https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ChristinTrickettBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T03:55:50ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%27s_Best_Dancer_(Hindi_TV_series)&diff=503994India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series)2026-05-08T08:31:38Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made the stub and citations - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian reality television show}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| company = Frames Production Company Pvt ltd<br />
| runtime = Approx. 90 minutes<br />
| director = <br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Sony Entertainment Television<br />
* Frames Production Company Pvt. Ltd.<br />
}}<br />
| image = India's Best Dancer.png<br />
| num_seasons = 5<br />
| num_episodes = 126<!-- as of 30 September 2023--><!-- Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --><br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| country = India<br />
| judges = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Malaika Arora]] <br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 1-2)}}<br />
* [[Nora Fatehi]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Guest Judge)}}<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 1-2)}}<br />
* [[Geeta Kapoor]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 1-present)}}<br />
* [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 1-Present)}}<br />
* [[Sonali Bendre]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 3)}}<br />
* [[Karishma Kapoor]]<br />
*{{nowrap|(Season 4 - Present)}}<br />
* [[Javed Jaffrey]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 5- Present)}}<br />
}}<br />
| presenter = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Bharti Singh]]<br />
* {{nowrap| (Season 1)}}<br />
* [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] <br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 1)}}<br />
* [[Manish Paul]] <br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 2)}}<br />
* [[Jay Bhanushali]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 3-4)}}<br />
* Aniket Chauhan<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 4)}}<br />
* [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]<br />
* {{nowrap|(Season 5-present)}}<br />
}}<br />
| creator = <br />
| genre = [[Dance]] [[Reality show]]<br />
| alt_name = IBD<br />
| caption = <br />
| image_alt = India's Best Dancer<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|29|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''India's Best Dancer''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television reality dance show of the ''[[India's Best Dancer]]'' franchise which airs on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and also available through [[SonyLIV]] OTT platforms in [[India]]. The show was first developed by [[Frames Production]] in the [[India]].<br />
<br />
The shooting of [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]] was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] and shooting started on 13 July 2020 and broadcasts have started from 18 July 2020. Tiger Pop was the winner of [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganatra |first1=Jigar |title=Tiger Pop becomes the winner of India's Best Dancer |url=https://mumlive.co/yZBLjP9 |website=Mumbai Live |date=22 November 2020 |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> Online auditions for [[India's Best Dancer (Season 2)|season 2]] began on 5 May 2021 on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=<br />
India's Best Dancer Season 2: Launch<br />
|url=<br />
https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/indias-best-dancer-season-2-launch/articleshow/86935026.cms<br />
|website=Times Of India}}</ref> The season 2 aired on 16 October 202<br />
<br />
==Series overview==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Season<br />
!Host(s)<br />
! colspan="4"rowspan="2" | Judges<br />
! rowspan="2" |Episodes<br />
! colspan="3" |Original broadcast<br />
! rowspan="2" |Contestants<br />
! rowspan="2" |Prize money<br />
! rowspan="2" background:gold;" align="center" | Winner<br />
! rowspan="2" background:gold;" align="center" | Winning choreographer<br />
! rowspan="2" background:tan;" align="center"| Runner-up<br />
! rowspan="2" background:gold;" align="center" | Runner-up choreographer<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Finale<br />
! Network<br />
|-<br />
| [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|1]]<br />
| [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa|Haarsh L.]]<br />
, [[Bharti Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="6" style=" background:#FF6347;" |[[Geeta Kapoor]]<br />
| rowspan="5" style=" background:#23F7DC;" |[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style=" background:#DE8AD5;" |[[Malaika Arora]]<br />
|<br />
| 48<br />
| 29 February 2020<br />
| 22 November 2020<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| 13<br />
| rowspan="5" | {{INRConvert|15|l}}<br />
| {{Win|Tiger Pop}}<br />
|Rowspan=2 {{Win|[[Vartika Jha]]}}<br />
| {{runner-up|Mukul Gain}}<br />
| {{Runner-up|Pratik Utekar}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|2]]<br />
| [[Manish Paul]]<br />
|<br />
| 26<br />
| 16 October 2021<br />
| 9 January 2022<br />
| 12<br />
| {{Win|Saumya Kamble}}<br />
| {{runner-up|Gaurav Sarwan}}<br />
| {{Runner-up|Rupesh Soni}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[India's Best Dancer (Season 3)|3]]<br />
|[[Jay Bhanushali]]<br />
|bgcolor=orange|[[Sonali Bendre]]<br />
|<br />
|52<br />
|8 April 2023<br />
|30 September 2023<br />
| 14<br />
|{{Win|Samarpan Lama}}<br />
|{{Win|Bhavna Khanduja}}<br />
|{{Runner-up|Anjali Mamgai}}<br />
|{{Runner-up|Akash Thapa}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|4]]<br />
|[[Jay Bhanushali]], [[Aniket Chauhan]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style=" background: yellow;" |[[Karisma Kapoor]]<br />
|<br />
|36<br />
|13 July 2024<br />
|10 November 2024<br />
|14<br />
|{{win|Steve Jrywa}}<br />
|{{win|Raktim Thakuria}}<br />
|{{runner-up|Nextion}}<br />
|{{runner-up|vipul khandpal}}<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]<br />
| rowspan="1" style=" background:lightblue;" |[[Javed Jaffrey]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|9th May 2026<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Spin-off===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Season<br />
! rowspan="2" |Host(s)<br />
! colspan="3"rowspan="2" | Judges<br />
! rowspan="2" |Episodes<br />
! colspan="3" |Original broadcast<br />
! rowspan="2" |Contestants<br />
! rowspan="2" |Prize money<br />
! rowspan="2" background:gold;" align="center" | Winner<br />
! rowspan="2" background:gold;" align="center" | Winning choreographer<br />
! rowspan="2" |Winning Team<br />
! rowspan="2" align="center" background:tan;" | Runner-up<br />
! rowspan="2" background:gold;" align="center" | Runner-up choreographer<br />
! rowspan="2" |Runner-up Team<br />
|-<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Finale<br />
! Network<br />
|-<br />
| Champions ka Tashan- [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 2|IBD]] v/s [[Super Dancer|SD]]<br />
| [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]<br />
| style=" background:#FF6347;" |[[Geeta Kapoor]]<br />
| style=" background:#23F7DC;" |[[Remo D'Souza]]<br />
| style=" background:#DE8AD5;" |[[Malaika Arora]]<br />
|<br />
| 16 November 2024<br />
|<br />
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Win|}} Tejas<br />
|Rowspan=2 {{Win|}}<br />
|| {{runner-up|}}<br />
| {{Runner-up|}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Judges and hosts==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Name's<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|IBD (Season 1)]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|IBD (Season 2)]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Season 3)|IBD (Season 3)]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|IBD (Season 4)]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi Television Series) season 5| IBD (Season 5)]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Geeta Kapoor]]'''<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|colspan="1"{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Malaika Arora]]'''<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Sonali Bendre]]'''<br />
| colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
| colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]'''<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|colspan="1"{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''[[Karishma Kapoor]]'''<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''[[Javed Jaffrey]]'''<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|colspan="1" {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Bharti Singh|Bharti <br>Singh]]'''<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes2|'''Host'''}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]'''<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes2|'''Host'''}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
| colspan="1" {{yes2|'''Host'''}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''[[Jay Bhanushali]]'''<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{yes2|'''Host'''}}<br />
|{{yes2|'''Host'''}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Manish Paul|Manish<br>Paul]]'''<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{Yes2|'''Host'''}}<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''[[Aniket Chauhan|Aniket<br>Chauhan]]'''<br />
| {{n/a|}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|Contestant<br />
|{{Yes|'''Host'''}}<br />
|{{n/a|}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!Total No.<br />
! colspan="1" |5<br />
! colspan="1" |4<br />
!colspan="1" |4<br />
!colspan="1" |5<br />
!5<br />
|}<br />
Note: [[Nora Fatehi]] replaced Malaika Arora as a judge for some episodes when Arora was unable to join the shoots during Season 1.<br />
<br />
==Seasons==<br />
===Season 1===<br />
{{Main|India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)}}<br />
'''''India's Best Dancer 1''''' first season was premiered on 29 February 2020 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] and [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia]]. This season was judged by [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] and [[Malaika Arora]] and hosted by [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] and [[Bharti Singh]]. The Grand Finale was aired on 22 November 2020 and winner was Tiger Pop.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=India's Best Dancer winner: Tiger Pop lifts the trophy of the first season; takes home cash prize of Rs 15 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indias-best-dancer-winner-tiger-pop-lifts-the-trophy-of-the-first-season-takes-home-cash-prize-of-rs-15-lakh/articleshow/79357190.cms|website=Times Of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Season 2===<br />
{{Main|India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)}}<br />
<br />
'''''India's Best Dancer 2''''' also known as '''India's Best Dancer: Best Ka Next Avatar''' is the second season and premiered on 16 October 2021 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]. This season judged by [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] and [[Malaika Arora]] for the second time and hosted by [[Manish Paul]]. The Grand Finale was aired on 9 January 2022 and Saumya Kamble was declared as the winner.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Shriya|date=2021-09-22|title=India's Best Dancer 2: Malaika Arora, Geeta Kapur, Terence Lewis return as judges. The grand finale was aired on 9 january 2022 and Saumya Kamble was declared as the winner. |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/india-s-best-dancer-2-malaika-arora-geeta-kapur-terence-lewis-return-as-judges-735690|access-date=2021-10-13|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Season 3 ===<br />
{{Main|India's Best Dancer (Season 3)}}<br />
<br />
'''''India's Best Dancer 3''''' also known as '''India's Best Dancer: Har Move Se Karenge Prove''' is the third season and premiered from 8 April 2023 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]. This season will be judged by [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] and [[Sonali Bendre]] and hosted by [[Jay Bhanushali]]. The Grand Finale was aired on 30 September 2023 and Samarpan Lama was declared as the winner.<br />
<br />
=== Season 4 ===<br />
{{Main|India's Best Dancer (Season 4)}}<br />
<br />
'''''India's Best Dancer 4''''' also known as '''India's Best Dancer: Jab Dil Kare Dance Kar''' is the fourth season and premiered fon July 13, 2024 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]. This season will be judged by [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] and [[Karisma Kapoor|Karishma Kapoor]] and hosted by [[Jay Bhanushali]] and Aniket Chauhan.<br />
<br />
=== Season 5 ===<br />
<br />
'''''India's Best Dancer 5''''' is the fifth season set to premier in 2026 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]. This season will be judged by [[Geeta Kapur (choreographer)|Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] [[Karisma Kapoor|Karishma Kapoor]] & [[Javed Jaffrey]] and will hosted by [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]].<br />
<br />
==Spinoff==<br />
* [[Maharashtra's Best Dancer]]<br />
* Champions Ka Tashan-IBD v/s SD<br />
<br />
==Choreographer details==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:15px; width:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Choreographer's name<br />
! colspan="5" | Contestant's name<br />
|-<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|Season 2]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 3)|Season 3]]<br />
![[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|Season 4]]<br />
![[India's Beat Dancer (Hindi TV Series) season 5|Season 5]]<br />
|-<br />
! '''Anuradha Iyengar'''<br />
| bgcolor="lightgreen" | '''Paramdeep Singh'''<br />
|'''Sanket Gaonkar'''<br />
|'''Hansvi Tonk'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''Aishwarya Radhakrishnan'''<br />
|'''Swetha Warrier'''{{ref|1|[1]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''Aryan Patra'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''Raktim Thakuria'''<br />
|'''Anjali Mamgai'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|''' '''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Ashish Patil'''<br />
| '''Rutuja Junnarkar'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Bhawna Khanduja<br />
|bgcolor=lightgreen| '''Swetha Warrier'''<br />
|'''Muskan Singh'''{{ref|3|[3]}}<br />
|bgcolor=gold|'''Samarpan Lama'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Chandani Srivastava'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Milind Bhatt'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pratik Utekar'''<br />
|bgcolor=silver|'''Mukul Gain'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|bgcolor="lightgreen"|'''Harsh Keshri'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Kumar Sharma'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Muskan Singh'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Rupesh Soni'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|bgcolor=silver|'''Gourav Sarwan'''<br />
|'''Aniket Chauhan'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|'''Divyajyoti Naik'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Noel Alexander<br />
|'''Adnan Ahmed Khan'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | '''Pankaj Thapa'''<br />
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''Subhranil Paul'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Dibbay Das'''<br />
|'''Ram Bisht'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Vipul Khandpal'''<br />
|'''Arjun Sathe'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Arundhati Garnaik'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Apeksha Londhe'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | '''Subranil Paul'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|'''Sushmita Tamang'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Akshay Pal'''<br />
|'''Akina'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Swetha Warrier'''<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Shivanshu Soni'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Rishabh Sharma'''<br />
| '''Himanshi Gurheriya'''{{ref|2|[2]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Sonali Kar'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''Zamroodh'''<br />
|'''Shivam Wankhede'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Paramdeep Singh<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Samarpan Lama'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Sushant Khatri'''<br />
| '''Adnan Ahmed Khan'''{{ref|2|[2]}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Amardeep Singh Natt<br />
|'''Himanshi Gurheriya'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Akshay Pal'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Himanshu Parihar'''<br />
| '''Sadhwi Majumdar'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Saumya Kamble'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|'''Boogie LLB'''<br />
|'''Chitrakshi Batra'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''[[Vartika Jha]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=gold|'''Tiger Pop'''<br />
|bgcolor=gold|'''Saumya Kamble'''<br />
|'''Akshay Pal'''<br />
|'''Nepo'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Sagar Bora'''<br />
| '''Aman Shah'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Sadhwi Majumdar'''<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|'''Apeksha Sukheja'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Ishani Nag'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Sanam Johar'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Roza Rana'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Akash Thapa'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|bgcolor=silver|'''Anjali Mamgai'''<br />
| '''Rohan Choudhary''' <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Paul Marshall'''<br />
| '''Md.Akib'''<br />
|'''Kanchi Shah'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Raktim Thakuria'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|'''Vipul Khandpal'''{{ref|4|[4]}}<br />
|bgcolor=gold| '''Steve Jyrwa'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Tushar Shetty'''<br />
| '''Sonal Vichare'''<br />
|'''Akash Tambedkar'''<br />
|'''Norbu Tamang'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Tarun Raj Nihalani'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Debparna Goswami'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | '''Vaibhav Ghuge'''<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''Raj Sharma'''<br />
|rowspan=2{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Shivam Wankhede''' <br />
|'''Aditya Crazyy'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Hansvi Tonk'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Rutuja Junnarkar'''<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Hansvi Tonk'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Vivek Chachere'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Shivanshu Soni'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Kartik Raja'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Aniket Chauhan'''<br />
|'''Amos Mathi'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!'''Gourav Sarwan'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|'''Aniket Chauhan'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Vipul Khandpal<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|bgcolor=silver|'''Nextion'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Shivanshu Soni'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{Grey|''As Contestant''}}<br />
|'''Vaishnavi Shekhawat'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Ashutosh Pawar'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|'''Nikhil Patnayak'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Mini Pradhan'''<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|{{N/A|}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="16" |''' {{color box|gold}} Winner''' ''' {{color box|silver}} Runner-up''' '''{{color box|lightgreen}} Finalists''' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
<br />
* {{note|1|1}}: Aishwarya Radhakrishnan appeared only for Grand Premiere as Choreographer of Swetha Warrier in [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]] and was replaced by Bhavna Khanduja for rest of the season.<br />
* {{note|2|2}}: Rishabh Sharma and Sushant Khatri were replaced by Amardeep Singh Natt and Noel Alexander respectively as choreographers of Himanshi Gurheriya and Adnan Ahmed Khan respectively in [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]].<br />
* {{note|3|3}}: Bhavna Khanduja was replaced by Kumar Sharma as choreographer of Muskan Singh in [[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 2)|Season 2]].<br />
* {{note|4|4}}: Anuradha Iyengar, Aryan Patra, Vartika Jha, Raktim Thakuria, Rupesh Soni, Swetha Warrier, Paramdeep Singh, Sonali Kar were replaced by Rutuja Junnarkar, Akash Thapa, Subhranil Paul, Pankaj Thapa, Kartik Raja, Vivek Chachere, Bhawna Khanduja, Vaibhav Ghuge respectively in Season 3. After elimination of Sushmita Tamang, her choreographer Subhranil replaced Amardeep as choreographer of Akshay Pal.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/india-s-best-dancer-1700000180 India's Best Dancer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407085806/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/india-s-best-dancer-1700000180 |date=7 April 2023 }} on [[Sony Liv]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian dance competition television shows]]<br />
[[Category:India's Best Dancer]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Loren_Seton_James&diff=525288Peter Loren Seton James2026-05-06T22:16:15Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Peter Loren Seton James<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Abor Hills]] District<br />
| term_start = June 1920<br />
| term_end = September 1948<br />
<br />
| predecessor = Geoffrey Allen<br />
| successor = [[Government of India]]<br />
<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| citizenship = British<br />
| occupation = Colonial administrator<br />
<br />
| known_for = Political Officer in the [[Abor Hills]] frontier administration<br />
| monarch = [[George VI]]<br />
| title = Political Officer<br />
| governor_general = [[Lord Mountbatten]]<br />
| governor = [[Andrew Clow]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| education = <br />
<br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = Omin T. James<br />
| children = 2 daughters, 1 Son<br />
<br />
| awards = <br />
| rank = <br />
| battles = <br />
<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Peter Loren Seton James''' (also known among the [[Adi people|Adi]] as ''Jam Haap'', ''Jame Sab'', and ''Jame Migom'') was a [[British Raj|British]] colonial administrator<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=On Tai Nyori’s A Freedom Movement in the Twilight: Tribal Patriotism in the North-Eastern Frontier Tracts of India {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/11/10/on-tai-nyoris-a-freedom-movement-in-the-twilight-tribal-patriotism-in-the-north-eastern-frontier-tracts-of-india/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> who served as the last Political Officer of the [[Abor Hills]] district, based at [[Pasighat]] in what is now [[East Siang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="confidentialreports">{{cite report |title=Reports on Mr P.L.S. James |date=n.d. |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh State Archives |location=Itanagar |id=File No. A/223/27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koyu |first=Geri |date=2022-01-01 |title=Porter Conscription and Salt Blockade in Bagra Village of Siang Valley |url=https://www.academia.edu/120780876/Porter_Conscription_and_Salt_Blockade_in_Bagra_Village_of_Siang_Valley |journal=North East India History Association}}</ref> He married an [[Adi people|Adi]] woman and remained at the post until September 1948, when he formally transferred the district to the [[Government of India]].<ref name="delley2025">{{cite journal |last=Delley |first=Razzeko |title=Panchsheel and the pioneers and philosophers of NEFA: Studying the role of the Indian government machinery in the assimilation process of the tribal state of Arunachal Pradesh |journal=Journal of Social Review and Development |year=2025 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–12 |doi=10.64171/JSRD.4.2.9-12|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="tourdiaries1948">{{cite report |title=Tour Diary of Mr PLS James, I. P. Assistant Political Officer Siang Valley Sub Agency, From August 1945-1946 |date=1948 |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh State Archives, NEFA Secretariat |location=Itanagar |id=File No. 2043/GA/95/48|url=https://www.statearchivesarunachalpradesh.com/xmlui/handle/123456789/933}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
James was noted in service reports for fluency in the [[Adi language]] and familiarity with Adi social customs.<ref name="confidentialreports"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Delley |first=Razzeko |title=Panchsheel and the pioneers and philosophers of NEFA |url=https://www.dzarc.com/social/article/download/674/624/1009 |journal=Journal of Social Review and Development}}</ref>His tour diaries record that he stayed with communities during tours rather than maintaining separate camp arrangements.<ref name="apsa">{{cite report |author=P. L. S. James |title=Tour diaries of P. L. S. James, August 1945 to December 1946 |date=1946 |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh State Archives, NEFA Secretariat |location=Itanagar}}</ref><ref name="permewalk">{{cite book |last=Perme |first=Y. |title=Walking the Siang: Recollections of Jam Sa'ab (1945–48) |year=1958 |publisher=Pasighat Circle Office |location=Pasighat |type=Cyclostyled |language=Assamese}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was regarded by contemporaries as knowledgeable in ''Moshup Abang'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Exploration, Expansion, Consolidation?: State Power and its Limitations |date=2016 |work=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |pages=95–126 |editor-last=Guyot-Réchard |editor-first=Bérénice |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shadow-states/exploration-expansion-consolidation/22B47F9640B06CC502446884E0D1B22C |access-date=2026-04-11 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9}}</ref> a genre of Adi oral poetry, and is recorded as having performed as lead performer, in the ''[[Solung|ponnung]]'' ceremonial dance.<ref name="pertinfrontier_ponnung">{{cite book |last=Pertin |first=B. |title=Frontier Encounters: Notes on Political Officers in Siang Valley (1940–1948) |year=1962 |publisher=Directorate of Research, Government of NEFA |location=Shillong |pages=41–47}}</ref><ref name="padun">{{cite book |last=Padun |first=T. |title=Jam Sa'ab-keng Mirem Agom |year=1968 |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh State Archives |location=Itanagar |type=Manuscript |language=Adi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The names used for James among Adi communities varied by area and register. ''Jam Haap'' was a colloquial form of his surname;<ref name="tayeng">{{cite book |last=Tayeng |first=D. C. |title=Peter Seton James aru Siangor Manuh |trans-title=Peter Seton James and the People of Siang |year=1956 |publisher=Lakhimpur District Literary Society Press |location=Lakhimpur |language=Assamese}}</ref> ''Jame Sab'' incorporated the Hindustani ''sahab'';<ref>{{Citation |title=The Return of the Fair-Weather State: The Second World War and the Himalayas |date=2016 |work=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |pages=59–92 |editor-last=Guyot-Réchard |editor-first=Bérénice |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shadow-states/return-of-the-fairweather-state/DF22B1FE5F1A3AC88FCB518530F86CCD |access-date=2026-04-11 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9}}</ref> ''Jame Migom'' was used by communities upriver.<ref name="atimeslego">{{cite news |title=PI Tati Lego passes away |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/apr13%2025.html |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="megu">{{cite book |last=Megu |first=L. |title=Jame Migom: Abor Paharor Kotha |year=c. 1962 |publisher=Cyclostyled booklet |location=Pasighat |language=Assamese}}</ref><br />
<br />
His tour diaries from August 1945 to December 1946 are held at the Arunachal Pradesh State Archives in the NEFA Secretariat bundle.<ref name="apsa"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geri |first=Koyu |title=The Last Episode in a Frontier: Peter Loren Seton James and Dipa Congress |journal=PhD Thesis, RGU}}</ref> His diaries from January to September 1948 are filed under File No. 2043/GA/95/48 at the same repository.<ref name="tourdiaries1948"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive – Department of Cultural Affairs |url=https://research.arunachal.gov.in/?page_id=182 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=research.arunachal.gov.in}}</ref> Koyu examines these files alongside the records on the formation of the Abor Tribal Council (File No. A/508/1947) to analyse the use of kotokis and jamadars as administrative intermediaries under James and his predecessors.<ref name="koyu2022">{{cite journal |last=Koyu |first=G. |title=British Frontier Policy and Creation of Native Agents (Kotokis, Jamadars and Gams) in Siang Valley |journal=Dera Natung Government College Research Journal |year=2022 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=46–60 |doi=10.56405/dngcrj.2022.07.01.05|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pertinfrontier_kotoki">{{cite book |last=Pertin |first=B. |title=Frontier Encounters: Notes on Political Officers in Siang Valley (1940–1948) |year=1962 |publisher=Directorate of Research, Government of NEFA |location=Shillong |pages=63–66}}</ref><br />
<br />
James served at Pasighat through the final years of British administration in the frontier tracts.<ref name="confidentialreports"/><ref name="dutta">{{cite report |last=Dutta |first=S. |title=The Last Days of the Political Officer at Pasighat |date=1955 |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh State Archives, NEFA Secretariat |location=Itanagar |id=File No. A/508/1947 (supplementary note, added 1955) |type=Internal administrative note}}</ref> As independence approached, [[Moje Riba]], a trader from what is now [[West Siang district]], established the Dipa Congress Committee and organised among tribal communities in the valley.<ref name="etvbharat">{{cite news |title=The Tiranga's First Unfurling in Arunachal Pradesh: Moje Riba and India's Independence |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/the-tirangas-first-unfurling-in-arunachal-pradesh-moje-riba-and-indias-independence-enn25081402604 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=14 August 2025 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> The colonial administration arrested Riba and other Congress members, who were held at Pasighat.<ref name="etvbharat"/><ref name="dutta"/> James was subsequently removed from his post and the detainees were released.<ref name="etvbharat"/><ref name="confidentialreports"/> On 15 August 1947, Riba hoisted the Indian national flag at Dipa village, the first such hoisting recorded in the region.<ref name="etvbharat"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Freedom Movement in the Twilight Review By MC Behera |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.The_Freedom_Movement_in_the_Twilight_Review_By_MC_Behera |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Handover ==<br />
Prior to Indian independence, James actively advocated for the Abor Hills<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyot-Réchard |first=Bérénice |date= |title=TOUR DIARIES AND ITINERANT GOVERNANCE IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAS, 1909–1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/tour-diaries-and-itinerant-governance-in-the-eastern-himalayas-19091962/167DEDC2A22C0584F1634D0B4C481696 |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1023–1046 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X17000073 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref> to be administered as a separate [[Crown Colony of Eastern Agency Scheme|Crown Colony]], petitioning the [[Lord Mountbatten|Viceroy]] and Sir [[Reginald Coupland|Coupland]] against its integration into India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nyori |first=Tai |title=Freedom Movement in the Twilight : Tribal Patriotism in the North-Eastern Frontier Tracts of India |publisher=Nation Press |isbn=9390812542}}</ref> Although he reasoned that the region should not be merged with India on account of its distinct cultural character, later accounts described that this position of him was personal as he had concerns over the difficulties his wife and children would face in relocating with him to England.<ref name="dutta" /> James remained at Pasighat following independence and formally handed over the Abor Hills district to the Indian government in September 1948.<ref name="tourdiaries1948"/><ref name="dutta"/> At his departure, he delivered an address to communities of the Siang valley<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461686 |title=Towards, Freedom, 1946, Part 1 |date=2009}}</ref>ː<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|As we [the British] are going, others will come. They may try to encroach upon your culture but never let them win. Preserve your rich way of life. But to do so, you have to educate your children. Let them study because with the power of knowledge, they can overcome any kinds of hurdles in life.}}<ref name="mossang">{{cite book |last=Mossang |first=R. K. |title=A Memoir of Jam Sa'ab |year=1964 |publisher= Pasighat Press club |location=Pasighat |language=Adi}}</ref><ref name="tourdiaries1948"/><br />
<br />
The address is cited in later accounts as an early articulation of the value of formal education in the hill tracts, where schools remained scarce at the time of the handover.<ref name="arunachaltimes2023">{{cite news |title=State's first IAS officer AJ Tayeng passes away |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/12/04/states-first-ias-officer-aj-tayeng-passes-away/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=4 December 2023 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="tayeng"/><ref name="pertinbakin">{{cite book |title=Bakin Pertin and the Frontier Imagination |year=1965 |publisher=Directorate of Research, NEFA |location=Naharlagun |pages=112–118}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
James was one of the last of a succession of British officers at Pasighat that dated to the establishment of the post after the Anglo-Abor War of 1911 to 1912.<ref name="koyu2022"/><ref name="pertinfrontier_ponnung">{{cite book |last=Pertin |first=B. |title=Frontier Encounters: Notes on Political Officers in Siang Valley (1940–1948) |year=1962 |publisher=Directorate of Research, Government of NEFA |location=Shillong |pages=41–47}}</ref> The administrative networks he maintained, including the interpreter and native agent system, were inherited by his Indian successors.<ref name="pertinfrontier_kotoki">{{cite book |last=Pertin |first=B. |title=Frontier Encounters: Notes on Political Officers in Siang Valley (1940–1948) |year=1962 |publisher=Directorate of Research, Government of NEFA |location=Shillong |pages=63–66}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Among those who worked closely with James was Political Interpreter [[Tati Lego]], who had served as his interpreter, aid and [[Mentorship|protege]] across the Siang valley.<ref name="atimeslego">{{cite news |title=PI Tati Lego passes away |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/apr13%2025.html |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="permewalk"/> Lego continued in administrative service after the handover and retired in 1983, receiving certificates of appreciation from Governor of Assam [[Fazl Ali|Saiyid Fazl Ali]] in 1959 and from K. H. Mehta, Adviser to the [[Governor of Assam]], for his role in peace negotiations during the [[1953 Achingmori incident|Achingmori]] incident of 1953 alongside pioneering the construction of the Mebo-Dhola Road.<ref name="atimeslego"/> <br />
<br />
His tour diary series, spanning 1945 to 1948, continued to serve as an administrative reference in the early years of Indian administration.<ref name="apsa"/><ref name="permewalk"/> The district was absorbed into the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] in 1951. The Siang headquarters has since then moved from Pasighat to Along in 1952, and the title of Political Officer was eventually replaced by [[Deputy commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] in 1965 when NEFA administration was passed over to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://uppersiang.nic.in/history/ |publisher=District Upper Siang, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Pasighat]]<br />
* [[Abor Hills]]<br />
* [[North-East Frontier Agency]]<br />
* [[Moje Riba]]<br />
* [[Adi people]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:James, Peter Loren Seton}}<br />
[[Category:History of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:East Siang district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhaava&diff=493929Chhaava2026-05-03T23:42:51Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Laxman Utekar}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Chhaava film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Laxman Utekar]]<br />
| screenplay = {{ubl<br />
| Laxman Utekar<br />
| Rishi Virmani<br />
| Kaustubh Savarkar<br />
| Unman Bankar<br />
| Omkar Mahajan<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = Rishi Virmani<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''Chhava''|[[Shivaji Sawant]]}}<ref name="Kotwani-2023" /><br />
| producer = [[Dinesh Vijan]]<br />
| narrator = <!--Field is not for narrator of one scene--><br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Vicky Kaushal]] <br />
*[[Akshaye Khanna]]<br />
*[[Rashmika Mandanna]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Saurabh Goswami<br />
| editing = Manish Pradhan<br />
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| studio = [[Maddock Films]]<br />
| distributor = {{ubl<br />
| [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]] (India)<br />
| [[Yash Raj Films]] (international)<br />
}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|14}}<br />
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=2025-02-03 |title=Chhaava CBFC Certification: Vicky Kaushal's Neeraj Sharma Historical Epic Gets U/A Rating And Runtime Confirmed |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-cbfc-certification-vicky-kaushals-historical-epic-gets-u-a-rating-and-runtime-confirmed-9213155.html |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}90–130 crore{{efn|name="BudgetChhava"| ''Chhaava''{{'s}} reported budget vary between ₹90 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Not Sikandar, Chhaava, L2: Empuraan, Sitaare Zameen Par, Saiyaara, Housefull 5, this is India's most profitable film of 2025 with 1200% profit at box office, its.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-sikandar-chhaava-l2-empuraan-sitaare-zameen-par-saiyaara-housefull-5-this-is-india-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-1200-profit-at-box-office-its-3170919 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=2025-07-17 |title=India's most profitable film of 2025 earned 1200% profit: How a ₹7 crore film beat Chhaava, Sitaare Zameen Par, Sikandar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indias-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-budget-7-crore-box-office-1200-chhaava-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-101752735955141.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=18 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718004751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indias-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-budget-7-crore-box-office-1200-chhaava-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-101752735955141.html |url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹130 crore (''India Herald'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava recovered its cost in just four days |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994794423/Chhaava-recovered-its-cost-in-just-four-days |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=India Herald |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[The Hans India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangam |first=Sowmya |date=2025-02-24 |title=Chhaava Crosses Rs 300 Crore, Becomes One of Bollywood's Fastest |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/chhaava-crosses-rs-300-crore-becomes-one-of-bollywoods-fastest-948599 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>)}}<br />
| gross = {{INR|797.34–809}} crore{{efn|name="chhaava"|''Chhaava''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹797.34 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhaava/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹800 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Bollywood 2025 mid-year box office: Chhaava won, Sikandar lost - any lessons learnt? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-2025-mid-year-box-office-chhaava-won-sikandar-lost-any-lessons-learnt-2747601-2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹804.85 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-10 |title=Chhaava OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Vicky Kaushal's superhit historical-drama? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chhaava-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-and-where-to-watch-vicky-kaushals-superhit-historical-drama/articleshow/120151886.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>) – ₹807.40 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref name=":4" />) – ₹809 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref name=":HT">{{Cite web |title=Most popular Indian film of 2025 is a historical, made 500% profit; beat Sitaare Zameen Par, Sikandar, Kesari Chapter 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/most-popular-indian-film-of-2025-imdb-chhava-vicky-kaushal-500-profit-beat-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-kesari-chapter-101752039210942-amp.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 July 2025 }}</ref>)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chhaava''''' ({{Translation|Lion cub}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|historical]] [[action film]] based on the life of [[Sambhaji]], the second ruler of the [[Maratha Empire]], who is played by [[Vicky Kaushal]]. An adaptation of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] novel ''Chhava'' by [[Shivaji Sawant]], it is directed by [[Laxman Utekar]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] under [[Maddock Films]]. The cast also includes [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna]].<br />
<br />
Pre-production began in April 2023; filming commenced in October 2023 and ended in May 2024. The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] while the lyrics were written by [[Irshad Kamil]] and [[Kshitij Patwardhan]].<br />
<br />
''Chaava'' was released in theatres on 14 February 2025 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats. The film received mixed reviews from critics and sparked controversy due to its historical inaccuracies and religious issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=When Chhaava makers addressed accusations of distorting facts in period dramas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-director-laxman-utekar-addressed-accusations-distorting-facts-period-dramas-vicky-kaushal-controversy-2682978-2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chitnis">{{Cite web |last1=Chitnis |first1=Purva |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-02-26 |title=Historian's criticism of Chhava reignites Brahmin-Maratha row, says he was 'abused, threatened' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/historians-criticism-of-chhava-reignites-brahmin-maratha-row-says-he-was-abused-threatened/2512740/?amp |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2025 |title='Chhaava' faces Rs 100 crore lawsuit for 'historical inaccuracies': Director Laxman Utekar reacts |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/chhaava-faces-rs-100-crore-lawsuit-for-historical-inaccuracies-director-laxman-utekar-reacts/articleshow/118544052.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Commercially, it has earned {{INRConvert|797.34|c}}–{{INRConvert|809|c}} to rank the [[List of Indian films of 2025#Box office collection|third-highest-grossing Indian film of 2025]], and the [[List of Hindi films of 2025#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Hindi film of 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2025/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> When the film was taken off the screens, it was the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|eighth highest-grossing Hindi film]] in Indian film history.<ref name="alltime">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/page/1/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
A messenger informs [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] of the death of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]. Although Aurangzeb acknowledges the loss of a formidable enemy, he announces a celebration. His courtiers are confident that the [[Maratha Confederacy]] will soon collapse. However, Shivaji's son and successor, [[Sambhaji]], quickly takes charge of continuing the resistance. He launches a sudden attack on [[Burhanpur]], a key Mughal province. The city's defenders are caught off guard by the Maratha army and are defeated in the assault. During the battle, Sambhaji steps on a trapdoor and falls into a chamber housing a lion. He bravely faces the animal and splits its jaw apart with his bare hands. Aurangzeb learns of the attack and realises that the Maratha resistance endures. He commences a huge military crusade to protect his authority.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Sambhaji is welcomed home by his wife [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]], where he is formally crowned as the [[Chhatrapati]]. However, his stepmother, [[Soyarabai]], and a few courtiers including [[Annaji Datto Sachiv]], conspire to overthrow Sambhaji and install Soyarabai's son, [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]], on the throne. Elsewhere, Aurangzeb's army raids villages, committing mass murders, arson, and rapes while simultaneously taking several inhabitants as slaves and subjecting them to torture. [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Mirza Muhammad Akbar]], Aurangzeb's estranged son, seeks assistance from Sambhaji to rebel against his father. When Sambhaji hesitates, Akbar exposes his own discreet communication with Soyarabai and her intention to subvert the king; a devastated Sambhaji promises to protect Akbar and executes the treacherous courtiers while Soyarabai is confronted by [[Hambirrao Mohite]], her own brother and Sambhaji's loyal general.<br />
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Sambhaji implements [[guerrilla tactics]] to subdue Aurangzeb's forces, who incur heavy losses due to the attacks and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]'s challenging topography. Soyarabai soon dies of illness and Sambhaji takes the responsibility of Rajaram and arranges his wedding with Hambirrao's daughter, [[Tarabai]]. Hambirrao later dies in one of the battles. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb feels insulted by the persistent defeats and vows to remain uncrowned until Sambhaji is crushed. [[Zinat-un-Nissa]], his daughter, plans to imprison her brother, Mirza Akbar, but Sambhaji foils her plans, sticking to his oath. Upon discovering that several [[Jagir]]dars are apostatising, Sambhaji convenes a conference in [[Sangameshwar]] and inspires them to fight and sustain the Confederacy. However, Yesubai's resentful brothers deceive Sambhaji and help the Mughals in locating him on a night while he is with a small army of 150.<br />
<br />
The Mughal army implements its ambush and the Maratha soldiers are heavily outnumbered; Maratha generals [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] survive the onslaught and are instructed to leave and apprise Yesubai of the ambuscade. Sambhaji valiantly fights and kills many Mughal soldiers until he is captured alongside his friend and advisor, [[Kavi Kalash]]. Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash are carried off to the camps of Aurangzeb, who offers Sambhaji a chance to surrender and join hands with them, but he refuses to renounce his ideals and declares that the Marathas will continue to fight for "[[Swaraj]]". Kavi Kalash is subsequently executed and Sambhaji is subjected to a 40 days brutal torture: salt is rubbed on his wounds; his fingernails are pulled out; hot iron rods are pierced into his eyes, and his tongue is torn out. Nevertheless, he remains defiant and eventually succumbs to his injuries; Aurangzeb is left dissatisfied and grieves over not having a son like him.<br />
<br />
Elsewhere, Yesubai endorses the Maratha resistance on behalf of her husband and crowns Rajaram as the next Chhatrapati. A textual epilogue reveals that the Maratha Empire eventually triumphed with the Mughal Empire collapsing within three decades of Sambhaji's execution by Aurangzeb.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
''Adapted from the closing credits'':<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chhaava |language=Hindi |publisher=[[Maddock Films]] |year=2025 |time=2:30:16 onwards |time-caption=From |via=[[Netflix]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Castlist|<br />
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]] <br />
* [[Akshaye Khanna]] as Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]<br />
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as [[Yesubai Bhonsale]]<br />
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as [[Hambirrao Mohite]]<br />
* [[Divya Dutta]] as [[Soyarabai]]<br />
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as [[Kavi Kalash]]<br />
* [[Neil Bhoopalam]] as [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Prince Muhammad Akbar]]<br />
* [[Diana Penty]] as [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum]]<br />
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Yesaji Kank<br />
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Rayaji Malge<br />
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as [[Annaji Datto Sachiv]]<br />
* [[Vijay Vikram Singh]] as Peshwa Neelopant<br />
* Balaji Manohar as Mhaloji<br />
* Neelkante Patekar as Dharau<br />
* Anil George as [[Muqarrab Khan]]<br />
* Sarang Sathaye as Ganoji Shirke<br />
* [[Suvrat Joshi]] as Kanhoji Shirke<br />
* Ankit Anil Sharma as [[Santaji Ghorpade]]<br />
* Ashish Pathode as Antaji Mankeshwar Gandhe<br />
* Shubhankar Ekbote as [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]<br />
* Siraj Mustafa as Bahadur Khan<br />
* Shivraj Walvekar as [[Bahirji Naik]]<br />
* [[Alok Nath]] as Somaji<br />
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Balaji Avaji Chitnis<br />
* [[Danish Pandor]] as [[Ikhlas Khan]]<br />
* Rohit Pathak as Kakkad Khan<br />
* Sukhwinder Singh Grewal as Khan Zamaan<br />
* Lavi Pajni as Shaubuddin Firozjang<br />
* Trishan Singh as [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]<br />
* Ruffy Khan as Shehzaada Muazzam<br />
* Rakesh Theraja as Sarja Khan<br />
* Akshay Anand Kohli as Rahulla Khan<br />
* Astad Kale as Surya<br />
* [[Sanjeev Jaiswal]] as Jhaalad<br />
* Varun Buddhadev as [[Rajaram I|Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj]]<br />
* Sanchita Ugale as [[Tarabai]]<br />
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as the narrator in the opening sequence ([[Voice-over|voiceover]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2025 |title=Ajay Devgn joins Vicky Kaushal starrer Chhaava as the narrator |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-joins-vicky-kaushal-starrer-chhaava-narrator-report/ |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
| quote = Everyone knows about [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], but no one knows about [[Sambhaji|Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]]. He had such great courage and was a great warrior, but sadly no one knows about it. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] when I read about Sambhaji Maharaj, I realised he is such a big character, and why are we not talking about his life? That's when I started writing and the idea of Chhaava came to me.<br />
| author = [[Laxman Utekar]]<br />
| source = during an interview with ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=Director Laxman Utekar on Chhaava: Period dramas come with unique challenges |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-director-laxman-utekar-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-2602897-2024-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119092441/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-director-laxman-utekar-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-2602897-2024-09-19 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In December 2022, it was reported that [[Laxman Utekar]] was working on a historical biopic in an untitled film in which [[Vicky Kaushal]]'s casting was under progress. They discussed the project and Kaushal has liked the material and would sign the project only after the full narration. As it was still in the writing process, the shooting would commence after Kaushal finalise it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Vicky Kaushal in talks with Laxman Utekar for a warrior film, produced by Dinesh Vijan |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/67429/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Vicky-Kaushal-in-talks-with-Laxman-Utekar-for-a-warrior-film-produced-by-Dinesh-Vijan.html |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Peeping Moon |language=en}}</ref> It was based on the Marathi novel ''Chhava'' by [[Shivaji Sawant]].<ref name="Kotwani-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=6 June 2023 |title=Laxman Utekar: Vicky has the build and personality for Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's role |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/laxman-utekar-vicky-has-the-build-and-personality-for-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-role-23290674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820170546/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/laxman-utekar-vicky-has-the-build-and-personality-for-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-role-23290674 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> In January 2023, the project was confirmed which would mark Kaushal teams up with Utekar and producer [[Dinesh Vijan]] once again after their then-[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke|unreleased romantic comedy film]] co-starring [[Sara Ali Khan]]. The film was titled ''Chhava'' and Kaushal would play [[Sambhaji|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Laxman Utekar speaks on casting Vicky Kaushal for the role Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj; says, "We didn't do any look test, I was sure that he is the one who can play Sambhaji" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/laxman-utekar-speaks-casting-vicky-kaushal-role-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-says-didnt-look-test-sure-one-can-play-sambhaji/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119103939/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/laxman-utekar-speaks-casting-vicky-kaushal-role-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-says-didnt-look-test-sure-one-can-play-sambhaji/ |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> the eldest son of the Maratha empire's founder Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was cast to play role of Sambhaji Maharaj's wife, as [[Yesubai Bhonsale]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava: Vicky Kaushal, Akshaye Khanna join star-studded historical epic on Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-akshaye-khanna-join-star-studded-historical-epic-on-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-atg-s2rgtv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726150142/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-akshaye-khanna-join-star-studded-historical-epic-on-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-atg-s2rgtv |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=Asianet News}}</ref> [[Maddock Films]] known for modest budget films, ''Chhava'' will be their most expensive project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Vicky Kaushal to play Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in Laxman Utekar-Dinesh Vijan's warrior drama! |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/68245/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Vicky-Kaushal-to-play-Chhatrapati-Sambhaji-Maharaj-in-Laxman-Utekar-Dinesh-Vijans-warrior-drama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119090926/https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/68245/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Vicky-Kaushal-to-play-Chhatrapati-Sambhaji-Maharaj-in-Laxman-Utekar-Dinesh-Vijans-warrior-drama.html |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Peeping Moon |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Vicky Kaushal to romance Rashmika Mandanna in Dinesh Vijan's Chhava |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/index.php/exclusive-news/news/69999/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Vicky-Kaushal-to-romance-Rashmika-Mandanna-in-Dinesh-Vijans-Chhava-.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Peeping Moon |language=en}}</ref> Laxman Utekar said that even before he began writing the script in 2021 he wanted to cast Kaushal and Mandanna for the respective roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Director Laxman Utekar on casting Rashmika Mandanna in Chhaava! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/her-eyes-are-so-pure-that-aur-koi-marathi-maharani-lag-hi-nahin-sakti-1856176 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Pre-production===<br />
<br />
