except portion of ring road from Mukarba Chowk (km 16.500 of old NH No. 1) to Ashram Chowk (km 8.300 of old NH No. 2)]- Mukarba Chowk on Outer Ring Road
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=15.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-44 near Bankoli Village connecting Narela, Mundka, Najafgarh, Dwarka and terminating at its junction with NH-248 BB near Bhartal chowk in the NCT of Delhi.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148A
|length_km=10.2
|beltway=junction with Rao Tula Ram Marg in Delhi (km. 14.300 of old NH No. 8)- Delhi Haryana Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148AE
|length_km=8.0
|beltway=Mehrauli - Andheria More - Chhatarpur T-Point - junction with NH-48 near Gurgaon in Haryana
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=248BB
|length_km=25.7
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Shiv Murti (Rangpuri) and terminating at its junction with Nelson Mandela Marg near Vasant Kunj in the NCT of Delhi.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344M
|length_km=9.9
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 48 near Shiv Murti - Bharthal Chowk, Delhi/Haryana border in the Union Territory of National Capital Territory of Delhi - Kherki Daula on NH-48 in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Jammu and Kashmir==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=National Highways|url=https://www.jkpwdrb.nic.in/NationalHighways.html|publisher=Public Works Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=1
|length_km=422
|terminus_a=[[Srinagar]]
|terminus_b=[[Leh]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=541
|beltway=Punjab Border - Kathua - Samba - Jammu - Udhampur - Batot - Ramban - Khanabal - Awantipur - Pampore - Srinagar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=144
|length_km=90
|terminus_a=[[Domel]]
|terminus_b=[[Bhambla]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=144A
|length_km=230
|terminus_a=[[Jammu]]
|terminus_b=[[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=244
|length_km=274
|beltway=Near Chenani junction (NH-44)-Sudh Mahadev-Goha-Khelani-Kishtwar-Sinthan Pass-Near (Khanabal (NH-44)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=244A
|length_km=57.2
|beltway=From NH-44 near Jammu, terminating at its junction with NH-44 (Nagrota Bypass) in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu Ring Road).
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=444
|length_km=150
|terminus_a=[[Srinagar]]
|terminus_b=[[Qazigund]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=501
|length_km=90
|terminus_a=[[Panchtarni]]
|terminus_b=[[Khanabal]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=701
|length_km=126
|terminus_a=[[Baramula]]
|terminus_b=[[Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=701A
|length_km=39
|terminus_a=[[Baramula]]
|terminus_b=[[Gulmarg]]
|notes=none
}}
{{routelist bottom}}

== Ladakh ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=1
|length_km=422
|terminus_a=[[Srinagar]]
|terminus_b=[[Leh]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=3
|length_km=170
|terminus_a=[[Himachal Pradesh]] Border
|terminus_b=[[Leh]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=301
|length_km=234
|terminus_a=[[Kargil]]
|terminus_b=[[Zanskar Road]]
|notes=none
}}
{{routelist bottom}}

==Puducherry==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=32
|length_km=5.6
|beltway=Tindivanam, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], Cuddalore, [[Chidambaram]], [[Karaikal]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=332
|length_km=21.3
|beltway=Junction with NH-32 near Pondicherry and terminating at its junction with NH-38 near Viluppuram
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf New NH Notification]
* [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/India:National_Highways_%28statewise%29 OSM NH list]

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|National Highways]]

Yagnesh Dave

2025-10-16T17:15:13Z

ChristineBabbidg: created new data

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Yagnesh Dave
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1954|3|24}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = poet, essayist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| notableworks = ''Gandhmanjusha'' (2014)
| spouse =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2021)
* [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (2022)
}}
| signature =
| years_active =
}}
'''Yagnesh Rameshchandra Dave''' (born 24 March 1954) is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer and poet from India. He received the 2021 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his poetry collection ''Gandhmanjusha'' (2014).

==Biography==
Yagnesh Dave was born on 24 March 1954 in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India. He completed M.Sc. and obtained his Ph.D. in [[experimental biology]]. He worked as an assistant station director at [[All India Radio|Akashvani]], [[Vadodara]].<ref name="Shastri 2013">{{Cite book|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતના સારસ્વતો ― ખંડ ૨|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|author-link=Keshavram Kashiram Shastri|year=2013|editor-last=Trivedi|editor-first=Shraddha|editor-last2=Shah|editor-first2=Kirtida|editor-last3=Shah|editor-first3=Pratibha|edition=Updated|location=Ahmedabad|publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]|trans-title=Who's Who in Literature of Gujarat ― 2|title=Gujaratna Saraswato ― 2|orig-year=1977 (1st ed.)|language=gu|page=69|oclc=900401455}}</ref><ref name="First India 2022">{{cite web|last=Jariwala|first=Masuma Bharmal|title=Sahitya Akademi Award goes to Rajkotian after 27-year wait|website=First India|date=15 February 2022|url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/sahitya-akademi-award-goes-to-rajkotian-after-27-year-wait|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324160335/https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/sahitya-akademi-award-goes-to-rajkotian-after-27-year-wait|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Works==
His first poetry collection, ''Jatismar'', came out in 1992. It was followed by ''Jal ni Aankhe'' (1982), ''Andar Khulta Darvaja'' (2006) and ''Gandhmanjusha'' (2014). His essays are collected in ''Aaso ma Ughadto Ashadh'' (2000). ''Ghar Aangan na Pakshio'' and ''Vadadada ni Vato'' (1992) are his works of [[Children's literature in Gujarati language|children literature]].<ref name="Shastri 2013"/>

