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Cherai Ramadas

2026-04-30T00:44:15Z

ChristinaQ73: added entry...

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Cherai Ramadas
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Cherai Ramadas.jpg
| image_upright =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1954
| birth_place = [[Cherai]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Historian, journalist, activist
| years_active = since 1972
| era =
| known_for = Historical writings, journalism
| notable_works = ''Kayal Sammelanam Rekhakaliloode''<br> ''Thathri Samrthavicharam - Sampoornna Rekhakalum Padanangalum''<br>''Kaalasaasanakalkku Keezhadangatha Dakshayani Velayudhan''<br>''Ayyankali Prasthanam Rekhakaliloode''
| spouse =
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| parents = 
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}}

'''Cherai Ramadas''' (born 1954) is an Indian historian, journalist and activist from the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Thathreesmarthavicharam - Author Profile">{{Cite web |title=Thathreesmarthavicharam - Author Profile |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/thaathreesmaarthavicharam-sampoorna-reghakalum-padanangalum |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> He is known for his historical writings and journalistic activities.<ref name="Cherai Ramadas - Truecopy Think">{{Cite web |title=Cherai Ramadas - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/contributor/64014fb1-7e53-4ca8-ae1a-496cc0721d91 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}</ref>

Ramadas, who started out as an activist aligned to the [[Communism in Kerala|Communist movement in Kerala]] at the age of 18, later turned to history and journalism.<ref name="Thathreesmarthavicharam - Author Profile" /> He founded the magazine ''Uparodham'' in 1987 and served as its editor and publisher.<ref name="Speaker: Cherai Ramadas - Kerala Literature Festival 2025">{{Cite web |title=Speaker: Cherai Ramadas - Kerala Literature Festival 2025 |url=https://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakerview/390/cherayi-ramadas |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.keralaliteraturefestival.com}}</ref> He is the author of ''Kaala Shasanakalkku Keezhadangatha Dakshayani Velayudhan'' (Dakshayani Velayudhan, who refused to succumb to the dictates of the times), a biography of [[Dakshayani Velayudhan]], the first [[Dalit]] woman to be elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Book on unsung life of woman who broke iron ceiling of caste in Kerala">{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Rajesh |date=2023-07-04 |title=Book on unsung life of woman who broke iron ceiling of caste in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jul/04/book-on-unsung-life-of-woman-who-broke-iron-ceiling-of-caste-in-kerala-2591094.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Book capturing Dakshayani Velayudhan’s life sketches, legislative debates, released">{{Cite web |last=The Hindu |date=2023-06-17 |title=Book capturing Dakshayani Velayudhan’s life sketches, legislative debates, released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/book-capturing-dakshayani-velayudhans-life-sketches-legislative-debates-released/article66980701.ece |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He compiled the documents and details of the sensational sexual inquisition of [[Kuriyedathu Thatri]] in 1905,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |title=SEXUAL INQUISITION (Introduction): " Smaartha Vichaaram " in colonial Kerala, India |url=https://www.amazon.in/SEXUAL-INQUISITION-Introduction-Smaartha-Vichaaram-ebook/dp/B094D1TP6R/ref=sr_1_6?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.lH5e6FtP1ETkSdObmw7nPLwe2W0MN3WQNqfx45dZmCx3nKfCA66fKk9LuAHITr1C.-Aq5Px9hAa-meYG1sb713-mYEo9QCFiCirR2edGG_mg&dib_tag=se&qid=1754809997&refinements=p_27%3ACHERAYI+RAMADAS&s=books&sr=1-6 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Amazon}}</ref> which was later brought out as a book in 2023, under the title, ''Thaathreesmarthavicharam: Sampoornna Reghakalum Padanangalum'' (Thaathreesmarthavicharam, Complete Documents and Studies).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāmadās |first=Cer̲āyi |title=Thaathreesmarthavicharam: Sampoornna Reghakalum Padanangalum |date=2023 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-93-5732-054-2 |location=Kottayam, Kerala State, India |language=ml |trans-title=Thaathreesmarthavicharam, Complete Documents and Studies}}</ref> He also contributed to the reprinting of ''[[Sankarasmriti|Sankara Smriti]]'' in 2017 by serving as its editor.<ref name="Cherai Ramadas - Truecopy Think" /> ''Kayal Sammelanam Rekhakaliloode'', ''Ariyappedatha Da Vinci'', ''Ambedkarude Maranam'', ''Avarnnapaksa Rachanakal'' and ''Ayyankalykku Aadarathode'' are some of his other books.<ref name="Kayal Sammelanam Rekhakaliloode">{{Cite web |title=Kayal Sammelanam Rekhakaliloode |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86/20417/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Ariyappedatha Da vinci">{{Cite web |last=Ramdas Cherayi |date=1999 |title=Ariyappedatha Da vinci |url=https://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=2879%2520thumbnail-shelfbrowser |access-date=2025-08-10 |publisher=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name="MAKING SENSE OF DALIT HISTORY: LOCATING SEEDIAN AS AN ARCHIVE">{{Cite journal |last=Rajesh Komath & Sudheesh CP |date=2022 |title=MAKING SENSE OF DALIT HISTORY: LOCATING SEEDIAN AS AN ARCHIVE |journal=Journal of Human Sciences |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=46}}</ref> His latest work, ''Ayyankali Prasthanam Rekhakaliloode'', is a 942 pages book which includes 821 documents related to the [[Ayyankali]] tradition.<ref name="Ayyankali Prasthanam Rekhakaliloode">{{Cite web |title=Ayyankali Prasthanam Rekhakaliloode |url=https://www.bookstorebooks.com/product/ayyankali-prasthanam-6288 |access-date=January 29, 2026 |website=Book Store}}</ref>

== Books ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |url=https://www.bookstorebooks.com/product/ayyankali-prasthanam-6288 |title=Ayyankali Prasthanam Rekhakaliloode |publisher=DC Books |year=2025 |isbn=9789370988514 |page=942 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |year=2023 |title=Thaathreesmarthavicharam |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/thaathreesmaarthavicharam-sampoorna-reghakalum-padanangalum |publisher=DC Books |pages=584 |language=ml |isbn=9789357320542}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |last2=Vallarpadam |first2=Bhuvaneswari |year=2023 |title=Kaala Shaasanakalkku Keezhatangaaththa Daakshaayany Velaayudhan |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kaala-Shaasanakalkku-Keezhatangaaththa-Daakshaayany-Velaayudhan/dp/9392199600/ref=sr_1_5?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.lH5e6FtP1ETkSdObmw7nPLwe2W0MN3WQNqfx45dZmCx3nKfCA66fKk9LuAHITr1C.-Aq5Px9hAa-meYG1sb713-mYEo9QCFiCirR2edGG_mg&dib_tag=se&qid=1754809997&refinements=p_27%3ACHERAYI+RAMADAS&s=books&sr=1-5 |publisher=Pranatha Books |pages=264 |language=ml |isbn=978-9392199608}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |year=2022 |title=Kayal Sammelanam Rekhakaliloode |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86/20417/ |publisher=Pranatha Books |pages=328 |language=ml |isbn=9789392199530}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |title=Sexual Inquisition (Introduction) Smaartha Vichaaram in colonial Kerala, India |url=https://www.amazon.in/SEXUAL-INQUISITION-Introduction-Smaartha-Vichaaram-ebook/dp/B094D1TP6R |year=2021 |language=en|asin=B094D1TP6R}}
* {{Cite web |last=Lokhamde |first=Bhalchandra |year=2009 |editor-last=Ramadas |editor-first=Cherai |title=Ambedkarude Maranam |url=https://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1852&query_desc=su%3A%22History.%22 |publisher=Uparodam Books |pages= |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |year=1999 |title=Ariyappedatha Da Vinci |url=https://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=2879%20thumbnail-shelfbrowser |publisher=Hindustan Books |pages=73 |language=ml |isbn=}}
* {{Cite web |year=1997 |editor-last=Ramadas |editor-first=Cherai |title=Awarnapaksha Rachanakal |url=https://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3770&query_desc=au%3A%22Ramdas%20Cherai%20(ed.)%22 |publisher=Dooth Publishers |pages=224 |language=ml}}
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Joseph Edamaruku]]
* [[Theruvath Raman]]
* [[Babu Bharadwaj]]
* [[V. K. Madhavan Kutty]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|Journalism|History|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vWKE5rK5Kk |title=Kochi Kayal Sammelana Rekhakal |date=2022-09-05 |last=Cherai Ramadas & Dr Ajay S Sekher |language=ml}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G95WH5JtKt0 |title=Saankarasmruthi Enna Kerala Manu Smruthi |date=2022-10-06 |last=Cherai Ramadas & Dr Ajay S Sekher |language=ml}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHaihCwzEgA |title=Neethi Thedunna Nakshathrangal |date=2022-12-23 |last=Cherai Ramadas & Dr Ajay S Sekher |language=ml}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/gJO-yEUwWW4 |title=Who's Thathri? - Cherai Ramadas - KLF |date=2024-09-13 |last=DC Books |language=ml |access-date=2025-08-10 |via=YouTube}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2021-12-06 |title=Rajarshi Ramavarma: Itha, Rekhakal Sathyam Parayunnu - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2021-12-12 |title=Brahmanabhayamulla Avarude 'Kaikkaaran' Mathramaya Oru Rajavu - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-part-2-packet-56 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2021-12-20 |title=Kadal Kadannathinu Prajaye Brashtanakki Kalyanam Mudakkan Thathrappedunna Oru Rajavu - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-part-3-packet-57 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2021-12-29 |title=Thankanettipattom Vittundakkiya Railpalam Enna Chembukatha - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-packet-58 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2022-01-03 |title=Palluruthiyile Mathasankarshavum Oru Kalapaswaravum - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-packet-59 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2022-01-12 |title=Thrissurile Theevandippatha Ayithappadinakathu Varathirikkan Savarnnarude Parathi, Dooramalakkunna Rajavu - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-packet-60 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2022-01-19 |title=Nadine Kollayadikkunna Rajakeeya Chooshanasangham - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-packet-61 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |date=2022-01-25 |title=Aayiram Roopaykku Diwan Joli Sweekarikkuvan Thayyarullavare Kandethunnathu Budhimuttulla Kalam - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/history/historical-study-about-former-cochin-ruler-rajarshi-ramavarma-by-cherai-ramadas-packet-62 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=truecopythink.media |language=en-us}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramadas, Cherai}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Hindal

2026-04-28T20:14:42Z

ChristinaQ73: put up a article!

{{Short description|Sikh religious leader}}

'''Hindal''' (1573{{snd}}1646/1648), also spelt as '''Handal''' or '''Hundal''', was a Sikh religious leader. A sect associated with him later arose, with the group producing their own literature, such as a ''[[Janamsakhis|janamsakhi]]'' tradition, the ''Hindaliya Janam Sakhi''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=100 |chapter=HINDAL}}</ref> However, the sect was not as influential as the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=Mar 27, 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191004124 |chapter=EXPLAINING SIKHI: THE WRITINGS OF MIHARVAN, HARJI, AND THE HINDALIS}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was a [[Jat Sikh|Jatt]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 31 |publisher=Department of Religious Studies, Punjabi University |year=2000 |chapter=IX. HINDALI TRADITION |quote=9.1 Another tradition, the Hindali that was totally heterodox in nature, also deserves our attention. It owes its origin to Hindal, a jat of Jandiala (Jandiala Guru), now in the district of Amritsar. The Sikh sources describe that previously he had been a follower of Sakhi Sarwar ...}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> who was born as Sukh Ram Hundal, being the son of father Gaji and mother Sukkhi of [[Jandiala Guru|Jandiala]] (near Amritsar).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurdev |title=HINDĀL (HANDĀL), BHĀĪ (d. 1648), |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/HINDAL%20(HANDAL)%20BHAI%20(D.%201648).html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Pukhraj |date=20 June 2013 |title=God Just Left The Gurdwara |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2013/06/20/god-just-left-the-gurdwara |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=newslaundry}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Religious Pluralism in Punjab: A Contemporary Account of Sikh Sants, Babas, Gurus and Satgurus |date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351986342 |chapter=Emerging Religious Consciousness, Trends and Founding Establishments - Sikhs}}</ref> He would marry a woman named Uttami, daughter of a Chahal Jatt named Hamza. Originally a follower of [[Sakhi Sarwar (saint)|Sakhi Sarwar]] (Sultani [[Folk practices in Punjab|cult]]), Hindal was converted to Sikhism due to the missionary work of the third Sikh guru, [[Guru Amar Das]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Hindal, remembered as being a man of few-words and meditative, served Guru Amar Das (receiving the [[Amrit Sanskar#Charan-Pahul|Sikh initiation]] from the third guru) at the ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' and was responsible for the collection of ''[[dasvandh]]'' at [[Goindwal]],<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> and later served [[Guru Ram Das]].<ref name=":3" /> As per ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'', after an act of devotion, Guru Ram Das instructed Hindal to returned to his native village of Jandiala, where he had been appointed as the ''[[masand]]'' for that ''[[Manji (Sikhism)|manji]]'',<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> to spread Sikhism there.<ref name=":3" /> Hindal spread Sikhism in the Jandiala region of Amritsar district by using the word ''Niranjan'' ("bright one"), with the utterance ''Niranjan-Niranjan'' being associated to Hindal,<ref name=":0" /> used to [[Names of God in Sikhism|refer to the divine]].<ref name=":2" /> Hindal engaged in farming and clerical work.<ref name=":4" /> Jandiala was a ''[[Kasbah|kasba]]'' (small settlement).<ref name=":4" /> His followers came to be known as the ''Hindalis'' or ''Niranjanias'' ("unsullied ones"). Hindal lived to an old-age and died either as an orthodox Sikh as per some accounts or as a heretical leader, as per other traditions, being succeeded by his son, Bidhi Chand.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== Hindalis ==
According to Joginder Singh, Hindal did not remain an orthodox Sikh and created his own sect with its own ''[[Guru Gaddi|guru-gaddi]]'' running parallel to the mainstream one, with the leaders being known as ''gurus'' or ''[[mahant]]s''. However, other sources claim the sect was founded by the son and successor of Hindal, named Bidhi Chand.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> According to the former version, Hindal began to style himself as a guru at Jandiala, with his popularity growing to such as a level that the settlement of Jandiala became known as Jandiala Guru (or Guru-ka-Jandiala<ref name=":0" />), with ''guru'' appended to its name.<ref name=":2" /> The 20-30 villages surrounding Jandiala became the area of influence for the Hindali sect.<ref name=":2" /> Hindali constructed a two-story and tunneled shrine at Jandiala, which had been decorated with frescoes of Hindali verses, which was known as Sri Darbar Sahib, Janamasthan Baba Hindal.<ref name=":2" /> Another revered site for the sect is the Nathoana shrine, known as Tap Asthan Baba Hindal Ji, located near Nathoana Gate in Jandiala Guru.<ref name=":2" /> At this site, it is believed that Hindal met a yogi named Purush and received religious education from him.<ref name=":2" /> However, as per Joginder Singh, the Nathoana shrine actually was originally a ''mukam'' (place) associated with Sakhi Sarwar that Hindal had destroyed.<ref name=":2" /> There there was a pond called ''Nathoana Tobha'', which Hindal used to bathe in, making it become marked as a ''[[sarovar]]''. Afterwards, the current shrine complex was constructed over it.<ref name=":2" />

Over-time, the Sikh sect became [[Islamized]], although the sect was also influenced by Hinduism.<ref name=":2" /> The verses attributed to Hindal became ''[[Gurbani|bani]]'' to the sect, with these works consisting of praises of ''[[Hari#In Sikhism|Hari/Har]]'', ''[[Akal Purakh]]'', and ''[[Nirankar]]'' aspects of the divine.<ref name=":2" /> The works of Hindal also touched upon the relationship the creator and creation, discussing the concept of ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'' and [[Naam Japo|remembrance of the name]].<ref name=":2" /> Also, the names of [[Hindu deities]] and Muslim saints (''[[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]]'' and ''[[Wali|auliyas]]'') are recorded and referred to as prophets of God (Niranjan or Akal Purakh), acting as his messengers.<ref name=":2" /> They had their own form of the ''[[Ardās|ardas]]'' supplicatory prayer, which personifies [[God in Sikhism|attributes of God]] as being also the attributes of Hindal, and in the prayer they call upon the ''[[Sant (religion)|sants]]'', ''mahants'', ''[[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapassavis]]'', ''[[Bhagat|bhaktas]]'', and ''[[Shahid#Sikhism|shaheeds]]''.<ref name=":2" /> They preferred to call the prayer ''ardasa'' instead of ''ardas'' and in it they refer to ''[[satnam]]'' as ''sachnam''.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Mural depicting the heretical Hindali sect of Sikhism, showing a courtly (darbar) scene, perhaps with leaders of the sect, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Mural depicting the heretical Hindali sect of Sikhism, showing a courtly (''[[Durbar (court)|darbar]]'') scene, perhaps with leaders of the sect. The fresco is located within Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Baba Handaal Ji at Gali Darbar sahib, Baba Handal Road, Jandiala Guru, Jandiala, Punjab, India]]
Another version of the sect's history states that Bidhi Chand (not to be confused with [[Bidhi Chand|another Sikh with the same name]]), son of Hindal, succeeded his father as the masand of the Jandiala manji, and that Hindal had remained a staunch Sikh.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Whilst initially Bidhi Chand was aligned with the mainstream Sikhs, he married a Muslim woman, which the Sikhs admonished him for and he lost his Sikh following, turning him into an apostate, creating the schism between the Niranjanias and the Sikhs.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780195648942 |pages=215}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Bidhi Chand went against the mainstream lineage of Sikh guruship, attempting to undermine the guruship of Guru Hargobind,<ref name=":1" /> with him establishing a [[Sects of Sikhism|sect]] by compiling his own granth and [[Janamsakhis|janamsakhi]] that exalted his father Hindal and demoted [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name=":3" /> The sect compiled the ''Hindaliya Janam Sakhi'', a plaigerised version of the ''Bhai Bala Janamsakhi'' tradition associated with Bala, with the Hindali janamsakhi portraying Guru Nanak as a mere follower/disciple of the low-caste Muslim weaver, [[Kabir]], portraying a meeting between the two at [[Varanasi]], and replacing the name of Nanak in the janamsakhis with the name Hindal.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> One edition of their janamsakhi claims Guru Nanak requested seignorial rights over the daughter of Guru Angad.<ref name=":2" /> However, later editions and manuscripts of the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi tradition would remove much of the material from the text that had been influenced by the Hindalis in the earlier manuscripts of the Bala tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Toby Braden |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |date=Dec 3, 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004242371 |pages=104 |chapter=Pedagogy in the Janam-sakhis}}</ref> It is debated by scholars if the Hindalis were the creators of the Bala janamsakhi tradition or had interfered with an existing literary tradition that existed before them.<ref name=":1" /> Scholars note that the Bala tradition is linked to [[Bhai Bala]], who was a Jatt of the [[Sandhu]] clan, with the Hindali leaders also being from the Jatt caste.<ref name=":1" /> The Hindalis, alongside the [[Udasi]]s and [[Bhatra Sikhs|Bhatras]], are blamed for corruption the Bhanno recension of the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Ād Granth]].<ref name=":2" />

The Niranjanias found themselves allied to the ruling powers who were persecuting Sikhs at different periods of time.<ref name=":4" /> During times of anti-Sikh persecution, the Hindalis denied being Khalsa Sikhs at all or having any association with the Khalsa.<ref name=":2" /> Instead of appending ''[[Singh]]'' to their name, they instead appended the title ''[[Das (surname)|Das]]''.<ref name=":2" /> Bidhi Chand died in 1654 and was succeeded as leader of the sect by his son Devi Das, who was born to his Muslim wife.<ref name=":2" /> During the 18th century, the Hindali sect helped the Mughal and Afghan administrations persecute the orthodox Sikhs, such as [[Aqil Das]] (also known as Haribhagat), an 18th-century leader of the sect, giving intel which led to the deaths of [[Mehtab Singh Bhangu|Mehtab Singh]] and [[Bhai Taru Singh|Taru Singh]].<ref name=":3" /> Aqil Das had been a direct descendant of Hindal.<ref name=":2" /> [[Ratan Singh Bhangu|Rattan Singh Bhangu's]] ''[[Prachin Panth Prakash|Panth Prakash]]'' called them ''chandalas'' ("butchers of the Sikhs") and nindaks ("back-biters") of the Sikhs during the period of the ''[[Vadda Ghallughara|Vadda Ghalughara]]'' committed by the [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] confiscated the lands of the Niranjania sect at Jandiala as punishment for their actions against the Sikhs during the previous century.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> By the late 19th century, the Hindalis still existed and observed their own [[Anand Karaj|marriage]] (having their own unique marriage custom) and [[Antam Sanskar|death]] customs (not performing ''kiria karam'' or ''phul''), rejecting [[Hinduism|Hindu]] customs, and they did not pay respect to Brahmins.<ref name=":2" /> Some heretical/heterdoxical verses attributed to Hindal can be found engraved on the walls of the Darbar Sahib Janamasthan at Jandiala Guru, Amritsar district, Punjab.<ref name=":2" />

Over-time, they adopted Khalsa attributes, such as keeping ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' and wearing a [[Dastar|turban]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Census in British India|1881–91 census reports]] records the Hindalis as both ''[[Sahajdhari|Sehajdhari]]'' and ''[[Keshdharis]]''.<ref name=":2" /> A survey of Hindali families in 2007 by Manpreet Kaur observed that many of the males maintain the mainstream Sikh practice of wearing a turban, having a beard, and maintaining uncut hair, with these families paying respect to both an idol of Baba Hindal and the Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":2" /> In 1949, an Udasi named Sant Santokh Muni held an ''[[Akhand Path|akhand path]]'' at the Nathoana Tobha and claimed it to be ''Tap Asthan''.<ref name=":2" /> The site was marked by a gurdwara (Sikh temple), thakurdwara (Vaishnavist temple), and shivala (Shavist temple).<ref name=":2" /> Modern Hindalis pay respect to all three shrines and believe that dipping in the toba found there can grant them wishes, due to the blessings of Hindal.<ref name=":2" /> Whilst the Hindalis can be found across different caste backgrounds, most of them come from Jatt Sikh backgrounds and are from different regions of the Punjab. Some devotees also hail from the [[Sikh diaspora]].<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Bhagat Dhanna]]
* [[Dhir Mal]]
* [[Prithi Chand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindal}}
[[Category:Indian Sikh religious leaders]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1573 births]]
[[Category:1640s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

B28 trainset

2026-04-27T07:36:24Z

ChristinaQ73: done...

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian high speed train type}}


{{Infobox train
| name = B28
| image =
| stocktype =
| manufacturer = [[BEML Limited]]
| designer = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] and [[BEML Limited]]
| assembly = Bengaluru (BEML facility)
| numberbuilt = 2 prototypes
| formation = 8-car trainset
| capacity = Approximately 580 seats (estimated)
| operator = [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]] (for trials)
| maxspeed = {{convert|250|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (operational)<br>{{convert|280|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (design)
| traction = Distributed traction (IGBT-based)
| hvac = Pressurized units with enhanced filtration
| brakes = Microprocessor-controlled
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg}}
| notes = Contract value: ₹866.87 crore
}}
The '''B28''' (also referred to as '''B28 trainset''' or '''Train B28''') is a high-speed trainset prototype under development by [[BEML Limited]] in partnership with the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF). It is intended for trial operations on the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]. The trainsets are designed for an operational speed of 250 km/h and a maximum design speed of 280 km/h.<ref name="PIBFeb2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226523 |title=MUMBAI-AHMEDABAD HIGH-SPEED RAIL (BULLET TRAIN) PROJECT UPDATES |date=11 February 2026 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref name="MoneycontrolJan2026">{{cite news |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-s-first-indigenous-high-speed-train-set-to-enter-manufacturing-phase-soon-13756924.html |title=India's first indigenous high-speed train set to enter manufacturing phase soon |date=5 January 2026 |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref name="MetroRailTodayDec2025">{{cite news |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/beml-sets-timeline-for-production-of-high-speed-trainsets-for-indias-first-bullet-train-project |title=BEML sets timeline for production of high speed trainsets for India's first Bullet Train project |date=29 December 2025 |work=Metro Rail Today |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> The Railways also plans a B35 trainset with a maximum speed design of 350 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-30 |title=After B28, Railways plans ‘B35 bullet train’ for high speed corridor: All about the upgrade |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-b28-railways-plans-b35-bullet-train-for-high-speed-corridor-all-about-the-upgrade-10609571/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] was planned to use Japanese [[E5 Series Shinkansen]] trainsets, but negotiations were terminated in 2024 over cost and modification disputes for Indian conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-based-on-japans-shinkasen-technology-will-the-mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-adapt-to-indias-hot-and-humid-climate-3625823/ |title=Based on Japan's Shinkansen technology, will the Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train adapt to India's hot and humid climate? |date=30 September 2024 |website=The Financial Express |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Thereafter, the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) tendered for indigenous prototypes. [[BEML]] was the sole bidder and was awarded the contract at a lower per-coach cost.<ref name="TimesOfIndiaOct2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-16 |title=No other bidder, BEML to make 1st high-speed train |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-other-bidder-beml-to-make-1st-high-speed-train/articleshow/114265885.cms |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Primary rolling stock for the corridor remains the Japanese E10 Series Shinkansen, while the B28 prototypes are intended for trials and development work.<ref name="PIBFeb2026" /><ref name="IndianExpressFeb2026">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bullet-train-after-vande-bharat-govt-focuses-on-designing-manufacturing-280-kmph-high-speed-trains-10533808 |title=Bullet train: After Vande Bharat, Govt focuses on designing & manufacturing 280 kmph high-speed trains |date=February 2026 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

== Development ==
In October 2024, the Integral Coach Factory awarded BEML a contract valued at ₹866.87 crore to design, manufacture and commission two eight-car high-speed trainsets.<ref name="TheHinduOct2024">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/beml-awarded-contract-worth-86687-crore-to-build-indigenous-high-speed-trains/article68756688.ece |title=BEML awarded contract worth ₹866.87 crore to build indigenous high-speed trains |author=Porecha, Maitri |date=15 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref name="BusinessStandardOct2024">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/beml-wins-rs-866-87-crore-contract-to-build-made-in-india-bullet-trains-124101600214_1.html |title=BEML wins Rs 866.87 crore contract to build 'Made in India' bullet trains |date=16 October 2024 |work=Business Standard |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> As of February 2026, preliminary design review and detailed design review for underframe, car body and bogie were nearing completion. Manufacturing of car bodies and structural elements is in progress at BEML's Bengaluru facility. A full-scale mock-up is scheduled for unveiling in the first quarter of 2026. The first prototype is targeted for rollout by December 2026, with the second in 2027. The prototypes will undergo static tests, oscillation trials, structural validation (including full car body squeeze tests) and high-speed trials over 7–8 months before certification.<ref name="MetroRailTodayDec2025" /><ref name="MoneycontrolJan2026" /><ref name="RailJournalNov2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/indian-high-speed-trials-to-start-in-2027 |title=Indian high-speed trials to start in 2027 |date=28 November 2025 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

On 2 September 2025, [[Knorr-Bremse]] announced the signing of an equipment contract with BEML to supply the braking and entrance systems along with air conditioning and sanitary systems for the two prototypes of B28 trains. The firm is also establishing a manufacturing facility near [[Chennai]] with deliveries to begin in 2026.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Knorr-Bremse to equip India’s first high-speed trains with system technologies |date=2025-09-02 |publisher=[[Knorr-Bremse]] |url=https://newsroom.knorr-bremse.com/en/knorr-bremse-to-equip-indias-first-high-speed-trains-with-system-technologies/ |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> BEML has also initiated efforts to identify Indian suppliers for passenger seats and interior panels.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

On 28 February 2026, the [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]] (NHSRCL) issued a single tender enquiry (Package No. MAHSR-BRS-1) to BEML Limited for the design, manufacture, supply, testing, commissioning and comprehensive maintenance of rolling stock and allied works for the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor.<ref name="metrorailnews" /><ref name="metrorailtoday" /> The tender follows a single-stage two-envelope bidding procedure. Bid submissions were scheduled from 11 to 16 March 2026 (09:00–15:00 hrs IST) and technical bids were to open on 17 March 2026 at 15:00 hrs. This package builds on the earlier October 2024 contract awarded by the Integral Coach Factory to BEML for the construction of two prototype trainsets.<ref name="metrorailnews">{{cite web |url=https://metrorailnews.in/rolling-stock-tender-for-bullet-train-project |title=Bullet Train Project: NHSRCL Issues Single Tender Enquiry To BEML For Rolling Stock |website=Metro Rail News |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="metrorailtoday">{{cite web |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/nhsrcl-invites-single-tender-from-beml-for-bullet-train-rolling-stock-package |title=NHSRCL invites Single Tender from BEML for Bullet Train Rolling Stock Package |website=Metro Rail Today |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>

In March 2026, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways tabled its report on the Demands for Grants (2026–27) of the Ministry of Railways. The report included details from the Ministry regarding the Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail project. According to the Ministry's submission, initial commercial operations on the Surat–Vapi section (approximately 97 km) are planned for August 2027 using the B28 trainsets manufactured by BEML.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/bullet-train-project-start-operations-bharat-made-trainsets-10575233 |title=Bullet train project to start operations with Bharat-made trainsets: House panel report |work=The Indian Express |date=11 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/made-in-india-bullet-train-to-run-on-ahmedabad-mumbai-route-in-2027/articleshow/129424442.cms |title=Made-in-India bullet train to run on Ahmedabad-Mumbai route in 2027 |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref> The Ministry stated that the B28 trainsets have a design speed of 280 km/h, with initial operations at 250 km/h. Future upgrades to 320–350 km/h may be possible. The signalling system for this section will use ETCS Level 2. The committee's report also noted the project's overall cost escalation and efforts towards indigenisation of high-speed rail technology.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bharat-made-trainsets-for-mumbaiahmedabad-corridor-bullet-train-project-3927274 |title=Bharat-Made Trainsets to Run Mumbai–Ahmedabad 508-km Bullet Rail |work=Deccan Herald |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>

On 20 March 2026, ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' reported that the consortium of [[BEML Limited|BEML]] and Medha Servo Drives was likely to receive an order for 16 additional high-speed trainsets for the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail project]].<ref name="Moneycontrol2026">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=20 March 2026 |title=BEML-Medha set to bag 16-trainset order for Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed corridor |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/beml-medha-set-to-bag-order-for-16-high-speed-trainsets-for-mumbai-ahmedabad-high-speed-corridor-13865792.html |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref name="DeshGujarat">{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=BEML–Medha Likely to Supply 16 More Trainsets for Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2026/03/23/beml-medha-likely-to-supply-16-more-trainsets-for-mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-project/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref> The proposed order is estimated to be worth approximately {{INRConvert|4000|c|year=2026}} in total (around {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2026}} per trainset) and is expected to include a seven-year maintenance contract.<ref name="Moneycontrol2026" /> These additional trainsets are planned to follow the same basic design as the two initial prototypes already under development by BEML, with possible minor enhancements to be incorporated based on testing and operational feedback.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The manufacturing of the first two prototypes was yet to commence, leading to a delay in the prototype rollout. The first prototype was then expected in March 2027, with the additional 16 trainsets to follow later.<ref name="Moneycontrol2026" /><ref name="MetroRailNews">{{cite web |date=27 March 2026 |title=BEML - Medha consortium to supply 16 high - speed trains for Mumbai Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Corridor |url=https://metrorailnews.in/beml-medha-to-supply-high-speed-train/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=Metro Rail News}}</ref> This potential order forms part of the broader plan to indigenise high-speed rolling stock for the corridor, following the initial October 2024 contract awarded to BEML by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] for the two prototypes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

On 25 April 2026, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)#Railway ministers|Minister of Railways]], [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], inaugurated a facility at BEML's Aditya facility at [[Bengaluru]] for the development and production of B-28 coaches and the trainset. The first trainset is scheduled to be manufactured by March 2027.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Bengaluru’s BEML Aditya plant to manufacture India’s first bullet train ‘B28’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bengalurus-beml-aditya-plant-to-manufacture-indias-first-bullet-train-b28-10655666/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Specifications ==
The trainsets are designed for temperatures from −5 °C to 50 °C, high humidity, heavy rainfall, dust and corrosive environments. They include dust filters and enhanced pressurized air-conditioning.<ref name="MoneycontrolJan2026" /><ref name="dgci_pts">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/oCIqb6kw1jYhRCEyTNwjvB3ZaWzcnIXNOUrUoPXB.pdf |title=Train B28 Procurement Technical Specification |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> The design supports an average daily run of approximately 2,000 km.<ref name="MetroRailTodayDec2025" />
The trainsets use distributed traction with IGBT-based converters, bolsterless bogies and microprocessor-controlled braking. Safety features include compliance with EN 45545 fire norms and ETCS Level-2 signalling compatibility.<ref name="MoneycontrolJan2026" />

== Components and procurement ==

The procurement of specialized components for the B28 prototypes is currently being managed through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) and the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S). Initial phases of the project involved securing infrastructure for vehicle-level body shell testing and the acquisition of dedicated test rigs.<ref name="dgci_body_shell">{{cite web |url=https://mkp.gem.gov.in/catalog_data/catalog_support_document/buyer_documents/1232287/54/78/703/CatalogAttrs/SpecificationDocument/2025/6/23/01-pts_vehicle_body_shell_tests_hsr_rev-00_with_rig_2025-06-23-10-05-08_b5c9aa0f652716f81e676ea0b3c4450d.pdf |title=Procurement for Vehicle Level Body Shell Tests for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> This was followed by the procurement of bogie type tests to ensure adherence to established structural design standards.<ref name="dgci_bogie">{{cite web |url=https://mkp.gem.gov.in/catalog_data/catalog_support_document/buyer_documents/1209129/54/78/703/CatalogAttrs/SpecificationDocument/2025/8/14/sow-bogie_2025-08-14-16-41-25_8efd478fbf6aed18e15045abc0ae7dbf.pdf |title=Procurement for Vehicle Level Bogie Type Tests for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

Significant focus has been placed on the train's aerodynamic profile, with tenders issued for external components such as nose cones and specialized cable trays.<ref name="dgci_aero">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/TphjO3RlAq3ddkelspIN9pt39hqIlpO339iP7kO9.pdf |title=Procurement for Aerodynamic External Components for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Additional aerodynamic elements include the installation of custom roof cladding<ref name="dgci_roof">{{cite web |url=http://itj.dgciskol.gov.in/z1dy7JVGdmFhzWA1d5AEskI6GSVMEhutgFen1dCo.pdf |title=Procurement for Roof Cladding for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> and protective underframe covers to minimize drag.<ref name="dgci_underframe">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/TphjO3RlAq3ddkelspIN9pt39hqIlpO339iP7kO9.pdf |title=Procurement for Underframe External Cover/Cladding for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> The electrical infrastructure is further supported by the procurement of high-durability underframe cable trays.<ref name="dgci_cable">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/ZiIybklIThQu9cPhBikzYXb4KkYYniPwXMQQhTnp.pdf |title=Procurement for Under Frame Cable Trays for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

Interior and operator-centric components comprise a major part of the recent procurement lists, including modular interior fittings.<ref name="dgci_interior">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/oCIqb6kw1jYhRCEyTNwjvB3ZaWzcnIXNOUrUoPXB.pdf |title=Procurement for High Speed Trainset B28 Interior Components |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> The driver's cabin has been outfitted with specific ergonomic features such as specialized footrests<ref name="dgci_footrest">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/1IagYo1s5kGSPQmbDonMnlcEBfyB7g6Q2jWTAZkO.pdf |title=Procurement for Driver's Footrest for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> and high-impact cab side window glazing.<ref name="dgci_window">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/1IagYo1s5kGSPQmbDonMnlcEBfyB7g6Q2jWTAZkO.pdf |title=Procurement for Cab Side Window Glass with Frame for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Further cabin refinements include integrated control interface elements<ref name="dgci_cab">{{cite web |url=http://itj.dgciskol.gov.in/public/RxQRF2VkLfGqAdtU9ocurbybwtCzGZt1GJI9auOi.pdf |title=Procurement for Driver's Cab Components for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> and specialized floor boarding.<ref name="dgci_floor">{{cite web |url=http://itj.dgciskol.gov.in/z1dy7JVGdmFhzWA1d5AEskI6GSVMEhutgFen1dCo.pdf |title=Procurement for Floor Boards for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

Water and sanitation management systems for the trainset feature high-capacity fresh water tanks<ref name="dgci_water">{{cite web |url=http://www.itj.dgciskol.gov.in/ULBMML97UtiC6HGC40F3t0wixILHiBRO3wrL0MNE.pdf |title=Procurement for Fresh Water Tank for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> and advanced bio-digester units for waste processing.<ref name="dgci_bio">{{cite web |url=https://bidplus.gem.gov.in/bidding/bid/documentdownload/8229581/1755508621.pdf |title=Procurement for Bio Digester for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> The passenger amenities are further enhanced by the inclusion of pressurized modular toilet systems designed for high-speed operation.<ref name="dgci_toilets">{{cite web |url=https://mkp.gem.gov.in/catalog_data/catalog_support_document/buyer_documents/1232287/54/78/703/CatalogAttrs/SpecificationDocument/2025/6/23/01-pts_vehicle_body_shell_tests_hsr_rev-00_with_rig_2025-06-23-10-05-08_b5c9aa0f652716f81e676ea0b3c4450d.pdf |title=Procurement for Pressurized Modular Toilets for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

Safety and structural integrity are addressed through the procurement of evacuation bridges<ref name="dgci_evac1">{{cite web |url=https://bidplus.gem.gov.in/bidding/bid/documentdownload/8229581/1755508621.pdf |title=Procurement for Evacuation Bridge for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> and emergency rope ladders.<ref name="dgci_ladder">{{cite web |url=https://bidplus.gem.gov.in/bidding/bid/documentdownload/8589917/1763110311.pdf |title=Procurement for Emergency Rope Ladder for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Various pieces of emergency gear have also been sourced along with high-grade SUS301L-ST stainless steel materials.<ref name="dgci_evac2">{{cite web |url=https://bidplus.gem.gov.in/bidding/bid/documentdownload/8269099/1756192416.pdf |title=Procurement for Emergency Evacuation Equipment for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref name="dgci_material">{{cite web |url=https://bidplus.gem.gov.in/bidding/bid/documentdownload/8269099/1756192416.pdf |title=Procurement for Material SUS301L-ST for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Heavy industrial components such as underframe castings have been ordered through BEML’s procurement channels.<ref name="dgci_castings">{{cite web |url=https://fulfilment.gem.gov.in/contract/slafds?fileDownloadPath=SLA_UPLOAD_PATH%2F2025%2FMay%2FGEM_2025_B_6239860%2FCLM0010%2FNIT_ed29421d-d361-41dc-a60a1747389382352_pradeepa%40beml.pdf |title=Procurement for Castings for Underframe in Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Quality assurance is maintained through third-party weld assessments<ref name="dgci_weld">{{cite web |url=http://itj.dgciskol.gov.in/public/p9fNbdHmBPTs9wPdvzsGh42kaUMk21X31ZnCxunT.pdf |title=Procurement for Third-party Weld Assessment for Train B28 |publisher=DGCI&S |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> and strict adherence to a documented list of technical standards.<ref name="dgci_standards">{{cite web |url=https://fulfilment.gem.gov.in/contract/slafds?fileDownloadPath=SLA_UPLOAD_PATH%2F2025%2FAug%2FGEM_2025_B_6531033%2FCLM0010%2FNIT_4ad20b96-3da4-458b-82021754302267006_pradeepa%40beml.pdf |title=Procurement for List of Standards for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Finally, mechanical support is provided by the acquisition of RS-6 stainless steel brackets.<ref name="dgci_brackets1">{{cite web |url=https://bidplus.gem.gov.in/bidding/bid/documentdownload/8286855/1756532312.pdf |title=Procurement for RS-6 SS Brackets for Train B28 |publisher=GeM |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>

== Suppliers ==
Key suppliers include [[Knorr-Bremse]] for braking systems,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.knorr-bremse.com/en/knorr-bremse-to-equip-indias-first-high-speed-trains-with-system-technologies/ |title=Knorr-Bremse to equip India's first high-speed trains with system technologies |date=2 September 2025 |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Medha for the Train Control and Management System (TCMS),<ref name="MoneycontrolJan2026" /> Traktionssysteme Austria (TSA) for gearboxes, Compin Fainsa for passenger seats, Hanuk Fibre for interior panels and nose cone, and EC Engineering (Poland) for design validation consultancy.

== Interior and passenger facilities ==
The air-conditioned coaches include reclining or rotating seats, provisions for passengers with reduced mobility, entertainment systems, pressurized modular toilets, fresh water tanks and bio-digesters.<ref name="MoneycontrolJan2026" />

== Route and operations ==
The prototypes are intended for trials on the 508 km [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]], with initial testing on the [[Surat high-speed railway station|Surat]]–[[Vapi high-speed railway station|Vapi]] section.<ref name=":0" /> Trials are expected after certification in 2027. Partial commercial services on select sections may begin from August 2027, subject to approvals.<ref name="PIBFeb2026" /><ref name="RailJournalNov2025" />
These trainsets serve as prototypes for development and testing. Primary rolling stock for the corridor is the Japanese E10 Series Shinkansen.<ref name="PIBFeb2026" />

== See also ==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]
* {{anl|Amrit Bharat (trainset)}}
* {{anl|Namo Bharat (trainset)}}
* {{anl|Vande Bharat (trainset)}}
* {{anl|Vande Bharat Sleeper (trainset)}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:High-speed rail in India]]
[[Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in India]]

Sahitya Akademi

2026-04-26T03:58:31Z

ChristinaQ73: rework article per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|India's National Academy of Letters}}
{{See also|Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Sahitya Akademi
|image = Rabindra Bhawan, Delhi.jpg
|image_border =
|image_size = 
|image_alt = 
|caption = Rabindra Bhawan, Delhi which houses the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] and Sahitya Akademi
|logo = Sahitya Akademi logo.jpeg
|logo_size =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption = Emblem of Sahitya Akademi
|map = 
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = Sahitya Akademi main building
|abbreviation = SA
|formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1954|03|12}}
|extinction = 
|type =
|status = 
|purpose = 
|headquarters = Rabindra Bhawan, [[Delhi]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|coordinates = 
|region_served = [[India]]
|num_members =
|language =
|publication = *[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/aboutus/executive_board_member.jsp Madhav Kaushik]
|main_organ = 
|parent_organisation = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]]
|affiliations = 
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = {{url|https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/}}
|remarks =
}}

The '''Sahitya Akademi''' is an organisation recognised as India's "National Academy of Letters", dedicated to the promotion of [[literature]] in the [[languages of India]].<ref name=hota>{{cite book|last=Hota|first=AK|title=Encyclopaedia of New Media and Educational Planning|year=2000|publisher=`|isbn=978-81-7625-170-9|pages=310–12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1IW8UwPfzUC&pg=PA311}}</ref> Founded on 12 March 1954, it is supported by, though independent of, the [[Indian government]]. Its office is located in Rabindra Bhavan near [[Mandi House]] in [[Delhi]].

The Sahitya Akademi organises national and regional workshops and seminars; provides research and travel grants to authors; publishes books and journals, including the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]''; and presents the annual [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] of INR. 100,000 in each of the 24 languages it supports, as well as the [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] for lifetime achievement.

The Sahitya Akademi Library is one of the largest multi-lingual libraries in India, with a rich collection of books on literature and allied subjects.

It publishes two bimonthly literary journals: ''[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]'' in English and ''Samkaleen Bharatiya Sahitya'' in Hindi.<ref name=hota/><ref>{{cite web|title=National Academies: Sahitya Akademi|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/sahitya.php|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>

== Recognised literary languages {{anchor|Recognised languages|Literary languages|Languages|Official languages}} ==
{{main|Sahitya Akademi Award|Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar|Bal Sahitya Puraskar|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}

The Sahitya Akademi supports work in the following 24 languages, 22 of which are included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]], alongside [[English language|English]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]:

[[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Santhali language|Santhali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu language|Urdu]].

The recognition of languages by Sahitya Akademi is independent from the recognition of languages by the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].

; Recognition by the Akademi before enlistment to the 8th Schedule

* Sindhi had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 1956,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Skutnabb-Kangas |first1=Tove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S6-Nu7WFf8C&dq=sahitya+akademi+recognised+sindhi&pg=PA311 |title=Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination |last2=Phillipson |first2=Robert |date=2010-12-16 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-086639-1 |pages=311 |language=en}}</ref> long before it was recognised by the [[Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India]] in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|page=442|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend21.htm |title=The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967|accessdate=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130174023/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend21.htm |archive-date=30 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Skutnabb-Kangas |first1=Tove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S6-Nu7WFf8C&dq=sahitya+akademi+recognised+sindhi&pg=PA311 |title=Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination |last2=Phillipson |first2=Robert |date=2010-12-16 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-086639-1 |pages=311 |language=en}}</ref>
* Maithili had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in 1966,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLyIHwoxPDoC&dq=sahitya+Akademi+recognised+maithili&pg=PA426 |title=Aacharya Ramanath Jha Rachnawali-2 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |pages=426 |language=en, hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&dq=sahitya+Akademi+recognised+maithili&pg=PA102 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |date=2005 |publisher= iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-34394-2 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref> long before it was recognised by the [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|pages=672–673|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Dogri had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in 1969,<ref name=":Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_languages">{{Cite book |last=Shivanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXruaMZ6FKAC&dq=sahitya+Akademi+recognised+manipuri&pg=PA73 |title=Two Decades of Dogri Literature |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0393-8 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> long before it was recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.<ref name="book0c20">
{{Cite news
|title=Lok Sabha passes bill recognising Dogri, 3 other languages
|newspaper=Daily Excelsior
|location=Jammu and Kashmir
|date=2003-12-23
|access-date=2008-10-31
|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
|quote=Dogri among other three languages has been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution when Lok Sabha unanimously approved an amendment in the Constitution
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
|archive-date=2008-12-02
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|pages=672–673|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Manipuri had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in 1971,<ref name=":Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_languages" /><ref>—{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite web |title=Dr Thokchom Ibohanbi - first Manipuri writer to get Akademi award : 24th feb22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..240222.feb22 |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=e-pao.net}}<br />—{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/devi2004loanwords.pdf|title=Loanwords in Manipuri and their impact|website=sealang.net|author=Hajarimayum Subadani Devi|quote=In 1972 the Sahitya Akademi, the highest body of language and literature of India recognized Manipuri (Manipuri Sahitya Parisad. 1986:82)|language=en}}</ref> long before it was recognised by the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
* Konkani and Nepali had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in 1975,<ref name=":Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_languages" /> long before these were recognised by the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>

; Recognition by the Akademi after enlistment to the 8th Schedule

* Santhali was recognised by Sahitya Akademi in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=What a teacher's Sahitya Akademi award for Santali poetry means for students at an Adivasi school in West Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/teacher-sahitya-akademi-award-santali-poetry-students-adivasi-school-west-bengal-hapan-mai-8265547/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-16 |title=Santali National Literature Award : Santali Sahitya Akademi |url=https://www.santhaledisom.com/2014/09/santali-national-literature-award.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Home {{!}} EDISOM |language=en-GB}}</ref> after it had been recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|pages=672–673|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Bodo was recognised by Sahitya Akademi in 2005,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=List Of Sahitya Akademi Award Winners For Bodo Language {{!}} Bodo Pedia |url=https://bodopedia.com/biography/personalities/list-of-sahitya-akademi-award-winners-for-bodo-language/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website= |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Push for Bodo official status |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/push-for-bodo-official-status/cid/282078 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> after it had been recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Push for Bodo official status |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/push-for-bodo-official-status/cid/282078 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|pages=672–673|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== History ==
The idea of constituting a National Academy of Letters in India was considered by the colonial British government, and in 1944 a proposal from the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal for the formation of a 'National Cultural Trust' was, in principle, accepted. The original plan conceived of three institutions, or academies, devoted to the visual arts, performing arts, and letters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=7–8}}</ref> The independent Government of India carried out this proposal, constituting a National Academy of Letters, called the 'Sahitya Akademi' by a government resolution on 15 December 1952.<ref name=":0" />

The first General Council of the Akademi included members such as [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[K. M. Panikkar]], [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K.M. Munshi]], [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], [[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Mahadevi Varma]], [[D. V. Gundappa]], [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]], and was presided over by the then-Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=":0" /> The Government of India clarified that the choice of Prime Minister Nehru as the first chairperson was "not because he is Prime Minister, but because he has carved out for himself a distinctive place as a writer and author."<ref name=":0" />

The Sahitya Akademi was formally inaugurated on 12 March 1954 in New Delhi. A ceremony was held in the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]'s Central Hall, with speeches by Maulana [[Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. Radhakrishnan elaborated on the purpose of the Sahitya Akademi in his speech, noting that,
<blockquote>"The phrase, Sahitya Akademi, combines two words. 'Sahitya' is Sanskrit, and 'Academy' is Greek. This name suggests our universal outlook and aspiration. Sahitya is a literary composition; Academy is an assembly of men who are interested in the subject. So Sahitya Akademi will be an assembly of all those who are interested in creative and critical literature. It is the purpose of this Akademi to recognise men of achievement in letters, to encourage men of promise in letters, to educate public taste and to improve standards of literature and literary criticism."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

A key concern in the early days of the Sahitya Akademi was the establishment of its autonomy from the Central Government. This concern was echoed by the Prime Minister, who noted that, "...it is an honour to be the President of an organisation which includes it in its fold the eminent writers of India in various languages. As President of that Akademi I may tell you quite frankly, I would not like the Prime Minister to interfere in my work."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=12}}</ref> The first Council made recommendations to amend the Akademi's governing constitution, including proposals to have the chairman elected by the council and not appointed by the Government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|pages=9–11}}</ref> Some of these suggestions were incorporated, and the Akademi was constituted as a society under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act of 1860]], as it had not originally been incorporated by an Act of Parliament, but by an executive order.<ref name=":1" /> The council was reconstituted and elected Prime Minister Nehru as its president, and he continued in that capacity until his death in 1964.<ref name=":1" />

Subsequent presidents of the Sahitya Akademi have included [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|S. Radhakrishnan]] (1958) who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru after serving as the vice-president along with him; [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] (1963); [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]] (1967); [[K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar|K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar]] (1969, and re-elected in 1973); [[Umashankar Joshi]] (1978); [[Vinayaka Krishna Gokak]] (1983); [[Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya]] (1988); [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] (1993); [[Ramakanta Rath]] (1998); and [[Gopi Chand Narang]] (2003).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D. S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=12–16}}</ref> Sunil Gangopadhyay was elected president in 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Gangopadhyay-elected-Sahitya-Akademi-president/article15171067.ece|title=Gangopadhyay elected Sahitya Akademi president|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en}}</ref> and held office until his death in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/litterateur-and-sahitya-akademi-president-sunil-gangopadhyay-dies-502527|title=Litterateur and Sahitya Akademi president Sunil Gangopadhyay dies|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref> [[Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari]] served as president from 2013 to 2018.<ref name="odishabytes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/hindi-poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-receive-gangadhar-national-award/|title=Hindi Poet Viswanath Prasad Tiwari To Receive Gangadhar National Award|date=December 9, 2019}}</ref> The Akademi has never elected a female president although, [[Mahasweta Devi]] in 2003 and [[Pratibha Ray]] in 2018 unsuccessfully contested against [[Gopi Chand Narang]] and [[Chandrashekhara Kambara|Chandrashekar Kambara]] respectively for the position.<ref name=":2" />

The logo of Sahitya Akademi was designed by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/the-sahitya-akademi-needs-to-get-in-tune-with-the-times/article67187336.ece|title=The Sahitya Akademi needs to get in tune with the times|date=August 24, 2023}}</ref>

== Constitution and structure ==
[[File:Sahitya Akademi Regional Office Banglore.jpg|thumb|Sahitya Akademi Regional Office at [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]]]
The Sahitya Akademi was constituted by the Government of India by a resolution passed on 15 December 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution.jsp|title = The Constitution|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi|last = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> It was formally inaugurated on 12 March 1954.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi - About Us">{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/about.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi - About Us|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> It initially functioned under executive order, but was subsequently registered as a society under the Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi - About Us"/> The constitution of the Sahitya Akademi provides that it shall be run by three authorities — a General Council, an Executive Board, and a Finance Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, Section 5|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

The General Council is empowered to elect a president and vice-president, from a panel of three candidates chosen by the executive board.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, Section 4|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> In addition to these, the executive board appoints a secretary, who functions as both the Secretary of the Akademi and as ex-officio secretary of all three governing bodies.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in"/>

=== General Council ===
The General Council of the Sahitya Akademi operates for a term of five years, following which it is reconstituted. It meets once a year and performs several important functions, including appointing the Akademi's president and vice-president, electing members of the executive board, framing rules and procedures for the Akademi, and electing fellows on the recommendation of the board.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution2.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, 'Functions of the General Council'|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

The General Council consists of the following members:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution2.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, 'General Council'|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
* The president and the financial advisor. The current president of the Sahitya Akademi is [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/other_members1.jsp|title = 'Organisation Chart' Sahitya Akademi|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
* Five persons nominated by the Government of India, including one each from the [[National Book Trust]], the Department of Culture, and the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
* One person from each state and union territory in India (these are to be nominated by the outgoing General Council, based on recommendations from the states and union territories)
* One person to represent each language supported by the Sahitya Akademi (nominated by the outgoing General Council)
* A representative each, from a maximum of 20 universities, with post-graduate departments in the humanities (selected by the outgoing Council)
* Eight other persons from the field of letters (nominated from by the outgoing General Council)
* Representatives from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], the Raja Rammohun Roy Library, and a representative from an Indian publisher based on recommendations from publishers' associations.

=== Executive Board ===
The executive board of the Sahitya Akademi exercises executive authority and is responsible for supervising and controlling the Akademi's work. It prepares the Akademi's annual budget, appoints the secretary, and prepares panels of nominees for the General Council to consider and select fellows.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution2.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, 'Executive Board'|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> It consists of the president, the vice-president, the financial advisor, two of the Government of India's nominees in the General Council (one of whom must represent the Ministry of Culture) and one person to represent each of the Akademi's supported languages, as nominated by the General Council.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Finance Committee ===
The finance committee's role is to prescribe the limit for total expenditure by the Sahitya Akademi in a financial year, and consider and recommend budget estimates to the executive board. The finance committee consists of a financial advisor, a nominee from the Government of India, a representative each from the General Council and Executive Board, and the vice-president of the Akademi.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution2.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, 'Finance Committee'|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> The accounts of the Sahitya Akademi are audited by the Auditor General of India.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/the_constitution2.jsp|title = Constitution of the Sahitya Akademi, 'Audit'|access-date = 21 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

== Publications and activities ==
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2004_-_Colnect_158553_-_Sahitya_Akademi.jpeg|thumb|right|2004 Indian stamp of Sahitya Akademi]]

The Sahitya Akademi publishes several regular publications, in addition to its bi-monthly literary journals, ''[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]'' and ''Samkaleen Bhartiya Sahitya''. It undertakes bibliographic surveys, conducts translation workshops, seminars, and an annual festival of letters.

=== Publications ===
The Sahitya Akademi publishes bibliographies, compilations, and critical editions in addition to publishing individual works and anthologies of literature and translation in the 24 languages that it supports. Amongst other things, it publishes the National Bibliography of Indian Literature (NBIL), an ongoing selective index of publications in 24 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/projects-schemes/nbil.jsp|title = National Bibliography of Indian Literature|date = 1962–1974|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> The first series of the NBIL consisted of four volumes, spanning literature published between 1901 and 1953.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The National Bibliography of Indian Literature: 1901 - 1953|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|year = 1962–1974}}</ref> The Sahitya Akademi has stated that the second series will cover literature published between 1954 and 2000. The second series will consist of 16 volumes, of which seven have been published.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/projects-schemes/nbil.jsp|title = National Bibliography of Indian Literature|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> In addition, the Sahitya Akademi has published the ''Collected Works of [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]]'' in Urdu and Telugu, and critical editions of books by [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]], [[Bankimchandra Chatterjee]], and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Sahitya Akademi: Publications">{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/publications/publication.jsp#independence|title = Sahitya Akademi: Publications|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

The Sahitya Akademi maintains reference materials for Indian literature, including the National Register of Translators, the Who's Who of Indian Writers,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi : Who's Who of Indian Writers|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/searchWriters.jsp|website=Sahitya Akademi|publisher=Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> and the Who's Who of [[Sanskrit]] literature.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi: Publications"/> Two ongoing series of reference material are the ''[[Makers of Indian Literature]]'', which consist of biographical monographs on Indian writers, and ''Histories of Indian Literature'', 18 of which have been published thus far.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi: Publications"/> It publish two journal: ''Indian Literature'' (started in 1957) in English, and ''Samakaleen Bharatiya Sahitya'' (started in 1980) in Hindi.<ref name="Sadana2012">{{cite book|last=Sadana|first=Rashmi|title=English Heart, Hindi Heartland: The Political Life of Literature in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2WNfFpT14IC&pg=PA98|year=2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26957-6|pages=98–99}}</ref>

In 1987, it published a book (''Bulhe Shah: Volume 141'') on the life of [[Bulleh Shah]] (authored by Surindar Singh Kohli).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CloGAAAAMAAJ |title=Bulhe Shah |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>

=== Activities ===
The Sahitya Akademi holds over 100 programmes related to Indian literature every year across India. It holds frequent seminars on Indian literature, as well as translation workshops.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/index_literary_activities.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Literary Activities|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> In addition, it holds several regular and annual events, including a Festival of Letters and the Samvatsar Annual Lecture.