Utekar and his team spent a year researching the 17th-century Maratha era, travelling to historical towns like [[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]], [[Ratnagiri]], [[Pune]], [[Nashik]], and [[Paithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=A year to recreate Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's look in Chhaava |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/laxman-utekar-chhaava-vicky-kaushal-look-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-23387686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912105732/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/laxman-utekar-chhaava-vicky-kaushal-look-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-23387686 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> [[Sheetal Sharma]] served as costume designer, sourcing authentic [[Paithani]] sarees and restored 500-year-old borders for Mandanna's character, [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]]. To ensure authenticity, he visited Paithan and [[Narayan Peth, Pune|Narayanpeth]] to acquire Paithani and Narayanpeth sarees. Additional accessories were gathered from [[Kolhapur]], [[Sawantwadi]], and Ratnagiri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2024 |title=Vicky Kaushal's look in 'Chhaava' teaser recreated from a historical bust; accessories sourced from museums: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushals-look-in-chhaava-teaser-recreated-from-a-historical-bust-accessories-sourced-from-museums-report/articleshow/113119725.cms |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sharma also mentioned that Vicky Kaushal's outfit in the first action sequence of the film weighed approximately 17–18&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=DYK Vicky Kaushal's War Armour In Chhaava Weighed 18 Kg? Costume Designer Sheetal Sharma Reveals - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/dyk-vicky-kaushals-war-armour-in-chhaava-weighed-18-kg-costume-designer-sheetal-sharma-reveals-exclusive-article-118449938 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Subrata Chakraborty and Amit Ray recreated jewellery and the sword Bhavani, drawing references from museums in London. Kaushal's portrayal of Sambhaji was based on historical busts and statues to ensure accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj look in Chhaava came to life after year-long research; team recreated replica of the sword of the warrior |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushals-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-look-chhaava-came-life-year-long-research-team-recreated-replica-sword-warrior-report/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]] was roped in to compose the score.<ref name="Bhopatkar-2024">{{Cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=A.R. Rahman Joins Laxman Utekar's 'Chhava' - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-r-rahman-joins-laxman-utekars-chhava-exclusive/articleshow/110362358.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708190549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-r-rahman-joins-laxman-utekars-chhava-exclusive/articleshow/110362358.cms |archive-date=8 July 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was officially announced on 3 October 2023, when Maddock Films revealed its upcoming slate of theatrical releases, including the release date for ''Chhaava''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaava: Vicky Kaushal and Rashmika Mandanna join forces for the first time; film to release on December 6, 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chaava-vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandanna-join-forces-for-the-first-time-film-to-release-on-december-6-2024/b32f30eea1826 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title='Chaava': Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna to star in Laxman Utekar's next |url=https://theprint.in/feature/chaava-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-to-star-in-laxman-utekars-next/1788405/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215193728/https://theprint.in/feature/chaava-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-to-star-in-laxman-utekars-next/1788405/ |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Casting and filming===<br />
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[[Laxman Utekar]] discussed his upcoming film with Vicky Kaushal during the shoot of ''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savadi |first=Tanmayi |date=18 January 2025 |title=Vicky Kaushal On Embodying Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's Rage In Chhaava: Will I Do Justice To An Incredible Legacy? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-on-embodying-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-rage-in-chhaava-will-i-do-justice-to-an-incredible-legacy-article-117341508/amp |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In January 2023, Utekar confirmed that Kaushal would portray [[Sambhaji]], marking their second collaboration following ''Zara Hatke Zara Bachke''.<ref name="PTI-2023">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Vicky Kaushal to play Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in his next |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//entertainment/vicky-kaushal-to-play-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-in-his-next-1183927.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Kaushal would be reportedly receiving a {{INRConvert|10|c}} remuneration.<ref name="Tiwari-2025">{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Nancy |date=23 January 2025 |title=Chhaava Cast Fees: Know how much Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna and more charged for their roles |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/chhaava-cast-fees-know-how-much-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-and-more-charged-for-their-roles-nti-sqj1w7 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref> Utekar mentioned that Kaushal would undergo four months of training in sword fighting, horse riding, and that shooting would begin once they were satisfied with his preparation.<ref name="PTI-2023" /> Vaibhav Vishant served as casting director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title='When Children See I Am Alive, They Hug Me' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/when-children-see-i-am-alive-they-hug-me/20250224.htm |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, it was reported that Marathi actor [[Santosh Juvekar]] would play a pivotal role in the film.<ref name="Bhopatkar-2023">{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Vicky Kaushal and Santosh Juvekar undergo horse riding training for 'Chhawa' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-and-santosh-juvekar-undergo-horse-riding-training-for-chhawa-exclusive/articleshow/102353420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830130200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-and-santosh-juvekar-undergo-horse-riding-training-for-chhawa-exclusive/articleshow/102353420.cms |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was originally cast as Ganoji Shirke, but later, director Laxman Utekar met with him in his office and offered him the role of Rayaji Malge instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=रसाळ |first=भाग्यश्री |date=2025-01-29 |title=लक्ष्मण उतेकर यांना काहीच कल्पना नव्हती...छावा सिनेमात अशी झाली संतोष जुवेकरची एन्ट्री |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/santosh-juvekar-interview-marathi-actor-talks-about-role-in-chhaava-movie-and-marathi-film-industry/articleshow/117676393.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201130923/https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/santosh-juvekar-interview-marathi-actor-talks-about-role-in-chhaava-movie-and-marathi-film-industry/articleshow/117676393.cms |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> During the same month, Juvekar and Kaushal underwent horse riding training in the [[Mumbai suburbs]].<ref name="Bhopatkar-2023" /> During trailer launch, Kaushal revealed that he was trained in sword, stick, and spear fighting for 6–7 months. He also gained 25&nbsp;kg weight for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava: Vicky Kaushal Puts On Weight To Play Maratha Ruler - "Went From 80 Kg To 105 Kg" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/i-gave-it-all-to-this-film-says-vicky-kaushal-on-playing-maratha-warrior-in-chhaava-7535539 |date=23 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> During shooting in [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] a set was constructed for the scene depicting Chhatrapati Sambhaji's ascension to the throne, featuring an eight-sided throne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendraj |date=3 February 2025 |title=Exclusive: "...अन् विकीच्या डोळ्यातील अश्रूच थांबेना"; सिनेमाच्या चित्रीकरणाचे अंगावर शहारा आणणारे किस्से |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-and-laxman-utekar-talk-about-chhaava-movie-journey-a-a998/ |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><br />
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By October 2023, it was reported that Kaushal had started his preparations for the film alongside co-star [[Rashmika Mandanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=30 October 2023 |title=Vicky Kaushal Begins Prep For Chhaava With Rashmika Mandanna? Shares Photo Of Horse Riding; See Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushal-begins-prep-for-chhaava-with-rashmika-mandanna-shares-photo-of-horse-riding-see-here-8630924.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030163840/https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushal-begins-prep-for-chhaava-with-rashmika-mandanna-shares-photo-of-horse-riding-see-here-8630924.html |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The film's main shooting will begin in [[Mumbai]] in October 2023, with the first round of shooting scheduled for one week.<ref name="FilmCompanion(2023-10-11)" /><ref name="Filmfare(2023-10-13)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-soon-start-filming-their-period-drama-chhaava-61860.html|title=Vicky Kaushal and Rashmika Mandanna to soon start filming their period drama Chhaava|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=2023-10-13|accessdate=2025-12-20}}</ref><ref name="Filmfare(2023-10-18)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-akshaye-khanna-to-play-aurangzeb-in-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-chhaava-61955.html|title=Exclusive: Akshaye Khanna to play Aurangzeb in Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna starrer Chhaava|work=Filmfare|date=2023-10-18|accessdate=2025-12-20}}</ref> Mandanna would be reportedly receiving {{INRConvert|4|c}} remuneration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranwal |first=Rishika |date=24 February 2025 |title=Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna, Akshaye Khanna and more: Salary breakdown for 'Chhaava' cast |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-akshaye-khanna-and-more-salary-breakdown-for-chhaava-cast-3128361 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The same month, [[Ashutosh Rana]] and [[Divya Dutta]] join cast as [[Hambirrao Mohite]] and [[Soyarabai]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Ashutosh Rana and Divya Dutta roped in for Laxman Utekar's 'Chhawa' - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashutosh-rana-and-divya-dutta-roped-in-for-laxman-utekars-chhawa-exclusive/articleshow/104312326.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801114408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashutosh-rana-and-divya-dutta-roped-in-for-laxman-utekars-chhawa-exclusive/articleshow/104312326.cms |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rana would be reportedly receiving {{INRConvert|80|l}} remuneration.<ref name="Tiwari-2025" /> Dutta later discussed her portrayal in an interview with ''[[Mid-Day]]'' in December 2024. She said that she and Kaushal often communicated in Punjabi on set.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Divya Dutta on working with Vicky Kaushal in Chhaava |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/divya-dutta-on-working-with-vicky-kaushal-in-chhaava-70375.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Lubna |date=20 December 2024 |title=Divya Dutta On Playing Soyarabai In Chhaava: 'Haven't Done Anything Like This Before' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/divya-dutta-on-playing-soyarabai-in-chhaava-havent-done-anything-like-this-before-aa-9162754.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115133533/https://www.news18.com/movies/divya-dutta-on-playing-soyarabai-in-chhaava-havent-done-anything-like-this-before-aa-9162754.html |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 4 December 2023, [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] joined the film's cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2023 |title='Ghaijini' actor Pradeep Rawat joins Vicky Kaushal for Laxman Utekar's 'Chaava' - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ghaijini-actor-pradeep-rawat-joins-vicky-kaushal-for-laxman-utekars-chaava-exclusive/articleshow/105726672.cms |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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According to reports, Kaushal was seriously injured while filming a war scene. He was sidelined for nearly 20 days as a result. Mandanna wrapped up her portion of filming in January 2024, while Kaushal resumed filming in [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] on 9 March 2024, continuing until 6 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Rashmika Mandanna wraps up 'Chhava' shoot, praises Vicky Kaushal: Such a gem |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rashmika-mandanna-wraps-up-chhava-shoot-praises-vicky-kaushal-such-a-gem-2494567-2024-01-28 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title=Vicky Kaushal to resume 'Chhava' shoot from March 9 in Wai - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-to-resume-chhava-shoot-from-march-9-in-wai-exclusive/articleshow/108066385.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801113414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-to-resume-chhava-shoot-from-march-9-in-wai-exclusive/articleshow/108066385.cms |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2024 |title=Chhava: Vicky Kaushal wraps up 'Wai' schedule, shares pic: see inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chhava-vicky-kaushal-wraps-up-wai-schedule-shares-pic-see-inside/articleshow/109082061.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801113415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chhava-vicky-kaushal-wraps-up-wai-schedule-shares-pic-see-inside/articleshow/109082061.cms |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 23 April 2024, Santosh Juvekar completed his portions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=रसाळ |first=भाग्यश्री |date=23 April 2024 |title=विकी कौशलच्या 'छावा' या लोकप्रिय मराठी अभिनेत्याची वर्णी, म्हणाला या सिनेमाचा ट्रेलर येईल तेव्हा... |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/santosh-juvekar-in-chaava-movie-actor-share-special-video-of-vicky-kaushal/articleshow/109530440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521134330/https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/santosh-juvekar-in-chaava-movie-actor-share-special-video-of-vicky-kaushal/articleshow/109530440.cms |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2024 |title=Vicky Kaushal hugs Marathi actor Santosh Juvekar as he wraps shoot of 'Chhava', latter says, 'Vicky worked very hard to play Sambhaji Maharaj' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/vicky-kaushal-hugs-marathi-actor-santosh-juvekar-as-he-wraps-shoot-of-chhava-latter-says-vicky-worked-very-hard-to-play-sambhaji-maharaj-article-12708305.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819092740/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/vicky-kaushal-hugs-marathi-actor-santosh-juvekar-as-he-wraps-shoot-of-chhava-latter-says-vicky-worked-very-hard-to-play-sambhaji-maharaj-article-12708305.html |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> Earlier in the production process, the team had approached [[Anil Kapoor]] for the role of [[Aurangzeb]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Anil Kapoor approached to play Aurangzeb in Vicky Kaushal's 'Chhawa' - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anil-kapoor-approached-to-play-aurangzeb-in-vicky-kaushals-chhawa/articleshow/104190453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801113416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anil-kapoor-approached-to-play-aurangzeb-in-vicky-kaushals-chhawa/articleshow/104190453.cms |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> but in October 2023, [[Akshaye Khanna]] joined the cast in the role instead.<ref name="FilmCompanion(2023-10-11)">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chaawa will see Akshaye Khanna as Emperor Aurangzeb |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vicky-kaushals-chaawa-will-see-akshaye-khanna-as-emperor-aurangzeb |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> He would be reportedly receiving {{INRConvert|2|c}} for his remuneration.<ref name="Tiwari-2025" /> [[Diana Penty]] joined the film in the role of [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=13 February 2025 |title=Presenting, Diana Penty As Shehzadi Zinat-un-Nissa In Chhaava |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/presenting-diana-penty-as-shehzadi-zinat-un-nissa-in-chhaava-aa-9226497.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Principal photography for the film wrapped in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2024 |title=It's a wrap! Vicky Kaushal completes shooting of period drama 'Chhava', celebrates end of a 'dramatic journey' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/its-a-wrap-vicky-kaushal-completes-shooting-of-period-drama-chhava-celebrates-end-of-a-dramatic-journey/articleshow/110060441.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801113418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/its-a-wrap-vicky-kaushal-completes-shooting-of-period-drama-chhava-celebrates-end-of-a-dramatic-journey/articleshow/110060441.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Initially, Utekar had approached Marathi actor [[Ashok Shinde]] for a negative role, but Shinde declined the offer due to a scheduling conflict with his existing contract with ''[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]]'', as he revealed in a November 2024 interview with ''ItsMajja''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=15 November 2024 |title='सारं काही तिच्यासाठी' फेम अभिनेत्याने नाकारली 'छावा' चित्रपटाची ऑफर; कारण सांगत म्हणाले- कशासाठी एवढं |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/marathi-popular-actor-rejected-vicky-kaushal-chhaava-movie-offer-due-to-this-reason-psn14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115040917/https://www.esakal.com/premier/marathi-popular-actor-rejected-vicky-kaushal-chhaava-movie-offer-due-to-this-reason-psn14 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=Mr}}</ref><br />
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===Post-production===<br />
After filming concluded in May 2024, the movie entered post-production.<ref name="Bhopatkar-2024" /> On 11 February 2025, ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' reported that [[Ajay Devgn]] was hired to provide a voiceover for the film, completing his dubbing in the final week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=11 February 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ajay Devgn to have a voiceover in Vicky Kaushal led Chhaava – Details |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-ajay-devgn-to-have-a-voiceover-in-vicky-kaushal-led-chaavva-details-1371905 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><br />
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On 1 February 2025, the film was granted a U/A 16+ certification by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC), with a runtime of 161 minutes and 50 seconds. The CBFC required certain modifications, including the replacement of dialogues in the first half and the removal of a scene featuring Maratha warriors in sarees. Additionally, the CBFC requested the inclusion of an audio-text disclaimer, mentioning the book the film is adapted from and clarifying that it does not aim to defame anyone or distort historical facts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=10 February 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Chhaava's CBFC cuts REVEALED – 'Haramzaada' muted, 'Aameen' changed to 'Jai Bhavani', and more! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-chhaavas-cbfc-cuts-revealed-haramzaada-muted-aameen-changed-jai-bhavani/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Following backlash from certain Maharashtrian political figures for featuring a scene in the trailer in which Chatrapati Sambhaji and his wife perform [[lezim]] dance, Utekar decided to delete the sequence from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karande |first=Abhijit |date=27 January 2025 |title=Chhaava director confirms deleting controversial dance sequence from Vicky Kaushal film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-director-confirms-deleting-controversial-dance-sequence-from-vicky-kaushal-film-2670662-2025-01-27 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
The visual effects were handled by [[Assemblage Entertainment]] and [[DNEG#ReDefine|ReDefine]]. Gary Brown and Simon Frame from Assemblage and Somesh Samit Ghosh from ReDefine served as the [[VFX]] supervisors for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Maddock Films releases the official trailer of 'Chhaava' |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/vfx/chhaava-trailer-vicky-kaushal-shines-as-sambhaji-maharaj-in-the-visually-stunning-epic/ |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=www.animationxpress.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Chhaava (soundtrack)}}<br />
The music of the film is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] while the lyrics are written by [[Irshad Kamil]] and [[Kshitij Patwardhan]].<ref name="ABPMajha(2025-02-07)">{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-chhava-movie-song-marathi-writer-kshitij-patwardhan-writes-aaya-re-toofan-song-first-time-worked-with-ar-rehman-share-instagaram-post-1342903|title=Chhaava Movie Song Writer Kshitij Patwardhan: 'छावा'मधल्या 'आया रे तुफान'साठी मराठमोळ्या गायकाचं 'शब्दरुपी योगदान'; म्हणाला...|last=जगताप|first=नामदेव|work=[[ABP Majha]]|date=2025-02-07|accessdate=2025-12-22|language=mr}}</ref> The first single titled "Jaane Tu" was released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=31 January 2025 |title=Chhaava's Jaane Tu Out Now: Arijit Singh & A.R. Rahman's Musical Brilliance Captures Vicky Kaushal-Rashmika Mandanna's Love Story |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-jaane-tu-song-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-arijit-singh-ar-rahman-9209671.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=News18}}</ref> The second single titled "Aaya Re Toofan" was released on 6 February 2025.<ref name="ABPMajha(2025-02-07)" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Juneja |first=Apeksha |date=6 February 2022 |title=Chhaava song Aaya Re Toofan OUT: Vicky Kaushal showcases Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's 'epic glory' in AR Rahman's energetic track |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/chhaava-song-aaya-re-toofan-out-vicky-kaushal-showcases-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-epic-glory-in-ar-rahmans-energetic-track-1371224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207030410/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/chhaava-song-aaya-re-toofan-out-vicky-kaushal-showcases-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-epic-glory-in-ar-rahmans-energetic-track-1371224 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The album launch event was held on 13 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2025 |title=AR Rahman stuns audiences with high-energy live performance at 'Chhaava' album launch |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/250213-ar-rahman-stuns-audiences-high-energy-live |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Radio and Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=13 February 2025 |title=Vicky Kaushal Pens A Sweet Note For AR Rahman As He Performs Live On Chhaava Songs: 'I'll Truly Cherish' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushal-pens-a-sweet-note-for-ar-rahman-as-he-performs-live-on-chhaava-songs-ill-truly-cherish-9226214.html |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
[[File:Rashmika Mandanna at the Chhaava trailer launch (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|170px|[[Rashmika Mandana]] at the trailer launch in [[Mumbai]]|left]]<br />
The teaser of the film was showcased before the preview shows of ''[[Stree 2]]'', and was later released on social media on 19 August 2024, coinciding [[Raksha Bandhan]].<ref name="Aaglave-2024">{{Cite web |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=15 August 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE! Chhava Vs Pushpa 2: How Vicky Kaushal starrer will get affected by Allu Arjun's pan-India biggie at the box office? Trade expert opines |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-chhava-vs-pushpa-2-how-vicky-kaushal-starrer-will-get-affected-by-allu-arjun-starrer-at-the-box-office-clash-trade-expert-opines-13804852.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816190845/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-chhava-vs-pushpa-2-how-vicky-kaushal-starrer-will-get-affected-by-allu-arjun-starrer-at-the-box-office-clash-trade-expert-opines-13804852.html |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2024 |last=Anand |first=Akriti |title=Chhaava Teaser: Vicky Kaushal Goes on a Bloodbath as Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, Release Date Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhava-teaser-out-vicky-kaushal-roars-like-a-warrior-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-release-date-announced-9019908.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819061825/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/chhava-teaser-out-vicky-kaushal-roars-like-a-warrior-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-release-date-announced-9019908.html |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The official trailer of the film launched on 22 January 2025 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2025 |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |title=Chhaava trailer: Vicky Kaushal's Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaji battles a lion, vows to end Aurangzeb in gory saga. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-trailer-vicky-kaushals-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaji-battles-a-lion-vows-to-end-aurangzeb-in-gory-saga-watch-101737548938349.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |last=Sonali |first=Kriti |title=Ahead of Chhaava trailer, Rashmika Mandanna opts for a wheelchair as she reaches Mumbai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ahead-of-chhaava-trailer-rashmika-mandanna-opts-for-a-wheelchair-as-she-reaches-mumbai-9792984/lite/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> As part of the promotional campaign, Vicky Kaushal, Laxman Utekar, and Rashmika Mandanna held a fan meet at the 24th [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] on 3 February 2025 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=2025-02-03 |title=Fans Can't Keep Calm As Vicky Kaushal Promotes Chhaava At Kala Ghoda Festival |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/fans-cant-keep-calm-as-vicky-kaushal-promotes-chhaava-at-kala-ghoda-festival-aa-9212749.html |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 13 February 2025, Chhaava's album launch event took place in Mumbai, where Rashmika Mandanna showcased a regal look in a floral Indo-Western suit designed by Anita Dongre for the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=For Chhaava Promotions, Rashmika Mandanna Goes Regal In A Floral Indo-Western Suit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/for-chhaava-promotions-rashmika-mandanna-goes-regal-in-a-floral-indo-western-suit-7700189 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Following popular demand, the film was also scheduled for release in a Telugu-dubbed version, with its Telugu trailer unveiled on 3 May 2025.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Dishti |date=2025-03-05 |title=London's Westminster Lights Up To Celebrate Chhaava With A.R. Rahman's Magic {{!}} WATCH |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/bollywood/londons-westminster-lights-up-to-celebrate-chhaava-with-a-r-rahmans-magic-watch/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
London's [[Palace of Westminster]] lights up to the tune of "Aaya Re Toofan", composed by [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Bhawna |date=2025-03-05 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava Creates History, Becomes 1st Film To Light Up London's Palace Of Westminster With AR Rahman Song |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vicky-kaushals-chhaava-creates-history-becomes-1st-film-to-light-up-londons-palace-of-westminster-with-ar-rahman-song-article-118732320 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Promotional activities were also held across various cities in the country, including [[Aurangabad|Chatrapati Sambhajinagar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=Vicky Kaushal seeks blessing at Sambhajinagar temple ahead of Chhaava promotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vicky-kaushal-seeks-blessing-sambhajinagar-shiva-temple-ahead-chhaava-promotions-2675654-2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Shefali |date=2025-02-09 |title=Rashmika Mandanna Recovers From Leg Injury, Joins Vicky Kaushal At Mumbai's Chitra Cinemas For Chhaava Promotions (VIDEO) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/rashmika-mandanna-recovers-from-leg-injury-joins-vicky-kaushal-at-mumbais-chitra-cinemas-for-chhaava-promotions-video |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Jaipur]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-05 |title=Vicky Kaushal promotes his upcoming movie Chhaava in Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/vicky-kaushal-promotes-his-upcoming-movie-chhaava-in-jaipur/articleshow/117956974.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Vicky Kaushal visits a university in Kolkata to promote his upcoming film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/vicky-kaushal-visits-a-university-in-kolkata-to-promote-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/118058206.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Patna]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamooji |first=Shireen |date=2025-02-09 |title=Vicky Kaushal Digs Into Patna's Famous Litti Chokha In Fraser Road During Chhaava Promotions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/news/vicky-kaushal-digs-into-patnas-famous-litti-chokha-in-fraser-road-during-chhaava-promotions-article-118081451/amp |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> [[Amritsar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=Vicky Kaushal and Rashmika Mandanna Promote 'Chhaava' in Amritsar |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandanna-promote-chhaava-in-amritsar/articleshow/118128409.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Shirdi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=2025-02-12 |title=Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna Pray With Folded Hands As They Visit Shirdi Ahead Of Chhaava Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-pray-with-folded-hands-as-they-visit-shirdi-ahead-of-chhaava-release-9224766.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Vicky Kaushal and Rashmika Mandanna seek blessings at Golden Temple ahead of Chhaava release |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-seek-blessings-golden-temple-ahead-chhaava-release/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=Vicky Kaushal learns Telugu from Rashmika Mandanna as he makes a 'kirrak' speech for Chhaava: 'Andariki namaskaaram'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-learns-telugu-rashmika-mandanna-chhaava-kirrak-speech-9811528/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=Chhaava: Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna take over Delhi |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-take-over-delhi-71429.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
Initially set to release on 6 December 2024, the film was later postponed to 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna starrer Chhaava gets postponed; to release on February 14 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-chhaava-gets-postponed-release-february-14/ |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="Aaglave-2024" /> The film was simultaneously released in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2025 |title=Chhaava: Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna's period drama to release in Russia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-period-drama-release-in-russia-2671347-2025-01-28 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2025 |title=Rashmika Mandanna starrer 'Chhaava' set to release simultaneously in Russia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-starrer-chhaava-set-to-release-simultaneously-in-russia/articleshow/117624555.cms |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film has been declared tax-free in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Vicky Kaushal starrer 'Chhaava' goes tax-free in Goa after Madhya Pradesh - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-starrer-chhaava-goes-tax-free-in-goa-after-madhya-pradesh-19561994.htm |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Telugu language]] dubbed version of the film was released on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Chhaava: Vicky Kaushal's Film To Release In Telugu Due To 'Popular Demand' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-film-to-release-in-telugu-due-to-popular-demand-9241988.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Distribution===<br />
The film was distributed by [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]] in India and [[Yash Raj Films]] internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=Yash Raj Films to distribute Vicky Kaushal starrer Chhaava internationally |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yash-raj-films-distribute-vicky-kaushal-starrer-chhaava-internationally/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The Telugu version was distributed by [[Geetha Arts]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Surya |date=2025-02-26 |title=Chhaava telugu: విక్కీ కౌశల్ 'ఛావా' తెలుగు రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్! |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/chhaava-movie-telugu-version-release-date-fixed-in-telugu-jsp-ssabrp |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Chhaava in Telugu: Top production house to release Bollywood blockbuster |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/chhaava-in-telugu-top-production-house-to-release-bollywood-blockbuster.html?=1 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[123telugu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Vicky Kaushal, Rashmika Mandanna's Film After Theatrical Run? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandannas-film-after-theatrical-run-9227674.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |publisher=News 18}}</ref> It began streaming on the platform from 11 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-10 |title=Chhaava OTT release: When and where to watch Vicky Kaushal-Akshaye Khanna starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chhaava-ott-release-watch-vicky-kaushal-akshaye-khanna-starrer/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava on OTT: Vicky Kaushal leaves fans spellbound as Sambhaji Maharaj; 'regret not watching in theatres' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/chhaava-on-ott-vicky-kaushal-leaves-fans-spellbound-as-sambhaji-maharaj-regret-not-watching-in-theatre-rashmika-mandanna-101744376820850.html |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |date=11 April 2025 |last=Pandey |first=Mahima}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
As of 20 April 2025, ''Chhaava'' has grossed {{INRConvert|708.5|c}} domestically and {{INRConvert|88.84|c}} overseas for a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|797.34|c}}.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama" /><br />
<br />
''Chhaava'' had a strong opening day, particularly in the state of [[Maharashtra]], earning {{INRConvert|33.10|c}} in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2025 |title=Chhaava gets post-midnight shows as late as 1:30 am in Mumbai due to crazy demand |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chhaava-gets-post-midnight-shows-late-130-mumbai-due-crazy-demand/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|157|c}}–{{INRConvert|164|c}} worldwide in its opening weekend,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=17 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Worldwide Box Office Weekend Update: Vicky Kaushal Powers Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's biopic to Rs 200 crore global haul |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/chhaava-worldwide-box-office-weekend-update-vicky-kaushal-powers-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-biopic-to-rs-157-crore-global-haul-1372845 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Achu |date=2025-04-01 |title=L2: Empuraan surpasses Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava, becomes the fastest Indian movie to cross $20 million |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/l2-empuraan-surpasses-vicky-kaushals-chhaava-becomes-the-fasted-indian-movie-to-cross-20-million-8912954/amp |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=[[WION]] |language=en}}</ref> making it Laxman Utekar's highest-grossing film, surpassing his previous film ''[[Luka Chuppi]]'', which earned {{INRConvert|128.6|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=2025-02-17 |title=Chhaava Box Office Update: Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's biopic crosses Luka Chuppi in JUST 3 days to emerge Laxman Utekar's highest grosser |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/chhaava-box-office-update-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-biopic-crosses-luka-chuppi-in-just-3-days-to-emerge-laxman-utekars-highest-grosser-1372832 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> It grossed {{US dollar|2.2 million|2025}} in its opening weekend in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=2025-03-17 |title=India Box Office: 'Chhaava' Scores $86 Million In Four Weeks |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2025/03/17/india-box-office-chhaava-scores-86-million-in-four-weeks/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> On 19 February 2025, the film earned {{INRConvert|33|c}} and become the ninth fastest Hindi film to reach [[1000 Crore Club|₹200 crore club]] and also setting a record for the highest collection on a first Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=2025-02-20 |title=Chhaava box office: Vicky Kaushal-Rashmika Mandanna starrer becomes 9th fastest entrant to Rs 200 crore club, beats Sanju, Dangal, Sultan & Tiger Zinda Hai |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chhaava-box-office-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-becomes-9th-fastest-entrant-to-rs-200-crore-club-beats-sanju-dangal-sultan-tiger-zinda-hai-13864912.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Vicky Kaushal starrer surpasses Gadar 2, Pushpa 2 and Animal; emerges as All Time highest first Wednesday grosser |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-vicky-kaushal-starrer-surpasses-gadar-2-pushpa-2-animal-emerges-time-highest-first-wednesday-grosser/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In its first week, the film earned {{INRConvert|225|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|310.50|c}} globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2025-02-21 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Vicky Kaushal starrer scores another huge day of over Rs. 20 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-vicky-kaushal-starrer-scores-another-huge-day-rs-20-crores/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanabar |first=Nirali |date=2025-02-21 |title=Chhaava worldwide box office collection: Vicky Kaushal's film races past Rs 300 crore globally in first week |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chhaava-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-7-vicky-kaushal-film-crosses-rs-300-crore-mark/0708a2cb89592 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-21 |title='Chhaava' box-office collection: Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava concludes phenomenal first week, earns over ₹300 crore worldwide |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chhaava-box-office-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-akshaye-khanna-records/article69247052.ece |access-date=2025-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> By the second Saturday, it earned {{INRConvert|44.10|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2025-02-23 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Vicky Kaushal starrer has an unbelievable jump on Saturday |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-vicky-kaushal-starrer-unbelievable-jump-saturday/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> The film entered the ₹300 crore club in domestic market in its second weekend and crossed {{INRConvert|400|c}} globally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Chhaava Enters Rs 300 Crore Club |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chhaava-enters-rs-300-crore-club/20250224.htm |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Film becomes Vicky Kaushal's first Rs. 300 crore grosser; ranks as actor's highest-grossing release to date |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-film-becomes-vicky-kaushals-first-rs-300-crore-grosser-ranks-actors-highest-grossing-release-date/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In its second week, the film collected {{INRConvert|180.25|c}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chhava broke the record of all the films ..? |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994803719/Chhava-broke-the-record-of-all-the-films- |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=India Herald |language=en}}</ref> On 1 March 2025, the film entered in ₹400 crore club in domestic market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava Crosses Rs 400 Crore |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chhaava-crosses-rs-400-crore/20250301.htm |date=2025-03-01 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|84.05|c}} in the third week and {{INRConvert|55.95|c}} in the fourth week.<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' reported that the film grossed over {{INRConvert|678|c}} worldwide while accumulated {{INRConvert|95|c}} from international markets in 24 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-03-10 |title=Chhaava Worldwide Box Office: Vicky Kaushal's BIG BLOCKBUSTER grosses over Rs 678 crore in 24 days; approaches Rs 700 crore mark |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/chhaava-worldwide-box-office-vicky-kaushals-big-blockbuster-grosses-over-rs-678-crore-in-24-days-approaches-rs-700-crore-mark-1376778 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> The film entered the [[500 Crore Club|₹500 crore club]] in India in its fourth week and achieved {{INRConvert|700|c}} worldwide in 25 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Vicky Kaushal starrer enters Rs. 500 crore club; collects Rs. 502.70 cr |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-vicky-kaushal-starrer-enters-rs-500-crore-club-collects-rs-502-70-cr/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Chhaava roars at box office: Vicky Kaushal's period epic collects over Rs 700 crore globally in 25 days, enters list of top 10 highest-grossing Hindi films |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-chhaava-roars-at-box-office-vicky-kaushals-period-epic-collects-over-rs-700-crore-globally-enters-list-of-top-10-highest-grossing-hindi-films-3774289/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The Telugu version opened with {{INRConvert|2.5|c}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=Telugu version of Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava drops by 60% on 2nd Monday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/telugu-version-of-vicky-kaushals-chhaava-drops-by-60-on-2nd-monday/articleshow/119145134.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On March 11, 2025, the film's collection reached {{INRConvert|516.8|c}}, making it the sixth highest-grossing Hindi film, surpassing the Hindi total of {{INRConvert|510.99|c}} achieved by ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keval |first=Varun |date=2025-03-11 |title=Chhaava Surpasses Baahubali 2 at Box Office, Boosted by Strong Performances and Patriotic Themes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/chhaava-surpasses-baahubali-2-at-box-office-boosted-by-strong-performances-and-patriotic-themes-952897 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> In the first week, the Telugu version grossed {{INRConvert|11.8|c}}, and by the second weekend, it earned {{INRConvert|2.15|c}}. By the second Monday, the total collection had reached {{INRConvert|14.25|c}}.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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In its fifth week of release, ''Chhaava'' earned {{INRConvert|30.60|c}} net, taking its total net collection to {{INRConvert|530|c}} by the end of the week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava Smashes All Records in Week Five |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9032 |date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> On 36th day, the film collected {{INRConvert|535|c}} net and grossed over {{INRConvert|773.25|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava Sixth Saturday Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9034 |date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Chhaava box office collection day 36: Vicky Kaushal-starrer only Rs 23 cr shy of becoming the second biggest Hindi hit of all time, earns Rs 575 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-36-vicky-kaushal-earns-rs-575-cr-only-rs-23-cr-shy-of-becoming-the-second-biggest-hindi-hit-of-all-time-9899574/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The following day, it exceeded {{INRConvert|775.75|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-23 |title=Chhaava box office collection Day 37: Vicky Kaushal's film becomes the biggest hit of 2025, earns over Rs 775 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-37-vicky-kaushals-film-becomes-the-biggest-hit-of-2025-9900932/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reported that the film grossed over {{INRConvert|583.25|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|785.50|c}} worldwide in 38 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Parliament to host special screening of Vicky Kaushal starrer Chhaava with PM Narendra Modi; Amit Shah, and other top ministers to attend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/parliament-host-special-screening-vicky-kaushal-starrer-chhaava-pm-narendra-modi-amit-shah-top-ministers-attend/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> On 40th day of release, the film's earnings reached {{INRConvert|787.5|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Chhaava box office collection day 40: Ahead of Salman Khan-starrer Sikandar's release, Vicky Kaushal's film sees decline in numbers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-40-sikandar-effect-vicky-kaushals-film-sees-decline-in-numbers-9906450/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On the 41st day, the film earned over {{INRConvert|698.65|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|91|c}} internationally, bringing its total worldwide gross to {{INRConvert|789.65|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=Chhaava box office collection day 41: Vicky Kaushal's blockbuster is only Rs 10 crore shy of breaking Stree 2's record |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-41-vicky-kaushals-blockbuster-is-only-rs-10-crore-shy-of-breaking-stree-2s-record-9908375/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the sixth week, the film earned {{INRConvert|14.4|c}}–{{INRConvert|15.60|c}} net in India and become the second highest sixth week grosser Hindi film of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=2025-03-29 |title=Box Office Comparison: Analyzing theatrical performances of Chhaava and Jawan based on first six weeks; Which film is leading? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-comparison-analyzing-theatrical-performances-of-chhaava-and-jawan-based-on-first-six-weeks-which-film-is-leading-1379742 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava Has Superb Sixth Week - Second Highest Ever |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9039 |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood Hungama" /> The Telugu version earned {{INRConvert|15.86|c}} in three weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-01 |title=Telugu version of Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava closes with nearly Rs 16 crore run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/telugu-version-of-vicky-kaushals-chhaava-closes-with-nearly-rs-16-crore-run/articleshow/119850341.cms |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film's net collection in its seventh week stands at {{INRConvert|6.55|c}}–{{INRConvert|7|c}}, including {{INRConvert|2|l}} from Telugu version, making it the second-highest after ''[[Stree 2]]'' which collected {{INRConvert|8.75|c}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Surabhi |date=2025-04-04 |title=Sikandar के ढीले पड़ते ही Chhaava ने मारी लंबी छलांग, 50 दिन पूरे होने से पहले छुआ ये जादुई आंकड़ा |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-chhaava-box-office-collection-day-49-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-film-crosses-600-crore-collection-23912027.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chhaava box office collection Day 50: Vicky Kaushal starrer crosses Rs 596 crore mark; set for Rs 600 crore lifetime earnings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-50-vicky-kaushal-starrer-crosses-rs-596-crore-mark-set-for-rs-600-crore-lifetime-earnings/articleshow/119997837.cms |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood Hungama" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree 2 Has HISTORIC Seventh Week |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8725 |date=2025-10-04 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> According to [[The Financial Express (India)|''The Financial Express'']], the worldwide gross collection of ''Chhaava'' has reached {{INRConvert|800|c}}, with a domestic net of {{INRConvert|595|c}}. [[Dainik Jagran|''Jagran'']] further reported that the film surpassed {{INRConvert|600|c}} net in domestic markets in same period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Chhaava Box Office Collection Day 49: Vicky Kaushal starrer heads towards Rs 600 crore club as it prepares for OTT release |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-49-vicky-kaushal-starrer-heads-towards-rs-600-crore-club-as-it-prepares-for-ott-release/3798718/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The domestic net surpassed {{INRConvert|596|c}}–{{INRConvert|600|c}} in 50 days.{{Efn|''[[The Times of India]]''<ref name=":2" /> and ''[[Moneycontrol]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal charms as a magician in Ek Jaadugar poster following Chhaava success |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-charms-as-a-magician-in-ek-jaadugar-poster-following-chhaava-success-article-12986034.html |date=2025-04-05 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> reported the domestic net collection on 50th day around ₹596.20 crore, while ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chhaava OTT Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/when-will-chhaava-be-streaming-on-netflix-1871059 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> reports ₹600 crore.}} As per ''[[DNA India]]'', ''Chhaava'' has earned {{INRConvert|601.1|c}} net in India, including {{INRConvert|585.23|c}} from the original Hindi version and {{INRConvert|15.87|c}} from the dubbed Telugu version. The film's total global gross stands at {{INRConvert|807.88|c}}.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Chhaava box office collection: Vicky Kaushal-starrer becomes third Bollywood film to earn Rs 600 crore in India after.... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-chhaava-box-office-collection-vicky-kaushal-starrer-becomes-third-bollywood-film-to-earn-rs-600-crore-in-india-after-jawan-stree-2-beats-animal-pathaan-gadar-2-dangal-3146658 |date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The film earned US$6.4 million in [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' beats Vicky Kaushal's 'Chhaava' to become 2025's biggest Indian grosser in North America |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/rajinikanths-coolie-beats-vicky-kaushals-chhaav-to-become-2025s-biggest-grosser-in-north-america/articleshow/123481195.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Bollywood Hungama'', ''India Herald'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', and ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' all reported that the film crossed {{INRConvert|600|c}} net in India on its 66th day of release, becoming the first non-sequel Hindi film to do so in the Hindi language only.{{efn|name="600cr club"|Multiple references<ref name="Bollywood Hungama" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava surpasses Rs 600 Crores on 66th day |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-s-chhaava-surpasses-rs-600-crores-on-66th-day-becomes-third-highest-grossing-hindi-film-article-12999359.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |date=2025-04-21 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal and Rashmika Mandanna's 'Chhaava' sets record as first non-sequel Hindi film to cross Rs 600 crore mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandannas-chhaava-sets-record-as-first-non-sequel-hindi-film-to-cross-rs-600-crore-mark/articleshow/120492154.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava sets a new record at the box office |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994813104/Chhaava-sets-a-new-record-at-the-box-office |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=India Herald |language=en}}</ref>}} Previously, only ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', ''[[Stree 2]]'', and ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' had crossed the ₹600 crore net mark in India. However, ''Jawan''—while also a non-sequel—achieved this figure through collections from multiple language versions (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Film becomes the 4th release to cross Rs. 600 Cr; Vicky Kaushal joins SRK, Rajkummar Rao & Allu Arjun in the Rs. 600 Cr Club |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-film-becomes-4th-release-cross-rs-600-cr-vicky-kaushal-joins-srk-rajkummar-rao-allu-arjun-rs-600-cr-club/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film grossed over {{INRConvert|797.34|c}}–{{INRConvert|809|c}} globally including {{INRConvert|600|c}}–{{INRConvert|611|c}} net in India and {{INRConvert|103|c}} in international markets in its final theatrical run.{{efn|name="chhaava"}}{{Efn|Multiple references<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava fails to close at Rs 600 crore ahead of its OTT premiere; can it remain the highest-grossing film of 2025? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vicky-kaushals-chhaava-fails-to-close-at-rs-600-crore-ahead-of-its-ott-premiere-can-it-remain-the-highest-grossing-film-of-2025/6a993b1b54914 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |date=2025-04-10 |title=Chhaava OTT release date: Netflix makes official announcement, know Vicky Kaushal starrer's total collection |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/chhaava-ott-release-date-netflix-official-announcement-vicky-kaushal-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-film-total-collection-rashmika-mandanna-akshaye-2025-04-10-984825 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Karishma |date=2025-04-10 |title=Chhaava OTT release: Vicky Kaushal and Rashmika Mandanna's action historical movie will stream on this platform and date |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/chhaava-ott-release-netflix |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava Wins Hearts On OTT: Internet Says 'Intense Goosebumps' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushals-chhaava-wins-hearts-on-ott-internet-says-intense-goosebumps-aa-9299444.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Netflix Announces Chhaava's Official Streaming Date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/netflix-announces-chhaavas-official-streaming-date-1872140 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Chhaava box office: Has Vicky Kaushal-Rashmika Mandanna's period war-drama surpassed Rajkummar Rao-Shraddha Kapoor's Stree 2 & Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chhaava-box-office-has-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandannas-period-war-drama-surpassed-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoors-stree-2-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-nayanthara-deepika-padukone-13878500.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-04-09 |title=Chhaava Final Box Office Overseas: Vicky Kaushal-led period drama puts up a total of Rs 103 crore in foreign territories |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/chhaava-final-box-office-overseas-vicky-kaushal-led-period-drama-puts-up-a-total-of-rs-103-crore-in-foreign-territories-1381592 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>}}{{efn|name="600cr club"}}<br />
<br />
''Chhaava'' become the highest-grossing film in Maharashtra grossed over ₹300 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Raja Shivaji Box Office Collections: Riteish Deshmukh bags biggest opening day ever for a Marathi film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/raja-shivaji-box-office-collections-riteish-deshmukh-bags-biggest-opening-day-ever-for-a-marathi-film-1402732 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> surpassing ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', which earned {{INRConvert|250|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-02-28 |title=Box Office: Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava DETHRONES Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2; emerges KING of Maharashtra |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-vicky-kaushals-chhaava-dethrones-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-emerges-king-of-maharashtra-1374977 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> As of 18 March 2025, the film garnered 2.75 crore (27.5 million) footfalls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=2025-03-18 |title=Box Office: Analyzing highest footfalls of Indian movies in the post-Covid era; Pushpa 2 takes the throne, Chhaava on 10th spot |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-analyzing-highest-footfalls-of-indian-movies-in-the-post-covid-era-pushpa-2-takes-the-throne-chhaava-on-10th-spot-1377977 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=31|count=13|average=5.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=26 February 2025}}<br />