==Awards==
He received the 2021 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his poetry collection ''Gandhmanjusha''. He is a recipient of Jayanth Pathak Poetry Award and B. K. Thakore Award.<ref name="Shastri 2013"/><ref name="First India 2022"/> He received the 2022 [[Narsinh Mehta Award]].<ref name="Gujarati Mid-Day 2023">{{cite news|title=ચાર કવિને અપાશે નરસિંહ મહેતા અવૉર્ડ|trans-title=Narsinh Mehta Award will be given to these four poets from Gujarat|newspaper=Gujarati Mid-Day|date=12 September 2023|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/gujarat-news/article/narsingh-mehta-award-will-be-given-to-these-four-poets-from-gujarat-202799|access-date=9 November 2023|language=gu|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109135644/https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/gujarat-news/article/narsingh-mehta-award-will-be-given-to-these-four-poets-from-gujarat-202799|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dave, Yagnesh}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Jyoti Chandekar

2025-09-09T13:59:10Z

ChristineBabbidg:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1957–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

'''Jyoti Chandekar''' (2 May 1957 – 16 August 2025) was an Indian actress.

== Career ==
Chandekar began acting at the age of 12 in the theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ज्योती चांदेकर यांच्या निधनानं मराठी इंडस्ट्रीवर शोककळा, हिंदी सिनेमातून करिअरची सुरुवात, अमिताभ यांच्यासोबतही केलेलं काम |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/jyoti-chandekar-no-more-tharla-tar-mag-poorna-aaji-death-know-more-about-her-acting-career-movie-marathi-play/articleshow/123334916.cms |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> She worked primarily in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] theatre and film, including ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'' (2010), [[Dholki (2015 film)|''Dholki'']] (2015) and [[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|''Shyamchi Aai'']] (2023).

She won the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 1999 for her role in ''Gabhara''. In 2015, she received a [[Zee Marathi|Zee Gaurav Award]] for Best Supporting Actress, alongside her daughter Tejaswini who won Best Actress for their roles in ''Ticha Umbartha''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=STAFF |first=EDITORIAL |date=15 March 2015 |title=Mother and Daughter receives an award for their film |url=https://marathistars.com/news/mother-and-daughter-receive-an-award-for-their-film/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref> Chandekar won more than 200 awards in her career.<ref name=Jyoti>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2025 |title=Veteran Actress Jyoti Chandekar Dies At 69 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/veteran-actress-jyoti-chandekar-dies-at-68-article-152474943 |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Chandekar was married to Ranjit Pandit. She was the mother of actress [[Tejaswini Pandit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2025 |title=Veteran Marathi actress Jyoti Chandekar passes away: Daughter Tejaswini Pandit pens an emotional note and shares details regarding the funeral - Read inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/veteran-marathi-actress-jyoti-chandekar-passes-away-daughter-tejaswini-pandit-pens-an-emotional-note-and-shares-details-regarding-the-funeral-read-inside/articleshow/123341174.cms |access-date=17 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Chandekar died in [[Pune]] on 16 August 2025, at the age of 68.<ref name=Jyoti/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Chandekar, Award-Winning Actress, Passes Away |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/entertainment-news/jyoti-chandekar-award-winning-actress-passes-away-19870256 |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4243872}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandekar, Jyoti}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]

Platyptilia exaltatus

2025-08-29T23:26:42Z

ChristineBabbidg: article

{{short description|Species of plume moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Platyptilia exaltatus
| authority = ([[Philipp Christoph Zeller|Zeller]], 1867)
| synonyms =
*''Platyptilus exaltatus'' Zeller, 1867
*''Platyptilia dejecta'' Meyrick, 1932
}}
'''''Platyptilia exaltatus''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It is found in [[India]].<ref>{{LepIndex |id=1044 |accessdate=May 12, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7202738}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Platyptilia Exaltatus}}
[[Category:Moths described in 1867]]
[[Category:Platyptilia|exaltatus]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]

{{Platyptiliini-stub}}

Narmada Kothi

2025-07-29T14:52:31Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up a entry

{{Short description|Palace in Barwaha, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
The '''Narmada Kothi''' is a palace in the Indian municipality of [[Barwaha]].