==== International seminars ====

The Sahitya Akademi periodically holds International Seminars, sometimes in collaboration with the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. The first international seminar was held in 1961, in New Delhi, to mark 100 years since the birth of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. About 25 writers from 16 countries, along with 39 writers from India met over four days to discuss and commemorate Tagore's works. Attendees included [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Martin Wickramasinghe|Martin Wickremesinghe]], [[Jean Guéhenno|Jean Guehenno]], [[Zaki Naguib Mahmoud]], [[Isaiah Berlin]], and [[Louis Untermeyer]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=62–64}}</ref> as well as [[Amrita Pritam]], Ramdhari Sinha Dinkar, Rayaprolu Subba Rao, and [[Premendra Mitra]]. In 1991, the Akademi organised a second International Seminar on Tagore in collaboration with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].

The Akademi's second International Seminar from 8 December to 12 December 1975, was also held in New Delhi and focused on the Ramayana tradition in Asia. Participants, including U Thein Han, Soewito Santoso, Harry M. Buck, C.E. Godakumbra, Kapila Vatsyayan, Camille Bulke and Umashankar Joshi, presented 44 papers on Ramayana traditions, which were published by the Akademi in a commemorative volume.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=65}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Noorani |first=A.G. |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003: 'A Matter of National Honour' V1 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Tulika Books]] |isbn=9789382381457}}</ref> [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] also participated in second Seminar.<ref name=":4" /> A second International seminar on the same theme was held in New Delhi in 1981.<ref name=":3" />

International Seminars have since been held to mark the birth centenary of Hindi-language writer [[Premchand]], in 1981; to mark the birth centenary of Tamil-language poet [[Subramania Bharati|Subramania Bharti]] in 1983; on the [[Mahabharata]], in 1987; and on 'the Narrative' in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=66–67}}</ref>

==== Annual Festival of Letters ====
The Sahitya Akademi's Annual Festival of Letters is held in February and is the occasion at which the Akademi presents its [[Sahitya Akademi Award|awards]]. The festival is accompanied by an exhibition that covers major literary events of the previous year, as well as a 'Writers' Meet' which is a literary seminar spanning three days.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==== Samvatsar Annual Lecture ====
The Samvatsar Annual Lecture is organised by the Sahitya Akademi and is delivered during the Akademi's Annual Festival of Letters. The Sahitya Akademi notes that these lectures "should open up new vistas of thinking regarding a literary movement, a current literary trend, some original thinking about a great writer or a great classic or a new path in literary criticism or literary creation".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/samvatar_lectures.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Samvatsar Lectures|date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> The Lectures have been delivered since 1986 by people including the Hindi writer [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] (1986), Marathi poet and writer [[Vinda Karandikar]] (1991), Assamese novelist [[Nabakanta Barua]] (1994), and Malayalam author and director, [[M T Vasudevan Nair]] (1999).<ref name="Samvatsar Lectures">{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/samvatar_lectures.jsp|title = Samvatsar Lectures|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

In 2014, the lecture was delivered by [[Girish Karnad]], a Kannada playwright and author.<ref name="Samvatsar Lectures"/> The most recent lecture was delivered by [[Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari]], an author, lawyer, and former judge in the [[Mumbai High Court|Bombay High Court]] on 17 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/press-release-12-02-16.pdf|title=Press Release|last=Sahitya Akademi|date=12 February 2016|website=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

===='Meet the Author' programmes====

The Sahitya Akademi organises regular public interactions with published Indian authors. These sessions, titled 'Meet the Author' consist of a 40-minute lecture by the invited author followed by an open session of questions and discussions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/loka.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Loka, the Many Voices|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> 'Meet the Author' programmes have been conducted in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bengaluru. Over 180 authors have participated to date.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/meet_the_author.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Meet the Author|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

To complement this, the Sahitya Akademi has held a parallel lecture series titled 'Men in Books' in which the Akademi invites persons distinguished for interdisciplinary studies to speak about literature. Notable speakers in the past have included film-maker [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], journalist Dilip Padgaonkar, lawyer [[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]], and former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/men_and_books.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Men and Books|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

====Kavi Anuvadak====

The Kavi Anuvadak programmes, started in 2001, consist of a live performance of poetry in the original language and in translation. Nine Kavi Anuvadaks have been held to date, featuring, amongst others, [[K. Satchidanandan]], [[Manglesh Dabral]], and [[Ayyappa Paniker]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/kavi_anuvadak.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Kavi Anuvadak|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

====Sahitya Akademi Award====

[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] ([[Devnagari]]: साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in India which Sahitya Akademi annually confers on writers of the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the major Indian languages recognised by the Akademi.

====Yuva Puraskar====

Sahitya Akademi confers annually the [[Yuva Puraskar]] to young writers (under 35 years) of outstanding works in one of the 24 major Indian languages. It was founded in 2011.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web | title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance | website=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2015-11-19 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 | access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

====Other programmes====

Other programmes organised by the Sahitya Akademi include the Mulakat lectures, a special platform for lesser-known authors;<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/mulakat.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi : Mulakat|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> the Through My Window lectures, in which one author speaks on the works of another Indian author;<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/through_my%20_window.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi: Through my Window|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> and the Loka programmes on Indian folklore and the Kavisandhi poetry readings.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/literaray-activities/kavisandhi.jsp|title = Sahitya Akademi : Kavisandhi|access-date = 26 November 2014|website = Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

== Controversies and Parliamentary Committee reviews ==

There have been widespread allegations of corruption and controversial appointments<ref>{{cite news|last1=Balakrishnan|first1=Deepa|title=Sahitya Akademi in Ruins Literally|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sahitya-academy-in-ruins-literally/12569-3-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826220156/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sahitya-academy-in-ruins-literally/12569-3-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|work=IBN Live|date=9 June 2006}}</ref> under the presidency of [[Gopi Chand Narang]] who headed Sahitya Akademi from 2003 to 2007 and the president Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?230676 |title=Bibliofile |website=Outlookindia.com |date=2006-03-27 |access-date=2016-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140059/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?230676 |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?223217 |title=Bibliofile |website=Outlookindia.com |date=2004-03-15 |access-date=2016-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140047/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?223217 |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> Agrahara Krishnamurthy, appointed as the Secretary of Sahitya Akademi by Narang, had undergone a CBI probe in a paper purchase scam at the time of his appointment,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?231485 |title=War And No Peace |website=Outlookindia.com |date=2006-06-05 |access-date=2016-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140101/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?231485 |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> and was censured and forced to retire after being accused of financial irregularities in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/274600/probe-against-agrahara.html |title=Probe against Agrahara |website=Deccanherald.com |date=2012-08-27 |access-date=2016-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/hc-stays-penalty-imposed-on-poet/article6190727.ece |title=HC stays penalty imposed on poet |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-07-09 |access-date=2016-02-09}}</ref> Agrahara Krishnamurthy who has been granted relief by the High Court<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nandakumar|first1=Pratibha|title=Truth prevails|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Truth-prevails/articleshow/38998241.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=25 July 2014}}</ref> has alleged a conspiracy against him by a cabal of writers and officials.<ref>{{cite news|title=Conspiracy behind my ouster: Agrahara Krishnamurthy|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/8251/conspiracy-behind-ousting-agrahara-krishnamoorthy/E|work=Matrubhumi News}}</ref> The appointment by a committee composed of Narang, Tiwari and others of the current Secretary K. Sreenivasa Rao, is controversial as Rao's academic credentials for the top job, who had joined the Akademi as a lower division clerk (LDC), are said to be insufficient and extremely dubious.

The 171st Parliamentary Standing Committee on the functioning of Sahitya Akademi and three other institutions chaired by [[Sitaram Yechury]] and tabled at the [[Lok Sabha]] in August 2011 states, "It was felt that most of these institutions were not able to live up to the original mandates set out by their founding fathers. Controversies of different kind involving these institutions that keep cropping up from time to time, had caught this Committee’s attention. Questions were also raised about the indifference and helplessness shown by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] to do anything in the face of autonomy enjoyed by these institutions."

The committee also urged Sahitya Akademi to adopt the recommendation of the [[P. N. Haksar|Haksar]] Committee (1988) of having its head appointed by the president of India, a practice followed by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Sangeet Natak]] and [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala]] Akademies, to avoid "the inevitable complications of the existing system of elections."<ref>{{cite web|title=171st Report of Parliamentary Committee|url=http://www.rgics.org/test/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Functioning-of-Sahitya-Akadem-Lalit-Kala-Akademi-Sangeet-Natak-Akademi-and-National-School-of-Drama.pdf|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084016/http://www.rgics.org/test/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Functioning-of-Sahitya-Akadem-Lalit-Kala-Akademi-Sangeet-Natak-Akademi-and-National-School-of-Drama.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-19}}</ref>

=== Controversial appointments ===

Many controversial appointments of unqualified candidates to key positions at the Sahitya Akademi, done during [[Gopi Chand Narang]]'s time, continue unchallenged to this day. Khurshid Alam and Mrignayani Gupta, both dismissed in 2004 for presenting counterfeit degree certificates, have made a backdoor entry and have been subsequently promoted to higher positions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Mihir|title=Scam charges cloud Sahitya Akademi|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main7.asp?filename=Ne103004scame_charges.asp|agency=Tehelka|date=30 October 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115454/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main7.asp?filename=Ne103004scame_charges.asp|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There have been widespread allegations in the Hindi press that the certificates of the current secretary, K. Sreenivasa Rao, who completed his M.Phil. and PhD degrees while being employed as deputy secretary (administration) at the Sahitya Akademi without availing a single day's leave, are fake and fraudulent.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thakur|first1=Sunderchand|title=साहित्य अकादमी में फिर विवादास्पद नियुक्ति|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1535663.cms|agency=Nav Bharat Times}}</ref> Appeals by the writers community to the Ministry of Culture to launch an inquiry have not yielded any result.

=== Sahitya Akademi Awards controversy ===

It has been alleged time and again that the procedure of nomination of litterateurs for the coveted [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]s is not transparent. The ground-list of books (from which the jury members make two short-lists and the final selection for the award) is supposed to be made by the General Council. But the books are provided to this council by the bureaucrats and employees of the Akademi who are allegedly unqualified to make any kind of literary selection.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Y.P. Rajesh|first1=Amit Prakash|title=The Literary Mafia|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Literary-Mafia/200102|work=Outlook Magazine|date=1 Nov 1995}}</ref> Though the award regulations makes the recommendations of the Language Advisory Board mandatory, the recommendations of the board are often dismissed and ignored by the officials without citing any reason. This lack of transparency and rigour in the selection process has resulted in a lot of controversy. It has even resulted in writers being forced to return the award when it has been proven that the selection procedure was fraudulent, as was the case with the Sahitya Akademi award for a translation into [[Odia language|Odia]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|title=Probe sought into Sahitya Akademi affairs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/probe-sought-into-sahitya-akademi-affairs/article728959.ece|work=The Hindu|date=15 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Writer's plan to return Sahitya Akademi award sparks row|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/writers-plan-to-return-sahitya-akademi-award-sparks-row/article581860.ece|work=The Hindu|date=19 August 2010}}</ref>

Sahitya Akademi is also highly criticized by writers such as [[Khushwant Singh]] for ignoring eminent writers and awarding below-par writers<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Khushwant|title=Prize manipulators: Sahitya Akademi under fire for awarding 'below par' authors|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19920831-controversy-over-the-1991-sahitya-akademis-choice-of-author-exposes-its-flawed-functioning-767408-2013-01-02|work=India Today|date=2 January 2013 }}</ref> and sub-standard literary works.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mrunalini|first1=C|title=Draupadi's unending circle of suffering|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article225606.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826201242/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article225606.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lulla|first1=Anil Budur|title=Disrobing Draupadi|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/disrobing-draupadi|work=Open Magazine|date=6 February 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners]]
* [[Jnanpith Award]]
* [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]]
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]
* [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|position=left}}
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/ Sahitya Akademi website]
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/ Sahitya Akademi, Who's Who of Indian Writers, online edition]
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080815210200/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3969&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Sahitya Akademi (India)] at ''[[UNESCO]]''

{{Sahitya}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi| ]]
[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:National academies]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1954]]
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1954]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]

Krishnarajapura metro station

2026-04-23T10:29:58Z

ChristinaQ73:

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple & Blue Line interchange station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Krishnarajapura
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple|line2=Blue}}
| other_name = KR Pura
| style = Namma Metro
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Krishnarajapura metro station (Nov '23).jpg
| photo2a = Krishnarajapuram metro station (as of Sept '23).jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_size =
| image_caption = KR Pura metro station
| address = NH 44, Chinappa Colony, Mahadevapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560016
| coordinates = {{coord|12.99999|77.67794|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]]<br>
{{font color|purple|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}}<br>{{font color|purple|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}<br>[[Side platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br>{{font color|blue|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}<br>{{font color|blue|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}
| depth =
| levels = 2 (Operational under Purple Line) <br> 2 (Under Construction under Blue Line)
| tracks = 2
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]]
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Two & Four Wheelers
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} {{start date and age|2023|03|26|df=yes}}
| opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} <small>''(TBC)''</small>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code = KRAM
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} ITD - ITD Cementation India [[Joint Venture|JV]]<br>
{{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} Shankaranarayana Constructions (SNC)
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Purple|left1=Singayyanapalya|to-left1=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right1=Benniganahalli|to-right1=Challaghatta |line2=Blue |left2=Sarasvathi Nagara |to-left2=Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Future service)''|right2=Kasturinagara|to-right2=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}} {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Krishnarajapura''' (abbreviated as '''K.R. Pura''') is an important elevated [[metro station]] on the East-West corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] as well as the South-North corridor of the upcoming [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/whitefield-metro-line-ahead-of-inauguration-names-of-six-stations-changed/article66653666.ece|title=Whitefield metro line: Ahead of inauguration, names of six stations changed}}</ref> This will be an upcoming interchange metro station after [[Majestic metro station|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Stn., Majestic]] having interchange with Purple and Green Lines. Around this station, holds the main [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|KR Puram Railway station]] followed by some locations like KR Pura Hanging Bridge leading towards [[Hoskote]], [[Tin Factory junction|Tin Factory]], ITI General Hospital and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield Metro stretch to have 13 stops |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/sep/14/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-metro-stretch-to-have-13-stops-1656993.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rustagi |first=Abha |date=2022-05-05 |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield Line to be functional from Dec 2022 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-line-to-be-functional-from-dec-2022/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref> This station under [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> is planned to be operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2022 |first=Christin Mathew | last=Philip |title=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited plans combined station for 2 lines at Iblur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-rail-corporation-limited-plans-combined-station-for-2-lines-at-iblur/articleshow/95812762.cms |access-date=2022-11-28 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The '''Whitefield - Krishnarajapura''' trial runs were successfully conducted (under [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]) from 25 October for a month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield metro line trial from October 25 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-metro-line-trial-from-october-25-1151000.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> This metro station (under '''Purple Line''') was inaugurated on March 25, 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was commenced to the public on March 26, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Metro finally comes to Whitefield, take a ride on March 26 from 7 am! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/metro-finally-comes-to-whitefield-take-a-ride-on-march-26-from-7-am-1203579.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Much awaited metro line between Whitefield to KR Puram to be operational by March |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-much-awaited-metro-line-between-whitefield-to-kr-puram-to-be-operational-by-march-article-95761197 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=Namma Metro train between K.R. Puram and Whitefield to run at frequency of 10 minutes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/namma-metro-train-between-kr-puram-and-whitefield-to-run-at-frequency-of-10-minutes-bengaluru-baiyappanahalli-kengeri/article66464371.ece |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 25ಕ್ಕೆ ವೈಟ್‌ಫೀಲ್ಡ್-ಕೆಆರ್ ಪುರಂ ಮೆಟ್ರೋ ಸೇವೆ ಲೋಕಾರ್ಪಣೆ? |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/karnataka/2023/mar/14/whitefield-kr-puram-metro-services-on-march-25-489412.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Kannadaprabha |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BMRCL to zoom metro from KR Puram to Whiefield in 22 minutes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/02/bmrcl-to-zoom-metro-from-kr-puramto-whiefield-in-22-minutes-2552223.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093410/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/02/bmrcl-to-zoom-metro-from-kr-puramto-whiefield-in-22-minutes-2552223.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Namma Metro: Why upcoming Whitefield stretch is a game changer for Bengaluru? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-why-upcoming-whitefield-stretch-is-a-game-changer-for-bengaluru-article-98428885 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Blue Line ===
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the metro station, part of the 8.377 km Reach 2A – Package 2 (Kodibeesanahalli - Krishnarajapura) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, Shankaranarayana Constructions '''(SNC)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Krishnarajapura track layout **
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to [[Sarasvathi Nagara metro station|Sarasvathi Nagar]] **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to [[Kasturinagara metro station|Kasturi Nagar]] **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms<br>'''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}
|{{Routemap
| title = Krishnarajapura track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Singayyanapalya}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Benniganahalli}}
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br>'''Eastbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarasvathi Nagara}}</small>
|-
|<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br>'''Westbound'''</span>
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here** <br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Kasturinagara}}</small>
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |<small>[[Island platform]] | '''P1 & P#''' doors will open on the left</small> {{access icon}}<br><small>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} '''''Station Layout & Platform Numbers - (TBC)'''''</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}">'''Platform 1'''<br>'''Eastbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Singayyanapalya}}</small>
|-
|<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}">'''Platform 2 Westbound'''</span>
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Benniganahalli}}</small>
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |<small>''''' ** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''</small>
|-
|}

== Gallery ==
An Image of this metro station pictures are shown below:-
<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="150" widths="225">
File:KR Puram metro station (Apr '24).jpg|LS:- Operational metro station under [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]. RS:- Under construction of this metro station under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] as of April 2024
</gallery>

==Connections==
This metro station is connected with [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]] of [[Indian Railways]] network via a [[Footbridge|foot overbridge]].

==Entry/Exit==
There are 2 Entry/Exit points - A and B. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/Exit point A - Towards KR Pura Railway Station side
* Entry/Exit point B - Towards Whitefield Main Road side

==See also==
*[[Krishnarajapuram]]
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Namma Metro}}
{{wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes|blue line=yes}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:04Z

ChristinaQ73: Put Up Initial Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narela
| mla = [[Raj Karan Khatri]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state =
| district = [[North Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 1
}}
'''Nerela Assembly constituency''', also known as '''Narela''', is a [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency in the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. It is a part of the [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf | title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 – NCT of Delhi – Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=Eci.nic.in. [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=23 November 2013 | page=557}}</ref>

==Overview==
From 1993 to 2008, it was [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] segment within the [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency, prior to it, Nerela remained from 1966–93, a Delhi Metropolitan Council segment, with the same constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004|publisher=Government of Delhi website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> After the delimitation of 2008, Nerela (Narela) is now an Assembly segment within the [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=556}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1952
|Mange Ram Rana
|
|Indian National Congress
|-
|1972
|Heera Singh Rana
|
|Indian National Congress
|-
|1977
|Shanti Swaroop
|
|Janta Party (JNP)
|-
|1983
|Hariram Khatri
|
|Lok Dal (LKD)
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Indraj Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |Charan Singh Kandera
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Jaswant Singh Rana
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Neeldaman Khatri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharad Chauhan|Sharad Kumar Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Raj Karan Khatri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Narela<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Narela">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Narela |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U051.htm |access-date=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208161847/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U051.htm |archive-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Raj Karan Khatri]]|votes=87,215|percentage=50.20|change={{increase}}8.66|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Sharad Chauhan]]|votes=78,619|percentage=45.26|change={{decrease}}6.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Aruna Kumari|votes=6782|percentage=3.9|change={{increase}}0.12|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
| candidate = Khalid
| votes = 278
| percentage = 0.16
| change = {{increase}}0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=981|percentage=0.56|change={{increase}}0.11|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8596|percentage=4.94|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=173,703|percentage=61.85|change=-3.49|}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Narela<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Sharad Chauhan]]
|votes = 86,262
|percentage = 52.06
|change = −7.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Neel Daman Khatri]]
|votes = 68,833
|percentage = 41.54
|change = +6.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Siddharth Kundu
|votes = 6,270
|percentage = 3.78
|change = +0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahendar Choudhary
|votes = 821
|percentage = 0.50
|change = −0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 753
|percentage = 0.45
|change = −0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
| |votes = 17,429
|percentage = 10.52
|change = −14.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 1,65,963
|percentage = 65.34
|change = −1.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing = −7.91
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Narela <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=1 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210143352/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=1 |date=2015-02-10 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sharad Chauhan]]
| votes = 96,143
| percentage = 59.97
| change = +43.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Neel Daman Khatri]]
| votes = 55,851
| percentage = 34.84
| change = −3.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Praveen Kumar Bhugra
| votes = 4,643
| percentage = 2.90
| change = −15.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Roopesh Bhardwaj
| votes = 1,662
| percentage = 1.04
| change = −20.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 767
| percentage = 0.48
| change = −0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 40,292
| percentage = 25.13
| change = +8.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,60,339
| percentage = 66.52
| change = −1.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +23.19
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Narela <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=1 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210143352/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=1 |date=2015-02-10 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Neel Daman Khatri]]
| votes = 54,622
| percentage = 37.95
| change = +10.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Virender
| votes = 31,077
| percentage = 21.59
| change = −9.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jaswant Singh
| votes = 26,311
| percentage = 18.28
| change = −13.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Baljit Singh Mann
| votes = 24,031
| percentage = 16.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Gopal Sharma
| votes = 3,426
| percentage = 2.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Rana
| votes = 643
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajay Mudgil
| votes = 633
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Md Yakub Sidaki
| votes = 520
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Ajit Singh
| votes = 481
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
| candidate = Rohtash
| votes = 338
| percentage = 0.23
| change = −0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ajay Kumar
| votes = 285
| percentage = 0.20
| change = −0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Satish
| votes = 266
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Asankhya Samaj Party
| candidate = Pravesh
| votes = 210
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Shamim
| votes = 163
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 931
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 23,545
| percentage = 16.36
| change = +15.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,44,440
| percentage = 68.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +12.08
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Nerela<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jaswant Singh
| votes = 34,662
| percentage = 31.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Sharad Chauhan]]
| votes = 33,830
| percentage = 30.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ajit Singh
| votes = 29,754
| percentage = 27.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Singh Khatri
| votes = 5,041
| percentage = 4.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Amit Kumar
| votes = 1,704
| percentage = 1.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 832
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,09,494
| percentage = 56.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly]]: Narela<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3875-delhi-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Charan Singh Kandera|votes=36501|percentage=48.40|change=+10.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Laxman Singh|votes=28698|percentage=38.06|change=+5.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ram Phool Jatav|votes=8018|percentage=10.63|change=+6.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajender Lahari|votes=594|percentage=0.79|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=Kailashwati|votes=428|percentage=0.57|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Jawahar Chand|votes=383|percentage=0.51|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Ram Kumar|votes=373|percentage=0.49|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Justice Party|candidate=Ramu|votes=251|percentage=0.33|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Babu Ram|votes=162|percentage=0.21|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority|votes=36501|percentage=10.34|change=+5.24}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=75433|percentage=57.63|change=+2.12}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=+10.77%}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.85|77.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Poonia murders

2026-04-18T11:03:02Z

ChristinaQ73: put up new info

{{Short description|2001 massacre in India}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Relu Ram Poonia MLA murder case or Poonia murders
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[India]]
| target =
| date = 23 August 2001
| type =
| fatalities = 8
| perpetrators =
| weapons =
}}

The '''Relu Ram Poonia MLA murder case''' or '''Poonia murders''' was a [[mass murder]] of the Indian politician Relu Ram Poonia and seven of his family members. The murders were committed by Ram's daughter Sonia, along with her husband Sanjeev Kumar, on the night of 23 August 2001 over a property dispute. The case was filed and Sonia, Sanjeev and various members of his family were tried. The couple were convicted of the murder charges and sentenced to death by the district court. The sentence was reduced to life imprisonment by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] but the death sentence was reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The couple remained in jail during the process when, under the [[Capital punishment in India#Clemency in the Indian Constitution|section 72 (1)]] of the [[Constitution of India]], a mercy petition was raised. The petition went unanswered by then President [[Pratibha Patil]] but was rejected by her successor [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. However, the couple's death sentence was reverted to life imprisonment after a petition was filed by the civil rights group People’s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) citing delays in the disposal of the mercy plea as grounds for clemency, which the Supreme Court accepted in January 2014.<ref name="Ground">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Xqy5b3m9sluIV1044grKzL/The-case-of-the-sisters-on-death-row.html |title= The case of the sisters on death row |work=[[Live Mint]] |author= Nikita Doval |date= 2 September 2014 |place=Pune | accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Delay">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delay-in-Deciding-Mercy-Plea-Ground-for-Commutation-of-Death-Penalty-SC/2014/01/21/article2011962.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826082946/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delay-in-Deciding-Mercy-Plea-Ground-for-Commutation-of-Death-Penalty-SC/2014/01/21/article2011962.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 26, 2016 | title=Delay in Deciding Mercy Plea Ground for Commutation of Death Penalty: SC | work=Indian Express | date=21 January 2014 | accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>

Lal Bahadur Khowal, the counsel representing complainant Ram Singh, played a pivotal role in seeking justice for the victims. On September 1, saying that the apex court had upheld the judgement of the district court sentencing the couple to death and asked that the court fix a date for their hanging. Khowal shed light on the fact that the couple had initially received the death penalty from the sessions court, but they appealed this decision in the high court. Later on the High Court modified the sentence to life imprisonment for both convicts, deviating from the severity of the initial ruling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chinki |date=2009-05-31 |title=Crossing over - fragments from a journey: "It's like living in a graveyard." |url=http://chinkisinha.blogspot.com/2009/05/its-like-living-in-graveyard.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Crossing over - fragments from a journey}}</ref> Dissatisfied with the outcome, the complainant approached the Supreme Court, seeking justice. The Supreme Court, recognizing the gravity of the case, rejected the high court's decision and affirmed the order of the sessions judge in Hisar. Undeterred, the couple pursued a [[review petition]], which was ultimately dismissed on August 23. Khowal pleaded in the Supreme Court that since the apex court had upheld the sessions judge's order and considering that no pending petitions existed in the case, Khowal passionately implored the court to set a date for the couple's execution. Acknowledging the significance of the matter, the court sought reports from the apex court and set dates for further consideration of the case. Lal Bahadur Khowal played a role in the progression of the proceedings, with his sustained legal efforts contributing to developments in the matter. As of the latest update, the individuals concerned have not been executed and were released from Karnal jail on bail after completing procedural formalities, pending further judicial proceedings.{{cite news |title=Poonia family murder: Convict Sonia released from Karnal jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/poonia-family-murder-convict-sonia-released-from-karnal-jail/articleshow/126018256.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2024 |access-date=28 December 2025}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=Murder on Her Mind |url=https://openthemagazine.com/society/murder-on-her-mind/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Crime==
Relu Ram Poonia (age 50), his second wife Krishna (age 41), his daughter Priyanka (age 16), his son Sunil (age 23), his daughter-in-law Shakuntala (age 20), his grandson Lokesh(age 4), and his two granddaughters Shivani (age 2) and Preeti (age 3 months) were murdered at their farmhouse in Litani on the night of 23 August 2001, while they were asleep. Sonia, Relu Ram and Krishna's daughter, murdered the family by bludgeoning them with a heavy metal rod. The bodies were found in various locations inside the two-storey mansion when a servant arrived in the morning to take Lokesh to his school bus. Shakuntala was gagged, and her hands were tied, while no other signs of resistance by other family members was noted. Sonia consumed insecticide and was found unconscious the next morning and admitted to hospital at [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]].<ref name="Tribune1"/> She was found to have a suicide note that stated she had killed her father because he did not love her.<ref name="Case"/>

The previous night, Sonia had brought Priyanka to the farmhouse from a hostel to celebrate her birthday. Firecrackers were set off at midnight and servants mentioned that they saw Sonia come down to the garage and take away an iron rod. Later at around 4.45 a.m [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Sonia drove away in a [[Tata Sumo]] returning in a few minutes. The servants informed police that they suspected that she left to drop off her husband from the crime scene. When police investigated, traces of [[opium]] were found in the ''[[kheer]]'' (rice pudding) that the family had consumed at dinner.<ref name="Tribune1"/>

==Family==
Relu Ram Poonia was elected as a legislator to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]] constituency as an Independent candidate in 1996. He had funded the [[Lok Dal]]'s publicity campaigns and there was speculation that he would run for the party but he contested the election as an independent candidate instead. After his election he provided support to the government formed by the [[Haryana Vikas Party]] headed by Chief Minister [[Bansi Lal]].<ref name="Tribune2"/> He was born into a poor family but earned his wealth through the marketing of [[bitumen]] and oil on the black market for industrial usage in the [[Faridabad]] area. He invested in agricultural land and built a mansion at his native village Litani. Using the wealth he had accumulated, he made charitable contributions to local groups. He was known to have had cordial relations with the politicians [[Chaudhary Devi Lal]] and [[Om Prakash Chautala]].<ref name="Tribune1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010825/main4.htm |title= Ex-MLA, 7 others killed: Daughter clubs them to death, attempts suicide |author=Mohan, Raman |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=25 August 2001 |accessdate=26 April 2016 |place= Hisar }}</ref>

Relu Ram had a son Sunil with his first wife Omi Devi and two daughters, Sonia and Priyanka ('Pammi'), with his second wife Krishna. Sunil was married to Shakuntla and they had a son Lokesh and two daughters Shivani and Preeti.<ref name="Tribune1"/> Sonia was married to Sanjeev Kumar. It was reported that Relu Ram and his wife Krishna did not have a cordial relationship. Similarly, Sonia had disputes with her half brother Sunil over agricultural land of around {{Convert|46|acre}} surrounding their farmhouse. This often resulted in heated debates between the two, and weeks before the murders Sonia had threatened Sunil with a revolver.<ref name="Tribune2"/><ref name="Tribune1"/> After the murders, Relu Ram's brother Ram Singh Punia and his family moved into the farmhouse in 2004.<ref name="Case"/>

==Case==
In May 2004, Sonia and her husband Sanjiv Kumar were found guilty of murdering Poonia and seven other members of his family by a District and Sessions Court. The motive behind the murders was ascertained to be a property dispute between Sonia and her half brother Sunil. The court sentenced both of them to death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/murder-cases-that-hogged-media-headlines-115090100957_1.html |title= Murder cases that hogged media headlines |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=1 September 2015 | accessdate=26 April 2016 }}</ref> Kumar's eight relatives including his father, mother, and brother were acquitted of the charges.<ref name="Tribune2">{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040601/main2.htm |title= Daughter, son-in-law get death for killing ex-MLA Punia |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=1 June 2004|accessdate=26 April 2016 |place= Hisar}}</ref> Public prosecutor P. K. Sandhir mentioned that the case was difficult to argue as it was based on [[circumstantial evidence]]. A total of 66 witnesses were examined out of more than 109 listed.<ref name="Case">{{cite web|url= http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-she-wanted-this-house-its-now-a-graveyard/468635/0 |title= 'She wanted this house, it's now a graveyard' |work=[[Indian Express]] |author= Chinki Sinha |date=31 May 2009 | accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref>

The [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] reduced the couple's death sentence to life imprisonment in 2005. The death sentence was later reinstated by the Supreme Court in 2007.<ref name="Request"/> In October 2007, the [[Governor of Haryana]] rejected the couple's plea for mercy. Thereafter, Sonia and Sanjeev filed a mercy petition with the [[President of India]] who, under section 72 (1) of the [[Constitution of India]], can grant clemency. In February 2009 Sonia wrote to President [[Pratibha Patil]] pursuing a decision of their mercy petition.<ref name="IEApril13">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/they-murdered-entire-families-for-land-loot-or-revenge/1103529/0 |title= They murdered entire families for land, loot or revenge |work= [[Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2013 |author1=Varinder Bhatia |author2=Manish Sahu |author3=Johnson T A |author4=Sanjay Singh | accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> She requested that her mercy plea be rejected and that she be given the death sentence as imprisonment was becoming difficult for her. She wrote: "It is getting impossible to live like an insect in solitary confinement. My life is becoming horrible and giving me more and more pain by every second passing ... I don't have any means to live and want to die once rather than dying with each passing minute".<ref name="Request">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/let-me-die-says-woman-on--death-row-for-killing-8-govt-tells-president-show-no-mercy/468634/0 |title= Let me die, says woman on Death Row for killing 8, Govt tells President show no mercy |date=31 May 2009 |author=Maneesh Chhibber |work=[[Indian Express]] | accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> Her letter was sent to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] wherein [[P. Chidambaram]], then Home Minister, asked the President to reject her plea noting that "even though Sonia is a woman, considering the nature of her crime, she doesn't deserve sympathy."<ref name="Request"/> During the process, the couple remained imprisoned at the Ambala jail.<ref name="Request"/>

In April 2013, President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] rejected the clemency request.<ref name="Reject1">{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pranab-clears-way-for-firstever-hanging-of-a-woman/article4585676.ece |title= Pranab clears way for first-ever hanging of a woman |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 April 2013 |author= Sandeep Joshi |place=New Delhi | accessdate=26 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Reject2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yakub-memon-death-penalty-pranab-mukherjee-24-mercy-pleas-rejected-282650-2015-07-15 |work=[[India Today]] |title=Yakub Memon and 23 other mercy pleas rejected by President Pranab Mukherjee |author=Shreya Biswas |date=22 August 2015 |place=New Delhi | access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> However, a civil rights group called the People’s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) filed a petition with the Supreme Court to withhold the death sentence citing delays in rejecting the mercy plea, which the court accepted. Justices [[P. Sathasivam]] and [[M. Y. Eqbal]] stayed the execution.<ref name="Stay">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130408/main2.htm |title=SC stays execution of Haryana ex-MLA's daughter, 7 others |work=Tribune India |date=8 April 2013 |place=New Delhi | accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ground"/> Later in January 2014, the Supreme Court gave life terms to thirteen more death-row inmates on same grounds.<ref name="Delay"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:2001 murders in India]]
[[Category:Familicides]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2001 mass murders]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:August 2001 in India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]

Jaswinder Kaur

2026-04-18T07:28:45Z

ChristinaQ73: put up a info!

{{short description|Indian pilot}}
{{Infobox Pilot
|caption=Air Asia
|birth_date=
|birth_place=Kharar ( Punjab)
|first flight aircraft=Air Deccan Airlines
|known for=Jassi Pilot Airbus Pilot
|education=
|native_name=Kharar
|employer=AirAsia
}}

'''Jaswinder Kaur'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tatareview.tataworld.com/2020/january/jaswinder-kaur-airasia-india-captain-tata-people.html|title=Born to fly|last=Anupkumar|first=Anuradha|website=tatareview.tataworld.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/she-wanted-to-fly-high-and-she-did-meet-captain-jaswinder-kaur-from-go-air|title=She wanted to fly high and she did: Meet Captain Jaswinder Kaur from Go Air|last=Team|first=S. T. P.|date=2015-12-10|website=SheThePeople TV|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Shephali|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/sky-no-bar-despite-struggle-an-impressive-12-of-indian-pilots-are-women/articleshow/63151439.cms?from=mdr|title=Sky no bar: Despite struggle, an impressive 12% of Indian pilots are women|date=2018-03-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/6-badass-female-pilots-following-their-dreams-brea/|title=6 Badass Female Pilots Following Their Dreams & Breaking Boundaries|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> is an Indian [[Aircraft pilot|pilot]] born in [[Kharar, SAS Nagar]] [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/from-humble-beginnings-to-flying-high/|title=From humble beginnings to flying high {{!}} RITZ|date=2019-07-04|website=RITZ Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sheroes.com/communities/career-and-exams/Mjc5/MTAwOTE5|title=SHEROES - The Women-Only Social Network|website=sheroes.com|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Jaswinder}}
[[Category:People from Mohali district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women commercial aviators]]
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amaanat (1977 film)

2026-04-16T17:30:37Z

ChristinaQ73: new...

{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amaanat
| image = Amaanat77.jpg
| caption =
| director = Shatrujit Paul
| producer = Shatrujit Paul
| writer = Shatrujit Paul<br />Z.Hussain
| narrator =
| starring = [[Manoj Kumar]]<br />[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]<br />[[Balraj Sahni]]<br />[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]<br />[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]<br />[[Shashikala]]<br />[[Aruna Irani]]
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1977}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Amaanat''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[film]] directed by Shatrujiit Paul. It stars [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Shashikala]], [[Aruna Irani]] in pivotal roles. The film took 8 years in making.<ref>{{Citation |title=Amaanat (1977) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/amaanat-1977/ |access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>

==Story==
Suresh is a painter who lives a contented life with wife, son and his work. One day, a lady asks him to make a portrait of her, for which she will give him Rupees 2,000. He agrees and next day he goes to the lady's house. She seduces him and her husband catches her with Suresh. A fight ensues between the husband and wife with the wife killing the husband. She puts the blame on Suresh. Suresh manages to escape and leaves the place abandoning his wife and child.

While on the train, a man asks Suresh to take care of his wife and baby girl who are travelling alone for first time. Suresh agrees. The train meets with an accident and the lady dies. Suresh takes the baby entrusted in his care and starts looking after her as his daughter.

Suresh's wife has been left to fend for herself and her son. She starts working as a maid to earn a livelihood. Her employer offers to adopt the son and provide him with an education and clothes to wear and food to eat. She agrees to leave her son in his care so as to give him a good life.

Several years pass and Deepak falls in love with Suresh's adopted daughter Suchitra. After several eventful incidents in their lives, Deepak gets his love Suchitra, and Suresh gets justice and is reunited with his wife and son.

==Cast==
*[[Manoj Kumar]] as Deepak
*[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] as Suchitra
*[[Balraj Sahni]] as Suresh
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Mahesh
*[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Amar
*[[Shashikala]] as Sonia
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Flora D'Costa
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as Shanti
*[[Mukri]] as Lobo
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Mr. D'Costa
*[[Dheeraj Kumar]] as Mohan
*[[Krishan Dhawan]] as Ramakant, Mohan's father
*Praveen Paul as Tanuja, Mohan's mother
*[[Brahm Bhardwaj]] as Bhagat, Mohan's grandpa

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]] and penned by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]. [[Mohammed Rafi]] sang the most memorable songs: "Door Rehkar Na Karo Baat Kareeb Aa Jao", "Matlab Nikal Gaya To Pehchante Nahin" and "Teri Jawani Tapta Mahina".
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Har Ek Dil Mein Koi"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Matlab Nikal Gaya"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Door Rehkar"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Teri Jawani"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Cycle Pe Haseenon Ki Toli"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Manna Dey]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Bujhe Bujhe Rang"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Bhus Bhar Diya"
| Manna Dey
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0072632|title=Amaanat}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Arthur Strachey

2026-04-16T15:32:02Z

ChristinaQ73: new...

{{Short description|British Indian judge (1858-1901)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Arthur Strachey
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|6th Chief Justice]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start = 12 November 1898
| term_end = 14 May 1901
| predecessor = [[Louis Addin Kershaw]]
| successor = [[John Stanley (judge)|John Stanley]]
| appointer = [[Queen Victoria]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1895
| term_end1 = 11 November 1898
| appointer1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1901|05|14|1858|12|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Simla]], [[British India]]
| party =
| relations =
| parents = [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]] and Katherine Jane Batten
| alma_mater = [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Arthur Strachey''' (5 December 1858 – 14 May 1901) was a British Indian judge and Chief Justice of [[Allahabad High Court]].

==Early life==
Strachey was born in [[Calcutta]], [[British India]] to Sir [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]] and Katherine Jane Batten.<ref>''India, Select Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947''</ref><ref>''1871 England Census''</ref> He was educated at [[Uppingham]] and afterwards at [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]]. He graduated from [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] in 1880 with second class in the Law Tripos. He got the LL.B. degree and was called to the bar from the [[Inner Temple]] in 1883.<ref name="DNB12">{{cite DNB12 |wstitle= Strachey, John |volume= 3 |pages= 437-439 |last= Cotton |first= James Sutherland |author-link= James Sutherland Cotton|quote= see final para "Sir Arthur Strachey (1858–1901), second son of.....|short= 1}}</ref>

==Career==
Strachey returned to [[British India]] and started practice at Allahabad High Court at [[Allahabad]]. In 1892, he became public prosecutor and standing counsel to the Provincial Government. In 1895 Strachey became a judge of the [[Bombay High Court]]. He presided at the first trial for sedition case of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in 1897.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1188602/|title=Emperor vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak|date=9 November 1916|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> On 12 November 1898, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court<ref>{{Cite web |date=1898-12-13 |title=Edinburgh Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/11049/page/1359 |page=1359 |issue=11049}}</ref> and knighted on 30 January 1899.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4xUsPyL6koC&q=Arthur+Strachey+justice&pg=RA1-PA404|title=The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time|last=Volume 1|first=William Arthur Shaw|year=1970|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com |isbn=9780806304434|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> He died on 14 May 1901 in [[Simla]] while still being chief justice of Allahabad High Court.<ref name="DNB12"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strachey, Arthur}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Chief justices]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Strachey family|Arthur]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Syed Hussain Imam

2026-04-16T08:08:01Z

ChristinaQ73: starting basic entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Muslim League politician from Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Hussain Imam
| image = Syed Hussain Imam portrait.png
| caption = Syed Hussain Imam in the 1940s
| native_name = سید حسین امام
| birth_date = 21 February 1897
| birth_place = [[Gaya, Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 16 January 1985
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
| office1 = Member, Council of State (British India)
| term_start1 = 1930
| term_end1 = 1936
| constituency1 = Bihar and Orissa (Muslim seat)
| office2 = Member, [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start2 = 1946
| term_end2 = 1951
| constituency2 = Bihar (Muslim)
| party = [[All-India Muslim League]]
| other_party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (post-1947)
| known_for = Bihar Muslim League leadership; participation in the [[Pakistan Movement]]
}}

'''Syed Hussain Imam''' (21 February 1897 – 16 January 1985) was an Indian politician from [[Gaya, Bihar]] and a senior leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. He served in the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] (1930–1936) and later sat in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] (1946–1951) as a Muslim League member from Bihar.<ref name="Who1950">{{cite web |title=Who’s Who, Parliament of India, 1950 |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> He was closely associated with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and played an active role in the [[Pakistan Movement]].

== Early life ==
[[File:Syed Hussain Imam Childhood Picture.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Syed Hussain Imam as a child]]
Hussain Imam was born on 21 February 1897 in [[Gaya, Bihar]]. He was the son of Haji Sir Syed Ali Imam, a barrister who later became the first Muslim member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]].<ref name="Who1950" /> According to the official parliamentary ''Who’s Who'' (1950), Imam was “privately educated.”<ref name="Who1950" />

Later biographical accounts add that he initially studied Urdu, Persian, and Arabic at home before attending the [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Collegiate School]] in 1909.<ref name="Karim 1992">{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Arshad Syed |title=Pakistan and the Muslim League: A Biographical Narrative of Syed Hosain Imam |publisher=Royal Book Company |year=1992}}</ref> In 1913 he traveled to London, enrolling at [[Imperial College London|the Imperial College of Science and Technology]] in South Kensington, though his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] and he returned to India in early 1915.<ref name="Pakistan and the Muslim League: A B">{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Arshad Syed |title=Pakistan and the Muslim League: A Biographical Narrative of Syed Hosain Imam |year=1992}}</ref> In 1916 he married into another prominent [[Patna]] Muslim family, the household of Justice Sharfuddin.<ref name="Pakistan and the Muslim League: A B"/>

== Political career in British India ==
[[File:Muslim League leaders.jpg|thumb|Muslim League leaders in the corridor of the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi, 1946]]
[[File:Muslim League leaders after a dinner party, 1940 (Photo 429-6).jpg|thumb|right|Hussain Imam (standing, second row, left of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], wearing a black sherwani and mustache) with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and other leaders of the [[All-India Muslim League]].]]
Imam’s political career began in the 1910s, when he supported the [[Khilafat Movement]] and the [[Indian Home Rule movement|Home Rule movement]].<ref name="Karim 1992"/> In 1928 he was elected to the [[Gaya, Bihar|Gaya]] Municipal Committee.<ref name="Karim 1992"/> In 1930 he won a seat in the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] representing the Bihar and Orissa Muslim constituency, where he emerged as leader of the Muslim League group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of State Debates, 22 March 1933 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763594/1/cosd_03_05_22-03-1933.pdf |publisher=Parliament Library of India |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

In 1936, during Jinnah’s reorganization of the Muslim League, Imam was listed among the provincial League supporters in a resolution documented in the *Iqbal Cyber Library* archive.<ref>{{cite web |language=ur |title=1936 قرارداد کی حمایت کرنے والے مسلم رہنما |website=Iqbal Cyber Library |url=https://iqbalcyberlibrary.net/txt/1665.txt |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> He was subsequently appointed to the League’s Working Committee and Central Parliamentary Board, helping guide its activities during the late 1930s.<ref name="Pakistan and the Muslim League: A B"/>

He later became President of the Bihar Provincial Muslim League (1945–47).<ref name="Who1950" />

He was also nominated to numerous committees, including the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (1937–49), Agricultural Prices Board, Central Food Policy Committee, Textile Control Board, All-India Handloom Board, and the [[Pay Commission]] (1946–47).<ref name="Who1950" /> In 1946 he was appointed a Director of the [[Imperial Bank of India]].<ref name="Who1950" />

== Simla Conference ==
In June 1945 Imam accompanied Jinnah to the [[Simla Conference]], convened by Viceroy [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]] to discuss interim constitutional arrangements at the [[Viceregal Lodge, Shimla|Viceregal Lodge]] in [[Shimla]]. Contemporary reports identified him as “leader of the League in the Council of State,” and photographs show him alongside Jinnah and [[Govind Ballabh Pant]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Simla Conference photograph |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simla-conference,_India_.gif |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Simla Conference.ogv|thumb|Simla Conference footage, 1945]]
[[File:Pandit-Govind-Simla.jpg|thumb|Govind Ballabh Pant, Hussain Imam, and Jinnah at Simla, 1945]]

== Constituent Assembly of India ==
Imam was elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in 1946 from Bihar. He participated in debates on minority rights and technical legislative issues until 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituent Assembly Debates, 15 July 1947 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/17789/ |website=Indian Kanoon |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> After independence he continued in the Indian Constituent Assembly, which became the [[Provisional Parliament of India|Provisional Parliament]], until 1951.<ref name="Who1950" />

== Migration to Pakistan ==
In September 1951 Hussain Imam migrated to [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Citizens Archive of Pakistan – “Hussain Imam” |url=https://www.citizensarchive.org/ |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> He was appointed the first Chairman of the [[House Building Finance Corporation]] (established 1952), tasked with providing housing loans in the new state.<ref>{{cite web |title=House Building Finance Corporation, participants list |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC8MAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Govt of Pakistan archives |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> He also represented Pakistan abroad, including in a goodwill delegation to [[China]] in 1955 and in Islamic conferences during the 1960s.<ref name="Pakistan and the Muslim League: A B"/>

In 1983 he authored a booklet titled ''The Sad Plight of the Biharies from 1971 to 1983: An Appeal to the President of Pakistan and all the Heads of the Muslim States'', appealing for the repatriation of stranded Bihari Muslims from [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Imam |first=Syed Hussain |title=The Sad Plight of the Biharies from 1971 to 1983 |location=Karachi |year=1983}}</ref>

== Later activity ==
In 1969, Imam joined other community leaders in a delegation that met President [[Yahya Khan]] to protest administrative changes in [[Karachi]], reported in an Urdu column of *ایکسپریس اردو*.<ref>{{cite news |language=ur |title=شیخ مجیب نے کہا… |work=ایکسپریس اردو |date=21 September 2017 |url=https://www.express.pk/story/940968/ |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

== Death ==
Syed Hussain Imam died in [[Karachi]] on **16 January 1985**, aged 87.<ref>{{cite web |title=Library of Congress Name Authority – Imam, Syed Hussain, 1897–1985 |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n92031308.html |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> His death was noted as the passing of one of the last surviving members of Jinnah’s Working Committee.

== Legacy ==
Imam is remembered as a key Muslim League figure from a minority province, representing Bihar at the highest levels of British Indian politics. He stood alongside Jinnah in the struggle for Pakistan and later contributed to Pakistan’s economic development and the welfare of Bihari migrants.<ref name="Pakistan and the Muslim League: A B"/>

== Images ==
[[File:Gaya-1936.gif|thumb|[[Gaya, Bihar]], 1936: Hussain Imam with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]]]
[[File:League-Meeting-Gaya-1938.gif|thumb|All-India Muslim League meeting at [[Gaya, Bihar]], 1938: Hussain Imam and Jinnah]]
[[File:Lord-Wavell-Simla.jpg|thumb|Viceroy [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]] with Hussain Imam, 1945]]
[[File:All-India Muslim League Working Committee.jpg|thumb|All-India Muslim League Working Committee; Imam seated with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], Liaquat Ali Khan, etc.]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Karim, Arshad Syed. ''Pakistan and the Muslim League: A Biographical Narrative of Syed Hosain Imam''. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1992. ISBN 969-407-129-1.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Bihari descent]]

Bharamasagara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:59Z

ChristinaQ73: info

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bharamasagara
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}

'''Bharamasagara Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. Duggappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || H. B. Lakshmana
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || T. Chowdaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Shivamurthy. K || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. M. Thippesamy
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. Shiva Murthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. Chandrappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[H. Anjaneya]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Anjaneya]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 47,673 |percentage = 45.43% |change = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,104 |percentage = 29.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandappa. H |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 18,237 |percentage = 17.38% |change = {{increase}}15.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushothama Naik. K. G |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,406 |percentage = 3.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suvarna. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh. N |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,442 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahanthash. B |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 891 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,569 |percentage = 15.79% |change = {{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,959 |percentage = 70.61% |change = {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,932}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,642 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 37,194 |percentage = 39.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Anjaneya]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,240 |percentage = 30.26% |change = {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivamurthy. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,290 |percentage = 23.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sn Balaji |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,434 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwaraniaka. J |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,954 |percentage = 9.60% |change = {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,677 |percentage = 73.74% |change = {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,314}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,316 |percentage = 6.34% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,181 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,617 |percentage = 37.16% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Eswar Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,770 |percentage = 21.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Anjaneya]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,715 |percentage = 20.18% |change = {{decrease}}29.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Jayadevanaik |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 10,317 |percentage = 11.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Sadanandaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,579 |percentage = 5.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,800 |percentage = 3.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,847 |percentage = 15.78% |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,281 |percentage = 68.70% |change = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,770}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,492 |percentage = 2.76% |change = {{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,405 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shiva Murthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,103 |percentage = 49.24% |change = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,330 |percentage = 37.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayanna |party = Bharatiya Rashtriya Party |votes = 4,672 |percentage = 6.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Thimmappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,645 |percentage = 4.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotreshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 544 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,773 |percentage = 11.97% |change = {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,909 |percentage = 66.07% |change = {{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,321}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,588 |percentage = 7.08% |change = {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,424 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Thippesamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,450 |percentage = 48.35% |change = {{decrease}}15.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivamurthy. K |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,180 |percentage = 47.92% |change = {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lachanaika |party = Independent politician |votes = 609 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 495 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chandrahas |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 398 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. R. Basavaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 387 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 270 |percentage = 0.43% |change = {{decrease}}27.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,209 |percentage = 70.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,980}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,229 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,587 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}15.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivamurthy. K |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,163 |percentage = 63.74% |change = {{increase}}33.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chowdaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,540 |percentage = 35.42% |change = {{increase}}28.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 464 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,623 |percentage = 28.32% |change = {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,490 |percentage = 70.27% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,167}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,323 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,385 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chowdaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,124 |percentage = 53.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Putta Bai |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,659 |percentage = 29.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eswaranaik |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,059 |percentage = 10.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Thippa Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,375 |percentage = 6.86% |change = {{decrease}}24.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,465 |percentage = 23.29% |change = {{increase}}22.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,787 |percentage = 68.39% |change = {{increase}}17.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,217}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,570 |percentage = 3.09% |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,257 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}20.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Lakshmana |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,871 |percentage = 32.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chowdaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,637 |percentage = 31.48% |change = {{decrease}}13.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Hanumanthappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,993 |percentage = 29.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagasanhally Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 3.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nijaguna Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,181 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 234 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}9.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,115 |percentage = 51.35% |change = {{decrease}}10.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,961}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,220 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}22.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharamasagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Duggappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,617 |percentage = 54.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. K. Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,247 |percentage = 45.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,370 |percentage = 9.95% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,698 |percentage = 61.43% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,864}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,107 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|14.372091|76.190570|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Khoday Group

2026-04-13T15:12:32Z

ChristinaQ73: put up details

{{Short description|Indian industrial conglomerate}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Khoday Group
| logo =
| caption =
| trading_name = 
| former type =
| traded_as = {{Bombay Stock Exchange|507435}}
| industry =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| foundation = [[Bangalore]], [[Princely State of Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]] ({{Start date|1906}})
| founder = Khoday Eshwarsa
| location_city = Anjanapura, Bangalore, [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl|L. Ramachandra Khoday (chairman)|L. Anantha Padmabhasa Khoday (Vice Chairman)|L. Sri Hari Khoday (Vice Chairman)|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/management.html |title=Management |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>}}
| products =
| production =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.khodayindia.com/}}
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

The '''Khoday India Limited''', also known as the '''House of Khodays''', is an Indian multi-service business group based in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. It was founded in 1906 by Khoday Eshwarsa.<ref name="indiatimes2007">{{cite web|author=Mini Joseph Tejaswi |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Khoday-group-to-invest-Rs-2000-cr-for-expansion/articleshow/2573638.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130822223843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-27/india-business/27992435_1_khoday-group-investment-outlay-vineyards |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2013 |title=Khoday group to invest Rs 2,000 cr for expansion |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2007 |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> Khoday Group companies include Khoday Engineering, Khoday Contact Center, Ram Mohan Travels, Khoday Biotech, Khoday Agro, Khoday Technologies, Khoday Glass, Khodays Silks and L K Power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/ |title=Khoday India Limited |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> '''Khoday India Ltd.''' is the Group's listed company on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/corporates/anndet_new.aspx?newsid=a04a2458-11b5-42a6-a852-bd7a0be67e0c |title=Announcements |publisher=Bseindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The Khoday Group was founded by Khoday Eshwarsa in 1906 as a manufacturer of silk. The company was inherited by his sons Khoday Venkusa, Khoday Lakshmansa and Khoday Krishnasa. Venkusa and Lakshmansa expanded the Group's business activities by creating [[distillery]] and [[stationery]] divisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/history.html |title=History |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> Today, the Group employs over 6,000 people and has expanded its operations into further enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/organisation.html |title=Organisation |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>

Khoday Distilleries Ltd was incorporated as a [[Private Limited Company|private limited company]], under the ''[[Companies Act, 1956]]'', on 28 September 1965. It later became a deemed [[public limited company]] under Section 43A of the Act, on 22 October 1980. The company was promoted by the House of Khodays.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/khoday-india-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13425.cms |title=Khoday India |work=[[The Economic Times]] |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol1">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/khodayindia/history/KI19#KI19 |title=Khoday India |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> Khoday Distilleries launched [[Red Knight (whisky)|Red Knight whisky]] in 1967,<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="moneycontrol1"/> and began producing [[Peter Scot]] whisky in May 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intellexip.com/upload/PdfFileCa_20.pdf |title=SUPREME COURTS BARS CHALLENGE TO "PETER SCOT" ON PRINCIPLES OF ACQUIESCENCE AND/ OR WAIVER |accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> Both whiskies are manufactured at the company's Bangalore facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detarchive.asp?articleid=22234&sectionid=3 |title=Khoday Red Knight Whisky storms into south Indian markets |publisher=Fnbnews.com |date=8 December 2007 |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> In July 1986, the company went public to part-finance its modernization programme.<ref name="indiainfoline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/Khoday-India-Ltd/507435 |title=Khoday India Ltd Background details about Company Profile |publisher=Indiainfoline.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> The company issued 2.4 million [[equity shares]] at a premium of {{INR}} 10 per share linked to 480,000 - 15% [[Non Convertible Debentures|non-convertible debentures]] of {{INR}} 100 each, out of which some shares and [[debentures]] were reserved and allotted on a preferential basis.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="moneycontrol1"/> The company was renamed Khoday India Ltd. on 14 February 1992. Manaylux Papers and Boards Pvt Ltd were [[Amalgamation (business)|amalgamated]] with the company in 2000, giving it an [[in-house]] capacity to manufacture paper products.<ref name="indiainfoline1"/> Khodays Systems was merged with the Khoday India Ltd. in 2003.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="moneycontrol1"/>

Khoday began exporting Peter Scot and Red Knight to Italy in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-10-01/news/28418815_1_peter-scot-whisky-khoday-india-liquor-business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122229/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-10-01/news/28418815_1_peter-scot-whisky-khoday-india-liquor-business |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2013 |title=Khoday to export whiskies to Europe |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 October 2007 |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> In November 2007, the Khoday Group announced that it was transferring ownership of all of its bottling plants to the parent company "to synergise their operations and manage them better".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2007/11/24/stories/2007112450770500.htm |title=Khoday Group to shift bottling plants to Khoday India |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=24 November 2007 |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> Red Knight, which was initially available only in [[North India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/24khoday.htm |title=Khoday plans Rs 150-cr expansion |work=Rediff.com |date=24 November 2007 |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> launched in the [[South India]]n market on 23 November 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/23/khodays-launches-red-knight-whisky-in-south-india-1195812437.html |title=Khodays launches 'Red Knight' whisky in South India |publisher=Oneindia News |date=23 November 2007 |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075741/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/11/23/khodays-launches-red-knight-whisky-in-south-india-1195812437.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Khoday began exporting Red Knight to Canada in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/khoday-to-acquire-scottish-bottling-plant-108120501017_1.html |title=Khoday to acquire Scottish bottling plant |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=5 December 2008 |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> Khoday India entered into a strategic bottling alliance with [[Cobra Beer|Cobra]] Breweries in April 2008, under which Cobra would source 50,000 cases from Khoday to cater to the South Indian market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beveragemanager.net/Article-Single-News.176.0.html?&tx_ttnews |title=Article - Single News; The International Business & Technology Newspaper for the Beverage Industry |publisher=Beveragemanager.net |accessdate=29 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327165309/http://beveragemanager.net/Article-Single-News.176.0.html?&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4087&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=118&cHash=38cf717901f40d9f82ab02ccbe6a3846 |archivedate=27 March 2012 }}</ref>

The Khoday Group set up the Khoday Stem Cell Research & Medical Centre (KSRMC) at Anjanapura near Bangalore, with an investment of {{INRConvert|150|m}}, as part of its diversification strategy in the healthcare. They also provide medicines and everyday essentials to the underprivileged of their community to give back to the world and do their bit to help them. This also includes providing them with healthcare necessities.
The facility, spread over 49 acres with a built-up area of over 45,000 sq. ft, was commissioned in April 2011 and caters to therapies in [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], critical limb ischemia, [[neurology]], [[orthopaedics]] and [[cardiology]]. It has 32 beds, three operation theatres, 2 cGMP clean rooms, a training centre and an advanced research lab.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nandita Vijay |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=60829&sid=1 |title=Khoday Group ventures into stem cell therapy, research |publisher=Pharmabiz.com |date=22 January 2011 |accessdate=29 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002402/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=60829&sid=1 |archivedate= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Divisions==
Khoday Engineering contains two divisions - Construction and Engineering.<ref name="khodayindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/kengineering.html |title=Khoday Engineering |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> The Engineering Division has 2000 employees and is involved in the manufacture of product engineering items and fabrication of plant and machinery for distilleries, breweries, hotels, food processing, pharmaceuticals and [[Dairy industry|dairies]], and also civil construction activity.<ref name="khodayindia1"/> The Electronics Division is engaged in the manufacture of equipment for geo-physical investigations.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name="moneycontrol1"/>

Khoday Contact Centre is a 1,000-seater voice-based call centre located on [[Kanakapura Road]], Bangalore.<ref name="indiatimes2007"/> Khoday Agro runs Khoday estates and farmland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/khodayagro.html |title=Khoday Agro |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>

==Alcoholic beverage brands==
Khoday manufactures [[Indian whisky|whisky]], [[brandy]], [[rum]], and beer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khodayindia.com/flavours.html |title=Flavours |publisher=Khodayindia.com |accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Whisky
*[[Peter Scot]]
*Red Knight
*Khodays Five Star Whisky

;Beer
* [[Australian MAX]]
* Hercules
* Burtons
{{col-break}}
;Rum
* Hercules XXX Rum
* Hercules XXX White Rum
* Khodays XXX Rum

;Brandy
*Constantino
*Sovereign Pure Brandy
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://khodaygroup.com/ Khoday Group official site]
* [http://www.khodayindia.com/ Khodays India Limited official site]

{{Portal bar|Beer|Liquor}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Breweries in India]]
[[Category:Distilleries in India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1906]]
[[Category:Economy of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1906]]

Lakkasandra metro station

2026-04-10T11:49:06Z

ChristinaQ73: Put Up Some Post V1

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Lakkasandra
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Lakkasandra metro station (Apr '26).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Namma Metro's [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] as of April 2026
| address = Bannerghatta Road, Chennakeshava Nagar, Ayappa Garden, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560027
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9493354|77.6030797|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br>
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} <br>Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''</small>
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = [[Afcons Infrastructure]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Langford Town|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Dairy Circle|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Lakkasandra''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station serves Lakkasandra and adjoining areas.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total underground distance of 13.8 km ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Dairy Circle metro station along the 3.66 km South Ramp - National Military School stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, [[Afcons Infrastructure]] emerged as the lowest bidders for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to a successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.