<br />
Prasanna Zore of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5, writing "''Chhaava'' deserves 2 stars for the historically half-baked film that it is, but 4 stars just for its attempt on making a film on Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Prasanna D. |date=14 February 2025|title=Chhaava Review: Big Thumbs Up! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/chhaava-review/20250214.htm |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "Chhaava is much more than just an action-packed period drama; it's a film that resonates with its historical significance while maintaining its emotional core."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Movie Review : A Pulse-Pounding Epic Of Valour And Sacrifice |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/chhaava-movie-review-a-pulse-pounding-epic-of-valour-and-sacrifice-2858570.html |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref> Pooja Biraia of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "The film showcases regality and grandeur, adrenaline-pumping action sequences and punchy dialogues, but interestingly, it does all of that and more, while ensuring it doesn't lose track of the plot and the narrative that runs beautifully across all its frames."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biraia |first=Pooja |title=Movie review: Vicky Kaushal-starrer 'Chhaava' is 10X of everything we have seen so far |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/02/14/movie-review-Vicky-Kaushal-starrer-Chhaava-2025-film.html |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nishad Thaivalappil of ''[[News18]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and the reviewer highlights Vicky Kaushal's outstanding portrayal of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj and praises the film for effectively capturing his legacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaivalappil |first=Nishad |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Review: Vicky And Rashmika Bring To Life Laxman Utekar's Raje and Maharani |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-bring-to-life-laxman-utekars-raje-and-maharani-9226776.html |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Kusumika Das of ''[[Times Now]]'' awarded 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "While Utekar’s storytelling could have been tighter, his attempt is commendable. Most notably, Chhaava unveils a fierce, unrelenting Vicky Kaushal in a historical saga."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Kusumika |date=13 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Movie Review: Vicky Kaushal Triumphs As Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj In Visually Stunning Historical Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/chhaava-review-and-rating-check-vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandanna-chhaava-movie-review-story-cast-and-more-review-118212131 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' have 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "''Chhaava''’s excellence lies in its gripping second half and a terrific climax."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=21 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Movie Review : Vicky Kaushal ferociously roars, races and goes on a rampage in Chhaava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/chhaava/movie-review/118225189.cms |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted that ''Chhaava'' succeeds in delivering a high-intensity action film, anchored by Vicky Kaushal's powerhouse performance. However, he pointed out that the film doesn't fully delve into the complexities of Sambhaji's character, leaving much of his multifaceted legacy unexplored.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Movie Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/chhaava-movie-review-71442.html |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for Galatta Plus, "''Chhaava'' is not exactly a misfire, but it doesn’t rise above being watchable...There are attempts to get into the psyche of Sambhaji with surrealistic nightmares that show the king as a lost little boy with philosophical questions. We get quiet, intimate scenes that show Sambhaji yearning for his mother who died when he was very young. But this sort of delicacy doesn’t fit in with the ethos of a “mass” movie that wants to show Sambhaji as a superhero. “Mass” movies usually work best when they aim low and deliver highs..Chhaava, to its credit, aims high. But it doesn't come together satisfactorily. What we end up with is a violent showcase for two fine actors."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=20 February 2025 |title=Laxman Utekar's 'Chhaava' has two very good performances in a surface-level look at a mighty historical figure |url=https://www.galattaplus.com/laxman-utekars-chhaava-has-two-very-good-performances-in-a-surface-level-look-at-a-mighty-historical-figure/ |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=Galatta Plus}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', gave 2.5 out of 5 rating and wrote "Vicky Kaushal is fully committed in Laxman Utekar’s ultra-loud, ultra-violent, and exhausting film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava movie review: Vicky Kaushal is fully committed in Laxman Utekar's ultra-loud, ultra-violent, and exhausting film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-is-fully-committed-in-laxman-utekars-ultra-loud-ultra-violent-and-exhausting-film-9835599/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "The film, has far greater depth than the top-heavy treatment that it deploys India order to pay tribute to Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Review: Noteworthy Performance From Vicky Kaushal, But The Film Doesn't Roar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chhaava-review-noteworthy-performance-from-vicky-kaushal-but-the-film-doesnt-roar-2-5-stars-7708725 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave it 2.5 stars and commented that "Unlike its protagonist, who often runs into battle like a man possessed even when the odds seem stacked against him, the film simply wasn’t brave enough to take that leap."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Review: Vicky Kaushal Soars in a Film That Isn't as Brave as Its Subject |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/chhaava-film-full-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-sambhaji-maharaj-story-chhatrapati-shivaji#read-more |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "''Chhaava'' doesn't aim to be exceptionally different, but it masters the art of navigating the mainstream waters without completely drowning in the cacophony of its own voice." He rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Tushar |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava review: Vicky Kaushal's film growls, but doesn't roar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-laxman-utekar-2679812-2025-02-14 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "''Chhaava'' is neither romanticised nor pulpy. It’s just scared. So scared that only gods and demons can afford to exist. So scared that it’s blinded by its own reflection."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=14 February 2025 |title='Chhaava' Movie Review: A Roaring Tribute to Bad Film-Making |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/chhaava-movie-review-a-roaring-tribute-to-bad-film-making |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "Struggling to choose between history and the current nationalist sentiment, Laxman Utekar’s unsurprising narrative finds its voice in the final."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=14 February 2025 |title='Chhaava' movie review: Vicky Kaushal, Akshaye Khanna jostle for attention in this uneven sketch of a Maratha legend |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-sambhaji-akshaye-khanna/article69219189.ece |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said in her review that "Laxman Utekar takes us through every bit of this ordeal – it’s what ''Chhaava'' has been building up to. The Christ-like imagery is apposite, given the all-round love for medieval punishment. But the film’s lack of feeling is vivid too, with shouty speechifying mistaken for heartfelt passion and sumptuous visuals confused for grandeur."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=14 February 2025 |title='Chhaava' review: A brutally violent version of Maratha history |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1079101/chhaava-review-a-brutally-violent-version-of-maratha-history |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Award<br />
!Ceremony date<br />
!Category<br />
!Recipients<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |March 1, 2026<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|''Chhaava''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-26-voting/|title=ZCA 26 Voting|work=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|accessdate=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-wins-zee-cine-awards-2026-for-chhaava-netizens-question-ranveer-singhs-dhurandhar-miss-how-did-8329012/|title=Vicky Kaushal wins Zee Cine Awards 2026 for Chhaava, netizens question Ranveer Singh’s Dhurandhar miss: ‘ How did…’|author=Shiwani|work=India.com|date=3 March 2026|accessdate=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2026/zee-cine-awards-2026-complete-winners-list-zca-winners-name-best-actor-actress-film-song-male-female-504753.html#google_vignette|title=Zee Cine Awards 2026 Complete Winners List: Who Will Win Best Actor, Actress & Film Trophies? Full Update|last=Kumar|first=Aakash|work=Filmibeat|date=5 March 2026|accessdate=5 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]<br />
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]<br />
|[[Vineet Kumar Singh]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
=== Historical inaccuracies ===<br />
{{Main|Hindutva pseudohistory}}<br />
<br />
[[Dinesh Vijan]] was threatened with a ₹100 crore (approximately US$12 million) lawsuit for allegedly depicting historical inaccuracies and misrepresentation. The [[Shirke]] family, claiming to represent the descendants of historical figures portrayed in the film, raised objections, alleging that their ancestors were wrongly depicted as traitors. Director [[Laxman Utekar]] responded to the controversy by apologising for any unintentional distress caused and clarified that the film does not explicitly name the families or villages of the concerned historical figures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title='Chhaava' faces Rs 100 crore lawsuit for 'historical inaccuracies': Director Laxman Utekar reacts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chhaava-faces-rs-100-crore-lawsuit-for-historical-inaccuracies-director-laxman-utekar-reacts/articleshow/118544052.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava under fire for alleged historical misrepresentation – Here's what happened |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-vicky-kaushals-chhaava-under-fire-for-alleged-historical-misrepresentation-heres-what-happened-3759618/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> A historian, Indrajit Sawant, claimed that he faced threats and caste-based abuse for challenging the film's historical accuracy, alleging that it distorts history by wrongly portraying [[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Bhosale]] as one of the antagonists instead of [[Annaji Datto Sachiv|Annaji Datto]], the [[Sachiv]] for Shivaji Maharaj. Sawant cited contemporary accounts suggesting Brahmin clerks betrayed Sambhaji to the Mughals, leading to his capture.<ref name="Chitnis" /><br />
<br />
=== Religious hostility ===<br />
After its release, Chhaava is alleged to reignite the wave of hate and hostility against Muslims across India, and is one of the few movies to do so after ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' and ''[[The Kerala Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Sayima |date=2025-02-22 |title='Chhaava' triggers online religious hate wave targetting minorities |url=https://www.siasat.com/chhaava-triggers-online-religious-hate-wave-targetting-minorities-3184102/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en}}</ref> Several politicians like [[Abu Azmi]] and [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] criticized the movie and praised Emperor Aurangzeb, which led to backlash among right-wing Hindu organizations and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=Maharashtra MLA Abu Azmi suspended from assembly over Aurangzeb remark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-mla-abu-azmi-suspended-from-assembly-over-aurangzeb-remark/articleshow/118727893.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Right wing groups like [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]] condemned the glorification and threatened to demolish the [[tomb of Aurangzeb]], located in [[Aurangabad]], as they claimed it as a reminder of “centuries of oppression, atrocities, and slavery” of Hindus during his rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muzaffar |first=Maroosha |date=2025-03-18 |title=The Bollywood drama that has sparked tensions around an 18th century Mughal tomb |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/nagpur-violence-curfew-aurangzeb-tomb-chhaava-film-b2716352.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> The incident subsequently led to [[2025 Nagpur violence|riots across Nagpur]] on 17 March 2025 and several law enforcement officers were injured in the clash, with Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] urging for calm and condemning any glorification of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sayantani |author2=Fernandes, Jocelyn |title=Nagpur Violence LIVE updates: Thackeray takes dig, says govt wants to 'dig up history, but can't speak about future' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nagpur-violence-live-mahal-maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-chitnis-park-aurangzeb-tomb-chhaava-shiv-sena-bjp-bajrang-dal-11742229687889.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref> He blamed the movie for the Nagpur violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalekar |first=Ritvick Arun |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nagpur violence: Devendra Fadnavis says 'Chhaava' ignited anger against Aurangzeb |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/devendra-fadnavis-blames-chhaava-movie-for-nagpur-clashes-ignited-peoples-anger-2695163-2025-03-18 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |date=2025-03-18 |title=Devendra Fadnavis blames 'Chhaava' movie for people's anger against Aurangzeb |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/devendra-fadnavis-blames-chhava-movie-for-peoples-anger-against-aurangzeb-3451290 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | chhaava }}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}<br />
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[[Category:2025 Indian films]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aavesham_(2024_film)&diff=484116Aavesham (2024 film)2026-05-01T01:45:06Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up A Pg...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2024 film by Jithu Madhavan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aavesham<br />
| image = Aavesham.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Jithu Madhavan]]<br />
| writer = Jithu Madhavan<br />
| producer = {{ubl|[[Nazriya Nazim]]|[[Anwar Rasheed]]|[[Fahadh Faasil]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTMwMDMyMDI0MDAwMTI= |title=Aavesham Certified UA}}</ref>}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Fahadh Faasil]]<br/>Hipzster<br/>Mithun Jai Sankar<br/>Roshan Shanavas<br/>[[Sajin Gopu]]<br />Midhutty <br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Sameer Thahir]]<br />
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]<br />
| music = [[Sushin Shyam]]<br />
| studio = {{ubl | [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]] | [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]]}}<br />
| distributor = A & A Release<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2024|04|11|}}<br />
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTMwMDMyMDI0MDAwMTI= |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = {{INR|30 crore}}<ref name="Nasreen">{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=2024-04-26 |title=Aavesham Box Office Collection Day 15: Fahadh Faasil's Film Earns Rs 103 Crore |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/malayalam/aavesham-box-office-collection-day-15-article-109614765 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|156 crore}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aavesham''''' ({{Translation|Excitement}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Jithu Madhavan]]. It is produced by [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nazriya Nazim]], and [[Anwar Rasheed]] under their [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]] and [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]] production banners. The film stars [[ Fahadh Faasil]], Hipzster, Mithun Jai Sankar, Roshan Shanavas, [[Sajin Gopu]] and Midhutty. In the film, three youngsters in [[Bengaluru]] befriend a local gangster to help them take revenge on their college bully.<br />
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The film was officially announced in March 2023 under the tentative title ''Production No.1'', as it is the maiden venture of the Fahadh Faasil and Friends, and the official title was announced the following May. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month in [[Bangalore]], where it was predominantly shot in before [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] by late-November. The film has music composed by [[Sushin Shyam]], cinematography handled by [[Sameer Thahir]] and editing by [[Vivek Harshan]].<br />
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''Aavesham'' was released on 11 April 2024 to critical acclaim from critics. The film was a commercial success grossing over {{INR|156}} crore against a budget of {{INR|30}} crore.<ref name="Nasreen"/> It is currently one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] and the [[List of Malayalam films of 2024|third highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2024]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
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Aju, Bibi, and Shanthan arrive in [[Bengaluru]] from [[Kerala]] to pursue a degree in [[aeronautical engineering]]. The owner of a private hostel (BK Hostel) convinces their parents to let them stay there, warning them that the students of their college aren't friendly. <br />
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They soon find themselves to be [[Bullying|bullied]] by Kutty, a psychotic senior student, and his gang, being humiliated and brutally beaten by them after being abducted and taken to a garage. Bibi and Aju try to forget the incident but are unable to. Aju seeks revenge and leads his friends to multiple [[Pub|bars]] in search of gangsters, eventually befriending Ranjith "Ranga" Gangadharan, a powerful and eccentric [[Malayalis|Malayali]]-[[Kannadiga]] gangster and his strong and humorous [[henchman]] Ambaan.<br />
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They become friends with Ranga, who is revealed to be good-hearted and protective of the boys and his followers. However, he doesn't take part in violence himself due to a promise made to his late mother. Ranga tells them to focus on their studies but the boys insist on going to fights with Ranga as they see it as an opportunity to strengthen their bond with him. Ambaan also tells the boys chronicles of Ranga's past where Ranga used to take part in violence and tells them about how he killed his brother and buried him in the kitchen of his house and painted his blood on the wall. When Bibi confesses to Ranga about the incident with Kutty, Ranga and his gang unleash their full fury during the college [[Holi]] celebration, beating up Kutty and his gang in front of everyone. <br />
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One night after a night out with Ranga (which usually consisted of bar visits or fight spots), Bibi leaves his phone in Ranga's car. The next morning, Bibi's mother happens to call him. Ranga answers the call and Bibi's mother tells him that Bibi had mentioned that he thinks of Ranga as his own brother which makes Ranga grow even more fond of the boys. He shows them his tools, guns and takes them to different fights because he believes he keeps them happy by doing so. The trio nearly face expulsion (or rustication) after being unable to pass exams and because of their association with Ranga, but are given a second chance on a condition that they pass all their future exams and ensure that their goon friends stay away from the college.<br />
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Their association with Ranga begins to affect their studies as Ranga keeps involving them in his lifestyle of fights and parties. One night, the trio realise that the house Ranga had given them has a corpse (that of Ranga's own brother who'd been killed by Ranga himself) buried in the kitchen just as Ambaan had told them in his pride filled stories. After this discovery, they get scared to live in that house and try everything they can to stay away from the house. Their worries escalate when they visit their old hostel and the warden requests them to accompany him to collect money from his loan takers in order to threaten them (indirectly implying that the boys have become goons due to their association with Ranga). After this, they get abducted by Reddy, Ranga's ex boss who accuses Ranga of stealing his identity and seeks their help to eliminate him. He gives them a visiting card and tells them to call him when Ranga is alone. They feel so fed up and decide on cutting ties with Ranga to avoid becoming goons like him. They try talking to Ranga about their plans of staying away from Ranga and studying in order to pass all exams, but get scared when they witness him threatening to kill two of his '[[Hindi]]' gang members who wanted to quit the gang. Filled with fright and unable to handle staying in the house, the trio switch off their phones and leave for a different hostel in [[Tumkur]], where they manage to study peacefully.<br />
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Meanwhile, Ranga fears that the boys have been kidnapped or hurt and frantically searches for them. After seeing his desperate attempts to find them, Bibi finally decides to confess to Ranga, telling him that they only befriended him to keep away Kutty and his gang and how negatively he had impacted their life after that chance encounter. A now-heartbroken Ranga calls his gang to the house. The anxious trio, now fearing for their life, call Reddy and his gang in order to get rid of Ranga's presence in their life.<br />
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Reddy and his goons arrive before Ranga's gang; and Ranga realises that the boys had double-crossed him. Distraught at their betrayal, he breaks his mother's vow of non-violence and goes on a rampage, killing all of Reddy goons and Reddy himself. He then chases the boys across the house, threatening to kill them. By that time, Ranga's goons also arrive at the house, ready to kill the boys, but Ranga locks the house from inside. He starts to cry, saying that he kept the boys with him as no one had gotten close to him in his life unless they needed something like money or free booze from him. Realizing their mistake, they apologize to Ranga. He begrudgingly leaves them telling him that he and his gang are cutting ties with them and threatens them to pass the exams.<br />
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Aju and Bibi are unable to clear one paper, while Shanthan clears all his papers. They encounter Ranga (Ranga is now dressed in all black to showcase his new identity) and his gang outside the college who humorously punish Aju, Bibi and Shanthan stating Aju and Bibi's inability to pass their exams by running after them with sticks.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Ranjith Gangadharan alias "Ranga", a [[Malayali people|Malayali]]-[[Kannadiga]] gangster in [[Bengaluru]]<br />
* [[Sajin Gopu]] as Ambaan, Ranga's second in command <br />
* Hipzster as Ajas "Aju" Bhasi<br />
* Mithun Jai Sankar as Bibin "Bibi" Prakash<br />
* Roshan Shanavas as Shanthakumaran "Shanthan"<br />
* Midhutty as Kutty <br />
* Neeraja Rajendran as Bibi's mother<br />
* Thankam Mohan as Ranga's mother<br />
* [[Pooja Mohanraj]] as Beauty <br />
* Preeti Bhardwaj as Sweety <br />
* Pramod Veliyanad as Ranga's cousin<br />
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Executive Director of Engineering College<br />
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Reddy, a great [[Telugu people|Telugu]] gangster and Ranga's former boss <br />
* Sreejith Babu as Bala Krishnan "BK"<br />
* Krishna Kumar as Nanjappa, Ranga's aide<br />
* Freestyle Krishna as Bruce Lee, Ranga's aide <br />
* Himanshu as Jacky, Ranga's aide<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In March 2023, [[Jithu Madhavan]] announced his second film starring [[Fahadh Faasil]], who also co-produced the film through his production company [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]] with [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2023 |title=Fahadh Faasil, Jithu Madhavan, Nazriya Nazim, Sameer Thahir and Anwar Rasheed to collaborate on a new project. Read details here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-nazriya-nazim-sameer-thahir-and-anwar-rasheed-to-collaborate-on-a-new-project-read-details-here/articleshow/98517905.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406213143/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-nazriya-nazim-sameer-thahir-and-anwar-rasheed-to-collaborate-on-a-new-project-read-details-here/articleshow/98517905.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-04-06 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Star couple Fahadh, Nazriya team up for 'Romancham' director's next |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/03/09/fahadh-faasil-nazriya-jithu-madhavan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310114832/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/03/09/fahadh-faasil-nazriya-jithu-madhavan.html |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref> The film's title ''Aavesham'' was announced in May 2023. Madhavan wrote the script during early-December 2022 and completed within February 2023 during the period when his debut film ''[[Romancham]]'' (2022) was delayed from October 2022 to February 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title="'Aavesham' has no connections with 'Romancham'", says director Jithu Madhavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aavesham-has-no-connections-with-romancham-says-director-jithu-madhavan/articleshow/109163543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410201537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aavesham-has-no-connections-with-romancham-says-director-jithu-madhavan/articleshow/109163543.cms |archive-date=2024-04-10 |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Though it was reported that the film is a spin-off of ''Romancham'', Madhavan later clarified that ''Aavesham'' is a standalone film and has no connections with ''Romancham''.<ref name=":1" /> The technical crew consisted of [[Sushin Shyam]], [[Sameer Thahir]], [[Vivek Harshan]] and Ashwini Kale as music composer, cinematographer, editor and production designer respectively.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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=== Casting ===<br />
Fahadh plays the role of Ranga, a [[Bangalore]]-based gangster;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranga in 'Aavesham' is not a spin-off of Chemban Vinod's character in 'Romancham', clarifies director |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/10/aavesham-malayalam-movie-fahadh-faasil-character-romancham-chemban-vinod.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410101626/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/10/aavesham-malayalam-movie-fahadh-faasil-character-romancham-chemban-vinod.html |archive-date=2024-04-10 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref> He was featured in a thick handlebar moustache and an all-white attire in a leaked picture from the film's production in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fahadh Faasil's gritty look in Aavesham revealed, is this why he didn't promote Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fahadh-faasils-gritty-look-in-aavesham-revealed-is-this-why-he-didnt-promote-pachuvum-athbutha-vilakkum/5a3039dda5362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608051253/https://www.ottplay.com/news/fahadh-faasils-gritty-look-in-aavesham-revealed-is-this-why-he-didnt-promote-pachuvum-athbutha-vilakkum/5a3039dda5362 |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh]] attributed that he had not explored such characters before, which led to him agreeing to the story, adding that "Jithu [Madhavan] gave me a very clear understanding of who Ranga would be. However, we finalised the look and attire after we started filming for the movie."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Those who didn't like Romancham will surely like 'Aavesham': Jithu Madhavan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/10/aavesham-malayalam-movie-jithu-madhavan-fahadh-faasil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410101257/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/10/aavesham-malayalam-movie-jithu-madhavan-fahadh-faasil.html |archive-date=2024-04-10 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref> Compared to his previous films, Fahadh's character would be loud in the film and would speak in a mixture of [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]], resembling how gangsters from the city would speak.<ref name=":2" /> [[Sajin Gopu]], who previously acted in ''Romancham'' was assigned an important role in the film, with [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] in supporting roles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title='Aavesham' teaser: Fahadh Faasil, Jithu Madhavan promise a wacky ride |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aavesham-teaser-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-promise-a-wacky-ride/article67779459.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228090020/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aavesham-teaser-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-promise-a-wacky-ride/article67779459.ece |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film also featured newcomers including Pranav Raj – Hipzster, Mithun Jai Shankar, Roshan Shanavas and Midhutty.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] commenced in [[Bangalore]] on the same date as the announcement.<ref name=":0" /> The film was shot extensively in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] and its outskirts and production completed in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil's 'Aavesham' to come out in theatres in April 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasils-aavesham-to-come-out-in-theatres-in-april-2024/article67644626.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218212635/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasils-aavesham-to-come-out-in-theatres-in-april-2024/article67644626.ece |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Costumes ===<br />
[[Mashar Hamsa]] served as the film's [[costume designer]]. Throughout the film, Fahad's character Ranga appears in an all-white attire wearing gold chains, except for the climactic portions where Fahadh would appear in an all-black attire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fahadh Faasil transforms into rowdy leader for Jithu Madhavan's 'Aavesham' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/26/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-new-movie-aavesham.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424163810/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/26/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-new-movie-aavesham.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Ranga's younger version sports a trimmed deep fade hairstyle and wears a [[windbreaker]], which resembles [[Dali Benssalah]]'s look from the [[music video]] of the French musical duo [[The Blaze (band)|The Blaze]]'s single "Territory" (2017) and also British boxer [[Naseem Hamed]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young 'Ranga' in 'Aavesham' looks inspired by these cultural icons. Will it get a spinoff? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/24/fahadh-faasil-character-young-ranga-aavesham-inspiration-the-blaze-prince-naseem-hamed.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424163808/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/24/fahadh-faasil-character-young-ranga-aavesham-inspiration-the-blaze-prince-naseem-hamed.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Aavesham (soundtrack)}}<br />
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Sushin Shyam]] with lyrics written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] and featured nine songs performed by independent artists.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Aavesham {{ndash}} Sushin Shyam explains why he has high hopes for the Fahadh Faasil-starrer, just like Manjummel Boys |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aavesham-sushin-shyam-explains-why-he-has-high-hopes-for-the-fahadh-faasil-starrer-just-like-manjummel-boys/526b106108890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412023533/https://www.ottplay.com/news/aavesham-sushin-shyam-explains-why-he-has-high-hopes-for-the-fahadh-faasil-starrer-just-like-manjummel-boys/526b106108890 |archive-date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by [[Think Music]] on 19 April 2024 after being preceded by four singles: "Jaada", "Galatta", "[[Illuminati (2024 song)|Illuminati]]" and "Mathapithakkale".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shyam |first=Sushin |author-link=Sushin Shyam |date=19 April 2024 |title=Aavesham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/aavesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1742153570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419180420/https://music.apple.com/us/album/aavesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1742153570 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=[[Think Music]] |via=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Aavesham'' was theatrically released on 11 April 2024, during the [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Vishu]] weekend.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil confirms Aavesham release date with explosive new poster. See here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-confirms-aavesham-release-date-with-explosive-new-poster-see-here-9208485/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317032235/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-confirms-aavesham-release-date-with-explosive-new-poster-see-here-9208485/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2024 |title=It's official! Fahadh Faasil's 'Aavesham' to hit the big screens on April 11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-official-fahadh-faasils-aavesham-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-april-11/articleshow/108400322.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327111804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-official-fahadh-faasils-aavesham-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-april-11/articleshow/108400322.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Times of India }}</ref> It was earlier scheduled for theatrical release during the [[Onam]] (25 August 2023) and [[Christmas]] weekends (22 December 2023),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=1 June 2023 |title=Fahadh Faasil-Jithu Madhavan film pulls out of Onam race? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jun/01/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-film-pulls-out-of-onam-race-44143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608140345/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jun/01/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-film-pulls-out-of-onam-race-44143.html |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but Fahadh in July 2023 announced that the film will be released during the first quarter of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fahadh Faasil shares release plans of Aavesham and Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fahadh-faasil-shares-release-plans-of-aavesham-and-odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira/218559b9a2490 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064407/https://www.ottplay.com/news/fahadh-faasil-shares-release-plans-of-aavesham-and-odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira/218559b9a2490 |archive-date=2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Its current release date was announced in December.<ref name=":4" /> The film will be distributed by A&A Release across India, while Phars Film acquiring the overseas theatrical rights.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
''Aavesham'' was listed as one of the "most anticipated Malayalam films of 2024" by several publications and industry sources.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 'Aadujeevitham' to 'Malaikottai Vaaliban': Malayalam's 2024 film lineup promises exciting adventures |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/01/new-malayalam-movie-releases-2024-lineup-mollywood.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203222220/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/01/new-malayalam-movie-releases-2024-lineup-mollywood.html |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-01-04 |title=Malayalam films to look forward to in 2024: 'Aattam' and 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' to 'Bramayugam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-films-to-look-forward-to-in-2024-aattam-and-malaikottai-vaaliban-to-bramayugam/article67704749.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113094436/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-films-to-look-forward-to-in-2024-aattam-and-malaikottai-vaaliban-to-bramayugam/article67704749.ece |archive-date=2024-01-13 |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=Bazooka to Malaikottai Vaaliban, Hugely Awaited Mollywood Movies |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/051023/most-awaited-big-ticket-malayalam-movies-in-2023-2024.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112182633/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/051023/most-awaited-big-ticket-malayalam-movies-in-2023-2024.html |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Year Ender 2023: Abraham Ozler To Barroz, Highly Anticipated Malayalam Films Of 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/year-ender-2023-abraham-ozler-to-barroz-highly-anticipated-malayalam-films-of-2024-8721867.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229134536/https://www.news18.com/movies/year-ender-2023-abraham-ozler-to-barroz-highly-anticipated-malayalam-films-of-2024-8721867.html |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=Mammootty's 'Turbo' to Jayasurya's 'Kathanar', Mollywood gears up for sensational 2024! |url=https://www.theweek.in/web-stories/entertainment/2024/01/01/mammootty-turbo-to-jayasurya-s-kathanar-mollywood-gears-up-for-sensational-2024-best-malayalam-movie-releases-slated-for-release-this-year.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152316/https://www.theweek.in/web-stories/entertainment/2024/01/01/mammootty-turbo-to-jayasurya-s-kathanar-mollywood-gears-up-for-sensational-2024-best-malayalam-movie-releases-slated-for-release-this-year.html |archive-date=2024-01-01 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Malaikottai Valiban, Bramayugam & more: 12 most anticipated Malayalam films of 2024 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/malaikottai-valiban-bramayugam-more-12-most-anticipated-malayalam-films-of-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024751/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/malaikottai-valiban-bramayugam-more-12-most-anticipated-malayalam-films-of-2024 |archive-date=2024-01-26 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>}} In comparison with ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' and ''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]'' which released on the same weekend, the film garnered {{INRConvert|78|l}} from the ticket pre-sales which opened three days prior to its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' pre-release buzz peaks with record-breaking advance bookings |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/09/aavesham-pre-release-booking-records-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409130411/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/09/aavesham-pre-release-booking-records-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan.html |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> More than 50,000 admissions from Kerala theatres were recorded from 567 tracked shows.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title='Aavesham' generates impressive pre-sales of Rs 78 lakhs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aavesham-generates-impressive-pre-sales-of-rs-78-lakhs/articleshow/109159512.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410201544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aavesham-generates-impressive-pre-sales-of-rs-78-lakhs/articleshow/109159512.cms |archive-date=2024-04-10 |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film, along with several other Malayalam films, were not released at [[PVR INOX]] multiplex chains across India in response to a dispute between the [[Film Employees Federation of Kerala]] and the authorities of PVR INOX management over [[Virtual Print Fee]], as well as the federation's plans on distributing films through their newly established content providing service over [[Qube Cinema Technologies]], the primary content provider for PVR INOX theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Anish |date=12 April 2024 |title=Explained: Why PVR-INOX has stopped screening Malayalam films across India? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pvr-inox-stops-screening-malayalam-films-over-feud-with-producers-association-2526353-2024-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414142206/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pvr-inox-stops-screening-malayalam-films-over-feud-with-producers-association-2526353-2024-04-12 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=PVR-INOX stops screening Malayalam films including Varshangalkku Shesham, Aavesham and Aadujeevitham across India. Here's why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/pvr-inox-stops-screening-malayalam-films-heres-why-9264529/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415172057/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/pvr-inox-stops-screening-malayalam-films-heres-why-9264529/ |archive-date=2024-04-15 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the ban was lifted on 13 April and the film was released in the multiplex chains the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2024 |title=Crisis ends, PVR to screen Malayalam films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pvr-inox-resumes-screening-of-malayalam-movies-following-temporary-truce/article68062168.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413154036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pvr-inox-resumes-screening-of-malayalam-movies-following-temporary-truce/article68062168.ece |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><br />
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Prior to the film's release, the film garnered [[U/A certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) with the duration of the final edit being 157 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aavesham gets a U/A certificate from censor board; no official trailer for Fahadh Faasil's film? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aavesham-bags-a-u-a-certificate-from-censor-board-no-official-trailer-for-fahadh-faasils-film/0edc4c19a4208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411065733/https://www.ottplay.com/news/aavesham-bags-a-u-a-certificate-from-censor-board-no-official-trailer-for-fahadh-faasils-film/0edc4c19a4208 |archive-date=2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> A scene from the film's second half was removed prior to the theatrical showcasing in [[Kuwait]], owing to the recommendation of the censor board.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=A scene cut from 'Aavesham' for Kuwait release, says Jithu Madhavan |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jithu-madhavan-on-aavesham-movie-release-in-kuwait-1.9477404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411070033/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jithu-madhavan-on-aavesham-movie-release-in-kuwait-1.9477404 |archive-date=2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and was premiered on 9 May 2024.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=12 April 2024 |title=Fahadh Fazil's Aavesham Takes Theatres by Storm with Positive Buzz, OTT Rights Secured by Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/fahadh-fazils-aavesham-takes-theatres-by-storm-with-positive-buzz-ott-rights-secured-by-amazon-prime-video-872067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415142057/https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/fahadh-fazils-aavesham-takes-theatres-by-storm-with-positive-buzz-ott-rights-secured-by-amazon-prime-video-872067 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2024 |title=Aavesham OTT release date: How to watch Fahadh Faasil's blockbuster Malayalam movie online |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/aavesham-ott-release-date-how-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-s-blockbuster-malayalam-movie-online-11715059742502.html |website=The Mint |date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507055652/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/aavesham-ott-release-date-how-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-s-blockbuster-malayalam-movie-online-11715059742502.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi version of the film was released in [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 20 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Aavesham Hindi OTT release date: When and where to watch Fahadh Faasil's film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/aavesham-hindi-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-film-hotstar-636831.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Marketing ===<br />
A promotional event was held at the [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] on 26 March 2024 with the presence of Fahadh, Madhavan and Shyam, along with the principal cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Fahadh Faasil dances with college students at 'Aavesham' promotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-dances-with-college-students-at-aavesham-promotions-2520039-2024-03-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328011512/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-dances-with-college-students-at-aavesham-promotions-2520039-2024-03-27 |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=India Today |date=27 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=Fahadh Faasil dances with abandon at college event during Aavesham promotions. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-dances-with-abandon-aavesham-promotions-watch-9236670/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328090452/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-dances-with-abandon-aavesham-promotions-watch-9236670/ |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Aavesham'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Aavesham Twitter Review: Is Fahadh Faasil's action comedy worth watching in theaters? Find out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aavesham-twitter-review-is-fahadh-faasils-action-comedy-worth-watching-in-theaters-find-out-1294574 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411115200/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aavesham-twitter-review-is-fahadh-faasils-action-comedy-worth-watching-in-theaters-find-out-1294574 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aavesham Twitter review: Fahadh Faasil's fun entertainer is everything a festival release should be, say FDFS viewers |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aavesham-twitter-review-fahadh-faasils-fun-entertainer-is-everything-a-festival-release-should-be-say-fdfs-viewers/887e131139306 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412023427/https://www.ottplay.com/news/aavesham-twitter-review-fahadh-faasils-fun-entertainer-is-everything-a-festival-release-should-be-say-fdfs-viewers/887e131139306 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
Goutham S of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''Aavesham'' is ideally one of those movies that you could enjoy in theaters if you love a comedy film with a wild ride happening. The show is definitely run by Fahadh Faasil who is all set to entertain you with a great array of actors supporting him."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Aavesham Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil unleashes a storm with unhinged performance in this comedy flick |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-unleashes-a-storm-with-unhinged-performance-in-this-comedy-flick-1294543 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411102134/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-unleashes-a-storm-with-unhinged-performance-in-this-comedy-flick-1294543 |url-status=live}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Jithu Madhavan's gangster comedy is arguably Fahadh Faasil's first all-encompassing masala film and the actor unabashedly uses it to silence all the criticisms against him that he can't handle mass characters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Aavesham movie review: Fahadh Faasil delivers 'verithanam' performance in this all-encompassing comedy masala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-delivers-verithanam-performance-9262849/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412023358/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-delivers-verithanam-performance-9262849/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Apart from scripting superb side characters, Jithu Madhavan has crafted the comic timing of his dialogues well."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aavesham Movie Review : Fahadh & Sajin Gopu excels in goofball gangster film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aavesham/movie-review/109220919.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412023411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aavesham/movie-review/109220919.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Aavesham'' is truly an enjoyable affair with brilliantly choreographed action sequences and comedy sequences. If you're a fan of Fahadh Faasil, then ''Aavesham'' will prove why you became his fan in the first place."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' Review: Fahadh Faasil hits it out of the park in Jithu Madhavan film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aavesham-review-fahadh-faasil-hits-it-out-of-the-park-jithu-madhavan-film-2526040-2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=India Today |date=11 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411163355/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aavesham-review-fahadh-faasil-hits-it-out-of-the-park-jithu-madhavan-film-2526040-2024-04-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The film maintains a celebratory mood from beginning to end, catering primarily to a youthful audience."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' review: This Fahadh Faasil movie is a fun ride |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/04/11/aavesham-review-this-fahadh-faasil-movie-wont-disappoint.html |website=The Week |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610063415/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/04/11/aavesham-review-this-fahadh-faasil-movie-wont-disappoint.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated 3/5 stars and applauded "''Aavesham'' is smooth in its storytelling and leaves a chilling aftertaste, thanks to its one-of-a-kind anti-hero."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aavesham Review: Fahadh Faasil Is The Picasso Of Malayalam Cinema |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/aavesham-review/20240412.htm |date=12 April 2024 |website=Rediff |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413230615/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/aavesham-review/20240412.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' termed it as "the perfect choice if you're seeking laughter and entertainment in equal measure."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham': Fahadh Faasil reigns supreme as 'Ranga' in Jithu Madhavan's comedy-entertainer {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/04/11/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-malayalam.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.onmanorama.com |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412023411/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/04/11/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-malayalam.html |url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''[[Romancham]]'' director Jithu Madhavan returns with his sophomore effort, that is held afloat by Fahadh Faasil running riot in one of his most colourful characters."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' movie review: Fahadh Faasil's uninhibited act carries this thinly-plotted film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-uninhibited-act-carries-this-thinly-plotted-film/article68055683.ece |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=onmanorama.com |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412023411/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-uninhibited-act-carries-this-thinly-plotted-film/article68055683.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
On the opening day of its release, the film grossed ₹3.9 crore in Kerala, gaining the first spot between concurrent releases ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham|Varshangalku Shesham]]'' and [[Jai Ganesh (film)|''Jai Ganesh'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=What is happening to 'Jai Ganesh'? Who won the Vishu Day? Goat life not falling in front of opponents |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/vishu-day-kerala-box-office-collection-aavesham-varshangalkku-shesham-jai-ganesh-sbyy2k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415140755/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/vishu-day-kerala-box-office-collection-aavesham-varshangalkku-shesham-jai-ganesh-sbyy2k |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> The film's ticket sales were further boosted by its positive word of mouth,<ref name=":5" /> which helped it to earn a total of ₹18.75 crore in India with a total worldwide collection of ₹40.50 crore gross in 4 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |date=15 April 2024 |title=Aavesham and Varshangalkku Shesham Box Office: Vishu releases continue the glory streak of Mollywood; Read on |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-and-varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-vishu-releases-continue-the-glory-streak-of-mollywood-read-on-1295693 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415123607/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-and-varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-vishu-releases-continue-the-glory-streak-of-mollywood-read-on-1295693 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=PinkVilla |language=en}}</ref> As of 19 April 2024, the film has grossed ₹65 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aavesham box office collection: Fahadh Faasil starrer blockbuster grosses Rs 65 crore worldwide in first week |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collection-fahadh-faasil-starrer-blockbuster-grosses-65-crore-worldwide-in-first-week-1297102 |website=PinkVilla |date=19 April 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419102443/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collection-fahadh-faasil-starrer-blockbuster-grosses-65-crore-worldwide-in-first-week-1297102 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 24 April 2024, the film grossed ₹59.50 crore at the Indian box office, ₹40.75 crore (USD 4.89 million) from overseas, giving it a worldwide gross of ₹100.25 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Aavesham box office collections: Fahadh Faasil starrer Tops 100Cr Worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collections-fahadh-faasil-starrer-tops-100cr-worldwide-seventh-malayalam-film-to-do-so-1298754?amp |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> By 13 May 2024, the film has grossed ₹54 crore (USD 6.50 million) from overseas for a worldwide gross of around ₹154.60 crore and ₹100.60 crore from India and has become only the third Malayalam film ever to gross more than ₹100 crore in India. The two films preceding it were ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' and ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Aavesham box office collections: 3rd Malayalam film to Gross 100Cr in India |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collections-fahadh-faasil-starrer-becomes-third-malayalam-film-to-top-100cr-in-india-1305172?amp |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> It concluded its run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹156 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Mollywood movies at worldwide box office; Manjummel Boys emerges victorious |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-ender-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-mollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362638 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award <br />