== History ==
It was constructed by the [[Maharajah of Indore|Maharaja]] [[Holkar]] of [[Indore State]] (of the [[Maratha]]s), as a retreat and used by him and his family to enjoy their holidays and picnics in pre-independent [[British India]]. The palace was built in European style. The [[Hindi]]/[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language word "Kothi" means a luxurious home or [[mansion]] built by the wealthy higher or royal class.

After independence of India from [[United Kingdom|Britain]], this mansion was taken over by the state government of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The main floor was converted into the offices of [[Narmada River]] Valley Development Project which planned to use the waters of the River Narmada for [[irrigation]] and [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] [[power generation]] through construction of [[dams]] and [[canals]]. The top floor was divided equally into the residential quarters of the superintendent engineer and chief engineer of the project. In its heyday, the palace had beautiful gardens around it with a fountain and had office staff, servants, gardeners and drivers working in its compound. Today it continues to house the state government offices of the [[Narmada Valley Development Authority|Narmada (River) Valley Development Authority]], Circle Number 8.

The Narmada Kothi was originally painted yellow with white highlights and now it is painted in a light maroon colour with white highlights but its interior still remains predominantly yellow with white highlights.

==Location==
It is constructed on a fortified embankment just above the high flood level mark on the banks of the [[Narmada River]] in [[Barwaha]], in the modern day state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is situated just east of the Khandwa - Indore Road Bridge over the Narmada River on the [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]].

==See also==
* [[Rajwada]], main palace of Indore
* [[Lalbagh Palace]]
* [[Manik Bagh]]
* [[Yeshwant Club]], Indore
* [[Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Museum, Kolhapur|New Palace, Kolhapur]] of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Chhatrapati]]s
* [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara]] of the [[Gaekwad]]s
* [[Jai Vilas Mahal|Jai Vilas Palace, Gwalior]] of the [[Scindias]]
* [[Shaniwar Wada|Shaniwar Wada, Pune]] of the [[Peshwa]]s
* [[Thanjavur Maratha palace]] of the [[Bhonsle]]s
* [[Narmada Valley Development Authority]], State Government of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.

==References==
* [[Narmada Valley Development Authority]], State Government of Madhya Pradesh, India.
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wmf.org/project/madhya-pradesh-cultural-heritage-project Madhya Pradesh Cultural Heritage Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001192234/https://www.wmf.org/project/madhya-pradesh-cultural-heritage-project |date=1 October 2020 }}

{{coord|22.22975|76.04844|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Indore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Khargone district]]
[[Category:History of Indore]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:Establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Palaces in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Khargone]]
[[Category:State agencies of Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Narmada River]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Indore]]
[[Category:Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh|State Protected Monuments]]

Nallagandla

2025-07-09T22:29:05Z

ChristineBabbidg: put up new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nallagandla
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|17|28|11|N|78|18|56|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]],
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500075
| registration_plate = '''TG-07'''
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
}}
'''Nallagandla''' is a posh residential area in the north-western part of Hyderabad, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/aug/30/hyderabads-western-corridor-still-the-most-activesub-marketaccounts-over-50-per-cent-of-home-launches-2492925.html|title=Hyderabad's Western corridor still the most active sub-market, accounts over 50 per cent of home launches}}</ref> Nallagandla is located in Serilingampally mandal of [[Ranga Reddy district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nallagandla-flyover-to-be-ready-soon/article6094941.ece|title=Nallagandla flyover to be ready soon|newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 June 2014 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

{{Ranga-Reddy-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Ashok Banthia

2025-06-13T21:11:42Z

ChristineBabbidg: adjusted lead also per standard format

{{short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashok Banthia
| image = Ashok_banthia.png
| caption = Banthia in 2013
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director}}
| yearsactive = 1983–present
}}