==Station Layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Lakkasandra track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Langford Town}}
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Dairy Circle}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}**
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br>** ''Proposed''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}>'''Platform #'''<br>'''Southbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Dairy Circle}}<br>'''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}'''''</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}>'''Platform #'''<br>'''Northbound'''</span>
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Langford Town}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Namma Metro}}
{{wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Lahu Kanade

2026-04-10T08:50:27Z

ChristinaQ73: put up entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lahu Kanade
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]]
| successor = [[Hemant Ogale]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency1 = [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Lahu Natha Kanade''' is a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Shrirampur Election Results 2019 Live Updates (श्रीरामपूर): Kanade Lahu Natha of Congress Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shrirampur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359105.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102175021/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/shrirampur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359105.html |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref> in [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=Kanade Lahu Natha(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency - SHRIRAMPUR (SC) (AHMEDNAGAR) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10588 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102174639/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10588 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Polls: BJP Drops 8 Sitting MLAs, Congress 5; Shiv Sena Maintains Status Quo In Line-Up">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Maharashtra Polls: BJP Drops 8 Sitting MLAs, Congress 5; Shiv Sena Maintains Status Quo In Line-Up |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/maharashtra-polls-bjp-drops-8-sitting-mlas-congress-5-shiv-sena-maintains-status-quo-in-line-up-enn24102906952 |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105095509/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/maharashtra-polls-bjp-drops-8-sitting-mlas-congress-5-shiv-sena-maintains-status-quo-in-line-up-enn24102906952 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanade, Lahu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Chanda Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T17:23:06Z

ChristinaQ73: added new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chanda
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title=Archive Delimitation Orders |access-date=25 December 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| electors = 107,024
| mla = Eknath Salwe
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Chanda Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan=2 | Wasekar Laxmanrao Krishnaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ramchandrarao Rajeshwarrao Ptdukhe || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || E. P. Salve || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Eknath Salwe
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chanda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Eknath Salwe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,514 |percentage = 64.30% |change = {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krushnaji Kotpalliwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,779 |percentage = 24.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Dass Dinu |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 3,286 |percentage = 5.09% |change = {{decrease}}13.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhao Balaji Thakare |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,950 |percentage = 4.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belekar Das Jashwantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 605 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balkri Shna Potdukhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 425 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,735 |percentage = 39.86% |change = {{increase}}15.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,827 |percentage = 62.44% |change = {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,559}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,024 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chanda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = E. P. Salve |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,782 |percentage = 49.59% |change = {{increase}}18.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Potdukhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,007 |percentage = 25.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. T. Dumbere |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 9,133 |percentage = 19.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = W. L. Kedai |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,034 |percentage = 6.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,775 |percentage = 24.55% |change = {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,449 |percentage = 60.57% |change = {{decrease}}12.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,956}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,943 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chanda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandrarao Rajeshwarrao Ptdukhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,708 |percentage = 47.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lanmanrao Krishnaji Wasekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,099 |percentage = 31.14% |change = {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upasrao Watuji Ghagargunde |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 7,878 |percentage = 17.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sachihitanand Sambashio Mungantiwar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,594 |percentage = 3.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,609 |percentage = 16.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,373 |percentage = 73.45% |change = {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,279}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,854 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chanda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wasekar Laxmanrao Krishnaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,531 |percentage = 49.28% |change = {{decrease}}12.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangari Khemdeo Pralhad |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 25.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotpalliwar Manoharrao Krishnaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,440 |percentage = 25.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,899 |percentage = 23.67% |change = {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,603 |percentage = 68.43% |change = {{increase}}9.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,603}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,954 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chanda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wasekar Laxmanrao Krishnaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,960 |percentage = 61.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Narayan Khobragade |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,499 |percentage = 26.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohanlal Bansidhar Bajaj |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 1,470 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajeshwar Sonbaji Hood |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,220 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisan Venku Patel |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,461 |percentage = 35.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,368 |percentage = 58.66% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,368}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,183 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Sujit Chattopadhyay

2026-04-06T14:29:41Z

ChristinaQ73: starting initial pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian teacher}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sujit Chattopadhyay
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Burdwan]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation = Indian teacher
| employer =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = Padma Shri
}}
'''Sujit Chattopadhyay''' is an Indian [[teacher]]. He is fondly known as '''Two Rupees Teacher'''. In 2021, he has been awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Indian Government]] for his contribution in education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Duty of a teacher never ends, says Padma Shri awardee - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/duty-of-a-teacher-never-ends-says-padma-shri-awardee/articleshow/87609400.cms |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Early life==
Chattopadhyay is from [[Burdwan]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Chattopadhyay is a former president of Ramnagar Uccha Madhyamik Vidyalaya. He taught for 40 years before his retirement. He gives private tuition to poor students. He teaches students of class nine, ten, eleven, twelve. The name of his school is ''Sadai Fakirer Pathshala''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=আমাদের 'বছরের বেস্ট' সুজিত চট্টোপাধ্যায় ভূষিত পদ্মশ্রী সম্মানে, আপ্ল‌ুত 'সদাই ফকির' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/anandabazar-digitals-bachorer-best-winner-sujit-chattopadhyay-to-be-awarded-padmashree-dgtl/cid/1263210 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Sujit Chattopadhyay: Retired teacher, 78, teaches 350 tribal students for Rs 2 in Bengal |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/meet-retired-bengali-teacher-78-who-teaches-350-tribal-students-for-rs-2-padma-shri-sujit-chattopadhyay-article-91208248 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पश्चिम बंगाल: रिटायरमेंट के बाद भी मात्र दो रुपये में पाठशाला चलाते सुजीत चट्टोपाध्याय, जानिए पद्मश्री से सम्मानित शिक्षक की कहानी |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/national/news/even-after-retirement-sujit-chattopadhyay-was-awarded-the-padma-shri-running-the-school-for-just-two-rupees-310441}}</ref>

After retiring in 2004 at the age of 60, he was concerned about how he would spend his days in retirement. However, teaching soon became his regular activity. At the coaching center located in a vacant lot nearby Chattopadhyay's Ramnagar residence, an average of 300 students study every day.<ref>{{cite news |title=इस अनोखे कोचिंग सेंटर में सालाना ट्यूशन फी है मात्र 2 रुपए |url=https://www.abplive.com/city/kolkata/at-this-unique-coaching-centre-in-bengal-s-village-annual-tuition-fee-is-just-rs-2-2170923 |work=www.abplive.com |date=18 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

Sadai Fakirer Pathshala was established after three students traveled 20 kilometers to the house of a retired instructor. The school now has an enrollment of more than 350 children and includes an attendance-keeping system and periodic PTA meetings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandrasekaran |first1=Geetha |title=Real-Life Hero Sujit Chattopadhyay's Pathshala Empowers Poor Kids |url=https://indusscrolls.com/real-life-hero-sujit-chattopadhyays-pathshala-empowers-poor-kids |work=Indus Scrolls |date=20 May 2022}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]] in 2021<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2021-12-01 |title=পদ্মশ্রী বিজেতা ২ টাকার মাস্টারমশাই, সম্মান পেয়ে কী বললেন 'সদাই ফকির'? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/teacher-sujit-chattopadhyay-awarded-padmashree-466072.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Sujit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Sapua Dam

2026-04-01T18:43:53Z

ChristinaQ73: starting the stub first draft

{{Short description|Dam near Dhenkanal, Odisha, India}}
{{More footnotes|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox dam
| name =
| name_official =Sapua Dam<ref name="Govt.Source">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/pa/T1RILzIwLzcyMC8x|title=RTI}}</ref>
| image = Sapua.jpg
| dam_crosses = Sapua River
| location = 35 km from [[Dhenkanal]], [[Odisha]]
| dam_type = Composite dam and reservoir
| dam_length = {{convert|1290|m|mi|0|abbr=on}} (entire dam)
| dam_height = {{convert|26.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| spillway_count = 2 gates
| spillway_type = Labyrinth with chute spillway un-gated
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|535|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| opening = 2006
| coordinates = {{coord|20.59|85.29|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''Sapua Dam''' is built on the ''Sapua'', a small Indian river which is a tributary of the [[Mahanadi River]]. It is located near [[Rasol, Odisha|Rasol]] in the [[Hindol, Odisha|Hindol]] block of [[Odisha]]'s [[Dhenkanal district]]. The Dam is built at the starting point of the river. It is built for water reserve. It is located near Dandiri village, but the dam is situated in the Rasol panchayat area. The dam stands strongly by two small mountains. The nearest villages are Dandiri, Katha Khumpa, [[Rasol, Odisha|Rasol]], Naukiari, Telibhuin, [[Kalingapal]], [[Buhalipal]], Anlabeda, and Bankatia.

==Construction==
The dam is built as part of a Minor Irrigation project known as Sapua-Badajore Irrigation Project. Although the project was planned much before, the construction started in 1993 and got fully completed in 2006. With a maximum water storage level of 170 meter, the length of the dam is 1290 meter and height of 26 meter. The total command area of the project is 3682 hectares.

==Tourism==
[[File:Sapuadam.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Scenic beauty of Sapua Dam reservoir]]
The Sapua Dam is nestled around 90 km away from Bhubaneswar in the mid of a saal foreste. The dam overlooks a bridge and the verdant mountains. This area is full of green forest and a picnic spot. Once it was a barred area, this zone is now used for camping, sightseeing and picnics by tourists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/other-news/sapua-dam-is-good-picnic-spot/612759 | title=ପିକନିକ୍ ଯିବା ପାଇଁ ଭାବୁଛନ୍ତି କି ? ଥରେ ବୁଲିଯାଆନ୍ତୁ ସାପୁଆ ଡ୍ୟାମ }}</ref>

The place is connected by road and 5 km away from [[Rasol, Odisha|Rasol]] ([[National Highway 655 (India)|National Highway 655]]).

==Naming==
Most tourists assume the name Sapua Dam to be derived from the snake like structure of the riverside fixed gates. However, the name is derived from the river Sapua. As per local tales, the river flows in a large snake like bed, from which the name of the river is derived.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Odisha}}

[[Category:Dams in Odisha]]
[[Category:Dams on the Mahanadi River]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Orissa]]

Raghuvaran

2026-03-28T18:13:54Z

ChristinaQ73: general added citations for accuracy and updated info

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raghuvaran
| image = RaghuSir.JPG
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1958|12|11|}}
| birth_place = [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Raghuvaran Velayuthan Nair
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|3|19|1958|12|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1982-2008
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]|1996|2004|end=divorced}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Raghuvaran Velayuthan Nair''' (11 December 1958 – 19 March 2008) was an Indian actor who predominantly acted in films made in [[South India]]. He has acted in more than 200 [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] films. According to the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "the actor had carved a niche for himself with his special style and voice modulation."<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=8305be9a-d217-4636-a749-584a567e2614&MatchID1=4678&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1179&PrimaryID=4678&Headline=Actor+Raghuvaran+passes+away|title= Actor Raghuvaran passes away- Hindustan Times|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081212134325/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=8305be9a-d217-4636-a749-584a567e2614&MatchID1=4678&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1179&PrimaryID=4678&Headline=Actor+Raghuvaran+passes+away|archive-date= 12 December 2008|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

He played the protagonist of a Tamil soap opera, ''[[Oru Manithanin Kathai#Adaptations|Oru Manithanin Kathai]]'', about a well-to-do man who becomes an alcoholic. He received critical acclaim for his role as Father Alphonso in the Malayalam movie ''[[Daivathinte Vikruthikal]]'', directed by [[Lenin Rajendran]] and based on [[M. Mukundan]]'s novel of the same name.

Raghuvaran's six-song music album, composed and sung by him, were officially released by actor [[Rajinikanth]] and the album was received by actress [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] and Raghuvaran's son Rishi Varan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/did-you-know-raghuvaran-was-musician-rajinikanth-launches-late-actor-s-music-album-75828|title=Did you know Raghuvaran was a musician? Rajinikanth launches late actor's music album|date=3 February 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130230146/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/did-you-know-raghuvaran-was-musician-rajinikanth-launches-late-actor-s-music-album-75828|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Raghuvaran Velayuthan Nair was born on 11 December 1958 as the eldest among four children<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> at [[Kollengode-I|Kollengode]] in Palakkad district in [[Kerala]]. He was the grandson of Mr. N. Radhakrishnan Nair and son of Chunkamannathu N. R. Velayudhan Nair and Kasthuri Chakkungal.<ref name="cinidiary.com">{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=47&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |title=CINIDIARY - A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal |website=cinidiary.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526001909/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=47&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |archive-date=26 May 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When his father moved his hotel business from [[Mathur-I|Mathur]] to [[Coimbatore]], the family shifted to Coimbatore. He had his primary education from Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Coimbatore. He also learned piano from [[Trinity College London]].<ref name="cinidiary.com"/>

He discontinued his Bachelor of Arts in history from Coimbatore (Government Arts College) to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yf1Dbi37kWc#t=10m26s |title=- YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=9 October 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509042340/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yf1Dbi37kWc#t=10m26s |url-status=live }}</ref> He landed a minor role in the Kannada film ''Swapna Thingalgal''. He began acting in minor roles in Telugu and Kannada films.

From 1979 to 1983, he was part of an acting drama troupe in Chennai, Chennai Kings, which also included the Tamil actor, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]. He was spotted and cast as the lead actor in ''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'', which was his biggest role to date.

He married [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] in 1996 and their son Rishi Varan was born in 2000. The couple later separated and divorced in 2004.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

==Career==

Following his beginnings on the stage, and a diploma in acting from [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]] in Chennai, Raghuvaran approached many Kollywood studios aiming for performance oriented roles and finally got selected as hero. The offbeat film named ''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' (Seventh Man),<ref name="gulf-times.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=208243&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22|title= Gulf Times article|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080324072815/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=208243&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22|archive-date= 24 March 2008|df= dmy-all}}</ref> directed by Hariharan won many awards, but not many offers for him. A few more films followed with him as hero, like ''[[Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu]]'' and ''Nee Thodumbothu'' released, but did not become successes. The villain role in ''[[Silk Silk Silk]]'' was noticed and the film's success opened the gate of offers for him. The villain act continued in films like ''[[Kutravaaligal]]'', ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'', ''[[Manthira Punnagai (1986 film)|Manthira Punnagai]]'', ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'', ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'', ''[[Oorkavalan]]'' and ''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]''.

Raghuvaran did many films as hero and most of them did good business as well. The films ''[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]'', ''[[Koottu Puzhukkal]]'' and ''[[Michael Raj]]'' helped to stabilize his career. The police officer in ''[[Thaimel Aanai]]'' (1988), the rowdy with a golden heart in ''[[Kai Naattu]]'' (1988), the lawyer in ''[[Kaliyugam (1988 Film)|Kaliyugam]]'' (1988), the common man in ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' (1988) and the honest Medical student turned Goonda in ''[[Kuttravali]]'' (1989) helped Raghuvaran's market value as hero to reach greater heights. But his desire to try all types of roles, like supporting actor as well as villain simultaneously halted the progress as hero, even though he played hero roles in ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990) and Malayalam movies ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]'' (1990) followed by ''[[Kavacham (1992 film)|Kavacham]]'' (1992).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar302008/enter2008032960090.asp|title=Raghuvaran: a classy villain|access-date=15 March 2014|date=30 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315231946/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar302008/enter2008032960090.asp|archive-date=15 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Raghuvaran featured as the bad guy in big-ticket Tamil films like [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s films ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994) and ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999).

Raghuvaran was pitted against [[Dilip Kumar]] in his [[Bollywood]] debut ''[[Izzatdaar]]'' (1990) and his popularity further soared at the national level with [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s gangster flick ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' (1990), where he played the dreaded gangster ''Bhawani''. Other [[Bollywood]] films include ''[[Rakshak (1996 film)|Rakshak]]'' (1996) opposite [[Sunil Shetty]] (1996), ''Hitler'' (1998) opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]], ''[[Lal Baadshah]]'' (1999) opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. and ''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]'' along with [[Jackie Shroff]], where he replaced a busy [[Nana Patekar]] in 2001.

Known for playing the antagonist in a number of box office hits during the course of his career, he shared screen space with several big names in Tamil cinema, with his most memorable on-screen foe being none other than 'Superstar' [[Rajinikanth]]. The duo had appeared together in ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986), ''[[Oorkavalan]]'' (1987), ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]'' (1987), ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'' (1989), ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' (1989), ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995), ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997) and ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007).

He later returned to supporting roles – sometimes as a father or as a mentor in films such as ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' (2002), ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' (2002), ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' (2003), ''[[Thirumalai]]'' (2003) and ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news|title=Farewell, Raghuvaran!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/21raghu.htm|access-date=30 January 2017|date=24 March 2008|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803102823/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/21raghu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Raghuvaran died on 19 March 2008, aged 49.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> The cause of death was due to organ failure because of excessive alcohol consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/37336.html |title=Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017084002/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/37336.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His death occurred during the filming stages of several films, including ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009), wherein Raghuvaran's portions were reshot with [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], which resulted in the film's delayed release. His posthumous film, ''[[Aatadista]]'', released shortly after his death.

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2| 1982 || ''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''Marumagale Vazhga'' || Dr. Saravanan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1983 || ''[[Silk Silk Silk]]'' || Ashok Kumar ||
|-
|''Vasanthame Varuga'' || Suriyanarayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| rowspan=1| 1984 || ''Nee Thodumbothu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1985 || ''[[Kutravaaligal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Engirunthalum Vazhga'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 1986 || ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' || Michael ||
|-
| ''Meendum Pallavi'' || Selvan ||
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' || Chidamabaram ||
|-
| ''[[Manthira Punnagai (1986 film)|Manthira Punnagai]]'' || Daniel Miranda ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1987 || ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Megam Karuththirukku]]'' || Mathru Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oorkavalan]]'' || Rajadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Koottu Puzhukkal]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]'' || Kumaravelu ||
|-
| ''[[Ivargal Varungala Thoongal]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Puyal Paadum Paattu]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''Arul Tharum Ayyappan'' || Person praying || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''
|Himself
|Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Michael Raj]]'' || Michael Raj ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |1988 || ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'' || Janardhanan ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttravali]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Irandil Ondru]]'' || Ragan ||
|-
| ''[[Thaimel Aanai]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| ''[[Kai Naattu]]'' || Laber ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyugam (1988 Film)|Kaliyugam]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| ''Koyil Mani Osai'' || Rajavelu ||
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || Advocate Raja ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 1989 || ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'' || John ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Unga Kudumbam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 1990 || ''[[Pagalil Pournami]]'' || Hindu saint ||
|-
| ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || Shekar ||
|-
| ''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]'' || Chakravarthi ||
|-
| ''[[Thiyagu (film)|Thiyagu]]'' || Thiyagu ||
|-
| 1991 ||''[[Pudhiya Raagam]]'' || Raghuraman ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Uyarnthavan'' || Bhaskhar ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 1993 || ''Konjum Kili'' || Dr. Izzet Peter ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || Terrorist in Airport || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Dhool Parakuthu]]'' || Aarumugam ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 1994 || ''[[Paasamalargal]]'' || Bar customer || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Thozhar Pandian]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' || Mallikarjuna ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Padhakkam]]'' || Vadivelu ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 1995 || ''[[Baashha]]'' || Mark Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Manathile Oru Paattu]]'' || James || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''Rani Maharani'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Witness (1995 film)|Witness]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' || Bairavan ||
|-
| ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Rajasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]'' || Sigamani ||
|-
| ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1996 ||''[[Take It Easy Urvashi]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
|''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' || Varatharajan ||
|-
| rowspan=7| 1997 || ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' || Vishwanath ||
|-
| ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' || Chandrasekar ||
|-
| ''[[Ullaasam]]'' || G. K. ||
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1997 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || Maasilamani ||
|-
| ''[[Nerukku Ner]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' || Raghuraman ||
|-
| ''[[Ratchagan]]'' || Gnaneswar ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 1998 ||''[[Thulli Thirintha Kaalam]]'' || Chidambaram ||
|-
|''[[Iniyavale]]'' || Ramanathan ||
|-
|''[[Poonthottam]]'' || Panneerselvam ||
|-
|''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'' || Siva ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 1999 || ''[[Suriya Paarvai]]'' || Jayanth ||
|-
|''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' || Pandian ||
|-
|''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]'' || Shekar ||
|-
|''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]'' || Krishna Prasad ||
|-
|''[[Amarkkalam]]'' || Tulasi Das ||
|-
|''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]'' || Ranganathan ||
|-
|''[[Mudhalvan]]'' || Aranganathan ||
|-
|''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]'' || Aande ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 2000|| ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' || Dr. Rajasekhar ||
|-
|''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'' || Chandra Mohan ||
|-
|''[[Mugavaree]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Sudhandhiram]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
|''[[Vallarasu]]'' || DGP Jaganathan ||
|-
|''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Sowmya's Boss ||
|-
|''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' || Panneer ||
|-
|''[[Uyirile Kalanthathu]]'' || Raghuraman ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2001 || ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || Raana ||
|-
| ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' || Dhanushkodi ||
|-
| ''[[Majunu]]'' || Gajapathy ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 2002 || ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' || Sethupathy ||
|-
| ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' || Major Rudhraiya ||
|-
| ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || Ilango's father ||
|-
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || Shiva's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[University (film)|University]]'' || Tamilselvan ||
|-
| ''[[I Love You Da]]'' || Rajkishore ||
|-
| ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' || Jeyamani ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Kavitha's father ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2003 || ''[[Alaudin]]'' || Gangadhar ||
|-
| ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || Aathi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiyodu Kai]]'' || Manickavasagam ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Venketeswaran ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || Artist ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || V. Rathinavel Pandian ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2004 || ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || Jana's father ||
|-
| ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || Ashok Mehta ||
|-
| ''[[Jananam]]'' || Udhaya Moorthy ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Sachein]]'' || Gowtham ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sivappathigaram]]'' || Elango ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2007 || ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Dr. Devasaghayam ||Cameo appearance
|-
| ''Nalladhor Veenai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' || Chezhian ||
|-
| ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' || Suryanarayanan ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2008 || ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || Periyavar ||
|-
| ''[[Ashoka (2008 film)|Ashoka]]'' || Huzoor ||
|-
| ''[[Thodakkam]]'' || Vanchinathan ||
|-
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' || Vasu's father || Posthumous film
|-
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Jagadeeswaran || Posthumous film
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' || Himself || Posthumous film; cameo appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]'' || Kavitha's father || Posthumous film; delayed release
|-
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987 || ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' || Venu ||
|-
|''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' || Teja ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988 ||''Kanchana Seeta'' || ||
|-
| ''Nyayaniki Sankellu'' || Dhanraj ||
|-
| ''Nyayaniki Siksha'' || Prajapathi Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1989 || ''[[Rudranetra]]'' || Black Cobra ||
|-
| ''[[Lankeshwarudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Shiva]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]'' || Raana ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1992 || ''[[Lathi (1992 film)|Lathi]]'' || Avinash ||
|-
| ''Prema Drohi'' || Drohi ||
|-
| ''[[Asadhyulu]]'' || Dr. Pratap ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]'' || Kannappa Rao || Partially reshot in Tamil
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Mounam]]'' || Mr. X ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
|''Kranthi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1998 || ''[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' || Raghuram ||
|-
|''[[Suswagatham]]'' || Dr. Chandra Shekar ||
|-
| 1999 ||''[[Anaganaga Oka Ammai]]'' || Bhavani Prasad ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000 || ''[[Pelli Sambandham]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' || Deva ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2002 || ''[[Seema Simham]]'' || Visweswara Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' || K. R. ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2003 || ''[[Naaga]]'' || Naaga's father ||
|-
| ''[[Johnny (2003 film)|Johnny]]'' || Ravishankar Damle ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Naani]]'' || Scientist ||
|-
| ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]'' || Satya ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Valliddari Vayasu Padahare]]'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' || Bal Gangadhar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Aatadista]]'' || Raghunath || Posthumous film
|-
| ''Pellikani Prasad'' || || Posthumous film
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bank (film)|Bank]]'' || Raghuvaran || Posthumous film
|-
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Kakka (Film)|Kakka]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Rugma (film)|Rugma]]'' || Joseph
|
|-
| 1989 || ''Dhanushkodi'' ||
|Unreleased film
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]'' || Tony Leous
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1991 ||''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]'' || Alphonso
|
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]'' || Anthony
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1992 || ''[[Kavacham (1992 film)|Kavacham]]'' || Ravi
|
|-
| ''[[Soorya Manasam]]'' || Shivan
|
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]'' || Perera
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1995 || ''Peter Scott'' || Leo Fernandes
|
|-
| ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' || Abdul Rahiman
|
|-
|}

=== Kannada films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 1996 || ''Circle Inspector'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kalavida]]'' || Prema's killer
|-
| rowspan="3"|1998 ||''Jai Hind'' ||
|-
|''Government'' ||
|-
|''Sorry''||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Prathyartha]]'' || Rakesh
|-
|2001||''[[Asura (2001 film)|Asura]]'' || Tulasi
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]'' || Jaydev
|-
|}

=== Hindi films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| rowspan="2"|1990 || ''[[Izzatdaar]]'' || Indrajeet Sabharwal
|-
| ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' || Bhavani
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Rakshak (1996 film)|Rakshak]]'' || Raghu
|-
| 1998 || ''Hitler'' || Ankush Raj
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Lal Baadshah]]'' || Vikram Singh
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]'' || Raghu Sinha
|-
|}

===Singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Notes
|-
|2008 ||''[[Thodakkam]]''|| "Edhuthan Mudiyadhu" ||
|}

==Awards==
*'''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]] for ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0706499|name=Raghuvaran}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Hirabai Pednekar

2026-03-18T21:27:38Z

ChristinaQ73: put up article

{{Short description|Indian playwright (1885–1951)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hirabai Pednekar
| image = Hirabai Pednekar - Konkani Vishwakosh.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sawantwadi]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1951|10|18|1885|11|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = Palshet, [[Guhagar]], [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Playwright]], [[poet]], [[musician]]
| known_for = First female playwright in [[Marathi theatre]]
| notable_works = ''Jayadratha Vidamban''<br>''Sangeet Damini''
}}

'''Hirabai Pednekar''' (22 November 1885 – 18 October 1951) was an Indian playwright, poet, and musician. A member of the Goan Maratha community, she is considered the first female playwright in [[Marathi theatre]].

==Early life and education==
Pednekar was born on 22 November 1885 in [[Sawantwadi]] (then part of the [[Sawantwadi State]]).<ref name="BolBhidu">{{Cite web |title=मराठी रंगभूमीवर पहिली स्त्री नाटककार होण्याचा मान हिराबाईंना जातो.... |trans-title=Hirabai gets the honor of being the first woman playwright on Marathi theatre... |url=https://bolbhidu.com/hirabai-pednekar-story/ |website=Bol Bhidu |date=22 November 2021 |language=mr}}</ref> She was born into a family of artists from the ''Devadasi'' community; her mother was a courtesan (''nayakin'') who died when Pednekar was an infant.<ref name="MidDay">{{Cite web |last=Raikar-Mhatre |first=Sumedha |date=18 March 2018 |title=Sumedha Raikar-Mhatre: Girgaum's drama queen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/sumedha-raikar-mhatre-girgaums-drama-queen-19210163 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Following her mother's death, she was adopted and raised by her aunt, Bhimabai, who brought her to [[Girgaum]], [[Mumbai]], when she was around eight years old.<ref name="MidDay" /><ref name="BolBhidu" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |author-link=Meera Kosambi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iicxDwAAQBAJ&q=hirabai+pednekar |title=Gender, Culture, and Performance: Marathi Theatre and Cinema before Independence |date=2017-07-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-56589-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In Mumbai, they lived in the Ganjawala Chawl (or Kande Bhuvan). Her aunt, who was patronized by the businessman [[Premchand Roychand]], ensured Pednekar received a formal education, which was rare for women of her background at the time.<ref name="MidDay" /><ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly">{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=गोमन्तक डिजिटल |date=2024-03-10 |title=Hirabai Pednekar : आद्य नाटककार हिराबाई पेडणेकर |url=https://dainikgomantak.esakal.com/blog/early-playwright-hirabai-pednekar-goa-music-ms98 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Goa News in Marathi - Dainik Gomantak |language=mr}}</ref> She attended the Naviwadi missionary school and completed her education up to the seventh grade.<ref name="BolBhidu" /><ref name="MidDay" /> Additionally, she studied six languages, including [[Sanskrit]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and English.<ref name="MidDay" />

Pednekar grew up in a musically rich environment, as her aunt hosted ''mehfils'' (musical gatherings) at their home. She received extensive training in music from prominent vocalists such as Pandit [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]], Parshurampant Barve, and [[Faiyaz Khan|Fayyaz Khansaheb]] of [[Baroda]].<ref name="BolBhidu" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol2.pdf/796 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=796–797 |volume=2 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Career==
===Theatre and literature===
Pednekar's literary career flourished due to her association with elite cultural figures who visited her home, including [[Govind Ballal Deval]], [[Shripad Krushna Kolhatkar]], and [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]].<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" />

She wrote her first play, ''Jayadratha Vidamban'', in 1904 at the age of roughly 19.<ref name="BolBhidu" /> It is a full-length play based on a mythological theme.<ref name="DivyaMarathi">{{Cite web |title=Mahila Natakkar Hirabai Pednekar |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/mag-sameer-paranjpe-article-about-hirabai-pednekar-5581178-pho.html |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> It is cited as the first Marathi play written by a woman.<ref name="BolBhidu" /> Although the play was published, it was not performed on stage for nearly a century. It was eventually staged experimentally in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] by a theatre organization led by Vijaykumar Naik.<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" />

Her second play, ''Sangeet Damini'', was published in 1912. Initially, theatre companies were hesitant to stage a play written by a woman from her community. However, the playwright [[Mama Warerkar]] persuaded [[Keshavrao Bhosale]] of the [[Lalitkaladarsha]] Natak Mandali to produce it.<ref name="BolBhidu" /> The play was successful, running for four years, and contained over 70 songs.<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" /><ref name="DivyaMarathi" /> Through ''Damini'', Pednekar presented progressive themes, arguing that social distinctions between men and women were artificial.<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" />

In addition to playwrighting, Pednekar was a poet whose work appeared in the literary magazine ''Manoranjan''. She also wrote a satirical "autobiography" about a frustrated playwright who only finds fame after being jailed.<ref name="MidDay" />

===Music composition===
Pednekar was also a composer. She provided music for Ram Ganesh Gadkari's play ''Punyaprabhav''.<ref name="MidDay" /> It is believed she also contributed dialogue and movements to other musical plays of the era.<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" /> The heroine of Gadkari's play ''Premshodhan'' was reportedly modeled on Pednekar's personality.<ref name="MidDay" />

==Later life and death==
In her later years, Pednekar moved to [[Palshet]] near [[Guhagar]] in the [[Ratnagiri district]], where she lived with Krishnaji Nene.<ref name="MidDay" /><ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" /> She spent this period in relative obscurity.<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" /> She died on 18 October 1951 of cancer.<ref name="BolBhidu" />{{efn|Some sources, such as the Konkani Vishwakosh, list her death year as 1941.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />}}

==Legacy==
Pednekar's life and work have been the subject of recent scholarship and theatre.
* Biography: In 2017, the journalist Shilpa Surve published a biography titled ''Adya Mahila Natakkaar Hirabai Pednekar'' ({{Translation|The First Woman Playwright: Hirabai Pednekar}}).<ref name="MidDay" />
* Theatre: The playwright and director Vijaykumar Naik wrote and directed a play titled ''Palshetchi Vihir'', which is based on Pednekar's life.<ref name="EsakalGomantakEarly" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pednekar, Hirabai}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

Edappadi K. Palaniswami

2026-03-18T06:35:49Z

ChristinaQ73: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Tamil name|Karuppa|Palaniswami|Edappadi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Edappadi K. Palaniswami
| image = Palanisamy.jpg
| caption = Palaniswami in 2018
| office = Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| order = 18th
| term_start = 11 May 2021
| term_end =
| deputy =
*[[O. Pannerselvam]]
*[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor =
| office1 = Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
| order1 = 7th
| term_start1 = 16 February 2017
| term_end1 = 6 May 2021
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]}}
| deputy1 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Palaniswami ministry|Palaniswami]]
| predecessor1 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office2 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] <br/>[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| minister2 = [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works]]
| term_start2 = 23 May 2016
| term_end2 = 7 May 2021
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|''Himself''}}
| predecessor2 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor2 = [[E. V. Velu]]
| constituency2 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| minister3 = [[Department of Environment and Forests|Forests]]
| term_start3 = 23 May 2015
| term_end3 = 8 August 2015
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor3 = [[M. S. M. Anandan]]
| successor3 = [[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
| constituency3 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| minister4 = [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways and Minor Ports]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2011
| term_end4 = 7 May 2021
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|''Himself''}}
| predecessor4 = [[M. P. Saminathan]]
| successor4 = [[E. V. Velu]]
| constituency4 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 10 March 1998
| term_end5 = 26 April 1999
| 1blankname5 = Prime Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor5 = [[K. P. Ramalingam]]
| successor5 = [[M. Kannappan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]
| office6 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 16 May 2011
| term_end6 =
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|''Himself''|[[M. K. Stalin]]}}
| predecessor6 = V. Kaveri
| successor6 =
| constituency6 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| term_start7 = 6 February 1989
| term_end7 = 13 May 1996
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = {{ubl|[[M. Karunanidhi]]|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]}}
| predecessor7 = Govindaswamy
| successor7 = I. Ganesan
| constituency7 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| office8 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start8 = 11 July 2022
| term_end8 =
| deputy8 = {{ubl|[[K. P. Munusamy]]|[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]}}
| predecessor8 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]{{efn|[[V. K. Sasikala]] served as acting general secretary in the interim for 48 days.}}
| successor8 =
| office9 = Joint Coordinator of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| deputy9 = {{ubl|[[K. P. Munusamy]]|[[R. Vaithilingam]]}}
| 1blankname9 = Coordinator
| 1namedata9 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| term_start9 = 21 August 2017
| term_end9 = 23 June 2022
| predecessor9 = ''Position established''
| successor9 = ''Position abolished''
| office10 = Headquarters Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start10 = 8 June 2016
| term_end10 = 12 July 2022
| 1blankname10 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata10 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| 2blankname10 = Coordinators
| 2namedata10 = {{ubl|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|''Himself''}}
| predecessor10 = [[P. Palaniappan]]
| successor10 = [[S. P. Velumani]]
| birth_name = Palaniswami
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|5|12}}<ref name="LokSabha"/>
| birth_place = Siluvampalayam, [[Salem district]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]<br/>(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]])<ref name="LokSabha">{{cite web|access-date=23 October 2019|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3891.htm|website=loksabhaph.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407161053/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3891.htm|archive-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = Radha
| children = 1
| father =
| mother =
| residence = *[[Raja Annamalaipuram]], [[Chennai]] (official)
*6/77, Siluvampalayam, Nedunkulam, [[Edappadi]], [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India (permanent)
| profession = {{hlist|Agriculturalist|politician}}
| awards = *[[Honorary Doctorate]] (2019)
*[[Paul Harris (Rotary)#Paul Harris Fellow|Paul Harris Fellow]] (2020)
| signature =
| nickname = Puratchi Thamizhar, Edappadiyaar, E.P.S.
}}
'''Edappadi Karuppa Palaniswami,''' popularly known as '''EPS''' (born 12 May 1954) is an Indian politician who is the current [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] since May 2021. He served as the seventh [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]], from 2017 to 2021. He has been the [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) since 28 March 2023. Previously, he has served in various leadership roles in the AIADMK since 2016.

Born in 1954 in [[Salem district]] in the erstwhile [[Madras State]], Palaniswami was engaged in [[agriculture]] before joining electoral politics in 1974. He has represented [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]] since 2011 as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], previously also serving from 1989 to 1996. In the [[1998 Indian general election]], he was elected as [[Member of Parliament]] of the [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]. Post the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly elections]], he served as the [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|minister of highways and minor ports]] in the [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa cabinet]]. After the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], he served as the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|minister of public works]] in the [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry|cabinet]].

== Early and personal life ==
Palaniswami was born on 12 May 1954 to Karuppa Gounder and Thavasiyammal at Siluvampalayam, [[Salem district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name="LokSabha"/><ref name="Assembly">{{cite web|title=Profile, Palaniswami|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/086.htm|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170217222740/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/086.htm|archive-date= 17 February 2017|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> After completing school, he completed [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc. zoology]] from [[Sri Vasavi College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/15thassembly/honcm.html|title=Honorable Chief Minister, 15th assembly|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="LokSabha"/> His parents were involved in [[agriculture]] and Palaniswami also chose to get involved in the same.<ref name=Who>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/LHz7tFFOYAE8wVXXJ6QqGP/Who-is-Edappadi-K-Palanisamy.html|title=Who is Edappadi K. Palaniswami?|first=Dharani|last=Thangavelu|date=15 February 2017|work=Mint|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313040846/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/LHz7tFFOYAE8wVXXJ6QqGP/Who-is-Edappadi-K-Palanisamy.html|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mariappan|first=Julie|date=13 October 2020|title=Edappadi K Palaniswami Mother: Tamil Nadu chief minister Edappadi K Palaniswami's mother Dhavusayammal dies aged 93|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-chief-minister-edappadi-k-palaniswamis-mother-thavasi-ammal-dies-aged-93/articleshow/78631060.cms|access-date=31 January 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He has two siblings, a brother Govindraj and a sister Ranjitham. He is married to Radha and they have a son.<ref name="JT">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/from-jaggery-farmer-to-tamil-nadu-cm-eps-is-no-pushover/articleshow/82364519.cms|title=From jaggery farmer to Tamil Nadu CM, Edappadi K Palaniswami|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Jaya|last=Menon|date=3 May 2021|access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=Who/><ref name="LokSabha"/>

== Political career ==
=== Early years (1974–2010) ===

Palaniswami entered politics in 1974 enrolling himself as a volunteer in [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref name="JT"/> He was first elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]], representing [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]] constituency, and won the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|re-election in 1991]] from the same constituency.<ref>{{cite report|title=1989 Tamil Nadu Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=1991 Tamil Nadu Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213100040/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> He lost from the same constituency in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite report|title=1996 Election report|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3336-tamil-nadu-1996/?do=download|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], he was elected [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengodu constituency]] in the [[12th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite report|title=1998 General Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/uploads/monthly_2018_08/983976633_1998(VolI)_pdf.0968d45ba4c6b7f60d749fd1a1fc29e5}}</ref> He subsequently lost the [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] and [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]]s from the same constituency. He contested again from Edappadi in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]] and lost.<ref>{{cite report|title=2006 Election report|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3339-tamil-nadu-2006/?do=download|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He was appointed propaganda secretary of AIADMK in July 2006, replacing [[O. S. Manian]] and later as organising secretary in August 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Edapadi Palanisami is the opposition leader|language=ta|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/102086/Edapadi-palanisami-is-the-opposition-leader|access-date=10 May 2021|work=Puthiya Thalaimurai|date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

=== Cabinet minister (2011–2017) ===

He was re-elected from Edappadi constituency in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]].<ref>{{cite report|title=2011 Election report|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3340-tamil-nadu-2011/?do=download|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He was appointed as the [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|minister of highways and minor ports]] in the [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers, Government of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825063610/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html|archive-date=25 August 2011|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref> He served as the district secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] for [[Salem, India|Salem]] [[Suburb|suburban district]] from June 2011 to April 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaya shuffles party posts of functionaries|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jaya-shuffles-party-posts-of-functionaries-380427.html|access-date=30 June 2011|work=News18|date=30 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK organisational polls throw up no surprise|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-organisational-polls-throw-up-no-surprise/article65360960.ece|access-date=27 April 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 April 2022}}</ref> In 2014, he was appointed as the member of the disciplinary committee of AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news|title=tamil-nadu-labour-minister-kp-munusamy-sacked-from-cabinet-two-key-party-posts|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-labour-minister-kp-munusamy-sacked-from-cabinet-two-key-party-posts/articleshow/35394968.cms|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 May 2014}}</ref> He was again re-elected from the same constituency in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]].<ref>{{cite report|title=2016 Election report|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3473-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2016/?do=download|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> After [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], he also served as the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|ministry of public works]] in the [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 TN Assembly Election – Candidate Affidavit|url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3tamilnadu2016/1577/PALANISWAMI%20K.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301010436/http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3tamilnadu2016/1577/PALANISWAMI%20K.PDF|archive-date=1 March 2017|access-date=28 February 2017|publisher=myneta.info}}</ref> In 2016, he was appointed headquarters secretary of AIADMK, succeeding [[P. Palaniappan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaya restructures AIADMK apex team|url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/jaya-restructures-aiadmk-apex-team-116060800725_1.html|access-date=8 June 2016|work=Business Standard|date=8 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Chief minister (2017–2021) ===
{{see also|Palaniswami ministry}}

[[File:Tamil Nadu CM Edappadi K. Palaniswami at the Finals of 68th National Basketball Championship 1.jpg|thumb|left|Palaniswami in 2018]]

Palaniswami became the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in February 2017, following the resignation of [[O. Panneerselvam]], who was the chief minister in the interim after the demise of former chief minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/From-farmer-to-CM-pick-%E2%80%94-the-rise-of-a-Jaya-loyalist/article17300830.ece|title=From farmer to CM pick — the rise of a Jaya loyalist|first=Syed Muthahar|last=Saqaf|date=14 February 2017|access-date=1 December 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215215141/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/From-farmer-to-CM-pick-%E2%80%94-the-rise-of-a-Jaya-loyalist/article17300830.ece|archive-date=15 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He was sworn in on 16 February 2017 along with a [[Palaniswami ministry|32-member cabinet]] and also held charge of [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|home, prohibition and excise]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/e-palanisamy-takes-oath-as-chief-minister-full-list-of-tamil-nadu-cabinet-ministers-and-their-portfolios-1845056/|title=Palanisamy takes oath as Chief Minister: Full list of Tamil Nadu Cabinet ministers and their portfolios|date=16 February 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|work=India.com}}</ref>

In March 2017, he introduced the [[Kudimaramathu Scheme|Kudimaramaththu scheme]] for restoring [[minor irrigation]] [[tank]]s and [[lake]]s in the state.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 March 2017|title=Kudimaramathu is back in state|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kudimaramathu-is-back-in-state/article17460578.ece|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> In response to the introduction of mandatory [[NEET]] exams starting in 2017, Palaniswami government formed a high-level committee led by [[Munirathna Anandakrishnan|M. Anandakrishnan]] in May that year to reform the [[Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu school education]] [[Curriculum|system]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-panel-to-revise-school-syllabus-in-tn/article19211111.ece|title=New panel to revise school syllabus in TN|access-date=4 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The school [[textbook]] syllabus and exam pattern for classes 1 to 12 were revised on par with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] standards in phases, starting from the 2018–19 academic year, to better prepare students for competitive exams.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2017/05/23/tamil-nadu-overhauls-school-education-system|title=Tamil Nadu overhauls school education system|access-date=24 May 2017|newspaper=DTnext}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/how-tn-school-curriculum-became-new-and-relevant/|title=How TN school curriculum became new and relevant|access-date=19 May 2019|newspaper=timesofindia}}</ref>
In May 2018, police [[Thoothukudi violence|opened fire]] on protests against a [[Sterlite Copper|copper plant]] owned by [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta]] that was allegedly polluting groundwater in [[Thoothukudi]], killing 13 people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|last2=Karthikeyan|first2=Divya|date=28 May 2018|title=Indian copper plant shut down days after deadly protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/28/india-copper-plant-sterlite-vedanta-shut-down-deadly-protests|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> While the act was later termed as "self-defence" by a one-man commission, the Government of Tamil Nadu ordered the permanent closure of the plant on 28 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sterlite violence: 492 people questioned over 20 phases by Aruna Jagadeesan commission|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/22/sterlite-violence-492-people-questioned-over-20-phases-by-aruna-jagadeesan-commission-2146576.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 May 2020|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rohit|first1=T. k|title=Sterlite Copper to be permanently closed, says Tamil Nadu government|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sterlite-copper-to-be-permanently-closed-says-tamil-nadu-government/article61831761.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Thangavelu|first=Dharani|date=28 May 2018|title=Tamil Nadu govt orders permanent shutdown of Sterlite copper plant in Thoothukudi|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/C1OMNDlJC0y1EVj1P5xlTI/Sterlite-protests-Panneerselvam-vows-to-shut-down-Thoothuku.html|work=Mint|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref>

On 15 August 2018, Palaniswami announced a 2% sub-quota in select government jobs and State Public Sector Undertakings for national, state, and international-level medal-winning sportspersons in games organised by recognised federations, later increasing it to 3% on 16 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sportspersons to get 2% sub-quota in govt. jobs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sportspersons-to-get-2sub-quota-in-govt-jobs/article24699028.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 August 2018|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=State increases sub-quota for sportspersons in government jobs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-increases-sub-quota-for-sportspersons-in-government-jobs/article25242769.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 October 2018|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> His administration was lauded for its preparedness and efforts to tackle the [[Cyclone Gaja]] that hit Tamil Nadu in November 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-lauds-tn-govt-for-work-on-tackling-cyclone-gaja/article25516743.ece|title=Opposition lauds govt.'s cyclone preparedness|date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 October 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In August 2019, Palaniswami introduced dedicated patrol vehicles (''Amma patrol'') to ascertain the security of women and children in public places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-rolls-out-amma-patrol-vehicles-to-check-crimes-against-women-kids-5938865/|title=Tamil Nadu rolls out Amma Patrol vehicles to check crimes against women, kids|date=27 August 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In the [[2019 Indian general election]], AIADMK under the leadership of Palaniswami, contested in alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and won only a single seat.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=T.|last2=Kumar|first2=D. Suresh|date=12 January 2021|title=People's reception gives us confidence that we will win a majority, says Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Palaniswami|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/peoples-reception-gives-us-confidence-that-we-will-win-with-a-majority-says-tn-cm-palaniswami/article33561342.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|date=11 October 2019|title=18. Partywise Seat Won Valid Votes Polled in Each State|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10959-18-partywise-seat-won-valid-votes-polled-in-each-state/|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> In 2019, Palaniswami launched the ''Yaadhum Oore'' programme aimed at garnering [[Foreign Direct Investment|foreign investment]] in the state. He visited [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[United Arab Emirates]] to promote the same.<ref>{{cite news|title=After tapping silicon valley, TN eyes Tamil diaspora in 38 countries|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/oct/27/after-tapping-silicon-valley-tn-eyes-tamil-diaspora-in-38-countries-2215428.html|access-date=31 January 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 October 2020}}</ref> His administration created new [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]] such as [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]], [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]], [[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]] and [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] in 2019, and [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] in 2020, by carving them out from existing districts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mayiladuthurai to become Tamil Nadu's 38th district|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/mayiladuthurai-become-tamil-nadus-38th-district-120989|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=24 March 2020}}</ref> After six decades of waiting by the people, Palaniswami laid the foundation stone for the ₹1,652-crore ''Athikadavu–Avinashi [[Groundwater recharge|Groundwater Recharge]] and [[Water supply network|Drinking Water Supply]] Scheme'' on 28 February 2019, and the project work commenced on 25 December that year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Athikadavu-Avinashi Project gets environment clearance|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Jan/15/athikadavu-avinashi-project-gets-environment-clearance-2089676.html|newspaper=newindianexpress|date=15 January 2020|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After a 67-year-long wait, Athikadavu-Avinashi project in Tamil Nadu to be commissioned on August 17|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-67-years-athikadavu-avinashi-project-in-tamil-nadu-to-be-commissioned-on-august-17/article68531769.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2024|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

In February 2020, the Government of Tamil Nadu declared the [[Kaveri|Kaveri delta]] region as a protected special agriculture zone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cauvery delta to be declared a protected agriculture zone|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cauvery-delta-to-be-declared-a-protected-agriculture-zone/article30778695.ece|access-date=10 February 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu declares Cauvery delta a protected agricultural zone|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-declares-cauvery-delta-a-protected-agricultural-zone/story-Xu1rVqg7eFoJza6wrKrJAK.html|date=10 February 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In May 2020, the government passed an order for reservation of 7.5% of seats in government medical colleges to students from public schools while also announcing a plan to set up eleven new government medical colleges with 1,650 seats.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2020|title=Tamil Nadu Govt Passes Order for 7.5% Quota in Medical Admissions for Govt School Students|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-govt-passes-order-to-implement-7-5-quota-in-medical-admissions-for-govt-school-students-3022247.html|work=News18|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 October 2020|title=Tamil Nadu govt to set up medical colleges in 11 districts, add 1,650 seats|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tamil-nadu-govt-to-set-up-medical-colleges-in-11-districts-add-1-650-seats-120102600585_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu has 3,400 MBBS seats now and will add 1,650 in future: CM|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-has-3400-mbbs-seats-now-and-will-add-1650-in-future-cm/article32943453.ece|access-date=12 May 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2020}}</ref> After the first three phases of excavation by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) at [[Keezhadi]] between 2014 and 2017, the [[Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology|state department of archaeology]] took over further excavations in consultation with the ASI. In the fourth phase of excavations in 2017–18 done at a cost of {{INRconvert|5.5|m}}, 5,820 artifacts and brick constructions dating back to the [[Sangam era]] were excavated. On 20 July 2020, Palaniswami laid the foundation for the Keezhadi museum in Sivaganga district to showcase the artefacts unearthed from [[Keezhadi excavation site]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu CM lays foundation stone for Keeladi museum|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/77066118.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2020}}</ref>

Under his governance, Tamil Nadu was rated among the top states based on a composite index in the context of sustainable development according to the Public Affairs Index released by the Public Affairs Center in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-goa-and-chandigarh-best-governed-states-ut-report/article32985716.ece|title=Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa best governed States: report|date=30 October 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]], Tamil Nadu was one of the few states that did not register negative growth.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Menon|first1=Amarnath|date=27 November 2021|title=Best performing big state overall: Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20211206-best-performing-big-state-overall-tamil-nadu-1880826-2021-11-27|access-date=12 May 2022|magazine=India Today}}</ref> Tamil Nadu was ranked as the best performing big state from the year 2018 to 2021 based on a study conducted by [[India Today]].<ref>{{cite news|title=T.N. tops in 'State of the States' study|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-tops-in-state-of-the-states-study/article33197263.ece|access-date=12 May 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="TNfirst">{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu bags best performer award, again|language=en-IN|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/nov/28/state-bags-best-performer-award-again-2229024.html|date=28 November 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> On 5 January 2021, his government announced that the [[Thaipusam]] festival would be included in the list of [[Public holidays in Tamil Nadu|public holidays]] every year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thai Poosam a public holiday in Tamil Nadu from this year|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thai-poosam-a-public-holiday-from-this-year/article33499884.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