! Category<br />
! Recipient(s)<br />
! Result<br />
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| [[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]<br />
| Entertainer of the Year – Film<br />
| [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nazriya Nazim]] and [[Anwar Rasheed]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html|access-date=16 September 2024|work=Manorama}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
A sequel titled ''Aavesham 2'' was confirmed by [[Sajin Gopu]] and is currently under development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Blockbuster Mollywood: Malayalam Cinema soars higher in Crore Club |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-cinema-box-office-boom-2024-1.10269647 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt26660021}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhilwadi_Wangi_Assembly_constituency&diff=491152Bhilwadi Wangi Assembly constituency2026-04-28T01:20:18Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bhilwadi Wangi<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = <br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| established = 1978<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bhilwadi Wangi''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. It was a segment of [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhilwadi Wangi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/BhilwadiWangi-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Bhilwadi Wangi seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it was succeeded by [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency]] seat in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sampatrao Annasaheb Chavan Deshmukh <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Patangrao Kadam]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Sampatrao Annasaheb Chavan Deshmukh <br />
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|1996^<br />
|[[Prithviraj Deshmukh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Patangrao Kadam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2009 onwards : See [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2004=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Patangrao Kadam|Dr. Patangrao Shripatrao Kadam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 121,941 |percentage = 77.60% |change={{increase}}21.78 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Prithviraj Sampatrao Chavan Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,041 |percentage = 12.75% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Pandurang Patil |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 10,477 |percentage = 6.67% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lote Gautam Gulab |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,541 |percentage = 1.62% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Jagannath Rawal(Vaghale) |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,141 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 101,900 |percentage = 64.85% |change= {{increase}}52.32 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,167 |percentage = 75.41% |change= {{decrease}}8.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,141}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,429|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.03 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.78 }} <br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1999=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Patangrao Kadam|Dr. Patangrao Shripatrao Kadam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 79,466 |percentage = 55.82% |change={{increase}}7.81 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[ Prithviraj Deshmukh|Pruthviraj Sayajirao Deshmukh]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,637 |percentage = 43.29% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Shankar Dnyandeo |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,829 |percentage = 12.52% |change= {{increase}}9.44 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,707 |percentage = 84.03% |change= {{increase}}0.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,367}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,213|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.56 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.72 }} <br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly By-election 1996=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - 1996 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prithviraj Deshmukh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 72,526 |percentage = 51.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Patangrao Kadam|Dr. Patangrao Shripatrao Kadam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 68,146 |percentage = 48.01% |change={{increase}}2.71 }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,380 |percentage = 3.09% |change= {{decrease}}2.05 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,040 |percentage = 84.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,937}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,568|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.26 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}0.66 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1995=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Sampatrao Vyankatrao Chavan Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 71,296 |percentage = 50.44% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Patangrao Shripatrao Kadam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 64,031 |percentage = 45.30% |change={{decrease}}9.88 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shivaji Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,808 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Suresh Maruti |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hoval Ashok Vithoba |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,104 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,265 |percentage = 5.14% |change= {{decrease}}7.60 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,307 |percentage = 86.42% |change= {{increase}}10.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,354}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,820|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.57 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.74 }} <br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1990=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Patangrao Kadam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 64,665 |percentage = 55.17% |change={{increase}}21.77 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lad Ganpati Dada |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 49,738 |percentage = 42.44% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Suresh Maruti |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,927 |percentage = 12.74% |change= {{decrease}}17.16 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,143 |percentage = 75.86% |change= {{decrease}}3.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,201}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,066|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.41 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}8.13 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1985=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Patangrao Kadam]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 63,865 |percentage = 63.30% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Annasaheb Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,700 |percentage = 33.40% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Sampatrao Govindrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,876 |percentage = 1.86% |change={{decrease}}6.81 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baban Alias Shripati Baburao Aute |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,146 |percentage = 1.14% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,165 |percentage = 29.90% |change= {{increase}}29.79 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,188 |percentage = 78.99% |change= {{increase}}10.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,886}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,370|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.79 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}20.67 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1980=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Annasaheb Chavan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,476 |percentage = 42.64% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Patangrao Kadam]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,390 |percentage = 42.53% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Bhimrao Ramchandra |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,809 |percentage = 8.67% |change={{decrease}}16.68 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Shankarrao Keshavrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 4,836 |percentage = 6.16% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 86 |percentage = 0.11% |change= {{decrease}}26.72 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,182 |percentage = 68.67% |change= {{decrease}}10.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,511}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,768|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.61 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.55 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1978=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhilwadi Wangi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Annasaheb Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,419 |percentage = 52.19% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lad Ganpati Dada |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 21,097 |percentage = 25.36% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Lalasaheb Bhanudas |party=Janata Party |votes = 17,494 |percentage = 21.03% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swant Keshav Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,192 |percentage = 1.43% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,322 |percentage = 26.83% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,012 |percentage = 79.07% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,202}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,511|ref = |change= }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coords|19.020|72.843|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhilwadi Wangi Assembly constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Sangli district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Faldessai&diff=528592Rajesh Faldessai2026-04-27T16:09:44Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rajesh Faldessai<br />
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|9|18|df=y}}<br />
| education = [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] (2014)<br />
| image = Rajesh Faldessai.png<br />
| caption = Faldessai in 2024<br />
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]<br />
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] (2022–present)<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br/>(2021–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/cumbarjua-social-activist-rajesh-faldesai-joins-congress/18582.html|title=CUMBARJUA SOCIAL ACTIVIST RAJESH FALDESAI JOINS CONGRESS|website=www.prudentmedia.in}}</ref><br />
| spouse = Rima Faldessai<br />
| term_start = 10 March 2022<br />
| constituency = [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|merchant<ref>{{Cite web |title=If Goa's mining loot story had a face, it would be Rajesh Faldessai's |url=https://www.thegoan.net//if-goas-mining-loot-story-had-a-face-it-would-be-rajesh-faldessais/162.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>|social activist}}<br />
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/faldessairajesh}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajesh Faldessai''' (born 18 September 1976), is an Indian politician, merchant, and [[social activist]] who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency]]. Faldessai successfully contested on the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. He defeated Janita Pandurang Madkaikar, wife of politician, [[Pandurang Madkaikar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 2827 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] soon after in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Setback to Congress in Goa, 8 Party MLAs join BJP including Digambar Kamat and Michael Lobo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blow-for-congress-in-goa-ex-cm-kamat-7-others-likely-to-join-bjp/articleshow/94191835.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=14 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early and personal life==<br />
Rajesh Faldessai was born on 18 September 1976 in [[Goa]], India to Kushali Faldessai. He completed his [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] in Arts from Council of Open Schooling, [[Haryana]] in 2014. Faldessai is married to Rima Rajesh Faldessai, director of two companies. As of 2022, he resides in [[Quepem]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Setback to Congress in Goa, 8 Party MLAs join BJP including Digambar Kamat and Michael Lobo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blow-for-congress-in-goa-ex-cm-kamat-7-others-likely-to-join-bjp/articleshow/94191835.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=14 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faldessai, Rajesh}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]<br />
<br />
{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}<br />
{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akil_Kureshi&diff=485294Akil Kureshi2026-04-23T04:57:24Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up New Details...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|38th Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| birth_name = Akil Abdul Hamid Kureshi<br />
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|38th Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]<br />
| term_start = 12 October 2021<br />
| term_end = 6 March 2022<br />
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]<br />
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Indrajit Mahanty]]<br />
| successor = {{ubl|[[Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde|S. S. Shinde]]|[[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava|M. M. Shrivastava]] ''(acting)''}}<br />
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|5th Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]]<br />
| term_start1 = 16 November 2019<br />
| term_end1 = 11 October 2021<br />
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]<br />
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Karol]]|[[Subhasis Talapatra]] ''(acting)''}}<br />
| successor1 = [[Indrajit Mahanty]]<br />
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]<br />
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| nominator2 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]<br />
| term_start2 = 14 November 2018<br />
| term_end2 = 15 November 2019<br />
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]<br />
| nominator3 = [[V. N. Khare]]<br />
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br />
| term_start3 = 7 March 2004<br />
| term_end3 = 13 November 2018<br />
| status4 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]]<br />
| appointer4 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2 November 2018<br />
| term_end4 = 13 November 2018<br />
| predecessor4 = [[R. Subhash Reddy]]<br />
| successor4 = {{ubl|[[Vikram Nath]]|[[Anantkumar Surendraray Dave|A. S. Dave]] ''(acting)''}}<br />
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|03|07|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| image = Akil Kureshi.jpg<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Mathematics|B.Sc. (Mathematics)]] and [[LL.B]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akil Abdul Hamid Kureshi''' (born 7 March 1960) is an Indian retired judge. He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan High Court |url=https://hcraj.nic.in/hcraj/akil-kureshi.php |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=hcraj.nic.in}}</ref> and [[Tripura High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://thc.nic.in/CJprofile.html|title= HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE AKIL KURESHI|publisher= High Court of Tripura|access-date= 11 October 2021}}</ref> He has also served as a [[judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]] and [[Gujarat High Court]], and as an [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of the latter.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Justice Kureshi passed [[Bachelor of Mathematics|B.Sc. (Mathematics)]] in 1980 and [[LL.B]]. in 1983. He joined the Bar and started his legal practice in the Gujarat High Court from July 1983. He was appointed the Additional Central Government Standing Counsel from March 1992 to March 1998 and the Additional Counsel for the Income-tax Department in January 2000 where he represented [[Government of Gujarat|Income Tax Department]] in the Gujarat High Court up to December 2001. He was appointed an additional judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]] on 7 March 2004 and became a permanent judge on 12 August 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/centre-appoints-justice-akil-kureshi-chief-justice-rajasthan-high-court-183483|title= Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice Akil Kureshi As The Chief Justice Of Rajasthan High Court|last= Upadhyay |first= Sparsh| date= 9 October 2021|publisher= LiveLaw |access-date= 11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/justice-akil-kureshi-takes-oath-as-the-new-chief-justice-of-rajasthan-high-court/article36958981.ece |title=Justice Akil Kureshi takes oath as the new Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |date=12 October 2021 |publisher= The Hindu |access-date= 23 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kureshi was appointed Acting Chief Justice of the High Court of Gujarat on 2 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AK |first=Aditya |date=2018-11-02 |title=Now, Centre appoints Akil Kureshi J as Acting Chief Justice of Gujarat HC |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/now-centre-appoints-akil-kureshi-j-as-acting-chief-justice-of-gujarat-hc |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> He was transferred to the [[Bombay High Court]] on 14 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri. AKIL KURESHI|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTQxNCZwYWdlbm89MjE=|publisher=High Court of Bombay|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506130201/https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTQxNCZwYWdlbm89MjE= |archive-date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> He took oath as the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]] on 16 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking: Centre notifies appointment of Justice Akil Kureshi as Chief Justice of Tripura High Court|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-akil-kureshi-as-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 October 2021, he was appointed the Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]] and took oath on 12 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Akil Kureshi sworn in as Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/akil-kureshi-sworn-in-as-rajasthan-high-court-chief-justice/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Transfer%20Order%20of%20Shri%20Justice%20A%20A%20Kureshi%2C%20CJ%2C%20Tripura%20HC%20as%20CJ%20Rajasthan%20HC%20%2809.10.2021.pdf|title= Transfer Order of Shri Justice A A Kureshi, CJ, Tripura HC as CJ Rajasthan HC|date= 9 October 2021|publisher= Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice|access-date= 11 October 2021}}</ref> and retired on 7 March 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Paras Nath |date=2022-03-05 |title=As Chief Justice of Rajasthan HC, Akil Kureshi retires on Sunday, his non-elevation to the Supreme Court may well certify his independence |url=https://theleaflet.in/leaflet-specials/as-chief-justice-of-rajasthan-hc-akil-kureshi-retires-on-sunday-his-non-elevation-to-the-supreme-court-may-well-certify-his-independence |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref> without being elevated to [[Supreme Court of India]]. His non elevation to supreme court was matter of great debate as he was denied elevation inspite of year long tussle in supreme court collegium, whose member Justice [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]], blocked all collegium appointments<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leaflet |first=The |date=2021-07-03 |title=SC’s working strength comes down to 26 judges against sanctioned judge strength of 34; No Collegium recommendation since Aug 2019 |url=https://theleaflet.in/judicial-accountability/scs-working-strength-comes-down-to-26-judges-against-sanctioned-judge-strength-of-34-no-collegium-recommendation-since-aug-2019 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref> until his retirement in August 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-13 |title=Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman exit may give collegium space to discuss Supreme Court judge picks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/justice-rohinton-fali-nariman-exit-may-give-collegium-space-to-discuss-supreme-court-judge-picks/articleshow/85290075.cms |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> for want of Justice Kureshi's elevation to supreme court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-19 |title=Justice Kureshi, Who Sent Amit Shah to CBI Custody in 2010, Finds no Place in SC Collegium {{!}} NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/justice-kureshi-amit-shah-CBI-custody-2010-place-SC-collegium |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250207044616/https://www.newsclick.in/justice-kureshi-amit-shah-CBI-custody-2010-place-SC-collegium |archive-date=2025-02-07 |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kureshi, Akil}}<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Tripura High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Gujarat High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manamadurai_Bus_Terminal&diff=515661Manamadurai Bus Terminal2026-04-22T23:52:40Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Adding A Post W/ Infobox...</p>
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<div>{{short description|Bus Terminus in Manamadurai}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Manamadurai bus terminal <hr />{{small|Manamadurai bus stand}}<br />
| type = Integrated Bus Stand<br />
| style = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = Facade of the Manamadurai bus terminal<br />
| address = Madurai – Rameshwaram highway<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9439|N|78.1561|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = <br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Elevated<br />
| platform = 25 bays<br />
| depth = 50 cm<br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = <br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = Yes<br />
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2000}}<br />
| closed = No<br />
| rebuilt = Manamadurai New bus terminal<br />
| electrified = <br />
| code = MNM<br />
| owned = [[Manamadurai|Manamadurai Municipality]]<br />
| zone = TNSTC - KUMBAKONAM DIVISION <br />
TNSTC - MADURAI DIVISION<br />
TNSTC - KARAIKUDI DIVISION<br />
| former = Manamadurai bus stand<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = TNSETC sleeper and Semi-sleeper AC and Non-AC buses<br />
TN state Intercity Route buses<br />
Town buses, <br />
Urban and semi Urban Town buses, <br />
private and omni sleeper buses<br />
| map_locator = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Manamadurai Bus Stand is located in NH49 RAMESHWARAM - COCHIN INTERSTATE CORRIDOR HIGHWAY. It is well equipped with toilets, Food and juice stalls, Auto stand and it's only 500 metres away from the Manamadurai Junction.<br />
<br />
Since it is located in the holy pilgrimage route to Rameshwaram., This bus station is always seems to be crowded.<br />
<br />
==Traffic==<br />
<br />
[[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] operates Intercity Route buses regularly from [[Madurai]] [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai|M.G.R Mattuthavani Bus Terminus]] to [[Rameswaram]] via [[Manamadurai]]. Every ten minutes, a bus is available on both the directions. Its very convenient for Tourists visiting [[Rameswaram]] and also the local people from [[Paramakudi]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Manamadurai]] and [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|Thiruppuvanam]] find it very helpful. And many more Intercity buses are operated to [[Sivaganga|Sivagangai]], [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga|Tirupattur]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Pudukkottai|Pudukottai]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Kamuthi|Kamudhi]], [[Mudukulathur|Mudhukulathur]], [[Sayalgudi]], [[Erwadi|Ervadi Dargah]], [[Veeracholan]], [[Narikudi block|Narikkudi]], [[Tiruchuli|Thiruchuli]], [[Dindigul]], [[Theni]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Aruppukkottai|Aruppukottai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Pallapatti, Karur|Pallapatti]], [[Karur]], [[Erode]], [[Namakkal]] and [[Palani]]. Manamadurai bus terminus also handles Town buses from [[Sivaganga|Sivagangai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|Thirupuvanam]], [[Ilaiyangudi|Ilayankudi]], [[Thayamangalam]].<br />
<br />
The [[State Express Transport Corporation|SETC]] A/c and Non-a/c semi-sleeper and Sleeper buses are operated to [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Bangalore]]. Private [[Bus stop|Omni buses]] too offer Services from Manamadurai to Chennai.<br />
<br />
==History== <br />
<br />
Before 2000, The Manamadurai bus stand was located in the heart of the town in the western banks. All the buses should come through the busy and congested streets of Manamadurai through Anna Statue and Mandapam main road which is too narrow and simultaneously two bus cannot pass at a time. And the road seemed always jammed. Hence, during 1998, The Manamadurai Union Panchayat along with Tamilnadu Road Transport corporation decided to build an integrated new bus terminus on the bypass with high infrastructure. It took two years to build the bus stand with integrated shopping complex, two wheeler parking lot, toilets, hotels, juice stalls and attached with a petrol station. Finally, on 2000, the new bus terminus was opened and the old bus terminus was auctioned for marketing complex. Still, the Manamadurai folks differentiate them by saying "பழைய பஸ் ஸ்டாண்டு" (old bus stand), "புது பஸ் ஸ்டாண்டு" (new bus stand).<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
There have been a few critiques related to the station. There have been complaints about a lack of availability of [[potable]] drinking water, few amenities, and insufficient bathroom facilities.<ref name="amenities">{{cite news |last1=Narayani |first1=P. a |date=2 July 2019 |title=Big in size but short in amenities is this bus stand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/big-in-size-but-short-in-amenities-is-this-bus-stand/article28265026.ece |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> The lack of drinking water is an issue directly outside the station as well, affecting a nearby vegetable market.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Express News Service |title=Vegetable traders fear IT park to be built on land meant for market facility in Mattuthavani |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/sep/20/vegetable-traders-fear-it-park-to-be-built-onland-meant-for-market-facility-in-mattuthavani-2499928.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 September 2022}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The nearest [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] bus depot to Manamadurai bus stand is Manamadurai SIPCOT depot which itself a sub depot and not a prime depot which is operated by [[Karaikudi]] division of [[Kumbakonam]] zone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manamadurai bus depot closure? : Excitement caused by the spread of the website {{!}} மானாமதுரை பஸ் டெப்போ மூடல்? : வலைதள பரவலால் பரபரப்பு {{!}} Dinakaran |url=https://m.dinakaran.com/article/News_Detail/613356/amp |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=m.dinakaran.com}}</ref> Due to its operations as Subdepot, this Bus stand doesn't have dedicated long distance busses with origination from Manamadurai and always need to rely on adjacent depots of [[Sivaganga|Sivagangai]], [[Ramanathapuram|Ramnad]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Madurai]] and [[Kamudi block|Kamudhi]] for Local town and Moffusil Long distance services<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2021-07-03 |title=மானாமதுரையில் செயல்படாத அரசு போக்குவரத்து பணிமனை : ஆண்டுக்கு ரூ.30 லட்சம் வீணாவதாக புகார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/689181-.html |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>. Also due to the absence of a depot at Manamadurai, all bus services operated at Night mostly avoid picking and drop off passengers at Manamadurai despite being an important interchange transit place of [[Sivaganga district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினமலர் |title=மதுரையில் அரசு, தனியார் பஸ்களில் ஏற்ற மறுப்பு: அவதிக்குள்ளாகும் மானாமதுரை பயணிகள் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-sivagangai/manamadurai-passengers-face-hardships-after-being-denied-boarding-on-government-and-private-buses-in-madurai-/3800216 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=dinamalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titlagarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=541582Titlagarh Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:38:03Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting new details...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Titlagarh}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Titilagarh<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 69<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Northern Division<br />
| district = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = [[Nabin Kumar Jain]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,57,804{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Titilagarh''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Balangir district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=69|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317111233/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=69|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Titilagarh (69) District : Bolangir|accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref> After 2008 Delimitation, [[Saintala Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
This constituency includes [[Titlagarh]], Titilagarh block, Saintala block and Tentulikhunti (Gudvella) block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp106.htm|title= 106 - Titilagarh (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.3}}<br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.79}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.07}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.16}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.78}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|64.96}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|62.21}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|43.67}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.05}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|55.43}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.91}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.<br />
<br />
Elected members from the Titlagarh constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Titlagarh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/titlagarh.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 16 March 2014}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Titlagarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Titlagarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/titlagarh-constituency-result-18069 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Nabin Kumar Jain]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Tukuni Sahu]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
|Surendra Singh Bhoi<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |Jogendra Behera<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Purna Chandra Mahananda<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lalit Mohan Gandhi]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Tapi Jal<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Achyutananda Mahananda]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br />
|Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi<br />
|-<br />
||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br />
|Muralidhar Panda<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting was held on 20 May 2024 in the 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election and the 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was completed on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Nabin Kumar Jain]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Tukuni Sahu]] by a margin of 17,399 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
{{Election box begin <br />
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Titlagarh}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Nabin Kumar Jain]]<br />
|votes = 97,854 <br />
|percentage = 48.3<br />
|change = {{increase}}22.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Tukuni Sahu<br />
|votes = 80,455<br />
|percentage = 39.72<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Birendra Bag<br />
|votes = 18,097 <br />
|percentage = 8.93<br />
|change = {{decrease}}20.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,290<br />
|percentage = 1.13<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 17,399<br />
|percentage = 8.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 2,02,578 <br />
|percentage = 78.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Tukuni Sahu]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Surendra Singh Bhoi by a margin of 19,587 votes.<ref name="election2019" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Titlagarh<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Tukuni Sahu]] <br />
|votes = 73,172<br />
|percentage = 39.79<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Surendra Singh Bhoi <br />
|votes = 53,585<br />
|percentage = 29.14<br />
|change = {{decrease}}4.72<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Ashok Dora<br />
|votes = 47,341<br />
|percentage = 25.75<br />
|change = {{increase}}10.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,025<br />
|percentage = 1.10<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 19,587<br />
|percentage = 10.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,84,197 <br />
|percentage = 72.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Tukuni Sahu]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Surendra Singh Bhoi by a margin of 14,022 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title= Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014 |work= leadtech.in |accessdate= 29 May 2014 |archive-date= 18 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Titlagarh<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Titlagarh|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1869.htm?ac=69|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Titlagarh (69)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=69|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155822/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=69|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Tukuni Sahu]]<br />
|votes = 71,858<br />
|percentage = 42.07<br />
|change = {{increase}}6.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Surendra Singh Bhoi<br />
|votes = 57,836<br />
|percentage = 33.86<br />
|change = {{decrease}}5.3<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Thakur<br />
|votes = 25,617<br />
|percentage = 15.0<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,748<br />
|percentage = 1.02<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 14,022<br />
|percentage = 8.21<br />
|change = 4.93<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,70,823<br />
|percentage = 75.68<br />
|change = 2.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 2,25,713<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Surendra Singh Bhoi defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jogendra Behera by a margin of 4,838 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=4838}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Titlagarh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Surendra Singh Bhoi<br />
|votes = 57,753<br />
|percentage = 39.16<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Jogendra Behera<br />
|votes = 52,915<br />
|percentage = 35,88<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Santanu Kumar Naik<br />
|votes = 25,976<br />
|percentage = 17.61<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,838<br />
|percentage = 3.28{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,47,520<br />
|percentage = 73.13<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|swing = 8.02 {{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 65.11%}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Balangir district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}<br />
{{coord|20.29|83.15|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Balangir district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Thomas_(police_officer)&diff=465482Jacob Thomas (police officer)2026-03-29T04:48:33Z<p>ChristinTrickett: added page further and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Retired Indian Police Service officer (born 1960)}}<br />
{{About|the police officer|other people with a similar name|Jacob Thomas (disambiguation){{!}}Jacob Thomas}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox police officer<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Jacob Thomas<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| status = Director General of Police (Retd.)<br />
| department = [[Kerala Police]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|05|15|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kottayam, Kerala]], India<br />
| spouse = Daisy Jacob<br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| allegiance = [[Indian Police Service]]<br />
| service = <br />
| service_years = 34<br />
| rank = [[Director General of Police]] (Retired)<br />
| awards = {{Unbulleted_list| 2016&nbsp;Police Medal for Meritorious Service|2015&nbsp;[[Manorama News|Manorama News Newsmaker Award]]}}<br />
| memorials = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|St. George’s College, Aruvithura|[[Kerala Agricultural University|Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur]]|[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad]]}}<br />
| other_work = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
'''Jacob Thomas''' (born 15 May 1960) is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] officer, writer, researcher and a politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is popularly known as former Director of [[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala|Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau]] (VACB), [[Government of Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacob Thomas appointed as IMG Director|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jacob-thomas-appointed-img-director-vigilance-director-1.2026049|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> and a recipient of the Police Medal for Meritorious Service as well as the ''Newsmaker of the Year Award'' of [[Malayala Manorama]]. He retired on 31 May 2020, as the head of Shoranur Metal Industries and spent the last day in office by sleeping on the floor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DGP Jacob Thomas spends previous night of retirement in office|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dgp-jacob-thomas-spends-previous-night-of-retirement-in-office-1.4798613|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=On Last Day Of Service, Kerala IPS Officer Jacob Thomas Slept On His Office Floor|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/on-last-day-of-service-kerala-ips-officer-jacob-thomas-slept-on-his-office-floor-514577.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref> His 34-year police career attracted several controversies such as undisclosed property of over 50 acres in Tamil Nadu,<ref name="Mar 14">{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 14, 2017 |title=Jacob Thomas has not disclosed 50 acres in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/jacob-thomas-has-not-disclosed-50-acres-in-tn/articleshow/57621695.cms |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> encroached forest land of 151 acres in the name of his wife in Kodagu, Karnataka<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-02 |title=K'taka asks Kerala IPS officer Jacob Thomas' wife to leave 'encroached forest land' in Coorg |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ktaka-asks-kerala-ips-officer-jacob-thomas-wife-leave-encroached-forest-land-coorg-52262 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> among many others.He is an active member of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Born on 15 May 1960 at [[Teekoy]], a village in [[Kottayam district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], Jacob Thomas did his schooling at St. Mary's High School in Teekoy after which he completed the pre-degree course at St. George's College Aruvithura before graduating in BSc Agricultural from KAU. Subsequently, he secured PG and PhD degrees from [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi]]. Later, obtained a second PhD in human resources development. He also earned a postgraduate diploma in ''Environment and Sustainable Development''. In 1984, he passed the [[Civil Services Exam]] to be inducted into the service in 1985.<ref name="Now in favour, now out, Kerala cop Jacob Thomas who often takes on high-ups">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-vigilance-anti-corruption-bureau-ips-officer-jacob-thomas-3732940/ |title=Now in favour, now out, Kerala cop Jacob Thomas who often takes on high-ups |date=2016-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jacob Thomas is married to Daisy.<ref name="K'taka asks Kerala IPS officer Jacob Thomas' wife to leave">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ktaka-asks-kerala-ips-officer-jacob-thomas-wife-leave-encroached-forest-land-coorg-52262 |title=K'taka asks Kerala IPS officer Jacob Thomas' wife to leave |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=2 November 2016 |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Thomas started his police service in 1987 as an [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]], his initial postings were at [[Thodupuzha]] and [[Kasaragod]] and in 1989, he was promoted as the [[Superintendent of Police]] at the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]], a post he held until 1991 when he was appointed as the managing director of the Plantation Corporation of Kerala Limited.<ref name="Achievements - Dr.Jacob Thomas IPS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jacobthomasips.com/achievements/ |title=Achievements - Dr.Jacob Thomas IPS |date=2019-03-22 |website=www.jacobthomasips.com |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321150422/http://www.jacobthomasips.com/achievements/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> His next posting was at the Kerala State Horticulture Products Development Corporation (Horticorp), as its managing director in 1993.<ref name="Officials – Horticorp">{{Cite web |url=http://horticorp.org/office-bearers/ |title=Officials – Horticorp |date=2019-03-22 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322065010/http://horticorp.org/office-bearers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He went back to police service in 1997 as the Commissioner of Police of [[Kochi]]<ref name="Former Chiefs">{{Cite web |url=https://kochicity.keralapolice.gov.in/kochi-city-police/history/former-chiefs |title=Former Chiefs |date=2019-03-22 |website=Kochi City Police |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> and returned to the Crime Investigation Department as a [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG) in 1998 but his tenure there was short as he was moved to the [[Kerala Women's Commission]] as its director the next year. He held the post for almost five years before moving to the Motor Vehicles Department of the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2003 as the Joint Transport Commissioner.<ref name="List of Joint Transport Commissioners/Additional Transport Commissioners">{{Cite web |url=https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/additional-commissioner |title=List of Joint Transport Commissioners/Additional Transport Commissioners |date=2019-03-22 |website=Motor Vehicles Department |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322071236/https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/additional-commissioner |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The next posting of Thomas was as the Chief Investigation Officer of the [[Kerala State Human Rights Commission]] in 2003, followed by postings as the senior advisor of administration at the [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]], in 2004 and as the chairman and managing director of the [[Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation]], the same year.<ref name="Now in favour, now out, Kerala cop Jacob Thomas who often takes on high-ups" /> He became the chairman of the board of directors of the [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]],<ref name="Court to consider plea against Jacob Thomas on January 19">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Court-to-consider-plea-against-Jacob-Thomas-on-January-19/article17029799.ece |title=Court to consider plea against Jacob Thomas on January 19 |author=Staff Reporter |date=2017-01-12 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> simultaneously serving as a member of the board of governors of [[Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering]], as a member of the board of directors of the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] and as the managing director of the Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation<ref name="Kerala Vigilance chief Jacob Thomas gets clean chit">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-vigilance-chief-jacob-thomas-gets-clean-chit-hc-rules-out-cbi-enquiry-54014 |title=Kerala Vigilance chief Jacob Thomas gets clean chit |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> during the period until 2010 when he was appointed as the managing director of the [[Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation]].<ref name="Achievements - Dr.Jacob Thomas IPS" /><ref name="11th Quarterly Lecture by Dr. Jacob Thomas IPS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cppr.in/programs/11th-quarterly-lecture-by-dr-jacob-thomas-ips/ |title=11th Quarterly Lecture by Dr. Jacob Thomas IPS |last=Media |first=CPPR |date=2016-01-06 |website=Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR) |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> He also held the position of the director of ports.<ref name="Vigilance investigation against Jacob Thomas">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/kerala/general/vigilance-investigation-against-jacob-thomas-19904 |title=Vigilance investigation against Jacob Thomas |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jacob Thomas was promoted as the [[Additional Director General of Police]] in 2014 with a placement at the [[Lokayukta]] and later at the Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau as its director, a post he held until 2015.<ref name="DGP Jacob Thomas takes charge as director of vigilance and anti-corruption bureau - Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/DGP-Jacob-Thomas-takes-charge-as-director-of-vigilance-and-anti-corruption-bureau/articleshow/52557259.cms |title=DGP Jacob Thomas takes charge as director of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> He returned to head the Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau in 2016, in between he served as the Director General of the Fire and Rescue Services, Civil Defense and Home Guards and as the chairman and managing director of the Kerala Police Housing & Construction Corporation.<br />
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In 2017, he was appointed as the Director General of the Institute of Management in Government, Apex Training Institute of the Government of Kerala,<ref name="Former directors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.img.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/former-directors0 |title=Former directors |date=2019-03-22 |website=img.kerala.govin |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322091905/http://www.img.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/former-directors0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Jacob Thomas returns as IMG director">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/200617/jacob-thomas-returns-as-img-director.html |title=Jacob Thomas returns as IMG director |date=2017-06-20 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> but was suspended from service in December 2017.<ref name="Kerala government suspends DGP Jacob Thomas">{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ygBq0yzIOXT7xq2ZnJiYnK/Kerala-government-suspends-DGP-Jacob-Thomas.html |title=Kerala government suspends DGP Jacob Thomas |last=M.K |first=Nidheesh |date=2017-12-20 |website=livemint.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> Though he was reinstated after the period of suspension, he was served a second suspension notice in April 2018, citing the publication of his autobiography as the reason.<ref name="Kerala government suspends DGP Jacob Thomas again">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/apr/18/kerala-government-suspends-dgp-jacob-thomas-again-1803177.html |title=Kerala government suspends DGP Jacob Thomas again |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 April 2018 |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> In December 2018, his suspension was extended by another six months.<ref name="Kerala DGP Jacob Thomas suspension extended 6 months">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-dgp-jacob-thomas-suspension-extended-6-months-93744 |title=Kerala DGP Jacob Thomas suspension extended 6 months |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=21 December 2018 |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref><br />
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Thomas retired from service as the managing director of [http://themetalindustries.in/ The Metal Industries Limited, Shoranur] on 31 May 2020.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dgp-calls-it-a-day-by-sleeping-on-office-floor/article31726493.ece/| title = Kerala DGP Jacob Thomas calls it a day by sleeping on office floor - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = June 2020| last1 = Naha| first1 = Abdul Latheef}}</ref><br />
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== Other activities ==<br />
Jacob Thomas has been involved with a number of non-governmental organizations such as Top Centre, Darshan, and ExcelKerala, the last one a platform for open exchange of information on governance.<ref name="Excelkerala team">{{Cite web |url=http://www.excelkerala.in/excelteam |title=Excelkerala team |date=2019-03-22 |website=excelkerala.in |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322063210/http://www.excelkerala.in/excelteam |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also been associated with several international agencies such as [[UNICEF]], [[UNDP]], KAF, [[Department for International Development]] and [[Ford Foundation]]. He authored two books on management, ''Strategic Management''<ref name="Strategic Management">{{Cite book |url=https://www.books-by-isbn.com/93-325/933253540X-Strategic-Management-Thomas-93-325-3540-X.html |title=Strategic Management |last=Thomas |first=Jacob |publisher=Pearson India |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-325-3540-4}}</ref> and ''Environmental Management'',<ref name="Environmental Management">{{Cite book |url=https://www.books-by-isbn.com/93-325/9332515816-Environmental-Management-1-Thomas-93-325-1581-6.html |title=Environmental Management |last=Thomas |first=Jacob |publisher=Pearson India |year=2014}}</ref> besides two other books, ''Kaaryavum Kaaranavum'', a memoirs on his service life<ref name="Kaaryavum Kaaranavum">{{Cite book |title=Kaaryavum Kaaranavum |last=Jacob |first=Thōmas |publisher=DC Books |year=2017 |isbn=9789386680259 |location=Kottayam, Kerala State, India |oclc=1027034869}}</ref> and ''Sraavukalkoppam Neenthumpol'' (Swimming With The Sharks), his autobiography.<ref name="Sraavukalkoppam Neenthumpol">{{Cite book |title=Sraavukalkoppam Neenthumpol |last=Thomas |first=Jacob |publisher=Current Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-8122613957}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and honours ==<br />
Jacob Thomas, who has been the captain of the Athletics team of the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad]] and the recipient of the best probationer of the academy, was selected as the ''Newsmaker of the Year'' 2015 by [[Manorama News]].<ref name="Jacob Thomas struggled to clean up the system, inspired many: Rajdeep Sardesai">{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/india-strength-honest-workers-rajdeep-sardesai-kochi.html |title=Jacob Thomas struggled to clean up the system, inspired many: Rajdeep Sardesai |website=OnManorama |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> He received the [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] from the [[President of India]] in 2016.<ref name="Presidents Police Medal for Meritorious Service">{{Cite web |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/kerala-police/achievements-and-awards/presidents-medal-winners/2016 |title=Presidents Police Medal for Meritorious Service |date=2019-03-22 |website=keralapolice.gov.in |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606091132/http://keralapolice.gov.in/kerala-police/achievements-and-awards/presidents-medal-winners/2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== Controversies ==<br />
Jacob Thomas retired as the richest police officer in the history of Kerala Police holding declared assets of over Rs 42 crores in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacob Thomas(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- IRINJALAKKUDA(THRISSUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Kerala2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=695 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> The biggest allegations against Jacob Thomas was that he holds undisclosed land in multiple states including 50 acres in Sethur village in Rajapalayam taluk of Virudhunagar in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Mar 14"/> His actions over the years have earned him the tag of a rebel cop, has been involved in a number of controversies during his career.<ref name="Now in favour, now out, Kerala cop Jacob Thomas who often takes on high-ups"/> In January 2017, a writ petition was filed against him at the [[Muvattupuzha]] Vigilance Court alleging corrupt practices while he was heading the Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation.<ref name="Court to consider plea against Jacob Thomas on January 19"/> His actions as the vigilance director against two additional [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] and [[E. P. Jayarajan]]. the then minister of industries, are reported to have forced [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the chief minister of Kerala, to ask him to go on leave and his return to service was as the head of the Institute of Management in Government, an administrative position.<ref name="Jacob Thomas appointed IMG Director">{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jacob-thomas-appointed-img-director-vigilance-director-1.2026049 |title=Jacob Thomas appointed IMG Director |website=Mathrubhumi |date=19 June 2017 |language=en |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> Earlier, he had alleged that his actions against political leaders such as [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]], [[C. Divakaran]] and [[K. Babu]] were the reasons for removing him from the post of the vigilance director in his first stint.<ref name="Kerala awaits IPS officer Jacob Thomas' 'tell all' autobiography">{{Cite web |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala/kerala-awaits-ips-officer-jacob-thomas-tell-all-autobiography |title=Kerala awaits IPS officer Jacob Thomas' 'tell all' autobiography |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> His investigation in the ''bar bribery case'' involving [[K. M. Mani]], former finance minister, also attracted media attention.<ref name="The Rise of Jacob Thomas IPS as an anti-corruption crusader">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rise-jacob-thomas-ips-anti-corruption-crusader-36705 |title=The Rise of Jacob Thomas IPS as an anti-corruption crusader |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> At the time of retirement, he was facing a government-level probe for penning an autobiography without obtaining prior sanction had found him of having committed serious breach of discipline and criminal misconduct that should earn him major disciplinary actions. According to the All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969, major disciplinary actions include demotion to a lower rank, compulsory retirement and termination from service.<ref>{{Cite web|author=KP Saikiran|date=Jan 22, 2020|title=Kerala government to demote Jacob Thomas as ADGP {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/govt-to-demote-jacob-thomas-as-adgp/articleshow/73499346.cms|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=Move to demote Kerala's senior most IPS officer Jacob Thomas|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/move-to-demote-keralas-senior-most-ips-officer-jacob-thomas-797019.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><br />
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He was demoted from DGP to ADGP by the Kerala Government in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Jithin|last=Chandran|title=Jacob Thomas demoted from DGP to ADGP|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jacob-thomas-demoted-from-dgp-to-adgp--1.4465056|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Mathrubhumi|date=22 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Political career ==<br />