'''Ashok Banthia''', sometimes referred as '''Ashok Bathia''' or '''Ashok Bhatia''', is an Indian actor and director associated with Hindi film, television and theatre actor.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pranava K |last=Chaudhary |date=Oct 19, 2004 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Uncensored-Loknayak-to-be-screened-soon/articleshow/890542.cms |title=Uncensored 'Loknayak' to be screened soon |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208185955/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/patna/27151362_1_film-prakash-jha-prasar-bharati |archive-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saraf|first=Sneha|date=2018-03-17|title=World's largest theatre fest comes to Mumbai|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/worlds-largest-theatre-fest-comes-to-mumbai/article23275786.ece|access-date=2022-01-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is a [[National School of Drama|NSD (National School of Drama)]] alumnus known for his roles in Australian TV miniseries ''Bodyline'' as [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagaan benchmark for Kabir's tryst with '83|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/lagaan-benchmark-for-kabirs-tryst-with-83/cid/1690397|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
As he finished his courses at NSD, he received an offer to work with Kennedy Miller's serial ''Bodyline'', where he played the role of Indian cricketer [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr]]. He also did a role in [[Peter Morhan]]'s English film ''[[The Peacock Spring]]'', the French film ''[[Indian Orchid]]'', and Hindi films. He recently has appeared in a film [[Atrangi Re]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Atrangi Re' Movie Review: Dhanush Steals The Show In This Twisted Love Triangle|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/atrangi-re-movie-review-dhanush-steals-the-show-in-this-twisted-love-triangle/406751|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Outlook India|date=25 December 2021 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225194638/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/atrangi-re-movie-review-dhanush-steals-the-show-in-this-twisted-love-triangle/406751 |archive-date=25 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Filmography (incomplete) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Other notes
|-
|1983
|''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]''
|News reporter
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Nasoor]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Nocturne Indien (French)]]''
|The taxi driver from the hospital
|(as Ashok Bantia)
|-
|1993
|''[[Bedardi]]''
|Police inspector
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Rudaali]]''
|
|(as Ashok Bantia)
|-
| 1995
| ''Dushmani: A Violent Love Story''
|
|(as Ashok Bantiya)
|-
| 1996
| ''The Peacock Spring'' (TV movie)
| Ram Chand
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Bawandar]]''
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Mission Kashmir]]''
| Shrafat
| (as Ashok Bhantia)
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]''
|
| (as Ashok Bhantia)
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kali Salwar]]''
|Khuda Baksh
|
|-
| 2004
|'' [[Chot- Aj Isko, Kal Tereko]]''
|
| (as Ashok Bantia)
|-
| 2004
|'' [[Loknayak]]''
|[[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[7 1/2 Phere: More Than a Wedding]]''
|
|(as Ashok Bhantia)
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)]]''
| Vishwamitra
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Chase (2010 film)|Chase]]''
| Vishwajeet Rana – Udyog Mantri
| (as Ashok Bhantia)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]''
| Bhim
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Rush (2012 film)|Rush]]''
| Raja Choudhary
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Cigarette Ki Tarah]]''
| Nikhil Dabur's Father
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Maazii]]''
| Satbeer Chacha
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]''
| Ram Sevak
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Julie 2]]''
| Jeweller Aggarwal
|
|}

Ashok Bantia also played in Mahabharata as Maharaj Chitravat and [[Kritavarma|Kritaverma]].

== Television (incomplete) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Character
! Aired On
|-
|1984
|''[[Bodyline (miniseries)]]''
|[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr.]]
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)]]''
|[[Kritvarma]]
|[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|1990
|''[[Chanakya]]''
|"Mahamantri" Indra Dutt
|[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|1997
|''[[Ek Kahani Aur Mili]]''
|
|[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Tahreer Munshi Premchand ki (Nirmala)]]''
|
|[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]''
|Mamaji
|[[Sahara One]]
|-
|2008
|''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)]]''
|Vishwamitra
|[[NDTV Imagine]]
|-
|2008
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|Village Head of Bilaria
|[[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]
|-
|2012
|''[[Ramayan (2012 TV Series)]]''
|
|[[Zee TV]]
|-
|2012
|''Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev''
|Himalayraj's minister
|[[Life OK]]
|}Zabaan sambhalke as maharaj of Kyoto [doordarshan]

== Theatre ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Play
! Role
! Other notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Chanakya]]''
|Maha Amatya (Prime Minister)
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Mohenjo-daro]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Chanakyashashtra]]''
|Mr. Rammurty
|
|-
|2000
|''The Last Train''
|
|
|}

== Other credits ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Project
! Role
! Other notes
|-
|1993
|''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]''
|Associate Director
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0052532}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banthia, Ashok}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Onmanorama

2025-06-02T10:09:03Z

ChristineBabbidg: new

{{short description|Indian digital news platform}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox publisher
| name = ''Onmanorama''
| image = Onmanorama_Logo.jpg
| caption =
| predecessor =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1998}}
| susor =
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Kottayam]]
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| owner =[[Malayala Manorama]]
| numemployees =
| website = {{URL|https://www.onmanorama.com/|onmanorama.com}}
|status = Active}}

'''''Onmanorama''''' is the online English news portal of the [[Malayala Manorama]] group, which also publishes the [[Malayala Manorama]] newspaper, read by over 20 million [[Malayalis]] worldwide; [[Vanitha]], the largest circulated women's magazine in India, [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]], an English weekly; and several other periodicals and children's books.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/about-us.html | title=About Us | work=Onmanorama | access-date=27 Aug 2022}}</ref>

Onmanorama is headquartered at [[Kottayam]] in India's southernmost state of [[Kerala]].