==== Tussle with Pannerselvam ====
The tussle between Palaniswami and Pannerselvam started in October 2020 when minister for milk and dairy development [[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]] tweeted that the party should go for elections, with Palaniswami as the chief ministerial candidate. A day before Balaji’s tweet, cooperative minister [[Sellur K. Raju]] said, "MLAs will elect the chief minister" when AIADMK wins the 2021 elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/15/eps-or-ops-aiadmk-still-undecided-on-cm-candidate-party-chief.html|title=EPS or OPS? AIADMK still undecided on CM candidate, party chief|work=The Week|accessdate=18 August 2024}}</ref> Later, Panneerselvam made the announcement that Palaniswami would be the chief ministerial candidate of the AIADMK on 7 October 2020 at a meeting at the AIADMK office in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/10/07/aiadmk-tiff-over-palaniswami-to-be-cm-candidate-say-pannerselvam.html|title=AIADMK tiff over? Palaniswami to be CM candidate, says Panneerselvam|work=The Week|accessdate=18 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Leader of the opposition (2021–present) ===
AIADMK lost the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]] and Palaniswami resigned as the chief-minister on 6 May 2021.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=3 May 2021|title=TN CM Palaniswami resigns, Guv accepts it; dissolves Assembly|language=en-IN|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-2021/story/tn-cm-palaniswami-resigns-guv-accepts-it-dissolves-assembly-1798464-2021-05-03|work=India Today|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EPS quits as CM, flurry of resignations at Secretariat|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2021/05/03/eps-quits-as-cm-flurry-of-resignations-at-secretariat|access-date=12 May 2022|work=DT next|date=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Edappadi K. Palaniswami elected AIADMK legislature party leader|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-k-palaniswami-elected-aiadmk-legislature-party-leader/article34525668.ece|date=10 May 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> He won for the third consecutive time from the Edappadi constituency and was elected as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]] in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edappadi-k-palaniswami-to-be-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly/articleshow/82518216.cms|title=Edappadi K Palaniswami to be leader of opposition in Tamil Nadu assembly|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Julie|last=Mariappan|date=10 May 2021|access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Edappadi Palaniswami elected as Leader of Opposition in Tamil Nadu Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|date=10 May 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref>On 10 May 2021, the newly elected AIADMK MLAs convened to choose the new [[Leader of the Opposition]], an important post equivalent to a cabinet minister. The meeting was inconclusive, with both Panneerselvam and Palaniswami staking claims to the post, while their supporters hurled charges against each other. This included a prolonged quarrel between the two sections of the party outside the party's head office, causing unrest. Supporters of Palaniswami believed that he should be the Leader of the Opposition due to the party's good performance in the election in [[Kongu Nadu|western Tamil Nadu]], the region he hails from; whereas, Panneerselvam's supporters felt that the party fared poorly in other regions of the state due to Palaniswami's wrong policies during his Chief Ministerial tenure.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=8 May 2021|title=AIADMK unable to decide on Leader of Opposition post|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-unable-to-decide-on-leader-of-opposition-post/article34510412.ece|access-date=8 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508090915/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-unable-to-decide-on-leader-of-opposition-post/article34510412.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, Palaniswami was elected as the Leader of the Opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 May 2021|language=en-IN|work=newindianexpress|title=Edappadi Palaniswami elected as Leader of Opposition in Tamil Nadu Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2022, district secretaries and senior party members of AIADMK spoke out against the “dual leadership” system of Palaniswami and [[O. Panneerselvam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/more-voices-emerge-in-favour-of-unitary-leadership-in-aiadmk/article65543471.ece|title=More voices emerge in favour of unitary leadership in AIADMK|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The supporters of Palaniswami pushed for the change in the party's leadership structure to appoint him as the general secretary of AIADIMK ahead of the general council meeting on 23 June 2022, which was expected to elect the leadership of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-can-united-front-of-the-aiadmk-survive/articleshow/92324965.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: Can united front of the AIADMK survive?|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/eps-vs-ops-aiadmk-grapples-with-internecine-struggle-for-party-control-7978287/|title=EPS vs OPS: AIADMK grapples with internecine struggle for party control|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In June 2022, Palaniswami wrote to Panneerselvam asserting the latter ceased to be the party coordinator as the amendments made to the party's bylaw in the 2021 December executive committee meeting were not recognised in the general council meeting held on 23 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/o-panneerselvam-letter-edappadi-k-palaniswami-aiadmk-coordinator-tamil-nadu-8001329/|title=Tamil Nadu: Indicating OPS is no longer AIADMK coordinator, EPS says his letter on local body polls invalid|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-are-no-longer-aiadmk-coordinator-eps-tells-ops-101656615805480.html|title=You are no longer AIADMK coordinator, EPS tells OPS|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

On 11 July 2022, the general council of AIADMK abolished the dual leadership model, appointing Palaniswami as the interim chief and expelled Panneerselvam and his loyalists from the primary memberships of the party for "anti-party" activities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-setback-for-o-panneerselvam-madras-high-court-allows-meeting-called-by-rival-e-palaniswamy-3146035|title=AIADMK Tussle: Court Setback For OPS, Rival EPS Takes Charge|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-gears-up-for-eps-vs-ops-battle-as-madras-hc-set-to-deliver-verdict-on-plea-against-general-council-meet-5528575.html|title=OPS Expelled from AIADMK Through Special Resolution After EPS Takes Control of Party|work=News18|date=11 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-setback-for-o-panneerselvam-madras-high-court-allows-meeting-called-by-rival-e-palaniswamy-3146035|title=AIADMK Tussle: EPS Is New Boss, Rival OPS Expelled|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK general council anoints Edappadi K Palaniswami as party interim general secretary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-general-council-appoints-edappadi-k-palaniswami-as-party-interim-general-secretary/articleshow/92794556.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> While on 17 August, the [[Madras High Court]] nullified the decisions of the AIADMK general council and ordered maintaining a status quo, a [[division bench]] later upheld the decisions and set aside the previous court order on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/aug/17/ops-wins-legal-battle-in-madras-hc-dual-leadership-to-continue-in-aiadmk-for-now-2488398.html|title=OPS wins legal battle in Madras HC, dual leadership to continue in AIADMK for now|author=R. Sivakumar|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 August 2022|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-leadership-tussle-division-bench-of-madras-high-court-reverses-earlier-order-in-favour-of-ops/article65839726.ece|title=AIADMK leadership tussle: Division Bench of Madras High Court reverses earlier order in favour of OPS|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> On 23 February 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the later order of the Madras High Court, effectively handing the leadership of the party to Palaniswami.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-ops-eps-madras-hc-aiadmk-8461893/|title=Supreme Court rejects Paneerselvam's plea, Palaniswamy to continue as AIADMK general secretary|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=23 February 2023|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref> On 28 March 2023, AIADMK announced that Palaniswami was elected as the general secretary through party's general secretary election.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mariappan|first=Julie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/eps-becomes-aiadmk-general-secretary/articleshow/99053258.cms|title=EPS becomes AIADMK general secretary; OPS petition rejected in Madras HC|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2023|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|date=28 March 2023|title= Madras High Court rejects expelled AIADMK leaders' interim applications against party's 2022 general council resolutions|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-rejects-expelled-aiadmk-leaders-interim-applications-against-partys-2022-general-council-resolutions/article66670519.ece|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> On 20 April 2023, the [[Election Commission of India]] recognised Palaniswami as the general secretary, acknowledging the amendments to the party constitution and changes to list of office-bearers.<ref>{{cite report|date=20 April 2023|title= AIADMK Amended Constitution dated 20.04.2023|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4934-all-india-anna-dravida-munnetra-kazhagam-constitution/?do=download}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 April 2023|title= Election Commission of India recognises Edappadi K. Palaniswami as AIADMK general secretary|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/election-commission-of-india-recognises-edappadi-k-palaniswami-as-aiadmk-general-secretary/article66760906.ece|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> On 20 August 2023, a conference was held at [[Madurai]] led by Palaniswami as a part of the [[Golden Jubilee]] celebrations of the founding of AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/aiadmk-golden-jubilee-conference-kicks-off-in-madurai/article67215825.ece |title=AIADMK golden jubilee conference kicks off in Madurai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-leader-palaniswami-inaugurates-partys-madurai-conference-2654043 |title=Palaniswami inaugurates AIADMK's Madurai conference|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=20 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref> On 25 September 2023, Palaniswami led AIADMK officially left the [[National Democratic Alliance]] ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA alliance, to lead separate front for 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-to-lead-separate-front-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/cid/1968896|work=The Telegraph|date=25 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA; to form front to fight 2024 LS polls|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-to-form-front-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-2700089|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK snaps ties with BJP-led NDA alliance ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the [[2023 Chennai floods]], Palaniswami demanded the chief minister of Tamil Nadu to release a [[white paper]] on the completed and ongoing [[Storm drain|stormwater drain]] work in Chennai and further criticised the state government for the lack of preparedness.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-palaniswami-holds-stalin-responsible-for-lack-of-preparedness/article67621732.ece|title=Cyclone Michaung:Palaniswami holds Stalin responsible for 'lack of preparedness'|date=10 December 2023|access-date=10 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211050935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-palaniswami-holds-stalin-responsible-for-lack-of-preparedness/article67621732.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Michaung; AIADMK calls for release of white paper on stormwater drain work in Chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-aiadmk-calls-for-release-of-white-paper-on-stormwater-drain-work-in-chennai/article67613694.ece|access-date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 December 2023|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214090549/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-michaung-aiadmk-calls-for-release-of-white-paper-on-stormwater-drain-work-in-chennai/article67613694.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], Palaniswami led AIADMK formed an [[AIADMK-led Alliance|alliance]] with [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]], [[Puthiya Tamilagam]], and [[Social Democratic Party of India]] and contested 36 seats in the state of Tamil Nadu and one each in the union territories of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The party-led alliance failed to win any seats in the elections.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=S |date=4 June 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> Palaniswami has been placed under Z+ scale [[Security categories in India|category security]] by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] due to [[bomb threat]]s since 5 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 July 2025 |title=எடப்பாடி பழனிசாமிக்கு இசட் பிளஸ் பாதுகாப்பு - மத்திய உள்துறை அமைச்சகம் அறிவிப்பு!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/edappadi-palaniswami-has-been-provided-with-z-plus-security-by-union-government-brk/articleshow/122262075.cms |newspaper=samayam tamil|lang=ta|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Home Ministry Grants Z-Plus Security For AIADMK’s Edappadi Palaniswami |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/home-ministry-grants-z-plus-security-for-aiadmks-edappadi-palaniswami-enn25070503904 |work=ETV Bharat |date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections, Palaniswami launched the ''Makkalai Kaappom, Thamizhagathai Meetpom'' (Let us protect the people and reclaim [[Tamil Nadu]]) statewide campaign tour covering all 234 constituencies in phases, starting from [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] in [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] on July 7, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palaniswami to launch election tour from Coimbatore on July 7 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/28/palaniswami-to-launch-election-tour-from-coimbatore-on-july-7 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=S Senthil |date=8 July 2025|title=Edappadi K Palaniswami kicks off AIADMK campaign for 2026 polls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/08/edappadi-k-palaniswami-kicks-off-aiadmk-campaign-for-2026-polls |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

==Elections contested and positions held==
===Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Result
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Candidate
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote percentage
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]||[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]||rowspan=3|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]||rowspan=3|[[AIADMK]]||rowspan=3|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]||rowspan=3 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}||54.70%||[[K. P. Ramalingam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40.89%
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]||[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]||rowspan=2 {{Lost}}||48.53%||[[M. Kannappan]]||[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]||[[File:Indian Election Symbol Top.png|15px]]||{{party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||49.08%
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]||[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]||37.27%||[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||58.02%
|}

===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Result
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Candidate
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote percentage
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]||9th||rowspan=8|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]||[[AIADMK|AIADMK(J)]]||[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|15px]]||rowspan=8 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||rowspan=2 {{Won}}||33.08%||L. Palanisamy||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||31.62%
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||10th||rowspan=7|[[AIADMK]]||rowspan=7|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]||58.24%||P. Kolandai Gounder||rowspan=5|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]||rowspan=5|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg|15px]]||rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}||25.03%
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||11th||rowspan=2 {{Lost}}||28.21%||[[I. Ganesan]]||37.68%
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]||41.06%||V. Kaveri||44.80%
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]||rowspan=3 {{Won}}||56.38%||M. Karthe||37.66%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]||43.74%||N. Annadurai||25.12%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]||65.97%||Sampath Kumar||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28.04%
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]||[[17th Tamil Nadu Assembly|17th]]||colspan=7 {{TBA}}
|}

===Positions in Parliament of the Republic of India===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|10 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|1 year, 47 days
|}

===Positions in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=2|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|rowspan=7|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|6 February 1989
|30 January 1991
|1 year, 358 days
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|1 July 1991
|13 May 1996
|4 years, 317 days
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Highways and Minor Ports]]
|16 May 2011
|21 May 2016
|5 years, 5 days
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Environment and Forests Department (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Forests]]
|23 May 2015
|8 August 2015
|77 days
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Minister for Public Works]], [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways and Minor Ports]]
|23 May 2016
|15 February 2017
|268 days
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
|16 February 2017
|6 May 2021
|4 years, 79 days
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|11 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|05|11}}
|}

==Awards and honours==
===Honorary doctorates===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
!No.
!Conferred in
!Conferred by
!Location
!Country
!Work
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!1
|2019
|Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute
|{{flag|Tamil Nadu}}
|{{flag|India}}
|For his outstanding contributions to public affairs
|<ref>{{cite web|title=TN CM to receive honorary doctorate from Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-cm-receive-honorary-doctorate-dr-mgr-educational-and-research-institute-110616|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605081453/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-cm-receive-honorary-doctorate-dr-mgr-educational-and-research-institute-110616|archive-date=5 June 2020|access-date=5 June 2020|website=thenewsminute.com|date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Other honours===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
!No.
!Image
!Decoration
!Field
!Conferred date
!Conferred by
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!1
|[[File:PaulHarrisFellowPinAndSocietyHanger.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Paul Harris (Rotary)#Paul Harris Fellow|Paul Harris Fellow]]'''
|Public Affairs
|11 July 2020
|[[The Rotary Foundation]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jul/11/eps-honoured-with-paul-harris-fellow-recognition-2168159.html|title=EPS honoured with Paul Harris Fellow recognition|date=11 July 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|}

{{Commons category|Edappadi K Palaniswami}}

==See also==
*[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami ministry]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3891.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]
* [https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/15thassembly/honcm.html Official Biographical Sketch in Tamil Nadu Assembly Website]

{{All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Dravidian politics-hor|Tamil Nadu=Edappadi K. Palaniswami}}
{{12th Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011–2016)|state=collapsed}}
{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palaniswami, Edappadi K.}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Tamil Nadu]]

Twenty20

2026-03-14T20:33:54Z

ChristinaQ73: page edit

{{Short description|Form of limited overs cricket, 20-over format}}
{{Distinguish|Twenty20 International}}
{{About|the twenty-over format of professional men's cricket|the women's format|Women's Twenty20 cricket|amateur twenty-over cricket|short form cricket|the Indian film|Twenty:20 (film)}}
{{other uses|T20 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

[[File:T20 final 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Lasith Malinga]] bowling to [[Shahid Afridi]] in the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 T20 World Cup]] Final at [[Lord's]], [[London]].]]
{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}}

'''Twenty20''' (abbreviated '''T20''') is a shortened format of [[cricket]]. At the professional level, it was introduced by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) in 2003 for the [[county cricket|inter-county]] competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/980687.html|title=The first official T20 in 2003|date=12 March 2016|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702002949/http://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/980687.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In a Twenty20 game, the two teams have a single [[innings]] each, which is restricted to a maximum of twenty [[over (cricket)|overs]] (which is equivalent to 120 legal [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]] per team). Together with [[First-class cricket|first-class]] and [[List A]] cricket, Twenty20 is one of the three [[forms of cricket]] recognised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) as being played at the highest level, both internationally and domestically.

A typical Twenty20 match lasts just over 3 hours,<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |date=2024-01-30 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/t20-f-a-q |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=icc-cricket.com |language=en |quote=On average, an ICC Men’s T20 World Cup match is approximately 3 hours and 20 minutes in duration.}}</ref> with each innings lasting around 90 minutes and an official 10-minute break between the innings. This is much shorter than previous forms of the game, and is closer to the timespan of other popular team sports. It was introduced to create a fast-paced game that would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television.

The game has succeeded in spreading around the cricket world. On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all [[Test cricket|Test]]-playing nations have a domestic cup competition.

==History==
===Origins===
[[File:Andrew Strauss twenty20.jpg|thumb|Former [[England cricket team|England]] batsman [[Andrew Strauss]] batting for [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]]]

A few years prior to the introduction of the current T20 match format, a different form of 20 overs per side cricket known as [[Cricket Max]] was played both domestically and on an unofficial home international basis in [[Cricket in New Zealand|New Zealand]] from 1996 to 2002.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6985087.stm</ref> The format differed from current Twenty20 cricket as each team had two separate innings of 10 overs each, and a number of other rules innovations. The only one that would be utilised in Twenty20 cricket (as well as other limited-overs cricket) was a free-hit for no-balls.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/1923186.stm</ref><ref>https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1473581/cricket-max---ahead-of-its-time</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/33295761</ref>

When the [[Benson & Hedges Cup]] ended in 2002 owing, in response to dwindling attendances at longer format matches such as those in the [[County Championship]], the [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] sought another one-day competition to appeal to a younger demographic. The Board wanted to deliver fast-paced, exciting cricket accessible to fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=Alan |title=T20 timeline: Revolution to uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-timeline-revolution-to-uncertainty-820517 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |publisher=[[ESPN]] |language=en |date=13 January 2015}}</ref> Stuart Robertson, (Marketing Manager of the ECB), Kevin Allton (ECB New Media Marketing Manager), Joe Bruce (Sponsorship Manager) and Richard Kaye (Sales Manager) proposed a 20-over-per-innings game, invented by New Zealand cricketer [[Martin Crowe]], to county chairmen in 2001, and they voted 11–7 in favour of adopting the new format.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cleaver|first=Dylan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n6uFKpbkY0C&q=Stuart+Robertson%2C+the+marketing+manager+of+the+ECB%2C+proposed+a+20+over+per+innings+game+to+county+chairmen+in+2001+and+they+voted+11%E2%80%937+in+favour+of+adopting+the+new+format&pg=PT11|title=Brendon McCullum: Inside Twenty20|date=2010-11-03|publisher=Hachette New Zealand|isbn=978-1-86971-238-9|language=en|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174531/https://books.google.com/books?id=5n6uFKpbkY0C&q=Stuart+Robertson%2C+the+marketing+manager+of+the+ECB%2C+proposed+a+20+over+per+innings+game+to+county+chairmen+in+2001+and+they+voted+11%E2%80%937+in+favour+of+adopting+the+new+format&pg=PT11|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the [[Twenty20 Cup]].<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/13JUN2003/ Matches played 13 June 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610070441/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/13JUN2003/ |date=10 June 2008 }} ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 June 2008</ref> The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey Lions]] defeating the [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire Bears]] by nine wickets in the final to claim the title.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/KNOCK-OUTS/SURREY_WARWICKS_TWENTY-20-FINAL_19JUL2003.html Twenty20 Cup, 2003, Final – Surrey v Warwickshire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725173413/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/KNOCK-OUTS/SURREY_WARWICKS_TWENTY-20-FINAL_19JUL2003.html |date=25 July 2008 }} ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 June 2008</ref> The first Twenty20 match held at [[Lord's]], on 15 July 2004 between [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] and [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]], attracted a crowd of 27,509, the highest attendance for any [[county cricket]] game at the ground – other than a one-day final – since 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/may/25/usman-afzaal-surrey-middlesex-twenty20 |title=Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns |first=Paul |last=Weaver |newspaper=The Guardian |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317021026/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/may/25/usman-afzaal-surrey-middlesex-twenty20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Worldwide spread===
Thirteen teams from different parts of the country participated in Pakistan's inaugural competition in 2004, with the [[Faisalabad Wolves]] the first winners. On 12 January 2005 Australia's first Twenty20 game was played at the [[WACA Ground]] between the [[Western Warriors]] and the [[Victorian Bushrangers]]. It drew a sell-out crowd of 20,000, which was the first one in nearly 25 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2005 |title=Sellout at WACA for Twenty20 match |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sellout-at-waca-for-twenty20-match-145226 |access-date=17 May 2012 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722110011/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sellout-at-waca-for-twenty20-match-145226 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting on 11 July 2006, 19 West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the [[Stanford 20/20]] tournament. The event was financially backed by billionaire [[Allen Stanford]], who gave at least US$28 million in funding money. It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event. [[Guyanese cricket team|Guyana]] won the inaugural event, defeating [[Trinidad and Tobago cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] by five wickets, securing US$1 million in prize money.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2006 |title=Guyana crowned Stanford 20/20 champions |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/stanford-20-20-2006-228881/guyana-vs-trinidad-tobago-final-252990/match-report |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111716/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/stanford-20-20-2006-228881/guyana-vs-trinidad-tobago-final-252990/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060208T230000-0500_98302_OBS_DATES_FOR_STANFORD_TWENTY___ANNOUNCED.asp|title=Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced|work=The Jamaica Observer|date=9 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205185816/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060208T230000-0500_98302_OBS_DATES_FOR_STANFORD_TWENTY___ANNOUNCED.asp|archive-date=5 December 2008}}</ref>

On 5 January 2007 the [[Queensland Bulls]] played the [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] at [[Brisbane Cricket Ground|The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]. An unexpected 16,000 fans turned up on the day to buy tickets, causing Gabba staff to throw open gates and grant many fans free entry. Attendance reached 27,653.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetwenty20cup.co.uk/db/aus/article.asp?NewsID=1093|title=Gabba fans let in for free|publisher=Cricket20.com|access-date=31 March 2007|archive-date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008024400/http://www.thetwenty20cup.co.uk/db/aus/article.asp?NewsID=1093|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the February 2008 Twenty20 match between Australia and India, 85,824 people attended the match at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], involving the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20 final|Twenty20 World Champions]]<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2008 |title=India crash to nine-wicket defeat |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-australia-2007-08-291320/australia-vs-india-only-t20i-291356/match-report |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030354/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-australia-2007-08-291320/australia-vs-india-only-t20i-291356/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> against the [[2007 Cricket World Cup final|ODI World Champions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/292773.html|title=Australia v Sri Lanka, World Cup final, Barbados|author1=S Rajesh |author2=HR Gopalakrishna|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 April 2007}}</ref>

The [[Stanford Super Series]] was held in October 2008 between the three teams. The respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions, [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]], and a [[Stanford Superstars]] team formed from West Indies domestic players. Trinidad and Tobago won the competition, securing US$280,000 prize money.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2008 |title=Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/udal-leads-middlesex-for-stanford-372261 |access-date=17 May 2012 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722110910/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/udal-leads-middlesex-for-stanford-372261 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McGlashan |first=Andrew |date=27 October 2008 |title=Ramdin leads T&T to big-money glory |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/stanford-super-series-2008-09-354384/middlesex-vs-trinidad-tobago-362442/match-report |access-date=17 May 2012 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418093441/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/stanford-super-series-2008-09-354384/middlesex-vs-trinidad-tobago-362442/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 November, the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming US$20 million in each match. The Stanford Superstars won the first match,<ref>{{cite web |last=McGlashan |first=Andrew |date=1 November 2008 |title=Gayle leads Superstars to millions |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-west-indies-oct-nov-2008-2008-09-354387/stanford-superstars-vs-england-354386/match-report |access-date=17 May 2012 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020045701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-west-indies-oct-nov-2008-2008-09-354387/stanford-superstars-vs-england-354386/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> but no further fixtures were held as Allen Stanford was charged with fraud in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7895505.stm |title=US tycoon charged over $8bn fraud |publisher=BBC News |date=17 February 2009 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712134738/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7895505.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===T20 leagues===
{{Main|List of T20 cricket competitions}}
[[File:SRH fans while an ipl match.jpg|thumb|Crowd during a match of the [[2015 IPL]] season in [[Hyderabad]], India]]
Several T20 leagues started after the popularity of the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1124714/are-t20-leagues-making-money|title=Are T20 leagues making money?|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012513/http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1124714/are-t20-leagues-making-money|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] started the [[Indian Premier League]] popularly known as [[IPL]], which is now the largest cricket league, in 2008, which utilizes the [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|North American sports franchise]] system with ten teams in major Indian cities. In September 2017, the broadcasting and digital rights for the next five years (2018–2022) of the IPL<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL Live Score|url=https://iplt20lives.com/|access-date=8 April 2021|website=iplt20lives.com|language=en|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412215221/https://iplt20lives.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> were sold to [[Star India]] for US$2.55 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/sep/04/ipl-rights-sold-star-india-cricket-twenty-20|title=IPL television and broadcast rights sold for massive £1.97bn to Star India|date=4 September 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904130121/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/sep/04/ipl-rights-sold-star-india-cricket-twenty-20|url-status=live}}</ref> making it one of the world's most lucrative sports league per match. The IPL has seen a spike in its brand valuation to US$5.3 billion after the [[2017 Indian Premier League|10th edition]], according to global valuation and corporate finance advisor Duff & Phelps.<ref name="IPL 2017 Valuation">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ipl-brand-valuation-rises-to-usd-5-3-billion-duff-phelps/articleshow/60195840.cms|title=IPL 2017 Valuation|work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2017 |publisher=TOI|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917200045/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ipl-brand-valuation-rises-to-usd-5-3-billion-duff-phelps/articleshow/60195840.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Big Bash League]], [[Bangladesh Premier League]], [[Pakistan Super League]], [[Caribbean Premier League]], and [[Afghanistan Premier League]] started thereafter, following similar formulae, and remained popular with the fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/IPL-worlds-6th-most-attended-league-Big-Bash-9th-Report/articleshow/50535961.cms|title=IPL world's 6th most attended league, Big Bash 9th: Report|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216184007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/IPL-worlds-6th-most-attended-league-Big-Bash-9th-Report/articleshow/50535961.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/20215459/the-lowdown-all-t20-leagues|title=The lowdown on the major T20 leagues|date=3 August 2017|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025024/http://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/20215459/the-lowdown-all-t20-leagues|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Women's Big Bash League]] was started in 2015 by Cricket Australia, while the [[Kia Super League]] was started in [[England and Wales]] in 2016. The [[Mzansi Super League]] in [[South Africa]] was started in 2018. Global Cricket League was started in 2026 by USA cricket to promote cricket nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Global Cricket League |url=https://smartcrichd.com/global-cricket-league/ |website=SmartcricHD}}</ref>

Several T20 leagues<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-09|title=IPL format: No time to relax|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ipl-format-no-time-to-relax/story-ea1PcKRdYoIir1PIuq7MTN.html|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125152823/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ipl-format-no-time-to-relax/story-ea1PcKRdYoIir1PIuq7MTN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> follow the general format of having a group stage followed by a [[Page playoff system]] among the top four teams where:
* The first- and second-highest placed teams in the group stage face off, with the winner going to the final.
* The third- and fourth-place teams face off, with the loser being eliminated.
* The two teams who have not yet made it to the final after the above two matches have been played face off to fill the second berth in the final.

In the Big Bash League, there was an additional match to determine which of the fourth- or fifth-placed teams will qualify to be in the top four, Until the 2022/23 season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=EXPLAINED {{!}} Format of Big Bash League 2019–20 finals|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/explained-format-of-big-bash-league-2019-20-finals-1502848043.html|access-date=2020-09-02|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193417/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/explained-format-of-big-bash-league-2019-20-finals-1502848043.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Twenty20 Internationals===
{{Main|Twenty20 International|Women's Twenty20 International}}
The first Twenty20 International match was held on 5 August 2004 between the [[England national women's cricket team|England]] and [[New Zealand national women's cricket team|New Zealand]] women's teams, with New Zealand winning by nine runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/135007.html |title=Revolution at the seaside |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=6 August 2004 |access-date=24 March 2010 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174603/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/revolution-at-the-seaside-135007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 February 2005 [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] defeated [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in the first men's international Twenty20 match, played at [[Eden Park]] in [[Auckland]]. The game was played in a light-hearted manner – both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s, the New Zealand team's a direct copy of that worn by the [[Beige Brigade]]. Some of the players also sported moustaches or beards and hairstyles popular in the 1980s, taking part in a competition amongst themselves for "best retro look", at the request of the Beige Brigade. Australia won the game comprehensively, and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings, the players and umpires took things less seriously: [[Glenn McGrath]] jokingly replayed the [[Trevor Chappell]] [[1981 underarm bowling incident|underarm incident]] from a 1981 ODI between the two sides, and [[Billy Bowden]] showed him a mock [[Red card (sports)|red card]] (red cards are not normally used in cricket) in response.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

On 16 February 2006 New Zealand defeated [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] in a tie-breaking [[bowl-out]] 3–0; 126 runs were scored apiece in the game proper.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

The ICC has declared that it sees T20 as the optimal format for globalizing the game,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cricket gets smaller before it can grow?|url=https://playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2019/0572_cricket-gets-smaller-before-it-can-grow/|access-date=2021-10-27|website=playthegame.org|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181807/https://playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2019/0572_cricket-gets-smaller-before-it-can-grow/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2018, announced that it will give international status to all T20 cricket matches played between its member nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=T20s between all ICC members to have international status|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20s-between-all-icc-members-to-have-international-status-1144460|access-date=2021-10-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181808/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20s-between-all-icc-members-to-have-international-status-1144460|url-status=live}}</ref> This resulted in a significant leap in the number of T20I matches played across the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-20|title=Cricket looks set to become a global game|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/10/20/cricket-looks-set-to-become-a-global-game|access-date=2021-10-29|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029031903/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/10/20/cricket-looks-set-to-become-a-global-game|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 International Cricket drives significant growth in 2019|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1607399|access-date=2021-10-27|website=icc-cricket.com|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181806/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1607399|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Twenty20 World Cup ====
{{Main|ICC Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
Every two years an [[ICC World Twenty20]] tournament is to take place, except in the event of an [[ICC Cricket World Cup]] being scheduled in the same year, in which case it will be held the year before. The first tournament was in [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 in South Africa]] where [[India cricket team|India]] defeated [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final. Two Associate teams had played in the first tournament, selected through the [[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One]], a 50-over competition. In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20-over format to better prepare the teams. With six participants, two would qualify for the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 World Twenty20]] and would each receive $250,000 in prize money.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-to-be-held-in-ireland-325356 |access-date=17 May 2012 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210141841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-to-be-held-in-ireland-325356 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|second tournament]] was won by [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]], who beat [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] by eight wickets in England on 21 June 2009. The [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]] tournament was held in the West Indies in May 2010, where [[England cricket team|England]] defeated [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] by seven wickets. The [[2012 ICC World Twenty20]] was won by the West Indies, by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals. It was the first time in cricket history when a T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country. The [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] was won by Sri Lanka, by defeating India at the finals, where the tournament was held in Bangladesh. The [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] was won by West Indies. In July 2020, the ICC announced that both the 2020 and 2021 editions had been postponed by one year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

In June 2021, the ICC expanded the Twenty20 World Cup from 16 to 20 teams starting from the 2024 edition onwards.

India won the 2024 T20 WC, which marked the last T20 campaign for Virat Kohli and Rohit Sharma. In the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]], India defeated New Zealand in the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup final|final]], thus becoming the only team to win back-to-back T20 World Cups (2024 and 2026), and a record three titles in the T20 World Cup.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC expands men's world events: ODI WC to 14 teams, T20 WC to 20 teams|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-expands-men-s-world-events-odi-world-cup-to-14-teams-t20-world-cup-to-20-teams-1264847|access-date=2021-10-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181807/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-expands-men-s-world-events-odi-world-cup-to-14-teams-t20-world-cup-to-20-teams-1264847|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Impact on the game===
[[File:Twenty20 cricket start.JPG|thumb|Twenty20 matches can have some exciting displays, such as when the batsmen run out to the pitch]]
Twenty20 cricket is claimed to have resulted in a more athletic and explosive form of cricket. Indian fitness coach [[Ramji Srinivasan]] declared in an interview with the Indian fitness website Takath.com that Twenty20 had "raised the bar" in terms of fitness levels for all players, demanding higher levels of strength, speed, agility and reaction time from all players regardless of role in the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.takath.com/articles/20090619|title=An interview with Ramji Srinivasan|publisher=Takath.com|date=19 June 2009|access-date=22 June 2009|archive-date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008182417/http://www.takath.com/articles/20090619|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Matthew Hayden]] credited retirement from international cricket with aiding his performance in general and fitness in particular in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/hayden-heroics-shining-light-of-ipl/1511995.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918140528/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/hayden-heroics-shining-light-of-ipl/1511995.aspx|title=Hayden heroics shining light of IPL|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|date=13 May 2009|archive-date=18 September 2009 }}</ref>

Several commentators have noted that the T20 format has been embraced by many Associate Members of the ICC partly because it is more financially viable to play.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/germany-brazil-thailand-t20-the-vehicle-to-drive-cricket-to-ever-newer-horizons-7585722/ Germany, Brazil, Thailand: T20 the vehicle to drive cricket to ever newer horizons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181805/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/germany-brazil-thailand-t20-the-vehicle-to-drive-cricket-to-ever-newer-horizons-7585722/ |date=27 October 2021 }} <nowiki>https://indianexpress.com/</nowiki> 23 October 2021

"We are good at T20 because that's the format in which we get maximum exposure, apart from the fact that it is financially viable", says former Afghanistan Cricket Association chief executive Shafiq Stanikzai.</ref><ref name=":0" /> T20's success has also inspired the invention of even shorter formats, such as [[T10 cricket]] and [[100-ball cricket]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thirty-two predictions for the future of Twenty20 cricket |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20-cricket-future-revolution-icc-tim-wigmore-freddie-wilde-a9179116.html |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> and its impact on cricket has been compared to or served as inspiration for innovations in other sports, such as with the [[3x3 basketball|3x3 variant]] of basketball or the Indian [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon, DHNS |first=Sandeep |title=Sport and culture: An evolutionary tale |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/sport-and-culture-an-evolutionary-tale-1031884.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Former Australian captain [[Ricky Ponting]], on the other hand, has criticised Twenty20 as being detrimental to Test cricket and for hampering batsmen's scoring skills and concentration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phone.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/529427.html|title=I told Dravid not to retire – Ponting|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205074331/http://phone.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/529427.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former Australian captain [[Greg Chappell]] made similar complaints, fearing that young players would play too much T20 and not develop their batting skills fully, while former England player [[Alex Tudor]] feared the same for bowling skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2013/content/story/706051.html|title=How is T20 affecting cricket?|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205074521/http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2013/content/story/706051.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/cricket/alex-tudor-fears-t20-is-killing-cricket-s-traditional-skills-a3213941.html|title=Alex Tudor fears T20 is killing cricket's traditional skills|date=30 March 2016|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205074222/https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/cricket/alex-tudor-fears-t20-is-killing-cricket-s-traditional-skills-a3213941.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former [[West Indies]] captains [[Clive Lloyd]], [[Michael Holding]] and [[Garfield Sobers]] criticised Twenty20 for its role in discouraging players from representing their national Test team, with many West Indies players like [[Chris Gayle]], [[Sunil Narine]], [[Jason Holder]] and [[Dwayne Bravo]] preferring to play in Twenty20 franchises elsewhere in the world and earn more money.<ref>{{cite web | title=Latest news & breaking headlines | url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/739304fc-7038-4dd4-ae12-1fedd14ceb82?shareToken=ac39a9affbee92bf2ee5caa8fb075c48 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/t20-cricket-has-destroyed-west-indies-cricket-sir-garfield-sobers-2478570.html|title=T20 cricket has destroyed West Indies cricket: Sir Garfield Sobers – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=22 October 2015|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072238/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/t20-cricket-has-destroyed-west-indies-cricket-sir-garfield-sobers-2478570.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/816159.html|title=T20 has messed our cricket up – Lloyd|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205075109/http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/816159.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/cricket/842428/Why-isn-t-Chris-Gayle-playing-West-Indies-England-Test-cricket-series|title=Why isn't Chris Gayle playing for West Indies against England? Test absence explained|first=James|last=Gray|date=17 August 2017|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072346/https://www.express.co.uk/sport/cricket/842428/Why-isn-t-Chris-Gayle-playing-West-Indies-England-Test-cricket-series|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/missing-stars-india-vs-west-indies-gayle-narine-pollard|title=Gayle, Bravo, Pollard – Why Windies' Stars Will Skip India Series|date=23 June 2017|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072629/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/missing-stars-india-vs-west-indies-gayle-narine-pollard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/7790638/Twenty20-will-kill-Test-cricket-within-20-years-says-West-Indian-great-Michael-Holding.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/7790638/Twenty20-will-kill-Test-cricket-within-20-years-says-West-Indian-great-Michael-Holding.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Twenty20 will kill Test cricket within 20 years, says West Indian great Michael Holding|first=Jim|last=White|date=1 June 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Similar, New Zealand players [[Trent Boult]] and [[Jimmy Neesham]] turned down central contracts enabling them to play cricket for New Zealand, instead preferring to concentrate on Twenty20 franchise cricket.<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jimmy-neesham-declines-new-zealand-contract-blair-tickner-and-finn-allen-handed-deals-1334867?platform=amp</ref> English commentators [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[Jonathan Agnew]] have both expressed dissatisfaction with the format and its effects on longer-form cricket.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2022/06/06/englands-top-order-flops-have-failed-broken-system/#comment</ref><ref>https://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/bbc-commentator-jonathan-agnew-on-why-he-hates-the-term-batter/news-story/34e71423984e3dccc65c8346a05d2ff2</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Under-17s and Under-19s are playing T20 games in national championships, and at the detriment of two-day games. Good state players these days are averaging 35; if you were averaging 35 when I was playing your dad would go and buy you a basketball or a footy and tell you to play that.
|author = [[Ricky Ponting]]
|source =<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/529427.html | title=I told Dravid not to retire – Ponting | date=25 August 2011 | publisher=ESPN Cricinfo | access-date=30 December 2018 | archive-date=8 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008135038/http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/529427.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|width=300px
}}

=== Inclusion in multi-sport events ===
In June 2009, speaking at the annual [[Cowdrey Lecture]] at [[Lord's]], former Australian wicketkeeper [[Adam Gilchrist]] pushed for Twenty20 to be made an [[Olympic sport]]. "It would," he said, "be difficult to see a better, quicker or cheaper way of spreading the game throughout the world."<ref>Quoted in [[Lawrence Booth|Booth, Lawrence]]. "Myths; And stereotypes." ''The Spin'', 30 June 2009.</ref> This became a reality starting with the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. T20 cricket has also been accepted into the [[Asian Games]] and [[Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=T20 cricket confirmed as one of five new sports at LA28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-at-la28-cricket-confirmed-as-one-of-five-new-sports-at-la28-1403570 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Match format and rules==
===Format===
Twenty20 match format is a form of [[limited overs cricket]] in that it involves two teams, each with a single [[innings]]. The key feature is that each team bats for a maximum of 20 [[over (cricket)|overs]] (120 legal balls). The batting team members do not arrive from and depart to traditional dressing rooms, but come and go from a bench (typically a row of chairs) visible in the playing arena, analogous to association football's [[technical area]] or a baseball [[Dugout (baseball)|dugout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/998821.html|title=Bringing back fences could help even up the contest between bat and ball, and ensure that all sixes are genuine|date=17 April 2016|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521031419/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/998821.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Twenty20 game.jpg|thumb|[[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] playing against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] at [[Lord's]], in front of a 28,000-strong crowd]]

===General rules===
The [[Laws of Cricket]] apply to Twenty20, with some variations depending on the exact competition rules. The most common include:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://twenty20worldcup.cricketworld4u.com/rules.php| title=Twenty20 Rules| access-date=5 January 2015| publisher=CricketWorld4U| archive-date=28 December 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228191508/http://twenty20worldcup.cricketworld4u.com/rules.php| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2025}}

* Each bowler may bowl a maximum of only one-fifth of the total overs per innings. For a full, uninterrupted match, this is four overs.
* If a bowler delivers a [[no-ball]] by overstepping the [[Crease (cricket)|crease]], it costs one or two runs (depending on the competition) and their next delivery is designated a "[[free hit]]". In this circumstance the batter can only be dismissed through a [[run out]], [[Hit the ball twice|hitting the ball twice]] or [[obstructing the field]].
* The following [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding]] restrictions apply:
** No more than five fielders can be on the [[leg side]] at any time.
** During the first six overs, a maximum of two fielders can be outside the [[Fielding (cricket)#Restrictions on field placement|30-yard circle]] (this is known as the [[Powerplay (cricket)|powerplay]]).
** After the first six overs, a maximum of five fielders can be outside the fielding circle.
*** However, in Australia's [[Big Bash League]] the Powerplay is only the first 4 overs, with the batters choosing when the same restrictions apply for 2 overs in the second half of the innings, in a period called a Powersurge.

===Tie deciders===
{{Main|Super Over}}
Currently, if the match ends with the scores tied and there must be a winner, the tie is broken with a one-over-per-side Eliminator<ref name=Cricinfo_Twenty20_Eliminator_27Jun2008>{{cite web
| url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/358299.html
| title=One-over eliminator could replace bowl-out
| date=27 June 2008
| access-date=26 December 2008
| publisher=cricinfo.com [[cricinfo.com]]
| archive-date=28 June 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628090639/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/358299.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref> or [[Super Over]]:<ref name=ABC_Twenty20_NZvWI_26Dec2008_SuperOver>{{cite web
| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/26/2455345.htm
| title=Windies edge NZ in Twenty20 thriller
| date=26 December 2008
| access-date=26 December 2008
| publisher=abc.net.au [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| archive-date=29 December 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229064717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/26/2455345.htm
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name=Cricinfo_Twenty20_NZvWI_26Dec2008_SuperOver>{{cite web
| url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/nzvwi2008_09/content/current/story/384254.html
| title=Benn stars in thrilling tie
| date=26 December 2008
| access-date=26 December 2008
| publisher=cricinfo.com [[cricinfo.com]]
| archive-date=7 February 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207172225/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/nzvwi2008_09/content/current/story/384254.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref> Each team nominates three batsmen and one bowler to play a one-over-per-side "mini-match". The team which bats second in the match bats first in the Super Over.<ref name="Cricinfo_Twenty20_NZvWI_26Dec2008_VettoriopposesSuperover_HTMLline422">{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/nzvwi2008_09/content/story/384312.html|title=Vettori opposes Super Over|date=26 December 2008|publisher=cricinfo.com [[cricinfo.com]]|access-date=5 February 2009|archive-date=30 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230220549/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/nzvwi2008_09/content/story/384312.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cricinfo_Twenty20_13Jan2009_TheEliminator">{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/386201.html|title=One1|last=The Explainer|date=13 January 2009|publisher=cricinfo.com [[cricinfo.com]]|access-date=5 February 2009|archive-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102133737/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/386201.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In turn, each side bats one over bowled by the one nominated opposition bowler, with their innings over if they lose two wickets before the over is completed. The side with the higher score from their Super Over wins.
If the Super Over also ends up in a tie, it is repeated until the tie is broken.

In the Australian domestic competition the [[Big Bash League]], the Super Over is played slightly differently, with no two-wicket limit, and if the Super Over is also tied then a "[[wikt:countback|countback]]" is used, with scores after the fifth ball for each team being used to determine the result. If it is still tied, then the countback goes to four balls, and so on.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigbash.com.au/the-league/rules|title=KFC T20 Big Bash League: Rules|publisher=KFC T20 Big Bash League|access-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109215244/http://www.bigbash.com.au/the-league/rules|archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> The latest Super Over to decide a match was between the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] on 6 June 2024, in the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] at [[Grand Prairie Stadium]] in Dallas, Texas, with the United States winning 18/1 to 13/1 in the Super Over after tying on 159.

Tied Twenty20 matches were previously decided by a [[bowl-out]] until 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2008 |title=Super Over to replace bowl out |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/super-over-to-replace-bowl-out-375503 |access-date=5 January 2015 |publisher=ESPN CricInfo |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030755/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/super-over-to-replace-bowl-out-375503 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International==
{{Main|Twenty20 International|Women's Twenty20 International}}
[[Women's Twenty20 International|Women's]] and [[Twenty20 International|men's Twenty20 Internationals]] have been played since 2004 and 2005 respectively. To date, 76 nations have played the format, including all [[Test nations|Test-playing nations]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Nation
! Date of men's T20I debut
! Date of women's T20I debut
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
| 17 February 2005
| 2 September 2005
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
| 17 February 2005
| 5 August 2004
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| 13 June 2005
| 5 August 2004
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
| 21 October 2005
| 10 August 2007
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| 16 February 2006
| 27 June 2008
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
| 15 June 2006
| 12 June 2009
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
| 28 August 2006
| 25 May 2009
|-
| {{cr|BAN}}
| 28 November 2006
| 27 August 2012
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| 28 November 2006
| 5 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| 1 December 2006
| 5 August 2006
|-
| {{cr|KEN}}
| 1 September 2007
| 6 April 2019
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
| 12 September 2007
| 7 July 2018
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
| 2 August 2008
| 27 June 2008
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
| 2 August 2008
| 27 June 2008
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
| 2 August 2008
| 17 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|BER}}
| 3 August 2008
|
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| 2 February 2010
|
|-
| {{cr|NEP}}
| 16 March 2014
| 12 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|HK}}
| 16 March 2014
| 12 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}
| 17 March 2014
| 7 July 2018
|-
| {{cr|PNG|size=23px}}
| 15 July 2015
| 7 July 2018
|-
| {{cr|OMA}}
| 25 July 2015
| 17 January 2020
|-
| {{cr|SLE}}
| 19 October 2021
| 20 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|LES}}
| 16 October 2021
| 20 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|KOR}}
| 9 October 2022
| 3 November 2018
|-
| {{cr|CHN}}
| 26 July 2023
| 3 November 2018
|-
| {{cr|INA}}
| 9 October 2022
| 12 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|MYA}}
| 26 July 2023
| 12 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|BHU}}
| 5 December 2019
| 13 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|BHR}}
| 20 January 2019
| 20 March 2022
|-
| {{cr|KSA}}
| 20 January 2019
| 20 March 2022
|-
| {{cr|KUW}}
| 20 January 2019
| 18 February 2019
|-
| {{cr|MDV}}
| 20 January 2019
| 2 December 2019
|-
| {{cr|QAT}}
| 21 January 2019
| 17 January 2020
|-
| {{cr|RWA}}
| 18 August 2021
| 26 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|USA}}
| 15 March 2019
| 17 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|PHI}}
| 22 March 2019
| 21 December 2019
|-
| {{cr|VAN}}
| 22 March 2019
| 6 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|ESP}}
| 29 March 2019
| 5 May 2022
|-
| {{cr|MLT}}
| 29 March 2019
| 27 August 2022
|-
| {{cr|MEX}}
| 25 April 2019
| 23 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|BLZ}}
| 25 April 2019
| 13 December 2019
|-
| {{cr|CRC}}
| 25 April 2019
| 26 April 2019
|-
| {{cr|PAN}}
| 25 April 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|JPN}}
| 9 October 2022
| 6 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|FIJ}}
| 9 September 2022
| 6 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|TAN}}
| 2 November 2021
| 6 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|BEL}}
| 11 May 2019
| 25 September 2021
|-
| {{cr|GER}}
| 11 May 2019
| 26 June 2019
|-
| {{cr|UGA}}
| 20 May 2019
| 7 July 2018
|-
| {{cr|NGA}}
| 20 May 2019
| 26 January 2019
|-
| {{cr|GHA}}
| 20 May 2019
| 28 March 2022
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
| 20 May 2019
| 20 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|BOT}}
| 20 May 2019
| 20 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|ITA}}
| 25 May 2019
| 9 August 2021
|-
| {{cr|GUE}}
| 31 May 2019
| 31 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|JER}}
| 31 May 2019
| 31 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|NOR}}
| 15 June 2019
| 31 July 2019
|-
| {{cr|DEN}}
| 16 June 2019
| 28 May 2022
|-
| {{cr|MLI}}
| 17 November 2021
| 18 June 2019
|-
| {{cr|MAS}}
| 24 June 2019
| 3 June 2018
|-
| {{cr|THA}}
| 24 June 2019
| 3 June 2018
|-
| {{cr|SAM}}
| 8 July 2019
| 6 May 2019
|-
| {{cr|FIN}}
| 13 July 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|SIN}}
| 22 July 2019
| 9 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|FRA}}
| 5 August 2021
| 31 July 2019
|-
| {{cr|CAY}}
| 18 August 2019
| 26 September 2024
|-
| {{cr|AUT}}
| 29 August 2019
| 31 July 2019
|-
| {{cr|ROM}}
| 29 August 2019
| 27 August 2022
|-
| {{cr|LUX}}
| 29 August 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|TUR}}
| 29 August 2019
|29 May 2023
|-
| {{cr|CZE}}
| 30 August 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|ARG}}
| 3 October 2019
| 3 October 2019
|-
| {{cr|BRA}}
| 3 October 2019
| 23 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|CHI}}
| 3 October 2019
| 23 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|PER}}
| 3 October 2019
| 3 October 2019
|-
| {{cr|BUL}}
| 14 October 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|SRB}}
| 14 October 2019
| 10 September 2022
|-
| {{cr|GRE}}
| 15 October 2019
| 9 September 2022
|-
| {{cr|POR}}
| 25 October 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|GIB}}
| 26 October 2019
|
|-
| {{cr|MAW}}
| 6 November 2019
| 20 August 2018
|-
| {{cr|MOZ}}
| 6 November 2019
| 20 August 2018
|-
|{{cr|TLS}}
|6 November 2025
|
|}

===T20 International rankings===
{{Main|ICC World Twenty20 rankings|ICC Women's ODI and T20I rankings}}
In November 2011, the ICC released the first Twenty20 International rankings for the men's game, based on the same system as the Test and ODI rankings. The rankings cover a two- to three-year period, with matches since the most recent 1 August weighted fully, matches in the preceding 12 months weighted two-thirds, and matches in the 12 months preceding that weighted one-third. To qualify for the rankings, teams must have played at least eight Twenty20 Internationals in the ranking period.<ref>[http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/match_zone/team_ranking.php ICC Team Rankings] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117001145/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/match_zone/team_ranking.php |date=17 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>Kendix, David. [http://www.espncricinfo.com/rankings/content/page/211271.html ICC rankings for Tests, ODIs, Twenty20 & Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303202904/http://www.espncricinfo.com/rankings/content/page/211271.html |date=3 March 2015 }}. ''ESPN Cricinfo''. ESPN Sports Media Ltd.</ref>

The ICC Women's Rankings were launched in October 2015, which aggregated performance over all three forms of the game.<ref name="ICC_womens_ranking">{{cite web|title=ICC Women's Team Rankings launched|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/89919/icc-womens-team-rankings-launched|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225090128/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/89919/icc-womens-team-rankings-launched|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2018, the ICC announced that the women's ranking would be split between ODIs and T20Is, and released both tables shortly thereafter.<ref name="ICCwomen">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/877811 |title=ICC Launches Global Women's T20I Team Rankings |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134938/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/877811 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{col-float}}
{{transcluded section|ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings}}
{{#section-h:ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|Current rankings}}
{{col-float-break}}
{{transcluded section|ICC Women's ODI and T20I Team Rankings}}
{{#section-h:ICC Women's ODI and T20I Team Rankings|T20I rankings}}
{{col-float-end}}

==Domestic professional T20 leagues==
[[File:HobartVSPerth WACA.jpg|thumb|The [[Perth Scorchers]] taking on the [[Hobart Hurricanes]] at the [[WACA Ground]] during [[Australia|Australia's]] [[2011–12 Big Bash League season|BBL 01]] (2011–12).]]
[[File:Providence Stadium, CPL 2018.jpg|thumb|The [[Guyana Amazon Warriors]] taking on the [[Trinbago Knight Riders]] at the [[Providence Stadium]] during [[West Indies|West Indies']] [[2018 Caribbean Premier League|CPL 06]] (2018).]]

{{Main|List of Twenty20 cricket competitions}}

This is a list of the current Twenty20 domestic competitions in several of the leading cricket countries.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#bdb560b;"
!Country
!Domestic competitions
!Est.
!Number of teams
!Most Successful Team
|-
|[[Cricket in Australia|Australia]] || [[Big Bash League]]
|[[2011–12 Big Bash League season|2011]]|| 8
|[[Perth Scorchers]] (6)
|-
|[[Cricket in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] || [[Bangladesh Premier League]], [[National Cricket League Twenty20]]
|[[2012 Bangladesh Premier League|2012]]|| 6, 8
|[[Comilla Victorians]] (4)
|-
|[[Cricket in Canada|Canada]] || [[Global T20 Canada]]
|[[2018 Global T20 Canada|2018]]|| 6
|(1)
|-
|[[Cricket in England|England]] || [[T20 Blast|Vitality Blast]]
|[[2015 T20 Blast|2003]]|| 18
|[[Leicestershire Foxes]] (3)
|-
|[[Cricket in India|India]]|| [[Indian Premier League]], [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]|| 10, 38
|[[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Mumbai Indians]] (5), [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (3)
|-
|[[Cricket in Ireland|Ireland]]|| [[Inter-Provincial Trophy]]
|[[2013 Inter-Provincial Championship|2013]]|| 4
|[[Leinster Lightning]] (9)
|-
|[[Cricket in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]|| [[Dutch Twenty20 Cup]]
|2007|| 16
|[[VRA Amsterdam]] (5)
|-
|[[Cricket in Nepal|Nepal]]|| [[Nepal Premier League]]
|[[2024 Nepal Premier League|2024]]|| 8
|[[Janakpur Bolts]], [[Lumbini Lions]] (1)
|-
|[[Cricket in New Zealand|New Zealand]]|| [[Super Smash (men's cricket)|Super Smash]]
|2005|| 6
|[[Auckland cricket team|Auckland Aces]] (5)
|-
|[[Cricket in Pakistan|Pakistan]]|| [[Pakistan Super League]], [[National T20 Cup]], [[Champions T20 Cup]]
|[[2016 Pakistan Super League|2016]]|| 8, 8, 6
|[[Lahore Qalandars]], [[Islamabad United]] (3)
|-
|[[Cricket in Scotland|Scotland]]||[[Murgitroyd Twenty20]], [[Regional Pro Series]]
|2008|| 3
|Carlton Cricket Club (5)
|-
|[[Cricket in South Africa|South Africa]]||[[SA20]], [[CSA Provincial T20 Cup]]
|[[2023 SA20|2023]]|| 6, 15, 6
|[[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] (3)
|-
|[[Cricket in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]|| [[Lanka Premier League]]
|[[2020 Lanka Premier League|2020]]|| 5
|[[Jaffna Kings]] (4)
|-
|[[Cricket in the West Indies|West Indies]]|| [[Caribbean Premier League]]
|[[2013 Caribbean Premier League|2013]]|| 6
|[[Trinbago Knight Riders]] (5)
|-
|[[Cricket in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]|| [[International League T20]]
|[[2023 International League T20|2023]]|| 6
|[[Gulf Giants]], [[MI Emirates]], [[Dubai Capitals]], [[Desert Vipers]] (1)
|-
|[[Cricket in the United States|United States]]|| [[Major League Cricket]]
|[[2023 Major League Cricket season|2023]]|| 6
|[[MI New York]] (2)
|-
|[[Cricket in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]|| [[Stanbic Bank 20 Series]]
|[[2024 Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20|2006]]|| 5
|[[Mashonaland Eagles]] (4)
|}
''Championships are correct to 26 January 2026.''