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Thomas joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2021 and was nominated to fight [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/former-dgp-jacob-thomas-joins-bjp-1.5411360|title=Former DGP Jacob Thomas joins BJP |date=4 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=484245&u=jacob-thomas-to-contest-assembly-election-as-bjp-candidate|title=Jacob Thomas to contest assembly election as BJP candidate}}</ref> He lost to the candidate of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/irinjalakuda-kerala-election-result-2021|title=Irinjalakuda Election Result 2021|date=14 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.books-by-isbn.com/93-325/9332515816-Environmental-Management-1-Thomas-93-325-1581-6.html |title=Environmental Management |last=Thomas |first=Jacob |publisher=Pearson India |year=2014}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.books-by-isbn.com/93-325/933253540X-Strategic-Management-Thomas-93-325-3540-X.html |title=Strategic Management |last=Thomas |first=Jacob |publisher=Pearson India |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-325-3540-4}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Kaaryavum Kaaranavum |first=Jacob |last=Thōmas |publisher=DC Books |year=2017 |isbn=9789386680259 |location=Kottayam, Kerala State, India |oclc=1027034869}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Sraavukalkoppam Neenthumpol |last=Thomas |first=Jacob |publisher=Current Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-8122613957}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[T. P. Senkumar]]<br />
* [[Lokanath Behera]]<br />
* [[V. Joseph Thomas]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-govt-suspends-dgp-jacob-thomas-on-corruption-charges/article25797317.ece |title=Kerala Govt suspends DGP Jacob Thomas on corruption charges |date=2018-12-21 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-22}}<br />
* {{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/jacob-thomas-faces-action-for-his-autobiography/articleshow/61840669.cms |title=Jacob Thomas faces action for his autobiography - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=2019-03-22}}<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/cm-to-release-jacob-thomas-autobiography-1.1951800 |title=CM to release Jacob Thomas' autobiography |website=Mathrubhumi |date=20 May 2017 |language=en |access-date=2019-03-22}}<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6Ap232WgVY |title=DGP Jacob Thomas is Manorama News Newsmaker 2015 |last=Manorama News |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2016-01-09 |access-date=2019-03-22}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Jacob}}<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Civil servants from Kerala]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohkam_Chand&diff=518266Mohkam Chand2026-03-25T20:21:11Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Adding New Pg Needs Work...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Official of the Sikh Empire}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Misr Diwan Chand}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = Diwan<br />
| name = Mohkam Chand<br />
| image = Diwan Mokham Chand.png<br />
| birth_date = 1750<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kunjah]], [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], [[Subah of Lahore]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| death_date = 16 or 19 October 1814<br />
| death_place = [[Phillaur]], [[Sikh Empire]]<br />
| rank = Military officer<br />
| parents = <br />
| children = Diwan [[Moti Ram]]<br />
| relations = Grandsons: [[Diwan Ram Dayal]], [[Diwan Kirpa Ram]]<br />
}}<br />
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[[Divan|Diwan]] '''Mokham Chand''' (died 16<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |title=Advanced History of the Punjab: Ranjit Singh & post Ranjit Singh period |publisher=New Academic Publishing Company |year=1972 |edition=2nd |series=Advanced History of the Punjab |volume=2 |pages=200}}</ref> or 29<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times |date=1990 |publisher=Sehgal Publ. Service |isbn=978-81-85477-01-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=69}}</ref> October 1814) was one of the chief commanders of the [[Sikh Empire]]. He [[Battle of Attock (1813)|conquered Attock]] from the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Afghans]] in 1813 and subdued the [[Rajput]]s in the Hills of [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]] and in [[Jammu]] at [[Jasrota district|Jasrota]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]], and [[Basohli (town)|Basohli]]. He also commanded one of the early Sikh expeditions to conquer [[Kashmir]] that ended in failure due to bad weather blocking the passes to the valley. Mokham Chand was born in a [[Khatri|Hindu Khatri]] family.<br />
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== Early life ==<br />
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Mohkam Chand was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family of a [[Kochhar]] background,<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohamed Sheikh |title=Emperor of the Five Rivers: The Life and Times of Maharajah Ranjit Singh |date=17 March 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781786730954 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBOMDwAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ansar Hussain Khan |title=Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA153 |year=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1595-6 |page=153 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9780755640348 |series=Library of Islamic South Asia |pages=92–93}}</ref> to Vaisakhi Mal,{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Baisakhi Mal'.|group=note}} a tradesman from the village of [[Kunjah]] near [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Khushwant Singh]]. ''A history of the Sikhs''. Volume 1 page 217.</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
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Before taking up work under [[Ranjit Singh]], he had worked under Dal Singh Gill of [[Akalgarh, Pakistan|Akalgarh]] as a ''[[munshi]]'' (accountant) until 1804 when Dal Singh died.<ref name=":0" /> After Dal Singh Gill's passing, his widow Sehju did not get along with Mohkam Chand and therefore the latter sought employment elsewhere.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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His next stint was with Sahib Singh Bhangi of the [[Bhangi Misl]] between 1804 and 1806, where he was appointed to the position of [[Dewan|''diwan'']].<ref name=":0" /> He eventually fell out of favour and was even imprisoned awaiting execution, but the wife of Sahib Singh, Chand Kaur, spared his life by assisting his escape.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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He would find work under Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1806 after his escape from the Bhangi Misl.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Military career ==<br />
[[File:A portrait of Diwan Mokham Chand on a terrace, circa 1840.webp|thumb|A portrait of Diwan Mokham Chand on a terrace, circa 1840]]<br />
Mohkam Chand was one of the most distinguished general of Ranjit Singh.<ref>The Punjab Chiefs WL Conran and HD Crank published by Sangameel Publications Pakistan page 156. Quote: "The most distinguished of the generals, by whose skill and courage Ranjit Singh rose from a subordinate chiefship to the Empire of the Punjab, was Diwan Mokham Chand. The sagacity with which the Maharaja selected his officers was reason of his uniform success ..."</ref> He helped with many conquests between the years 1806–1814.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Ranjit Singh had seen him in action at Akalgarh three years earlier and again in the fight against the Bhangi Sardar of Gujrat. Mohkam Chand had fallen out with the Bhangi and came to Ranjit Singh upon his request. Ranjit welcomed him with handsome gifts of an elephant and horses and granted him the [[Dallewalia Misl|Dallewalia]] possessions as a ''[[Jagir]]''. He was made commander of a cavalry unit with the power to recruit 1500 foot soldiers as well.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
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{{blockquote|In the beginning of 1808 various places in the Upper Punjab were taken from their independent Sikh proprietors, and brought under the direct management of the new kingdom of Lahore, and Mohkam Chand was at the same time employed in effecting a settlement of the territories which had been seized on the left bank of the Sutlej. But Ranjit Singh’s systematic aggression had begun to excite fear in the minds of the Sikhs of Sirhind<ref>History of the Sikhs from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej by Joseph Davey Cunningham, H.L.O. Garrett Page 136</ref> }}<br />
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In September 1808, he was responsible for receiving the British East India Company envoy [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalf]] at [[Kasur]] alongside [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]], for the former's visit to Lahore.<ref name=":0" /> Remarks about the martial prowess of the British and Sikhs were exchanged between the two.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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{{Blockquote|text=Historians report an interesting conversation between Charles Metcalf and Mohkam Chand: the latter commented the British had not seen Sikh bravery on the battlefield, to which Metcalf readily responded the Sikh had not yet seen British courage.|author=Robina Yasmin|title=Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance|source=page 93}}<br />
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In the year 1812, he was awarded with the titles of ''diwan'' and ''fateh nasib''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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He was the commander in chief of Sikh army during the [[Battle of Attock (1813)|battle of Attock]] in which he defeated Durrani general [[Fateh Khan Barakzai|Wazir Fateh Khan]] and [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]. With the permission of the ''[[maharaja]]'', the Sikh forces attacked the Afghans on 12 July 1813 at [[Hazro, Punjab|Hazro]], about 8 kilometers from [[Attock]]. Large-scale fighting took place between the adversaries. In the meantime, the Afghans received fresh reinforcements under Dost Muhammad Khan.<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. V, pp. 110-11<br />
452 Murray, History of the Sikhs, Vol. II, p. 13; Cunningham History of the Sikhs, p. 138. Agrees with this date; Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. V, p. 101, mention Ranjit Singh got the news of this battle on 12 July 1813, from a letter sent from Pind Dadan Khan by Sukh Dayal, an agent of Rama Nand Sahu, stating the battle was fought on 9 July 1813. According to N. K. Sinha, Ranjit Singh, p. 50. This battle took place on 26 June 1813. 453 Murray, History of the Punjab, Vol. II, p. 13.</ref> The Diwan left his elephant, mounted a horse and personally leading his reserves fell upon the disorganized Afghans. The Sikhs plundered the provisions of the Afghans. Besides Diwan Mohkam Chand, Jodh Singh Kalsia, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, and Sardar Dal Singh, and [[Diwan Ram Dayal]] (1799–1820) also took part in fighting against Afghans at Hazro. Fateh Khan fled to [[Peshawar]]. Thus the victory for the Sikhs was complete. Hukam Singh Chimni was appointed qiladar of the [[Attock Fort|fort of Attock]].<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Artillery: The Battle-winning Arm|author=Singh, J.|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788176021807|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjQGmn4ghOMC|page=42|accessdate=2015-04-14}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book |author=Griffin |first=Lepel |author-link=Lepel Griffin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ulKHNUktYC |title=Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120619180 |page=192 |accessdate=2015-04-14}}</ref><br />
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== Death and successors ==<br />
<br />
Diwan Mohkam Chand died at [[Phillaur]] on 29 October 1814.<ref>{{cite book|title=Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and Survivals|author=Kohli, M. S.|date=2003|publisher=M.L. Gidwani, Indus Publishing Company|isbn=81-7387-152-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pP8QgyV1EsC&q=diwan+nayyar+attock&pg=PA25|page=25|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> His son, Diwan [[Moti Ram]], and grandson, [[Diwan Kirpa Ram]], served as governors of Kashmir. [[Diwan Ram Dayal]], known for his 'vigilance and smartness in the art of soldiery', succeeded his grandfather as the commander of the State Troops. He was killed in [[Pakistan|Hazara]] in 1820 while quelling an insurrection.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nalwa, V.|title= Hari Singh Nalwa—Champion of the Khalsaji|year=2009|publisher= Manohar|isbn=978-81-730478-5-5}}</ref> His compatriot, [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], built a memorial to honour him in [[Pakistan|Haripur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Prem Singh|title= Jivan-itihas Sardar Hari Singh-ji Nalua—Life of the Sikh General Hari Singh Nalua,|year=1937|publisher= Lahore Book Shop}}</ref><br />
<br />
Diwan Mohkam Chand was one of the architects of the [[Sikh Empire]] who rose by dint of merit to the post of Diwan and virtually the commander-in-chief of the Sikh forces. N. K. Sinha observes. "As a general, he was uniformly successful and from 1806 to 1814 the annexations of Ranjit were due not only to his own irresistible cunning but also to Mohkam Chand's military talents."<ref>{{cite book|author=Sinha, N. K.|title= Ranjit Singh |year=1933|publisher= A. Mukherjee & Co.}}</ref> Ranjit Singh always held him in high esteem. He had a sound knowledge of military tactics and strategy. He did not suffer a defeat; he was an ever victorious General.<br />
<br />
Moti Ram and Kirpa Ram rendered commendable service at the Court of Lahore over decades, yet both father and son were hounded and forced to leave for [[Benaras]] due to the undue influence of [[Dhian Singh]], who succeeded in eliminating this "great and influential" family at the Court of Lahore.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs, Vol. V |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1982 |page=133}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of historical Sikh generals]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military personnel of the Sikh Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1814 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gujrat District]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century births]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab_Land_Alienation_Act,_1900&diff=458667Punjab Land Alienation Act, 19002026-03-25T17:49:21Z<p>ChristinTrickett: small updated details as per guidelines additionally and corrected details as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
|short_title = Punjab Alienation of Land Act, 1900<br />
|repealed_by = A.O. 1950<br />
|status = repealed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900''' was a piece of legislation introduced by the [[British Raj]] with the aim of limiting the transfer of land ownership in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. It created an "agricultural tribes" category, the membership of which was almost compulsory to buy or sell land.<ref>[http://pseweb.eu/ydepot/semin/texte0910/CAS2010BRI.pdf British law and caste identity manipulation in colonial India: the Punjab Alienation of Land Act., Guilhem Cassan, Paris School of Economics (PSE), Laboratoire d’Economie Appliqu´ee (LEA-INRA) and Centre de Sciences Humaines de Delhi (CSH), 12 January 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/special/why-dera-sacha-sauda-draws-followers/20170828.htm Why Dera Sacha Sauda draws followers, Sanjeev Nayar, Rediff, 28 August 2017]</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The advent of [[Company rule in India|British rule in India]] had led to a trend whereby ownership rights to land were increasingly concentrated in the hands of urban moneylenders and other commercial communities. They were assigned the property previously held by poor peasants, who either sold or mortgaged for the short-term benefit derived from the increasing values of land caused by improved agricultural methods, irrigation and communications. Such transfers were enforceable under law but, in British eyes, potentially damaging to their colonial administration because they might ultimately result in a disaffected rural peasant population. British law was effectively supporting the growth of a class of people&nbsp;— the new owners&nbsp;— that might prove detrimental to its own purpose. In addition, historian Kenneth Jones says that the transfers were contrary to British sentiments: "Not only did this development threaten the stability and peace of the Punjab, it also struck at the British self-image of benevolent and paternalistic protectors of the lowly peasant".{{sfnp|Jones|1976|pp=182-183|ps=}}<br />
<br />
==Legal framework==<br />
=== Legislation ===<br />
Concern about developments turned to serious debate in the 1890s and on 27 September 1899 the future [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab]], [[Charles Montgomery Rivaz|Charles Rivaz]], presented the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] with a proposal titled the Punjab Alienation of Land Bill.{{efn|Kenneth Jones says that Charles Rivaz was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab in 1899 but this is incorrect. He succeeded [[William Mackworth Young]] in that office in 1902.}} The measure was viewed by educated Hindus in the province as another example of Raj discrimination against their interests. In classifying people as being either "agriculturalist" or "non-agriculturalist" and limiting the transfer of land between those two groups, they saw the measure as preventing free investment of capital and reducing their opportunity to acquire the status traditionally associated with land ownership. Moreover, with the majority of those classified as agriculturists being Muslim,{{sfnp|Nair|2011|p=13|ps=}} the educated elite saw it as being anti-Hindu, just as their diminishing ability to gain government employment, which was once their preserve, was considered to be such.{{sfnp|Jones|1976|pp=182-183|ps=}}{{efn|Hindus had traditionally been dominant in government offices but competition for such jobs became tougher from the 1880s for a variety of reasons rooted both in policy and in demographic changes. The [[Aitchison Commission]] was significant in this development.{{sfnp|Jones|1976|pp=182-183|ps=}}}}<br />
<br />
Rivaz's proposed legislation reignited the interest of elite Hindu Punjabis in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Indian Association]] political movements, which had waned during the decade. When the Congress delegates at the 1899 gathering in [[Lucknow]] supported opposition to the proposal, it created a rift between the organisation and Punjabi Muslims and peasants.{{sfnp|Jones|1976|pp=247-248|ps=}} However, factional disputes among the Punjabi elite&nbsp;— notably, between the [[Arya Samaj]]ists and the [[Brahmo]]s&nbsp;— meant that this revived enthusiasm for Congress was short-lived.{{sfnp|Jones|1976|p=249|ps=}}<br />
<br />
=== Aftermath ===<br />
The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|National Unionist Party]] was established as a consequence of the 1900 legislation to protect the interests of agriculturists.{{sfnp|Nair|2011|p=71|ps=}} The subsequent Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1907 further restricted the transfer of land ownership between various groups.{{sfnp|Nair|2011|p=6|ps=}}<br />
<br />
==Amendments==<br />
<br />
===2019 Haryana amendment===<br />
{{See also | Aravalli_Range#Green_wall_of_India | l1 = The Great Green Wall of Aravalli | Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards | l2= Leopards of Haryana}}<br />
<br />
In 2019, Haryana government passed [[Forests_Department,_Haryana#Flora_and_forests_of_Haryana|the amendment]] to the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 (PLPA), which had obtained ascent from the governor but has not yet been notified by the Haryana government, hence it is in limbo and has not become officially become a law. This amendment will reduce the Haryana’s Natural Conservation Zones (NCZs) by 47% or 60,000 acres from 122,113.30 hectares to only 64,384.66 hectares. This is in violation of multiple guidelines of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as "[[National Capital Region (India)|NCR Planning Board]]" (NCRPB) notification which states the original 122,113.30 hectares ecologically sensitive forest of [[South Haryana]] is a forest, ''"The major natural features, identified as environmentally sensitive areas, are the extension of Aravalli ridge in Rajasthan, Haryana and NCT-Delhi; forest areas; rivers and tributaries... major lakes and water bodies such as [[Badkhal Lake|Badkhal lake]], [[Surajkund|Suraj Kund]] and [[Damdama Lake|Damdama]] in Haryana sub-region"''.<ref name=pollute1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/law-changes-bring-aravalli-conservation-to-the-fore/story-0PKgcgblRjSoVkuJIZuu0O.html Law changes bring Aravalli conservation to the fore], Hindustan Times, 22 December 2019.</ref> This area, as part of [[Aravalli_Range#Northern_Aravalli_leopard_and_wildlife_corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor]], is an important habitat for the [[Forests_Department,_Haryana#leopard|leopards in Haryana]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sindh Land Alienation Bill, 1947]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{citation |title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab |first=Kenneth W. |last=Jones |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-52002-920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C}}<br />
*{{citation |title=Changing Homelands |first=Neeti |last=Nair |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-67406-115-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbqF0z3d7cUC}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{cite journal |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |date=April 1965 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–165 |doi=10.1177/001946466400200203 |title=The Formulation and Enactment of the Punjab Alienation of Land Bill |first=Norman G. |last=Barrier|s2cid=145411052 }}<br />
*{{cite journal |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=29 |issue=2 |date=May 1995 |pages=271–291 |title=The Punjab Land Alienation Act and the Professional Moneylenders |first=M. Mufakharul |last=Islam |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00012737|s2cid=145793221 }}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Law and the Economy in Colonial India |first1=Tirthankar |last1=Roy |first2=Anand V. |last2=Swamy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-22638-764-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mspDQAAQBAJ}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947 |first=Tan Tai |last=Yong |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-76193-336-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ZiMV7rqWUC}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/18.html Text of the Act]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Land law]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]<br />
[[Category:1900 in India]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra&diff=473295Kalpa Sūtra2026-03-24T03:22:38Z<p>ChristinTrickett: improved citations as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Jain manuscript written by Bhadrabahu}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{For|Hindu text called Kalpa Sutras|Kalpa (Vedanga)#Texts}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox religious text<br />
| image = Detail of a leaf with the birth of mahavira.jpg<br />
| alt = Kalpa Sutra<br />
| caption = Detail of a leaf with, The Birth of [[God Mahavira]] (the 24th [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]]), from the ''Kalpa Sutra'', c.1375–1400.<br />
| religion = [[Jainism]]<br />
| author = [[Bhadrabahu]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
The '''''Kalpa Sūtra''''' ({{langx|sa|कल्पसूत्र}}) is an important [[Jain text|Jain scripture]] containing the biographies of the [[Tirthankara]]s, notably [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |editor-first=F. Max |editor-last=Müller |title=Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East |volume=22 |publisher=The Clarendon Press |year=1884 |location=Oxford |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm}}</ref> Ascribed to [[Bhadrabahu|Acharya Bhadrabahu]], which would place it in the 4th century BCE,<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira |url-status=dead |title=Mahavira |encyclopedia=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |year=2006 |via=Answers.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019131221/http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira |archive-date=19 October 2009}}</ref> it states that it was written down 980 or 993 years after the ''Nirvana'' (''[[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]]'') of Mahavira or 1230 years after the Nirvana of Tirthankar Parswanath.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Within the six sections of the Jain literary corpus belonging to the [[Śvetāmbara]] school, it is classed as one of the Cheda Sūtras. This Sutra contains detailed life histories and, from the mid-15th century, was frequently illustrated with miniature painting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |url=http://archive.org/details/jainasutrasparti029233mbp |title=Jaina Sutras Part I |date=1964 |publisher=Motilal Babarsidass. |others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India}}</ref> The oldest surviving copies are written on paper in western India in the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budny |first=Mildred O. |date=2018-04-18 |title=Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts - |url=https://manuscriptevidence.org/wpme/sanskrit-and-prakrit-manuscripts/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Kalpa Sutra is ascribed to Acharya Bhadrabahu, the sixth spiritual successor of the great shraman ''Chaturvidh'' sangha of Mahavira, who is said to have composed it some 150 years after the ''Nirvāṇa'' of Mahavira.<ref name=Britannica/> It was compiled probably during the reign of [[Dhruvasena]], 980 or 993 years after Mahavira's liberation.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=75}}<br />
<br />
The Kalpa Sutra was one of the first Jain texts to be translated into English.<ref name="Cort 2001 153">{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=http://archive.org/details/jainsinworldreli0000cort |title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |pages=153}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Importance==<br />
The book is read and illustrated in an eight-day-long festival of [[Paryushan]] by Jain monks for general people. Only monks are generally permitted to read this scripture, as in Jainism, this text has very high spiritual values and sanctity.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
The sound of the words alone, even without reflection on the meaning, is considered to transform the listener's soul.<ref name="Cort 2001 153"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Kalpasutra Mahavira Nirvana.jpg|thumb|[[Kalpasutra (Jain)|Kalpasutra]] folio on ''Mahavira Nirvana''. Note the crescent-shaped ''Siddhashila'', a place where all siddhas reside after Nirvana.]]<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The Kalpa Sutra mentions nine Ganas and 11 [[Ganadhara]]s of [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=27}} [[Gautama Swami]] is mentioned as prime Ganadhara of Mahavira.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=27}} Acharya Bhadrabahu's disciple Godasa is mentioned to have founded Godasa Gana.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=27}}<br />
<br />
The text includes the biography of Mahavira, of the twenty-four jinas, and of the lineage of mendicants who followed Mahavir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=http://archive.org/details/jainsinworldreli0000cort |title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |pages=153–154}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Neminatha]]<br />
* [[Parshvanatha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}<br />
*"The Kalpa Sûtra" translated in English by [[Hermann Jacobi]] is published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers in Delhi in " The [[Sacred Books of the East]]" (Vol 22) (1989) {{ISBN|81-208-0123-7}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Kalpa Sutra}}<br />
; Translations<br />
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm Kalpa Sutra text (1884 English translation)] (sacred-texts.com)<br />
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/kalpa-sutra Kalpa Sutra text (1884 English translation)] (Wisdom Library)<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/kalpasutraandna00bhadgoog The Kalpa sutra, and Nava tatva (1848 English translation)]<br />
<br />
{{Jain Agamas}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalpa Sutra}}<br />
[[Category:Atomism]]<br />
[[Category:Prakrit Jain texts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographies]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steamboat&diff=450245Steamboat2026-03-22T04:44:30Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Content updated and refined</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Boat, smaller than a steamship, using steam}}<br />
{{hatnote|For other uses, see [[Steamboat (disambiguation)]]. Usually distinguished from the larger [[steamship]].}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
[[File:"Look out" (Transport Steamer) on Tennessee River - NARA - 5289791 restored.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''Lookout'', transport steamer on the [[Tennessee River]], {{circa}} 1860–1865]]<br />
[[File:ErfgoedLeiden LEI001016475 Stoomsleepboot Mascotte II.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Dutch river steam-tugboat ''Mascotte II'']]<br />
A '''steamboat''' is a [[boat]] that is [[marine propulsion|propelled]] primarily by [[marine steam engine|steam power]], typically driving propellers or [[Paddle steamer|paddlewheel]]s. The term ''steamboat'' is used to refer to small steam-powered vessels working on lakes, rivers, and in [[short-sea shipping]]. The development of the steamboat led to the larger [[steamship]], which is a [[seaworthy]] and often ocean-going [[ship]].<br />
<br />
Steamboats sometimes use the [[ship prefix|prefix designation]] '''SS''', '''S.S.''' or '''S/S''' (for 'Screw Steamer') or '''PS''' (for 'Paddle Steamer'); however, these designations are most often used for steamships.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Limitations of the Newcomen steam engine===<br />
The first steamboat designs used [[Newcomen atmospheric engine|Newcomen steam engines]]. These engines were large, heavy, and produced little power, which resulted in an unfavorable power-to-weight ratio. The heavy weight of the Newcomen engine required a structurally strong boat, and the reciprocating motion of the engine beam required a complicated mechanism to produce propulsion.<ref name="Hunter_1985">{{cite book |title=A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power |last1=Hunter |first1= Louis C.|year=1985 | publisher =University Press of Virginia|location= Charlottesville}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rotary motion engines===<br />
[[James Watt]]'s design improvements increased the efficiency of the steam engine, improving the power-to-weight ratio, and created an engine capable of rotary motion by using a double-acting cylinder which injected steam at each end of the piston stroke to move the piston back and forth. The rotary steam engine simplified the mechanism required to turn a paddle wheel to propel a boat. Despite the improved efficiency and rotary motion, the power-to-weight ratio of [[Boulton and Watt]] steam engine was still low.<ref name="Hunter_1985"/><br />
<br />
===High-pressure steam engines===<br />
The high-pressure steam engine was the development that made the steamboat practical. It had a high power-to-weight ratio and was fuel efficient. High pressure engines were made possible by improvements in the design of boilers and engine components so that they could withstand internal pressure, although boiler explosions were common due to lack of instrumentation like pressure gauges.<ref name="Hunter_1985"/> Attempts at making high-pressure engines had to wait until the expiration of the [[Boulton and Watt]] patent in 1800. Shortly thereafter high-pressure engines by [[Richard Trevithick]] and [[Oliver Evans]] were introduced.<ref name="Hunter_1985"/><br />
<br />
===Compound or multiple expansion steam engines===<br />
The [[compound steam engine]] became widespread in the late 19th century. Compounding uses exhaust steam from a high pressure cylinder to a lower pressure cylinder and greatly improves efficiency. With compound engines it was possible for trans ocean steamers to carry less coal than freight.<ref name="Hunter_1985"/> Compound steam engine powered ships enabled a great increase in international trade.<ref>{{cite book <br />
|title=Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society |last=Wells |first=David A. |author-link=David Ames Wells |year=1891 |publisher= D. Appleton and Co.|location= New York|oclc=8059838 |url= https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Steam turbines===<br />
[[File:The Steam Turbine, 1911 - Fig 50 - Geared Turbines in Twin Screw Torpedo Boat Destroyer.jpg|thumb|Steam turbine arrangement of a Twin Screw Torpedo Boat.]]<br />
The most efficient steam engine used for [[marine propulsion]] is the [[steam turbine]]. It was developed near the end of the 19th century and was used throughout the 20th century.<ref name="Hunter_1985"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early designs===<br />
An apocryphal story from 1851 attributes the earliest steamboat to [[Denis Papin]] for a boat he built in 1705. Papin was an early innovator in steam power and the inventor of the [[steam digester]], the first [[pressure cooker]], which played an important role in [[James Watt]]'s steam experiments. However, Papin's boat was not steam-powered but powered by hand-cranked paddles.<ref name=wootton>{{cite book |author=Wootton, David|title=The Invention of Science |year=2015|publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York |pages=498–504, 647 }}</ref><br />
<br />
A steamboat was described and patented by English physician [[John Allen (physician)|John Allen]] in 1729.<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=John |author-link=John Allen (physician) |title=Specimina ichnographica: or, a brief narrative of several new inventions, and experiments |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tq9afthh/items?canvas=1 |date=1730 |location=London |publisher=W. Innys |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> In 1736, [[Jonathan Hulls]] was granted a patent in England for a [[Thomas Newcomen|Newcomen]] engine-powered steamboat (using a pulley instead of a beam, and a pawl and ratchet to obtain rotary motion), but it was the improvement in steam engines by [[James Watt]] that made the concept feasible. [[William Henry (delegate)|William Henry]] of Lancaster, [[Pennsylvania]], having learned of Watt's engine on a visit to England, made his own engine, and put it in a boat. The boat sank, and while Henry made an improved model, he did not appear to have much success, though he may have inspired others.<ref name=jordan49>[[#jordan|Jordan, 1910]], pp. 49–50</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:D'AbbansSteamshipModel.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Model of the steamship built in 1784 by [[Claude de Jouffroy]].]]<br />
The first steam-powered ship, ''[[Pyroscaphe]]'', was a paddle steamer powered by a double-acting [[steam engine]];<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/07/0715france-marquis-steamboat-trial/|title=Wired.com:Marquis Invents Steamboat|magazine=Wired |last1=Alfred |first1=Randy }}</ref> it was built in France in 1783 by Marquis [[Claude de Jouffroy]] and his colleagues as an improvement of an earlier attempt, the 1776 ''Palmipède''. At its first demonstration on 15 July 1783, ''Pyroscaphe'' travelled upstream on the river [[Saône]] for some fifteen minutes before the engine failed. Presumably this was easily repaired as the boat is said to have made several such journeys.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Basil |date=1 March 2007 |title=Steamboat Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruLraHeDq7MC |location=UK |publisher=Lulu.com |page=54 |isbn=9781847532015}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}<ref name="University Press of Kentucky">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOMeBgAAQBAJ&q=Steamboat+De+Jouffroy&pg=PA28 |title = French Inventions of the Eighteenth Century|isbn = 978-0-8131-6397-0|last1 = McCloy|first1 = Shelby T.|date = 13 January 2015| publisher=University Press of Kentucky }}</ref> Following this, De Jouffroy attempted to get the government interested in his work, but for political reasons was instructed that he would have to build another version on the Seine in Paris. De Jouffroy did not have the funds for this, and, following the events of the French revolution, work on the project was discontinued after he left the country.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Basil |date=1 March 2007 |title=Steamboat Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruLraHeDq7MC |location=UK |publisher=Lulu.com |page=56 |isbn=978-1-84753-201-5}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}<ref name="University Press of Kentucky"/><br />
<br />
Similar boats were made in 1785 by [[John Fitch (inventor)|John Fitch]] in [[Philadelphia]] and [[William Symington]] in [[Dumfries]], Scotland. Fitch successfully trialled his boat in 1787, and in 1788, he began operating a regular commercial service along the [[Delaware River]] between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey, carrying as many as 30 passengers. This boat could typically make {{convert|7|to|8|mph}} and travelled more than {{convert|2000|mi|km}} during its short length of service. The Fitch steamboat was not a commercial success, as this travel route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads. The following year, a second boat made {{convert|30|mi|km|adj=on}} excursions, and in 1790, a third boat ran a series of trials on the [[Delaware River]] before patent disputes dissuaded Fitch from continuing.<ref name=jordan49/><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, [[Patrick Miller of Dalswinton]], near [[Dumfries]], [[Scotland]], had developed double-hulled<!--catamaran?--> boats propelled by manually cranked paddle wheels placed between the hulls, even attempting to interest various European governments in a giant warship version, {{convert|246|ft}} long. Miller sent King [[Gustav III]] of Sweden an actual small-scale version, {{convert|100|ft}} long, called ''Experiment''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Charles |last=Dawson |title=Patrick Miller's English (sic) Sea Spook |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=88 |number=1 |date=February 2002 |page=95}}</ref> Miller then engaged engineer [[William Symington]] to build his patent steam engine that drove a stern-mounted paddle wheel in a boat in 1785. The boat was successfully tried out on Dalswinton Loch in 1788 and was followed by a larger steamboat the next year. Miller then abandoned the project.<br />
<br />
===19th century===<br />
[[File:Symington's steam boat model c. 1800.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Charlotte Dundas]]'', built by [[William Symington]].]]<br />
The failed project of Patrick Miller caught the attention of [[Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas|Lord Dundas]], Governor of the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] Company, and at a meeting with the canal company's directors on 5 June 1800, they approved his proposals for the use of "a model of a boat by Captain Schank to be worked by a steam engine by Mr Symington" on the canal.<br />
<br />
The boat was built by Alexander Hart at [[Grangemouth]] to Symington's design with a vertical cylinder engine and crosshead transmitting power to a crank driving the paddlewheels. Trials on the [[River Carron (Forth)|River Carron]] in June 1801 were successful and included towing [[sloop]]s from the [[river Forth]] up the Carron and thence along the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]].<br />
<br />
In 1801, Symington patented a horizontal steam engine directly linked to a crank. He got support from Lord Dundas to build a second steamboat, which became famous as the ''[[Charlotte Dundas]]'', named in honour of Lord Dundas's daughter. Symington designed a new hull around his powerful horizontal engine, with the crank driving a large paddle wheel in a central upstand in the hull, aimed at avoiding damage to the canal banks.<br />
The new boat was 56&nbsp;ft (17.1 m) long, 18&nbsp;ft (5.5 m) wide and 8&nbsp;ft (2.4 m) depth, with a wooden hull. The boat was built by John Allan and the engine by the [[Carron Company]].<br />
<br />
The first sailing was on the canal in [[Glasgow]] on 4 January 1803, with Lord Dundas and a few of his relatives and friends on board. The crowd were pleased with what they saw, but Symington wanted to make improvements and another more ambitious trial was made on 28 March. On this occasion, the ''Charlotte Dundas'' towed two 70 ton barges 30&nbsp;km (almost 20 miles) along the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] to [[Glasgow]], and despite "a strong breeze right ahead" that stopped all other canal boats it took only nine and a quarter hours, giving an average speed of about 3&nbsp;km/h (2&nbsp;mph). The ''Charlotte Dundas'' was the first practical steamboat, in that it demonstrated the practicality of steam power for ships, and was the first to be followed by continuous development of steamboats.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbcZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |title=Symington and the Steamboat |first=B. E. G. |last=Clark |date=2010 |page=7|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4457-4936-5 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Clermont replica.jpg|thumb|right|The 1909 replica of the ''North River Steamboat'', the first steamboat to achieve commercial success transporting passengers along the [[Hudson River]].]]<br />
<br />
The American [[Robert Fulton]] was present at the trials of the ''Charlotte Dundas'' and was intrigued by the potential of the steamboat. While working in France, he corresponded with and was helped by the Scottish engineer [[Henry Bell (engineer)|Henry Bell]], who may have given him the first model of his working steamboat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/bell_henry.htm |title=Henry Bell |website=Electric Scotland}}</ref> Fulton designed his own steamboat, which sailed along the [[River Seine]] in 1803.<br />
<br />
In May 1804, [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]] would design and build a steamboat named the Little Juliana after his eldest daughter Juliana, it was the first powered vessel with a [[Propeller|screw propeller]] propulsion system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/johnstevensameri00turn/mode/2up?view=theater |title=John Stevens - An American Record |website=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:StevensLittleJuliana1952model.jpg|thumb|Model of Colonel Stevens 1804 "Little Juliana" steamboat circa 1952.]]<br />
<br />
Fulton later obtained a [[Boulton and Watt]] steam engine, shipped to America, where his first proper steamship was built in 1807,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/033.html |title=Steamships |website=The Open Door Web Site}}</ref> ''[[North River Steamboat]]'' (later known as ''Clermont''), which carried passengers between New York City and [[Albany, New York]]. ''Clermont'' was able to make the {{convert|150|mi|adj=on}} trip in 32 hours. The steamboat was powered by a [[Boulton and Watt]] engine and was capable of long-distance travel. It was the first commercially successful steamboat, transporting passengers along the [[Hudson River]].<br />
<br />
In 1807 Robert L. Stevens began operation of the ''[[Phoenix (boat)|Phoenix]]'', which used a high-pressure engine in combination with a low-pressure condensing engine. The first steamboats powered only by high pressure were the ''Aetna'' and ''Pennsylvania'', designed and built by [[Oliver Evans]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1seven30–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power |last1=Hunter |first1= Louis C.|year=1985 | publisher =University Press of Virginia|location= Charlottesville|pages=32–33}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 1811 a ship designed by [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]], ''Juliana'', would operate as the first steam-powered ferry between [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] and New York City. Stevens' ship was engineered as a twin-screw-driven steamboat in juxtaposition to ''Clermont''{{-'}}s Boulton and Watt engine.<ref name="S.C. Williams Library">{{cite web |url=http://librarycollections.stevens.edu/items/show/378 |title=The Little Juliana |website=Samuel C. Williams Library |publisher=Stevens Institute of Technology |year=2012 |access-date=18 April 2014 |id=378}}</ref> The design was a modification of Stevens' prior paddle steamer ''Phoenix'', the first steamship to successfully navigate the open ocean in its route from Hoboken to Philadelphia.<ref name="Turnbull 1928, p. 237">{{cite book |first=Archibald D. |last=Turnbull |title=John Stevens, an American record |url=https://archive.org/details/johnstevensameri00turn |location=New York |publisher=The Century Co |date=1928 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnstevensameri00turn/page/237 237]|isbn=978-0-8369-6994-8 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1812, [[Henry Bell (engineer)|Henry Bell's]] [[PS Comet|PS ''Comet'']] was inaugurated.<ref name="Bell">{{cite book | last=Ransom | first=P.J.G | title=Bell's Comet. How a Paddle Steamer Changed the Course of History | publisher=Amberley Publishing| year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4456-2010-7}}</ref> The steamboat was the first commercial passenger service in Europe and sailed along the [[River Clyde]] in Scotland.<ref name="Bell"/><br />
<br />
The ''Margery'', launched in Dumbarton in 1814, in January 1815 became the first steamboat on the River Thames, much to the amazement of Londoners. She operated a London-to-Gravesend river service until 1816, when she was sold to the French and became the first steamboat to cross the English Channel. When she reached Paris, the new owners renamed her ''Elise'' and inaugurated a Seine steamboat service.<ref name="dover-kent.co.uk">{{cite web |title=Early Cross-Channel Steamers |url=http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/transport/early_cross_channel_steamers.htm |date=2000–2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731163816/http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/transport/early_cross_channel_steamers.htm |archive-date=31 July 2013 |website=Dover-kent.co.uk |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1818, ''Ferdinando I'', the first Italian steamboat, left the port of [[Naples]], where it had been built.<ref>D'Ambrosio A. (1993) Storia di Napoli, Napoli, Edizioni Nuova V.E., p. 189.</ref><br />
<br />
===Sea- and Ocean-going===<br />
[[File:SS-Savannah.jpg|thumb|right|{{SS|Savannah}}, the first steam-powered ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean—1819]]<br />
The first sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat "Experiment", an ex-French [[lugger]]; she steamed from [[Leeds]] to [[Great Yarmouth|Yarmouth]], arriving Yarmouth 19 July 1813.<ref>{{cite book |first=R |last=Malster |title=Wherries & Waterways |place=Lavenham |year=1971 |page=61}}.</ref> "Tug", the first tugboat, was launched by the Woods Brothers, Port Glasgow, on 5 November 1817; in the summer of 1818 she was the first steamboat to travel round the North of Scotland to the East Coast.<ref>{{cite book |first=AI |last=Bowman |title=Swifts & Queens |place=Strathkelvin |year=1983}}</ref>{{Rp | needed = yes | date =November 2012}}<br />
<br />
By 1826, steamboats were employed on a large number of inland and coastal shipping lines in the United Kingdom. Some of the latter crossed the [[Irish Sea]], others crossed the [[English Channel]] to Calais or [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], or crossed the North Sea to Rotterdam. At the time, the [[General Steam Navigation Company]] was one of the biggest companies that operated steamboats in [[short-sea shipping]]. The ''Talbot'' operated by GSNC on the London – Calais line had a tonnage of 156 and 60&nbsp;hp.<ref>{{citation |last=A Committee of the House of Commons |year=1822 |volume=LX |work=The Philosophical Magazine and Journal |title=Report of the House of Commons on Steam-Boats |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqc-AAAAYAAJ |pages=113–132, 257–262 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Steamships required carrying fuel (coal) at the expense of the regular payload. For this reason for some time sailships remained more economically viable for long voyages. However, as the steam engine technology improved, more power could be generated by the same quantity of fuel and longer distances could be traveled. A steamship built in 1855 required about 40% of its available cargo space to store enough coal to cross the Atlantic, but by the 1860s, transatlantic steamship services became cost-effective and steamships began to dominate these routes. By the 1870s, particularly in conjunction with the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, South Asia became economically accessible for steamships from Europe. By the 1890s, the steamship technology so improved that steamships became economically viable even on long-distance voyages such as linking Great Britain with its Pacific Asian colonies, such as [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]]. This resulted in the downfall of sailing.<ref>[https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/steam-sail-breakeven/ Break-Even Distance between Sail and Steam, 1850-1890]</ref><br />
<br />
==Use by country==<br />
<br />
===United States===<br />
[[File:SteamboatBenCampbellb.jpg|thumb|A typical river paddle steamer from the 1850s-the ''Ben Campbell'']]<br />
{{See also|Steamboats of the Mississippi|Economic history of the United States#The early 19th century}}<br />
[[File:Riverboats at Memphis.jpg|thumb|right|Mississippi Riverboats at [[Memphis, Tennessee]] (1906)]]<br />
<br />
====Origins====<br />
The era of the steamboat in the United States began in [[Philadelphia]] in 1787 when [[John Fitch (inventor)|John Fitch]] (1743–1798) made the first successful trial of a 45-foot (14-meter) steamboat on the [[Delaware River]] on 22 August 1787, in the presence of members of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|United States Constitutional Convention]]. Fitch later (1790) built a larger vessel that carried passengers and freight between Philadelphia and [[Burlington, New Jersey]] on the Delaware. His steamboat was not a financial success and was shut down after a few months service, however this marks the first use of marine steam propulsion in scheduled regular passenger transport service.<br />
<br />
[[Oliver Evans]] (1755–1819) was a [[Philadelphia]]n inventor born in [[Newport, Delaware]], to a family of [[Welsh people|Welsh]] settlers. He designed an improved high-pressure [[steam engine]] in 1801 but did not build it<ref name="Semmens, 97-99" >{{cite book<br />
|last1=Semmens |first1=P.W.B.<br />
|last2=Goldfinch |first2=A.J.<br />
|title=How Steam Locomotives Really Work<br />
|year=2003 |orig-year=2000<br />
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford<br />
|isbn=978-0-19-860782-3<br />
|ref={{harvid|Semmens|Goldfinch|2000}}<br />
|pages=97–99<br />
}}</ref> (patented 1804).<ref name="Thomson2009">{{cite book<br />
|last=Thomson | first=Ross<br />
|title=Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Innovation in the United States, 1790–1865<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom |url-access=registration |year=2009<br />
|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press<br />
|isbn=978-0-8018-9141-0 }}</ref><br />
The Philadelphia Board of Health was concerned with the problem of dredging and cleaning the city's dockyards, and in 1805 Evans convinced them to contract with him for a steam-powered dredge, which he called the ''Oruktor Amphibolos''. It was built but was only marginally successful.<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last=Kimes |first=Beverly<br />
|title=Standard catalog of American Cars 1805–1942<br />
|year=1996<br />
|publisher=Krause publications<br />
|isbn=0-87341-428-4<br />
}}</ref> Evans's high-pressure steam engine had a much higher [[power to weight ratio|power-to-weight ratio]], making it practical to apply it in locomotives and steamboats.{{sfn|Thomson|2009|p=34}} Evans became so depressed with the poor protection that the US patent law gave inventors that he eventually took all his engineering drawings and invention ideas and destroyed them to prevent his children wasting their time in court fighting patent infringements.<br />
<br />
[[Robert Fulton]] constructed a steamboat to ply a route between New York City and [[Albany, New York]] on the [[Hudson River]]. He successfully obtained a monopoly on Hudson River traffic after terminating a prior 1797 agreement with [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]], who owned extensive land on the Hudson River in New Jersey. The former agreement had partitioned northern Hudson River traffic to Livingston and southern to Stevens, agreeing to use ships designed by Stevens for both operations.<ref name="Turnbull 1928, p. 243">{{cite book |first=Archibald D. |last=Turnbull |title=John Stevens, an American record |url=https://archive.org/details/johnstevensameri00turn |location=New York |publisher=The Century Co |date=1928 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnstevensameri00turn/page/243 243]|isbn=978-0-8369-6994-8 }}</ref> With their new monopoly, Fulton and Livingston's boat, named the ''Clermont'' after Livingston's estate, could make a profit. The ''Clermont'' was nicknamed "Fulton's Folly" by doubters. On Monday, 17 August 1807, the memorable first voyage of the ''Clermont'' up the Hudson River was begun. She traveled the {{convert|150|mile|km}} trip to Albany in a little over 32 hours and made the return trip in about eight hours.<br />
<br />
The use of steamboats on major US rivers soon followed Fulton's 1807 success. In 1811, the first in a continuous (still in commercial passenger operation {{as of|2007|lc=y}}) line of river steamboats left the dock at [[Pittsburgh]] to steam down the [[Ohio River]] to the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and on to New Orleans.<ref>{{cite web |website=Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh |url=http://www.carnegielibrary.org/locations/pennsylvania/history/pghsts3.html |title=Pittsburgh World Firsts: By Event |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714001640/http://www.carnegielibrary.org/locations/pennsylvania/history///pghsts3.html |archive-date=2007-07-14}}</ref> In 1817 a consortium in [[Sackets Harbor, New York]], funded the construction of the first US steamboat, ''Ontario'', to run on [[Lake Ontario]] and the Great Lakes, beginning the growth of [[Lake steamers of North America|lake commercial and passenger traffic]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cumberland |first=Barlow |title=A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38542/38542-h/38542-h.htm#Page_18 |year=1913 |page=18 |location=Toronto |publisher=The Musson Book Company, Limited |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> In his book ''[[Life on the Mississippi]]'', [[river pilot]] and author [[Mark Twain]] described much of the operation of such vessels.<br />
<br />
====Types of ships====<br />
By 1849 the shipping industry was in transition from sail-powered boats to steam-powered boats and from wood construction to an ever-increasing metal construction. There were basically three different types of ships being used: standard [[sailing ship]]s of several [[Sail-plan#Types of ships|different types]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Jerry |last=Wilkinson |url=http://www.keyshistory.org/ASS-Amer-Sail-Ships.html |title=Early American Sailing Ships |access-date=2 February 2011 |website=Keys Historeum}}</ref> [[clipper]]s, and [[paddle steamer]]s with paddles mounted on the side or rear. River steamboats typically used rear-mounted paddles and had flat bottoms and shallow hulls designed to carry large loads on generally smooth and occasionally shallow rivers. Ocean-going paddle steamers typically used side-wheeled paddles and used narrower, deeper hulls designed to travel in the often stormy weather encountered at sea. The ship [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] design was often based on the clipper ship design with extra bracing to support the loads and strains imposed by the paddle wheels when they encountered rough water.<br />
<br />
The first paddle-steamer to make a long ocean voyage was the 320-ton {{convert|98|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} {{SS|Savannah}}, built in 1819 expressly for [[packet ship]] mail and passenger service to and from [[Liverpool]], England. On 22 May 1819, the watch on the ''Savannah'' sighted Ireland after 23&nbsp;days at sea. The [[Allaire Iron Works]] of New York supplied ''Savannah's''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> [[engine cylinder]],<ref>Swann, p. 5{{clarify|reason=This short form reference missing matching citation;|date=July 2014}}</ref> while the rest of the engine components and running gear were manufactured by the [[Speedwell Ironworks]] of [[New Jersey]]. The {{convert|90|hp|kW|adj=mid}} low-pressure engine was of the inclined direct-acting type, with a single {{convert|40|in|cm|adj=mid|-diameter}} cylinder and a {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}} stroke. ''Savannah''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> engine and machinery were unusually large for their time. The ship's [[wrought-iron]] [[paddlewheel]]s were 16 feet in diameter with eight buckets per wheel. For fuel, the vessel carried {{convert|75|short ton}} of coal and {{convert|25|cord|m3|lk=on}} of wood.<ref name=museum618>Smithsonian, p. 618{{clarify|reason=This short form reference missing matching citation;|date=July 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The SS ''Savannah'' was too small to carry much fuel, and the engine was intended only for use in calm weather and to get in and out of harbors. Under favorable winds the sails alone were able to provide a speed of at least four knots. The ''Savannah'' was judged not a commercial success, and its engine was removed and it was converted back to a regular sailing ship. By 1848 steamboats built by both United States and British shipbuilders were already in use for mail and passenger service across the Atlantic Ocean—a {{convert|3000|mi|km}} journey.<br />