The news portal mainly covers developments in Kerala and the southern states of India. Its coverage ranges from daily breaking news to long-form and researched pieces in various fields like sports, entertainment, movies, lifestyle, food and travel.

Onmanorama is known for its hyperlocal coverage of Kerala. Other than its network of reporters, the portal uses the network of [[Malayala Manorama]], [[Manorama News]], and [[Malayala Manorama|ManoramaOnline]], the online version of the newspaper, for its stories.

== History ==
Onmanorama was established in 1998 as English Manoramaonline and was re-branded as Onmanorama in 2016.

== Notable people ==

* [[Mammen Mathew]] {{mdash}} Chief Editor, Malayala Manorama
* Jayant Mammen Mathew {{mdash}} Executive Editor, Malayala Manorama,<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 Sep 2018|title=Jayant Mammen Mathew elected president of INS|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jayant-mammen-mathew-elected-president-of-ins/article25074434.ece}}</ref>
* Mariam Mammen Mathew {{mdash}} CEO, Manorama Online & Onmanorama

== Awards ==
* In 2016, [[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]] (WAN-IFRA) named Onmanorama as one of the top three news websites in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 Jan 2020|title=South Asian Digital Media 2016 – Award winners|work=WAN-IFRA|url=https://wan-ifra.org/2020/01/south-asian-digital-media-2016-award-winners|access-date=28 Jan 2022}}</ref>
* Onmanorama's News Documentary {{mdash}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlLmKonvQdE Greener Pastures: 3 Unique Farmers, 1 Story] <ref>{{Cite news|date=10 Apr 2021|title=Greener Pastures: 3 Unique Farmers, 1 Story|work=Onmanorama|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlLmKonvQdE|access-date=10 Apr 2021}}</ref>’ {{mdash}} won several national and international awards.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 Feb 2022|title=Onmanorama's 'Greener Pastures' wins 'Special Jury Mention' at 5th KR Mohanan documentary fest|work=Onmanorama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/05/10/greener-pastures-news-documentary-indo-french-film-festival.html}}</ref>
* In 2023, Onmanorama podcasts won top honours at India Audio Summit and Awards.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=2 Onmanorama podcasts win top honours at India Audio Summit and Awards |work=Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2023/01/25/onmanorama-podcasts-win-awards-at-india-audio-summit.html |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>
* Onmanorama's news documentary, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQKaOhDbv34 'Penntholpaavakoothu,'] won the Best Short Documentary Award at the Seventh Art Independent Film Festival held in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 2023 |title=Onmanorama Penntholpavakoothu wins Best Short Documentary Award |work=Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/21/onmanorama-penntholpavakoothu-documentary-wins-best-short-documentary-award-susan-joe-philip-athira-madhav.html |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>
* 'Penntholpaavakoothu,' was also awarded the Best Documentary in the web category at the 13th Laadli Media & Advertising Awards for Gender Sensitivity 2023 - Regionals.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Laadli Awards 2023: Onmanorama's 'Penntholpaavakoothu' wins Best Documentary award |work=Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/22/laadli-award-2023-for-onmanorama-penntholpaavakoothu-documentary.html |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.onmanorama.com/}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Onmanorama''}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Onmanorama}}
[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:Indian websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1998]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

2019 Rajasthan Royals season

2025-04-14T02:34:34Z

ChristineBabbidg: created first article more to come - done

{{short description|Indian Premier League season of a cricket club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Rajasthan Royals
| season = [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
| coach = [[Paddy Upton]]
| captain = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (first 8 matches) [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (9th match onwards)
| ground = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| comp1 = 2019 Indian Premier League
| comp1 result = 7th
| most runs = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (393)
| most wickets = [[Shreyas Gopal]] (20)
| prevseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2018|2018]]
| nextseason =[[Rajasthan Royals in 2020|2020]]
}}
The [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 season]] was the 10th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Rajasthan Royals]]. The team was captained by [[Ajinkya Rahane]].

==Background==
===Player retention and auction===
{{Main|List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
[[Image:Steve Smith (cricketer), 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=|Smith returned to the team after serving his 12-month ban]]
In November 2018, the Royals announced their list of retained players for the 2019 season. The list included [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Krishnappa Gowtham]], [[Sanju Samson]], [[Shreyas Gopal]], [[Aryaman Birla]], [[Sudhesan Midhun]], [[Prashant Chopra]], [[Stuart Binny]], [[Rahul Tripathi]], [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] and [[Mahipal Lomror]] among Indian players, and [[Ben Stokes]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], [[Jos Buttler]], [[Jofra Archer]], [[Ish Sodhi]] among overseas players.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019: Full list of retained players and purse remaining for each team|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2019-full-list-players-retained-released-purse-remaining-1389979-2018-11-16|website=India today|author= |date=16 November 2018 |accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction 2019: Who's retained, who's released? Here's list for all teams|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/sports/ipl-auction-2019-who-is-retained-and-released-here-s-list-for-all-teams-118121800166_1.html|website=Business Standard|author= |date=21 November 2018 |accessdate=21 December 2018}}</ref> The Royals thus had a purse of {{INR}}18.3 crore and nine slots remaining in their roster ahead of the player auction.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