{{Wide image|Eden Gardens Kolkata.jpg|950|The [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] taking on the [[Chennai Super Kings]] at the [[Eden Gardens]] during [[India|India's]] [[2008 Indian Premier League|IPL 01]] (2008)}}

==See also==
* [[List of Twenty20 cricket records]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International records]]
* [[100-ball cricket]]
** [[The Hundred (cricket)]]
*[[T10 cricket]], the 10-over format of cricket

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Twenty20 cricket}}
*[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html?class=6 Cricinfo – Twenty20 records]
*[https://cricinfot20.com/ CricinfoT20 – Twenty20 records]
*[https://newsable.asianetnews.com/cricket-battle-ipl IPL News 2021]

{{ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Forms of cricket}}
{{Twenty20 leagues}}
{{Team Sport}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Twenty20 cricket| ]]

Tentigo

2026-03-08T10:34:31Z

ChristinaQ73: starting new pg w/ sources

{{short description|Sinhala-language black comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tentigo
| image = Tentigo poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|si|නෙළුම් කුළුණ}}
| director = Ilango Ram
| writer = Ilango Ram
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Hiranya Perera
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Kaushalya Fernando]]
*[[Priyantha Sirikumara]]
*[[Thusitha Laknath]]
*Ranjith Panagoda }}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ilango Ram
| editing = Aathan Sivananthar
| music = Leon Bob James
| studio = Silent Frames Productions<br />Crawling Angel Films<br />[[Stone Bench Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|15|[[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]]|2025|03|14|
Sri Lanka |ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2024/03/24/montage/19550/sinhala-cinema-goes-global-tentigo-set-for-indian-remake/|title=Sinhala cinema goes global: 'Tentigo' set for Indian remake|work=[[Sunday Observer]]|date=24 March 2024|first=Anuradha|last=Kodagoda|access-date=20 January 2025|archive-date=13 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713145300/https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2024/03/24/montage/19550/sinhala-cinema-goes-global-tentigo-set-for-indian-remake/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = Sri Lanka
| language = Sinhala
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tentigo''''' ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] ''Nelum Kuluna''{{Efn|This translates to [[Lotus Tower]] and is a euphemism for an erect penis.}}) ({{Langx|si|නෙළුම් කුළුණ}}) is a 2023 Sri Lankan [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] [[black comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=With 'Nelum Kuluna', Ilango takes Lankan cinema to a new height |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250309/magazine/with-nelum-kuluna-ilango-takes-lankan-cinema-to-a-new-height-591189.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=sundaytimes.lk}}</ref> directed by Ilango Ram and produced by Hiranya Perera for Silent Frames Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=මාර්තු 14 වෙනිදා සිට එන 'නෙළුම් කුළුණ (Tentigo)' |url=https://mirrorarts.lk/ar/news/10678-14-tentigo|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=mirrorarts.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=හිරණ්‍යා පෙරේරා : නෙළුම් කුළුණ නිෂ්පාදකවරිය ඇයයි |url=https://vow.lk/news/entertainment/6111/|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=vow.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=රුක්මල් නිරෝෂ්ගේ 'අවාලූ පැහැ වලාකුලක්' සහ ඉලංගෝ රාම් ගේ 'නෙළුම් කුළුණ'|url=https://thetime.lk/?p=11278 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=thetime.lk}}</ref> The film stars [[Kaushalya Fernando]], Priyantha Sirikumara, [[Thusitha Laknath]] and Ranjith Panagoda. It is the first Sri Lankan film to be remade into other languages including: Spanish, Italian, English, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam whereas France and Belgium in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=නෙලුම් කුලුන Tentigo 14 දා සිට රිදී තිරයට |url=https://sarasaviya.lk/නෙලුම්-කුලුන-tentigo-14-දා-සිට-රිදී/|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=නෙලුම් කුලුන මාධ්‍ය දර්ශනය දා|url=https://sarasaviya.lk/නෙලුම්-කුලුන-මාධ්ය-දර්ශ/|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Sarasaviya}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by Ilango Ram as ''[[Perusu]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/13/vaibhav-and-sunils-next-titled-perusu|title=Vaibhav and Sunil's next titled Perusu|website=Cinema Express|access-date=19 January 2025|date=13 January 2025|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114071655/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/13/vaibhav-and-sunils-next-titled-perusu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=ලාංකිකයෙකු අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටයක් – ඉලංගෝ රාම්ගේ නෙළුම් කුළුණ (Tentigo) කොලිවුඩය ට ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය වෙයි |url=https://sinhala.ceylonnewsfactory.lk/2025/01/14/ලාංකිකයෙකු-අධ්යක්ෂණය-කර/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=ceylonnewsfactory.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nelum Kuluna : The Sinhala Film making history with Global Remakes|url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/03/19/nelum-kuluna-the-sinhala-film-making-history-with-global-remakes/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=newswire.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Sri Lankan film 'Tentigo' becomes first to be remade in multiple languages |url=https://www.themorning.lk/articles/mGMMxWRvWsfA0VEuPvwo |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=themorning.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Sri Lankan Dark Comedy 'Tentigo' To Get An Indian Remake Backed By THIS Producer; Details Inside|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sri-lankan-dark-comedy-tentigo-to-get-an-indian-remake-backed-by-this-producer-details-inside-8738112.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=news18.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Tamil Remake Of Sinhala Comedy Tentigo About Dead Man's Boner Will Be 'Game Changer', Says Producer Sanjay Gulati - EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/tamil-remake-of-sinhala-comedy-tentigo-about-dead-mans-boner-will-be-game-changer-says-producer-sanjay-gulati-excl-article-107910800 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=timesnownews.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Ilango Ram's twin directorials Tentigo, Perusu go global |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ilango-rams-twin-directorials-tentigo-perusu-go-global-825582 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=dtnext.lk}}</ref>

After gaining positive reviews from critics in multiple film festivals,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Tentigo (නෙළුම් කුළුණ) - කවදා හරි මැරෙන්න ඕන එහෙම! |url=https://theleader.lk/news/literature-arts/30751-tentigo |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=theleader.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Tentigo by Ilango Ram |url=https://www.disapprovingswede.com/tentigo-by-ilango-ram/|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=disapprovingswede.lk}}</ref> the film won the special jury award at the [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]] in 2023 and was screened at the [[Glasgow Film Festival]] and [[São Paulo International Film Festival|Mostra]] in 2024.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/erect-penis-comedy-film-sri-lanka-tentigo-indian-remake-1235832323/|title=Tallinn-Winning Erect Penis Comedy 'Tentigo' Set for Indian Remake – SGIFF|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=December 10, 2023|access-date=January 19, 2025|archive-date=October 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006160809/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/erect-penis-comedy-film-sri-lanka-tentigo-indian-remake-1235832323/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=https://filmcarnage.com/2024/03/30/review-tentigo/|title=Review: Tentigo|work=Film Carnage|last=Rebecca|date=March 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exame.com/pop/mostra-internacional-de-cinema-de-sp-10-filmes-imperdiveis-para-ver-nesta-quarta-feira-23/|title=Mostra Internacional de Cinema de SP: 10 filmes imperdíveis para ver nesta quarta-feira, 23|language=es|work=[[Exame]]|first1=Luiza|last1=Vilela|author2=IA Bot}}</ref> It got selected at the [[2nd Eikhoigi Imphal International Film Festival]] 2025 under the International Competition: Fiction section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://powercorridors.in/imphal-film-festival-unveils-diverse-lineup-with-57-films-showcasing-manipuri-classics/|title=Imphal Film Festival Unveils Diverse Lineup with 57 Films, Showcasing Manipuri Classics|author=Navin Upadhyay|website=powercorridors.in}}</ref>

==Plot==
After their father dies, and a funeral is arranged, his penis remains mysteriously erect. His two sons try to discreetly hide it for the funeral while his secret love life gets revealed.<ref name="V"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Tentigo: An erection in Sri Lankan cinema |url=https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2025/03/10/youth-observer/46709/tentigo-an-erection-in-sri-lankan-cinema/|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=sundayobserver.lk}}</ref>

==Cast==
Most of the characters in the film are not named.<ref name="E">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/tentigo-2023-film-review-by-jennie-kermode|title=Tentigo (2023) Movie Review from Eye for Film|website=www.eyeforfilm.co.uk|access-date=2025-01-19|archive-date=2024-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915112150/https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/tentigo-2023-film-review-by-jennie-kermode|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= nelumcast>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=ඉලංගෝ රාම්ගේ උස සිහිනය 'නෙළුම් කුළුණ' |url=https://mirrorarts.lk/ar/news/10371-2025-01-04-02-17-56|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=mirrorarts.lk}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* Ranjith Panagoda as Wilbert Jayabahu, the father
* [[Kaushalya Fernando]] as the mother
* [[Priyantha Sirikumara]] as the elder son<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=ගැහැනියත් පිරිමියත් සමාජයේ ආකල්ප එක්ක ගැටෙනවා – ප්‍රියන්ත සිරිකුමාර |url=https://slleader.lk/entertainment/11998-2025-03-17-03-52-34|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=slleader.lk}}</ref>
* [[Thusitha Laknath]] as the younger son
* [[Chandani Seneviratne]] as Kamala, the neighbor
* [[Dilhani Ekanayake]] as mistress
* Chamila Peiris as mother's younger sister
* Sulochana Weerasinghe as younger son's wife
* Aloka Gayathrie as elder son's wife
* Asela de Silva as doctor
* Saman Koralage as trishaw driver
* Madura Prabhaswara as flowershop manager
* Raja Ganesan as father's friend
* Sarath Moronthuduwa as father's friend
* Sanjeewa Upendra as devil dancer
* Asoka Wendabona as Grama niladhari
* Kanchana Nandani as nurse
* Suleiman Dias as Head Monk
* Pradeep Senaratne as Young Monk
* Aloka Sampath as embalmer
* Ranjula Fernando as embalmer
* Prasanna Kassumpitiya as younger brother's friend
* Ruwan Madanayake as elder brother's friend
* Manjula Ranasinghe as elder brother's friend
* Ravi Bodahandi as Barman
}}
===Child artists===
* Metika Naveen Senaratne
* Kusheya Anagi
* Sehanya Jayasinghe

==Production==
This the maiden feature film direction by Ilango 'Ram' Ramanathan,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mirrorarts.lk/featured/11259-2025-06-30-10-49-30|title=‘නෙළුම් කුළුණ’ චිත්‍රපටය : ඛේදවාචකයකට වඩා ඛේදවාචකයක් - බූපති නලින් |date=13 October 2025 |publisher=mirrorarts.lk |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Tentigo දිවයින පුරා සිනමා හල් වලදී – රට වැටුණත් කුළුණ කෙලින් |url=https://cinema.lk/tentigo-දිවයින-පුරා-සිනමා-හල්-වල/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=cinema.lk}}</ref> who excelled in the Sri Lankan advertising industry as well as an award-winning short film maker who made the short films: ''Nihanḍa Kanduḷu'', ''Ginigath Piyāpath'' and ''Doḍana Kelī''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=මට ඕනෑවුණේ සරල කතාවක් |url=https://divaina.lk/මට-ඕනෑවුණේ-සරල-කතාවක්/|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=divaina.lk}}</ref> He also wrote the screenplay and did the cinematography. The film is produced by Hiranya Perera with co-production by Sanjay Gulati, [[Neeraj Pandey]], Karthikeyan Santhanam, Navaneetha Nachimuthu and Pon Umapathy Kailas. Aathan Sivananthar is the editor and Manjula Perera is the production manager.<ref name= nelumcast />

Muditha Withana and Aruna Sanjaya are the assistant cinematographers, where the assistant director are Niroshan Edirimanne and Prasanna Niroshan.<ref name= nelumcast /> The [[sound design]] and editing was done by Nanda Nandi Jayakody, sound mixing by Tapas Nayak and color mixing by Dinindu Jagoda. Leon Bob James is the music director, where Rangana Sinharage handled music and sound supervision. Charumathi Muralidharan made background vocals, Ajantha Alahakoon made production planning and [[Rajitha]] Dikhinna made styling and hairstyling. Composition assistants are Navodya Sathsara and Suhan Perera, and production management assistant is Upamali Nuwarapaksha. Ajantha Alahakoon and Niroshan Suranjith made costumes with the assistance of Anusha Ayanthi Seneviratne. Still photography is handled by Sanjeevan Sangilakumar.<ref name= nelumcast />

==Reception==
Jennie Kermode of the UK-based ''Eye For Film'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Despite juggling an increasingly large number of characters, most of whom are never named, the film keeps its balance well".<ref name="E"/> Panos Kotzathanasis of ''Asian Movie Pulse'' wrote, "As a whole, however, and for most of its duration, it makes sense, while it will be interesting to see where Ram moves following this movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2023/12/film-review-tentigo-2023-by-illango-ram/|title=Film Review: Tentigo (2023) by Illango Ram|first=Panos|last=Kotzathanasis|date=December 15, 2023|website=Asian Movie Pulse|access-date=January 19, 2025|archive-date=December 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143550/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2023/12/film-review-tentigo-2023-by-illango-ram/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rebecca of ''Film Carnage'' rated teh film 8/10 stars and wrote, "''Tentigo'' is a clever comedy, it captures a bizarre and satisfyingly ridiculous situation while never itself feeling over the top. It has a surprising and unusual balance to handle the topic of grief in a respectful manner, while being funny throughout".<ref name="FC"/> Eoghan Lyng of ''D Movies'' wrote, "Ilango Ram’s family drama is actually one of the most original comedies in some time" and added that "[t]here is a little bit too much going on, for too long, but when the characters finally reach their point of destination, it feels well earned".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Tentigo |url=https://dmovies.org/2023/11/17/tentigo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724185916/https://dmovies.org/2023/11/17/tentigo/ |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |work=DMovies}}</ref> Nikhiil Akhiil of ''High On Films'' rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "With the aid of witty writing and a perfect ensemble, this film stands out as a new-wave dark comedy entry from Sri Lanka".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.highonfilms.com/tentigo-2023-poff-movie-review/ | title=Tentigo (2023) 'POFF' Movie Review: Accentuating the Skeletons in the Closet through Genuine Laughs | date=15 January 2024 | access-date=19 January 2025 | archive-date=28 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528145648/https://www.highonfilms.com/tentigo-2023-poff-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Jhanvi Vipin of ''[[Strathclyde Telegraph]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "Ultimately, it’s a comedy-drama film that highlights that humour and sorrow can co-exist and that hidden secrets can unveil at the worst (or funniest!) of times".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://strathclydetelegraph.com/2024/03/23/gff24-review-tentigo-%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85/|title=GFF24 Review: Tentigo ★★★★|first=Jhanvi|last=Vipin|date=March 23, 2024|website=[[Strathclyde Telegraph]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|30343852}}

[[Category:2023 Sinhala-language films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan comedy films]]

P. N. Rangarajan

2026-03-07T23:58:41Z

ChristinaQ73: put up a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian biochemist, virologist and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = P. N. Rangarajan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Biochemistry]] | [[Virology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Salk Institute for Biological Studies]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[eukaryotic]] [[gene expression]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2001 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2007 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Pundi Narasimhan Rangarajan''' (born 15 April 1963) is an Indian biochemist, virologist and a professor at the department of biochemistry of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. Prof Rangarajan is currently the Chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at Indian Institute of Science. Known for his research on [[eukaryotic]] [[gene expression]], Rangarajan is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2007.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:IISc Main Building.jpg|thumb|235px|Indian Institute of Science]]
P. N. Rangarajan, born in [[Bengaluru]] in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]], secured a PhD from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) in 1989 and did his post doctoral work at [[Salk Institute for Biological Studies]] during 1990-92.<ref name="Faculty Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://biochem.iisc.ernet.in/pnrangarajan.php |title=Faculty Profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404123406/http://biochem.iisc.ernet.in/pnrangarajan.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> After serving [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] as a research associate for a year, he returned to India to join IISc at the department of biochemistry in 1993 where he is a professor. At IISc, he has been carrying out research on how [[neurotropic virus]]es induce changes in [[eukaryotic]] [[gene expression]] in humans.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=32 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> He leads a team of scientists engaged in the studies of ''[[Pichia pastoris]]'', a [[methylotrophic]] [[yeast]] species, with regard to its [[transcription factors]] and the regulation of carbon metabolism.<ref name="Professor Department of Biochemistry">{{Cite book |url=http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty/p-n-rangarajan |title=Professor Department of Biochemistry |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002808/http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty%2Fp-n-rangarajan |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also done extensive work on vaccine development against infectious diseases such as [[rabies]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[Japanese encephalitis]] and he and his colleagues were successful in developing a new DNA-based vaccine against rabies.<ref name="BurmaChakravorty2011">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Burma|author2=Maharani Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA464|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=464–}}</ref> Later, they improved the vaccine performance by combining the DNA-based rabies vaccine with a controlled quantity of inactivated virus prepared through cell culture.<ref name="DNA vaccines can be produced more rapidly than conventional vaccines">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=42376&sectionid=42 |title=DNA vaccines can be produced more rapidly than conventional vaccines |date=3 January 2008 |publisher=Pharmabiz |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402083249/http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=42376&sectionid=42 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The work earned Rangarajan and his colleagues [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]]<ref name="PCT/IN2001/000018">{{Cite web |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2002078732 |title=PCT/IN2001/000018 |date=2017 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization}}</ref> and Indian patents<ref name="A novel vaccine formulation consisting of dna vaccine inactivated virus">{{Cite web |url=https://www.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=zU05rYUn/B3dGqGyRhNS9XfDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk= |title=A novel vaccine formulation consisting of dna vaccine inactivated virus |date=2017 |publisher=Orbit}}</ref> and the vaccine, reportedly cheaper to produce than conventional cell culture rabies vaccines, is being marketed by [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]], under the brand name, ''Dinarab''.<ref name="IISc-developed rabies vaccine cleared for sale">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/IISc-developed-rabies-vaccine-cleared-for-sale/articleshow/678230.cms |title=IISc-developed rabies vaccine cleared for sale |date=16 May 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Rangarajan=3APundi_Narasimhan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} of which many have been listed by online article repositories such as [[Google Scholar]]<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uZITxFwAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]].<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2113863474_Pundi_N_Rangarajan |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref>

Rangarajan's work has attracted research by other scientists<ref name="Immune Response to DNA Combined Tissue Culture Inactivated anti-rabies Vaccine (DINARAB)">{{Cite web |url=http://indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijcmiid&volume=29&issue=1and2&article=013 |title=Immune Response to DNA Combined Tissue Culture Inactivated anti-rabies Vaccine (DINARAB) |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Journals}}</ref> and he has delivered invited speeches or keynote addresses including the lecture on ''Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes: Diversity in general Transcription factors'' at IIT Madras<ref name="Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes: Diversity in general Transcription factors">{{Cite web |url=http://textofvideo.nptel.iitm.ac.in/104108056/lec3.pdf |title=Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes: Diversity in general Transcription factors |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082551/http://textofvideo.nptel.iitm.ac.in/104108056/lec3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the address on ''Transcriptional interference in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris'' at [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]] in October 2012.<ref name="Transcriptional interference in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/colloquiums/read/44/2.phpx |title=Transcriptional interference in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris |date=2012 |publisher=IISER, Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402083303/http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/colloquiums/read/44/2.phpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the co-convenor of the lecture workshop on ''Recent Advances in Biotechnology of Health and Disease'' (BHD-2011) organized by [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 2011<ref name="BHD-2011">{{Cite web |url=http://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8080/SEP/Reports/report_lw/217_40.pdf |title=BHD-2011 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and has been involved in conducting open courses on ''Eukaryotic Gene Expression''.<ref name="Eukaryotic Gene Expression - basics and benefits">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chemistry2011.org/resources/IndianInstituteOfScience/EukaryoticGeneExpressionBasicsAndBenefits/ |title=Eukaryotic Gene Expression - basics and benefits |date=2011 |publisher=Chemistry2011 |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716035713/http://www.chemistry2011.org/resources/IndianInstituteOfScience/EukaryoticGeneExpressionBasicsAndBenefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Rangarajan is married to Radha and the couple has two children, Karthik and Meghana. The family lives in [[Rajajinagar]] in Bengaluru.<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315130140/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Rangarajan received the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in 2001.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-06 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The National Academy of Sciences, India elected him as a fellow in 2002.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow the same year<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Rangarajan,_Prof._Pundi_Narasimhan |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2017.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/disp.php |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please click ''R'' and select ''PN Rangarajan'' to see details}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Saha, Sougata |author2=Ramanathan, Anand |author3=Rangarajan, Pundi N. |title=Regulation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II inhibitor α (CaMKIINα) in virus-infected mouse brain |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |date=2006 |volume=350 |issue=2 |pages=444–449 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.066|pmid=17010311 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Nagendrakumar, S. B. |author2=Madhanmohan, M. |author3=Rangarajan, P. N. |author4=Srinivasan, V. A. |title=Genetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A of Indian origin and detection of positive selection and recombination in leader protease- and capsid-coding regions |journal=Journal of Biosciences |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=85–101 |doi=10.1007/s12038-009-0011-9|pmid=19430121 |pmc=7090849 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Nagaraj, Viswanathan Arun |author2=Prasad, Dasari |author3=Rangarajan, Pundi N. |author4=Padmanaban, Govindarajan |title=Mitochondrial localization of functional ferrochelatase from Plasmodium falciparum |journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology |date=2009 |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.05.008|pmid=19523497 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Nagaraj, Viswanathan Arun |author2=Prasad, Dasari |author3=Arumugam, Rajavel |author4=Rangarajan, Pundi N. |author5=Padmanaban, Govindarajan |title=Characterization of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase in Plasmodium falciparum cytosol |journal=Parasitology International |date=2010 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=121–127 |doi=10.1016/j.parint.2009.12.001|pmid=20006984 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Vijay Kumar, N. |author2=Rangarajan, P. N. |title=Catabolite repression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by a zinc finger protein under biotin- and pyruvate carboxylase-deficient conditions in Pichia pastoris |journal=Microbiology |date=2011 |volume=157 |issue=12 |pages=3361–3369 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.053488-0|pmid=21948049 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rabies vaccine]]
* [[Foot-and-mouth disease]]
* [[Plasmodium falciparum]]
* [[Catabolite repression]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-for-2007-given-away/story-cZ7AjiGfbPBD6YaqCFC8eI.html |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for 2007 given away |date=20 December 2008 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/255718/overview |title=Pundi Narasimhan Rangarajan |date=2017 |publisher=Loop |work=List of articles}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangarajan, P. N.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Mera Khwab

2026-03-03T23:18:48Z

ChristinaQ73: rework layout additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Mera Khwab
| image =

| caption =
| director = Hansraj Patel
| producer = Paras Prakashan
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music = [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mera Khwab''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1943|1943]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|title=-|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> The film starred Prakash, Zebunissa, Samson, Putlibai, and Abbas.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|last1=CITWF|title=Mera Khwab 1943|url=http://www.citwf.com/film221286.htm|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref> The music director was [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] and the lyrics were written by M. E. Ashq.<ref name=Hindigeetmala>{{cite web|last1=Hindigeetmala|title=Mera Khwab 1943|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/mera_khwab.htm|website=hindigeetmala.net|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0427523 |title =Mera Khwab }}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu

2026-03-03T20:44:34Z

ChristinaQ73: starting a bio nd citations

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu
| image = Up-and-Down-Mukalil-Oralundu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
| producer = V. Balachandran<br/>R. Karunamoorthy<br/>[[Latha Kurien Rajeev]]
| story = T. K. Rajeev Kumar
| screenplay = Sunny Joseph<br/>Manuel George<br/> [[G. R. Indugopan]]
| starring = [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]<br />[[Meghana Raj]]<br />[[Prathap Pothen]]<br />[[Remya Nambeesan]]
| music = Prashanth Techno (background score)<br />[[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = Jomon T. Thomas
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| studio = Blue Mermaid Picture Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] [[psychological thriller film]] directed by [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]. It is very loosely based on the 2011 [[Hollywood film]] ''[[Elevator (2011 film)|Elevator]]''. The story unfolds in a lift where nine people are stuck.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|author=Nita Sathyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/unlimited-journeys/article4009153.ece |title=Unlimited journeys |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Prathap Pothen]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Rejith Menon]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Shruthy Menon]] and Master Devaraman plays the nine characters who got trapped inside the lift.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/lift-as-a-main-character-in-up-and-down/58930/story.htm |title=Lift as a main character in 'Up and Down' |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=29 October 2012 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704053524/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/lift-as-a-main-character-in-up-and-down/58930/story.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Meghana Raj]], Vijayakumar, Jaikrishnan, Kochu Preman are the other important cast. [[Basil Joseph]] debuted as an actor through this film. The film is produced by V. Balachandran, R. Karunamurthi and [[Latha Kurien Rajeev]] under the banner of Blue Mermaid Picture Company. The script is penned by [[Sunny Joseph]] and Manuel George and camera is cranked by Jomon Thomas.<ref>{{cite news |author=Aswathy K |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1516949.ece |title=On an up and down ride |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523093956/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1516949.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Almost the entire narrative takes place inside the limited space that is the lift and the entire storyline is set over a period of a few hours on a particular day.

==Plot==
The film unfolds after nine people get stuck in the lift. They include Thampuran, an ex-military officer turned lift operator, the police commissioner, Sam Christy, the apartment's builder, his wife Prasanna, a dancer, Edathil Govindan Nair, an alcoholic writer, Sooraj, an IT professional and his girlfriend Mithra, an American-returnee and a child Shanku, who intermittently keeps enquiring about his mother. They are on their way up to the top floor to take part in the building society's anniversary celebrations. Suddenly, the space becomes a sort of an altered reality. It becomes a place where the real becomes unreal; where emotions are raw and extra sensitive. It even prompts the very nature of the characters to change and secrets to be revealed. The entire plot revolves around a murder. Shanku's mother Deepa gets murdered and her dead body is found on the top of the elevator. The commissioner who is entrapped in the lift investigate the murder case. He interrogates all those people who are entrapped with him in the lift.

She introduced herself as professional escort to Christy and willfully had sex with him. When this 'bang - bang' went on for a while she became a trusted ally of Christy. When Deepa understood that Christy had indeed killed her husband she decided to kill him. The day on which she was murdered, she called Christy to come to writer's flat to have sex. But, Christy told her that he wanted her to satisfy a prestigious guest of him, not him, when she lustfully insisted that he should come to the flat for a while to 'bang' her, he agreed. She prepared herself to kill that person who ruined her life. She informed Christy's wife about all the wrong things he had done to her and plotted with her. Deepa invites Christy to writer's flat to have sex with her. When Christy arrived she took all her dress off and laid naked on the bed and invitingly extended her hand to him to join her. He took her hand and laid on the top of naked Deepa and started enjoying her. While having sex, she messages Prasanna to come to that flat. Prasanna arrives and see her husband in compromising position with Deepa. Christy was lying on the top of Deepa when she tried to hit him with a stand. At the same time, Deepa takes a dagger to stab him from behind while they are entangled in an intimate hug. But, unfortunately Prasanna misses her target and accidentally kills her with the stand. Deepa's intention was to avenge Christy for the murder of her husband. Christy cheated on Deepa's husband who was Christy's co-partner. When Deepa enquired Christy about her missing husband he intimidated her by telling her about the debts of her husband. He tried to assure her that he would relieve her off from those debts if she slept with him. When she disagreed he forced himself upon her. He raped her. She somehow fled the city and came back as a prostitute after four years to take revenge. She befriended the writer to get close to Christy. Prasanna confessed truth to Commissioner that she killed Deepa. Then it is revealed that Commissioner already know who is the real culprit. Movie end with the death of commissioner and Christy. Thampuran who had a soft corner for Deepa killed them while they were in the lift. Prasanna takes care of Deepa's child. Thampuran is arrested for the murder of Commissioner and Christy.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nita Sathyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-space-within/article4720668.ece |title=The space within |newspaper=The Hindu |location=[[Chennai, India]] |date=16 May 2013 |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127133511/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-space-within/article4720668.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Shivan (Thampuran), an ex-army officer-turned-lift operator
* [[Meghana Raj]] as Vedikettu Deepa, a sex worker
* [[Prathap Pothen]] as Edathil Govindan Nair, a writer
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Sam Christy, a wealthy builder
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|Commissioner]] Salim Khan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Rejith Menon]] as Sooraj, a techie
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Mithra
* [[Remya Nambeesan]] as Kalamandalam Prasanna, Christy's wife
* Master Devaraman as Shanku
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Cheriyan
* [[Meghna Nair]]
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Chandrappan, the lift mechanic
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Assistant Lift Mechanic
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]]
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Surendran
* Lakshmi Sanal
{{colend}}

==Production==
The script and dialogues are written by Sunny Joseph, Manual George and Indugopan. The three had discussed well about each and every scene in the movie.<ref name="Novel treatment">{{cite news|author=Jisha G. Nair|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14134155&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026|title=A novel treatment by Rajeev Kumar|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|location=[[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]]|publisher=Manoramaonline.com|date=24 May 2013|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> Rajeev Kumar says there was a consensus among the script writers and him as a director.<ref name="Novel treatment"/>

Major portion of the film was shot from [[Chithranjali Studio]]s in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] where the lift was constructed using [[plywood]], the insides covered with embossed metal sheets.<ref name=TheHindu/> Mohandas was the art director for the film.<ref name=TheHindu/>

When the script was developed, scenarists and the director felt that the scope of songs were less in it. Also they were apprehensive that the songs would affect the pace of the movie. So there are no songs in the film except a promo song.<ref name="Novel treatment"/> Prashanth Techno has done the background score with Quartet tones.<ref name="Novel treatment"/>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Up And Down Mukalil Oraalundu
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|4}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Manorama Music
| producer =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[M. Jayachandran]] collaborating with [[T.K. Rajeev Kumar]] after [[Rathinirvedam (2011 film)|Rathinirvedam]]. [[Ramya Nambeesan]] sung the theme song. Background Score was composed by the debutante, Prashanth Techno.
.

{{Track listing
| total_length =11:49
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaanam Chuttum Megham
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahmed]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]] & [[Mridula Warrier]]
| length1 = 03:42
| title2 = Up And Down Theme
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahmed]]
| extra2 = [[Ramya Nambeesan]]
| length2 = 03:38
| title3 = Here We Go Again
| lyrics3 = [[Jeremaniah John]]
| extra3 = [[Jeremaniah John]]
| length3 = 04:28
}}

==Release==
''Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu'' was set to release on 17 May 2013. The date was postponed by a week even after giving the mandatory advertisements announcing the release of the film on 17 May in the popular dailies. The film released on 24 May.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130629120504/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/93727.html "It is not up, today"]. IndiaGlitz. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref> A critic wrote that "''"Up and Down'' comes across as a good-watch despite minor, negligible doubts it leaves behind".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Up and Down: Mukalil Oralundu Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/up-and-down-mukalil-oralundu/movie-review/20270209.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301021837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/up-and-down-mukalil-oralundu/movie-review/20270209.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |title=Review: Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu fails to deliver |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-up-and-down-mukalil-oralundu-fails-to-deliver/20130527.htm |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301021839/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-up-and-down-mukalil-oralundu-fails-to-deliver/20130527.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Up and Down: Mukalil Oralundu}}
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]

Sivamani (film)

2026-03-03T18:13:11Z

ChristinaQ73: starting basic article needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sivamani 9848022338
| image = Sivamani film poster.jpg
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''':<br/>Puri Jagannadh<br/>'''Dialogues''':<br/>[[Kona Venkat]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]]<br/>[[Asin Thottumkal]]<br/>[[Rakshitha]]<br/>[[Prakash Raj]]
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = Puri Jagannadh
| studio = [[Vaishno Academy]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| distributor = [[DVV Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|10|23}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹10 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2003 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2003/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sivamani''''' '''''9848022338''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic action film]] co-written, directed and produced by [[Puri Jagannadh]] on [[Vaishno Academy]] banner. The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Asin]], [[Rakshitha]], and [[Prakash Raj]]. It has music composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]. A part of the story has been taken from the movie ''[[Message in a Bottle (film)|Message in a Bottle]]'' released in 1999 which in turn was inspired by ''[[Message in a Bottle (novel)|Message in a Bottle]]'' - the Nicholas Sparks novel.

''Sivamani'' turned out be a success.

== Plot ==

Pallavi, a newspaper editor, finds a mysterious typed love [[Message in a bottle|letter in a bottle]] in the seashore. She is fascinated by it and shows it to her colleagues. They print it in their newspaper and get numerous responses. Pallavi, due to her personal curiosity, tries to reach Sivamani, but he ignores her. Rajnikanth helps Pallavi get close to Sivamani, and his past is revealed. Sivamani is an honest cop in [[Visakhapatnam]] (Vizag). He falls in love with Vasanta, who aspires to become a singer. Dattu is a mafia don, whom Sivamani troubles a lot.

Vasanta is distantly related to Dattu, and both of them are from [[Kerala]]. In the course of events, Sivamani's mother becomes paralyzed. Sivamani and Vasanta take her to Kerala to get [[Ayurveda]] treatments. Dattu is also in Kerala, and his mission is to get his revenge by taking Vasanta away from Sivamani. Vasanta becomes mute after Dattu punctures her voice box. The rest of the story is about how Sivamani gets Vasanta back with Pallavi's help.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] as CI Sivamani
* [[Rakshitha]] as Pallavi
* [[Asin]] as Vasantha
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Dattu
* [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Sivamani's mother
* [[Mohan Raj]] as Vasanta's father
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Rajnikanth
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as ACP
* Vinod Bala as Dattu's henchman
* [[Brahmaji]] as Dattu's henchman
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Sheikh Imam's client
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Pallavi's boss
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] as person who keeps calling M. S. Narayana
* [[Besant Ravi]]
* Ooma
* Nisha
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sivamani
| type = film
| artist = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| released = 12 September 2003
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 26:35
| label = Sohan Music
| producer = Chakri
| prev_title = [[Donga Ramudu and Party]]
| prev_year = 2003
| year = 2003
| next_title = [[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

Music was composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28452743.ece | title=Chords & Notes | newspaper=The Hindu | date=12 October 2003 }}</ref> Music was released on SOHAN Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/shivamani-telugu |title=Shivamani Songs Download: Shivamani MP3 Telugu Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:35
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Yenaatiki
| lyrics1 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravikumar
| extra1 = [[Raghu Kunche]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length1 = 5:13

| title2 = Goldrangu
| lyrics2 = [[Kandikonda]]
| extra2 = Ravi Varma, Revathi
| length2 = 4:55

| title3 = Yelo Yelo
| lyrics3 = Vishwa
| extra3 = [[Smita]]
| length3 = 4:39

| title4 = Rama Rama
| lyrics4 = Kandikonda
| extra4 = Kousalya
| length4 = 1:27

| title5 = Mona Mona
| lyrics5 = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Kousalya
| length5 = 5:39

| title6 = Sun Sun
| lyrics6 = Kandikonda
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Kousalya
| length6 = 4:42
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a verdict of 'let down' and opined, "The much hyped Sivamani-9848022338 is a [[Khichdi|kichidi]] that neither pleases the classes nor the masses".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sivamani-9848022338-review-telugu-pclvw0ibhbcgd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217215320/https://www.sify.com/movies/sivamani-9848022338-review-telugu-pclvw0ibhbcgd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2022|title=Sivamani 9848022338|work=Sify|date=28 October 2003}}</ref> Jeevi of ''Idlebrain'' wrote, "You can watch this film for Nagarjuna and the cool flashback episode of the first half".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shivamani.html|title = Telugu cinema - Shivamani 98480 22338 - Nagarjuna, Asin, Rakshita - Puri Jagannadh|work=Idlebrain|date=23 October 2003}}</ref> Mithun Verma of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "But overall, Puri has paid too much attention to untimely gimmicks and tried to cram in everything possible into Shivamani".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/shivamani/telugu/shivamani-movie-reviews-1026-2.html|title=Shivamani Review|last=Verma|first=Mithun|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

The dialogue of the character Sivamani "Na peru Sivamani, nakkonchem mental" ({{Translation|My name is Sivamani, I am a bit mental}}) became popular during the early 2000s.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=25 April 2020|title=Nagarjuna shares a glimpse of Shivamani in the time of coronavirus pandemic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagarjuna-shares-a-glimpse-of-shivamani-in-the-time-of-coronavirus-pandemic/articleshow/75376524.cms|access-date=19 February 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[M. S. Narayana]] won [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]] for this film.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=31 December 2020|website=|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== Legal issues ==
A legal suit was filed by an individual who owns the phone number alleging that the makers of the film did not attain his permission to use the phone number in the film. He alleged that he received calls from people in the hopes of speaking to Nagarjuna, and that it had caused him "immense agony".<ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2018|title=Nagarjuna caught in legal tangle over usage of mobile number in 'Hello'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nagarjuna-caught-legal-tangle-over-usage-mobile-number-hello-75351|access-date=19 February 2022|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In April 2020, during the lockdown because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], a short video from the film was shared by Nagarjuna, in which the dialogues of Sivamani were mimicked and replaced, with a warning to the goons of not wearing masks and asks them to wear masks and maintain [[social distance]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

Nalla Manasukkaran

2026-03-03T04:47:44Z

ChristinaQ73: minor cleaned up article based on references and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Jaya Rajanderan
| writer = Jaya Rajanderan
| producer = {{ubl|P. K. Sadevivam|Jaya Rajanderan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pandiarajan]]|Jayarakini|[[Senthil]]|[[S. S. Chandran]]}}
| cinematography = Ravindhar
| editing = {{ubl|V. Rajagopal|S. Govindasamy}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Annai Sree Baalaambikai Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|1|14|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nalla Manusukkaran''''' ({{Translation|The good-hearted man}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by Jaya Rajanderan and produced by P. K. Sadevivam and Jaya Rajanderan. The film stars [[Pandiarajan]], Jayarakini, [[Senthil]] and [[S. S. Chandran]]. It was released on 14 January 1997 and failed at the box-office.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2024}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]]
*Jayarakini
*[[Senthil]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*Ennuyir Alex
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Vadivukkarasi]]
*[[Jyothi Meena]]
*Rocky
*Veera
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*''Psycho'' R. S. Nathan
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*Rocket Ramanathan
*P. K. Sadhasivam
*S. V. Ramdass
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]]
*Ali
*Charles
*Marimuthu
*Bindhu Sri
*Kanagapriya
*Sri Madhi
*Shyamala
}}

== Production ==
The film was directed by Jaya Rajendran who earlier wrote the story for the film ''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]''.<ref name="su">{{Cite web |last=சுரா |title=கனவு ராஜாக்கள் - PAGE 3 |url=http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240423133919/http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=2 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=Lekha Books |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalla Manasukkaran Tamil Audio Cassette By Deva |url=https://banumass.com/shop/nalla-manasukkaran-tamil-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518143231/https://banumass.com/shop/nalla-manasukkaran-tamil-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Banumass}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chinna Pandi Then Pandi
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = Kalidasan
| extra1 = [[Swarnalatha]], [[T. K. S. Natarajan]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| title2 = Paattu Padippom
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = Kalidasan
| extra2 = Deva, Swarnalatha
| title3 = Pollachi Rottu Mele
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Shahul Hameed]], Swarnalatha
| title4 = Valayal Vaangalayo
| length4 =
| lyrics4 = Kalidasan
| extra4 = T. K. S. Natrajan, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Swarnalatha
| title5 = Nandhavanathil Oru Roja
| length5 =
| lyrics5 = Kalidasan
| extra5 = Malaysia Vasudevan
| title6 = Aayiram Kannatha
| length6 =
| lyrics6 = Jaya Rajendran
| extra6 = Mano, Swarnalatha
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 14 January 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=நல்ல மனசுக்காரன் / Nalla Manusukkaran (1997) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nalla-manusukkaran |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=Screen 4 Screen |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109093806/https://screen4screen.com/movies/nalla-manusukkaran |url-status=live }}</ref> It did not run even for a week in theatres and failed at the box-office. According to writer Sura, Jaya Rajendran later changed his name as Rajesh Varma and made a film called ''Royal Family'' with [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]; however that film never got released and Rajendran died.<ref name="su" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Battle of Mandalgarh (1473)

2026-03-01T01:02:57Z

ChristinaQ73: post...

{{Short description|1473 battle between Malwa and Mewar}}
{{distinguish|Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas#Battle of Mandalgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Mandalgarh
| partof = [[Mewar-Malwa Conflict]]
| date = 1473
| place = [[Mandalgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| map_type = South Asia
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Mandalgarh: Battlefield location
| coordinates = {{coord|25.1978|N|75.0932|E}}
| result = [[Rajput]] victory{{sfnp|Somani|1976|p=[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/page/48/mode/1up 148]}}{{sfnp|Mankekar|1976|p=32}}
| combatant1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Mewar]] {{tree list}}
**[[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|22px|border]] [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber State]]
**[[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|22px|border]] [[Bundi State]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Kotah.svg}} [[Kotah State]] {{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Malwa Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|20px]] [[Rana Raimal]]
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[Ghiyath Shah]] |Zafar Khan}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The '''Battle of Mandalgarh''' took place in 1473. Following an earlier unsuccessful attempt by [[Ghiyath Shah]] (Ghiyas-ud-Din, {{reigned|1469|1500}}), the Sultan of Malwa, to capture [[Chittorgarh]] from the [[Kingdom of Mewar]], Zafir Khan, one of Ghiyath Shah's generals, led a force which raided and plundered Mewar. In response, a combined force of Rajput armies, assembled by the [[Maharana of Mewar]], met Zafir's army at [[Mandalgarh]]; here too, the Malwa forces met with a crushing defeat.

==Prelude==
{{See also|Siege of Chittor}}
In 1473 sultan [[Ghiyath Shah]] succeeded his father [[Mahmud Khalji]] and he undertook several expeditions against [[Mewad]]. The sultan of [[Malwa]] laid siege of [[Chittor]] and devastated [[Dungarpur]], Rata and Kalla two resilient warriors were killed in the defense.{{sfn|Somani|1976|p=147}} The [[Rajputs]], led by [[Rana Raimal]], resisted and successfully defended against multiple attacks. A [[Rajput]] of Gaur community displayed great determination
and killed many soldiers of sultan of [[Malwa]]. Zahir, along with many other officers were killed and sultan was forced to retreat.{{sfnm|Munshi|1960|1pp=338–339}}<ref name="auto">{{cite book |title=Medieval Malwa A Political And Cultural History 1401-1562 |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |page=223-225 |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/page/n238/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Outcome==
Early in the reign of [[Rana Raimal]] of Mewar ({{reigned|1473|1509}}), a general of the [[Sultan of Malwa]]'s army, Zafar Khan, marched into Mewar at the head of a large force. The armed incursions may have been at the behest of his sultan, Ghiyath Shah, who remained in his capital at Mandu, or possibly Zafir embarked on his raiding on his own initiative. In either case, a desire to redress the earlier severe defeat of Malwar forces under their sultan, Ghiyath Shah, was likely the instigating factor in the raids. During his campaign, Zafir captured [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]h, [[Bhainsrorgarh|Bhainsror]] and [[Sheopur]], installing his own local thanadars (administrators). The countryside in the vicinity was plundered and laid waste.{{sfnp|Day|1965|p=[https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/page/n238/mode/1up 225]}}

Upon hearing of the Malwar incursions, [[Rana Raimal]] called his chiefs, including the governors of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], [[Chanderi]] and [[Raisen]], to march with him against Zafar Khan. The opposing forces met and clashed at Mandalgarh, where Zafar Khan was soundly routed by the combined [[Rajput]] force, losing many of his commanders in the battle. Rana Raimal pursued Zafar in his retreat to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]],{{sfnp|Somani|1976|p=[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/page/48/mode/1up 148]}}{{sfnp|Day|1965|p=[https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/page/n238/mode/1up 225]}} catching up with him at Khairabad (near Kotah) where the opposing armies fought again. The Rajputs sacked the town and extracted heavy fines from the Sultan of [[Malwa]].{{sfnp|Munshi|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.106322/page/339/mode/1up 339]}}

==See also==
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Day |first=Upendra Nath |title=Medieval Malwa: A Political and Cultural History 1401–1562 |date=1965 |edition=First |pages=220–248 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/page/n233/mode/2up?q=1473&view=theater |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |location=Delhi |chapter=Chapter IX: Reign of Ghiyath Shah (A Period of Peace and Plenty)}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mankekar |first1=D. R. |title=Mewar Saga: The Sisodias' Role in Indian History |date=1976 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ&q=The+Sisodias%27+Role+in+Indian+History |language=en |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite book |last1=Munshi |first1=K. M. |title=History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=6. Delhi Sultanate |date=1960 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.106322/page/n5/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Somani |first1=Ram Vallabh |title=History of Mewar: From earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka |location=Jaipur |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/page/n5/mode/1up |oclc=292985 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chittor}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1473]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Malwa Sultanate]]
[[Category:1473 in Asia]]
[[Category:15th century in India]]

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu

2026-02-25T18:20:53Z

ChristinaQ73:

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actor in Telugu films
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| holder = [[Teja Sajja]] for ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| website =
| image = Teja Sajja at IIFA Utsavam (cropped).jpg
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Teja Sajja]]
}}

The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. The award is given by a chosen jury of critics.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
| Lakkaraju
| ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| Gana
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
| Aditya Rao
| [[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']]
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| [[Gemini Ganesan]]
| ''[[Mahanati]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020 / 21]]
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|Shyam Singha Roy/Vasudev Ghanta
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
|Ram
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Naveen Polishetty]]
|Siddhu Polishetty
|''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <ref>https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/telugu/winners</ref>
|-
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Raghava Rao
|''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
| [[Teja Sajja]]
| Hanumanthu
| ''[[Hanu-Man]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Superlative
!Actress
!Record
|-
| rowspan="4" |Most awards
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| rowspan="4" |2 wins
|-
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor - Telugu}}
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2016]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actor]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Telugu)]]

Romantic comedy

2026-02-25T16:32:43Z

ChristinaQ73: added info

{{short description|Film genre}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Claudette Colbert in It Happened One Night.jpg|260px|thumb|The [[hitchhiking]] scene from ''[[It Happened One Night]]'']]

'''Romantic comedy''' (commonly shortened to '''romcom''' or '''rom-com''') is a sub-genre of [[comedy]] and [[Romance novel|romance fiction]], focusing on lighthearted, humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas, such as how love is able to surmount all obstacles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.storyispromise.com/wromance.htm|title=The Art of the Romantic Comedy|last=Johnson|first=Bill|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910202127/http://www.storyispromise.com/wromance.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-10}}</ref> Romantic comedy evolved from [[Ancient Greek comedy]], [[Middle Ages|medieval]] romance, and 18th-century [[Restoration comedy]], later developing into sub-genres like [[Screwball comedy|screwball comedies]], career woman comedies, and 1950s [[Sex comedy|sex comedies]] in Hollywood.

A common convention in romantic comedies is the "[[Meet cute|meet-cute]]", a humorous or unexpected encounter that creates initial tension and sets up the romantic storyline.

==History==
[[File:Kathryn Grayson in Seven Sweethearts.jpg|thumb|[[Kathryn Grayson]] in ''[[Seven Sweethearts]]'' (1942), a musical romantic comedy film]]
Comedies, rooted in the fertility rites and satyr plays of [[Ancient Greek comedy|ancient Greece]], have often incorporated sexual or social elements.<ref>{{cite web |title=comedy |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-2649. |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=World Encyclopedia |publisher=Philip's}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bermel |first1=Albert |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198601746.001.0001/acref-9780198601746-e-867 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance |date=January 2005 |website= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860174-6 |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>

The ''Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms'' defines romantic comedy as "a general term for comedies that deal mainly with the follies and misunderstandings of young lovers, in a light‐hearted and happily concluded manner which usually avoids serious satire". This reference states that the "best‐known examples are Shakespeare's comedies of the late 1590s, ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', and ''[[As You Like It]]'' being the most purely romantic, while ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' approaches the [[comedy of manners]] and ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' is closer to [[tragicomedy]]."<ref>Cited in Answers.com http://www.answers.com/topic/romantic-comedy-1 Accessed June 20, 2011</ref>

It was not until the development of the literary tradition of [[Courtly love|romantic love]] in the Western European [[Middle Ages|medieval]] period, though, that "romance" came to refer to "romantic love" situations. They were previously referred to as the heroic adventures of medieval [[chivalric romance]]. Those adventures traditionally focused on a knight's feats on behalf of a lady, so the modern themes of love were quickly woven into them, as in [[Chrétien de Troyes]]'s ''[[Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart]]''.<ref>C.S Lewis, ''The Allegory of Love'', p 19 {{ISBN|0-19-281220-3}}</ref>

[[File:Philadelphia Story 13.jpg|thumb|275px|left|''[[The Philadelphia Story (film)|The Philadelphia Story]]'', considered a pinnacle of romantic comedy]]
The contemporary romantic comedy genre was shaped by 18th-century [[Restoration comedy]] and 19th-century romantic [[melodrama]].<ref name="e-0593">{{cite book |last1=Kuhn |first1=Annette |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198832096.001.0001/acref-9780198832096-e-0593 |title=A Dictionary of Film Studies |last2=Westwell |first2=Guy |date=25 June 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-883209-6 |chapter=romantic comedy |access-date=10 July 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Restoration comedies were typically comedies of manners that relied on knowledge of the complex social rules of high society, particularly related to navigating the marriage-market, an inherent feature of the plot in many of these plays, such as [[William Wycherley]]'s ''[[The Country Wife]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldick |first1=Chris |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-971 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms |date=23 July 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-871544-3 |chapter=Restoration comedy |access-date=10 July 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> While the melodramas of the Romantic period had little to do with comedy, they were hybrids incorporating elements of domestic and sentimental tragedies, pantomime "with an emphasis on gesture, on the body, and the thrill of the chase," and other genres of expression such as songs and folk tales.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199245437.001.0001/acref-9780199245437-e-436 |title=An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-924543-7 |chapter=melodrama |access-date=10 July 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In the 20th century, as Hollywood grew, the romantic comedy in America mirrored other aspects of society in its rapid changes, developing many sub-genres through the decades. We can see this through the [[screwball comedy]] in response to the censorship of the Hays Code in the 1920s–1930s,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gehring |first1=Wes D. |title=Defining Screwball |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=157123451&site=eds-live&scope=site |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=USA Today}}</ref> the career woman comedy
(such as George Stevens' ''[[Woman of the Year]]'', starring [[Katharine Hepburn]] and [[Spencer Tracy]]) post-WWII, and the [[sex comedy]] made popular by [[Rock Hudson]] and [[Doris Day]] in the 1950s–1960s.<ref name="e-0593" />

==Evolution==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Marilyn Monroe and Tom Ewell in The Seven Year Itch trailer 2.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[Marilyn Monroe]] and [[Tom Ewell]] in the ''[[The Seven Year Itch|Seven Year Itch]]'' (1955) trailer]]
Over the years, romantic comedies have slowly been becoming more popular with both men and women.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} They have begun to spread out of their conventional and traditional structure into other territory and to explore more complex topics. These films still follow the typical plot of "a light and humorous movie, play, etc., whose central plot is a happy love story"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/romantic+comedy|title=Romantic comedy – Define Romantic comedy at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> but with more complexity.

Some romantic comedies have adopted special circumstances for the main characters, as in ''[[Warm Bodies (film)|Warm Bodies]]'' where the protagonist is a zombie who falls in love with a human girl after eating her boyfriend. The effect of their love towards each other is that it starts spreading to the other zombies and even starts to cure them. With the zombie cure, the two main characters can now be together since they do not have a barrier between them anymore.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Johnson |title=The Art of the Romantic Comedy |url=http://www.storyispromise.com/wromance.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101425/http://www.storyispromise.com/wromance.htm |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=A Story is a Promise}}</ref> Another strange set of circumstances is in ''[[Zack and Miri Make a Porno]]'' where the two protagonists are building a relationship while trying to make a pornographic film together. Both these films take the typical story arc and then add strange circumstances to add originality.

Other romantic comedies flip the standard conventions of the romantic comedy genre. In films like ''[[500 Days of Summer]]'' the two main interests do not end up together, leaving the protagonist somewhat distraught. Other films, like ''[[Adam (2009 film)|Adam]],'' have the two main interests to end up separated but still content and pursue other goals and love interests.

[[Image:The apartment trailer 1.JPG|240px|thumb|left|[[The Apartment]] has come to be regarded as [[List of films voted the best|one of the greatest films ever made]], appearing in lists by the [[American Film Institute]] and ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' magazine. In 1994, it was one of 25 films selected for inclusion to the [[Library of Congress]] [[National Film Registry]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-11-15|title=25 Films Added to National Registry|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/15/movies/25-films-added-to-national-registry.html|access-date=2020-05-18|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>]]

Some romantic comedies use reversal of gender roles to add comedic effect, popular in [[Screwball comedy|screwball comedies]].<ref>The Big romance of Something Wild?: romantic comedy today</ref> These films contain characters who possess qualities that diverge from the gender role that society has imposed upon them, as seen in ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]],'' in which the male protagonist is especially in touch with his emotions. It can also be seen in ''[[Made of Honor]],'' in which the female bridesmaids are shown in a negative and somewhat masculine light to advance the likability of the male lead.<ref>Guys Are the New Girls</ref>

Other remakes of romantic comedies involve similar elements, but they explore more adult themes such as marriage, responsibility, or even disability. Two films by [[Judd Apatow]], ''[[This Is 40]]'' and ''[[Knocked Up]]'', deal with these issues. ''This Is 40'' chronicles the mid-life crisis of a couple entering their 40s and ''Knocked Up'' addresses unintended pregnancy and the ensuing assuming of responsibility. ''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' deals with [[mental illness]] and the courage to start a new relationship.

All of these go against the stereotype of what romantic comedy has become as a genre. Yet, the genre of romantic comedy is simply a structure, and all of these elements do not negate the fact that these films are still romantic comedies.

==Contrived romantic encounters: the "meet cute"==
{{Main|Meet cute}}

One of the conventions of romantic comedy films is the entertainment factor in a contrived encounter of two potential romantic partners in unusual or comic circumstances, which film critics such as [[Roger Ebert]]<ref>{{cite web |quote=She has a Meet-Cute (three, actually) with Prince Charmont (Hugh Dancy) |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Ella Enchanted |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040409/REVIEWS/404090304/1023 |date=18 April 2004 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907034225/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20040409%2FREVIEWS%2F404090304%2F1023 |archive-date=7 September 2004 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |url-status=live }}</ref> or the Associated Press's [[Christy Lemire]]<ref>{{cite news|date=Jun 1, 2011|title=Review: McGregor, Plummer delight in 'Beginners'|work=Deseret News|publisher=Deseret|url=https://www.deseret.com/2011/6/1/20195497/review-mcgregor-plummer-delight-in-beginners#in-this-film-publicity-image-released-by-focus-features-christopher-plummer-is-shown-in-a-scene-from-beginners|access-date=December 26, 2021}}</ref> have called a "[[meet-cute]]" situation. During a "meet-cute", scriptwriters often create a sense of awkwardness between the two potential partners by depicting an initial [[clash of personalities]] or beliefs, an embarrassing situation, or by introducing a comical misunderstanding or [[mistaken identity (plot device)|mistaken identity]] situation. Sometimes, the term is used without a hyphen (a "meet cute"), or as a verb ("to meet cute").

Roger Ebert describes the concept of a Meet Cute as "when boy meets girl in a cute way". As an example, he cites "The Meet Cute in ''[[Lost and Found (1979 film)|Lost and Found]]'' [which] has [[Glenda Jackson|Jackson]] and [[George Segal|Segal]] running their cars into each other in Switzerland. Once recovered, they Meet Cute again when they run into each other while on skis. Eventually, they fall in love."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19790628/REVIEWS/906280301/1023 |title=Lost and Found |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=28 June 1979 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803055827/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19790628%2FREVIEWS%2F906280301%2F1023 |archive-date=3 August 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bromantic comedy]]
*[[Chick flick]]
*[[Screwball comedy]]
*[[Sex comedy]]
*[[Sitcom]]
*[[List of romantic comedy films]]
*[[List of romantic comedy television series]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

* {{cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/genre/Romantic-Comedy#tab=year |title=Romantic Comedy Movie Index |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |publisher=Nash Information Services}}

{{Film genres}}
{{Comedy footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Romantic comedy| ]]
[[Category:Romantic comedy films| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]

Banarhat High School

2026-02-22T18:38:52Z

ChristinaQ73: adjusted section per sources per sources

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Banarhat High School
| image =
| caption =
| motto = তমসো মা জ্যোতির্গময় / तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय / "Tamaso mā jyotir gamaya" From darkness, lead me to light
| established = 1949
| type = [[Government Aided]]
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] <br/> [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] <br/> [[West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development]]
| grades = Class 5 – 12
| head_of_school = Mr. Sukalyan Bhattacharyya (Head Master)
| faculty =
| staff = 53
| enrollment = 1,210
| address = [[Banarhat]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]] – 735202
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7933565|N|89.0254536|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| information =
| website =
}}

The '''Banarhat High School''' is a [[high school]] situated in [[Banarhat]], [[Jalpaiguri district]], West Bengal, India.

The school is affiliated with the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]], [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] and West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development, Erstwhile [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training]]. Banarhat High School educates over 1,200 students in Grades V to XII with Science, Commerce, Humanities and Vocational streams.

==History==
This is the famous Bengali medium boys' school in the doors Tea belt and established in the year of 1949. A huge number of students from surrounding tea gardens are very much dependent on this school. The student community of it includes people of different ethnic groups such as Bengali, Nepalese and different tribal groups working in Tea gardens{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}.

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wbscvet.org/ West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education & Training ]

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Rakesh Raushan

2026-02-22T08:07:33Z

ChristinaQ73: put up stub

{{Short description|Indian film director and producer (born 1949)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Indian name|Rakesh|Roshan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rakesh Roshan
| image = Rakesh Roshan at the success party of The Roshans (cropped).jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Roshan in 2025
| birth_name = Rakesh Roshan Nagrath
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|09|06|df=y}}<ref name="Birthday"/>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| other_names = Guddu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan Turns 51: Why Is He Called Duggu? Top Movies And Upcoming Projects|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/hrithik-roshan-turns-51-why-is-he-called-duggu-top-movies-and-upcoming-projects-9181110.html|access-date=2025-01-23|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|film director|screenwriter|actor}}
| organisation = Filmkraft Productions
| children = 2, including [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| parents = {{plain list|
*[[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] (father)
*[[Ira Roshan]] (mother)
}}
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Nagrath family (Roshan family)|Roshan family]]
| years active = 1970{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Rakesh Roshan Nagrath''' (born 6 September 1949)<ref name="Birthday"/> is an Indian film producer, director, screenwriter and actor who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Roshan: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rakesh-Roshan |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> He appeared in 84 films in the 1970s and 1980s. As an actor, he is mostly known for his supporting roles in big-budget films. Later, his prominence increased and he achieved fame for directing films with titles beginning with the letter "K" since 1987.

As a filmmaker, his work includes the action drama ''[[Khudgarz]]'' (1987), the revenge drama thriller ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' (1988), the action comedy ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990), the melodramatic thriller ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995), the musical romantic thriller ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), the science fiction film ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003) and its sequels, the superhero [[Krrish (film series)|''Krrish'' film series]] (2006–13). He has won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' and ''Koi... Mil Gaya''.