<br />
[[File:SS California Poster Sharpened.jpg|thumb|right|[[SS California (1848)]], the first [[paddle steamer]] to steam between [[Panama City]] and San Francisco—a [[Pacific Mail Steamship Company]] ship.]]<br />
Since paddle steamers typically required from {{convert|5|to|16|short ton}} of coal per day to keep their engines running, they were more expensive to run. Initially, nearly all seagoing steamboats were equipped with mast and sails to supplement the [[steam engine]] power and provide power for occasions when the steam engine needed repair or maintenance. These steamships typically concentrated on high value cargo, mail and passengers and only had moderate cargo capabilities because of their required loads of coal. The typical paddle wheel steamship was powered by a coal burning engine that required firemen to shovel the coal to the burners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~npmelton/psc_indx.htm |title=The Pioneer Steamer ''California'' 1848 – 1849 |first=Victor M. |last=Berthold |access-date=27 January 2011 |website=Rootsweb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apl.com/history/timeline/1848.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721110818/http://www.apl.com/history/timeline/1848.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2012 |title=Steam Ship SS ''California'' specifications |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1849 the screw [[propeller]] had been invented and was slowly being introduced as iron increasingly was used in ship construction and the stress introduced by propellers could be compensated for. As the 1800s progressed the timber and lumber needed to make wooden ships got ever more expensive, and the iron plate needed for iron ship construction got much cheaper as the massive iron works at [[Merthyr Tydfil]], Wales, for example, got ever more efficient. The propeller put a lot of stress on the rear of the ships and would not see widespread use till the conversion from wood boats to iron boats was complete—well underway by 1860. By the 1840s the ocean-going steam ship industry was well established as the [[Cunard Line]] and others demonstrated.<br />
<br />
The last sailing frigate of the US Navy, {{USS|Santee|1855|2}}, had been launched in 1855.<!---I don't think this is precisely correct, but the timeframe is about right---><br />
<br />
====West Coast====<br />
In the mid-1840s the acquisition of Oregon and California opened up the West Coast to American steamboat traffic. Starting in 1848 Congress subsidized the [[Pacific Mail Steamship Company]] with $199,999 to set up regular [[packet ship]], mail, passenger, and cargo routes in the Pacific Ocean. This regular scheduled route went from [[Panama City]], Nicaragua and Mexico to and from [[History of San Francisco|San Francisco]] and [[History of Oregon|Oregon]]. Panama City was the Pacific terminus of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] trail across Panama. The Atlantic Ocean mail contract from East Coast cities and New Orleans to and from the [[Chagres River]] in Panama was won by the [[United States Mail Steamship Company]] whose first [[paddle wheel]] steamship, the SS Falcon (1848) was dispatched on 1 December 1848 to the Caribbean (Atlantic) terminus of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] trail—the [[Chagres River]].<br />
<br />
The [[SS California (1848)|SS ''California'' (1848)]], the first [[Pacific Mail Steamship Company]] [[paddle wheel]] steamship, left [[History of New York City|New York City]] on 6 October 1848 with only a partial load of her about 60 saloon (about $300 fare) and 150 steerage (about $150 fare) passenger capacity. Only a few were going all the way to California.<ref>{{cite web |title=SS California (1848) |url=http://www.maritimeheritage.org/PassLists/ca022849.htm |website=Maritime Heritage |access-date=13 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990424163308/http://www.maritimeheritage.org/PassLists/ca022849.htm |archive-date=24 April 1999 }}</ref> Her crew numbered about 36 men. She left New York well before confirmed word of the [[California Gold Rush]] had reached the East Coast. Once the [[California Gold Rush]] was confirmed by President [[James Polk]] in his [[State of the Union address]] on 5 December 1848 people started rushing to Panama City to catch the SS California. The {{SS|California|1848|6}} picked up more passengers in [[Valparaíso]], Chile and [[Panama City]], Panama and showed up in San Francisco, loaded with about 400 passengers—twice the passengers it had been designed for—on 28 February 1849. She had left behind about another 400–600 potential passengers still looking for passage from Panama City. The ''SS California ''had made the trip from Panama and Mexico after steaming around [[Cape Horn]] from New York—see [[SS California (1848)|SS ''California'' (1848)]].<br />
<br />
The trips by paddle wheel steamship to Panama and Nicaragua from New York, Philadelphia, Boston, via New Orleans and Havana were about {{convert|2600|mi|km}} long and took about two weeks. Trips across the [[Isthmus of Panama]] or Nicaragua typically took about one week by native [[canoe]] and [[mule]] back. The {{convert|4000|mi|km}} trip to or from San Francisco to Panama City could be done by [[paddle wheel]] steamer in about three weeks. In addition to this, travel time via the Panama route typically had a two- to four-week waiting period to find a ship going from [[Panama City, Panama]] to San Francisco before 1850. It was not before 1850 that enough paddle wheel steamers were available in the Atlantic and Pacific routes to establish regularly scheduled journeys.<br />
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Other steamships soon followed, and by late 1849, paddle wheel steamships like the SS ''McKim'' (1848)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/ss.html |title=San Francisco Ships |website=Maritime Heritage |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709104807/http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/ss.html |archive-date=2011-07-09}}</ref> were carrying miners and their supplies the {{convert|125|mi|km}} trip from San Francisco up the extensive [[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta]] to [[Stockton, California]], [[Marysville, California]], [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], etc. to get about {{convert|125|mi|km}} closer to the gold fields. Steam-powered [[tugboat]]s and [[towboat]]s started working in the San Francisco Bay soon after this to expedite shipping in and out of the bay.<br />
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As the passenger, mail and high value freight business to and from California boomed more and more paddle steamers were brought into service—eleven by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company alone. The trip to and from California via Panama and paddle wheeled steamers could be done, if there were no waits for shipping, in about 40 days—over 100 days less than by wagon or 160 days less than a trip around [[Cape Horn]]. About 20–30% of the California Argonauts are thought to have returned to their homes, mostly on the East Coast of the United States via Panama—the fastest way home. Many returned to California after settling their business in the East with their wives, family and/or sweethearts. Most used the Panama or Nicaragua route till 1855 when the completion of the [[Panama Railroad]] made the Panama Route much easier, faster and more reliable. Between 1849 and 1869 when the [[first transcontinental railroad]] was completed across the United States about 800,000 travelers had used the Panama route.<ref>{{cite book |last=Delgado |first=James P. |author-link=James P. Delgado |title=To California by Sea |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-1-57003-153-3 |page=66}}</ref> Most of the roughly $50,000,000 of gold found each year in California were shipped East via the Panama route on paddle steamers, mule trains and canoes and later the [[Panama Railroad]] across Panama. After 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed the Panama Route was by far the quickest and easiest way to get to or from California from the East Coast of the U.S. or Europe. Most California bound merchandise still used the slower but cheaper [[Cape Horn]] [[sailing ship]] route. The sinking of the [[paddle steamer]] {{SS|Central America}} (the ''Ship of Gold'') in a hurricane on 12 September 1857 and the loss of about $2&nbsp;million in California gold indirectly led to the [[Panic of 1857]].<br />
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Steamboat traffic including passenger and freight business grew exponentially in the decades before the Civil War. So too did the economic and human losses inflicted by snags, shoals, boiler explosions, and human error.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul F |last=Paskoff |title= Troubled Waters: Steamboat Disasters, River Improvements, and American Public Policy, 1821–1860 |date=2007|isbn=978-0-8071-3268-5}}</ref>{{Rp | needed = yes | date=November 2012}}<br />
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====Civil War====<br />
[[File:The Monitor and Merrimac.jpg|thumb|Chromolithograph depicting the [[Battle of Hampton Roads|''Monitor'' and the ''Merrimack'']]]]<br />
[[File:U.S. gunboat Cairo (a.k.a. USS Cairo) - Mississippi River Fleet - Original.tiff|thumb|[[USS Cairo|USS ''Cairo'']]]]<br />
During the [[US Civil War]] the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]], often referred to as either the Battle of the ''[[USS Monitor|Monitor]]'' and [[CSS Virginia|''Merrimack'']] or the ''Battle of Ironclads'', was fought over two days with steam-powered [[ironclad warships]], 8–9 March 1862. The battle occurred in [[Hampton Roads]], a [[roadstead]] in Virginia where the [[Elizabeth River (Virginia)|Elizabeth]] and [[Nansemond River]]s meet the [[James River]] just before it enters [[Chesapeake Bay]] adjacent to the city of [[Norfolk, VA|Norfolk]]. The battle was a part of the effort of the [[Confederate States of America]] to break the Union Naval blockade, which had cut off Virginia from all international trade.<ref>Musicant 1995, pp. 134–178; Anderson 1962, pp. 71–77; Tucker 2006, p. 151{{clarify|reason=These short form references are missing matching citations;|date=July 2014}}</ref><ref name=DeMeissner>{{cite book |last=de Meissner |first=Sophie Radford |title=Old Naval Days |url=https://archive.org/details/oldnavaldayssket00meisrich |date=1920 |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oldnavaldayssket00meisrich/page/244 244]–251}}</ref><br />
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The Civil War in the West was fought to control major rivers, especially the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers using paddlewheelers. Only the Union had them (the Confederacy captured a few, but were unable to use them.) The [[Battle of Vicksburg]] involved [[Monitor (warship)|monitors]] and ironclad riverboats. The USS ''Cairo'' is a survivor of the Vicksburg battle. Trade on the river was suspended for two years because of a Confederate's Mississippi blockade before the union victory at Vicksburg reopened the river on 4 July 1863. The triumph of Eads ironclads, and Farragut's seizure of New Orleans, secured the river for the Union North.<br />
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Although Union forces gained control of Mississippi River tributaries, travel there was still subject to interdiction by the Confederates. The [[Ambush of the steamboat J. R. Williams]], which was carrying supplies from [[Fort Smith National Historic Site|Fort Smith]] to [[Fort Gibson]] along the Arkansas River on 16 July 1863 demonstrated this. The steamboat was destroyed, the cargo was lost, and the tiny Union escort was run off. The loss did not affect the Union war effort, however.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/W/WA041.html |title=Watie's Regiment |last1=Franks |first1=Kenny A |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |year=2007 |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102050901/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/W/WA041.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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The worst of all steamboat accidents occurred at the end of the Civil War in April 1865, when the steamboat ''[[SS Sultana|Sultana]]'', carrying an over-capacity load of returning Union soldiers recently freed from a Confederate prison camp, blew up, causing more than 1,700 deaths.<br />
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[[File:Sultana Disaster.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Sultana (steamboat)#Disaste|''Sultana'']] on fire, from ''Harpers Weekly'']]<br />
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====Mississippi and Missouri river traffic====<br />
For most of the 19th century and part of the early 20th century, trade on the [[Mississippi River]] was dominated by paddle-wheel steamboats. Their use generated rapid development of economies of port cities; the exploitation of agricultural and commodity products, which could be more easily transported to markets; and prosperity along the major rivers. Their success led to penetration deep into the continent, where ''[[Anson Northup]]'' in 1859 became the first steamer to cross the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]] on the [[Red River of the North|Red River]]. They would also be involved in major political events, as when [[Louis Riel]] seized ''[[International (steamship)|International]]'' at [[Fort Garry]], or [[Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader)|Gabriel Dumont]] was engaged by ''[[Northcote (steamboat)|Northcote]]'' at [[Battle of Batoche|Batoche]]. Steamboats were held in such high esteem that they could become state symbols; the [[Iowa (steamboat)|Steamboat ''Iowa'']] (1838) is incorporated in the [[Seal of Iowa]] because it represented speed, power, and progress.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
[[File:Mississippi River in Louisiana Steamboat Natchez.jpg|left|thumb|The ''Natchez'' operates out of New Orleans. There are other paddlewheelers on the Mississippi, but the ''[[Natchez (boat)|Natchez]]'' and the ''[[American Queen]]'' are the only two that are propelled by steam.]]<br />
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At the same time, the expanding steamboat traffic had severe adverse environmental effects, in the Middle Mississippi Valley especially, between St. Louis and the river's confluence with the [[Ohio River|Ohio]]. The steamboats consumed much wood for fuel, and the river floodplain and banks became deforested. This led to instability in the banks, addition of silt to the water, making the river both shallower and hence wider and causing unpredictable, lateral movement of the river channel across the wide, ten-mile floodplain, endangering navigation. Boats designated as snagpullers to keep the channels free had crews that sometimes cut remaining large trees {{convert|100|–|200|ft}} or more back from the banks, exacerbating the problems. In the 19th century, the flooding of the Mississippi became a more severe problem than when the floodplain was filled with trees and brush.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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[[File:American Queen Eads Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[American Queen]]'', the world's largest operating river steamboat]]<br />
Most steamboats were destroyed by boiler explosions or fires—and many sank in the river, with some of those buried in silt as the river changed course. From 1811 to 1899, 156 steamboats were lost to snags or rocks between St. Louis and the Ohio River. Another 411 were damaged by fire, explosions or ice during that period.<ref>{{cite book |first=F Terry |last=Norris |chapter=Where Did the Villages Go? Steamboats, Deforestation, and Archaeological Loss in the Mississippi Valley |title=Common Fields: an Environmental History of St. Louis |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Hurley |location=St. Louis, MO |publisher=Missouri Historical Society Press |date=1997 |page=82}}</ref> One of the few surviving Mississippi sternwheelers from this period, ''[[Julius C. Wilkie]]'', was operated as a [[museum ship]] at [[Winona, Minnesota]], until its destruction in a fire in 1981. The replacement, built ''in situ'', was not a steamboat. The replica was scrapped in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winonadailynews.com/news/local/thursday-throwback-winona-s-wilkie-the-ugly-tug-that-got/article_5c0c91a7-2147-5852-a153-632d84bf7c36.html|title=THURSDAY THROWBACK: Winona's Wilkie, the ugly tug that got a makeover|last=Christenson|first=Jerome|website=Winona Daily News|date=September 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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From 1844 through 1857, luxurious [[palace steamer]]s carried passengers and cargo around the North American Great Lakes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Niagara |at=Service history |url=http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_niagara_serv2.cfm |website=Wisconsin shipwrecks |publisher=University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713074203/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_niagara_serv2.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Great Lakes passenger steamers]] reached their zenith during the century from 1850 to 1950. The {{SS|Badger}} is the last of the once-numerous passenger-carrying steam-powered [[Train ferry|car ferries]] operating on the Great Lakes. A unique style of [[bulk carrier]] known as the [[lake freighter]] was developed on the Great Lakes. The ''St. Marys Challenger'', launched in 1906, is the oldest operating steamship in the United States. She runs a Skinner Marine Unaflow 4-cylinder reciprocating steam engine as her power plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boatnerd.com/pictures/fleet/stmaryschallenger.htm |title=St. Marys Challenger |first=George |last=Wharton |website=Boat nerd}}</ref><br />
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Women started to become steamboat captains in the late 19th century. The first woman to earn her steamboat master's license was [[Mary Millicent Miller]], in 1884.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC&pg=PA621|title=The Encyclopedia of Louisville|last=Kleber|first=John E.|date=2001|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0813128900|pages=621|language=en}}</ref> In 1888, [[Callie Leach French]] earned her first class license.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12325931/|title=Runs a Steamer|date=23 February 1898|work=The Wichita Daily Eagle|access-date=6 May 2018|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1892, she earned a [[Sea captain|master's license]], becoming the only woman to hold both and operating on the Mississippi River.<ref name=":0" /> French towed a showboat up and down the rivers until 1907 and boasted that she'd never had an accident or lost a boat.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/women/changing/river.htm|title=Women & The Sea|website=The Mariner's Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106051200/http://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/women/changing/river.htm|archive-date=2011-01-06|url-status=dead|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Another early steamboat captain was [[Blanche Douglass Leathers]], who earned her license in 1894.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://petticoatsandpistols.com/2012/09/01/steamboats-female-pilots-and-the-rio-grande-by-darlene-franklin/|title=STEAMBOATS, FEMALE PILOTS, AND THE RIO GRANDE! by Darlene Franklin – Petticoats & Pistols|date=1 September 2012|work=Petticoats & Pistols|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> [[Mary Becker Greene]] earned her license in 1897 and along with her husband started the [[Delta Queen Steamboat Company|Greene Line]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19887074/|title=Records show there were at least|date=2 December 1970|work=Quad-City Times|access-date=7 May 2018|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><br />
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=====Steamboats in rivers on the west side of the Mississippi River=====<br />
Steamboats also operated on the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] to [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]], Louisiana.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
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In April 1815, Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat, the Enterprise, up the Red River.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
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By 1839 after Captain [[Henry Miller Shreve]] broke the [[Great Raft]] log jam had been 160 miles long on the river.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brock |first1=Eric J. |last2=Joiner |first2=Gary |title=Red River Steamboats |date=1999 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-0168-0 }}{{page needed|date=April 2022}}</ref><br />
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In the late 1830s, the steamboats in rivers on the west side of the Mississippi River were a long, wide, shallow draft vessel, lightly built with an engine on the deck. These newer steamboats could sail in just 20 inches of water. Contemporaries claimed that they could "run with a lot of heavy dew".<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/steamboats] Encyclopedia | United States History | Steamboats</ref><br />
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====Walking the steamboat over sandbars or away from reefs====<br />
Walking the boat was a way of lifting the bow of a steamboat like on crutches, getting up and down a sandbank with poles, blocks, and strong rigging, and using paddlewheels to lift and move the ship through successive steps, on the helm. Moving of a boat from a sandbar by its own action was known as "walking the boat" and "grass-hoppering". Two long, strong poles were pushed forward from the bow on either side of the boat into the sandbar at a high degree of angle. Near the end of each pole, a block was secured with a strong rope or clamp that passed through pulleys that lowered through a pair of similar blocks attached to the deck near the bow. The end of each line went to a winch which, when turned, was taut and, with its weight on the stringers, slightly raised the bow of the boat. Activation of the forward paddlewheels and placement of the poles caused the bow of the boat to raise and move the boat forward perhaps a few feet. It was laborious and dangerous work for the crew, even with a [[Steam donkey]] driven capstan winch.<br />
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====Double-tripping====<br />
Double-tripping means making two voyages by leaving a cargo of a steamboat ashore to lighten boats load during times of extremely low water or when ice impedes progress. The boat had to return (and therefore make a second trip) to retrieve the cargo.<ref>[https://www.steamboats.org/history-education/glossary/walkig_the_boat.html] Walking the boat | Steamboating Rivers</ref><ref>copied from [[Steam donkey]] see that article for references | <br />
https://epdf.pub/the-steamboat-era-a-history-of-fultons-folly-on-american-rivers-1807-1860.html | The Steamboat Era: A History of Fulton's Folly on American Rivers, 1807–1860 | Author: S. L. Kotar | J. E. Gessler | 2009 | Pages 33 & 267</ref><br />
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====Piston Rings, Steel replaced cotton seals, 1854====<br />
1854: John Ramsbottom publishes a report on his use of oversized split steel piston rings which maintain a seal by outward spring tension on the cylinder wall. This improved efficiency by allowing much better sealing (compared to earlier cotton seals) which allowed significantly higher system pressures before "blow-by" is experienced.<ref name="ReferenceA">copied from the Wikipedia article [[Timeline of steam power]], see that article for references</ref><br />
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====Allen Steam Engine at 3 to 5 times higher speeds, 1862====<br />
1862: The Allen steam engine (later called Porter-Allen) is exhibited at the London Exhibition. It is precision engineered and balanced allowing it to operate at from three to five times the speed of other stationary engines. The short stroke and high speed minimize condensation in the cylinder, significantly improving efficiency. The high speed allows direct coupling or the use of reduced sized pulleys and belting.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
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====Boilers, Water Tubes, Not Explosive, 1867====<br />
{{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1867}}|event= [[Stephen Wilcox]] and his partner [[George Herman Babcock]] patent the "Babcock & Wilcox Non-Explosive Boiler", which uses water inside clusters of tubing to generate steam, typically with higher pressures and more efficiently than the typical "firetube" boilers of that time. [[Babcock & Wilcox]]-type boiler designs become popular in new installations.}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
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====Triple Expansion Steam Engine, 1881====<br />
{{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1881}}|event= [[Alexander Carnegie Kirk|Alexander C. Kirk]] designs the first practical [[triple expansion]] engine which was installed in [[SS Aberdeen (1881)|SS ''Aberdeen'']].}}<ref>Day, Lance and McNeil, Ian (Editors) 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m8TsygLyfSMC&dq=the+aberdeen+1881+napiers&pg=PA694 ''Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology''] Routledge, {{ISBN|0-203-02829-5}} (P. 694)</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
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====Steam Turbine, 1884====<br />
{{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1884}}|event= [[Charles Algernon Parsons]] developed the [[steam turbine]], used in early electrical generation and to power ships. The efficiency of large steam turbines is considerably better than the best [[compound steam engine|compound piston engines]], and they are much simpler, more reliable, smaller and lighter. Steam turbines eventually replaced piston engines for most power generation.}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
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====20th century====<br />
The ''[[Belle of Louisville]]'' is the oldest operating steamboat in the United States, and the oldest operating Mississippi River-style steamboat in the world. She was laid down as ''Idlewild'' in 1914, and is currently located in Louisville, Kentucky.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Belle of Louisville |website=Belle of Louisville |url=http://www.steamboats.org/traveller.html |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><br />
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Five major commercial steamboats currently operate on the inland waterways of the United States. The only remaining overnight cruising steamboat is the 432-passenger ''[[American Queen]]'', which operates week-long cruises on the Mississippi, Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers 11 months out of the year. The others are day boats: they are the steamers ''[[Chautauqua Belle]]'' at [[Chautauqua Lake|Chautauqua Lake, New York]], ''[[Minne-Ha-Ha II|Minne Ha-Ha]]'' at [[Lake George (village), New York|Lake George, New York]], operating on Lake George; the ''[[Belle of Louisville]]'' in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], operating on the Ohio River; and the ''[[Natchez (steamboat)|Natchez]]'' in New Orleans, Louisiana, operating on the Mississippi River. For modern craft operated on rivers, see the [[Riverboat]] article.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Steamboat Traveler |website=Steamboats |url=http://www.steamboats.org/traveller.html |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><br />
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===Canada===<br />
In Canada, the city of [[Terrace, British Columbia|Terrace]], British Columbia, celebrates "Riverboat Days" each summer. Built on the banks of the [[Skeena River]], the city depended on the steamboat for transportation and trade into the 20th century. The first steamer to enter the Skeena was ''Union'' in 1864. In 1866 ''Mumford'' attempted to ascend the river, but it was only able to reach the [[Kitsumkalum River]]. It was not until 1891 [[Hudson's Bay Company]] sternwheeler ''Caledonia'' successfully negotiated [[Kitselas Canyon]] and reached [[Hazelton, British Columbia|Hazelton]]. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the 20th century, in part due to the growing [[fish industry]] and the [[gold rush]].<ref name =normabennett>{{cite book |title=Pioneer Legacy – Chronicles of the Lower Skeena River |volume=1 |first=Norma V |last=Bennett |date=1997}}</ref>{{Rp | needed = yes | date =November 2012}} For more information, see [[Steamboats of the Skeena River]].<br />
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[[File:Sternwheeler Inlander.jpg|thumb|left|S.S. ''Inlander'' on the [[Skeena River]] at [[Kitselas Canyon]], 1911]]<br />
Sternwheelers were an instrumental transportation technology in the development of Western Canada. They were used on most of the navigable waterways of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, BC (British Columbia) and the Yukon at one time or another, generally being supplanted by the expansion of railroads and roads. In the more mountainous and remote areas of the Yukon and BC, working sternwheelers lived on well into the 20th century.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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The simplicity of these vessels and their shallow draft made them indispensable to pioneer communities that were otherwise virtually cut off from the outside world. Because of their shallow, flat-bottomed construction (the Canadian examples of the western river sternwheeler generally needed less than three feet of water to float in), they could nose up almost anywhere along a riverbank to pick up or drop off passengers and freight. Sternwheelers would also prove vital to the construction of the railroads that eventually replaced them. They were used to haul supplies, track and other materials to construction camps.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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The simple, versatile, locomotive-style boilers fitted to most sternwheelers after about the 1860s could burn coal, when available in more populated areas like the lakes of the [[Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers|Kootenays]] and the [[Steamboats of Lake Okanagan|Okanagan]] region in southern BC, or wood in the more remote areas, such as the [[Steamboats of the Yukon River]] or northern BC.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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The hulls were generally wooden, although iron, steel and composite hulls gradually overtook them. They were braced internally with a series of built-up longitudinal timbers called "keelsons". Further resilience was given to the hulls by a system of "hog rods" or "hog chains" that were fastened into the keelsons and led up and over vertical masts called "hog-posts", and back down again.<ref name="KaneAdam">{{cite book|last1=Kane|first1=Adam I|title=The Western River Steamboat|date=2004|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-58544-343-7|page=63|url=http://www.tamupress.com/product/Western-River-Steamboat,4183.aspx|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810015857/http://www.tamupress.com/product/Western-River-Steamboat,4183.aspx|archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><br />
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Like their counterparts on the Mississippi and its tributaries, and the vessels on the rivers of California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska, the Canadian sternwheelers tended to have fairly short life-spans. The hard usage they were subjected to and inherent flexibility of their shallow wooden hulls meant that relatively few of them had careers longer than a decade.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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[[File:SS Keno Dawson.jpg|thumb|The SS ''Keno'' in [[Dawson City]]]]<br />
In the [[Yukon]], two vessels are preserved: the {{SS|Klondike}} in Whitehorse and the {{SS|Keno}} in Dawson City. Many derelict hulks can still be found along the [[Yukon River]].{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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In British Columbia, the ''[[Moyie (sternwheeler)|Moyie]]'', built by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in 1898, was operated on [[Kootenay Lake]] in south-eastern BC until 1957. It has been carefully restored and is on display in the village of Kaslo, where it acts as a tourist attraction right next to information centre in downtown Kaslo. The ''Moyie'' is the world's oldest intact stern wheeler. While the SS ''Sicamous'' and SS ''Naramata'' (steam tug & icebreaker) built by the CPR at Okanagan Landing on Okanagan Lake in 1914<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sssicamous.com/ |title=SS Sicamous |website=SS Sicamous}}</ref> have been preserved in Penticton at the south end of [[Okanagan Lake]].{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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The SS ''Samson V'' is the only Canadian steam-powered sternwheeler that has been preserved afloat. It was built in 1937 by the Canadian federal Department of Public Works as a snagboat for clearing logs and debris out of the lower reaches of the [[Steamboats of the Upper Fraser River|Fraser River]] and for maintaining docks and aids to navigation. The fifth in a line of Fraser River snagpullers, the ''Samson V'' has engines, paddlewheel and other components that were passed down from the ''Samson II'' of 1914. It is now moored on the Fraser River as a floating museum in its home port of New Westminster, near Vancouver, BC.{{Citation needed |date=November 2012}}<br />
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The oldest operating steam driven vessel in North America is the {{RMS|Segwun}}. It was built in Scotland in 1887 to cruise the Muskoka Lakes, District of [[Muskoka, Ontario]], Canada. Originally named the S.S. ''Nipissing'', it was converted from a side-paddle-wheel steamer with a walking-beam engine into a two-counter-rotating-propeller steamer.<br />
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The first woman steamboat captain on the Columbia River was [[Minnie Mossman Hill]], who earned her master's and pilot's license in 1887.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqhpBgAAQBAJ&q=%22minnie+hill%22+captain&pg=PA16|title=Portland's Maritime History|last1=Harrison|first1=Rebecca|last2=Cowan|first2=Daniel|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4396-4452-2|location=Charleston, South Carolina|pages=16|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19918580/|title=Capt. Minnie Hill|date=21 September 1889|work=The Ottawa Free Trader|access-date=8 May 2018|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><br />
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===Great Britain===<br />
{{main|Thames steamers}}<br />
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Engineer Robert Fourness and his cousin, physician James Ashworth are said to have had a steamboat running between Hull and Beverley, after having been granted British Patent No. 1640 of March 1788 for a "new invented machine for working, towing, expediting and facilitating the voyage of ships, sloops and barges and other vessels upon the water". James Oldham, MICE, described how well he knew those who had built the F&A steamboat in a lecture entitled "On the rise, progress and present position of steam navigation in Hull" that he gave at the 23rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement for Science in Hull, England on 7 September 1853.<br />
The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, [[Henry Bell (engineer)|Henry Bell's]] ''[[PS Comet|Comet]]'' of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services on the [[Firth of Clyde]], and within four years a steamer service was in operation on the inland [[Loch Lomond]], a forerunner of the lake steamers still gracing Swiss lakes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Basil |last=Clark |title=Steamboat Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruLraHeDq7MC&pg=PA160 |date=2007 |page=160|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-84753-201-5 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On the Clyde itself, within ten years of ''Comet's'' start in 1812 there were nearly fifty steamers, and services had started across the [[Irish Sea]] to [[Belfast]] and on many British estuaries. By 1900 there were over 300 [[Clyde steamer]]s.<ref>{{cite book |first=Fred |last=Hawks |title=Unknown title |publisher=World Ship Society |type=CD |number=2 |date=2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
People have had a particular affection for the [[Clyde puffer]]s, small steam freighters of traditional design developed to use the Scottish canals and to serve the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] and Islands. They were immortalised by the tales of [[Para Handy]]'s boat ''[[Vital Spark]]'' by [[Neil Munro (Hugh Foulis)|Neil Munro]] and by the film ''[[The Maggie]]'', and a small number are being conserved to continue in steam around the west highland sea lochs.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Bruce |last1=Lenman |first2=J |last2=Mackie |title=A History of Scotland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cvp_njNb2sC&pg=PT448 |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin |page=448|isbn=978-0-14-192756-5 }}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1850 to the early decades of the 20th century [[Windermere]], in the English [[Lake District]], was home to many elegant steam launches. They were used for private parties, watching the yacht races or, in one instance, commuting to work, via the rail connection to Barrow in Furness. Many of these fine craft were saved from destruction when steam went out of fashion and are now part of the collection at [[Windermere Steamboat Museum]]. The collection includes [[SL Dolly]], 1850, thought to be the world's oldest mechanically powered boat, and several of the classic Windermere launches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.steamboats.org.uk/collection-1 |title=The Collection |website=Windermere Steamboat Museum}}</ref><br />
<br />
Today the 1900 steamer {{SS|Sir Walter Scott}} still sails on [[Loch Katrine]], while on Loch Lomond [[PS Maid of the Loch|PS ''Maid of the Loch'']] is being restored{{When|date=September 2023}}, and in the English Lakes the oldest operating passenger yacht, [[SY Gondola|SY ''Gondola'']] (built 1859, rebuilt 1979), sails daily during the summer season on Coniston Water.<br />
<br />
The paddle steamer ''[[PS Waverley|Waverley]]'', built in 1947, is the last survivor of these fleets, and the last seagoing paddle steamer in the world. This ship sails a full season of cruises every year from places around Britain, and has sailed across the [[English Channel]] for a visit to commemorate the sinking of her predecessor, built in 1899, at the [[Battle of Dunkirk]] in 1940.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sissons triple expansion steam engine in sl Nuneham.jpg|thumb|Sissons [[triple-expansion engine|triple-expansion steam engine]] and coal-fired [[Scotch boiler]], as installed in SL ''Nuneham'']]<br />
<br />
After the Clyde, the Thames estuary was the main growth area for steamboats, starting with the ''Margery'' and the ''Thames'' in 1815, which were both brought down from the Clyde. Until the arrival of railways from 1838 onwards, steamers steadily took over the role of the many sail and rowed ferries, with at least 80 ferries by 1830 with routes from London to Gravesend and Margate, and upstream to Richmond. By 1835, the Diamond Steam Packet Company, one of several popular companies, reported that it had carried over 250,000 passengers in the year.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frank L. |last=Dix |title=Royal River Highway, A History of the Passenger Boats and Services on the Thames |publisher=David & Charles |date=1985 |pages=60–63}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first steamboat constructed of iron, the ''[[Aaron Manby]]'' was laid down in the [[Horseley Ironworks]] in Staffordshire in 1821 and launched at the [[Surrey Docks]] in [[Rotherhithe]]. After testing in the Thames, the boat steamed to Paris where she was used on the [[River Seine]]. Three similar iron steamers followed within a few years.<br />
<br />
{{Listen| filename = Belliss steam launch engine - Thinktank - Andy Mabbett - 2015-02-12 -01.flac |title = Bellis steam launch engine |type = speech |description = A Bellis steam launch engine, made in Birmingham, and now in [[Thinktank, Birmingham|Thinktank museum]] there }}<br />
<br />
There are few genuine steamboats left on the [[River Thames]]; however, a handful remain.<br />
<br />
The SL (steam launch) ''Nuneham'' is a genuine [[Victorian era|Victorian]] steamer built in 1898, and operated on the non-tidal upper Thames by the Thames Steam Packet Boat Company. It is berthed at Runnymede.<br />
<br />
SL ''Nuneham'' was built at Port [[Brimscombe]] on the [[Thames and Severn Canal]] by Edwin Clarke. She was built for [[Salter Bros]] at [[Oxford]] for the regular passenger service between Oxford and [[Kingston-upon-Thames|Kingston]]. The original Sissons [[triple-expansion engine|triple-expansion steam engine]] was removed in the 1960s and replaced with a diesel engine. In 1972, the SL ''Nuneham'' was sold to a London boat operator and entered service on the [[Westminster Pier]] to [[Hampton Court]] service. In 1984 the boat was sold again – now practically derelict – to French Brothers Ltd at Runnymede as a restoration project.<br />
<br />
Over a number of years French Brothers carefully restored the launch to its former specification. A similar Sissons triple-expansion engine was found in a museum in America, shipped back to the UK and installed, along with a new coal-fired [[Scotch boiler]], designed and built by Alan McEwen of [[Keighley]], Yorkshire. The superstructure was reconstructed to the original design and elegance, including the raised roof, wood paneled saloon and open top deck. The restoration was completed in 1997 and the launch was granted an MCA passenger certificate for 106 passengers. SL Nuneham was entered back into service by French Brothers Ltd, but trading as the Thames Steam Packet Boat Company.<br />
<br />
The Thames Steam Packet Boat Company also operate SL Streatley. Streatley is an Edwardian steamer, also built by Salter Bros in 1915. Streatley and Nuneham can often be seen together cruising the upper reaches of the River Thames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thames Steam Packet Boat Company |url=https://www.thamessteam.com/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Thames Steam Packet Boat Company |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Europe===<br />
[[File:AankomstSintGroningen2013.JPG|thumb|Pakjesboot 12 arrives in The Netherlands.]]<br />
Built in 1856, PS ''[[Skibladner]]'' is the oldest [[steamship]] still in operation, serving towns along lake [[Mjøsa]] in Norway.<br />
<br />
In Denmark, steamboats were a popular means of transportation in earlier times, mostly for recreational purposes. They were deployed to carry passengers for short distances along the coastline or across larger lakes. Falling out of favour later on, some of the original boats are still in operation in a few places, such as ''[[Hjejlen]]''. Built in 1861, this steamboat is running second to the Norwegian Skibladner as the oldest steamship in operation and sails the lake of Julsø near [[Silkeborg]].<br />
<br />
Swiss lakes are home of a number of large steamships. On [[Lake Lucerne]], five paddle steamers are still in service: ''{{Interlanguage link|Uri (1901)|de|3=Uri (Schiff)}}'' (built in 1901, 800 passengers), ''{{Interlanguage link|Unterwalden (1902)|de|3=Unterwalden (Schiff)}}'' (1902, 800 passengers), ''{{Interlanguage link|Schiller (1906)|de|3=Schiller (Schiff, 1906)}}'' (1906, 900 passengers), ''{{Interlanguage link|Gallia (Schiff, 1913)|de}}'' (1913, 900 passengers, fastest paddle-wheeler on European lakes) and ''{{Interlanguage link|Stadt Luzern (Schiff, 1928)|de}}'' (1928, 1200 passengers, last steamship built for a Swiss lake). There are also five steamers as well as some old steamships converted to diesel-powered paddlewheelers on [[Lake Geneva]], two steamers on [[Lake Zurich]] and single ones on other lakes.<br />
<br />
In Austria the paddle-wheeler ''{{Interlanguage link|Gisela (1871)|de|3=Gisela (Schiff)}}'' (250 passengers) of 1871 vintage continues in service on [[Traunsee]]. The paddle-wheeler [[:de:Hohentwiel (Schiff)|Hohentwiel]] of 1913 is the oldest running passenger ship on the [[Lake Constance|Lake of Constance]].<br />
In [[Netherlands|The Netherlands]], a steamboat is used for the annual [[Sinterklaas|Sinterklaas celebration]]. According to tradition, Sinterklaas always arrives in the Netherlands by steamboat. The steamer in The Netherlands is called Pakjesboot 12.<br />
<br />
===New Zealand===<br />
The New Zealand-built 1912 steamer [[TSS Earnslaw|TSS ''Earnslaw'']] still makes regular sight-seeing trips across [[Lake Wakatipu]], an alpine lake near [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]].<br />
<br />
===Vietnam===<br />
Seeing the great potential of the steam-powered vessels, Vietnamese Emperor [[Minh Mạng]] attempted to reproduce a French-made steamboat.<ref>{{Cite web<br />
|title=The Vietnamese conquer the ocean – Part 1: The thirst for steamboats<br />
|url=http://vietnam.vn/the-vietnamese-conquer-the-ocean-part-1-the-thirst-for-steamboats-c1070n20120215144633593.htm<br />
|archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20130317154549/http://vietnam.vn/the-vietnamese-conquer-the-ocean-part-1-the-thirst-for-steamboats-c1070n20120215144633593.htm<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=2013-03-17<br />
}}</ref> The first test in 1838 was a failure as the boiler was broken. The task supervisor was chained and two officials Nguyễn Trung Mậu, Ngô Kim Lân from the Ministry of Construction were jailed for false report. The project was assigned again to Hoàng Văn Lịch and Võ Huy Trinh. In the second test two months later, the engine performed greatly. The Emperor rewarded the two handsomely. He commented that although this machine could be purchased from the Westerner, it is important that his engineers and mechanics could acquaint themselves with modern machinery. Therefore no expense was too great.<ref>[[Cao Xuân Dục]], Quốc triều chính biên toát yếu.</ref> Encouraged by the success, Minh Mạng ordered the engineers to study and develop steam engines and steamers to equip his naval fleets. At the end of Minh Mạng 's reign there were 3 steamers produced named ''Yến Phi, Vân Phi and Vụ Phi''.<ref>Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ.</ref> However, his successor could not maintain the industry due to financial problems, worsened by many years of social unrest under his rule.<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:Rocket Paddle Steamer Of Bangladesh.jpg|Rocket paddle steamer off Dhaka, Bangladesh<br />
File:SteamboatEnglishPatent.gif|1736 steamboat English patent.<br />
File:Clermont illustration - Robert Fulton - Project Gutenberg eText 15161.jpg|Robert Fulton's ''Clermont''.<br />
File:Elise-vapeur.png|The ''[[Steam ship Élise|Élise]]'' (ex Scottish-built ''Marjorie'').<br />
File:Enterprise 03.jpg|"''[[Enterprise (1814)|Enterprise]]'' on her fast trip to Louisville, 1815"<br />
File:ПервыйРусскийПароход.jpg|Elizaveta, The first Russian steamship, 1815<br />
File:Paddle wheel small.jpg|Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. Right: detail of a steamer.<br />
File:Edward L Ryerson Welland Canal 2008.JPG|730-foot [[lake freighter]] ''[[SS Edward L. Ryerson|Edward L Ryerson]]''<br />
File:PS Waverley off Greenock 1994.jpg|Paddle steamer [[PS Waverley|PS ''Waverley'']] steaming down the Firth of Clyde.<br />
File:TS Queen Mary 1981.jpg|Turbine steamer [[TS Queen Mary|TS ''Queen Mary'']].<br />
File:SS Shieldhall in Clyde 2005.jpg|{{SS|Shieldhall}} steams down the Firth of Clyde.<br />
File:Sky-Wonder---Villefranche.jpg|''[[Sky Wonder]]'' last steam-powered cruise ship built 1984<br />
File:BelleOfLouisville.jpg|''[[Belle of Louisville]]''<br />
File:Steamboat Natchez. New Orleans. (48759732042).jpg|''[[Natchez (boat)|Natchez]]''<br />
File:DeltaQueenRacing.jpg|''[[Delta Queen]]'' racing<br />
File:Delta King.JPG|''[[Delta King]]''<br />
File:Hobby Steamboat Margaret S.jpg|Steam Sidewheeler<br />
File:Big 4 Bridge Belle of Cincinnati.jpg|''Belle of Cincinnati'', a participant in the [[Great Steamboat Race]]<br />
File:American Queen in New Orleans.jpg|''[[American Queen]]'' docked at the [[The Outlet Collection at Riverwalk|Riverwalk]] in 2015 <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers]].<br />
*[[Chain boat navigation]]<br />
*[[Charles Baird (engineer)|Charles Baird]], engineer who was responsible for Russia's first steamboat.<br />
*[[Howard Steamboat Museum]]<br />
*[[List of steamboats on the Columbia River]]<br />
*[[Lists of ships]]<br />
*[[Motor ship]] or Motor vessel, a ship [[Marine propulsion|propelled]] by an [[Internal combustion engine|engine]], usually a [[diesel engine]]. The name of motor ships are often prefixed with MS, M/S, MV or M/V.<br />
*[[Murray-Darling steamboats]]<br />
*[[Naphtha launch]]<br />
*''[[President (narrowboat)|President]]'', a preserved English steam narrowboat<br />
*[[PS Rising Star]]<br />
*[[Riverboat]]<br />
*[[Steam Navigation Company]], a list of companies that share the name<br />
*[[Steam-powered vessels]]<br />
*[[Steam yacht]]<br />
*[[Steamship]]<br />
*[[Steamship Historical Society of America]]<br />
*[[Tourist sternwheelers of Oregon]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External references==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Citation | first = Ian | last = McCrorie | title = Clyde Pleasure Steamers | year = 1986 | publisher = Orr, Pollock & Co | place = Greenock | isbn = 1-869850-00-9}}.<br />
* {{Citation | first = GH | last = Pattinson | title = The Great Age of Steam on Windermere | year = 1981 | publisher = Windermere Nautical Trust | isbn = 0-907796-00-1}}.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Francis |title=The life of William Henry, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1729-1786: patriot, military officer, inventor of the steamboat; a contribution to revolutionary history |publisher=Press of the New era printing company |year=1910 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifewilliamhenr00jordgoog |ref=jordan}} <br />
* {{cite book |last=Rolt |first=L. T. C. |title=Thomas Newcomen; the prehistory of the steam engine |publisher=David and Charles Publishers |year=1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPJHAQAAIAAJ |ref=rolt}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Rolt |first1=L. T. C. |last2=Allen |first2=John Scott |title=The steam engine of Thomas Newcomen |publisher=Moorland Pub. Co |year=1977 |isbn= 978-0-88202-171-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_FSAAAAMAAJ |ref=rolt77}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{Citation | last = Affleck | first = Edward | title = A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska | year = 2000 | publisher = Alexander Nicolls Press | place = Vancouver, BC}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Clark | first = BEG | title = Steamboat Evolution, A Short History | date = March 2007 | publisher = Lulu | isbn = 978-1-84753-201-5}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Clark | first = BEG | title = Symington and the Steamboat | date = 6 June 2010 | author-mask = 3 | publisher = Lulu | isbn = 978-1-4457-4936-5}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Downs | first = Art | title = British Columbia-Yukon Sternwheel Days | year = 1992 | publisher = Heritage House Publishing | place = Surrey, BC}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Dumpleton | first = Bernard | title = The Story of the Paddle Steamer | publisher = Venton | place = Melksham | year = 1973}}.<br />
* {{Hunter: Steamboats on the Western Rivers|edition=1949}} The standard history of American river boats.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Paskoff | first = Paul F | title = Troubled Waters: Steamboat Disasters, River Improvements, and American Public Policy, 1821–1860 |isbn=978-0-8071-3268-5| year = 2007}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Ray | first = Kurt | title = New Roads, Canals, and Railroads in Early 19Th-Century America: The Transportation Revolution | year = 2003}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Sheret | first = Robin | title = Smoke, Ash and Steam | year = 1997 | publisher = Western Isles Cruise and Dive Co | place = Victoria, BC}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Sutcliffe | first = Andrea | title = Steam: The Untold Story of Americas First Great Invention | year = 2004}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Turner | first = Robert D | title = Sternwheelers and Steam Tugs | year = 1998 | publisher = Sono Nis Press | place = Victoria, BC}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Wilson | first = Graham | title = Paddlewheelers of Alaska and the Yukon | year = 1999 | publisher = Wolf Creek Books | place = Whitehorse, Yukon}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Hussain | first = Kadiwal | title = Sbdidi of Alaska and the Yukon | year = 1999 | publisher = Wolf Creek Books | place = Whitehorse, Yukon}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Darahaas | first = Tomato | title = Guide to Proxy Development| year = 2025 | publisher = Wolf Creek Books | place = Whitehorse, Yukon}}.<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Steamboats}}<br />
{{NIE Poster|Steam Navigation}}<br />
<br />
===Commercial operations===<br />
*[http://www.steamboats.org/index.html/ Directory of steamboats/riverboats in the U.S. and Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727175903/http://www.steamboats.org/index.html/ |date=27 July 2014 }}<br />
*[http://www.steamboatnatchez.com/ Steamboat ''Natchez'', based in New Orleans, Louisiana]<br />
*[http://www.americanqueensteamboatcompany.com/ ''American Queen'' Steamboat Company – cruises on the Mississippi, Ohio, Columbia and Snake Rivers]<br />
*''[[Julia Belle Swain]]'' is currently laid up, but there are plans to put it back in service<br />
*[http://www.lakegeorgesteamboat.com/ Lake George Steamboat Company], [[Lake George (lake), New York|Lake George, New York]]<br />
*[http://www.incallander.co.uk/steam.htm Loch Katrine Steamship ''Sir Walter Scott''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519151557/http://incallander.co.uk/steam.htm |date=19 May 2011 }}, Steamer on Loch Katrine<br />
*[http://www.islesofshoals.com/ Isle of Shoals], [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]<br />
*{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk<br />
|title=Excursions on the PS Waverley<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.heritagesteamers.co.uk/<br />
|title=PS Waverley & PS Kingswear Castle<br />
|publisher=Paddle Steamer Preservation Society<br />
}}<br />
*[http://www.belleoflouisville.org/ The ''Belle of Louisville'', oldest operating Mississippi River-style steamboat]<br />
<br />
===Museums and museum boats===<br />
*[http://www.steamboats.org/traveller.html/ Directory of steamboats/steamboat museums (arranged geographically).]<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.nb-president.org.uk/ | title = Steam narrow boat President | place = UK}}. The coal-burning steam narrow-boat President is owned by the Black Country Living Museum, and tours the English canals in summer.<br />
*{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.steamboats.org.uk/highlights-collection<br />
|title = Highlights of the Collection<br />
|publisher = [[Windermere]] Steamboat Museum Project<br />
|ref = Windermere Steamboat Museum<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091129221204/http://www.steamboats.org.uk/highlights-collection<br />
|archive-date = 29 November 2009<br />
}}<br />
* [[Howard Steamboat Museum]], [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], Indiana<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.1856.com/ | title = Arabia Steamboat Museum | place = [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], Missouri}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.craven-hall.org/fitch-steamboat-museum/ | title = John Fitch Steamboat Museum | publisher = Craven Hall | place = [[Warminster, Pennsylvania|Warminster]], Pennsylvania}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.geomverity.org/ | title = Str. George M. Verity River Museum | place = [[Keokuk, Iowa|Keokuk]], Iowa | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130218185122/http://www.geomverity.org/ | archive-date = 18 February 2013 }}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.cliftonsteamboatmuseum.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=31 | title = Clifton Steamboat Museum |location= [[Clifton, Texas|Clifton]], Texas}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.steamboateramuseum.org/ | title = The Steamboat Era museum | place = [[Irvington, VA]]}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.winneconnewi.gov/historical/museum/steamboat.htm | title = The Steamboat Museum | place = [[Winneconne, Wisconsin|Winneconne]], Wisconsin}}.<br />
* [[Mud Island, Memphis|Mud Island]] [[Mississippi River Museum]], Mud Island Park, Memphis, TN<br />
* [[National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium]], Dubuque, IA<br />
* [[Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum]], Hannibal, MO<br />
* ''[[Captain Meriwether Lewis]]'' Museum of Missouri River History, Brownville, NE<br />
* ''[[Delta King]]'', Sacramento, CA<br />
<br />
===Historical image collections===<br />