On 18 December 2018, the IPL player auction was held in which the Royals signed nine more players: [[Jaydev Unadkat]], [[Varun Aaron]], [[Oshane Thomas]], [[Ashton Turner]], [[Liam Livingstone]], [[Shashank Singh]], [[Riyan Parag]], [[Manan Vohra]] and [[Shubham Ranjane]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Full squads of all eight teams|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2019-auction-how-the-franchises-spent-and-how-teams-are-stacked-up/articleshow/67150455.cms|website=times of india|author= |date=18 December 2018 |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref> They filled their quota of 25 players with 17 Indian and 8 overseas players.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===Preseason===
In February 2019, the Royals announced that they would wear pink jerseys in the 2019 season, changing from blue which had been the primary colour of their kit since 2008. Team captain Rahane and brand ambassador [[Shane Warne]] attributed the change to the Royals' home being [[Jaipur]] which is known as "Pink City" as well as the response received for a previous season's match in which they had worn pink for cancer awareness.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019: Rajasthan Royals to don pink jersey for new season |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2019-rajasthan-royals-pink-jersey-new-colour-1452742-2019-02-10 |accessdate=22 March 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref>

In March 2019, the franchise opened a cricket academy based at [[Reed's School]], [[Surrey]], England, called the Rajasthan Royals Academy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Royals launches cricket academy in UK |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2019-rajasthan-royals-cricket-academy-uk-1481497-2019-03-19 |accessdate=22 March 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref>

===Team analysis===
In his preview, Shashank Kishore of ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]'' wrote that while Royals have "great depth" in their squad they "need strategic precision" in the season. He concluded his analysis saying, "Even if a top-two finish may seem far-fetched, they will definitely be in the running for third or fourth."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Royals have depth, but need to get their game plans right |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26311757/rajasthan-royals-depth-need-get-their-game-plans-right |accessdate=22 March 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> ''Firstpost'' stated that Indian players will "dictate to a great extent [..] the balance of the side [and] their position in two months time" and opined that they have the players "to improve on their Playoff finish from last year."<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019, Rajasthan Royals preview: Questions linger over Ajinkya Rahane's place in team's power-packed middle order |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2019-rajasthan-royals-preview-questions-linger-over-ajinkya-rahanes-place-in-teams-power-packed-middle-order-6306431.html |accessdate=22 March 2019 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' termed the "lack of a world-class spinner" as the team's weakness and suggested that the team "might suffer in the latter stages of the tournament" if their overseas players leave for [[2019 Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] preparations.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019: Rajasthan Set to be Hit Hard by World Cup Storm |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2019-rajasthan-set-to-be-hit-hard-by-world-cup-storm-2072099.html |accessdate=22 March 2019 |work=News18}}</ref>

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|3|| '''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1988|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|-3}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] till match 8; Vice Captain from match 9 onwards
|-
|9||[[Aryaman Birla]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1997|7|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|-3}} ||
|-
|11|| [[Prashant Chopra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1992|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|18|| [[Manan Vohra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|27|| '''[[Liam Livingstone]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1993|8|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|43|| [[Shashank Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|11|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|49|| '''[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1989|6|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c|1}} || Overseas; Vice Captain till match 8; [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] from match 9
|-
|52|| [[Rahul Tripathi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|70|| '''[[Ashton Turner]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1993|1|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|5|| [[Riyan Parag]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|2001|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|6|| [[Mahipal Lomror]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1999|11|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|7|| [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1988|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|37|| [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1993|09|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Ben Stokes]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|6|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|84|| '''[[Stuart Binny]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1984|6|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} ||
|-
|700|| [[Shubham Ranjane]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1994|3|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|8|| '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c|1}} ||
|-
|63|| '''[[Jos Buttler]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|17|| '''[[Oshane Thomas]]''' || {{cr|Jamaica}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1997|2|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|19|| [[Sudhesan Midhun]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1994|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|22|| '''[[Jofra Archer]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1995|4|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.2|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|61||'''[[Ish Sodhi]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1992|10|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|77|| '''[[Varun Aaron]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1989|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|95|| '''[[Dhawal Kulkarni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1988|12|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l|-3}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Jaydev Unadkat]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.4|c|1}} ||
|}

==Coaching and support staff==
*Head coach - [[Paddy Upton]]
*Batting coach - [[Amol Muzumdar]]
*Spin bowling coach - [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
*Fast bowling coach - [[Steffan Jones]]
*Fielding coach - [[Dishant Yagnik]]
*Head of cricket - [[Zubin Bharucha]]
*Physiotherapist - [[John Gloster]]