In 2025, [[Netflix]] released a four-part documentary series titled ''[[The Roshans]]''. The series traces the artistic lineage from composer [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan Lal Nagrath]] to his sons Rakesh Roshan and [[Rajesh Roshan]], and to actor [[Hrithik Roshan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazir |first=Asjad |title=Netflix’s 'The Roshans' Skips Hrithik Roshan’s Family Drama {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/netflix-s-the-roshans-leaves-out-negative-side-of-hrithik-roshan-s-family/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en}}</ref> reflecting on how the family's creative output helped shape mainstream Bollywood music and cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roshans Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/web-series/the-roshans-review-70944.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=Rakesh Roshan Strips Away Bollywood Glitter in Netflix’s Candid Family Series; ‘Krrish 4’ Announcement ‘Very Soon’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/rakesh-roshan-strips-away-bollywood-092821433.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Variety via Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-01-17 |title=SHOCKING: Rakesh Roshan reveals in The Roshans that he was replaced by Jeetendra as the main lead in Priyatama due to Neetu Kapoor and distributors: "The producer told me ‘Distributors and heroine are worried that tum honge toh picture bikegi nahin'" : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shocking-rakesh-roshan-reveals-roshans-replaced-jeetendra-main-lead-priyatama-due-neetu-kapoor-distributors-producer-told-distributors-heroine/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rakesh was born on 6 September 1949<ref name="Birthday">{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan's father Rakesh Roshan celebrates his 75th birthday with family; Saba Azad, Pashmina Roshan, and others join; See inside pic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshans-father-rakesh-roshan-celebrates-his-75th-birthday-with-family-saba-azad-pashmina-roshan-and-others-join-see-inside-pic/articleshow/113128690.cms|access-date=2025-02-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> to Indian [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] music director, [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan Lal Nagrath]] and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] singer, [[Ira Roshan|Ira Moitra]]. His younger brother is [[Rajesh Roshan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title=Did you know Hrithik Roshan's maternal and paternal family has roots in Pakistan? – ETimes BFFs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-hrithik-roshans-maternal-and-paternal-family-has-roots-in-pakistan-etimes-bffs/articleshow/107399202.cms |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
===1970–1986===
After his father's untimely death, Rakesh started his career as an assistant director to filmmaker Mohan Kumar in films like ''[[Anjaana]]'' starring [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Babita]]. Rajendra Kumar referred him to some filmmakers and thus he was signed by Soodesh Kumar for ''[[Man Mandir]]'' starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]]. As an actor, he made his debut in the 1970 film ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'', in which he got a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Roshan: I'll Write an Autobiography |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rakesh-roshan-ill-write-an-autobiography-639549 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Rakesh got very few solo hero films in his career. He got such roles in more women-oriented films, such as ''[[Paraya Dhan]]'' with [[Hema Malini]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-21 |title=Paraya Dhan (1971) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/paraya-dhan-1971/article8504926.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Aankh Micholi]]'' with Bharati, ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' with Rekha and ''[[Kaamchor]]'' with [[Jaya Prada]]. His few successful solo hero films, with the focus equally on both hero and heroine, were ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' with Rakhee,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-08 |title=Aankhon Aankhon Mein (1972) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Aankhon-Aankhon-Mein-1972/article14628607.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Nafrat]]'' with [[Yogita Bali]], ''[[Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara]]'' with [[Leena Chandavarkar]], ''[[Hamari Bahu Alka]]'' with Bindiya Goswami and ''[[Shubh Kaamna]]'' with [[Rati Agnihotri]]. [[J. Om Prakash]] produced ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' with Rakesh in the lead. Later, J. Om Prakash directed ''[[Aakraman]]'', with Sanjeev Kumar in the lead, and had Rakesh in a supporting role, and then produced ''Aakhir Kyun?'', with Rajesh Khanna in the lead and Rakesh in a supporting role.

Rakesh played supporting roles in a few successful films such as ''[[Man Mandir]]'' with Sanjeev Kumar in the lead, ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' with Rishi Kapoor in the lead,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-07 |title=Khel Khel Mein (1975) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/khel-khel-mein-1975/article5325782.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Bullet (1976 film)|Bullet]]'' with [[Dev Anand]] as the hero,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-30 |title=Bullet (1976) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-column-bullet/article7481893.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Hatyara (1977 film)|Hatyara]]'' with [[Vinod Khanna]] in the lead, ''[[Dhongee]]'' with [[Randhir Kapoor]], ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'' with [[Jeetendra]] and ''[[Neeyat (1980 film)|Neeyat]]'' with [[Shashi Kapoor]] as the lead hero. He played supporting roles regularly in films with [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead role and of those, ''[[Chalta Purza]]'' was a failure and the other three were blockbusters – ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]'', ''[[Awaaz]]'' and ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]''. The few multi-star cast films he was part of as the lead hero that were successful between 1977 and 1986 were ''[[Devata]]'', ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' and ''[[Haathkadi (1982 film)|Haathkadi]]'', all of which had Sanjeev Kumar as the main lead hero and ''[[Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)|Jaag Utha Insan]]'' and ''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'', which had Mithun Chakraborty in the main lead, and other hits such as ''[[Dil Aur Deewaar]]'', ''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'', ''Unees-Bees'' (1980) and ''Maqaar'' (1986). Most of his other films as a second lead hero or solo hero films between 1973 and 1990 were box office flops.

Rakesh set up his own production company, Filmkraft, in 1980 and their first production was ''[[Aap Ke Deewane]]'' (1980), which was a box office flop. His next venture was ''[[Kaamchor]]'', also produced by him, which became a hit, but the success of this film was attributed to its music and the heroine [[Jaya Prada]]. His next solo hero film ''[[Shubh Kaamna]]'', directed by [[K. Vishwanath]], was a hit. He tried to re-launch himself as a lead hero with ''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]'' (1986), directed by J. Om Prakash and starring [[Rajinikanth]] as the main lead and himself in the second lead. But the film was a flop. Between 1984 and 1990 he only got supporting roles, with the exception of ''[[Bahurani (1989 film)|Bahurani]]''. The multi-star films where he was the second lead, such as ''Maqaar'' and ''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' were successful. His last film as a leading hero was ''Bahurani'', which was a woman-oriented film starring Rekha in the lead, which was directed by Manik Chatterjee and released in 1989.

===1987–1999===
[[File:Rakesh Roshan, Thakur Doultani & Hrithik Roshan.jpg|thumb|Roshan (left) with his son [[Hrithik Roshan]] (right) and Thakur Doultani (middle)]]
Rakesh made his directorial debut with the action drama {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Khudgarz]]}} (1987), starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Amrita Singh]] and [[Neelam Kothari]]. The film emerged as a huge commercial success at the box-office.

He next directed the revenge drama thriller ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' (1988), starring [[Rekha]] alongside [[Kabir Bedi]] and [[Sonu Walia]]. The film received highly positive reviews upon release, and became a major commercial success at the box-office. It was also noted as a path-breaking film, emerging as one of the first successful films with the heroine as the central protagonist. The film also earned Rekha her second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], in addition to Roshan's first nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. He followed it up with the action comedy ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990), starring [[Anil Kapoor]] in dual roles, alongside [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Shilpa Shirodkar]].

His next directorial venture was the romantic comedy ''[[Khel (film)|Khel]]'' in 1992 starring an [[ensemble cast]] of Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, [[Anupam Kher]], [[Mala Sinha]] and Sonu Walia in lead roles and action comedy ''[[King Uncle]]'' in 1993 starring an ensemble cast of [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anu Aggarwal]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Nagma]] and [[Paresh Rawal]] in lead roles. Both ''Khel'' and ''King Uncle'' were commercially successful and have since gained cult status, being well received by families and children. ''King Uncle'' was one of few early successful films in which Shah Rukh Khan played a supporting role or second lead. It is also first film of Rakesh Roshan with Shah Rukh Khan.

His next directorial venture was the melodramatic thriller ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995), starring [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee Gulzar]], [[Salman Khan]], Shah Rukh Khan, [[Kajol]], [[Mamta Kulkarni]] and [[Amrish Puri]] in lead roles. The film received positive reviews from critics, and emerged as a blockbuster at the box-office, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 1995|second-highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. It also earned Roshan his second nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director.

He next directed the action thriller ''[[Koyla]]'' (1997), starring Shah Rukh and Dixit. The film received mixed reviews from critics, and emerged as an average grosser at the box-office, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 1997|ninth highest-grossing Indian film of the year]].

=== 2000–present ===
==== 2000 murder attempt ====
On 21 January 2000, Roshan was shot at by two [[Ali Budesh|Budesh gang]] members near his office on Tilak Road at [[Santacruz, Mumbai]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100728074038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1917/19170340.htm The stars and the dons]}}. Hinduonnet.com (11 November 2000). Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> The assailants fired two bullets at him, one of which hit him on the left arm, while the other grazed his chest. As the director fell to the ground, the assailants fled the scene.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/21roshan.htm Rakesh Roshan shot at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803025453/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/21roshan.htm|date=3 August 2014}}. Rediff.com (21 January 2000). Retrieved on 2016-07-03.</ref> The culprits were later identified as Sunil Vithal Gaikwad and Sachin Kamble. The attack on Rakesh was not undertaken with the intent to kill, but to signal that the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] could no longer protect its clients. Rakesh had stonewalled demands from Budesh for a percentage of the profits from the overseas earnings of his hit film ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Swami, Praveen |date=June 2000 |title=Of politics and profit |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1711/17110430.htm |url-status=usurped |journal=Frontline |volume=17 |issue=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055526/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1711/17110430.htm |archive-date=7 October 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Hrithik's career ====
[[File:Photos-Rakesh-Roshan-Hrithik-Roshan-Neetu-Singh-Ayesha-Jhulka-Ameesha-Patel-Mahima-Choudhary-and-others-snapped-at-the-bash-thrown-for-the-success-of-The-Roshans-documentary-1.jpg|thumbnail|Roshan (right) with his son [[Hrithik Roshan]] (left) in 2025]]
He launched his son Hrithik's career as a lead actor with the musical romantic thriller ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), alongside debutante [[Ameesha Patel]]. Rakesh later revealed that this film was inspired by [[Shakti Samanta]]'s [[Aradhana (1969 film)|''Aradhana'']] (1969), starring [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Rajesh Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDPR |url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-roshan-kaabil-interview-5497798-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116175511/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-roshan-kaabil-interview-5497798-NOR.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2000|second highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. It won Rakesh his first Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director, in addition to entering the [[Limca Book of Records]] for the most awards won by a Bollywood film.

He directed his son again, alongside Rekha and [[Preity Zinta]], in the 2003 science-fiction film ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''. The first installment of the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' franchise]], the film opened to positive reviews, with particular praise for its novel concept, and emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2003|second highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. It earned Rakesh his second consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/filmfare-awards-2004-winners-list-news-bollywood-kkfvNnffjfa.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2004: Winners List|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=21 July 2012|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214051718/http://www.sify.com/movies/filmfare-awards-2004-winners-list-news-bollywood-kkfvNnffjfa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He directed his son for the third time in its sequel, the science-fiction [[superhero film]] ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006), alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]], Rekha and [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. The film received positive reviews upon release, and emerged as a trend-setter, bringing in Hindi cinema's first superhero. It emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2006|second highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. ''Krrish'' earned Rakesh his fifth nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723203502/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2008, he produced the comedy thriller ''[[Krazzy 4]]'' which marked his first production-only venture. Directed by Jaideep Sen and starring [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Rajpal Yadav]] and [[Suresh Menon]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Sen |first=Jaideep |title=Krazzy 4 |date=2008-04-11 |type=Comedy, Crime, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1182908/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |others=Juhi Chawla, Irrfan Khan, Arshad Warsi |publisher=Filmcraft Productions}}</ref> the film received negative reviews and emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krazzy 4 – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=324 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2010, he produced the Bollywood-meets-Hollywood crossover film titled ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'', directed by [[Anurag Basu]] and starring Hrithik alongside [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexican]] actress [[Bárbara Mori]]. Despite hype prior to release, the film received mixed-to-negative reviews upon release, and emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kites – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=90 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Another version of this film was released internationally and known as [[Kites:The Remix|Brett Ratner presents ''Kites: The Remix'']]. This version was shorter, and mainly toned down the amount of musical numbers.

His next directorial was ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013), the third film of the ''Krrish'' franchise. With Hrithik and Chopra reprising their roles from the previous film, it also stars [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]]. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2013|third highest-grossing Indian film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krrish 3 – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1711 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2017, he produced the romantic action thriller ''[[Kaabil]]'', starring Hrithik alongside [[Yami Gautam]]. The film opened to mixed reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as an average grosser at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaabil – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3459 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

He is next set to direct ''[[Krrish 4]]'', with Hrithik and Priyanka Chopra reprising their roles. However, the film has been delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Hrithik Roshan's 'Krrish 4' To Be Directed By 'Agneepath' Director Karan Malhotra? – Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/Hrithik_Roshans_Krrish_4_To_Be_Directed_By_Agneepath_Director_Karan_Malhotra |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Photos-Rakesh-Roshan-Hrithik-Roshan-Neetu-Singh-Ayesha-Jhulka-Ameesha-Patel-Mahima-Choudhary-and-others-snapped-at-the-bash-thrown-for-the-success-of-The-Roshans-documentary-7.jpg|thumbnail|Roshan with his wife Pinkie (right) and daughter Sunaina (left)]]
Rakesh is married to Pinkie Roshan, daughter of [[J. Om Prakash]]. They have two children, Sunaina Roshan and [[Hrithik Roshan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title=Did you know Hrithik Roshan's maternal and paternal family has roots in Pakistan? – ETimes BFFs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-hrithik-roshans-maternal-and-paternal-family-has-roots-in-pakistan-etimes-bffs/articleshow/107399202.cms |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In January 2019, Rakesh was diagnosed with early-stage [[squamous cell carcinoma]] of the throat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/rakesh-roshan-diagnosed-with-early-stage-throat-cancer-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/67432153.cms|title=Rakesh Roshan diagnosed with early-stage throat cancer|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=9 January 2019 |access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109012518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/rakesh-roshan-diagnosed-with-early-stage-throat-cancer-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/67432153.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Honours ==
* Rakesh was honoured on 3 December 2006 during the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Panaji]] for his contribution to mainstream cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061203-1.html |title=Hrithik Roshan honoured at IFFI : Bollywood News |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005647/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061203-1.html |archive-date=5 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* On 11 December 2006, Rakesh was honoured during the [[Global Indian Film Awards]] (GIFA) for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema over the past 35 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061211-1.html |title='Lage Raho Munnabhai' adjudged best film in Malaysia : Bollywood News |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=11 December 2006 |access-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325125425/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061211-1.html |archive-date=25 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Producer
! Director
! Actor
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' || Suresh || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1971 || ''[[Man Mandir]]'' || Ramu|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Paraya Dhan]]'' || Shankar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Seema (1971 film)|Seema]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1972 || ''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' || Rakesh Rai|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Aankh Micholi]]'' || Ravi|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Buniyaad (film)|Buniyaad]]'' || Ajit Kumar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || ''[[Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara]]'' || Harish Bhatia|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Nafrat]]'' || Prakash|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1974 || ''[[Goonj (1974 film)|Goonj]]'' || Rakesh Kumar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Pugli]]'' || Raja|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Trimurti (1974 film)|Trimurti]]'' || Nandu|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Madhosh (1974 film)|Madhosh]]'' || Goldie|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1975 || ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' || Vikram "Vicky"|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Aakraman]]'' || Lieutenant Sunil Mehra|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Zakhmee]]'' || Amar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1976 || ''[[Bullet (1976 film)|Bullet]]'' || Inspector Rajesh|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Ginny Aur Johnny]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Raeeszada]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1977 || ''[[Anand Ashram]]'' || Dr. Prakash|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Chalta Purza]]'' || Inspector Sunil Verma|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Priyatama]]'' || Rakesh|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Hatyara (1977 film)|Hatyara]]'' || Inspector Prakash|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Haiwan (film)|Haiwan]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1978 || ''[[Aahuti (1978 film)|Aahuti]]'' || Bharat Prasad|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Dil Aur Deewaar]]'' || Chandu|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' || Firoz Sethna|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Devata (1978 film)|Devata]]'' || George|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1979 || ''[[Ganga Aur Geeta]]'' || Friendly Appearance|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Jhoota Kahin Ka]]'' || Vijay Rai / Vikram|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Dhongee]]'' || Inspector Thapa || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'' || Rakesh || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Prem Jaal]]'' || Mahendra|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Ikraar (1979 film)|Ikraar]]'' || Hero|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Aangan Ki Kali]]'' || Anmol|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1980 || ''[[Aap Ke Deewane]]'' || Rahim||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''Unees-Bees'' || Dev|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Neeyat (1980 film)|Neeyat]]'' || Ajay|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Pyaara Dushman]]'' || Raja|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Khubsoorat]]'' || Indra Gupta|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1981 || ''[[Bhula Na Dena]]'' || Arun|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''Naari'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''Daasi'' || Anup|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]'' || Anil|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Hotel (1981 film)|Hotel]]'' || Vijay|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Haqdaar]]'' || Rakesh|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Jeene Ki Arzoo]]'' || Ravi|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1982 || ''[[Haathkadi (1982 film)|Haathkadi]]'' || Baldev Mittal|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Vakil Babu|Vakil Baboo]]'' || Prem Oberoi|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Ankh]]'' || Anand|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Hamari Bahu Alka]]'' || Pratapchand|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Jeevan Dhaara]]'' || Kamal Pal Singh|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' || Rajesh Kumar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Kaamchor]]'' || Suraj||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Waqt Waqt Ki Baat]]'' || Inspector Shankar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Baawri]]'' || Shyam Bhardwaj|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Begunaah Qaidi]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[Shubh Kaamna]]'' || Ratan|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Jeet Hamaari]]'' || Anand|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 || ''[[Main Qatil Hoon]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Hanste Khelte]]'' || Rakesh || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Awaaz]]'' || Inspector Vijay Gupta|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Zindagi Jeene Ke Liye]]'' || Ashok|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)|Jaag Utha Insan]]'' || Brahmanand Chaturvedi "Nandu"||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1985 || ''[[Pyaase Honth]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Bahu Ki Awaaz]]'' || Vimal Srivastav|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Mahaguru (1985 film)|Mahaguru]]'' || Subhash|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'' || Kabir Suri|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Zulm Ka Badla]]'' || Inspector Anil Verma|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Patthar Dil]]'' || Chandar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Kala Suraj|Kaala Sooraj]]'' || Inspector Pratap Singh|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Haveli (1985 film)|Haveli]]'' || Kumar Saxena|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1986 || ''[[Maqaar]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Khamosh Nigahen (1986 film)|Khamosh Nigahen]]'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]'' || Swaroop||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' ||Inspector Amar Verma|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Anubhav (1986 film)|Anubhav]]'' || Amit Kumar|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987 || ''Mera Yaar Mera Dushman'' || Ashok|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Daku Hasina]]'' || S.P. Ranjeet Saxena|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Khudgarz]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988 || ''Ramkudi Jhamkudi'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''Be Lagaam'' || || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Paigham]]'' || Naasir Khaan|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' || Vikram Saxena||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 || ''[[Bahurani (1989 film)|Bahurani]]'' || Amit Chaudhary|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Kala Bazaar]]'' || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''Shararat'' || Guest Role|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Khel (film)|Khel]]'' || Tara Jaisingh's Manager|| ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 1993 || ''[[King Uncle]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''Pyar Do Pyar Lo'' || Himself || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
|''[[Karan Arjun]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' || Paresh Kapoor|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]'' || Rakesh "Guddu"|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Koyla]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kaun Sachcha Kaun Jhootha]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Mother (1999 film)|Mother]]'' || Amar Khanna|| || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
|''[[Karobaar: The Business of Love|Karobaar]]'' || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' || rowspan="2" | Sanjay Mehra ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Krrish]]'' ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || Himself || || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Krazzy 4]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||
|-
|2010
|''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]''
|
|<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div>
|
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Krrish 3]]'' || Sanjay Mehra ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> ||<div style="text-align:">{{Tick}}</div>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kaabil]]'' || ||<div style="text-align: center;">{{Tick}}</div> || ||
|}

;Television
* ''[[The Roshans]]'' (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=The Roshans review: A valuable addition to films about Hindi film industry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-roshans-review-a-valuable-addition-to-films-about-hindi-film-industry-9784029/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Frequent collaborations==
As a director, Rakesh is known for making films with his son [[Hrithik Roshan]] and having music directed by his younger brother [[Rajesh Roshan]]. Other actors he has frequently collaborated with include [[Rekha]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Amrish Puri]]. All of the films he has directed, have their titles start with the letter 'K'.

==Awards==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=August 2016}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Film|| Award || Category
|-
|[[51st National Film Awards|2004]] ||''[[Koi Mil Gaya]]''||[[National Film Awards]]|| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[46th Filmfare Awards|2001]] || rowspan="2" |''[[Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai]]''|| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Awards]]|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[49th Filmfare Awards|2004]] || rowspan="2" |''Koi Mil Gaya''|| Best Film
|-
| Best Director
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2nd IIFA Awards|2001]] || rowspan="2" |''Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai''|| rowspan="5" |[[IIFA Awards]]|| [[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Film]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|[[5th IIFA Awards|2004]] || ''Koi Mil Gaya''
|-
|[[8th IIFA Awards|2007]] ||''[[Krrish]]''|| Creative Person of the Year
|-
|[[10th IIFA Awards|2009]] ||''Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai, Koi Mil Gaya''|| Golden Decade Honour for Best Director
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001 || rowspan="2" |''Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai''|| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]|| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004 || rowspan="4" |''Koi Mil Gaya''|| Best Film
|-
| Best Director
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Apsara Awards]]|| [[Apsara Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
|[[Apsara Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| 2015 || – || Lifetime Achievement Award
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001 || rowspan="2" |''Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai''|| rowspan="2" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]||[[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Director|Best Director]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rakesh Roshan}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0004363|name=Rakesh Roshan}}
* [http://lux-mag.com/2014/01/14/bollywood-bubbling/ LUX Magazine: Bollywood Bubbling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424011451/http://lux-mag.com/2014/01/14/bollywood-bubbling/ |date=24 April 2014 }}

{{Rakesh Roshan}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}
{{ScreenAwardBestDirector}}
{{IIFAAwardBestDirector}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roshan, Rakesh}}
[[Category:Hrithik Roshan]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]

==Early life and education==
Rakesh Raushan was born in Raghopur, Vaishali, Bihar. He completed his Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering from Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

==Political career==
Rakesh Raushan began his political career with the [[Samajwadi Party]] contesting the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Raghopur, where he received 5,220 votes and came third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghopur Election Result 2015 |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12227 |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he contested on a [[Lok Janshakti Party]] ticket from the same constituency, securing 24,947 votes and finishing third again.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghopur 2020 Results |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020/raghopur |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

He was appointed as the State Vice President of [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] in Bihar from October 2021 to November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Raushan LJP Vice President |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/patna/news/ljpr-state-vice-president-rakesh-roshan-resigned-from-party-133901653.html |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

In November 2024, he resigned from LJP (Ram Vilas) and became an independent candidate for the Tirhut Graduates Sub-Election 2024 but lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Raushan Independent Candidate |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-rakesh-roshan-resigns-from-ljp-r-and-announces-independent-candidacy-in-tirhut-graduate-constituency-201730726256463.amp.html |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in November 2025 and campaigned for their candidate [[Satish Kumar Yadav]] against [[Tejashwi Yadav]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Raushan joins BJP |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/vaishali/hajipur/news/engineer-rakesh-roshan-joins-bjp-in-vaishali-136311667.html |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

==Family and personal life==
Rakesh Raushan is the son of Brijnath Singh, a prominent LJP leader and politician from Raghopur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brijnath Singh news |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-ljp-strongman-leader-brijanathy-singh-leader-or-criminal-read-full-news-13547147.html |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> His spouse is Annu Priya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Raushan spouse |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12227 |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

=== Electoral Performance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Constituency
! Party
! Votes
! Result
! Position
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2015
| [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]]
| style="background-color:#FF0000;"| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 5,220
| Lost
| 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2020
| [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]]
| style="background-color:#1E90FF;"| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 24,947
| Lost
| 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2024
| Tirhut Graduates Constituency (MLC)
| style="background-color:#808080;"| Independent
| 7,576
| Lost
| 5th
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12227 Rakesh Raushan – Myneta Profile]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/patna/news/ljpr-state-vice-president-rakesh-roshan-resigned-from-party-133901653.html Bhaskar News]
* [https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-rakesh-roshan-resigns-from-ljp-r-and-announces-independent-candidacy-in-tirhut-graduate-constituency-201730726256463.amp.html Live Hindustan]
* [https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020/raghopur NDTV Election Results]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/vaishali/hajipur/news/engineer-rakesh-roshan-joins-bjp-in-vaishali-136311667.html Bhaskar News]
* [https://www.prabhatkhabar]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2023 Cricket World Cup final

2026-02-17T05:28:28Z

ChristinaQ73: stub

{{Short description|Cricket World Cup final}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2023 Cricket World Cup Final
| image = Cricket 6.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = [[Mitchell Starc]] bowling against [[Rohit Sharma]]
| event = [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]
| team1 = [[India national cricket team|India]]
| team1flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}
| team2 = [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
| team2flag = {{flagicon|AUS|size=40px}}
| details = Australia won by 6 wickets.
| team1score = 240
| team1overs = 50 overs
| team2score = 241/4
| team2overs = 43 overs
| date = 19 November 2023
| stadium = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| attendance = 92,453<ref>{{cite news |title=Head Breaks India Hearts As Australia Win Sixth World Cup Title |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/starc-takes-three-as-australia-bowl-out-india-for-240-in-world-cup-final-75be8079 |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=[[Barron's]] |date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
| man_of_the_match = [[Travis Head]] (Aus)
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| previous = [[2019 Cricket World Cup final|2019]]
| next = 2027
}}

The '''2023 Cricket World Cup Final''' was a [[One Day International]] [[cricket]] match played at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], on 19 November 2023 to determine the winner of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cricbuzz Staff |date=30 June 2023 |title=Ahmedabad to host India-Pakistan fixture, World Cup final |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126961/ahmedabad-to-host-india-pakistan-world-cup-final-cricbuzzcom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210516/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126961/ahmedabad-to-host-india-pakistan-world-cup-final-cricbuzzcom |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> It was played between host nation [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 finalists confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/icc-mens-cricket-world-cup-2023-finalists-confirmed |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> It was the first time that [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]] hosted a [[List of Cricket World Cup finals|Cricket World Cup final]].<ref>{{cite news |last=ET Online |date=22 March 2023 |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 final to be held at Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-final-to-be-held-at-narendra-modi-stadium-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/98908002.cms |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116181534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-final-to-be-held-at-narendra-modi-stadium-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/98908002.cms |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> It was the second time that India and Australia played a World Cup final against each other, after the [[2003 Cricket World Cup final|2003 final]].<ref>{{cite web |last=India Today Sports Desk |date=16 November 2023 |title=World Cup: 20 years after Johannesburg classic, India and Australia to meet in final in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/world-cup-2023-final-india-vs-australia-narendra-modi-stadium-ahmedabad-rohit-sharma-pat-cummins-2463851-2023-11-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118212432/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/world-cup-2023-final-india-vs-australia-narendra-modi-stadium-ahmedabad-rohit-sharma-pat-cummins-2463851-2023-11-16 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In the final, Australia defeated India to win a record-extending sixth World Cup title. The comfortable Australian victory, with seven overs to spare, is considered one of the bigger upsets in World Cup history, due to the heavily favoured India going undefeated through the entire tournament up until this point.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 November 2023 |title=Awesome Australia beat India to win the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/awesome-australia-beat-india-to-win-the-icc-mens-cricket-world-cup |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Cricket World Cup |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119173108/https://www.cricketworldcup.com/news/3789444 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Australia beat hosts India to win sixth Cricket World Cup title |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231119-starc-takes-three-as-australia-bowl-out-india-for-240-in-world-cup-final |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Barney |last=Ronay |access-date=19 November 2023 |title=Silence defines the day as India’s invincibles crash to cruel final twist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/nov/19/silences-defined-the-day-as-indias-invincibles-crashed-to-a-final-twist |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Background==
{{main|2023 Cricket World Cup}}

The 2023 Cricket World Cup was hosted by [[India]]. Originally, the competition was to be played from 9 February to 26 March 2023 but due to getting longer qualification time it was moved to October to November.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Outcomes from ICC Annual Conference week in London |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/outcomes-from-icc-annual-conference-week-in-london |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |location=Dubai |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Dates">{{cite web |last=Gollapudi |first=Nagraj |date=12 December 2017 |title=IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21746867/ipl-now-window-icc-future-tours-programme |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102151025/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21746867/ipl-now-window-icc-future-tours-programme |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=12 December 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In July 2020, it was announced that the tournament would be moved to October and November as a result of the qualification schedule being disrupted due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="icc_postpone">{{cite news |last=Gollapudi |first=Nagraj |date=20 July 2020 |title=ICC postpones T20 World Cup due to Covid-19 pandemic |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29502051/icc-postpones-t20-world-cup-due-covid-19-pandemic |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023031651/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-postpones-t20-world-cup-due-to-covid-19-pandemic-1227275 |archive-date=23 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |date=20 July 2020 |title=Men's T20 World Cup 2020 postponed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2020-postponed#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20decision%20to%20postpone%20the,for%20fans%20around%20the%20world |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> The ICC released the tournament schedule on 27 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2023 |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 Schedule Announced: India vs Pakistan on October 15 in Ahmedabad |work=Latestly |url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-schedule-announced-india-vs-pakistan-on-october-15-in-ahmedabad-5228664.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627081441/https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-schedule-announced-india-vs-pakistan-on-october-15-in-ahmedabad-5228664.html |archive-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> Semi-finals were played in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] while the final was held in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=27 June 2023 |title=ICC ODI World Cup: Ahmedabad to host final, Mumbai and Kolkata get semis |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/icc-odi-world-cup-ahmedabad-to-host-final-mumbai-and-kolkata-get-semis-123062700312_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116132817/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/icc-odi-world-cup-ahmedabad-to-host-final-mumbai-and-kolkata-get-semis-123062700312_1.html |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

[[India national cricket team|India]] secured a place in the final for the fourth time, after defeating New Zealand in the semi-final;.<ref>{{cite web |last=India Today Sports Desk |date=15 November 2023 |title=3rd time lucky: India go past semi-final hurdle in ODI World Cup for first time in 12 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/3rd-time-lucky-india-go-past-semi-final-hurdle-in-odi-world-cup-for-first-time-in-12-years-2463400-2023-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116132644/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/3rd-time-lucky-india-go-past-semi-final-hurdle-in-odi-world-cup-for-first-time-in-12-years-2463400-2023-11-15 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> having won two ([[1983 Cricket World Cup final|1983]] against the West Indies and [[2011 Cricket World Cup final|2011]] against Sri Lanka) and lost one ([[2003 Cricket World Cup final|2003]] to current finalist Australia).<ref>{{cite web |last=Bilali |first=Shaghil |date=16 November 2023 |title=2023 ICC World Cup: India's journey at World Cup finals so far |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/news-2023-icc-world-cup-indias-journey-in-world-cup-finals-so-far-virat-kohli-rohit-sharma-mohammed-shami-ms-dhoni-sachin-tendulkar-kapil-dev-sourav-ganguly-australia-south-africa-264838 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116133651/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/news-2023-icc-world-cup-indias-journey-in-world-cup-finals-so-far-virat-kohli-rohit-sharma-mohammed-shami-ms-dhoni-sachin-tendulkar-kapil-dev-sourav-ganguly-australia-south-africa-264838 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[Zee Media Corporation|Zee Business]]}}</ref>

[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] qualified for a record-extending eighth time in the final, after defeating South Africa in the semi-finals; having won five ([[1987 Cricket World Cup final|1987]] against England, [[1999 Cricket World Cup final|1999]] against Pakistan, [[2003 Cricket World Cup final|2003]] against current finalist India, [[2007 Cricket World Cup final|2007]] against Sri Lanka, and [[2015 Cricket World Cup final|2015]] against New Zealand) and lost two ([[1975 Cricket World Cup final|1975]] to the West Indies and [[1996 Cricket World Cup final|1996]] to Sri Lanka).<ref>{{cite web |last=Pimpale |first=Aditya |date=16 November 2023 |title=ODI World Cup 2023: Australia enter record 8th final after nail-biting win over SA; face India in summit clash |url=https://www.wionews.com/cricket/odi-world-cup-2023-australia-enter-record-8th-final-after-nail-biting-win-over-sa-face-india-in-summit-clash-659433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116213638/https://www.wionews.com/cricket/odi-world-cup-2023-australia-enter-record-8th-final-after-nail-biting-win-over-sa-face-india-in-summit-clash-659433 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[WION]]}}</ref>

It was the second time that India and Australia played a World Cup final against each other, the previous one being in [[2003 Cricket World Cup final|2003]]. None of the players from the squad of both teams were a part of that final, the only member who featured in that game was [[Rahul Dravid]], India's head coach while there was no one from Australia's coaching staff and management being a part of 2003 final. However, there were 7 members from Australia's squad who were a part of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|2015 final]] that included [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], [[Glenn Maxwell]], [[Mitchell Starc]], [[Josh Hazlewood]] (who were a part of the playing XI in the 2015 final), as well as [[Pat Cummins]] and [[Mitchell Marsh]], who were not a part of the playing XI in the 2015 final. Meanwhile from the Indian team only [[Virat Kohli]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] had featured in a World Cup final in [[2011 Cricket World Cup final|2011]] and among the duo only Virat Kohli was a part of the playing XI in that final.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajarshi |date=19 November 2023 |title=India vs Australia: Why an entire generation is seeking a redemption song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/world-cup-2023-final-india-vs-australia-cricket-dhoni-virat-kohli-2003-match-defeat-redemption-2464319-2023-11-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119100304/https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/world-cup-2023-final-india-vs-australia-cricket-dhoni-virat-kohli-2003-match-defeat-redemption-2464319-2023-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>

This match was the last [[One Day International]] (ODI) for Australian cricketer [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 January 2024 |title=Australia veteran David Warner retires from ODI cricket |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-67855359 |date=1 January 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{main|2023 Cricket World Cup group stage}}

Each team played the other nine teams in the group stage; the top four teams advanced to the semi-finals.<ref name="ICCR">{{cite web |title=2023 World Cup fixtures and results |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/matches |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#9cf"
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 November 2023 |title=Path to the CWC23 final - How India asserted their dominance |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/path-to-the-cwc23-final-how-india-asserted-their-dominance |website=ICC}}</ref>
!Round
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|{{cr|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 November 2023 |title=Path to the CWC23 final - Australia peak at the right time |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/path-to-the-cwc23-final-australia-peak-at-the-right-time |website=ICC}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#c1e0ff"
|Opponent
|Result
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|{{cr|AUS}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs India|Won by 6 wickets]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 1
|{{cr|IND}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs India|Lost by 6 wickets]]
|-
|{{cr|AFG}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Afghanistan vs India|Won by 8 wickets]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 2
|{{cr|RSA}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs South Africa|Lost by 134 runs]]
|-
|{{cr|PAK}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#India vs Pakistan|Won by 7 wickets]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 3
|{{cr|SRI}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Sri Lanka|Won by 5 wickets]]
|-
|{{cr|BAN}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Bangladesh vs India|Won by 7 wickets]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 4
|{{cr|PAK}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Pakistan|Won by 62 runs]]
|-
|{{cr|NZ}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#India vs New Zealand|Won by 4 wickets]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 5
|{{cr|NED}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Netherlands|Won by 309 runs]]
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#England vs India|Won by 100 runs]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 6
|{{cr|NZ}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs New Zealand|Won by 5 runs]]
|-
|{{cr|SL}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#India vs Sri Lanka|Won by 302 runs]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 7
|{{cr|ENG}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs England|Won by 33 runs]]
|-
|{{cr|SA}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#India vs South Africa|Won by 243 runs]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 8
|{{cr|AFG|13}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Afghanistan vs Australia|Won by 3 wickets]]
|-
|{{cr|NED}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#India vs Netherlands|Won by 160 runs]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Match 9
|{{cr|BAN}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Bangladesh|Won by 8 wickets]]
|-
|colspan="2" style="align:center"|'''1st Place'''
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Group stage positions
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|'''3rd Place'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#c1e0ff"
|Opponent
|Result
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|{{cr|NZ}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|India won by 70 runs]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Semi-finals
|{{cr|SA}}
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#Smi-finals|Australia won by 3 wickets]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
! colspan="7" |Source: ICC <ref name="ICCR" />
|}

==Match==
===Match officials===
[[File:Narendra Modi Stadium view from the gallery.jpg|thumb|The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the world's largest cricket stadium, hosted its first ever [[Cricket World Cup]] final.]]
On 17 November 2023, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) named England's [[Richard Illingworth]] and [[Richard Kettleborough]] as the [[umpire (cricket)|on-field umpires]], with West Indies' [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] as the [[third umpire]], New Zealand's [[Chris Gaffaney]] as the [[fourth umpire|reserve umpire]], and Zimbabwe's [[Andy Pycroft]] as [[match referee]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sports Desk |date=17 November 2023 |title=ICC announces names of officials who will officiate World Cup final between India and Australia |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket-world-cup/icc-announces-names-of-officials-who-will-officiate-world-cup-final-between-india-and-australia-9030841/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119131215/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket-world-cup/icc-announces-names-of-officials-who-will-officiate-world-cup-final-between-india-and-australia-9030841/ |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Team Sportstar |date=17 November 2023 |title=ICC World Cup 2023, IND vs AUS Final: Full list of umpires, officials, match referee |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/ind-vs-aus-final-odi-world-cup-2023-full-list-of-umpires-match-referee-officials-india-australia/article67544079.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118155233/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/ind-vs-aus-final-odi-world-cup-2023-full-list-of-umpires-match-referee-officials-india-australia/article67544079.ece |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Sportstar}}</ref>

Kettleborough stood as the on-field umpire in the final for the second time, after [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|2015]], while Illingworth, who played in the [[1992 Cricket World Cup final]], became the second person after Sri Lanka's [[Kumar Dharmasena]] to feature in the final of the World Cup as both a player and an umpire.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Match officials named for 2023 Cricket World Cup final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/match-officials-named-for-cricket-world-cup-final |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

* '''On-field umpires''': [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
* '''TV umpire''': [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
* '''Reserve umpire''': [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
* '''Match referee''': [[Andy Pycroft]] (Zim)

===Teams and toss===
Both teams remained unchanged from their semi-final matches.<ref>{{cite web |last=BS Web Team |date=18 November 2023 |title=World Cup 2023 final IND vs AUS Playing 11, toss result and live streaming |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/world-cup/world-cup-2023-final-ind-vs-aus-playing-11-live-match-time-streaming-123111800450_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119090444/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/world-cup/world-cup-2023-final-ind-vs-aus-playing-11-live-match-time-streaming-123111800450_1.html |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Australia won the toss and decided to field first.<ref>{{cite web |last=BS Web Team |date=19 November 2023 |title=IND vs AUS LIVE SCORE, World Cup Final Updates: Aussies opt to bowl first |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/world-cup/india-vs-australia-live-score-icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-final-ind-vs-aus-full-scorecard-in-ahmedabad-123111900208_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119170033/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/world-cup/india-vs-australia-live-score-icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-final-ind-vs-aus-full-scorecard-in-ahmedabad-123111900208_1.html |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

===India innings===
India made a quick start to their innings, with captain [[Rohit Sharma]] hitting 47 from 31 balls despite losing opening partner [[Shubman Gill]] early on. The loss of Rohit via a brilliant Travis Head catch, and [[Shreyas Iyer]] soon after left themselves 81/3.<ref name="BBCR">{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Matthew |date=19 November 2023 |title=Cricket World Cup 2023: Australia stun hosts India to win sixth title as Travis Head hits century |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/67467918 |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119161937/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/67467918 |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> [[Virat Kohli]] and [[K. L. Rahul]] added 67 for the fourth wicket. Later Kohli was dismissed due to a slower ball from Pat Cummins; which Kohli inside-edged onto his stumps.<ref name="BBCR" /> India continued to add runs slowly -- scoring 2 boundaries in a 28 over period (10-38) -- until Rahul was dismissed for 66 to leave India 203/6, and the remaining batsmen were not able to score quickly. The innings ended when [[Kuldeep Yadav]] was run-out on the last ball of the innings with the score on 240.<ref name="BBCR" />

===Australia innings===
Following a flurry of runs in the opening overs, Australia innings' almost fell apart, with [[Mohammed Shami]] removing Warner and [[Jasprit Bumrah]] getting [[Mitchell Marsh]] and [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]. At that point, Australia were 47 for 3 after 7 overs.<ref name="BBCR" /> While India was looking for more wickets, [[Travis Head]] and [[Marnus Labuschagne]] then built a partnership, which put on 192 runs in 35.5 overs. Australia were within two runs of victory when Head was dismissed by [[Mohammed Siraj]] for 137.<ref name="BBCR" /> [[Glenn Maxwell]] was the next batsman in, and hit the winning two runs off the next ball, to give Australia a 6-wicket victory.<ref name="BBCR" />

===Match details===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 240 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 66 (107)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 3/55 (10 overs)
| score2 = 241/4 (43 overs)
| runs2 = [[Travis Head]] 137 (120)
| wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 2/43 (9 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384439.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Travis Head]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Aus) played in his last ODI match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Warner confirms ODI retirement to add to Test farewell |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/warner-confirms-odi-retirement-to-add-to-test-farewell |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
* Australia won their record sixth World Cup title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 November 2023 |title=‘Against all odds’: Cricket world blown away by Aussie WC triumph that even had Poms applauding |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/icc-world-cup/against-all-the-odds-cricket-world-in-awe-as-aussies-secure-greatest-wc-victory/news-story/33e0ab26e87b592267a47a4569692038 |website=Fox Sports}}</ref>
}}

{{hidden begin
|title=Final scorecard
|titlestyle=background:lightblue;
}}

;1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|IND}} batting<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rohit Sharma]] |status=c Head b Maxwell|runs=47|balls=31|4s=4|6s=3|strike_rate=151.61}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shubman Gill]] |status=c Zampa b Starc|runs=4|balls=7|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=57.14}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Virat Kohli]] |status=b Cummins|runs=54|balls=63|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=85.71}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shreyas Iyer]] |status=c †Inglis b Cummins|runs=4|balls=3|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=133.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[KL Rahul]] |status=c †Inglis b Starc|runs=66|balls=107|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=61.68}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravindra Jadeja]] |status=c †Inglis b Hazlewood|runs=9|balls=22|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=40.90}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Suryakumar Yadav]] |status=c †Inglis b Hazlewood|runs=18|balls=28|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=64.28}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammed Shami]] |status=c †Inglis b Starc|runs=6|balls=10|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=60.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jasprit Bumrah]] |status=lbw b Zampa|runs=1|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=33.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kuldeep Yadav]] |status=run out (Labuschagne/Cummins)|runs=10|balls=18|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=55.55}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammed Siraj]] |status=not out|runs=9|balls=8|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=112.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 3, w 9)|runs=12|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(10 wickets; 50 overs)|runs='''240''' |balls=|4s=13|6s=3|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1/30 (Gill, 4.2 ov), 2/76 (Rohit, 9.4 ov), 3/81 (Iyer, 10.2 ov), 4/148 (Kohli, 28.3 ov), 5/178 (Jadeja, 35.5 ov), 6/203 (Rahul, 41.3 ov), 7/211 (Shami, 43.4 ov), 8/214 (Bumrah, 44.5 ov), 9/226 (Yadav, 47.3 ov), 10/240 (Kuldeep, 49.6 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} bowling<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Starc]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=55|wickets=3|econ=5.50|wides=3|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Josh Hazlewood]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=60|wickets=2|econ=6.00|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Glenn Maxwell]]|overs=6|maiden=0|runs=35|wickets=1|econ=5.83|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Pat Cummins]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=34|wickets=2|econ=3.40|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Adam Zampa]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=44|wickets=1|econ=4.40|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Marsh]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=5|wickets=0|econ=2.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Travis Head]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=4|wickets=0|econ=2.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

;2nd innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} batting<ref name=finalscorecard>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384439.html |title=Final: Final, ICC Cricket World Cup at Ahmedabad, Nov 19 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |date=19 November 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] |status=c Kohli b Shami|runs=7|balls=3|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=233.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Travis Head]] |status=c Gill b Siraj|runs=137|balls=120|4s=15|6s=4|strike_rate=114.16}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Marsh]] |status=c Rahul b Bumrah|runs=15|balls=15|4s=1|6s=1|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] |status=lbw b Bumrah|runs=4|balls=9|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=44.44}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marnus Labuschagne]] |status=not out|runs=58|balls=110|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=52.72}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Glenn Maxwell]] |status=not out|runs=2|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=200.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Josh Inglis]] |status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Starc]] |status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Pat Cummins]] |status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Adam Zampa]] |status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Josh Hazlewood]] |status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(b 5, lb 2, w 11)|runs=18|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(4 wickets; 43 overs)|runs='''241 '''|balls=|4s=22|6s=5|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1/16 (Warner, 1.1 ov), 2/41 (Marsh, 4.3 ov), 3/47 (Smith, 6.6 ov), 4/239 (Head, 42.5 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|IND}} bowling<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|overs=9|maiden=2|runs=43|wickets=2|econ=4.77|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Shami]]|overs=7|maiden=1|runs=47|wickets=1|econ=6.71|wides=3|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=43|wickets=0|econ=4.30|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Kuldeep Yadav]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=56|wickets=0|econ=5.60|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Siraj]]|overs=7|maiden=0|runs=45|wickets=1|econ=6.42|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}
{{hidden end}}

==Broadcasting==
The final match was broadcast live in India on [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], [[free-to-air]] broadcaster [[DD Sports]] and free on [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. In Australia the match was broadcast live on [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]], [[Kayo Sports]] and in free to air on [[Nine Network]] and it's OTT platform [[9Now]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=All you need to know about the Cricket World Cup Final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-cricket-world-cup-final |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

The ICC also named the following panel of elite commentators for the final: [[Harsha Bhogle]], [[Ian Bishop (cricketer)|Ian Bishop]], [[Aaron Finch]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Matthew Hayden]], [[Mark Howard (broadcaster)|Mark Howard]], [[Nasser Hussain]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Sanjay Manjrekar]], [[Eoin Morgan]], [[Kass Naidoo]], [[Ricky Ponting]], [[Ravi Shastri]], [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian Smith]] and [[Shane Watson]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Elite commentators panel for the CWC23 Final between India and Australia revealed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3789128 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119101922/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3789128 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

===Viewership===
According to [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] (BARC) data, the final was watched by 300 million people on TV, with a peak concurrence of 130 million, making it the most-watched cricket match on TV. [[Disney+ Hotstar]] recorded a viewership of 59 million concurrent viewers, the most for any live sporting event on an OTT platform.<ref>{{cite news |title=2023 ODI World Cup shatters viewership records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2023-odi-world-cup-shatters-viewership-records-1410361 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The final was live-viewed globally for 87.6 billion minutes cumulatively through all media, becoming the most-watched ICC match ever.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Cup 2023 smashes broadcast and digital records |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/news/world-cup-2023-smashes-broadcast-and-digital-records |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=International Cricket Council |language=en}}</ref>

==Closing ceremony==
During the closing ceremony, a [[Drone art|drone show]] was held along with huge fireworks. After this, Australia's Deputy Prime Minister [[Richard Marles]], Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and BCCI Secretary [[Jay Shah]] presented the World Cup trophy to Australia's captain [[Pat Cummins]].<ref>{{cite web |last=I |first=Ani |date=17 November 2023 |title=PM Modi, Australia's Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles to attend India-Australia World Cup final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pm-modi-australia-s-deputy-prime-minister-richard-marles-to-attend-india-australia-world-cup-final-101700234201652.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118155141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pm-modi-australia-s-deputy-prime-minister-richard-marles-to-attend-india-australia-world-cup-final-101700234201652.html |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Sahil |date=18 November 2023 |title=Salute from the Skies, Parade of Champions, Drone Show and More… : World Cup Final Set to be a Grand Spectacle |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/salute-from-the-skies-parade-of-champions-drone-show-and-more-world-cup-final-set-to-be-a-grand-spectacle-8666352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118155735/https://www.news18.com/cricket/salute-from-the-skies-parade-of-champions-drone-show-and-more-world-cup-final-set-to-be-a-grand-spectacle-8666352.html |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[News18 India|News18]]}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

In the aftermath of the match, many supporters of the Indian team took to social media to troll and harass Australian players and their families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Cricket fans called out for 'disgusting' and 'hateful' attacks after Aussie World Cup win |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/icc-world-cup/cricket-fans-called-out-for-disgusting-and-hateful-attacks-after-aussie-world-cup-win/news-story/3481828c2acbea309f21e3d832d6ec71 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Fox Sports |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123065659/https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/icc-world-cup/cricket-fans-called-out-for-disgusting-and-hateful-attacks-after-aussie-world-cup-win/news-story/3481828c2acbea309f21e3d832d6ec71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some fans even sent death and [[rape threats]] directed at players and their families, resulting in many Australian players filing complaints with [[Cricket Australia]] and the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Australian cricketers file complaint with CA over receiving death and rape threats for them and their families from Indian fans after World Cup final: Report |url=http://crictoday.com/cricket/news/australian-cricketers-file-complaint-with-ca-over-receiving-death-and-rape-threats-for-them-and-their-families-from-indian-fans-after-world-cup-final-report/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Crictoday |language=en-US |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123065701/https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/australian-cricketers-file-complaint-with-ca-over-receiving-death-and-rape-threats-for-them-and-their-families-from-indian-fans-after-world-cup-final-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Harbhajan Singh]], a former player on the Indian team, condemned the trolls, saying "Reports of trolling of family members of Australian cricket players is completely in bad taste. We played well but lost the final to better cricket by the Aussies. That's it. Why troll the players and their families? Requesting all cricket fans to stop such behaviour. Sanity and dignity are more important".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stop such behaviour: Harbhajan Singh slams trolling of families of Australian players after World Cup Final |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-world-cup-final-trolls-families-harbhajan-vini-raman-travis-head-2465593-2023-11-21 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123065701/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-world-cup-final-trolls-families-harbhajan-vini-raman-travis-head-2465593-2023-11-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cricketworldcup.com Official World Cup site]
*[http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup Cricket World Cup] at icc-cricket.com
{{Portal bar|Australia|India|Cricket|Sports|World}}
{{2023 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2023}}


[[Category:2023 Cricket World Cup|Final]]
[[Category:Cricket World Cup finals]]
[[Category:Cricket in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:November 2023 sports events in India|Cricket World Cup Final]]
[[Category:Australia–India sports relations]]

M-Indicator

2026-02-12T12:17:29Z

ChristinaQ73:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Mobile app}}
{{Infobox software
| name = m-Indicator
| logo = 
| logo alt =
| logo caption =
| screenshot = 
| screenshot alt =
| caption =
| collapsible = 
| author = Sachin Teke
| developer = Mobond
| released = {{Start date and age|2010|05|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m-indicator.mobond.com/desktop/index.html#about|title=Mumbai Local train timetable 2016. Western, Central, Harbour, Thane-vashi. BEST, NMMT, TMT Bus routes. Indian Railways schedule|website=m-indicator.mobond.com}}</ref>
| ver layout = stacked
| latest release version = {{multiple releases

| branch1 = Android
| version1 = 17.0.189
| date1 = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2021|02|06}}<ref name="android release">{{cite web
| url = https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mobond.mindicator
| title = m-Indicator- Mumbai - Live Train Position - Apps on Google Play
| website = play.google.com
| access-date = 2021-04-14
}}</ref>

| branch2 = iOS
| version2 = 17.5
| date2 = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2021|02|07}}<ref name="ios release">{{cite web
| url = https://apps.apple.com/in/app/m-indicator/id593278253
| title = m-Indicator on the App Store
| website = apps.apple.com
| access-date = 2021-04-14
}}</ref>

| branch3 = Windows Phone
| version3 = 11.0
| date3 = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2017|07|31}}

| branch4 = BlackBerry
| version4 = 11.0.78
| date4 = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2016|04|26}}<ref name="blackberry release">{{cite web
| url = https://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/43952891/?lang=en&countrycode=IN
| title = m-Indicator - Mumbai - Pune - BlackBerry World
| website = appworld.blackberry.com
| access-date = 2021-04-14
}}</ref>

| branch5 = Java ME
| version5 = 9.4
| date5 = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2014|11|21}}<ref name="javame release">{{cite web
| url = https://m.mobond.com/install.jsp
| title = INSTALL
| website = m.mobond.com
| access-date = 2021-04-14
}}</ref>
}}
| latest release date =
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[iOS]] 9.1 or later,<ref name="ios release"/> [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 4.1 or later,<ref name="android release"/> [[Windows Phone]], [[BlackBerry OS]], [[Java Platform, Micro Edition|Java ME]], [[macOS]] 11.0 or later<ref name="ios release"/>
| platform = [[x86]], [[x64]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[AArch64|ARM64]]
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = Travel
| license =
| website = {{URL|http://www.m-indicator.mobond.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

'''M-Indicator''' (stylised as '''m-Indicator''') is a timetable [[mobile app|app]] that primarily provides information about public transportation in the cities of [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commute 'smart' with these five useful mobile apps |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/commute-smart-with-these-five-useful-mobile-apps/story-fpNziK6G1Q1F3FNsvLjPwK.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=17 February 2020}}</ref> It contains details about 232 trains, making 3,000 daily trips through 108 stations on the Mumbai's [[Mumbai suburban railway|suburban train]] network. It has 84,000 timetable entries. It was created in 2010 by Sachin Teke.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/21/smallbusiness/m-indicator-app-india/index.html|title=His m-Indicator app is used by 10 million Indian commuters|last=Kavilanz|first=Parija|date=2016-03-21|website=CNNMoney|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/m-indicator-plans-to-raise-rs-60-crore-from-helion-ventures-sequoia-capital/articleshow/48737383.cms|title=M-indicator plans to raise Rs 60 crore from Helion Ventures, Sequoia Capital|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

m-Inidcaor has been downloaded by over 1 crore users on Android. It hosts a chat on which Mumbai's 75 lakh commuters share real-time information about rescheduling or cancellation of train services.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/life-on-the-local-commuters-on-cr-chatroom-app-for-answers-to-queries-on-trains-lost-items-4402318/|title=Life on the local: Commuters on CR chatroom app for answers to queries on trains, lost items|date=2016-11-30|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

== History ==
A news story published on ''Moneylife'' in January 2012 describes m-Indicator as "a little known company's mobile app". The application could then be installed on Android and Java phones. It informs that the application developers preferred anonymity, describing themselves as "mobond.com is an organisation of enthusiastic software developers having the aim of providing free software products." Mobond is expanded as "bonding the mob".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/m-indicator-the-favourite-mobile-app-of-daily-commuters-from-mumbai/22723.html|title=m-Indicator- the favourite mobile app of daily commuters from Mumbai|website=www.moneylife.in|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> The creator informs that in the name m-Indicator, "m" stands for mobile and Mumbai, and "Indicator" for what it means.<ref name=":3" />

=== Creator ===
m-Indicator was developed by Sachin Teke, an IT engineer and alumnus of [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute|VJTI]] of the 2006 batch. Living in [[Nerul]] in [[Navi Mumbai]], his work had him commuting to [[SEEPZ]] daily, using a train between [[Nerul railway station|Nerul]] and [[Kurla railway station|Kurla]], then a bus, followed by an [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]]. He faced uncertainty regarding train schedules, more so in the evening on his way back home. According to Teke, the need for a reliable schedule information system was fundamental, considering the number of commuters who travel by train in Mumbai. Teke quit his job to develop m-Indicator and work on it full-time through his company Mobond.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-lifeline-provider/15411165|title=Mumbai's lifeline provider|newspaper=mid-day|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/2015-heroes/city-improvement/Sachin-Teke-Easing-travel-and-time/articleshow/49262642.cms|title=Sachin Teke: Easing travel and time - Mumbai Mirror -|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>

== Features ==
The application provides the following features:
# Schedules for suburban trains, buses, metro rail, mono rail and ferries.<ref name=":0" />
# Information about picnic spots in the vicinity of Mumbai, hotels, hospitals, and movie and drama theatres.<ref name=":0" />
# Posts related to jobs and rentals.<ref name=":0" />
# Separate chat rooms for central, western and harbour line commuters.<ref name=":1" />
# Real time information on upcoming suburban trains, jurisdiction areas of various police stations, availability of free [[Wi-Fi]] at a particular station, and in case of an incident, the location and police station under whose jurisdiction it lies, the names, addresses and phone numbers to be reached in emergencies, directions and information on how cyber crimes are to be reported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bgr.in/news/mumbai-police-debuts-on-m-indicator-app/|title=Mumbai police debuts on m-indicator app|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>
# Playing of audio-visual messages from [[railway police]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-grp-rpf-form-human-chains-to-emphasise-railway-safety/980848|title=Mumbai: GRP, RPF form human chains to emphasise railway safety|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-12-10|date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
# Platform number at which a particular train will halt and position of the door from which to exit.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/travel-made-easier-with-new-features-of-m-indicator/|title=Travel made easier with new features of M-Indicator|date=2015-08-28|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>
# Information on cancelled trains.<ref name=":2" />
# Information on whether a train is slow or fast.<ref name=":2" />
# Facilitation of sharing auto-rickshaw or taxi rides.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/now-share-taxi-auto-ride-using-app-676|title=Now, share a taxi, auto ride using an app|date=2016-04-16|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>
# A security system for women commuters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rly-security-app-a-hit-among-women-27321-messages-in-7-days/|title=Railway security app a hit among women; 27,321 messages in 7 days|date=2015-01-19|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Mobile applications]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro]]
{{Maharashtra transit}}

Manohar Lal Kampani

2026-02-09T15:20:50Z

ChristinaQ73: Put Up A Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian Administrator (1925–2021)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image = MLkampaniLG.jpg
| name = Manohar Lal Kampani
| birth_date = 17 Jan 1925
| death_date = 22 April 2021
| alma_mater = [[Defence Services Staff College]]
| known_for = First lieutenant governor, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

| notable_works = Shillong accord 1975, Andaman Trunk Road
| title = Lieutenant Governor Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| term = 1982-85
| successor = Lt Gen T S Oberoi
|death_place = [[New Delhi]] [[India]]
|spouse = Smt Sita Kampani
}}

'''Manohar Lal Kampani''' was the first lieutenant governor of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. He served from 12 November 1982 to 3 December 1985.