* {{Citation | url = https://louisianadigitallibrary.org/lsu-sc | title = Louisiana State University Libraries Digital Collections | publisher = LSU}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/howard | title = Howard Steamboat Museum Collection | publisher = Louisville}}.<br />
* [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/transportation/searchterm/steamboat/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/ Transportation Photograph Collection] – University of Washington Library<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/LaCrosseSteamboat | publisher = UW | title = La Crosse Historic Steamboat Photograph collection}}.<br />
*[http://content.lib.washington.edu/vanolindaweb/index.html Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs] A collection of 420 photographs depicting life on Vashon Island, Whidbey Island, Seattle and other communities of Washington State's Puget Sound from the 1880s to the 1930s. This collection provides a glimpse of early pioneer activities, industries and occupations, recreation, street scenes, ferries and boat traffic at the turn of the 20th century.<br />
*Images of the Saltilla Steamship at the [http://digital.lib.uh.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=/p15195coll2&CISOBOX1=steamships University of Houston Digital Library]<br />
*[http://www.sshsa-db.org SSHSA Image Porthole]: Thousands of digitally preserved photographs of steamships and other engine driven vessels within the collections of the Steamship Historical Society.<br />
<br />
===Associations, information and other links===<br />
* [http://www.steamboating.de Rainer Radow's Steam Boat Page] Description of his steamlaunch project Emma and a 1,000 picture collection of over 110 small still existing steamlaunches.<br />
*Barlow Cumberland, [http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/Documents/Cumberland/ ''A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River''], 2001<br />
*Robert H. Thurston, [https://web.archive.org/web/19980205184259/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter5.html ''A history of the growth of the steam-engine''], 1878 (Chapter 5)<br />
*[http://www.steamboat.org.uk The Steam Boat Association of Great Britain]<br />
*[http://www.steamboats.org Steamboats.org] US inland rivers steamboats today and in history: pictures, sounds, videos, link directory, travel guide, expert discussion forums.<br />
*[http://www.steamship.fi/ Finnish steamships] Finnish Steam Yacht Association.<br />
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090118155436/http://www.beaugen.net/beaugency/pgs/batvapw.htm Steamboat on the Loire in the 1800s]}}<br />
*[http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/decatur/steamboats-side-1 Steamboats] historical marker in [[Bainbridge, Georgia]]<br />
*[http://www.sshsa.org The Steamship Historical Society of America] The official website for the SSHSA, a historical society focused on engine driven vessels and maritime history since 1935.<br />
*[http://www.northweststeamsociety.org/ North West Steam Society – Steam power association in US Pacific Northwest – many boats, cars, trains, etc.]<br />
*[https://thesteamboatingforum.net/ The Steamboating Forum – for discussion of a variety of steam launches. ]<br />
*[https://dordtinstoom.nl/ Dort in Stoom – Largest steam event in Europe, held semi-annually in Dordrecht, the Netherlands.]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Boat types]]<br />
[[Category:Steamships| ]]<br />
[[Category:Steamboats| ]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century inventions]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadia_district&diff=450474Nadia district2026-03-21T18:28:01Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Updated article with clearer structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nadia district<br />
| native_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
|photo1a = Chandroday mandir uc side view.jpg<br />
|photo2a = Three Obelisks of Mirmadan, Nabe Singh Hajari and Bahadur Khan near Plassey.jpg<br />
|photo2b = Silhouette at Jalangi.jpg<br />
|photo3a = Main temple spire of Somaj Bari, Nabadwip 2.jpg<br />
|photo3b = Chakdah mosque.jpg<br />
|photo4a = Banana Plantation - Bhaktanagar - Nadia 2017-08-15 2363.JPG<br />
|size = 300<br />
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: [[Temple of the Vedic Planetarium|Mayapur ISKCON temple]], Memorial to the Bengali commanders at [[Palashi]], [[Jalangi River|Jalangi river]] near [[Palashipara]], Chakdah Masjid, Banana plantation in Bhaktanagar, Somaj Bari Temple in [[Nabadwip]]<br />
}}<br />
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1143880 |stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Nadia District}}<br />
| image_map1 = Nadia in West Bengal (India).svg<br />
| mapsize = 300<br />
| map_caption1 = Location of Nadia district in West Bengal<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|29|N|88|32|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN-WB_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<br />
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]], [[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]], [[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat]], [[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]], [[Nakashipara (community development block)|Nakashipara]], [[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]], [[Krishnanagar I]], [[Krishnanagar II]], [[Nabadwip (community development block)|Nabadwip]], [[Krishnaganj (community development block)|Krishnaganj]], [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]], [[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]], [[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]], [[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]], [[Ranaghat I]], [[Ranaghat II]], [[Karimpur I]], [[Karimpur II]], [[Tehatta I]], [[Tehatta II]]<br />
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]], [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]], [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]], [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]<br />
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]], [[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]], [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]], [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]], [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]], [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]], [[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]], [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]], [[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]], [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]], [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]], [[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj]], [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]], [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]], [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]], [[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani]], [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| area_total_km2 = 3927<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 5,167,600<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = 1438873<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 75.58 per cent<br />
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 947 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| demographics_type2 = Languages<br />
| demographics2_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics2_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nadia district''' ({{IPA|bn|nɔd̪iːaː}}) is a [[Districts of West Bengal|district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It lies in the [[Presidency division]]. It borders [[Bangladesh]] to the east, [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts to the south, [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] to the west, and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] to the north.<br />
<br />
Nadia district is highly influential in the cultural history of Bengal. The standard form of modern [[Bengali language|Bengali]], developed in the 19th century, is based on the dialect spoken around [[Shantipur]] region of Nadia. Known as the "[[Oxford]] of Bengal", Nabadwip made many contributions to Indian philosophy, such as the Navya-Nyaya system of logic, and is the birthplace of the Vaishnava saint [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Official district website" /> The district is still largely agricultural.<ref name="Official district website" /><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
"Nadia" is a shortened name for a historic city in the district. Nabadwip, literally "new island", was formerly an island created by alluvial deposits of the Ganga.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Nadia district is located in southern West Bengal, in the west-central Bengal region. The district is largely an alluvial plain, formed by the constant shifting of the various rivers of the Ganges Delta. To the west of the district is the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] (or Hooghly) river, which was once the main distributary of the Ganga towards the Bay of Bengal, and is still considered to be the continuation of the Ganga for Hindus. As the main flow of the Ganga ran east into the Padma, the Bhagirathi largely dried up. Most of the rivers flowing through Nadia now have little water in them. Nearly all the district has been converted into farmland.<br />
<br />
=== Rivers ===<br />
Nadia district is home to many rivers. The Padma, now the main distributary of the Ganga, touches the district on its northeastern end.<br />
<br />
The [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]], which flows from Murshidabad district, forms much of the northwestern border of the district with Murshidabad, before flowing south into Nadia district. Around Krishnanagar, it turns west and flows into the Bhagirathi near Nabadwip.<br />
<br />
The [[Mathabhanga River|Mathabhanga]] originates in the far northeast of the district and forms part of the border with Bangladesh. It then flows into Bangladesh until it, again forming part of the border, re-enters the district at Gede. At Maijdia, it splits into the [[Churni River|Churni]] and [[Ichamati River|Ichamati]]. The Churni flows southwest and merges with the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] at Shibpur near Ranaghat. The Ichamati flows into Bangladesh near Mubarakpur and reenters India near Duttaphulia. It then flows south into North 24 Parganas district.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Nabadwip]], an ancient town within Nadia district, is often referred to as the "[[Oxford]] of Bengal".<ref name=":0">Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p1, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref name="Official district website" /> One of the Indian schools of logic ([[Tarka sastra]]) called [[Navya-Nyāya|Navya Nyaya]] system was developed in [[Nabadwip]], which produced great logicians in the 15th century. [[Nabadwip]] was an important seat of political power and the capital of Bengal under [[Ballal Sen]] and later [[Lakshman Sen]], kings of the [[Sena Empire]], who ruled from 1159 to 1206.<ref name="Official district website">{{Cite web |title=Tourism-Details |url=http://nadia.nic.in/Tourism-Details/tourism-details.html |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=nadia.nic.in}}</ref> In 1202, [[Nabadwip]] was captured by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]]. This victory paved the way for Muslim rule in Bengal.<ref><br />
[http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/nabadwip.html Tourist Department] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209210539/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/nabadwip.html |date=9 February 2010 }}</ref> The British defeated [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], Nawab of Bengal, at [[Palashi]] in this district. The [[Indigo revolt|1859 revolt]] against European Indigo planters started from the village of Chaugacha, by [[Digambar Biswas]] and Bishnu Charan Biswas in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Subhas |date=July 1977 |title=The Indigo Revolt of Bengal |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/pager.html?issue=60&objectid=HN681.S597_60_015.gif |journal=Social Scientist |volume=5 |issue=60 |page=17 |jstor=3516809 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219042118/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/pager.html?issue=60&objectid=HN681.S597_60_015.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadia is thought to have had trade relations with [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailysangram.com/post/271645-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE| title = Rich in History and Tradition Kushtia Previous Name Nadia| date = 13 February 2018| access-date = 26 August 2018| archive-date = 3 July 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703141556/http://www.dailysangram.com/post/271645-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 August 1947, the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] came into force, and for the next two days [[Nadia]], along with [[Murshidabad]], [[Malda district|Malda]], and [[West Dinajpur district|West Dinajpur]] (present-day [[North Dinajpur]] and [[South Dinajpur]]) due to [[Muslim-majority|Muslim majority]], were part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (specifically [[East Bengal]] or [[East Pakistan]], which seceded as [[Bangladesh]] in 1971). On 17 August 1947, the final boundary adjustment of the [[Radcliffe Commission]] transferred these districts to the [[Dominion of India]] (specifically [[West Bengal]]) ,<ref name="Murshidabad Govt Website"/> to ensure the [[Hooghly River]] was entirely within India and to maintain connectivity between [[Kolkata]] and [[Guwahati]] through [[Darjeeling]] district. But, later Nadia and [[West Dinajpur district|West Dinajpur]] became [[Hindu]]-majority districts due to the arrival of large number of [[Bengali Hindu]] refugees from [[East Bengal]] of [[Pakistan]] during 1947 and [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Bengal]]) liberation war in 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Joya |title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139468305 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA59 |access-date=21 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pre-independence Nadia had five subdivisions: Krishnagar sadar, Ranaghat, [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]] and [[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]. Due to some cartographic error in 1947, large part of Nadia except Nabadwip initially were included into East Pakistan (now [[Bangladesh]]) due to it being a Muslim majority district in the 1941 census of [[British India]]. Due to protests rectification was made and on the night of August 17, 1947, Ranaghat, Krishnanagar, Shikarpur in Karimpur and Plassey were placed in India. Since then some parts of this district have been celebrating Independence day on August 17 and August 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/District-level-map-of-Bengal-indicating-the-Radcliffe-line-thick-black-line-and-the_fig1_309516916/amp|title=District-level map of Bengal indicating the Radcliffe line and the expected border according to majority religious demographics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Aug 19, 2011|title=Nadia keeps a date with history {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nadia-keeps-a-date-with-history/articleshow/9654550.cms|access-date=2022-02-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-16|title=In West Bengal, some villages celebrate Independence Day after August 15; here's why|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/west-bengal-partition-india-independence-day-5908464/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nadia district is also historically significant as the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], a revered figure in [[Hinduism]]. He was born in [[Nabadwip]], a town in the Nadia district, on the full moon night of 18 February 1486. Known as Gauranga for his molten gold-like complexion, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is considered an avatar of [[Lord Krishna]] by his followers. He founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism and popularized the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra. His birthplace, known as Yogpeeth in Mayapur, is a major pilgrimage site for devotees.<br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
[[File:Nadia Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb|Administration of the district]]<br />
<br />
===District administration===<br />
The District of Nadia has its headquarter at Krishnanagar town. The British district of Nadia was formed in 1787. The present district of Nadia after partition was formed by Notification No.545-GA dated 23 February 1948. The District Administration is headed by the District Magistrate & District Collector, Nadia.<br />
<br />
===Administrative subdivisions===<br />
The district comprises four subdivisions: [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]], [[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]], [[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat]] and [[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]].<ref name="blocdir">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc<br />
|title = Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008<br />
|date = 19 March 2008<br />
|access-date = 30 November 2008<br />
|work = West Bengal<br />
|publisher = National Informatics Centre, India<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc<br />
|archive-date = 25 February 2009<br />
}}</ref> [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] is the district headquarters. There are 19 police stations, 2 women's and 1 cyber crime police stations, 18 community development blocks, 11 municipalities, 187 [[gram panchayat]]s (3114 sets) and 2639 villages in this district.<ref name="blocdir" /><ref name="adminsetup">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.nadia.nic.in/District_Profile/District_Profile-Details-page1/district_profile-details-page1.html<br />
| title = District Profile<br />
| publisher = Official website of the Nadia district<br />
| access-date = 30 November 2008<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090117072804/http://nadia.nic.in/District_Profile/District_Profile-Details-page1/district_profile-details-page1.html<br />
| archive-date = 17 January 2009<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 26 urban units: 9 municipalities and 15 [[census town]]s and two [[notified area]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bankura.gov.in/Census/PCA/Table-1.xls |title=Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Directorate of census operations }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Ranaghat]], [[Aistala]], [[Satigachha]], [[Nasra]] and [[Cooper's Camp]] together forms Ranaghat [[urban agglomeration]]. [[Nabadwip]], [[Char Maijdia]] and [[Char Brahmanagar]] forms Nabadwip UA. [[Chakdaha]], [[Gopalpur, West Bengal|Gopalpur]] and [[Parbbatipur]] forms Chakdaha UA. [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] and [[Badkulla]] together forms Krishnanagar UA. [[Birnagar]], [[Phulia]] and [[Taherpur]] together forms Birnagar UA.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+CD blocks and other localities in Nadia district<br />
![[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]]<br />
![[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]]<br />
![[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat]]<br />
![[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]]<br />
|[[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]]<br />
|[[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]]<br />
|[[Karimpur I]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nakashipara (community development block)|Nakashipara]]<br />
|Kalyani<br />
|[[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]]<br />
|[[Karimpur II]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]]<br />
|[[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]]<br />
|[[Ranaghat I]]<br />
|[[Tehatta I]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnanagar I]]<br />
|[[Chakdaha|Chakdaha (M)]]<br />
|[[Ranaghat II]]<br />
|[[Tehatta II]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnanagar II]]<br />
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani (M)]]<br />
|[[Shantipur|Shantipur (M)]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nabadwip (community development block)|Nabadwip]]<br />
|[[Gayespur|Gayespur (M)]]<br />
|[[Ranaghat|Ranaghat (M)]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnaganj (community development block)|Krishnaganj]]<br />
|[[Haringhata|Haringhata (M)]]<br />
|[[Birnagar|Birnagar (M)]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnangar (M)]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Taherpur|Taherpur (NA)]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nabadwip|Nabadwip (M)]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Cooper's Camp|Cooper's Camp (NA)]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Assembly constituencies===<br />
The district is divided into 17 assembly constituencies, which are part of four Lok Sabha constituencies.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2009-08-29 |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! S No. !! Constituency Name <br />
!Lok Sabha Constituency<br />
!MLA<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| 77 || [[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]] <br />
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]<br />
|[[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 78 || [[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]] <br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]<br />
|Tapas Kumar Saha<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 79 || [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]] <br />
|Manik Bhattacharya<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 80 || [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]] <br />
|Nasiruddin Ahamed<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 81 || [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakshipara]] <br />
|Kallol Khan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 82 || [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]] <br />
|[[Rukbanur Rahman]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 83 || [[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]<br />
|Vacant<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Railway Minister and TMC Leader Mukul Roy Dies at 71 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/former-railway-minister-tmc-leader-mukul-roy-passes-away-at-71-3908193 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 84 ||[[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]] <br />
|[[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat (SC)]] <br />
|[[Pundarikakshya Saha]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 85 || [[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]<br />
|[[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]<br />
|[[Ujjal Biswas]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 86 || [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]<br />
| rowspan="6"|[[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat (SC)]]<br />
|[[Braja Kishore Goswami]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| 87 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]<br />
|[[Parthasarathi Chatterjee]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 88 || [[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ashis Kumar Biswas]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ashim Biswas (politician)|Ashim Biswas]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 90 || [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin (SC)]]<br />
|[[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 91 || [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]] <br />
|[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| 92 || [[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani (SC)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ambika Roy]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 93 || [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata (SC)]]<br />
|[[Asim Kumar Sarkar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Lok Sabha Constituencies ===<br />
The district encompasses four Lok Sabha constituencies completely or partially.<ref name=":1" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!S<br />
No.<br />
!Lok Sabha <br />
Constituency<br />
!Member of Parliament<br />
!Party<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]<br />
|[[Abu Taher Khan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]<br />
|[[Mahua Moitra]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat (SC)]]<br />
|[[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bangaon (SC)]]<br />
|[[Shantanu Thakur]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=7,71,672|13=1911|14=7,74,459|15=1921|16=7,10,455|17=1931|18=7,20,944|19=1941|20=8,40,303|21=1951|22=11,42,686|23=1961|24=17,11,830|25=1971|26=22,23,911|27=1981|28=29,64,253|29=1991|30=38,52,097|31=2001|32=46,04,827|33=2011|34=51,67,600|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Nadia district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 5,167,600,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Nadia |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1346/download/4398/DH_2011_1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the US state of [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |access-date=30 September 2011 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |quote=Colorado 5,029,196 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 18th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|1316|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.24%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Nadia has a [[sex ratio]] of 947 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.58%. 27.84% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 29.93% and 2.72% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" /> [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.02% of the population.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{See also|List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Nadia district (2011)<ref name="religion"/><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|72.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|26.76}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.65}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.44}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Religion in present-day Nadia district<br />
! rowspan="2" |Religion<br />
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|75}}<br />
! colspan="2" |1951<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30075/download/33256/44366_1951_NAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nadia |publisher=Census of India |year=1961}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |1961<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28560/download/31742/22156_1961_NAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook 1961: Nadia |publisher=Census of India |year=1967}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |url=http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017 |work=Table 17.1 |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="religion" /><br />
|-<br />
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br />
!%<br />
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br />
!%<br />
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br />
!%<br />
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br />
!%<br />
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br />
!%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]<br />
| align="right" |430,704<br />
|51.26%<br />
| align="right" |256,017<br />
|22.36%<br />
| align="right" |417,706<br />
|24.38%<br />
| align="right" |1,170,282<br />
|25.41%<br />
| align="right" |1,382,682<br />
|26.76%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]<br />
| align="right" |392,225<br />
|46.68%<br />
| align="right" |881,955<br />
|77.03%<br />
| align="right" |1,284,173<br />
|74.95%<br />
| align="right" |3,396,095<br />
|73.75%<br />
| align="right" |3,728,482<br />
|72.15%<br />
|-<br />
|Tribal religion <br />
| align="right" |10,332<br />
|1.23%<br />
| align="right" |11<br />
|~0%<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]] [[File:Christian_cross.svg|21x21px]]<br />
| align="right" |6,632<br />
|0.79%<br />
| align="right" |5,885<br />
|0.51%<br />
| align="right" |10,840<br />
|0.63%<br />
| align="right" |29,563<br />
|0.64%<br />
| align="right" |33,835<br />
|0.65%<br />
|-<br />
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}<br />
| align="right" |410<br />
|0.04%<br />
| align="right" |1,056<br />
|0.10%<br />
| align="right" |605<br />
|0.04%<br />
| align="right" |8,887<br />
|0.20%<br />
| align="right" |22,601<br />
|0.44%<br />
|-<br />
!Total Population<br />
!840,303<br />
!100%<br />
!1,144,924<br />
!100%<br />
!1,713,324<br />
!100%<br />
!4,604,827<br />
!100%<br />
!5,167,600<br />
!100%<br />
|}<br />
As per the 2011 Census, Hinduism is the majority religion of the district, followed by 73.15% of the population. Hinduism became majority in the district after Independence, when Nadia became the destination for millions of refugees from East Pakistan, and from Bangladesh after 1971.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Over 90% of Muslims live in rural areas. Muslims are majority in Karimpur II (60.38%), Kaliganj (58.51%), Nakashipara (54.06%), and Chapra (59.72%) CD blocks. Muslims are a significant minority in Tehatta II (47.89%), Krishnanagar II (42.84%), and Nabadwip (35.20%).<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!CD Block<br />
!Hindu %<br />
!Muslim %<br />
!Other %<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karimpur I]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |67.77<br />
|31.95<br />
|0.28<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karimpur II]]<br />
|39.52<br />
| style="background:green;color:white" |60.38<br />
|0.10<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tehatta I]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |68.95<br />
|29.21<br />
|1.84<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tehatta II]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |52.00<br />
|47.89<br />
|0.11<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]]<br />
|41.36<br />
| style="background:green;color:white" |58.51<br />
|0.13<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nakashipara (community development block)|Nakashipara]]<br />
|46.53<br />
| style="background:green;color:white" |53.06<br />
|0.41<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]]<br />
|37.15<br />
| style="background:green;color:white" |59.72<br />
|3.13<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnanagar I]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |82.78<br />
|15.25<br />
|0.14<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnanagar II]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |57.02<br />
|42.84<br />
|0.41<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nabadwip (community development block)|Nabadwip]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |64.39<br />
|35.20<br />
|1.97<br />
|-<br />
|[[Krishnaganj (community development block)|Krishnaganj]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |93.98<br />
|5.86<br />
|0.16<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |87.98<br />
|11.39<br />
|0.63<br />
|-<br />
|[[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |86.45<br />
|11.85<br />
|1.7<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ranaghat I]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |93.82<br />
|5.67<br />
|0.51<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ranaghat II]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |85.65<br />
|12.59<br />
|1.76<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |83.66<br />
|14.65<br />
|1.69<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]]<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |73.09<br />
|26.19<br />
|0.72<br />
|-<br />
|Area not under any sub-district<br />
| style="background:darkorange" |93.32<br />
|5.50<br />
|1.18<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Flora and fauna==<br />
In 1980, Nadia district became home to the [[Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|0.7|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: West Bengal|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
===University===<br />
* [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]] <br />
* [[Kalyani University]] <br />
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]<br />
* [[West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences]]<br />
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]]<br />
* [[National Institute of Biomedical Genomics]]<br />
<br />
===College===<br />
* [[Tehatta Government College]], [[Tehatta]]<br />
* [[Kaliganj Government College]], [[Debagram]]<br />
* [[Karimpur Pannadevi College]], [[Karimpur]]<br />
* [[Srikrishna College]], [[Bagula]]<br />
* [[Sudhiranjan Lahiri Mahavidyalaya]], [[Majhdia, Krishnaganj|Majhdia]]<br />
* [[Santipur College]], [[Santipur]]<br />
* [[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]], Fulia <br />
* [[Industrial Training Institute]], Fulia<br />
* [[Ranaghat College]], Ranaghat<br />
* Ranaghat Government Polytechnic, [[Ranaghat]]<br />
* [[Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]], [[Nabadwip]]<br />
* [[Krishnagar Government College]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<br />
* [[Krishnagar Women's College]], Krishnanagar<br />
* [[Haringhata Mahavidyalaya]], [[Haringhata]]<br />
* [[Dwijendralal College]], Krishnanagar<br />
* [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College]], [[Betai]]<br />
* [[Chakdaha College]], Chakdaha<br />
* [[Plassey College]], [[Plassey]]<br />
* [[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]], [[Panikhali]]<br />
* [[Bipradas Pal Chowdhury Institute of Technology]], Krishnanagar<br />
* [[Mirmadan Mohanlal Government Polytechnic]], [[Plassey]]<br />
* [[Asannagar Madan Mohan Tarkalankar College]], [[Asannagar]]<br />
* [[Bethuadahari College]], [[Bethuadahri]]<br />
* [[Chapra Bangaljhi Mahavidyalaya]], [[Chapra, Nadia|Chapra]]<br />
* [[Chapra Government College]], Chapra<br />
* [[Muragacha Government College]], [[Muragachha]]<br />
* [[Kalyani Mahavidyalaya]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]<br />
* [[Kalyani Government Engineering College]], Kalyani<br />
* [[College of Medicine & JNM Hospital]], Kalyani<br />
<br />
===Private college===<br />
* [[JIS College of Engineering]], Kalyani<br />
* [[Ideal Institute of Engineering]], Kalyani<br />
* Krishnanagar Institute of Medical Science, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
* [[Nabadwip Dham]] is 65&nbsp;km from [[Bandel]], 105&nbsp;km from [[Howrah]] and 112&nbsp;km from [[Sealdah]] on the Bandel-[[Katwa]]-Azimganj (B.A.K Loop Line) section of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table.</ref> It has three Railway Stations as [[Nabadwip Dham railway station]] (NDAE), Bishnupriya (VSPR) of Howrah Division and [[Nabadwip Ghat (NDF)]] of Sealdah Division.<br />
* [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar City Junction]] is 100&nbsp;km from Sealdah on the Sealdah-Lalgola Section of Eastern Railway.<br />
* [[Kalinarayanpur Junction railway station|Kalinarayanpur Junction]] is 78&nbsp;km from Sealdah on the Sealdha-Lalgola section of Eastern Railway.<br />
* [[Ranaghat Junction railway station|Ranaghat Junction]] is 74&nbsp;km from Sealdah on the Sealdah-Lalgola Section of Eastern Railway.<br />
* [[Kalyani railway station|Kalyani Junction]] is 48&nbsp;km from Sealdah on the Sealdah-Lalgola Section of Eastern Railway.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Madanmohan Tarkalankar]], Bengali Renaissance, Poet<br />
* [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], Bengali Hindu mystic, saint, proponent of Bhakti yoga and Achintya Bheda Abheda philosophy <br />
* [[Rani Rashmoni]], Zamindar and philanthropist<br />
* [[Gagan Chandra Biswas]], Indian industrialist, engineer and Zamindar <br />
* [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], Indian mathematician and physicist specializing in theoretical physics<br />
* [[Sourindra Mohan Sircar]], Indian botanist, plant physiologist <br />
* [[Jagadananda Roy]], Science fiction writer <br />
* [[Suresh Biswas]], adventurer<br />
* [[Sharat Kumar Roy]], Indian American geologist, first Indian to go in an expedition to North pole <br />
* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]], independence revolutionary and martyr<br />
* [[Dwijendralal Ray]], poet, playwright and lyricist<br />
* [[Krittibas Ojha]], medieval Bengali poet<br />
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], actor, dramatist<br />
* [[Joy Goswami]], poet and essayist<br />
* [[Rakhee Gulzar]], actress.<br />
* [[Jhulan Goswami]], cricketer<br />
* [[Ramtanu Lahiri]], social reformer<br />
* [[Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya]], a Bengali author best known for his biography of Rabindranath Tagore<br />
* [[Anantahari Mitra]], Bengali revolutionary <br />
* [[Haripada Chattopadhyay]], freedom fighter and Member of Parliament<br />
* [[Bikash Roy]], Indian actor and filmmaker<br />
* [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]], poet<br />
* [[Jagannath Majumdar]], independence revolutionary and politician <br />
* [[Sudhir Chakraborty]], educator<br />
* [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]], athlete<br />
* [[Azizul Haque (educator)]], advocate, diplomat<br />
* [[Soma Biswas]], athlete<br />
* [[Ujjwal Maulik]], Professor and computer scientist<br />
* [[Hemanta Kumar Sarkar]], philologist, author, leader of Freedom Movement<br />
* Dr. [[Sudhir Chakraborty]], educationist and essayist<br />
* [[Swadhin Kumar Mandal]], Indian Chemist and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] awardee<br />
* [[Mohammad Mozammel Huq]], poet, journalist<br />
* [[Gopal Bhar]], courtier and jester<br />
* [[Jatindramohan Bagchi]], poet, editor<br />
* [[Narayan Sanyal]], writer and civil engineer<br />
* [[Asim Duttaroy]], a [[Biomedical scientist|Medical Scientist]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br />
* [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br />
* [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Pargana]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{Official website|https://nadia.gov.in/}}<br />
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Nadia|volume=19|pages=148–149}}<br />
<br />
{{Towns in Nadia District}}<br />
{{Districts of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}<br />
{{Nadia topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadia District}}<br />
[[Category:Nadia district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramesh_Nair&diff=529273Ramesh Nair2026-03-18T09:40:27Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian-born Paris-based fashion designer}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ramesh Nair<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Fashion designer and artistic director<br />
| birth_date = 1965<br />
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]], Artistic Director<br />
| education = [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|NIFT]], [[Institut Français de la Mode|IFM]]<br />
| organization = [[Hermès]], [[Moynat]], [[Joseph Duclos]], Milky Black<ref name="MilkyBlackSite">{{cite web |title=Milky Black Paris Official Site |url=https://www.milkyblackparis.com/ |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
| known_for = Revival of heritage luxury houses<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ramesh Nair''' (born 1965) is a Paris-based fashion designer and artistic director. He is recognized for leading the revival of heritage luxury houses, including [[Moynat]] (2010–2020) and [[Joseph Duclos]] (2020–present).<ref name="VogueIndia2021" /><ref name="WWD2021" /><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Nair was born in [[Kerala]], India, into a military family. Due to his father’s service, he moved frequently during his childhood, a period he has credited with teaching him the "art of reinvention."<ref name="HarpersBazaar2023" /><ref name="LuxuryFacts2017" /><br />
<br />
Nair originally pursued a scientific path, earning a degree in Zoology. He has noted that his background in dissection provided an early understanding of structural anatomy, which he later applied to the construction of leather goods.<ref name="LuxuryFacts2017" /> He was part of the inaugural batch of the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT) in New Delhi in 1986. He later moved to Paris to complete a Master’s degree at the [[Institut Français de la Mode]] (IFM).<ref name="MansWorld2022" /><ref name="HarpersBazaar2023" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Hermès (2000–2010) ===<br />
[[File:Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré, Paris May 2006.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré]] in Paris, location of the [[Hermès]] flagship where Nair served as a senior designer.]]<br />
<br />
Following early experience with [[Yohji Yamamoto]] and [[Christian Lacroix]], Nair joined [[Hermès]] in 2000. He served as a senior designer for womenswear, working under the creative direction of [[Martin Margiela]] and [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]].<ref name="LuxuryFacts2017" /><br />
<br />
During this tenure, he was responsible for several of the house's handbag designs, most notably the '''Birkin Shadow''' (2009). The design utilized a [[trompe-l'œil]] effect, where the silhouettes of the Birkin’s traditional hardware and straps were embossed into the leather to create a "shadow" illusion. He also designed the "Paris-Bombay" bag for the house's permanent collection.<ref name="PurseBlog2023" /><br />
<br />
=== Moynat (2010–2020) ===<br />
In 2010, Nair was appointed Artistic Director of [[Moynat]] by [[Bernard Arnault]] following the brand's acquisition by Groupe Arnault. Tasked with relaunching a house that had been dormant since 1976, Nair reconstructed its identity by researching historical trunk-making techniques. He introduced the "Limousine" curve, a concave base for handbags inspired by vintage automobile trunks, and designed signature models including the ''Réjane'' and the ''Pauline''.<ref name="NYT2012" /> During this period, he described his design approach as "breathing life back into a sleeping beauty," focusing on how objects feel and age over time rather than following temporary trends.<ref name="TatlerAsia2016" /><br />
<br />
=== Joseph Duclos (2020–present) ===<br />
[[File:FontaineDiane-Lectoure.jpg|thumb|left|The Diane Fountain in [[Lectoure]], the historic site of the Joseph Duclos Royal Manufacture.]]<br />
<br />
Nair joined Joseph Duclos in 2020 as Artistic Director. The house is based on a Royal Manufacture established in 1754, in the French town of [[Lectoure]]. His work there focuses on ''Haute Maroquinerie'', utilizing 18th-century French tanning and artisanal methods.<ref name="WWD2021" /><ref name="LeFigaro2021" /> His flagship design for the house, the ''Diane'' bag, features a pendulum-style metal closure inspired by historical military costumes and gunpowder sacks.<ref name="LeFigaro2021" /><br />
<br />
== Design philosophy and savoir-faire ==<br />
Nair utilizes a concept he calls "invisible design," prioritizing technical complexity and the sensory qualities of materials over visible branding.<ref name="LifestyleAsia2018" /><ref name="TatlerAsia2016" /> He has argued that true luxury is found in the "soul" of the material and the precision of the construction rather than a logo.<ref name="TatlerAsia2016" /><br />
<br />
* '''Material Standards:''' Nair selects full-grain, "naked" leathers, which lack synthetic pigments or plastic polymer coatings. This technical choice necessitates the use of high-grade raw materials, as the absence of industrial finishes means natural imperfections in the hide cannot be obscured.<ref name="Forbes2023" /><ref name="PurseBlog2023" /><br />
* '''Russia Leather:''' Nair directed a multi-year project to recreate "Russia Leather" (''Cuir Impérial''). This 18th-century tanning process, which uses birch tar and myrrh to create a water-resistant leather, had been lost following the 1917 [[Russian Revolution]].<ref name="VogueIndia2021" /><ref name="NYT2012" /><br />
* '''Archival Research:''' He maintains an extensive library of experimental materials and historical archives, which he uses to develop bespoke leathers in collaboration with specialized tanneries.<ref name="Forbes2023" /><ref name="TatlerAsia2016" /> This research led to the "Heritage" leather used at Joseph Duclos, which utilizes traditional oil and wax treatments to allow the material to develop a natural [[Patina|patina]].<ref name="LeFigaro2021" /><br />
* '''Artisanal Preservation:''' He often works in collaboration with the [[Compagnons du Devoir]], France’s elite artisanal guild, to preserve and revive rare manual skills such as hand-painted edges, specialized saddle-stitching, and angle-stitching.<ref name="LuxuryFacts2017" /><ref name="FranceVisiting2023" /><ref name="LeFigaro2021" /><br />
<br />
== Public recognition ==<br />
Ramesh Nair's designs are frequently chosen by public figures, royalty, and figures in the arts and entertainment industries. These include First Ladies of France [[Brigitte Macron]] and [[Carla Bruni-Sarkozy]], as well as [[Camilla, Queen of the United Kingdom|Queen Camilla]], [[Charlene, Princess of Monaco|Princess Charlene of Monaco]], and entertainers such as [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Rihanna]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Margot Robbie]], [[Reese Witherspoon]], [[Pharrell Williams]], [[Usher (musician)|Usher]], [[Kylie Jenner]], [[Fan Bingbing]], [[Natalia Vodianova]], and [[CL (singer)|CL]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name="VogueIndia2021">{{cite web |author=Vogue India Staff |title=What is the ex-artistic director of Moynat doing next? Ramesh Nair on his next steps |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/what-is-the-ex-artistic-director-of-moynat-doing-next-ramesh-nair-on-his-next-steps |website=[[Vogue India]] |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="WWD2021">{{cite web |last=Socha |first=Miles |title=EXCLUSIVE: Moynat’s Former Designer Is Helping Revive a Leather Brand From 1754 |url=https://wwd.com/accessories-news/handbags/heritage-luxury-handbags-duclos-moynat-ramesh-1754-1234880776/ |website=[[Women's Wear Daily|WWD]] |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="HarpersBazaar2023">{{cite web |title=French luxury brand Joseph Duclos’ creative director, Ramesh Nair, speaks about his journey |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/fashion/story/ramesh-nair-creative-director-of-269-year-old-french-luxury-brand-joseph-duclos-speaks-about-his-journey-677826-2023-09-14 |website=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |date=14 September 2023 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="MansWorld2022">{{cite web |title=Designer Ramesh Nair’s Paris Maison |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/fashion/style/designer-ramesh-nair-paris-maison |website=Man's World India |date=14 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="PurseBlog2023">{{cite web |title=Joseph Duclos Is The Brand Hermès Fanatics Can’t Get Enough Of |url=https://www.purseblog.com/introducing/joseph-duclos-is-the-brand-hermes-fanatics-cant-get-enough-of/ |website=PurseBlog |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Forbes2023">{{cite web |last=Salonga |first=Bianca |title=Joseph Duclos’ Creative Director Ramesh Nair Gives Quiet Luxury A New Voice |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/biancasalonga/2023/05/23/joseph-duclos-new-creative-director-ramesh-nair-gives-quiet-luxury-a-new-voice/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="LuxuryFacts2017">{{cite web |title=When life gives him lemons, Ramesh Nair shrugs & makes bags |url=https://luxuryfacts.com/when-life-gives-him-lemons-ramesh-nair-shrugs-makes-bags/ |website=LuxuryFacts |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="FranceVisiting2023">{{cite web |title=Ramesh Nair and the revival of Joseph Duclos |url=https://francevisiting.com/index.php/2023/03/14/ramesh-nair-joseph-duclos/ |website=France Visiting |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="TatlerAsia2016">{{cite web |author=Tatler Asia Staff |title=5 Minutes With... Ramesh Nair Of Moynat |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/ramesh-nair-moynat |website=[[Tatler]] Asia |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="LifestyleAsia2018">{{cite web |last=Goh |first=Ying Foong |title=In conversation with Ramesh Nair, the man behind the revival of Moynat |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/sg/style/fashion/ramesh-nair-moynat-interview/ |website=Lifestyle Asia |date=28 June 2018 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="LeFigaro2021">{{cite web|date=2021-09-30|title=Joseph Duclos, le cuir dans la peau|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/industrie-mode/joseph-duclos-le-cuir-dans-la-peau-20210930|website=[[Le Figaro]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="NYT2012">{{cite news |last=Seidler |first=Benjamin |date=2012-10-03 |title=Designers of Desire: Ramesh Nair at Moynat |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/fashion/04iht-fmoynat04.html |access-date=2022-06-22}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.milkyblackparis.com/}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Ramesh Nair: "L’architecture du Kerala a nourri ma philosophie" |url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2016/03/16/ramesh-nair-l-architecture-du-kerala-a-nourri-ma-philosophie_1438319/ |website=[[Libération]] |language=fr}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Ramesh}}<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]<br />
[[Category:Fashion designers from Paris]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Queen_Church,_Thoppil&diff=472642Mary Queen Church, Thoppil2026-03-14T13:09:01Z<p>ChristinTrickett: improve details after review and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox church<br />
| name = Mary Queen Church<br />
| fullname = Mary Queen Church, Thoppil<br />
| image = Thoppil church.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 140px<br />
| caption = <br />
| location = Thoppil, [[Thrikkakkara]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10|02|53|N|76|32|21|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]<br />
| churchmanship = [[High church]]<br />
| membership = 2000<br />
| attendance =<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.smcim.org/church/thoppil|Official website}} {{dead link|date=August 2019}}<br />
| former name = <br />
| bull date =<br />
| founded date = <br />
| founder = Mathew Kammattil<br />
| dedication = [[Mother Mary]]<br />
| dedicated date = <br />
| consecrated date = 1961<br />
| cult =<br />
| relics =<br />
| events =<br />
| past bishop =<br />
| people =<br />
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]<br />
| functional status = Active<br />
| heritage designation =<br />
| designated date =<br />
| architect = <br />
| architectural type = Modern<br />
| style =<br />
| groundbreaking = 1 November 2015<br />
| completed date = 8 December 2018<br />
| construction cost =<br />
| closed date =<br />
| demolished date =<br />
| capacity =<br />
| length =<br />
| width =<br />
| width nave =<br />
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| parish = Mary Queen Church parish<br />
| deanery = <br />
| archdeaconry =<br />
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]<br />
| province =<br />
| presbytery =<br />
| synod =<br />
| circuit =<br />
| district =<br />
| division =<br />
| subdivision =<br />
| archbishop = [[Mar George Alencherry]]<br />
| bishop =<br />
| dean =<br />
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| provost-rector =<br />
| viceprovost =<br />
| canon =<br />
| canonpastor =<br />
| precentor =<br />
| archdeacon =<br />
| prebendary =<br />
| rector =<br />
| vicar = Fr. Tharian Njaliath<br />
| curate =<br />
| priest =<br />
| asstpriest =<br />
| minister =<br />
| assistant = <br />
| honpriest =<br />
| deacon =<br />
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| reader =<br />
| organistdom =<br />
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| organscholar =<br />
| chapterclerk =<br />
| laychapter =<br />
| warden =<br />
| flowerguild =<br />
| musicgroup =<br />
| parishadmin =<br />
| serversguild =<br />
| logo =<br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Mary Queen Church''', popularly known as '''Thoppil Palli''', is a parish church coming under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]. It is situated along [[Thrikkakkara]] - [[Kakkanad]] road, at Thoppil, in [[Ernakulam district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="St. Mary the Queen on The Catholic Directory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.catholicdirectory.com/thoppil/church/st-mary-the-queen |title=St. Mary the Queen on The Catholic Directory |date=2018-12-14 |website=The Catholic Directory |language=en |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref><ref name="Mary Queen Church Thoppil, Kerala, Churches In India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.churchesinindia.com/ernakulam-angamaly/mary-queen-church-thoppil.html |title=Mary Queen Church Thoppil, Kerala, Churches in India |date=2018-12-14 |website=www.churchesinindia.com |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
[[File:Thoppil church cross.jpg|thumb|left|The Holy Cross in front of the church]]<br />
[[File:Thoppil church altar.jpg|thumb|left|Altar of the church]]<br />
The origin of Mary Queen Church was from a small community prayer hall, built in 1951 at Thoppil junction, a small hamlet off Thrikkakkara, in [[Ernakulam district]].<ref name="Mary Queen Church - History">{{Cite book |title=Mary Queen Church - History |publisher=Mary Queen Church |year=2018 |location=Kochi |pages=59–63}}</ref> It took another ten years to build a chapel there which was consecrated in 1961. The chapel functioned under the jurisdiction of [[St. George's Forane Church]], Edapally and had service only on Sundays. The chapel was later replaced by a new larger church which was consecrated on 2 September 1972 by [[Joseph Parecattil]], the then cardinal of Ernakulam Archdiocese. In 2002, the church became an independent parish under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]].<ref name="Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/parishes |title=Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese |date=2018-12-14 |website=ernakulamarchdiocese.org |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref><ref name="Mary Queen Church Thoppil::Ernakulam - Angamaly Archeparchy:: Syro Malabar Church Parish">{{Cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=330 |title=Mary Queen Church Thoppil::Ernakulam - Angamaly Archeparchy:: Syro Malabar Church Parish |date=2018-12-14 |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
The church soon became inadequate for the growing number of [[parishioners]] and in 2011, the church committee, under the leadership of the vicar, Antony Eravimangalam, decided to build a new church complex comprising a new church, rectory and a parish hall.<ref name="Mary Queen Church - History" /> The initial attempt was to construct the parish hall and rectory, which was duly completed in 2015. The service was temporarily shifted to the new parish hall which facilitated the demotion of the old church and the construction of a new one in its place. The ground breaking ceremony was done on 8 January 2016 and the church was consecrated on 8 December 2018 by [[Jacob Manathodath]], the Apostolic Administrator of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]].<ref name="Mary Queen Church - History" /><br />
<br />
The church parish hosts the catholic families residing in around Thrikkakara<ref name="Mary Queen Church Thoppil, Kerala, Churches In India"/> and as of December 2018, has a strength of 450 families comprising 2000 members.<ref name="Profile on Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/parish/330 |title=Profile on Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese |date=2018-12-14 |website=www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
The main festival of the church is the ''Feast of Mother Mary'' which is celebrated every year on the first Sunday on or after 8 September. The parish also hosts several catholic organizations such as the [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul]], Women's Welfare, [[Legion of Mary]], family units, St. Mary's Death Assistance fund, and Children's Association.<ref name="Mary Queen Church - History" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[St. George's Forane Church]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aAHNiY2iwo |title=Swargam (part 01) Mary Queen Church Thoppil rvt |date=6 February 2017 |access-date=2018-12-14}}<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ftLOnNHvcA |title=ദേവാലയ കൂദാശ - Mary Queen Church Thoppil - 08 . 12 . 2018 |last=Mary Queen |date=25 November 2018 |website=YouTube |access-date=2018-12-14}}<br />
<br />
{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}<br />
{{Christianity in Kerala}}<br />
{{Churches of Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:1961 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Churches completed in 1961]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallavi_Pradhan&diff=523959Pallavi Pradhan2026-03-13T05:51:33Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television and film actress}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=December 2017}}{{BLP primary sources|date=December 2017}}}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pallavi Pradhan<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 1995–present<br />
| height = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| relatives = [[Pranoti Pradhan]] (sister)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pallavi Pradhan''' is an Indian television and film actress. She has done several TV shows and is known for her roles in ''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]'' and ''[[Jiji Maa]]''.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Pradhan started working as a Gujarati theater artist in 1995 and appeared in plays such as ''Arechya Sutala Ki Rao, Baa Na Gher Babo Aavyo, Kaanch Na Sambandh, Haarkh Padudi Hansa, and Jantar Mantar''. She worked in different languages including [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]].<br />
<br />
On television, Pradhan was first seen in the show ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'' as Rashmi Nanavati. She also had a small role in ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''. She played a comic role on the SAB TV show ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo|Sajan Re Jhooth Mat Bolo]]''.<br />