Ref<ref>{{cite news |title=Paddy Upton appointed Rajasthan Royals coach |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25758551/paddy-upton-appointed-rajasthan-royals-coach |accessdate=24 March 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019: Rajasthan Royals' camp gets underway |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl-2019-rajasthan-royals-camp-gets-underway/article26431366.ece |accessdate=24 March 2019 |work=Sportstar}}</ref>

==Season==
===League table===
{{2019 Indian Premier League Points table|team=RR}}

=== Match results ===

==== League stage ====
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match4}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match14}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match21}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match27}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match32}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match36}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match40}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match43}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match49}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match53}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
|1|| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || 14 || 13 || 1 || 393 || 105* || 32.75 || 285 || 137.89 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 45 || 9
|-
|2|| [[Sanju Samson]] || 12 || 12 || 2 || 342 || 102* || 34.20 || 230 || 148.69 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 28 || 13
|-
| 3||[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]|| 12 || 10 || 2 || 319 || 73* || 39.87 || 275 || 116.00 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 30 || 4
|-
|4|| [[Jos Buttler]] || 8 || 8 || 0 || 311 || 89 || 38.87 || 205 || 151.70 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 38 || 14
|-
|5|| [[Riyan Parag]] || 7 || 5 || 0 || 160 || 50 || 32.00 || 126 || 126.98 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 17 || 5
|-
|}
* Last updated: 5 May 2019
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12741;team=4345;type=tournament|title=RR Most Runs in IPL 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
|1|| Shreyas Gopal || 14 || 14 || 48.0 || 1 || 347 || 20 || 3/12 || 17.35 || 7.22 || 14.4 || 0 || 0
|-
|2|| Jofra Archer || 11 || 11 || 43.0 || 2 || 291 || 11 || 3/15 || 26.45 || 6.76 || 23.4 || 0 || 0
|-
|3|| Jaydev Unadkat || 11 || 11 || 37.2 || 0 || 398 || 10 || 2/26 || 39.80 || 10.66 || 22.4 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4||Ben Stokes || 9 || 6 || 16.5 || 0 || 189 || 6 || 2/39 || 31.50 || 11.22 || 16.8 || 0 || 0
|-
|5|| Dhawal Kulkarni || 10 || 10 || 35.0 || 1 || 335 || 6 || 1/14 || 55.83 || 9.57 || 35.0 || 0 || 0
|-
|}
* Last updated: 5 May 2019
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12741;team=4345;type=tournament|title=RR Most Wickets in IPL 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Player of the match awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Player
!Opponent
!Result
!Contribution
!Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2019|2=4|3=02|format=dmy}} ||[[Shreyas Gopal]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] ||Won By 7 wickets ||3/12 (4 overs) || <ref>{{cite news |title=Shreyas Gopal and Jos Buttler hand RCB fourth straight defeat|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175369 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2019|2=4|3=13|format=dmy}} ||[[Jos Buttler]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] ||Won By 4 wickets ||89 runs in 43 balls|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Buttler fifty sets up sloppy Royals win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178402 |accessdate=13 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2019|2=4|3=20|format=dmy}} ||[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] ||Won By 5 wickets ||59* runs in 48 balls|| <ref>{{cite news |title=New captain Smith leads Royals home to keep their campaign alive|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178411 |accessdate=20 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2019|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} ||[[Varun Aaron]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] ||Won By 3 wickets ||2/20 (4 overs)|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Dinesh Karthik's 97* in vain after Riyan Parag and Jofra Archer's late fireworks|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178418|accessdate=25 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2019|2=4|3=27|format=dmy}} ||[[Jaydev Unadkat]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] ||Won By 7 wickets || 2/26 (4 overs)|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Livingstone, Samson, Unadkat keep Royals' playoff hopes alive|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178420|accessdate=27 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2019 Indian Premier League}}
{{Rajasthan Royals}}

[[Category:2019 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]

Carrhotus viduus

2025-03-09T08:51:56Z

ChristineBabbidg: Done

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Carrhotus viduus Jumping spider (Salticidae) front view Don Det Laos (focus stacking).jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Carrhotus viduus 5.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| genus = Carrhotus
| species = viduus
| authority = C. L. Koch (1846)
| synonyms =
* ''Carrhotus gajbei'' (Karthikeyani & Kannan, 2013)
* ''Carrhotus ornatus'' (Simon, 1885)
* ''Attus viduus'' (Walckenaer,1847) 
* ''Hyllus morgani'' (Simon,1885) 
* ''Mogrus ornatus'' (Simon, 1885) 
* ''Plexippus viduus'' (C.L.Koch, 1846)
* ''Plexippus cumulatus'' (Karsch 1892)
* ''Marpissa lakshmikantapurensis'' (Majumder, 2004)
* ''Marpissa decorata'' (Tikader, 1974)
* ''Marpissa tikaderi'' (Biswas, 1984)
* ''Plexippus lakshmikantapurensis'' (Majumder, 2004)
* ''Plexippus decorata'' (Tikader, 1974)
* ''Plexippus tikaderi'' (Biswas, 1984)
| synonyms_ref =<ref name = GBIF/><ref name = IBP/><ref name= "Arthopoda Selecta1"/><ref name = "WSC"/>
}}