==Early life==
He was born in town named Gujarat of pre-partition Punjab to Nathuram Kampani and Vidyawanti Kampani.

==Career==
He started his career as Commissioned Army officer where he was mentioned in despatches and also attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington. Later he joined the Administrative services.

As an officer of Administrative service he served as Deputy Commissioner in Kohima and Imphal, Development Commissioner of Sikkim, Chief Commissioner of Manipur and Chief Secretary of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in a distinguished career.

In the Central assignments, he served as Joint Secretary and then as Additional Secretary in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry of India]]. He was the home Ministry expert in affairs of the North-East India. He played significant role in various Accords and talks in North-East including Nagaland, Mizoram and Assam during his tenure.

==Shillong Accord 1975==
As Joint Secretary in Home Ministry he was instrumental in drafting the [[Shillong Accord of 1975]] with [[Nagaland Peace Accord|Nagaland Peace Council]] and Nagaland underground.

The Indian government was represented by [[Lallan Prasad Singh]], Governor of Nagaland. The governor was assisted by M L Kampani, who as Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), was the Home ministry's point man for North -East and by two advisors for Nagaland— M. Ramunny and H. Zopianga. This historic agreement was signed at Shillong, Meghalaya, on 11 November 1975.

==Mizo Accord 1976==
He played a key role in signing of Mizo Accord in February 1976. The Mizo leader Mr [[Laldenga]] and his team of Mizo National Front (MNF)held discussions with Home Secretary Mr [[Sundar Lal Khurana]], Lt Governor of Mizoram Mr S K Chibber and Mr M L Kampani, Joint Secretary in Ministry of Home representing Government of India in February 1976. The main terms of the Accord were signed on 18 Feb 1976.

==Lieutenant governor==
In 1982 he became the first Lieutenant Governor succeeding S. L. Sharma who was last Chief Commissioner of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

He was instrumental in many early developmental projects in Andaman and Nicobar Islands including Andaman Trunk Road.

==Other==
He was part of the Home Ministry team which was with the then Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] when the aircraft was involved in a mishap at Jorhat on 4 November 1977.

==Later life==
He was active with Charitable trusts and corporate entities in later life. A keen sportsman he played tennis well into his 80s.

He shared his experience with many writers and journalists on his time in North-East India.

He died on 22 April 2021, in New Delhi, at age of 96.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://andamanchronicle.net/index.php/21111-first-lt-governor-of-a-n-islands-ml-kampani-no-more |title=First Lt. Governor of A&N Islands ML Kampani No More |date=22 April 2021 |author=Denis Giles |access-date= 12 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shillong Accord of 1975]]
* [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* https://www.rakshaknews.in/en/special-en/eye-opening-experience-for-police-chief-at-bompuka-island-of-nicobar/
* https://www.rakshaknews.in/en/police-en/lg-praised-jugaad-idea-and-obama-followed-it-after-many-years/
* https://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4721:first-lt-governor-of-ani-ml-kampani-visits-islands&catid=37&Itemid=142
* https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8;chunk.id=d0e36;doc.view=print
* https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_751111_Shillong%20Agreement_0.pdf
* [http://cdpsindia.org/shillong-accord/ Article title]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* https://imphalwest.nic.in/history-of-deputy-commissioner/
* https://www.andamansheekha.com/93334/
* http://www.andamansheekha.com/24153/
* https://kohima.nagaland.gov.in/DC%20KOHIMA.htm
* https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=L/B7tyYtYP3nOgi9xpNBhA==&ParentID=QnkbcH1Im60j1dfj/8aU/A==
* https://rcportblair.rotaryindia.org/AboutUs.aspx
* https://easternmirrornagaland.com/solution-without-integration/
* https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/chief-secretary
* https://nagalandpage.com/who-convened-naga-people-convention/
* Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram by Hamlet Bareh
* Mizoram The Dagger Brigade by Nirmal Nibedon
* Sikkim Herald – Volume 13
*Lok Sabha Debates – Page 175 India. Parliament. Lok Sabha · 1979
*Challenge to India's Unity: Assam Students' Agitation and ... – Page 139books.google.co.uk › books D.P Kumar

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kampani, M L}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Gujrat District]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Sharabha

2026-02-07T05:53:06Z

ChristinaQ73: expand content for clarity to improve readability

[[File:Munneswaram Sharabha.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Shiva as Sharabha subduing Narasimha, panel view from [[Munneswaram temple]] in [[Sri Lanka]]]]
{{Short description|Part-lion and part-bird deity in Hinduism}}
{{good article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

'''Sharabha''' ({{langx|sa|शरभ}}, {{IAST|Śarabha}}) or '''Sarabha''' is an eight-legged part-lion and part-bird deity in [[Hindu religion]], who is described as more powerful than a lion or an elephant, possessing the ability to clear a valley in one jump in [[Sanskrit literature]]. In later literature, Sharabha is described as an eight-legged deer.<ref name="Pattanaik">{{cite book| last = Pattanaik| first = Devdutt| title = Shiva to Shankara decoding the phallic symbol| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Oka4ekgGDRoC&pg=PA29| year = 2006| publisher = Indus Source| isbn = 978-81-88569-04-5| pages = 123–124| work = Sharabha (Shiva Purana) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1057-zaryahan.jpg|title=शरभ|work=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|page=1057|access-date=18 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226140735/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw1057-zaryahan.jpg|archive-date=2012-02-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] scriptures narrate that the deity [[Shiva]] assumed the form of Sharabha to pacify [[Narasimha]] - the fierce man-lion avatar of [[Vishnu]] worshipped by the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] sect. This form is popularly known as '''Sharabheshvara''' ("Lord Sharabha") or '''Sharabheshvaramurti'''.<ref name="Waradpande">{{cite book| last = Waradpande| first = N. R.| title = The mythical Aryans and their invasion| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GR1uAAAAMAAJ| access-date = 2010-01-09| year = 2000| publisher = Books & Books| isbn = 978-81-85016-57-3| pages = 43, 46| work = Sharabha }}</ref>

[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]] refute the portrayal of Narasimha as being destroyed by Sharabha Shiva, and regard Sharabha as a name of Vishnu. Some Vaishnava scriptures such as the ''[[Narasimha Purana]]'' suggest that Vishnu assumed the form of the ferocious two-headed bird [[Gandaberunda|Gandabherunda]], who in turn defeated Sharabha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Aiyangar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oym17qIeB-0C&dq=Gandabherunda+Vaishnava&pg=PA252 |title=Essays On Indo-Aryan Mythology-Vol. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0140-6 |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Buddhism]], Sharabha appears in [[Jataka Tales]] as an earlier birth of [[the Buddha]]. It also appears in [[Tibetan Buddhist]] art, symbolizing the perfection of effort. As a figure of power and majesty, Sharabha has appeared in numerous emblems.

==Development and iconography==
In early [[Sanskrit literature]], Sharabha is initially described as an aggressive beast that roared and scared other animals in the hills and forest areas. In the later Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Sharabha was described as a lion-slaying being with eight legs, eyes on the top; living in the forest and which ate raw flesh. It is also mentioned as residing on Mount [[Krauncha]] but not as a monster. In another account, Sharabha is an ordinary beast residing along with lions and tigers on Mount [[Gandhamadana]]. The epic also includes Sharabha in the list of edible animals - the ''mrigajatis''- the animal group of antelope, deer, hare, bear, ruru deer, sambar, gayal, boar, and buffalo - which was offered as part of food at dinner to guests. Sharabha appears primarily as the incarnation of the god [[Shiva]], as a name of a monkey-king in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', also as a proper name of heroes and serpent [[Nāga]]s and one of the names of god [[Vishnu]] as well as the [[Buddha]]. Similies in Sanskrit literature compare warriors to Sharabha.<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite book| last = Hopkins| first = E. Washburn| title = Epic mythology| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h6betcw_DgAC&pg=PA18| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 2008| publisher = Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan Research| isbn = 978-1-4437-7716-2| pages = 18–19 }}</ref><ref name="Mihira">{{cite book |author2=Bangalore Venkata Raman |author3=B. Lakshminarain Rao | last = Mihira| first = Sree Varaha| title = Brihat Jataka of Varahamihira| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf7PKVpe3p4C&pg=PA583| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 1986| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| isbn = 978-81-208-1396-0| page = 583 }}</ref> In defining the ecological theme in Hindu medicine related to jungle and the aroma of meats, Sharabha has also been listed among the deer natives of [[Kashmir]] in Dalhana's 12th century commentary on the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''. However, the features explained are of an eight legged animal of the size of a camel with huge horns and conjectured as a large Himalayan goat.<ref name="Zimmermann">{{cite book| last = Zimmermann| first = Francis| title = Volume 4 of Indian medical tradition Alternative Medicine Series| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V1o_PRCLOeMC&pg=PA82| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 1999| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| isbn = 978-81-208-1618-3| page = 82 }}</ref>

===Shiva's incarnation===
In [[Puranas|Puranic literature]], Sharabha is associated with the god Shiva and incarnates to subdue fierce manifestations of Vishnu. The legend of Sharabha fighting [[Narasimha]] - the man-lion form of Vishnu - brings to fore the overt rivalry between the devotees of Vishnu ([[Vaishnava]] sect) and those of Shiva ([[Shaiva]] sect), which exposes the fierce debate aspect.<ref name=Pattanaik/><ref name="Blurton">{{cite book| last = Blurton| first = T. Richard| title = Hindu art| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA123| access-date = 2009-01-09| year = 1993| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-39189-5| page = 123| work = Sharabha }}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book| last = Roy| first = Janmajit| title = Bhagavata Purana| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC&pg=PA93| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 2002| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distributors| isbn = 978-81-269-0169-2| pages = 93–95 }}</ref> The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' describes Sharabha as lion-faced, with matted hair, wings and eight feet, and a thousand arms.<ref name=Pattanaik/><ref name = "Knipe">{{cite book| last = David Knipe| first = Alf| title = Criminal gods and demon devotees essays on the guardians of popular Hinduism| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&pg=PA153| year = 1989| publisher = SUNY Press| isbn = 978-0-88706-981-9| page = 153| editor = Alf Hiltebeitel |editor-link=Alf Hiltebeitel}}</ref> The ''[[Sharabha Upanishad]]'' portrays Sharabha with two heads, two wings, eight legs of the lion with sharp claws and a long tail.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book| last = Rao| first = T. A.Gopinatha| title = Elements of Hindu iconography, Volume 2| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AKWvPRIkvVEC&pg=PA174| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 1997| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| isbn = 978-81-208-0878-2| pages = 171–173 }}</ref> The ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' describes Sharabha as black in colour, with four feet downwards and four feet uplifted, with an enormous body. It also has a long face and nose, nails, eight legs, eight tusks, a cluster of manes, and a long tail. It jumps high repeatedly making a loud cry.<ref name="Roy" /><ref name="Shastri">{{cite book| last = Shastri| first = Biswanarayan| title = Kalika purana| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ivVToiARmkoC&pg=PA25| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 1994| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ| isbn = 978-81-208-1124-9| pages = 25–27 }}</ref>

[[File:NarasimhaHara.JPG|thumb|Two-headed Sharabha with four legs]]
The iconography of Sharabheshvaramurti (Shiva as Sharabha) is specifically defined in texts such as ''[[Agama (Hinduism)|Kamikagama]]'' and ''[[Sritattvanidhi]]''. In ''Kamikagama'', Sharabha is described in the form of a bird with golden color, with two uplifted wings, two red eyes, four legs in the form of a lion touching the ground, four legs with claws upwards, and with an animal tail. The top part of the body is shown as human but with the face of a lion with an ornamented crown; side tusks are also depicted giving an overall frightening sight. It also shows the Narasimha beneath Sharabha's legs as a lion-faced human with ''[[Añjali Mudrā|anjali]]'' (hands folded prayer gesture).<ref name= "Rao p.172-173">Rao pp.172–173</ref> (See Infobox image)

In the ''Sritattvanidhi'', the depiction prescribed for Sharabheshvaramurti is of thirty arms; arms on the right are to hold [[Vajra|thunderbolt]], mushti, abhaya, [[chakra]] (discus), sakti, [[danda|staff]], [[ankusha|goad]], sword, ''[[khatvanga]]'', [[parashu|axe]], [[Japamala|akshamala]], a bone, bow, musala, and fire; and the left hands to display noose, varada, [[Gada (mace)|mace]], arrow, flag, and another type of sword, a snake, a lotus flower, [[kapala|skull-cup]], pustaka, plough, and mrudanga with one hand encircling [[Durga]] in a hug. This form is extolled to usher good luck, cure all diseases and destroy all enemies.<ref name="Rao p.173">Rao p.173</ref>

The [[Chola dynasty]] in Tamil Nadu was particularly favourable to the beliefs of Shaiva sect. It is said that the sectarian aspect got highlighted during their reign. This is evident from the four Sharabha images, the earliest at the Vikramsolishwaram temple near Kumbakonam built by [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118–35). The other images are at [[Darasuram]] and [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam|Kampahareshvarar temple]], [[Thirubuvanam]] built by a Chola ruler, [[Kulottunga Chola III]] where Sharabha's image is housed in a separate shrine.<ref name="Smith ">{{cite book| last = Smith| first = David| title = The Dance of Siva Religion, Art and Poetry in South India Volume 7 of Cambridge Studies in Religious Traditions| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4EvknQEACAAJ&pg=PA191| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 2003| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-52865-8| page = 193 }}</ref>

A sculpture of Sharbeshwaramurti in the Tribhuvanam temple, a Shiva temple in [[Tanjore district]], in [[Tamil Nadu]] is seen with three legs, with body and face of a lion and a tail. It has four human arms, the right upper hand holds axe, noose is held in the lower right hand, the deer in the upper left hand and fire in the lower left hand. Narasimha is shown with eight arms, flaying and struggling under Sharbeshwaramurti's feet.<ref name= "Rao p.174">Rao p.174</ref> In the [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at Darasuram, a rare image of the Chola period, in black basalt, depicts Shiva as Sharabha. It is deified in an exclusive small shrine, as part man, beast and bird, destroying the man-lion incarnation of Vishnu, Narasimha. This highlights the hostility between the Shaiva and Vaishnava sects.<ref name="Kamat">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1149|title=Gandaberunda- The Two Headed Bird|access-date=2010-01-10|publisher=Kamat Potpourri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000034/http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1149|archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> In [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]], Karnataka, built in 1113, [[Gandaberunda]], the two-faced bird identified with Vishnu appears in a carved scene of animal mutilation. Initially, a deer is prey to a large python, which is then lifted by an elephant and results in the lion attacking the elephant. The lion is then shown as being devoured by Sharabha, with the last scene depicting Gandaberunda destroying Sharabha.<ref name=Kamat/>

In iconographic representations of the myth of Shiva vis-à-vis Vishnu, Sharabha form has been built around Narasimha but substantially embellished with wings to represent [[Kali]] and Durga to denote the female powers ([[shakti]]s) of Shiva; Sharabha is also shown with a bird head and a serpent in his beak.<ref name="Kramrisch">{{cite book| last = Kramrisch| first = Stella| title = The Presence of Siva| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA436| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 1994| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-0-691-01930-7| page = 436 }}</ref>

==In Hindu scriptures==

===In the ''Mahabharata''===
The [[Hindu epic]] ''Mahabharata'' narrates: a dog, with the help of a [[rishi]] (sage) assumes various animal forms - starting from a dog to a tiger then to an elephant followed by a lion and a sharabha - terrorized every one in the hermitage of the rishi. Eventually, Sharabha assumed a further fiercer form. In this fierce form he wanted to devour the rishi. The rishi then narrating the process of change in Sharabha's development, as a result of his benevolence, cursed Sharabha to go back to his original form of a dog.<ref name="Ganguli ">{{cite book| last = Ganguli| first = Kisari Mohan| title = The Mahabharata of Krishna-dwaipayana Vyasa, Book-12| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnQVCgtmW-sC&pg=PA348| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 2009| publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC| isbn = 978-0-559-13713-6| pages = 347–348 }}</ref> The epic does not relate Shiva to Sharabha.

===Shaiva views===
[[File:Sarabha Narasinmha Kangra.jpg|thumb|Sharabha (right) with Narasimha killing [[Hiranyakashipu]] as [[Prahlada]] and his mother look on.|left]]
The legend of Sharabha as an incarnation of Shiva is narrated in many Hindu scriptures and each presents a different version according to their beliefs. But one common refrain in all these depictions is that Sharabha is a combination of a huge animal-bird beast with enormous strength manifested with the purpose of pacifying similar ferocious avatar of Vishnu such as [[Narasimha]] (man-lion).

The Narasimha-Sharabha legend is linked to deities assuming mythical animal forms to slay or subdue each other. Vishnu assumed the form of Narasimha to slay [[Hiranyakashipu]], an [[asura]] (demon) king, who was terrorising the universe, and was a devotee of Shiva.<ref name=Pattanaik/><ref name= Blurton/>

The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' mentions: After slaying Hiranyakashipu, Narasimha's wrath threatened the world. At the behest of the gods, Shiva sent [[Virabhadra]] to tackle Narasimha. When that failed, Shiva manifested as Sharabha. The ''Shiva Purana'' and some ''[[Purana]]''s mention Sharabha attacking Narasimha and immobilising him. He thus quelled Narasimha's terrifying rage.<ref name="Woodroffe">{{cite book| last = Woodroffe| first = Sir John| title = Hymns to the Goddess|publisher = Forgotten Books| isbn = 978-1-60620-146-6| page = 151| work = Saharab }}</ref><ref name="Soifer 1991 91–92">{{cite book| last = Soifer| first = Deborah A.| title = The myths of Narasiṁha and Vāmana two avatars in cosmological perspective| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC&pg=PA4| year = 1991| publisher = SUNY Press| isbn = 978-0-7914-0799-8| pages = 90–91 }}</ref> It is also said that Sharabha then decapitated and de-skinned Narasimha so Shiva could wear the hide and lion-head as a garment.<ref name="Pattanaik" /><ref name="Knipe" /><ref name="Bakker" /> The ''[[Linga Purana]]'' and the ''[[Sharabha Upanishad]]'' also mention the mutilation and murder of Narasimha. After the mutilation, Vishnu assumed his normal form and retired to his abode, after duly praising Shiva. It was from here on that Shiva came to be known as "Sharabeshamurti" or "Simhagnamurti".<ref name="Rao" /><ref name="Bakker" />

The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' considers Narasimha as a mere irritation and not a threat to the world, contrary to what was brought out in the ''Shiva Purana'' and the ''Linga Purana''. The perception was that Vishnu may permanently adopt the fierce form of Narasimha, which would be detrimental to his divine role. Hence, the purpose of Shiva-Sharabha was to ensure that Vishnu discarded his lion body and returned to his original divine form. Narasimha struck Sharabha with his body, it was Vishnu who groaned in pain and not Sharabha who was in an "adamantine body". It was then that Vishnu realised that Sharabha was none other than Shiva and bowed and praised Sharabha. Shiva then blesses Vishnu and gives him a boon to kill [[daityas|demons]].<ref name= Bakker >{{Cite book|author = Phyllis Granoff|editor = Bakker, Hans| title=Origin and growth of the Purāṇic text corpus|pages=116–131|chapter = Saving the Saviour| access-date=2010-01-15| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC&q=sarabha&pg=PA122|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=2004|isbn=8120820495}}</ref> A ''purana'' ends the story with the gods fearing that Sharabha may not be able to control his rage and thus urging Shiva to give up his Sharabha form. Thereafter, Shiva dismembered Sharabha's form; his limbs were given away and his torso became a [[Kapalika]].<ref name="O">{{cite book |last=O'Flaherty |first=Wendy Doniger | title = Śiva, the erotic ascetic| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dnfZ_MBErlQC&pg=PA282| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 1981| publisher = Oxford University Press US| isbn = 978-0-19-520250-2| pages = 282–3 }}</ref> In ''[[Vamana Purana]]'s'' version, Sharabha doesn't have upper hand over Narasimha and it ends with Narasimha becoming the calm Vishnu again and Sharabha becoming a [[lingam]] when [[Narada]] looks at them.<ref name= Bakker/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=anand Swarup |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313087 |title=The Vamana Purana With English Translation |date=1968 |pages=178–179}}</ref> One version also mentions that Sharabha, after subduing Narasimha, assumed his original form of a lion, the [[vahana|mount]] of goddess [[Durga]] and returned to rest at her feet.<ref name= Woodroffe/>

In the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'', [[Varaha]] - Vishnu's boar avatar - had amorous dalliance with the [[Prithvi|earth goddess]]. He and his three boar sons then created mayhem in the world, which necessitated Shiva to take the form of Sharabha, to kill the Varaha form. Here, Narasimha appears to aid Varaha. After Being Bestowed strength by Vishnu, Sharabha kills Narasimha first and then kills Varaha, allowing Vishnu to reabsorb the energies of both his forms.<ref name="Roy" /><ref name="Shastri" /><ref name="Frederick">{{cite book|last=Frederick M. Smith|title=The self possessed: deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature|year=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=223–4|isbn=9780231137485|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuB7K3bDWDsC&q=Varaha+Kalika+Purana&pg=PA223}}</ref> This version of the story finds an allusion in the Prapanchasara Tantra.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/Tantric_Texts_Series_Edited_by_Arthur_Avalon_John_Woodroffe/Tantric%20Texts%20Series%2018%20Prapanchasara%20Tantra%20of%20Shankaracharya%20vol%201%20-%20Arthur%20Avalon%201919/page/57/mode/1up|title=Prapanchasara Tantra of shankaracharya vol 1-Arthur Avalon.|publisher=Agamanusandhana Samiti, Calcutta }}</ref>

===Vaishnava views===
[[File:Ashtamukha Gandaberunda Narasimha.jpg|thumb|Painting of Gandabherunda slaying Sharabha and Hiranyakashipu, depicted on his lap.]]

Vaiṣṇava scholars, including prominent 16th century [[Dvaita]] philosophers such as [[Vijayendra Tirtha|Vijayīndra Tīrtha]], reject the depiction of Narasiṁha being subdued or destroyed by Śarabha. They dismiss the Śaiva Purāṇas that contain such narratives as [[tamasic|tāmasic]](imbued with ignorance) and therefore not authoritative within the Vaiṣṇava tradition. Vijayīndra Tīrtha addresses the refutation of the Śarabha legend, along with ten other Śaivite accounts, in his work Śaivasarvasvakhaṇḍanam.<ref>{{cite book| last = Sharma| first = B. N. Krishnamurti| title = A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature from the earliest beginnings to our own times| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&pg=PA412| access-date = 2010-01-15| year = 2000| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| isbn = 978-81-208-1575-9}}</ref> This legend is also featured in Narasimha Purāna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Aiyangar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oym17qIeB-0C&dq=Gandabherunda+Vaishnava&pg=PA252 |title=Essays on Indo - Aryan Mythology - Vol. 1 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0140-6 |language=en}}</ref>

There is also a reference to Sharabha in the ''[[Vishnu sahasranama|Vishnu Sahasranama]]'', the thousand names of Vishnu, and the literal meaning seems to suggest the praise of Sharabha (the lion-killing animal).<ref>{{cite book| last = Swami [[Chinmayananda]]| first = Swami| title = Vishnusahasranama| date = 25 August 1969| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G2EfW1oiVw8C&pg=PA107| publisher = [[Chinmaya Mission]]| isbn = 978-81-7597-245-2| page = 107}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Stanza 37, line 1: "atulah '''sharabhah''' bheemah samayagno havirharih sarvalakshanalakshanyah lakshmeevaan samitinjayah."</ref> [[Adi Shankaracharya|Adi Shankara]] refers to this 356th name of ''Vishnu Sahasranama'' as not mentioning the lion-killing animal at all and instead interprets the name to mean, "As the Lord shines in the body as the indwelling Self, He is called Sharabha, while the body is sara (perishable)."<ref>Tapasyananda, Swami, Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pg. 91, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. Sanskrit and English, with an English translation of Sri Sankara Bhagavatpada's commentary.</ref>

Narasimhan Krishnamachari, a scholar on the [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy, states that the name "Sharabha" has been interpreted in two ways namely; the first interpretation means "the Destroyer (of those who transgress the bounds of ethics)," as given by the [[Sri Sampradaya|Sri Vaishnava]] commentator, [[Parasara Bhattar]] and the second interpretation as given by Adi Shankara, among others.<ref name="Krishnamachari">{{cite web|url=http://www.ahobilavalli.org/vishnu_sahasra_namam_vol2.pdf|title= Vishnusahsranamam, Volume II- Annotated Commentaries by Sri Narasimhan Krishnamachari|publisher=hobilavalli.org|access-date=2010-01-21}}</ref> The former is based on the [[Sanskrit]] verb SR, which means "to injure to destroy".<ref name="Krishnamachari" /> According to C. V. Radhakrishna Sastri, "Sara also refers to an arrow, and the perishable body shines if it is aimed at [[Bhagavan]], because He shines in that body."<ref name="Krishnamachari" />

==In Buddhist scriptures==
[[File:Sharabha deer.jpg|thumb|Sharabha is depicted similar to a deer, folio from Jataka tales.]]

In the [[Jataka tales]] of [[the Buddha]]'s previous lives, there is narration related to his birth as [[Bodhisattva]] in a forest as a Sharabha, the eight-legged deer. A king, while trying to hunt the deer, fell into a precipice with his horse. The deer, instead of abandoning the king to his fate, rescued him. The king was deeply touched by the compassionate gesture and banned hunting in his country.<ref name="Himalaya">{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/50215.html|title= Shakyamuni Buddha - Jataka (previous lives)|access-date=2010-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031232948/http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/50215.html|archive-date=2013-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Byles Cowell|author2=Sir Robert Chalmers |author3=William Henry Denham Rouse |author4=Henry Thomas Francis |author5=Robert Alexander Neil | title = The Jātaka or stories of the Buddha's former births| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tyzjqrJ2YnwC&pg=PA166| volume = 4| year = 2000| publisher = Asian Educational Services| isbn = 978-81-206-1469-7| pages = 166–74| chapter = Sarabha-Miga-Jataka| editor = Edward Byles Cowell }}</ref>

In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], sharabha is represented as a beast with a goat's head and horns, a lion's mane and horse's body and legs. It symbolizes determination, strength and speed. Sometimes, it is represented additionally with horns of an antelope and claws of an eagle. Sometimes, the goat head is replaced by a lion's, horse's feet by a lion's and horns can be of a ram. A common feature of all representations is the horse's body. It is often depicted as mounts of young [[Deva (Buddhism)|Devas]] or dwarfs in a ''[[Torana]]'' – a six-level archway behind an enlightenment throne of a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] or Bodhisattva. Together with the devas, they symbolize the perfection of effort (virya).<ref>{{cite book| last = Robert Beér| title = The encyclopedia of Tibetan symbols and motifs| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqeS3WjSWIC&pg=PA90| year = 2004| publisher = Serindia Publications, Inc.| isbn = 978-1-932476-10-1| pages = 80, 90 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Robert Beer| title = The handbook of Tibetan Buddhist symbols| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC&pg=PA259| year = 2003| publisher = Serindia Publications, Inc.| isbn = 978-1-932476-03-3| page = 259 }}</ref>

==As emblem==
[[File:Seal of Karnataka.svg|right|thumb|The Karnataka state emblem, flanked by Sharabhas and centered by the Gandaberunda]]
The [[Government of Karnataka]], the [[University of Mysore]] and the [[Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited]] have adopted Sharabha, with modifications in their emblem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1149|title=Gandaberunda- The Two Headed Bird|access-date=2007-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000034/http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1149|archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref name="Univer">{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/the-university-emblem/|title=The University Emblem|access-date=2010-01-10|publisher=University of Mysore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027112415/http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/the-university-emblem/|archive-date=2013-10-27}}</ref>

In Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited logo, Sharabha is depicted in the form of a body of a lion with the head of an elephant to represent the virtues of wisdom, courage and strength.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysoresandal.co.in/profile.html|title=Profile: Sharabha|access-date=2010-01-09|publisher= Karnataka Saops and Detergents Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610062809/http://www.mysoresandal.co.in/profile.html|archive-date=2010-06-10}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yali (Hindu mythology)]]
*[[Griffin]]
*[[Sphinx]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Jataka tales]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legendary birds]]
[[Category:Lion gods]]
[[Category:Monsters]]
[[Category:Mythological deer]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures with supernumerary body parts]]
[[Category:Deer in Buddhism]]

Amiya Prosad Sen

2026-02-06T05:26:21Z

ChristinaQ73: basic updated structure additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian historian (born 1952)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amiya P. Sen
| image = File:Amiya Prosad Sen.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1952
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Professor, Author
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| known_for = Heinrich Zimmer Chair at the South Asia Institute, [[Heidelberg University]]
}}
'''Amiya Prosad Sen''' (born 1952) is a historian with an interest in the intellectual and cultural history of modern India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Issues in modern Indian history: for Sumit Sarkar|editor=Biswamoy Pati|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|page=344|chapter=Notes on contributors|isbn=978-81-7154-658-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA344}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last= Pathak|first=Avijit|year=2001|title=Book reviews and notices|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|publisher=Sage |volume=35|issue=2|pages= 287–288|url=http://cis.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/35/2/287|doi=10.1177/006996670103500217|s2cid=143967250|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Currently he is Sivadasani Fellow at the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]], Oxford (UK). He was previously the Heinrich Zimmer Chair at the South Asia Institute, [[Heidelberg University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zimmer Chair - Amiya P. Sen|url=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/sen.php|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> He has served as Professor of Modern Indian History at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[New Delhi]]. He has been Agatha Harrison Fellow to the [[University of Oxford]]<ref>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/backissues/9394/071093 Gazette 7 October 1993; No. 4301; Vol. 124] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004215232/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/backissues/9394/071093 |date=4 October 2007 }}</ref> and [[visiting professor|Visiting Fellow]] to the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Shimla,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iias.org/old_academics_fellows_of_the_institute3.html |title=Academic Life |publisher=IIAS |accessdate=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621115927/http://www.iias.org/old_academics_fellows_of_the_institute3.html |archivedate=21 June 2009 }}</ref> and the Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], New Delhi. During 2007–08, he was Tagore professor at [[Vishwa Bharati]], [[Shantiniketan]].

Sen took his bachelor's and master's degrees in history from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and also pursued his PhD there. After a brief career in [[Indian Civil Services]], he took up teaching and research in 1984.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

# Sen, Amiya P: ''Hindu Revivalism in Bengal, Some Essays in Interpretation. 1872-1905''. Delhi Oxford University Press. 1993
# Sen, Amiya P: ''Swami Vivekananda''. Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2000
# Sen, Amiya P: “Sri Ramakrishna and Middle Class Religion in Late Nineteenth Century Bengal. Exploring Some New Paradigms of Understanding” in Biswamoy Pati ed. ''Issues'' ''in Modern Indian History. For Sumit Sarkar.'' Bombay. Popular Prakashan. 2000.
# Sen, Amiya P: ''Three Essays on Sri Ramakrishna and His Times''. Shimla, IIAS. 2001
# Sen, Amiya P: Introduction to Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay: ''Dharmatattwa''. Translated by Apratim Ray. Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2003.
# Sen, Amiya P ed. Social and Religious Reform. The Hindus of British India. Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2003
# Sen, Amiya P: The Indispensable Vivekananda. An Anthology for Our Times. Ranikhet. Permanent Black. 2006.
# Sen, Amiya P: ''Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay. An Intellectual Biography.'' Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2008.
# Sen, Amiya P.|: His Words: The Preaching and Parables of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Delhi. Penguin Viking. 2010.
# Sen, Amiya P.: ''Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: The Sadhaka of Dakshineswar''. Delhi. Penguin Viking. 2010.
# Sen, Amiya P. ed. ''Bankim's Hinduism. An Anthology of Writings by Bankimchandra'' ''Chattopadhyay''. Ranikhet. Permanent Black. 2011
# Sen, Amiya P: ''Rammohun Roy. A Critical Biography''. Delhi. Penguin Viking. 2012.
# Sen, Amiya P: ''Religion and Rabindranath Tagore. Select Discourses, Addresses and'' ''Letters in Translation''. Delhi. Oxford University Press.2014.
# Sen, Amiya P :"Culture and Community Building . Select Discourses from Early Colonial Bengal" in Sabyasachi Bhattacharya ed. ''Indian Cultural Unity: A Reappraisal.'' Kolkata. Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 2014.
# Sen, Amiya P: "Hindu Reform Movements in British India" in ''Key Concepts in Modern'' ''Indian Studies.'' Eds Gita Dharampal-Frick, Monika Kirloskar Steinbach, Rachel Dwyer, Jahanavy Phalkey. New Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2015.
# Sen, Amiya P: "Hinduism and the Problem of Self-Actualisation in the Colonial Era: Critical Reflections". ''Heinrich Zimmer Lecture for 2015. South Asia Institute'' ''Papers.'' Heidelberg University.
# Sen, Amiya P: "Debates within Colonial Hinduism" in Brian A. Hatcher ed. ''Hinduism in the Modern World.'' New York & London. Routledge. 2015.
# Sen, Amiya P: "Swami Vivekananda's Vision of India" in Swami Vivekananda's Ideas ''and our Times. A Retrospect on his 150th Birth Anniversary. A Commemorative'' ''Volume''. ed. by Sandipan Sen et al. Ramakrishna Vidyamandira, Howrah. 2015
# Sen, Amiya P'': An Idealist in India. Selected Writings and Speeches of Sister Nivedita''. Delhi. Primus Books. 2016.
# Sen, Amiya P: "Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Vaishnava Revival in Bengal" in ''In Quest of the Historian's Craft. Essays in Honour of Professor B.B. Chaudhuri''. Part II. Edited by Arun Bandopadhyay and Sanjukta Das Gupta. Delhi. Manohar. 2017.
# Sen, Amiya P: "A Hindu Conservative Negotiates Modernity. Chandranath Basu (1844-1910) and Reflections on the Self and Culture in Colonial Bengal". in Rafael Klober and Manu Ludwig eds. ''Her Story. Historical Scholarship between South Asia and Europe.'' ''Festscrift'' in Honour of Gita Dharampal Frick. Heidelberg. Cross Asia Books. 2018.
# Sen, Amiya P: ''Chaitanya. A Life and Legacy.'' Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2019.
# Sen, Amiya P: "Theorising Bengal Vaishnavism. Bipinchandra Pal and New Perspectives on Religious Life and Culture" in Ferdinando Sardella& Lucian Wong eds. ''The Legacy'' ''of Vaishnavism in Colonial Bengal''. London & New York. Routledge. 2020, pp. 33–56
# Sen, Amiya P: "Hinduism under Interpretative Stress. A View from Nineteenth Century Bengal". in Sabyasachi Bhattacahrya Ed. ''Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal.'' ''1700-1950.'' Delhi. Primus Publications. Vol. 2. 2019, pp. 213–70.
# Amiya P. Sen ed. Special Issue on Hinduism: "Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments" ''Religions'' 12, 85 (2021) ISSN 2077-1444
# Amiya P. Sen : "Japan in India's Xenology: Negotiating Modernity, Culture and Cosmopolitanism in colonial Bengal in Madhu Bhalla ed. ''Culture as Power. Buddhist Heritage'' ''and Indo Japanese Dialogue.'' London and New York. Routledge. South Asia Edition. 2021
# Amiya P. Sen: ''Vidyasagar. Reflections on a'' ''Notable Life''. Delhi. Orient Black Swan. 2021
# Amiya P. Sen: "The Idea of Social Reform and Its Critique among Hindus of Nineteenth Century India " in ''Development of Modern Indian Thought and the'' Social ''Sciences'' ed. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya. Centre for Studies in civilizations Vol.X, Part 5. Delhi.2007. {{ISBN|978-019-568967-9}}, pp. 107–38
# Amiya P. Sen: "''Sarada Devi. Holiness, Charisma and Iconic'' ''Motherhood"''. Delhi. Niyogi Books. 2022
# Amiya P. Sen: "Hindutva before Hindutva. Selected Writings and Discourses of Chandranath Basu in translation". London & New York. Routledge. 2025. {{ISBN|978-1-032-36467-4}}
# Amiya P. Sen: "Colonial Hinduism. Mandala & Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies", Oxford. San Rafael. 2025. {{ISBN|979-8-88762-075-6}}
# Amiya P. Sen: "Foreword to Achintya Kumar Dutta ed. Explorations in Colonial Bengal. Essays on Religion, Society and Culture". Hyderabad. Orient BlackSwan. 2023. {{ISBN|978-93-5442-513-4}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources cited===
*{{cite book
| last = Sen
| first = Amiya P.
| title = Three essays on Sri Ramakrishna and his times
| year = 2001
| publisher = [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]]
| isbn= 81-85952-87-6
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Amiya}}
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of South Asia Institute Heidelberg]]

Bhupesh Baghel

2026-02-03T15:18:10Z

ChristinaQ73: small fixed references after review and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Advert|date=September 2024}}
{{POV|date=September 2024}}
{{Excessive citations|date=September 2024}}}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhupesh Baghel
| image = Bhupesh Baghel.jpg
| caption = Official Portrait, 2018
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|08|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Durg]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| office = 3rd [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 17 December 2018
| term_end = 13 December 2023
| status =
| successor = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| predecessor = [[Raman Singh]]
| office2 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 16 December 2013
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay Baghel]]
| majority2 = 19,723 (2023)
| constituency2 = [[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| term_start3 = 1993
| term_end3 = 2008
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency Established''
| constituency3 = [[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| successor3 = [[Vijay Baghel]]
| office8 = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Minister of Transportation]], [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| 2blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata8 = [[Digvijaya Singh]]
| term_start8 = 1999
| term_end8 = 2003
| occupation =
| spouse = Mukteshwari Baghel
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University|Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])
| residence =
| office5 = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] Incharge for [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start5 = 14 February 2025
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 = [[Devender Yadav]]
| office6 = President of [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start6 = 2014
| term_end6 = 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Charan Das Mahant]]
| successor6 = [[Mohan Markam]]
| term_end4 = 3 December 2023
| successor4 = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
}}
'''Bhupesh Baghel''' (born 23 August 1960), popularly known as '''Kaka''', is an [[India]]n [[politician]] who served as the third Chief Minister of [[Chhattisgarh]] from 2018 to 2023 and also served as leader of the house in legislative assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: 5 Facts About Bhupesh Baghel, Congress Candidate From Chhattisgarh's Rajnandgaon |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-5-facts-about-bhupesh-baghel-congress-candidate-from-chhattisgarhs-rajnandgaon-5218894 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He has been the president of [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress]] from 2014 to 2019.<ref name="cgvidhansabha.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/|title=Official Website of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|website=www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=204|title=Bhupesh Baghel (Indian National Congress (INC)): Constituency- Patan (Durg) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He has represented the [[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]] constituency in the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] from 2003 to 2008 and again since 2013. He was the [[Minister (government)|cabinet minister]] of [[Transport|Transportation]] in undivided [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[Digvijaya Singh]] government from 1999 to 2003. Baghel was the first Minister for [[Revenue]], [[Sanitary engineering|Public Health Engineering]] and [[Humanitarian aid|Relief Work]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=16 December 2018 |title=Who is Bhupesh Baghel? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-2018/who-is-bhupesh-baghel/article25756891.ece |access-date=3 February 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=मुख्यमंत्री |url=http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/bio/cm_current.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210131912/https://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/bio/cm_current.htm |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Baghel was born on 23 August 1960 in the [[Durg district]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"/> He is the son of Nande Kumar Baghel and Bindeshwari Baghel. His family's primary occupation was agriculture.<ref>{{cite news |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के होने वाले CM भूपेश वधेल के गांव में नहीं था स्कूल, वो पढ़ने के लिए रहने लगे थे 30 KM दूर, अपना पहला चुनाव ही एक वोट से हारे थे वो |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhatisgarh/raipur/news/there-was-no-school-in-village-of-bhupesh-baghel-30-km-away-to-study-5995755.html |access-date=27 August 2020 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=17 December 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>

Baghel is married to Mukteshwari Baghel. They have one son and three daughters. Baghel belongs to the [[Kurmi]] community and has been regarded as a prominent representative of the Congress Party among [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) communities in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Chhattisgarh CM: OBC factor tipped scale in favour of Bhupesh Baghel over TS Singhdeo and Tamradhwaj Sahu |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-obc-factor-tipped-scale-in-favour-of-bhupesh-baghel-over-ts-singhdeo-and-tamradhwaj-sahu/1416160/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911202356/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-obc-factor-tipped-scale-in-favour-of-bhupesh-baghel-over-ts-singhdeo-and-tamradhwaj-sahu/1416160/ |archive-date=2022-09-11 |accessdate=11 September 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/chhattisgarh-the-curious-case-of-bhupesh-baghels-sudden-populist-moves|title=Chhattisgarh: The Curious Case of Bhupesh Baghel's Populist Moves|website=the wire|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref> His wife, Mukteshwari Baghel, is the daughter of noted Hindi writer [[Narendra Dev Verma|Dr. Narendra Dev Verma]] and the niece of spiritual leader Swami Atmanand.

==Political career==

=== Beginning and rise ===
Bhupesh Baghel began his political career at the [[Indian Youth Congress]] and became a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]], he was also the General Secretary and Program Coordinator of the [[Pradesh Congress Committee]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=Need source for his employment as General Secretary and Program Coordinator of Pradesh Congress Committee}} He was first elected to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1993 from Patan and was later elected five times from the same seat.<ref name=":1" />

Baghel was appointed the Minister of State, Chief Minister related to Public Grievances Redressal (Independent Charge), M.P. Governance in [[Digvijaya Singh (politician)|Digvijay Singh]]’s cabinet in December 1997 and became [[Minister of Transport]] in December 1998.<ref name=":1" />

After the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was formed in November 1999, he became a member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly and was appointed as Minister, of Revenue Rehabilitation, Relief Work, and Public Health Mechanics under CG Governance.{{clarify|date=September 2024}} He once again became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the 2002 state election from the same seat. He lost the Patan assembly seat in 2008 elections. He also lost [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] elections in 2009 from [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]. He lost the [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2024, following his government's defeat in state elections in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/elections-indian-lok-sabha/election-results/chhattisgarh/raipur.php|title=Raipur election results for Raipur Parliamentary constituency|website=www.travelindia-guide.com|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927091033/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/elections-indian-lok-sabha/election-results/chhattisgarh/raipur.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Baghel won the [[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]] Vidhan Sabha seat in the 2013 election and became a member of the Working Committee, Chhattisgarh Assembly. In 2014-15, he became a member of the Public Accounts Committee, CG Government.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== President of Chhattisgarh Congress ===
Baghel was President of the [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|state unit]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] from October 2014 to June 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nocorruption.in/politician/bhupesh-baghel/|title=Bhupesh Baghel MLA of PATAN Chhattisgarh|website=nocorruption.in|access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="News18Dec2018"/> After the attack on several of the top Congress leaders in the [[2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley|2013 Naxal attack in Darbha Valley]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Ashish |title=झीरम घाटी में हुई थी 31 कांग्रेसी नेताओं की बर्बर हत्या, जानिए उस खौफनाक दिन से जुड़ी सारी बातें |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/five-years-of-jiram-ghati-naxal-attack-know-about-this-massacre-1-2852233/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=Patrika News |date=25 May 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref> Baghel assumed leadership responsibilities in the party’s state unit following the incident.<ref name="News18Dec2018">{{cite news |last1=Sarna |first1=Aakarshuk |title=How New Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel Helped Congress Rise From Ashes After 2013 Naxal Attack |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/how-baghel-rebuilt-chhattisgarh-congress-after-2013-naxal-attack-killed-entire-top-leadership-1971415.html |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=News18 |date=16 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He managed to sideline ex-[[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Ajit Jogi]] and his son [[Amit Jogi]] in state congress after the [[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh Assembly]] by-election audio tape row.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antagarh bypoll: Chhattisgarh Congress expels Amit Jogi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/antagarh-bypoll-chhattisgarh-congress-expels-amit-jogi/article8073413.ece |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=@businessline |date=18 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ashutosh |last2=Ghose |first2=Dipankar |title=Chhattisgarh Tapes: Jogi Junior faces expulsion, his father told to explain after Cong-BJP tapes on bypoll 'deal' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/chhattisgarh-tapes-jogi-junior-faces-expulsion-his-father-told-to-explain-after-cong-bjp-tapes-on-bypoll-deal/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Under his presidency, the [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Chhattisgarh Congress]] won the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] by a majority of 68 out of 90 seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh election results: Bhupesh Baghel front runner for CM's post |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-election-results-bhupesh-baghel-front-runner-for-cms-post/1411718/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=12 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
In March 2025, he was named as an accused in a FIR filed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in connection with the [[Mahadev Betting App Case|Mahadev betting app case]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-01 |title=Mahadev betting app case: CBI names former Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel in FIR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mahadev-betting-app-case-cbi-names-former-chhattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-in-fir/articleshow/119872604.cms |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) raided several locations linked to Bhupesh Baghel and his son Chaitanya Baghel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel's House Raided By Probe Agency |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-chhattisgarh-chief-minister-bhupesh-baghels-house-raided-by-probe-agency-7888461 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, ED arrested his son Chaitanya Baghel for allegedly laundering {{INRConvert|16.7|c}} in connection with a {{INRConvert|2100|c}} liquor scam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-20 |title=Baghel’s son laundered Rs 16.7 crore through shell firms: ED to court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/baghels-son-laundered-rs-16-7-crore-through-shell-firms-ed-to-court/articleshow/122790101.cms |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-18 |title=ED arrests Chaitanya Baghel, son of Bhupesh Baghel, in liquor 'scam' linked money laundering case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/18/ed-arrests-chaitanya-baghel-son-of-bhupesh-baghel-in-liquor-scam-linked-money-laundering-case |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Position<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-2018/who-is-bhupesh-baghel/article25756891.ece|title=Who is Bhupesh Baghel?|website=The Hindu|first=Sushil Kumar|last=Verma|date=16 December 2018|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1990-94 ||
* President, District Youth Congress Committee
|-
| 1994–95 ||
* Vice President, M.P. Youth Congress Committee (MP)
|-
| 1993-2001 ||
* Member: M.P. Assembly Estimates Committee
* Member: MP Consultative Committee of the Aviation Department of Legislative Assembly
* Member: M.P. Food and Civil Supplies Corporation
* Director: M.P. Housing Board
* Member: M.P. Backward Classes Organization
* Member: M.P. Sainik Board
|-
| 1993-2000 ||
* Member: MP Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2000-2008 and 2013-till date ||
* Member: Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 1993-2008 ||
* Member: M.P. And CG Assembly Constituency Patan, District-Durg (MP)
|-
| 2003-2008 ||
* Deputy Leader, Congress Legislative Party, Chhattisgarh
|-
| December 2013 - June 2019 ||
* President, Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee
|-
| 1996 – present ||
* Guardian, Chhattisgarh Manwa Kurmi Samaj
|-
| 2018 - 2023 ||
* Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
|-
|}

==Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh (2018-2023)==
{{See also|Chief ministership of Bhupesh Baghel}}
[[File:Oath_taking_ceremony.jpg|thumb|On 17 December 2018, Bhupesh Baghel took oath as the third Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh.]]
Baghel became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the Patan assembly seat again and became the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of the state, defeating BJP’s [[Raman Singh]], after leading the opposition in Chhattisgarh State Assembly for 15 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Bhupesh Baghel? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-2018-chief-minister-who-is-bhupesh-baghel-5492590/ |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Suneet |title=Chhattisgarh Election results 2018: After 15 years of BJP rule, Congress romps to victory; focus on farmers, youth, women lead to win |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/chhattisgarh-election-results-2018-after-15-years-of-bjp-rule-congress-romps-to-victory-focus-on-farmers-youth-women-lead-to-win-5712291.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=11 December 2018}}</ref> He took oath as chief minister on 17 December 2018. He was replaced by [[Kondagaon]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Mohan Markam as [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|PCC]] President in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20190722-all-power-to-the-tribe-chhattisgarh-1566613-2019-07-12|title=All Power to the Tribe | date=12 July 2019|author=Rahul Noronha|publisher=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mohan Markam made Chhattisgarh Congress chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mohan-markam-made-chhattisgarh-congress-chief/article28214075.ece |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 June 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Baghel’s government implemented two poll promises: a farm loan waiver and raising [[Paddy field|paddy]] support price by 50%. The order letter was released shortly after the oath-taking ceremony, though money transfers to farmers took days, weeks, and months in some cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/baghel-waives-farmers-loan-710183.html|title=Baghel waives farmers' loan in Chhattisgarh|date=27 December 2018|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190415-a-winning-hand-chhattisgarh-1494509-2019-04-05|title=A Winning Hand |date=5 April 2019|first1=Rahul |last1=Noronha|work=India Today|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/congress-governments-in-mp-chhattisgarh-announce-farm-loan-waivers-on-day-1|title=Congress Governments in MP, Chhattisgarh Announce Farm Loan Waivers on Day 1|website=The Wire|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> ''[[Diospyros melanoxylon|Tendu patta]]'' things prices were increased. The government made a really big step away from ''shiksha-karmi'' (temporary teacher) policy and vacancies for posts of 15,000 permanent teachers were announced.<ref name=":2" />

===Welfare schemes===
{{Advert section|date=September 2024}}
====Narva, Garva, Ghurva, Bari ====
The Narva, Garva, Ghurva, Bari (NGGB) scheme was launched to ensure [[water conservation]], livestock protection and development, the use of organic compost through household waste, and cultivating fruits and vegetables in backyards for self-consumption and earning additional income.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=Previous citation was an irrelevant article that didn't address all aims listed here.}}

====Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana====
[[File:Beneficiary farmers of Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana.jpg|thumb|Beneficiary farmers of Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana]]
In the 2020 state money limit presented by the Chhattisgarh government, a provision of Rs 5700 crore was made for the welfare of farmers through which ''[[Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana]]'' was launched on 21 May, the martyrdom day of former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh launches Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay scheme; farmers to get direct cash benefits
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-sonia-gandhi-launches-rajiv-gandhi-kisan-nyay-scheme-6421246/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

In Chhattisgarh, the total cultivable land area is 46.77 lakh hectares.<ref>{{cite news |title=ENVIS Hub:Chhattisgarh Environment Conservation Board
|url=http://chtenvis.nic.in/Agriculture.html |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> 70% of the state population is engaged in agriculture and around 37.46 Lakh are farm families.<ref>{{cite news |title=Directorate Agriculture, Chhattisgarh Raipur |url=https://agriportal.cg.nic.in/agridept/AgriEn/Default.aspx#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20the,falling%20under%20Small%20%26%20Marginal%20category |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616133738/http://agriportal.cg.nic.in/agridept/AgriEn/Default.aspx#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20the,falling%20under%20Small%20%26%20Marginal%20category |url-status=dead }}</ref> The objective of Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana is to encourage crop production and increase agricultural acreage. An amount of Rs 5750 crores is transferred to the accounts of farmers in four installments under the scheme in a year. Chhattisgarh is the only state procuring paddy from farmers at Rs 2,500 per quintal, which is higher than what the [[Government of India|Centre]] has set. More than 23.99 lakh farmers in the state are benefiting from this scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=R. Krishna |date=17 October 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh govt transfers Rs 1,866 crore to farmers, women SHGs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-transfers-rs-1-866-crore-to-farmers-women-shgs-122101701227_1.html |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> Under the scheme, a provision was made to give input subsidies to farmers producing paddy, [[sugarcane]], [[maize]], [[soybean]], pulses and oilseeds in the Kharif season 2021-22. Later, the provision of this scheme was modified to include [[Millet|''Kodo, Kutki'' and ''Ragi'']]'','' and an input subsidy of Rs.9,000 per acre for millet farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=R. Krishna |date=2 October 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh govt may serve millets in mid-day meals, state-run ashrams |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-may-serve-millets-in-mid-day-meals-state-run-ashrams-122100200919_1.html |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[government of Chhattisgarh]] has also decided to include the landless agricultural labourers in the second phase of the ''Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana''.

On 17 October 2022, farmers received a total of Rs.1,745 crores to prepare for the upcoming Rabi season under this scheme. Amount as input [[subsidy]] transferred directly into the bank accounts of 23.99 lakh farmers in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel Releases Rs 1866.39 Crore to Beneficiaries of Three Ambitious Schemes |url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/chhattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-released-amount-of-rs-1866-39-crore-to-beneficiaries-of-three-ambitious-achemes-4345707.html |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> The state government has given farmers Rs.16,416.10 crores since its commencement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=R. Krishna |date=17 October 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh govt transfers Rs 1,866 crore to farmers, women SHGs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-transfers-rs-1-866-crore-to-farmers-women-shgs-122101701227_1.html |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> Farmers who plant trees in the fields will also be given an input subsidy of Rs.10 thousand per year. Chief Minister said the Chhattisgarh government has stated that its ‘Nyay’ schemes aim to promote social and economic support programs, namely Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana (RGKNY), Godhan Nyay Yojana and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Bhumiheen Krishi Mazdoor Nyay Yojana (RGGBKMNY).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhattisgarh CM e-transfers 1804 cr to over 26 lakh beneficiaries under three flagship schemes |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-cm-e-transfers-1804-cr-to-over-26-lakh-beneficiaries-under-three-flagship-schemes/articleshow/91712873.cms |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

====Godhan Nyay Yojana====
[[File:Purchase of cow dung.jpg|thumb|Purchase of cow dung in Manora block of [[Jashpur]] district of Chhattisgarh]]
On 21 July 2020, the Baghel-led Chhattisgarh government launched the ''[[Godhan Nyay Yojana]]'' to promote organic farming, create new employment opportunities at the rural and urban levels, promote cow rearing and cow protection, and benefit cattle farmers financially. As per the scheme, the government will procure [[cow dung]] at {{INR}}2 per kilogram from farmers and cattle rearers. After the procurement, the cow dung will be converted to [[vermicompost]] and other products by members of the Women Self-Help Group, which will be sold to farmers as organic manure for {{INR}}8 per kilogram, with the aim of promoting organic alternatives to chemical fertilizers.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dilip|last=Kumar|date=22 September 2020|title=Godhan Nyay Yojana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/dkviews/godhan-nyay-yojana-26340/|access-date=26 March 2021|work=The Times of Indian}}</ref>

As per an October 2022 report, {{INR}}5.59 crores have been paid to the [[livestock]] owners under ''Godhan Nyay Yojana''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=R. Krishna |date=17 October 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh govt transfers Rs 1,866 crore to farmers, women SHGs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-transfers-rs-1-866-crore-to-farmers-women-shgs-122101701227_1.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> Under the scheme, 162,497 cattle rearers of the state are benefiting, which includes 70,299 landless villagers and 44.55 percent of the beneficiaries of the ''Godhan Nyay Yojana'' are women.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhattisgarh CM to transfer payment to beneficiaries of Godhan Nyay Yojana|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-cm-to-transfer-payment-to-beneficiaries-of-godhan-nyay-yojana-on-march-2120210319213025/|access-date=26 March 2021|work=ANI|date=26 March 2020}}</ref> 312,647 [[cow dung]] traders were registered in 2021–22, up from 245,831 in 2020–21.<ref name="Pioneer">{{Cite web |title=Godhan Nyay scheme transforms rural C'garh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-nyay-scheme-transforms-rural-c---garh.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

On the occasion of ''Hareli'', a traditional festival of Chhattisgarh, the Chief Minister started the purchase of ''gaumutra'' ([[cow urine]]) under the scheme. The government has fixed a minimum rate of Rs 4 per litre of cow urine. According to a Chhattisgarh government official, the procured cow urine will be used to make pest control products and natural liquid fertilizer,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhattisgarh govt to procure cow urine at Rs 4 per litre from July 28 under flagship scheme |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-govt-to-procure-cow-urine-at-rs-4-per-litre-from-july-28-under-flagship-scheme/articleshow/92963056.cms |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> A total of 24,547 litres of pest controller ''Brahmastra'' and 16,722 litres of ''[[Jeevamrutha|Jeevamrit]]'' have been prepared from 70,889 litres of cow urine purchased in ''Gauthans''. Beneficiaries earned Rs.14.75 lakh from selling 34,085 litres of ''Brahmastra'' and ''Jeevamrit''.<ref name="Pioneer"/>

The scheme has been reported to create employment opportunities in regions affected by Maoist insurgency as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godhan scheme opens new job avenues in Maoist-hit Dantewada |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-scheme-opens-new-job-avenues-in-maoist-hit-dantewada.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Also around 300 ''gauthan'' cum industrial parks will be set up in Chhattisgarh under the [[Mahatma Gandhi Rural Industrial Parks]] (MGRIP) scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2022 |title=Chattisgarh govt launches scheme to develop cow sheds as rural industrial parks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chattisgarh-govt-launches-scheme-to-develop-cow-sheds-as-rural-industrial-parks-101664717228416.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has also praised the ''Godhan Nyaya Yojana'' in the seventh meeting of the Governing Council of [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh's Godhan Nyay Yojana gets PM praise at NITI meet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-godhan-nyay-yojana-pm-praise-niti-meet-8076816/ |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> To strengthen the economic condition of the villages, the Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh governments also adopted the Chhattisgarh model. Madhya Pradesh Government will run ''Gobar-Dhan'' project for the purchase of cow dung.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=27 May 2022 |title=झारखंड गोधन न्याय योजना के तहत किसानों से गोबर खरीदेगी सरकार, जैविक खेती को मिलेगा बढ़ावा |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/agriculture/government-schemes/jharkhand-godhan-nyay-yojana-to-empower-animal-farmers-by-buying-cow-dung-au199-1255775.html |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=MP: शिवराज सरकार अपनाएगी छत्तीसगढ़ मॉडल; इस प्लान से गांव होंगे मालामाल, जानें डिटेल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-shivraj-singh-chouhan-to-follow-chhattisgarh-government-godhan-nyay-yojana-gobar-dhan-project-bhupesh-baghel-mpns-4157279.html |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ का गोधन न्याय योजना बना उत्तर प्रदेश में चुनावी मुद्दा |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-godhan-nyay-scheme-making-chunavi-issue-in-uttar-pradesh-7310731 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

==== Swami Atmanand English Medium School ====
[[File:Bhupesh Baghel at Atmanand School.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel interacting with the students of Swami Atmanand School in Jamgaon, [[Patan, Chhattisgarh|Patan]].]]
In Chhattisgarh, Swami Atmanand chose to work with locals, specifically young people in the area. He has devoted his time to tribal people and has inspired young people by teaching them about compassion and serving others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWAMI ATMANAND GOVT. ENGLISH SCHOOL, Chirimiri, Koriya |url=https://cgschool.in/Saems/AboutSchool.aspx |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.sageschirimiri.com}}</ref> To honour his legacy, the [[Swami Atmanand English Medium School]] Scheme was introduced. On 1 November 2020, to mark Statehood Day, Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel unveiled the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीएम भूपेश बघेल राज्य स्थापना दिवस पर करेंगे 'स्वामी आत्मानंद शासकीय अंग्रेजी मीडियम स्कूल योजना' का शुभारंभ {{!}} CM Bhupesh Baghel to inaugurate 'Swami Atmanand Government English Medium School Scheme' on State Foundation Day |url=https://www.ibc24.in/city/cm-bhupesh-baghel-to-inaugurate-swami-atmanand-government-english-medium-school-scheme-on-state-foundation-day-104093-161057.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.ibc24.in |date=31 October 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

On 3 July 2020, the state's initial Swami Atmanand School was inaugurated. 52 schools opened their doors in various cities that same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aim is to provide quality education to every child' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/---aim-is-to-provide-quality-education-to-every-child---.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The stated goal of the scheme was to establish educational institutions in Chhattisgarh that have excellent facilities at par with private schools but are accessible and affordable for the parents of economically weaker sections of society as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Atmanand schools see applications surge 234%; here's why |url=https://news.careers360.com/chhattisgarh-swami-atmanand-school-admission-demand-english-medium-hindi-raipur-durg-bastar-sages |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=news.careers360.com |date=13 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Bhupesh Baghel said that the government would also establish English medium government colleges in various cities across the state to increase higher education in the region. In the beginning, ten institutions will be launched in ten cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh Govt to Open 10 English Medium Govt Colleges By Next Session: CM Baghel |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/chhattisgarh-govt-to-open-10-english-medium-govt-colleges-by-next-session-cm-baghel-5777035.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Encouragement towards Sports===
Bhupesh Baghel, the former Chief Minister of India’s state of Chhattisgarh, focused on turning the state into a sports hub. Baghel who has taken charge as the Chief Minister has already hosted the Road Safety World Series at the state capital Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=India Legends vs Sri Lanka Legends Highlights: IND-L skittle out SLL to win Road Safety World series title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-legends-vs-sri-lanka-legends-road-safety-world-series-final-live-updates-8184533/ |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh chief minister Bhupesh Baghel also inaugurated the state’s own Olympics, called '[[Chhattisgarhiya Olympics]]', with the stated aim of promoting [[Traditional games of India|traditional games]] namely ''[[Langdi (sport)|langdi]]'', ''[[Pambaram|bhaura]]'', ''<u>bati</u>'' (''[[Traditional games of India#Marbles|kancha]]''), and ''[[Seven stones|pitthul]]''. “These games are not only entertaining but also beneficial for maintaining good physical and mental health. In rural areas, children, elderly, and youth—all will engage in these games for entertainment and to keep themselves fit”, Baghel commented.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 October 2022|title=Bhupesh Baghel inaugurates Chhattisgarh Olympics to promote state's culture|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bhupesh-baghel-inaugurates-chhattisgarh-olympics-to-promote-state-s-culture-101665113285230.html|access-date=7 October 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Upliftment of tribals===
[[File:Lohandiguda, Bastar.jpg|thumb|The new government returned the land acquired for the steel plant of farmers of Lohandiguda in [[Bastar district|Bastar]] district.]]