'''''Carrhotus viduus''''' is a species of spider in the family [[Jumping spider|Salticidae]].<ref name = GBIF>{{GBIF |id=2175026 |taxon=''Carrhotus viduus''|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> It is found in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is the type species of the genus ''[[Carrhotus]]''.<ref name = "WSC">{{Cite web|last=Bern|first=Natural History Museum|title=NMBE - World Spider Catalog|url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/28500|access-date=2021-05-05|website=wsc.nmbe.ch|language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The male is black, with two thick white stripes running along either side of the head. Another two stripes run along the abdomen, and it doesn't meet at the abdomen tip. It has a slightly iridescent maroon 'face' and a small white spot on the 'forehead'. Its eyes have an orange border.
[[File:Carrhotus viduus 8384.jpg|left|thumb|Top view of male]]
The female has an overall orange color, with various yellow and orange markings along its [[Abdomen (insect anatomy)|abdomen]]. The [[cephalothorax]] is red and brown, with horizontal white streaks under the eyes.
[[File:Carrhotus viduus female 6002.jpg|left|thumb|Top view of female]]
The head and cephalothorax of both sexes is longer than its width. Its abdomen is large near the base but kinks inward into a cone. They have black hairs on their legs and white hairs on the abdomen. The [[spinneret]]s (silk-producing organs) are clearly visible at the end of their abdomen.

== Range ==
It is found in from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]] east to [[China]], [[Myanmar]], [[Vietnam]] and there have been some unconfirmed reports from [[Japan]] and the [[Sundaland|Sundas]].<ref name="inat"/>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
It normally moves quickly,<ref name="IBP">{{Cite web|title=''Carrhotus viduus'' (C. L. Koch, 1846)|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/275180|access-date=2021-05-05|website=India Biodiversity Portal}}</ref> and can actively and suddenly jump in an escape.<ref name="inat" />

=== Habitat ===
It is found in tropical and subtropical woodlands,<ref name=IBP/> including gardens,<ref name="inat">{{inaturalist taxon|154610}}</ref> preferring thick foliage of short trees and shrubs.<ref name=IBP/>

== Taxonomic history ==
The species was first described as ''Plexippus viduus'' by [[Carl Ludwig Koch]] in 1846 and moved to genus Carrhotus by in 1999. Then, a new species of [[Plexippus]], ''Plexippus gajbei ,'' got published,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=R.|first=Karthikeyani|last2=Kannan|first2=S|date=2013-12-13|title=A NEW Plexippus SPIDER FROM THE WESTERN GHATS, KUMBAKARAI FALLS, THENI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, SOUTH INDIA (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283322159_A_NEW_Plexippus_SPIDER_FROM_THE_WESTERN_GHATS_KUMBAKARAI_FALLS_THENI_DISTRICT_TAMIL_NADU_SOUTH_INDIA_ARACHNIDA_ARANEAE_SALTICIDAE|journal=Indian Journal of Arachnology|volume=2|pages=42–44|issn=2278-1587}}</ref> but although the paper mentioned a female and male [[holotype]], the female was never deposited and the male was determined to be ''C. viduus.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Caleb|first=John|date=2016-09-01|title=New data on the jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308209298_New_data_on_the_jumping_spiders_Araneae_Salticidae_from_India|journal=Arthropoda Selecta|volume=25|pages=271–277|doi=10.15298/arthsel.25.3.06|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2020, ''Marpissa lakshmikantapurensis, Marpissa tikaderi'' and ''Marpissa decorata'' was also synonymized with ''C. viduus.''<ref name= "Arthopoda Selecta1">{{Cite journal|last=J. T. D|first=Caleb|last2=Bera|first2=C.|last3=Acharya|first3=S.|date=2020|title=New species and synonymies in the genus Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 from India (Aranei: Salticidae:Salticini).|url = https://researchgate.net/publication/340224689_New_species_and_synonymies_in_the_genus_Carrhotus_Thorell_1891_from_India_Aranei_Salticidae_Salticini|journal=Arthropoda Selecta|volume=29|issue=1|pages=51–66|doi=10.15298/arthsel.29.1.04|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2306355}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Spiders of China]]
[[Category:Spiders of Myanmar]]