====Repatriation of tribal land====
Under an [[MoU]] signed between the then govt and [[Tata Steel]] in 2005, agricultural land was acquired from the local tribals in 10 villages around Lohandiguda in the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] region. Despite protests from the villagers, the govt went ahead with the acquisition to build a 5.5 million tonne per annum capacity mega integrated steel plant. Tata Steel decided to quit the project in 2016. Immediately after coming to power, Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel decided to return 4400 acres to 1707 tribal families. The land was returned to the immediate owners or their legal heirs per the provisions of the '[[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013]] under Section 101. Section 101 stipulates that if any land acquired remains underutilised for 5 years from the date of taking over the possession the same shall be returned to the original owners of their legal heirs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=John |first1=Joseph |title=Chhattisgarh: Government to return 1764.61 hectares of tribal land in Bastar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-government-to-return-1764-61-hectares-of-tribal-land-in-bastar/articleshow/67458860.cms |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ram Van Gaman Path ===
[[File:Ram_Van_Gaman.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel turned up during the event at Kaushalya Mandir Chandkhuri, Raipur.]]
The 2226 km long '<nowiki/>''[[Ram Van Gaman Path]]''<nowiki/>' is being developed for with a budget of Rs 137.45 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=Reviving Chhattisgarh's heritage and history |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/business/reviving-chhattisgarhs-heritage-history |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Ram Van Gaman Path''<nowiki/>' begins from the [[Surguja district]] in northern Chhattisgarh, traverses through the state, and ends in the [[Sukma district]].

===Health Policy ===
====Mukhyamantri Haat Bazar Clinic ====
[[File:Haat bazar clinic camp.jpg|thumb|Health checkup at one of Haat Bazaar Clinics in [[Dantewada]] district of Chhattisgarh]]
The state of [[Chhattisgarh]] has 44% forest cover, and as a result, a significantly large population lives in forests and remote areas. Due to neglect and difficult terrain, the population in such areas doesn't have access to quality health care. On 2 October 2019, Baghel launched the ''Mukhyamantri Haat Bazaar Clinic Yojana'', a mobile healthcare scheme that was introduced to provide medical services in remote areas of these people. Under this scheme, mobile healthcare vans are deputed at weekly ''haat bazaars'' (local markets) frequented by forest dwellers selling [[Non-timber forest product|minor forest produce]]. Staffed by specialist doctors and other qualified staff with the necessary equipment, these mobile clinics provide healthcare checkups and medicine to people.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2020 |title=Haat Bazaar Clinic: Making Chhattisgarh villages healthy |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2020/jun/07/haat-bazaar-clinic-making-chhattisgarh-villages-healthy--2153216.html |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

In the past four years, 1.28 lakh ''Haat-bazaar'' clinics have provided healthcare services to more than 6,247,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO praises Haat Bazaar Clinics |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/who-praises-haat-bazaar-clinics.html |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The 429 medical mobile vans used to operate the 1798 ''haat-bazaar'' clinic programme. Also, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) has prepared a documentary film on the ''Haat Bazaar'' Clinic scheme in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=23 November 2022 |title=Who Prepares A Documentary On Haat Bazaar Clinic Scheme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/who-prepares-a-documentary-on-haat-bazaar-clinic-scheme/articleshow/95701184.cms |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==== Dai-Didi Clinic ====
[[File:दाई दीदी क्लिनिक.jpg|thumb|Free treatment of girls inside the mobile medical unit.]]

The 'Chief Minister Dai-Didi Clinic' scheme is being run by the Urban Administration and Development Department of Chhattisgarh Government. Under the scheme, a team of female doctors and staff arrives in the vehicle of ''Dai-Didi Clinic's'' mobile medical unit and provides free treatment for various diseases to needy women and girls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh's 'Dai-Didi Clinic', an all female- staff is run exclusively for women |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/dec/04/chhattisgarhs-dai-didi-clinic-an-all-female--staff-is-run-exclusively-for-women-2524800.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204165959/https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/dec/04/chhattisgarhs-dai-didi-clinic-an-all-female--staff-is-run-exclusively-for-women-2524800.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Through the scheme, about 1,475 camps have been set up in the state so far and more than 1.28 lakh women and girls living in slums of [[Raipur]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Bhilai]] Municipal Corporation areas have been treated near their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh: 1.28 lakh slum women treated under Dai Didi scheme |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/chhattisgarh-1-28-lakh-slum-women-treated-under-dai-didi-scheme-1503131013.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Malaria Mukt Bastar====
[[Malaria]] is a major public health concern in India and a major contributor to the malaria burden in Southeast Asia. Several factors contribute to the prevalence and incidents including socio-economic factors, geographical region, and drug resistance. [[Bastar district|Bastar]] region of Chhattisgarh has the highest Annual Parasite Incidence (API) (malaria) in India. Timely diagnosis due to limited infrastructure compounds the problem.

Launching the “Malaria Mukt Bastar” on 26 January 2020, Bhupesh Baghel pledged to make Bastar Malaria-free in the coming days. In the first phase of the campaign, 14 lakh people were tested in Bastar, out of which 64,646 (4.60 %) were found malaria-infected. The second phase of the campaign started on 6 June and ended on 31 July in which more than 23 lakh people have been examined. The process of medication for the victims has begun.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh government launches 'Malaria-free Bastar' campaign |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/26/chhattisgarh-government-launches-malaria-free-bastar-campaign-2094802.html |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2020}}</ref> In March 2021, for the first time in the history of Chhattisgarh, the annual malaria parasite rate recorded the lowest - API rate reached 1.17, the minimum since the formation of the state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaiser |first=Ejaz |date=20 March 2021 |title=Bastar wins over challenge on malaria |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/mar/20/bastar-wins-over-challenge-on-malaria-as-annual-parasite-incidence-reduces-to-historical-low-2279198.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

====Mukhyamantri Suposhan Abhiyan====
[[File:Mukhyamantri Suposhan Abiyan.jpg|thumb|Beneficiary women and children being served midday meal under Mukhyamantri Suposhan Abiyan.]]
National Health Family Survey (NHFS)- 4 (2015–16), Chhattisgarh is one of the top states in India with high levels of [[malnutrition]] and [[anaemia]] among children and women. The scheme launched on 2 October 2019 on the occasion of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s 150 birth anniversary aims to reduce malnutrition and anaemia levels in the state in the next three years. As of March 2020, around 68 thousand children were cured of malnutrition in one year under this campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaiser |first=Ejaz |date=19 July 2020 |title=Chhattisgarh govt launches 'Mukhyamantri Suposhan Yojana' to combat malnutrition in state |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/jul/19/chhattisgarh-govt-launches-mukhyamantri-suposhan-yojana-to-combat-malnutrition-in-state-2171697.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 Management ===
The state government implemented measures to contain the spread of [[COVID-19]]. During the [[lockdown]], the state government announced several measures to help the affected individuals, particularly the impoverished and migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Chhattisgarh's response to the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/government-of-chhattisgarh%E2%80%99s-response-to-the-covid-19-pandemic |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

Rice was made available to all the beneficiaries under the [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]]. The state's Labor Department approved Rs.3.8 crore to help workers impacted by the lockdown. Along with this, Bhupesh Baghel ensured the availability of hospital beds, medicine supplies, PSA plant and oxygen to the hospitals with the help of state administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh CM directs officials to take measures to prevent spread of COVID-19 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-cm-directs-officials-to-take-measures-to-prevent-spread-of-covid-1920220105095556/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

To assist a collaborative effort of [[UNICEF]] and the state government, almost 3,000 volunteers were gathered in the second wave. The '<nowiki/>''Roko Au Toko Abhiyan''' or 'Stop and Advice' campaign was started to raise awareness and encourage community involvement in the state's five most severely afflicted cities. These cities included [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]], [[Raipur]], [[Durg]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], and [[Baloda Bazar|Baloda Bazaar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Roko au Toko' drive starts in five Covid-hit cities of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/07/roko-au-toko-drive-starts-in-fivecovid-hit-cities-of-chhattisgarh-2312825.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 June 2021 }}</ref>

====Padhai Tuhar Dwar====
[[File:Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel reached the Mohalla class of 'Padhai Tuhar Dwar'.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel reached the Mohalla class under ''Padhai Tuhar Dwar'' in [[Durg]] district.]]
The campaign was launched to cover the incomplete syllabus of various classes in lockdown during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and to complete the syllabus in rural areas. Under ''Padhai Tuhar Dwar'', 22 lakh children and 2 lakh teachers were benefited. The children could study despite the schools being closed during the lockdown. All study materials were available online. Being an e-class, each course could be viewed again and again. Under this, there was a facility for offline studies through loudspeakers.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2020 |title='Seekh' mitras to Amcho Radio — How children of Bastar are learning with schools shut |work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/districts-fight-covid/seekh-mitras-to-amcho-radio-how-children-of-bastar-are-learning-with-schools-shut/460093/ |access-date=6 July 2021}}/</ref>

Between the lockdown and unlock phases, primary and middle school children in government schools received education through Mohalla Classes and the online portal '''Padhai Tunhar Dwar''<nowiki/>'. Teachers and community members participated in support of the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incentive for teachers holding 'Mohalla Class' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/incentive-for-teachers-holding----mohalla-class---.html |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Extensive innovative activities were taking place in such classes following the norms specified as COVID-19 guidelines. More than 80% of the students received their education by attending Mohalla and online lessons.

Every morning from 8-9:30 am and every evening from 5-6:30 pm, the residents of the villages of the [[Bastar district]] of Chhattisgarh were the audience of a special program on ''Amcho Bastar'' Radio Channel. This community radio channel was started in June 2020 under the major initiative of the Chhattisgarh State Government's ''Padhai Tunhar Dwar''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2021 |title=बच्चों की पढ़ाई व किसानों से संवाद का जरिया बना आमचो बस्तर रेडियो |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/jagdalpur-amcho-bastar-radio-becomes-a-medium-for-childrens-education-and-interaction-with-farmers-6763640 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

==== Mahtari Dular Yojana ====
Chhattisgarh ''Mahatari Dular Yojana'' was launched in May 2021 by the state government of Chhattisgarh to help provide funds for the education of children orphaned by [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardaha |first=Rashi |date=14 June 2021 |title=Chhattisgarh govt to pay school fees of Covid orphaned children |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-govt-to-pay-school-fees-of-covid-orphaned-children-711725 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Children in Classes 1 to 8 were to receive a monthly allowance of Rs. 500, while those in Classes 9 to 12 Rs.1,000 per month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children orphaned by COVID-19: Here is full list of support schemes announced by various state governments |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/full-details-children-orphaned-by-covid-states-take-them-under-their-wings/763099 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=31 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The objective of this scheme is to motivate the students not to leave their studies midway even after losing their parents. The children of families who have lost the primary earner due to COVID-19 will also have their educations paid for by the state government. These youngsters will also be given preference for enrolment in the state-run [[Swami Atmanand English Medium School]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh govt to fund education of students orphaned due to Covid-19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/chhattisgarh-govt-to-fund-education-of-students-orphaned-due-to-covid-19-1802426-2021-05-14 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=India Today |date=14 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==== MGNREGA ====
Under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ([[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|MNREGA]]), almost 1.21 lakh families in Chhattisgarh were employed for more than 100 days, which helped the rural economy remain steady despite the COVID-19 outbreak. By the number of households receiving the required 100 days of employment, Chhattisgarh stands sixth in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=Over 1.21 lakh families in Chhattisgarh got work under MGNREGA amid pandemic |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/over-121-lakh-families-in-chhattisgarh-got-work-under-mgnrega-amid-pandemic-920949.html |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{{Main|Electoral history of Bhupesh Baghel}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
! Election
! House
! Constituency
! Result
! colspan="2"| Party
! Ref
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="7"|[[Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Patan]]
| {{Won}}
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
| <ref name="ElectionsIn_1993">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 1993 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |publisher=Elections.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="IndiaVotes_1998">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1998/madhya-pradesh-[1947---1999]/atan/4/21084/136 |title=AC: Patan 1998 |publisher=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="IndiaVotes_2003">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2003/chhattisgarh/atan/54/25717/170 |title=AC: Patan 2003 |publisher=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| {{Lost}}
| <ref name="ECI_2008">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2008 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-chhattisgarh-2008/ |publisher=ECI}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="ECI_2013">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh 2013 Statistical Report |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3764-chhattisgarh-2013/ |publisher=ECI}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="ECI_2018">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh General Legislative Election 2018 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9355-chhattisgarh-general-legislative-election-2018/ |publisher=ECI}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="ECI_2023">{{cite web |title=Patan Assembly Election Results 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Lok Sabha]]
| [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
| {{Lost}}
| <ref name="IndiaVotes_Raipur2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/chhattisgarh/raipur/7688/54/15 |title=PC: Raipur 2009 |publisher=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| {{Lost}}
| <ref name="NDTV_2024">{{cite news |title=Bhupesh Baghel Loses From Rajnandgaon Seat To BJP's Santosh Pandey |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2024-result-live-bhupesh-baghel-loses-from-rajnandgaon-seat-to-bjps-santosh-pandey-5818610 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Baghel ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Twitter|bhupeshbaghel}}
* [http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/ Assembly Constituency Profile]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Raman Singh|Dr. Raman Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]|years=17 December 2018 - 11 December 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee}}
{{Indian National Congress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baghel, Bhupesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Durg]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Old Western Rājasthāni

2026-02-02T23:29:50Z

ChristinaQ73: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Ancestor of the modern Gujarati and Western Rajasthani languages}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Old Western Rājasthāni
| nativename =
| pronunciation =
| era = Developed around the 8th century and gave rise to the Western [[Rajasthani languages]] and [[Middle Gujarati]] by the 14th century
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
| fam5 =
| ancestor = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Sanskrit]]
| ancestor3 = [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
| ancestor4 = [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]]
| script = {{hlist|[[Devanagari]]|[[Mahajani]]}}
| isoexception = historical
| glotto = none
}}
[[File:Upadesamala2.jpg|thumb|Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] monks, influenced by the [[Mughal painting|Mughal style]].<br><br>The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Śvetāmbara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.]]
'''Old Western Rājasthāni''' (also known as '''Maru-Gurjari''', '''Old Gujarātī''') is the common ancestor of the modern [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Western Rajasthani]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=it has been found out that W. Rājasthānī and Gujaräti are derived from the one and same source-dialect, to which the name 'Old Western Räjasthänt' has been given|first=Suniti Kumar|last=Chatterji|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Origin_and_Development_of_the_Bengal/u2L7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en}}</ref> languages which developed from [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Prakrit]] [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhraṃśas]], and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verbeke |first=Saartje |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63iC56LeJ_MC |title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2013-03-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-029267-1 |pages=212 |language=en |quote=Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.}}</ref><ref name="Dalby">{{Harvnb|Dalby|1998|p=237}}</ref> The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the [[Dingal|Dingala]] language was in use as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC |title=Against History, Against State |date=2006 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 |pages=43 |language=en |quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.}}</ref> While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Western Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as [[Dingal|Dingala]] till the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ault |first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+Western+Rajasthani%22&pg=PT254 |title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.<ref name="M2">{{Harvnb|Mistry|2003|p=115}}</ref> It had three [[Grammatical gender|gender]]s, as Gujarati does today, and by about the 14th century, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a [[nasal stop|nasal consonant]] was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].<ref>Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." ''Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present''. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.</ref> A formal grammar, ''Prakrita Vyakarana'', of the precursor to this language, [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], was written by [[Jainism|Jain]] monk and eminent scholar [[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemachandra Suri]] in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of [[Anhilwara]] (Patan).<ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=Translating India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|access-date=5 August 2014|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-64216-9|pages=73–74}}</ref>

==Literature==
Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:<ref name="CardonaSuthar661">{{Harvnb|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=661}}</ref>
*''[[Rasa (literary form)|rāsa]]'', predominantly [[didacticism|didactic]] narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's ''Bhārateśvarabāhubali'' (1185).
*''[[Fagu|phāgu]]'', in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's ''Sirithūlibadda'' (c. 1335). The most famous is the ''[[Vasantavilas|Vasantavilāsa]]'', of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.
*''bārmāsī'', describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months.
*''[[Akhyana|ākhyāna]]'', in which sections are each in a single metre.

[[Narsinh Mehta]] (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati [[poetry]]. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important [[prose]] work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the ''Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti''.<ref name="CardonaSuthar661"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{citation |last1=Cardona |first1=George |year=2003 |authorlink1=George Cardona |last2=Suthar |first2=Babu |authorlink2=Babu Suthar |chapter=Gujarati |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |year=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-11568-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb}}
* {{citation |last=Mistry |first=P.J. |year=2003 |chapter=Gujarati |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=2}}

==Further reading==

*Bender, E. (1992) ''The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary''. [[American Oriental Society]]: New Haven, Conn. {{ISBN|0-940490-73-0}}
*{{Citation
| last= Brown
| first= W.N.
| title= An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story
| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society
|volume= 58
|issue= 1
| year= 1938
| pages= 5–29
| jstor= 594192
| doi= 10.2307/594192
}}.
*Dave, T.N. (1935) ''A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century''. The Royal Asiatic Society. {{ISBN|0-947593-30-6}}
*Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." ''Indian Antiquary''. 43–45.
* Cardona, George and [[Babu Suthar|Suthar, Babu]]. 2003. Gujarati. In Cardona, George and Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 659-697. London: Routledge.
{{Gujarati language}}

[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajasthani languages]]

Batote

2026-01-23T11:06:54Z

ChristinaQ73: update

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Batote
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Dogri, Urdu saraji
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ramban,Jammu ,Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.10|N|75.32|E|region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Jammu division|Jammu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1555
| population_total = 4,315
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182143
}}

'''Batote''' is a [[town]] and a [[notified area committee]], near [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban town]] in [[Ramban district]] of [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] (former name [[National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)|NH 1A]]) just beyond [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban]], [[Patnitop]] while going towards [[Srinagar]].

==Tourism==
Batote is located on the national highway [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] from [[Jammu]] to [[Srinagar]] at {{coord|33.10|N|75.32|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Batoti.html Batote], fallingrain.com; accessed 31 March 2018.</ref> It has an average elevation of 1,555 metres (6,584 feet).

Batote is very green and has many mountains. It also has a small city centre. Summer temperatures reach 32°C.There is snowfall in the winters. Nearby picnic spots Patnitop and Sanasar, which are located 14 km and 32 km away, respectively. A nearby unexplored beautiful location can be reached only by trekking.

== Languages ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages spoken in Batote
| label1 = Dogri
| value1 = 40.8
| color1 = orange
| label2 = Pogali
| value2 = 24.2
| color2 = yellow
| label3 = Siraji (Sarazi)
| value3 = 15.7
| color3 = lightblue
| label4 = Rambani
| value4 = 8.1
| color4 = pink
| label5 = Gojri
| value5 = 6.89
| color5 = red
| label6 = Pahari
| value6 = 4.2
| color6 = lavender
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 0.98
| color7 = Grey
}}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Batote (2011)<ref name="Batote Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/ramban/ramban/batote-mc-population.html|title=Batote Population|work=Census India|accessdate=11 July 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 45.79
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 45.05
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 8.34
|color3 = Yellow
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.49
|color4 = Blue
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|value5 = 0.02
|color5 = Gold
|label6 = [[Jainism]]
|value6 = 0.02
|color6 = Maroon
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.02
|color7 = Grey
|label8 = Not Stated
|value8 = 0.25
|color8 = Black
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>{{better citation|date=September 2022}} Batote had a population of 4,315.{{When|date=April 2018}} Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Batote has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 60% of the males and 40% of females literate. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| location = Batote (1991–2020, extremes 1977–2020)
| Jan record high C = 22.6
| Feb record high C = 23.7
| Mar record high C = 27.0
| Apr record high C = 31.2
| May record high C = 36.6
| Jun record high C = 36.3
| Jul record high C = 34.2
| Aug record high C = 32.5
| Sep record high C = 30.3
| Oct record high C = 29.2
| Nov record high C = 26.1
| Dec record high C = 22.1
| year record high C = 36.6
| Jan high C = 10.8
| Feb high C = 12.2
| Mar high C = 16.9
| Apr high C = 21.9
| May high C = 26.1
| Jun high C = 27.9
| Jul high C = 26.7
| Aug high C = 26.2
| Sep high C = 25.7
| Oct high C = 23.3
| Nov high C = 18.3
| Dec high C = 14.2
| year high C = 21.0
| Jan low C = 2.1
| Feb low C = 3.4
| Mar low C = 6.9
| Apr low C = 10.7
| May low C = 13.8
| Jun low C = 16.8
| Jul low C = 18.6
| Aug low C = 18.2
| Sep low C = 15.3
| Oct low C = 10.5
| Nov low C = 6.6
| Dec low C = 3.8
| year low C = 10.7
| Jan record low C = -5.7
| Feb record low C = -7.2
| Mar record low C = -3.0
| Apr record low C = 1.2
| May record low C = 3.2
| Jun record low C = 8.0
| Jul record low C = 11.0
| Aug record low C = 10.8
| Sep record low C = 7.8
| Oct record low C = 3.1
| Nov record low C = -2.1
| Dec record low C = -3.8
| year record low C = -7.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 183.7
| Feb rain mm = 228.3
| Mar rain mm = 205.8
| Apr rain mm = 125.4
| May rain mm = 89.8
| Jun rain mm = 109.7
| Jul rain mm = 160.1
| Aug rain mm = 158.9
| Sep rain mm = 110.0
| Oct rain mm = 33.0
| Nov rain mm = 49.6
| Dec rain mm = 74.8
| year rain mm = 1529.0
| Jan rain days = 6.7
| Feb rain days = 8.0
| Mar rain days = 8.5
| Apr rain days = 7.3
| May rain days = 6.8
| Jun rain days = 7.7
| Jul rain days = 9.1
| Aug rain days = 9.4
| Sep rain days = 4.9
| Oct rain days = 2.4
| Nov rain days = 2.5
| Dec rain days = 3.6
| year rain days = 77.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 57
| Apr humidity = 51
| May humidity = 47
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 57
| Nov humidity = 52
| Dec humidity = 50
| year humidity = 60
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Batote Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 113–114
| access-date = 24 March 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Transport==
===Road===
Batote is well-connected by road to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]].

===Rail===
Batote is not connected with railways. The nearest railway station is [[Udhampur railway station]] located at a distance of 43 kilometres.

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Jammu Airport]] located at a distance of 112 kilometres.

==See also==
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Banihal]]
*[[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban]]
*[[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ramban district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Raman Menon

2026-01-22T15:55:07Z

ChristinaQ73: put up new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''''[[Diwan Bahadur]]''''' '''Palakkal Raman Menon''' '''''[[Dalavayi|Dalawa]]''''' '''''Mannadinayar''''' (also '''Palakkad Raman Menon''' and '''Ankarath Raman Menon''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLe9CgAAQBAJ&q=raman+menon+travancore |title=The Eighth Ring: An Autobiography |date=2015-10-25 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-044-2 |language=en}}</ref> was [[Diwan of travancore|Dewan of Travancore]], serving [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi|Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]], and then [[Gowri Parvati Bayi|Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi]] during their successive regencies for [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], from 1815 to 1817,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kutty |first=V. K. Madhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efcADgAAQBAJ |title=V. K. Krishna Menon |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2361-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=George |first=T. J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNFBAAAAIAAJ&q=raman+menon+travancore+diwan |title=Krishna Menon: A Biography |date=1965 |publisher=Taplinger Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A |first=Shaji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbZEDwAAQBAJ&q=raman+menon+travancore |title=Politicisation of Caste Relations in a Princely State |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Zorba Books |isbn=978-93-87456-00-6 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Dalawa]] of [[Travancore]] thereafter, holding auxiliary office as [[Faujdar|Fouzdar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=P. Shungoonny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxsrz7DAPxIC |title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0169-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Previously he served as a [[Sheristadar]] and justice of the Huzhur Court of Travancore,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rn1DAAAAYAAJ&q=raman+menon+travancore+diwan |title=A Comprehensive History of India |last2=Congress |first2=Indian History |date=1957 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-81-7007-003-0 |language=en}}</ref> as [[Sarvadhikari]] of the [[kingdom of Cochin]], serving [[Kerala Varma III]], and as [[Sarvadhikari]] of the [[Calicut (kingdom)|kingdom of Calicut]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=INSTITUTIONS |first=VED from VICTORIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ |title=TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL - A commentary!: Along with the full text of TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL Vol 1 |publisher=VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 India www.victoriainstitutions.com |language=en}}</ref> Colonial administrator [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|General John Munro, 9th of Teaninich]] was his patron, and, later, antagonist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Travancore (Princely |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzluAAAAMAAJ |title=The Travancore State Manual: History |date=1996 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Kerala Gazetteers Department |isbn=978-81-85499-24-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=raman+menon |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The consolidation of British rule in India, edited by K. K. Datta and V. A. Narain |date=1988 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-003-0 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Reddy Row]]'s successful intriguing displaced Menon from the Diwanship to the obsolete offices of [[Dalavayi|Dalawa]] and [[Faujdar|Fouzdar]] in 1817, whereupon Menon elected to not even bother dignifying the sinecures' demands. He did ally to himself a young [[R. Venkata Rao|Rai Raya Rai Venkata Rao]], then new to Munro's retinue as a fresh, scholarly, English-speaking young bureaucrat, facilitating Rao's selection as ''Diwan Peishkar''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=INSTITUTIONS |first=VED from VICTORIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ |title=TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL - A commentary!: Along with the full text of TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL Vol 1 |publisher=VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 India www.victoriainstitutions.com |language=en}}</ref> When [[Reddy Row]] accepted the small [[jagir]] of two villages in [[Sengottai]] ([[Sambavarvadakarai]]) from Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi as thanks for having skilfully married off Princess Rukmini Bayi, and, concurrently, Newall retired, Menon and Rao struck; highlighting the prospect of corrupt dealing to the incoming Resident, who opened an investigation into possible impropriety. Reddy Row was ultimately forced from the Diwanship in only 1821, whereupon R. Venkata Rao succeeded him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=P. Shungoonny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxsrz7DAPxIC |title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0169-7 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1828 the new Maharaja of Cochin, [[Rama Varma XI]], apologized for the expropriation of Menon's family's assets, restoring them, and conferring the title of ''Mannadi Nair'' on Raman Menon, his brother, and their descendants, with women receiving the style of ''[[Nethyar Amma]]''.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

== Family ==
Menon was born to Narikkode Kunjulakshmi Amma and Kunjunni Thampuran of the [[Mankada]] [[kovilakam]] of the [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Velattiri royal family of Valluvanad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-14 |title=Ankarath Family - Ankarath Parijathapuram Vishnu Temple |url=https://ankarathvishnutemple.com/ankarath-family-origins/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> He married Narayani Amma - possibly his maternal first cousin<ref name=":2" /> - late in life, founding with her the Vengalil [[Tharavad|tharavadu]] and building its eponymous sixteen-halled [[Nālukettu|''pathinarukettu'']] in [[Panniyankara]], [[Calicut]], while his younger brother Krishnan founded the Ankarath tharavadu. His eldest daughter, Valiyammalu, married Kunhiraman, the last [[Koothali Nair]]; their only daughter Lakshmikutty married the son of Udayavarma, [[Porlathiri|Porlathiri Raja]] of [[Kadathanadu|Kadathanad]], and was mother to Indian [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] and ''de facto'' [[Foreign Minister of India|Foreign Minister]] [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], the Sanskritist V. Chinnamalu Amma, and the consort of [[Rama Varma XIX]], the last [[Maharaja of Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Janaki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ&q=raman+menon+travancore+diwan |title=V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 |language=en}}</ref> Another daughter, Lakshmi, married P.C.V. Manavikraman Kuttunni Thampuran, reigning [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut (kingdom)|Calicut]] from 1915 to 1928; their daughter Kunjilakshmi married P.C. Anujan Thampuran, who succeeded his father-in-law as Zamorin, reigning from 1928 to 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=K. V. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806 |date=1999 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut |isbn=978-81-7748-000-9 |language=en}}</ref> His son Vengalil Raman Menon was a [[Munsif]] and father to politician [[K. B. Menon|Konnanath Balakrishna Menon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. P. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100395 |title=Dictionary Of National Biography Vol. 3(m-r) |date=1974}}</ref> while his son Vengalil Sankara Menon was a leading South Indian lawyer, and father to famed trial lawyer K. Kunhirama Menon and [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]] director K. Sankara Menon, who was [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]'s second husband and successor.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Diwans of Cochin]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Manoranjan Ravichandran

2026-01-18T18:01:15Z

ChristinaQ73: Put Up A Article More To Come

{{Short description|Indian Kannada film actor (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Indian name|Manoranjan|Ravichandran}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoranjan Ravichandran
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|12|11}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| father = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives = [[N. Veeraswamy]] (grandfather)
| website =
}}

'''Manoranjan Ravichandran''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.

The son of Kannada film star actor-director [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], Manoranjan made his debut with the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Saheba (film)|Saheba]]'' (2017), directed by Bharath, which was released to mixed reviews, but earned him good reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/saheba-movie-review-manoranjan-ravichandran-gets-unconventional-debut-739797|title=Saheba movie review: Manoranjan Ravichandran gets an unconventional debut|work=International Business Times|date=26 August 2017}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Manoranjan Ravichandran was born to Kannada actor and director [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and Sumathy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140531/entertainment-sandalwood/article/everything-planned-ravichandrans-son-manoranjan|title=Everything is planned for Ravichandran's son Manoranjan|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=10 January 2014}}</ref> He has a sister Geethanjali and a brother Vikram. He is a grandson of notable South Indian film producer [[N. Veeraswamy]].

Manoranjan has attended acting classes at Abhinaya Tharanga and was trained by A S Murthy's daughter. He has learnt dance in Chennai and martial arts in Bangalore. His initial interest was in Cricket which he wanted to shape up as his career. He played tournaments at the district level and was about to play at the state level when he met with a hand injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/141216/time-for-some-crazy-manoranjan.html|title=Time for some crazy Manoranjan|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=14 December 2016}}</ref> He eventually landed up in films and took up his father's production film.

== Film career ==
Manoranjan's film career took off after his father actor V. Ravichandran announced his project titled ''Premalokadalli Ranadheera'' in 2014. He had mentioned to direct the new film after completing his film ''[[Manjina Hani]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ravichandrans-son-all-set-to-make-a-debut/articleshow/20309837.cms|title=Ravichandran’s son all set to make a debut?|work=The Times of India|date=28 May 2013}}</ref> However in 2015, it was reported that this film was indefinitely postponed and he would not direct the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ravichandran-wont-direct-sons-debut/articleshow/49426848.cms|title=Ravichandran won't direct son's debut!|work=The Times of India|date=17 October 2015}}</ref> It was also reported that director Bharath would instead direct the film with Manoranjan as lead. The project was finalized in 2016 and titled as ''[[Saheba (film)|Saheba]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/aug/22/manoranjan-stays-off-glamour-trusts-story-instead-1646345.html|title=Manoranjan stays off glamour, trusts story instead|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 August 2017}}</ref> The film released in August 2017 and received mixed reviews with critics praising his performance as a promising one. His next film was with director [[Nanda Kishore]] for the [[Rockline Venkatesh]]'s production titled ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]''. The film was a remake of Tamil film ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014) in which he reprises the role played by actor [[Dhanush]]. The film was released on 5 January 2018.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Saheba (film)|Saheba]]'' || Mano || Nominated—[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Actor in a Leading Role (Male) – Kannada]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]'' || Sudhir ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mugilpete]]''|| Raja ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Prarambha]]''|| Manthan ||
|-
| {{TBA}} || style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Ranadheera-Premalokadalli''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || {{TBA}} || Delayed<ref>{{cite web |title=Time for some crazy Manoranjan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/141216/time-for-some-crazy-manoranjan.html |website=Deccan Chronicle.com |accessdate=20 June 2018 |language=en |date=14 December 2016}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=8810117|name=Manoranjan Ravichandran}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandran, Manoranjan}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]

Kabutra language

2026-01-18T08:48:51Z

ChristinaQ73: put up new info!

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of Sindh, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kabutra
|nativename={{lang|kbu|ڪبوترا}}
|states=[[Pakistan]]
|region=[[Sindh]] ([[Kunri]], [[Nara Dhoro]], and [[Umerkot]])
|ethnicity=
|speakers=1,000
|date=1998
|ref=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kbu | title=Kabutra }}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]]
|fam5=[[Western Hindi]]
|fam6=[[Sansi language|Sansi]]
|iso3=kbu
|glotto=kabu1254
|glottoname=Kabutra
}}
'''Kabutra''' (also known as '''Nat''' or '''Natra''') is an endangered [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. Kabutra is almost identical to neighboring [[Sansi language|Sansi]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/kbu | title=Kabutra language }}</ref> Kabutra is unwritten, but may be written with a variety of the [[Arabic script]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kbu | title=ScriptSource - Kabutra }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]

International Space Olympiad

2026-01-17T18:05:20Z

ChristinaQ73: put up new post

{{notability|date=July 2016}}
[[File:International Space Olympiad 2014-2015 winners.jpg|thumb|International Space Olympiad 2014-15 Winners with Padma Sree Dr. M Chandradathan.|right]]
'''International Space Olympiad (ISO)''' is an international level Quiz competition on space science and technology<ref>{{cite web|title=International Space Olympiad|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Student-Wins-Space-Olympiad/2015/06/16/article2868205.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706080940/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Student-Wins-Space-Olympiad/2015/06/16/article2868205.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> for students of Grades 5-12 and is organized by Edu Mithra Intellectual services Pvt. Ltd.,<ref>{{cite web|title=International SPACE Olympiad news in Deccan Chronicle|url=http://internationalspaceolympiad.com/news/|access-date=2015-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703075437/http://internationalspaceolympiad.com/news/|archive-date=2015-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International SPACE Olympiad in Edu Mithra website|url=http://edumithra.com/iso-2015/}}</ref> every year with a mission to attract and encourage talents in the fields of space science and technology and enhance the aptitude of children in [[space science]].

== Competition structure ==

The International Space Olympiad starts with the school level competitions is followed by and the Zonal, National and the International Levels. On every level students compete to qualify for the next level and based on merits of performance, students are shortlisted to participate in the next level. Each level consists of written and audio visual rounds of quiz and the champions are selected from the international level of ISO.

== Prizes ==

The winners of International Space Olympiad are awarded prizes including Newtonian reflector telescopes and Certificates.

== International Space Olympiad 2014-15 ==

The first ISO was conducted in 2015. The final international level was organized at [[Kerala State Science and Technology Museum]] and Priyadarshini Planetarium,<ref>{{cite web|title=International Space Olympiad|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Student-Wins-Space-Olympiad/2015/06/16/article2868205.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706080940/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Student-Wins-Space-Olympiad/2015/06/16/article2868205.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India on 14 June 2015. Biyon Sony Joseph of Loyola School, Kerala, Varna Jose of St Mary’s Convent School, Kerala, Aaron John Sabu of St Thomas Central School, Kerala were awarded the first, second and third prizes respectively.
The event constituted of the audio visual and written rounds of quiz in the morning session handled by Prof. Anand Narayan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. Anand narayanan|url=http://www.iist.ac.in/ess/anand/}}</ref> Professor of [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum]], Kerala, India.
The afternoon session was an interactive and seminar session by Padma Shri [[Madhavan Chandradathan|M. Chandradathan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Sree Dr. M Chandradathan|url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/leadership-dathan|access-date=2015-07-02|archive-date=2015-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703020839/http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/leadership-dathan|url-status=dead}}</ref> the former Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. He also awarded the prize to the winners and certificate of participation to all the participants.

== International Space Olympiad 2015-16 ==
[[File:International Space Olympiad winners IMG-20160613-WA0043.jpg|thumb|International Space Olymiad 2015-16 Winners (Sai S Kalyan, Arpit Kottur, Riya Titus) with Fr. Davis Chiramel.]]
The International Level Competitions of International Space Olympiad 2016 were held at [[Renewal Center Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|title= International Space Olympiad 2016 in News Experts|url=http://www.newsexperts.in/little-stars-shine-at-international-space-olympiad/}}</ref> Selected students of classes 5-12 from various countries participated in the competition to win the title and the competition was designed to examine their knowledge in space science, history of space explorations and space technology. [[Sai S Kalyan]] from Chinmaya Vidyalaya, [[Arpit Kottur]] from Podar International School Pune and [[Riya Titus]] from Mar Gregarious Memorial Residential Public School won the title prizes in the competition which was held in three categories namely Juniors, Seniors and Super seniors. Eminent personalities from the field of space science handled the quizzes and the related workshop sessions. The event was scheduled as a three day camp and consisted of many innovative and informative sessions on space science and astrophysics.

In the valedictory function held [[Davis Chiramel|Fr. Davis Chiramel]], founder and director of [[Kidney Federation of India]] interacted with the children and gave away the prizes. The winners received Newtonian Reflector Telescopes as title prizes.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://internationalspaceolympiad.com International Space Olympiad Official Website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/internationalspaceolympiad International Space Olympiad Facebook Page]
*[https://plus.google.com/+Internationalspaceolympiad International Space Olympiad Google Plus Page]
*[http://edumithra.com Edu Mithra Intellectual Services Pvt. Ltd.]

[[Category:Olympiads in India]]

Prayagraj–Jabalpur section

2026-01-16T11:06:46Z

ChristinaQ73:

{{short description|Railway route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Prayagraj–Jabalpur section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = katni mp.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = [[Katni Junction railway station]] is an important Railway Station on Prayagraj–Jabalpur section
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale =
| start = [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]]
| end = [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur]]
| stations =
| routes =
| open = 1867
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]<br/>[[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot = New Katni
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDG-3A, WDG-3C, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]
| linelength =
| tracklength = Main line: {{convert|366|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Branch lines:<br/>Manikpur–Jhansi {{convert|390|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Khairar–Bhimsen{{convert|119|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Mahoba–Khajuraho{{convert|63|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Satna–Rewa{{convert|49|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Katni–Billibari {{convert|319|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = 130 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Allahabad–Jabalpur section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Prayagraj–Jabalpur section''' is a railway line connecting [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] and [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur]]. This {{convert|366|km|mi|0|abbr= on}} track is part of the [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]]. The main line is under the jurisdiction of [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]] and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]].

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway]], which had established the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] via Allahabad, opened the Allahabad–Jabalpur branch line in June 1867. The [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] connection reached Jabalpur from Itarsi on 7 March 1870, linking up with the EIR track there from Allahabad, and establishing connectivity between Mumbai and Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title=IR History: Early Days – I| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| access-date = 13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early Days – II| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| access-date = 13 November 2013 }}</ref>

The Jhansi–Manikpur line was opened in 1889 by Indian Midland Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Indian_Midland_Railway| title=Indian Midland Railway|publisher= fibis| access-date = 13 November 2013 }}</ref>

The Mahoba–Khajuraho branch line was inaugurated in 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/allahabad/38216756_1_ncr-zone-north-central-railway-agra-division| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/allahabad/38216756_1_ncr-zone-north-central-railway-agra-division| url-status= dead| archive-date= 3 December 2013| title= NCR's glorious 10 years of bringing world to Agra, Jhansi, Khajuraho |last= Jamal|first= Asraf|date=2 April 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 15 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
Prayagraj to Jabalpur section is completely electrified.

==Speed limits==
The Prayagraj–Bhusawal section is classified as 'B' class where trains can run up to 130 km/h. On the branch lines trains can run up to 100 km/h.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html| title=Permanent Way| work=Track Classifications| access-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
[[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]], {{stnlnk|Satna}}, [[Katni Junction railway station|Katni]] and [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur]], on the main line are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
Both the Katni Diesel Loco Shed and the New Katni Junction Electric Loco Shed are located at {{stnlnk|New Katni Junction}}. The former has [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]], WDG-3A, WDG-4, WDG-4D and the only WDG-3C "Cheetah" diesel locomotives. The latter holds 170+ [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] electric locomotives and has a large marshalling yard attached to it.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 13 November 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/allahabad-junction-ald/455 Trains at Prayagraj]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/manikpur-junction-mkp/484 Trains at Manikpur]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/satna-junction-sta/976 Trains at Satna]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/jabalpur-junction-jbp/529 Trains at Jabalpur]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/katni-junction-kte/527 Trains at Katni]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/8472 Trains at Katni South]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/2852 Trains at Katni Murwara]
{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allahabad - Jabalpur section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1867]]
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Prayagraj district]]

Pooja Kanwar

2026-01-06T02:29:15Z

ChristinaQ73: put up data - done

{{Short description|Indian handball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Pooja Kanwar
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = 15 April 2003
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Handball player
| years_active = 2023–present
| position = Right wing
| team = [[India women's national handball team]], [[Rajasthan]] (domestic)
}}

'''Pooja Kanwar''' (born 15 April 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IHF {{!}} POOJA |url=https://www.ihf.info/about/players/profiles/91277 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.ihf.info |language=en}}</ref> is a handball player from [[Rajasthan]]. She plays for the [[India women's national handball team]] as right wing. She plays for Rajasthan in the domestic events.

== Early life ==
Kanwar is from Rajasthan, India.

== Career ==
In March 2024, Kanwar was the captain of the Rajasthan team which won a silver medal at the 52nd Senior Women’s National Handball Championship at Hathras, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Indian Railways upset defending champions Rajasthan to win Senior National Women's Handball Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-railways-upset-defending-champions-rajasthan-to-win-senior-national-womens-handball-championship/articleshow/108440857.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2023, she was also part of the Rajasthan team that won the 51st Senior Women’s National Handball Championship at [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh held under the aegis of [[Handball Association of India]]

In 2023, she was part of the Indian women's team at the [[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], the [[People’s Republic of China]]. This is the fifth Asian Games for the Indian women's handball team. They finished third in a tough group behind [[Japan women's national handball team|Japan]] and [[China women's national handball team|China]] and failed to advance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peesara |first=Anuraag |date=30 September 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023 handball: Indian women's team's campaigns ends in group stage |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-hangzhou-women-handball-schedule-results-india |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Olympics}}</ref>

In February 2023, she was selected to play the [[Asian Handball Federation|AHF]] President Cup Senior Women's Handball at [[Amman]], Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: जॉर्डन में भारत का प्रतिनिधित्व करेंगी राजस्थान की बेटियां, हैंडबॉल में दिखाएंगी जौहर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jaipur/rajasthan-pooja-kanwar-priya-kanwar-and-champa-selected-in-handball-team-for-ahf-president-cup-to-be-played-in-2023-02-06 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In November 2023, she also skippered the Rajasthan team which played the 37th [[National Games of India|National Games]] at [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-02 |title=National Games: Manish, Pooja to lead Raj handball teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/104902984.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanwar. Pooja}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian women's handball players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Handball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Tamang Selo

2026-01-03T00:52:44Z

ChristinaQ73: enhanced details additionally and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Genre of folk song sung by the Tamang people}}
[[File:Hira Devi Waiba.jpg|thumb|[[Hira Devi Waiba]]- Pioneer of Tamang Selo and Nepali Folk songs.]]'''Tamang Selo''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: तामाङ सेलो) is a genre of [[Music of Nepal|Nepali folk song]] sung by the [[Tamang people]] of [[Nepal]] and is widely popular among the Nepali-speaking community in [[Nepal]], in [[India]], and around the world. It is usually accompanied by the Tamang instruments: [[Damphu drum|Damphu]], [[Madal]] and [[Tungna]]. A Selo could be very catchy and lively or slow and melodious and is usually sung to express love, sorrow and stories of day to day life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_NPL12.html|title=Performing Arts, Songs of the Tamang People|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605021142/http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_NPL12.html|archivedate=2016-06-05}}</ref>

== Hira Devi Waiba, pioneer of Nepali folk songs and Tamang Selo ==
[[File:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|thumb|[[Navneet Aditya Waiba]]-Nepali and Tamang folk singer|alt=Nepali and Tamang folk singer]]
[[Hira Devi Waiba]] is hailed as the pioneer of Nepali folk songs and Tamang Selo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110120/jsp/siliguri/story_13466851.jsp|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} North Bengal & Sikkim {{!}} Pioneer of Nepali Folk Songs|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025135/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110120/jsp/siliguri/story_13466851.jsp|archive-date=2018-02-16|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref> Her song "[[Chura ta Hoina Astura]]" ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: [[Chura ta Hoina Astura|चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा]]) is said to be the first Tamang Selo ever recorded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tamangonline.com/news/13540|title=चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा - पहिलो तामाङ सेलो गीत ? - Tamang Online|date=2016-12-07|work=Tamang Online|access-date=2018-03-04|language=en-US|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304212229/http://www.tamangonline.com/news/13540|archivedate=2018-03-04}}</ref> Waiba has sung nearly 300 songs in a career spanning 40 years. Waiba's children [[Navneet Aditya Waiba]] and Satya Aditya Waiba have carried the legacy further by continuing on her footsteps. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-10|title=Songs of Tribute|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/music/songs-of-tribute-navneet-aditya-waiba-and-satya-aditya-waiba/|access-date=2020-05-04|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter revives mother's songs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/daughter-revives-mother-s-songs/cid/1525677|access-date=2020-05-04|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Damfu nepal.jpg|alt=Damphu|thumb|[[Nepalis|Nepali people]] playing one of their traditional instruments, "[[Damphu drum|Damphu]]"]]

== See also ==

*[[Hira Devi Waiba]]
*[[Navneet Aditya Waiba]]
*[[Tamang people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nepalese folk music]]
[[Category:Folk music genres]]
[[Category:Tamang people]]

{{Nepal-music-stub}}

Indian High Courts Act 1861

2025-12-16T23:33:46Z

ChristinaQ73: corrected page per standard format for clarity

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Indian High Courts Act 1861{{efn|name=st|reference=The citation of this act by this [[short title]] was authorised by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the [[Short Titles Act 1896]]. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the [[Interpretation Act 1978]].}}
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act for establishing High Courts of Judicature in India.
| year = 1861
| citation = [[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 104
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent = {{ubli|[[United Kingdom]]|[[British India]]}}
| royal_assent = 6 August 1861
| commencement = 6 August 1861{{efn|The [[Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793]].}}
| repeal_date = 1 January 1916
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1878]]
| repealing_legislation = [[Government of India Act 1915]]
| related_legislation = {{ubli|[[Indian Civil Service Act 1861]]|[[Indian Councils Act 1861]]}}
| status = Repealed
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/104/enacted
}}

The '''Indian High Courts Act 1861'''{{efn|name=st}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gktoday.in/indian-high-courts-act-1861/|title=Indian High Courts Act 1861|date=2011-10-17|work=GKToday|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en-US}}</ref> ([[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 104) was an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] to authorize the Crown to create High Courts in the Indian colony.<ref>{{cite book|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Punjab, 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7NLxvbWDXYC&pg=PA233|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-490-6|page=233}}</ref> Queen Victoria created the High Courts in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay by [[letters patent]] in 1862. These High Courts would become the precursors to the High Courts in the modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The act was passed after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|First War of Independence of 1857]] and consolidated the parallel legal systems of the Crown and the [[East India Company]].

The act was passed alongside the [[Indian Civil Service Act 1861]] ([[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 54) and the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] ([[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 67).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Ilbert | first = Courtenay | author-link = Courtenay Ilbert | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfYaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106 |title=The Government of India: Being a Digest of the Statute Law Relating Thereto |date=1898 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|102–107}}

==Abolishing existing courts==
Section 8 of the act abolished the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William|Supreme Courts]] at [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William|Calcutta]], [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Madras|Madras]], and [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Bombay|Bombay]]; the [[Sadr Diwani Adalat|Sadar Diwani Adalat]] and the [[Sadr Faujdari Adalat|Sadar Faujdari Adalat]] at Calcutta; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Faujdari Adalat at Madras; and the Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Faujdari Adalat at Bombay. By the act three high courts were established:1862, at Calcutta on 1 July 1862, and at Bombay on 14 August 1862 and madras high court at 15 August 1862.

==Qualifications of High Court judges==
Each High Court could consist of a chief justice and up to 15 judges. Under section 3 of the act, judges could be selected from barristers (with five years of experience), civil servants (with ten years of experience including three years as a [[wikt:zillah|zillah]] judge), judges of small cause courts or [[wikt:sudder_ameen|sudder ameen]] (with five years of experience), or pleaders of lander courts or High Courts (with five years of experience).

The High Court of a state is the highest court of the state and all other courts of the state work under it. Normally there is one High Court in every state but there can be one High Court shared between two or more states as well, according to the constitution. There is one High Court at Chandigarh for Punjab, Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh. Similarly there is one High Court at Guwahati which serves the Indian states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland.

=== Composition ===
In every High Court, there is a Chief Justice and many other judges whose number is defined by the President of India.

Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the State. The other judges are appointed by the will of President, Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court.

=== Qualifications for the judges ===
(a) He should be a citizen of India.

(b) He should have been (I) a judge for 10 years of subordinate court under the judicial service of the state or (ii) an advocate for 10 years in a High Court in India (Article 217).

Tenure: Originally the age of the retirement of the judges of the High Courts was fixed at 60 but it was raised to 62 in 1963 according to the 15th amendment of the Constitution.

Removal of judges: A judge may leave his office by resigning. He will send his letter of resignation to the President. His office would be considered to have been vacated if he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or is transferred to some other High Court. A judge of a High Court may also be removed like a judge of the Supreme Court. A judge of High Court may be removed by the President if the Parliament passes a motion against him by an absolute majority and 2/3rd majority of the members present and voting, both the Houses sitting separately.

Salary:

The pay of the Chief Justice of a High Court is rupees 250,000/- per month and that of the other judges is rupees 225,000/- per month.

Powers and functions

=== Original jurisdiction ===
The original jurisdiction of the High Court is restricted.

(a) Every High Court under Article 226 is empowered to issue writs, orders, directions including writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari or any of them to any person or authority with in its territory for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.

(b) The original jurisdiction of High Court extends to matters of admiralty, matrimonial, contempt of court and cases ordered to be transferred to High Court by lower court.

(c) The High Courts of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have original jurisdiction on hearing straightway cases involving the Christians and Parsies.

(d) The High Courts of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai exercise original civil jurisdiction when the amount involved is more than two thousand rupees.

=== Appellate jurisdiction ===
The appellate jurisdiction of the High Courts extends so:

(a) The High Court can hear appeals in civil cases if the amount involved in the case is at least Rs. 5000.

(b) The High Court in criminal cases hears the appeal in which the accused has been sentenced to four years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge. v

(c) The death sentence awarded by Sessions Judge is subject to approval by the High Court.

(d) The High Court hear the cases involving interpretation of the Constitution or Law.

(e) The High Court hears the cases on income tax, sales tax etc.

=== Power of judicial review ===
The state High Courts like the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review. A High Court has the power to strike down any law of the State or any order of the executive if it violates any provision of the constitution or curtails or takes any of the Fundamental Rights of the people.

=== Administrative and supervisory power ===
The State High Court performs many administrative functions within its Territorial Jurisdiction. It exercises the power of superintendence and control over all courts and tribunals throughout the territory except the military tribunals.

==Judicial tenure and seniority==
Under section 5 of the act, judges served at the pleasure of Her Majesty. The chief justice had precedence over judges, whereas judges had seniority based on appointment. The retirement age for judges was set at 62 years.

==Jurisdiction==
Under section 9 of the act, each High Court had "all such powers and authority for and in relation to the administration of justice" including original and appellate jurisdiction over civil, criminal, admiralty, vice-admiralty, testamentary, intestate, and matrimonial matters.

== Repeal ==
The whole act was repealed by section 130 of, and the fourth schedule to, the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61).

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{UK legislation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1861]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India]]
[[Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]]

Indian Railways Track Machine Training Centre

2025-11-28T15:03:08Z

ChristinaQ73: put up a details

{{Short description|Indian trade school}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2025}}
'''Indian Railways Track Machine Training Centre''' (IRTMTC) is one of the three institutions in the world that provide training in [[track machine]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rly Track Machine Training Centre set for upgrade in Prayagraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/rly-track-machine-training-centre-set-for-upgrade-in-prayagraj/articleshow/121194990.cms#:~:text=Prayagraj:%20The%20country's%20only%20Indian%20Railway%20Track,celebrating%20its%20foundation%20day%20on%20May%2017.|work=The Times of India|date=2025-05-15|access-date=2025-11-28|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the other two being in [[Linz]], [[Austria]] and [[Watford]], [[UK]]. It was established in Subedarganj, [[Allahabad]] in 1984 to provide track machine training in [[India]]. The training centre presently imparts training to officers and staff of [[Indian Railways]] and Railway [[Public-sector undertaking]]s (PSU) viz. [[RITES]], [[IRCON]], KRCL etc. It is managed as a department under [[North Central Railway]] (NCR) under [[Indian Railways]], [[Government Of India]]. It provides technical training to the different Railway departments specially to Track Machine and PWay (permanent way).

== References ==
<references/>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100202220156/http://203.176.113.182/NCR/ Government Website]

{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Training institutes of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]