<br />
Pradhan appeared in the recent show ''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]'' as Surili Kant<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/pallavi-pradhan-on-weight-loss-mission-404780 |title=Pallavi Pradhan on weight loss mission |last=IANS |date=25 August 2016 |website=abplive.in |language=en-US |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905050352/https://www.abplive.in/television/pallavi-pradhan-on-weight-loss-mission-404780 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was most recently seen in [[Jiji Maa|''Jiji'' ''Maa'']] on [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/jiji-maa-on-the-sets/Pallavi-Pradhan/articleshow/62791227.cms |title=Pallavi Pradhan |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 <br />
| ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]''<br />
| Rashmi Nanavati <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 <br />
| ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' <br />
| Babu <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 <br />
| ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]'' <br />
| Usha Dhirubhai Jhaveri <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 <br />
| ''lLagori-Maitri Returns'' <br />
| Malati <br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] show<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2017 <br />
| ''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]''<br />
| Surili Chattopadhyay Kant<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pallavi-pradhan-to-become-veeru-of-sholay/ |title=Pallavi Pradhan to become Veeru of 'Sholay' |date=29 March 2016 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017–2019 <br />
|''[[Jiji Maa (TV series)|Jiji Maa]]'' <br />
| Uttara Choksi Rawat <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pallavi-pradhan-having-different-experience-vamp-389222 |title=Pallavi Pradhan: Having a different experience as vamp |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830110626/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pallavi-pradhan-having-different-experience-vamp-389222 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/bad-news-for-pallavi-pradhan-fans/647378.html |title=Bad news for Pallavi Pradhan fans |date=4 September 2018 |website=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905050350/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/bad-news-for-pallavi-pradhan-fans/647378.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date= |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2020 <br />
|''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]''<br />
| Rasila Malviya <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Maddam Sir]]'' <br />
| Savitri Devi Singh <br />
| Guest appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2023 <br />
|''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]'' <br />
| Saroj Chaudhary <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2024–2025<br />
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' <br />
| Bhagyashree Thakkar <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Film ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''Baa Na Gher Babo Aavyo'' || || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''Harakh Padudi Hansa'' || || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''Kaanch Na Sambandh'' || || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''Jantar Mantar'' || || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Anupama: Namaste America]]''<br />
| Mrs. Dhamecha <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Awards/Nominations !! Category !! Show/Film !! Result<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| [[ITA Awards]]<br />
| ITA Award for Best Actor – Female<br />
|<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
| [[Gold Awards]]<br />
| Best Actor in Negative – Female<br />
|''Jiji Maa''<br />
| {{Win}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Pallavi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchadara_Chilaka&diff=524049Panchadara Chilaka2026-03-05T02:43:55Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting new details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Panchadara Chilaka<br />
| image = Panchadara Chilaka.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=31 January 2019 |title=బాపురమణల లోని రమణ |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/mixturepotlam/bapu-ramana-15546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804163257/https://www.hmtvlive.com/mixturepotlam/bapu-ramana-15546 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref><br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]''|[[T. Rajendar]]}}<br />
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]}}<br />
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br />
| studio = Divya Art Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|10|29}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Panchadara Chilaka''''' ({{translation|[[:te:పంచదార చిలక (మిఠాయి)|Sugar parrot]]}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Richa |date=24 August 2020 |title=Five Indian sweets that are nothing short of a piece of art: Sweets which look too pretty to eat |url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/five-indian-sweets-that-are-nothing-short-of-a-piece-of-art/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020000516/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/five-indian-sweets-that-are-nothing-short-of-a-piece-of-art/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Media India Group}}</ref> is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2020 |title=40 ఏళ్లు దాటినా నో పెళ్లి అంటున్న హీరోయిన్స్ వీళ్లే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/here-the-unmarried-actress-who-are-above-40-years-in-tollywood-to-bollywood-pk-557858.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604113951/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/here-the-unmarried-actress-who-are-above-40-years-in-tollywood-to-bollywood-pk-557858.html |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Unmarried Actress: వయసు 50 దాటినా.. పెళ్లికి దూరంగా ఉన్న హీరోయిన్లు వీళ్లే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/from-tabu-ameesha-patel-to-sobhana-sitara-these-senior-actress-remained-unmarried-in-their-life-pk-1218632-page-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605114831/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/from-tabu-ameesha-patel-to-sobhana-sitara-these-senior-actress-remained-unmarried-in-their-life-pk-1218632-page-2.html |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1980 Tamil film ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? ஒரு தலை ராகம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/88410/cinema/Kollywood/marakamudiyuma.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907033235/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/88410/cinema/Kollywood/marakamudiyuma.htm |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Kalyani, a college student, is deeply in love with her classmate Murali but struggles to express her feelings. Murali, unaware of her affection, mistakenly believes that Kalyani doesn't likes him. Kalyani’s personal life is fraught with challenges, as her elder sister is entangled with a dangerous goon who now threatens Kalyani and her younger sister. This perilous situation prevents Kalyani from reaching out to Murali and confiding in him about her troubles, further complicating their relationship.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Murali<br />
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Kalyani<br />
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithvi]] as Suri<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as college principal<br />
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ali<br />
*[[Jayalalita|Jayalalitha]]<br />
*[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Raksha]] as Ali's wife <br />
*Naveen Choudhary as Jagan<br />
*[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Kalyani's elder sister<br />
*Madhuri Sen<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was shot at [[Araku Valley]] and [[Ramoji Film City]] in March 1999.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 March 1999|title=Panchadrara Chilaka: A campus romance |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/march12/south.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126142142/http://www.screenindia.com/old/march12/south.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=10 April 2011}}</ref> Some songs and scenes were also shot at Mahabalipuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/oct01/south.htm|title=Panchadara Chilaka|website=Express India|access-date=8 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000522195409/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/oct01/south.htm|archive-date=22 May 2000}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] with lyrics by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. The song "Anukunnana" is based on Rajkumar's own tune "Azhaga Azhaga" from ''[[Ponmanam]]'' (1998).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Panchadara Chilaka (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/53IEUgWYDkfX6XY7d5DCXt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220914033153/https://open.spotify.com/album/53IEUgWYDkfX6XY7d5DCXt |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waX38LWw978 |title=Panchadara Chilaka Full Songs Jukebox {{!}} Srikanth, Kousalya {{!}} Kodi Ramakrishna {{!}} S.A.Raj Kumar |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=[[Aditya Music]] |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913191319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waX38LWw978&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=13 September 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 26:23<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| all_music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br />
| title1 = Anukunnana Enadyna<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| length1 = 4:16<br />
| title2 = Mounamenduke Koila<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| length2 = 3:59<br />
| title3 = Neeru Leni Nadilo<br />
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]]<br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| length3 = 4:42<br />
| title4 = Chanda O Chanda<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| length4 = 4:24<br />
| title5 = Haire Haire<br />
| extra5 = Rajesh<br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| length5 = 4:33<br />
| title6 = Undi Undi Urimindi<br />
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| length6 = 4:29<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave the film a negative review, criticising the plot and characterisations as illogical and insipid. He also criticised the direction of Kodi Ramakrishna, but noted that the music and lyrics were good.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Griddaluru Gopalrao |date=12 November 1999 |title=ఇంపు, సోంపు లేని 'పంచదార చిలక'|language=te |pages=9 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Nov/12-nov-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913112933/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Nov/12-nov-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote that "In a nutshell, the movie can be termed as one produced by the producer-director duo, who chose the theme during a period of mental imbalance. With its meaningless characters it tests the patience of the audience. To add to all this it is replete with double meaning dialogues. The only relief comes in the form of music score by S. A. Rajkumar".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/pchilaka.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020329133225/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/pchilaka.htm | archive-date=29 March 2002 | title=Reviews }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Veedu&diff=544337Vietnam Veedu2026-03-04T04:54:47Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|1970 film by P. Madhavan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Vietnam Veedu.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]<br />
| writer = [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram|Sundaram]]<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Vietnam Veedu''|Sundaram}}<br />
| producer = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]<br />
| starring = Sivaji Ganesan<br />[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]<br />
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]<br />
| editing = R. Devarajan<br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| studio = [[Sivaji Productions]]<br />
| distributor = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| released = {{film date|1970|4|11|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 164 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=407}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| gross = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Vietnam Veedu''''' ({{Translation|Vietnam House}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[P. Madhavan]] and written by [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram|Sundaram]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], with [[Nagesh]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[M. Bhanumathi]] and [[Rama Prabha]] in supporting roles. Produced by [[Sivaji Productions]], it is based on Sundaram's play of the same name. The film was released on 11 April 1970 and became a commercial success. It won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Vintha Samsaram'' (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D.B.S. |date=4 August 2018 |title=The sweet and sour real life romance of reel actors Savitri and Gemini |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/The-sweet-and-sour-real-life-romance-of-reel-actors-Savitri-and-Gemini/4-660242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218133339/http://www.ft.lk/columns/The-sweet-and-sour-real-life-romance-of-reel-actors-Savitri-and-Gemini/4-660242 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (1988).{{Cn|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
"Prestige" Padmanabhan Iyer, the manager of a reputed company, lives with his wife Savithri, sons Sridhar and Murali, and a daughter. He is famous for living with prestige and is a keen observer of status in all matters. Sridhar is married while Murali is looking for a job. With his hard earned money, Padmanabhan buys his ancestral house, sold earlier due to poverty and names it "Vietnam Veedu" (Vietnam House) because of the constant tiffs among the family members, similar to the [[Vietnam War]]. His major problem is that he is unable to come to terms with his children's behaviour. He retires from his job, is unable to accept the situation, and gets worried about how his sons will manage the family. Added to this, they spoil his "Prestige" image.<br />
<br />
Sridhar, who accepts bribes at his work place, is arrested by the police after a search of their home and subsequently loses his job. Murali takes a loan from a moneylender and does not repay it. Hence, the moneylender lands up at Vietnam Veedu and demands repayment from Padmanabhan. The neighbours come to know of these happenings and mock him for living with false prestige. Padmanabha feels dejected; only Savithri empathises with him. He fears that after his death, his children will not take good care of their mother.<br />
<br />
Padmanabhan's constant worry leads to a serious medical problem; his family doctor advises him not to get overexcited. Padmanabhan undergoes a surgery after which the doctor says that though he is fine now, he may not be able to take any exciting news, as his heart is weak. Now all the family members are reconciled with each other and take good care of him. Padmanabhan soon receives a letter from his previous employer offering him the post of director, for which he would be required to go abroad for training. Reading this, he is overjoyed that he is still revered by many for his ethics and honesty, but due to the resultant excitement he dies.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as "Prestige" Padmanabhan Iyer<br />
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Savithri{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=407}}<br />
* [[Nagesh]] as Murali{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=248}}<br />
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Panjabi Iyer{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=407}}<br />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Sridhar{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=248}}<br />
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Justice Ranganathan Iyer{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=407}}<br />
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Nandhagopal<br />
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Balaji<br />
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Mala<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=பிரஸ்டீஜ் பத்மநாபன்&nbsp;– சாவித்திரியை வாழ்த்துவோம்!&nbsp;– வியட்நாம் வீடு'க்கு 49 வயசு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161067-49.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183434/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161067-49.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
* Padma as Akila<br />
* [[M. Bhanumathi]] as Sumathi<br />
* [[K. Vijayan|Vijayan]] as Swaminathan<br />
* <!-- Gemini -->Maali as Balaji's assistant<br />
* [[Karuppu Subbiah|Subbiah]] as Muruga<br />
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as the soda supplier<br />
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as the church father<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Vietnam Veedu'' was the first full-length play written by [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram|Sundaram]], and intended for the United Amateur Artistes (UAA) troupe, co-founded by his mentor [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]]. After writing the script, he approached Parthasarathy, who was uninterested in the play being staged. It later caught the attention of [[Sivaji Ganesan]] who, impressed with the script, decided to stage it through his Sivaji Nataka Manram troupe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=7 April 2017 |title=Vietnam Veedu : From Stage to Celluloid |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/04/07/vietnam-veedu-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114170450/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/04/07/vietnam-veedu-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> The play was inaugurated in 1965, and became a resounding success; Sundaram earned the title of the play as the prefix to his name. Ganesan later bought the rights to adapt the play for the screen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Vietnam Veedu |author-link=Vietnam Veedu Sundaram |date=11 March 2005 |title=A veteran reminisces ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-veteran-reminisces/article28579668.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411162441/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-veteran-reminisces/article28579668.ece |archive-date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=9 April 2020 |title=Pride and prestige: Remembering 'Vietnam Veedu' on its 50th anniversary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50-years-of-vietnam-veedu-a-look-back/article31300374.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418101242/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50-years-of-vietnam-veedu-a-look-back/article31300374.ece |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to Venkatesh Chakravarthy, Regional Director and HOD-Direction at the LV Prasad Film & TV Academy, Chennai, the plot is based on [[Arthur Miller]]'s play ''[[Death of a Salesman]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=6 August 2016 |title='Vietnam Veedu' Sundaram passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/%E2%80%98Vietnam-Veedu-Sundaram-passes-away/article14556551.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430165012/https://www.thehindu.com/news/%E2%80%98Vietnam-Veedu-Sundaram-passes-away/article14556551.ece |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The closing text added to the screen was, "Idhu padam alla, paadam" (This is not a film, this is a lesson) rather than the usual "Vanakkam" (Welcome).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=8 April 1979 |title=படமல்ல; பாடம்! |trans-title=This is not a film; this is a lesson! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-04-08/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240404135938/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-04-08/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam Veedu (1970) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001251 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513085818/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001251 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Palakkattu Pakkathile" is set in [[Madhyamavati]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஜி. |date=8 June 2018 |title=ராக யாத்திரை 08: முத்துக்களோ ராகம்; தித்திப்பதோ பாடல்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/132652-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624063812/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/132652-08.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> it was remixed in ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2008 |title=Looking for meaty roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Looking-for-meaty-roles/articleshow/3624319.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119151655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Looking-for-meaty-roles/articleshow/3624319.cms |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song "Un Kannil Neer Vazhindhaal" is set in [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கோலப்பன் |first=ப. |date=1 April 2016 |title=திரையில் மிளிரும் வரிகள் 8&nbsp;– காதல் கீதமா, குழந்தைப் பாடலா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/76986-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430164956/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/76986-8.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Paalakkaattu Pakkathile" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 03:53<br />
|-<br />
| "Un Kannil Neer Vazhindhaal" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:59<br />
|-<br />
| "Oh My Lady" || [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:29<br />
|-<br />
| "Endrum Pudhidhaaga...."<br />Ulagatthile Oruvan Ena || P. Susheela, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], A. L. Raghavan || 06:29<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Vietnam Veedu'' was released on 11 April 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 April 2020 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's 'Vietnam Veedu' Turns 50: A Rewind To The Film, Its Time, And Its Leading Man |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/sivaji-ganesans-vietnam-veedu-turns-50-a-rewind-to-the-film-its-time-and-its-leading-man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821183713/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/sivaji-ganesans-vietnam-veedu-turns-50-a-rewind-to-the-film-its-time-and-its-leading-man/ |archive-date=21 August 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' appreciated the way the bonding between Ganesan and Padmini was depicted.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=249}}<!-- Vikatan review: https://awardakodukkaranga.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF/ --> The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=242}} It also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]].{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=246}}<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
''Vietnam Veedu'' is included with other Ganesan films in ''Yettavathu Ulaga Athisayam Sivaji '' (Sivaji, the Eighth Wonder of the World), a compilation DVD featuring Ganesan's "iconic performances in the form of scenes, songs and stunts" which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title=DVD on Sivaji Ganesan to be released on May 6 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dvd-on-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-released-on-may-6/article3386682.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180325045029/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dvd-on-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-released-on-may-6/article3386682.ece |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |date=12 May 2012 |title=For the love of Sivaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013 |access-date=28 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928&nbsp;– July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{P. Madhavan}}<br />
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Termination of employment in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Vietnam War films]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samrajyam&diff=462530Samrajyam2026-03-03T21:24:46Z<p>ChristinTrickett: adjusted intro for consistency based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Samrajyam<br />
| image = Samrajyam poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]<br />
| director = [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]]<br />
| producer = D. Ajmal Hassan<br />
| screenplay = [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]<br />
| story = Jacob Jomon K.J<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Mammootty]]<br />[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]<br />[[Captain Raju]]<br />[[Vijayaraghavan]]<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]<br />
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]<br />
| studio = Arifa Productions<br />
| distributor = Shyni Films Release<br />
| released = {{Film date|1990|06|22|[[Kerala]]|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 122 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Samrajyam''''' ({{Translation|Empire}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[gangster film]] directed by [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=20 November 1992 |title=Malayalam films cross boundaries |pages=7 |work=[[Indian Express]] |location=Madras |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921120&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> The film stars [[Mammootty]] as Alexander, a powerful underworld don. It narrates the story of his rise and fall in the criminal world. The supporting cast includes [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Vijayaraghavan]] and [[Srividya]].<br />
<br />
During the making of ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' (1988), Mammootty and Jomon, who was then working as an assistant director, discussed a story idea developed by Jomon based on [[Organized crime|organised crime]] and the [[mafia]]. Impressed by the concept, Mammootty encouraged Jomon to expand it into a full-fledged script. He later introduced Jomon to [[Shibu Chakravarthy]] on the sets of ''[[No. 20 Madras Mail|No.20 Madras Mail]]'' (1990), and the two developed the screenplay over several brainstorming sessions. The film features no songs, only a background score composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], while cinematography was handled by [[Jayanan Vincent|Jaynan Vincent]].<ref name="sequel">{{Cite web |title='Samrajyam 2' to be directed by Perarasu |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/samrajyam-2-to-be-directed-by-perarasu/265787-71-210.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617064443/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/samrajyam-2-to-be-directed-by-perarasu/265787-71-210.html |archive-date=2012-06-17 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=ibnlive.in.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Samrajyam'' was released on 22 June 1990 to positive reviews and became a commercial success, running in theatres for 25 weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523593.cms |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=June 2016}}</ref> The dubbed Telugu version was released in [[Andhra Pradesh]], where it achieved significant success. Initially distributed with about ten prints, it later expanded to around 400 prints due to strong demand from theatres.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Baiju P. |others=Pictures by V. P. Praveen |script-title=ml:തീയില് മുളച്ച അലക്സാണ്ടര്.... സാമ്രാജ്യം പിറന്ന കഥ പങ്കുവെച്ച് സംവിധായകന് |trans-title=Alexander who grew in fire... The director shares the story of the birth of the empire |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/jomon-samrajyam-malayalam-movie-mathrubhumi-star-and-style-1.4434392 |date=11 January 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
A sequel titled ''[[Samrajyam II: Son of Alexander]]'', starring [[Unni Mukundan]], was released in 2015.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
Alexander, a powerful mafia leader, faces numerous challenges as he attempts to maintain control over the underworld while dealing with his strained relationship with his mother, who had abandoned him earlier in life.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing |<br />
* [[Mammootty]] as Alexander (Vinu)<br />
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as [[Inspector General of Police (India)|IG]] Balakrishnan, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* [[Captain Raju]] as Krishna Das<br />
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Anil Das, Krisha Das' son<br />
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Khadir<br />
* [[Srividya]] as Lakshmi<br />
* Sonia as Alexander's sister<br />
* [[Sathaar]] as Mathews<br />
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as K. M. Shah<br />
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as James<br />
* [[C. I. Paul]] as Fr. Isaac Zachariah<br />
* [[Balan K. Nair]] as Chandy<br />
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Chief Minister<br />
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Ganeshan, Lakshmi's father<br />
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Tony, a goon<br />
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Krishna Das's henchman<br />
* Vishnukanth as Alexander's son<br />
* Thapasya as Annie, Alexander's wife<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In an interview with ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' in 2020, Jomon spoke about how he developed the story for ''Samrajyam''. He said that he had always wanted to make a film about [[Organized crime|organised crime]] and the [[mafia]], inspired by real-life incidents that had fascinated him since childhood.<br />
<br />
Jomon began his career as an associate director under [[I. V. Sasi]] in the late 1980s and worked as the sixth assistant director on ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' (1988). During shooting breaks, he narrated a story idea to [[Mammootty]], who was impressed and encouraged him to develop it further. Jomon later shared the story with Mammootty and [[Joshiy]] on the sets of ''[[Mahayanam]]'' (1989), and Joshiy found the concept "interesting", advising him to turn it into a full-fledged script.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Jomon recalled, "After that, I started writing the script while staying at a lodge in [[Chennai|Madras]]. A month later, when Mammooka arrived at the [[New Woodlands Hotel|Woodlands Hotel]] in Madras, I met him with the completed script."<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
After reading the script in one sitting, Mammootty felt that it needed a more experienced screenwriter and introduced Jomon to [[Dennis Joseph]]. However, Joseph was occupied with other projects and suggested his assistant, [[Shibu Chakravarthy]], who was also a lyricist, to work on the script. Chakravarthy had previously collaborated on the screenplays of Mammootty starrers such as ''[[Manu Uncle]]'' (1988) and ''[[Adharvam]]'' (1989), both written by Dennis Joseph. Jomon stated that he and Chakravarthy developed the screenplay through "several brainstorming sessions."<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Once the script was finalised, Jomon began searching for a producer to finance the project. During his time in Chennai, he had worked with Arifa Hassan of Arifa Enterprises on several films as an assistant director. According to Jomon, Hassan had recently faced several box-office failures and was in a "state of despair." When Mammootty learned that Hassan would be producing the film, he was initially hesitant, as the two had fallen out after their previous collaboration, ''[[Thadaakam]]'' (1982). However, Jomon insisted on Hassan producing the film, and Mammootty eventually agreed after about one and a half years.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
[[Jayabharathi]]'s house in [[Chennai]] and the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] airport served as the film's primary shooting locations. [[Jayanan Vincent]], who had previously worked with Jomon on several projects, was the cinematographer. The initial scenes filmed featured [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] and [[Srividya]], with Mammootty joining the shoot a week later. According to Jomon, Mammootty frequently called Madhu to check on the progress of the production.<br />
<br />
Principal photography was completed in 28 days on a budget of ₹6.5 million.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The film did not feature any songs, relying solely on a background score. [[Ilaiyaraaja]] was Jomon's first choice for composer, though he was one of the busiest in South India at the time. Jomon and Hassan met Ilaiyaraaja at Prasad Studios in Chennai to discuss the project. After meeting them, Ilaiyaraaja expressed interest, watched the film the following day, and, impressed by it, postponed work on a [[Sivaji Productions]] venture to begin composing for ''Samrajyam'' immediately.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Reception ===<br />
The film received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for its direction and technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=17 August 1990 |title=Samrajyam |pages=7 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900817&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 April 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
The film performed moderately well in [[Kerala]], but achieved significant commercial success in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |title=Mammootty's pan-Indian appeal proves he's a bona fide star regardless of how Yatra performs |author=Neelima Menon |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=7 February 2019 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/samrajyam-movie-jomon-mammootty-amitabh-bachchan-wanted-to-remake-in-hindi-1.3619400 |title=സാമ്രാജ്യം കണ്ട് ബച്ചന് ബോളിവുഡിലേക്ക് ക്ഷണിച്ചു, പിന്നീട് സംഭവിച്ചത്; ജോമോന് പറയുന്നു |trans-title=Amitabh Bachchan invited Jomon to Bollywood after watching Samrajyam, director recalls |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=4 March 2019 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/fans-compares-dulquer-salmaans-kurup-look-with-mammoottys-alexander-look-in-samrajyam/articleshow/73083412.cms |title=വാപ്പയെ പോലെ തന്നെ! 'കുറുപ്പ്'നെ 'അലക്സാണ്ടറി'നോടുപമിച്ച് സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയ |trans-title=Just like his father! Social media compares Kurup look to Alexander in Samrajyam |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2020 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The film ran for over 100 days at several theatres in Andhra Pradesh and remains one of the longest-running Malayalam films in the state after ''[[Commissioner (1994 film)|Commissioner]]''. It completed 50 days in 25 centres and 100 days in 9 centres across Andhra Pradesh, earning a final share of ₹80 million. In Kerala, it opened with record-breaking initial collections and completed a silver jubilee run in major centres.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523474.cms |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2016 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sequel ==<br />
''[[Samrajyam II: Son of Alexander]]'', starring [[Unni Mukundan]] in the lead role, was released in 2015. The film marked the Malayalam debut of Tamil director [[Perarasu]]. Set twenty-five years after the events of the original, the sequel follows the story of Alexander's son.<ref name="sequel" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0271768|Samrajyam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1990 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|Jyam1]]<br />
[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnam_Pranaya_Sakhi&diff=510845Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi2026-03-03T12:12:10Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made new info first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 Kannada-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi<br />
| image = Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Srinivas Raju]]<br />
| writer = A. V. Shiva Sai<br />
| producer = Prashant G. Rudrappa<br />
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]<br/>[[Malvika Nair]]<br/>[[Sharanya Shetty]]<br />
| cinematography = Venkat Rama Prasad<br />
| editing = K. M. Prakash<br />
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]<br />
| studio = Trishul Entertainments<br />
| distributor = [[KVN Productions]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|8|15}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = {{INR}} 25.20 crores<ref name="KH">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Kannada Highest Grossing Movies 2024: ಈ ವರ್ಷ ತೆರೆಕಂಡ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ವಿವರ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ |url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kannada-highest-grossing-movies-2024-sandalwood-films-and-its-collection-photo-gallery-116098981 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Times Now Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Srinivas Raju]] and produced by Prashant G. Rudrappa under Trishul Entertainments. The film stars [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Malvika Nair]] (in her Kannada debut) and [[Sharanya Shetty]], alongside [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] and [[Srinivasa Murthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Maheswara |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Kannada movie Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi: A Genre Shift for Director Srinivasa Raju |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kannada-movie-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-a-genre-shift-for-director-srinivasa-raju/articleshow/111642959.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071753/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kannada-movie-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-a-genre-shift-for-director-srinivasa-raju/articleshow/111642959.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-12-07 |title=It is a wrap for Ganesh’s 41st film 'Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kannada/2023/Dec/07/it-is-a-wrap-forganeshs-41st-filmkrishnam-pranaya-sakhi-2639193.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/kannada/2023/Dec/07/it-is-a-wrap-forganeshs-41st-filmkrishnam-pranaya-sakhi-2639193.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-26 |title=Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi will be a laugh-out-loud family entertainer: Filmmaker Srinivasa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-will-be-a-laugh-out-loud-family-entertainer-filmmaker-srinivasa/articleshow/110420433.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901222808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-will-be-a-laugh-out-loud-family-entertainer-filmmaker-srinivasa/articleshow/110420433.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Dwapara, New Song From Golden Star Ganesh's Upcoming Film Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi Is Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/dwapara-new-song-from-golden-star-ganesh-s-upcoming-film-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-is-out-article-111932069 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801223408/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/dwapara-new-song-from-golden-star-ganesh-s-upcoming-film-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-is-out-article-111932069 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi'' was released on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref name="G4">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-06-25 |title=Ganesh’s 41st film 'Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi' sets Independence Day release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/25/ganeshs-41st-film-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-sets-independence-day-release-date |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724162443/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/25/ganeshs-41st-film-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-sets-independence-day-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref> The film received mixed-to-positive reviews and became a commercial success at the box office.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Krishna, a business tycoon, meets Pranaya, an orphan who runs an orphanage. Krishna, worried that his socio-economic status may separate him from Pranaya, pretends to be a driver and becomes employed by Pranaya. Pranaya soon learns about Krishna's identity, but she later accepts his love.<br />
<br />
Jhanvi, a hot-headed daughter of a businessman Gurudutt, falls in love with Krishna. Though denying the proposal due to a past history with Krishna's family, Gurudutt agrees and Krishna's family asks Krishna about this, but Krishna denies it and reveals about Pranaya to the family. Krishna's family agrees and he marries Pranaya. Before they can enjoy their happily-ever-after, Krishna and Pranaya become victims of a violent attack.<br />
<br />
Krishna suffers from [[retrograde amnesia]], leaving him to forget about Pranaya. Krishna's family and Pranaya doesn't reveal anything about it and Pranaya pretends to be Krishna's assistant. Jhanvi learns about this and tries to make Krishna fall in love with her, but Krishna rejects the proposal and soon falls for Pranaya. It is revealed that Jhanvi was actually behind the attack on Krishna and Pranaya as she wants to exact revenge on Krishna for marrying Pranaya. A series of comedic events ensues in which Krishna and Pranaya remarry.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Krishna<br />
* [[Malvika Nair]] as Pranaya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-08-11 |title=‘Every actor is influenced by the story, not the language’: Malvika Nair |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/15/every-actor-is-influenced-by-the-story-not-the-language-malvika-nair |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815070933/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/15/every-actor-is-influenced-by-the-story-not-the-language-malvika-nair |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Sharanya Shetty]] as Jhanvi<br />
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as "Ushna" Kumar<br />
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Bhoomdevru<br />
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Gurudutt, Jhanvi's father<br />
* [[Shashi Kumar]] as Shashiraj, Krishna's father<br />
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Krishna's mother<br />
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Padmaraj, Krishna's uncle<br />
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Rajaram, Krishna's uncle<br />
* Shivadhwaj as Shivaraj, Krishna's uncle<br />
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]<br />
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Lathesh<br />
* Manasi Sudhir<br />
* Giri Shivanna as Kadak<br />
* Ambuja<br />
* Rukmini Krishna<br />
* Sangeetha<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was shot in [[Mysore]], [[Bangalore]], Italy, [[Malta]] and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi’s first single, My Marriage is Fixed, is here |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krishnam-pranaya-sakhis-first-single-my-marriage-is-fixed-is-here/c7bfde9e2f440 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730071752/https://www.ottplay.com/news/krishnam-pranaya-sakhis-first-single-my-marriage-is-fixed-is-here/c7bfde9e2f440 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Upadhyaksha]]<br />
| prev_year = 2024<br />
| year = 2024<br />
| next_title = [[Aaraam Arvind Swamy]]<br />
| next_year = 2024<br />
| chronology = <br />
}}<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline=Track listing<br />
| extra_column= Singer(s)<br />
| total_length= <br />
| title1 = My Marriage is Fixed<br />
| length1 = 3:24<br />
| lyrics1 = Nishan Rai<br />
| extra1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]<br />
| music1 = [[Arjun Janya]]<br />
| title2 = Chinnamma<br />
| length2 = 3:33<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Indu Nagaraj]]<br />
| music2 = Arjun Janya<br />
| title3 = Dwapara<br />
| length3 = 4:58<br />
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]<br />
| extra3 = Jaskaran Singh<br />
| music3 = Arjun Janya<br />
| title4 = Hey Gagana<br />
| length4 = 4:39<br />
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad<br />
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]<br />
| music4 = Arjun Janya<br />
| title5 = Ninna Hegalu<br />
| length5 = 3:21<br />
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj<br />
| music5 = [[Sai Karthik]]<br />
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| title6 = Kaadadeye Hegirali<br />
| length6 = 3:34<br />
| lyrics6 = Jayant Kaikini<br />
| extra6 = Prithwi Bhat, Gautham Nair<br />
| music6 = Arjun Janya<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was earlier reported to be release in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Golden Star Ganesh’s Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi Eyes July Release |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/golden-star-ganeshs-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-eyes-july-release-article-109974932 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514080829/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/golden-star-ganeshs-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-eyes-july-release-article-109974932 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later it was released on 15 August 2024.<ref name="G4" /> The film ran for more than 50 days in select centers across Karnataka.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
===Critical reception===<br />
Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5, saying "Golden Star Ganesh Finds His Way Back To Form" and opined that "the other biggest highlight of the film is the music scored by Arjun Janya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi Movie Review: Golden Star Ganesh Finds His Way Back To Form |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-review-golden-star-ganesh-finds-his-way-back-to-form-review-112533929 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815004928/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-review-golden-star-ganesh-finds-his-way-back-to-form-review-112533929 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box Office===<br />
The movie collected ₹1.25 crores on its first day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-first-box-office-collection-report/articleshow/112557307.cms|title='ಗೋಲ್ಡನ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್' Ganesh ನಟನೆಯ 'ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ' ಮೊದಲ ದಿನ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು ಕೋಟಿ?|website=Vijay Karnataka|accessdate=29 Dec 2024|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043002/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-first-box-office-collection-report/amp_articleshow/112557307.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was reported to have sold 49,000 tickets on its first Saturday with the three day gross being ₹4.82 crores to ₹ 5 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-box-office-collection-day-3-report-mnk-181723977361509.html|title=ಟಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಾರಾಟದಲ್ಲೂ ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಹೊಸ ದಾಖಲೆ; ಮೂರು ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಣೇಶ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು?|first=Manjunath B.|last=Kotagunasi|website=Kannada Hindustan Times|accessdate=29 Dec 2024|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819161159/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/amp/entertainment/sandalwood-news-golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-box-office-collection-day-3-report-mnk-181723977361509.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The four day extended weekend collection was reported to be ₹7.26 crores. The five day collection was reported to be between ₹7.09 crores (net)<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Praveen Chandra |title=Box Office Report: ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ 5ನೇ ದಿನದ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? ವಾರದ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಗೋಲ್ಡನ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಗಣೇಶ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಧಮಾಕ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-kannada-movie-box-office-collection-day-5-monday-mints-0-76-cr-pcp-181724130901734.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821022240/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/amp/entertainment/sandalwood-news-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-kannada-movie-box-office-collection-day-5-monday-mints-0-76-cr-pcp-181724130901734.html |url-status=live}}</ref> to ₹8.11 crores (gross).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-08-20 |title=ಗಣಿ ಅಭಿನಯದ 'ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ' 5 ದಿನದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು? - Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi Collection |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!entertainment/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-collection-day-5-karnataka-news-kas24082004624 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=kn |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821022246/https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/kn/!entertainment/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-collection-day-5-karnataka-news-kas24082004624 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ten days gross was reported to be ₹12.74 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2024-08-27 |title=‘ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ’ ಸಿನಿಮಾ 12 ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಳಿಸಿದ ಹಣ ಎಷ್ಟು? ಗೆದ್ದ ಗಣೇಶ್ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-collects-12-crore-cinema-news-rmd-890749.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn |archive-date=2024-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828034312/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-movie-collects-12-crore-cinema-news-rmd-890749.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was reported to have crossed ₹20 crores gross by the end of second Monday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-08-11 |title=Ganesh’s Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi grosses Rs 20 Crore at the box office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/27/ganeshs-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-grosses-rs-20-crore-at-the-box-office |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/from-1980-to-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-sharanya-shettys-rise-in-kannada-cinema-9037738.html|title=From 1980 To Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi, Sharanya Shetty’s Rise In Kannada Cinema|website=News18|access-date=29 Dec 2024}}</ref> The gross collections were reported to have crossed ₹25 crores at the end of 25 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi: ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಮಾಲ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಗಣೇಶ್; 'ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಗಳಿಕೆ ಎಷ್ಟು? |url=https://vishwavani.news/cinema/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-total-collection/ |language=en |access-date=2024-09-16 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916045141/https://vishwavani.news/cinema/krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-total-collection/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category: Films scored by Arjun Janya]]<br />
[[Category: Films shot in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category: Films shot in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category: Films shot in Vietnam]]<br />
[[Category: Films shot in Italy]]<br />
[[Category: Films shot in Monaco]]<br />
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chabhal_Kalan&diff=493057Chabhal Kalan2026-02-22T09:37:56Z<p>ChristinTrickett: data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more footnotes|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chabhal Kalan<br />
| other_name =<br />
| nickname =<br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 250<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/1<br />
| image1 = Jhabal Kalan.jpg<br />
| image4 = Gurdwara Baghel Singh.jpg<br />
| image3 = Gurdwara Mata Bhag Kaur.jpg<br />
| image2 = Gurdwara Bibi Veero Sahib, Chabal kalan.jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption = Jhabal Kalan Skyline, Gurdwara Bibi Veero Ji, Gurdwara Mata Bhag Kaur, Gurdwara Baghel Singh<br />
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|31.479832|N|74.794289|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| named_for =<br />
| government_type =<br />
| governing_body =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| area_rank =<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_footnotes =<br />
| elevation_m =<br />
| population_total =<br />
| population_as_of =<br />
| population_rank =<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| population_footnotes =<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code =<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code =<br />
| registration_plate =<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 =<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 =<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Sub Tropical]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
| official_name =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chabhal Kalan''' (also known as '''Jhabal Kalan''') is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Tarn Taran district]] of the [[Majha]] region of Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. [[Guru Hargobind Sahib]], the sixth [[Guru]] of the [[Sikhs]], also visited Chabhal Kalan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tarntaran.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of interest in Tarn Taran district|last=|first=|date=|website=Tarn Taran district official website|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> The town is located {{Convert|13|mi|km}} away from [[Amritsar]] city.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
It was the birthplace of [[Baghel Singh|Maharaja Baghel Singh]], [[Mai Bhago|Mai Bhago Ji]], and [[Jhabal Kalan#The Jhabal Brothers|Bhai Langah]]. Under the Mughal empire the village contributed a third of the toral 9 Lac{{explain|should this be "lakh" & if so in what unit of currency?|date=February 2025}} revenue collected by its main divisional pargana - [[Patti, Punjab]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University|date=2004|volume=28|issue=1}}</ref> The village was in a [[jagir]] (feudal fief) given by Akbar to Bibi Bhani.{{who|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ishar|title=Nanakism: A New World Order, Temporal and Spiritual|date=1976|publisher=Ranjit Pub. House|page=121}}</ref> as a wedding present.{{cn|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
* [[Mai Bhago]] (1670-1720), Sikh female warrior<br />
* [[Baghel Singh]] (c. 1730 – c. 1802), general<br />
* [[Karam Singh (historian)|Karam Singh]] (1884–1930), historian<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/TaranTaaran/GurudwaraShriBibiVeeroJi/gallery.php<br />
* http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/TaranTaaran/GurudwaraShriMaiBhagoJi/gallery.php<br />
* http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/punjab/jhabal-kalan<br />
* http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/bhailangah.html<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080305/https://export.writer.zoho.com/public/adhillon/0401-JoSS-Village-Jhubal-and-Jhubalia-Clan2/fullpage<br />
{{Amritsar district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tarn Taran district]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad&diff=529057Rama tapaniya Upanishad2026-02-14T11:01:02Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu Vaishnava text}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox Upanishad<br />
| image = File:Rama and Sita enthroned, adored by Hanuman; Lakshmana holds a morchal (6125082400).jpg<br />
| caption = [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] enthroned, attended by [[Lakshmana]] and [[Hanuman]]<br />
| Devanagari = राम तापनीय<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Rāma Tāpanīya<br />
| meaning = Upanishad of the penance towards Rama <br />
| composition_date = 16th-century<br />
| type = Vaishnava{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861}}<br />
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82}}<br />
| chapters = 2{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861}}<br />
| verses = 94 in Rama Purva, 5 prose sections in Rama Uttara{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861, 879–880}}<br />
| philosophy = [[Vaishnava]]{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997|p=87}} <br />
|name=Rama Tapaniya Upanishad}}<br />
{{Vaishnavism}}<br />
The '''''Rama Tapaniya Upanishad''''' (राम तापनीय उपनिषत्) also called '''''Ramatapaniyopanishad''''' (रामतापिनियोपनिषत्) is a minor [[Upanishad]]ic text written in [[Sanskrit]]. It is one of the 31 Upanishads attached to the [[Atharvaveda]],{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82}} and is classified as a ''[[Vaishnava Upanishads|Vaishnava Upanishad]]''.{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997|p=87}}<br />
<br />
The text is in two parts, the early part called ''Rama purva Tapaniya Upanishad'' and the later part called ''Rama uttara Tapaniya Upanishad'', which together with ''Ramarahasya Upanishad'' are [[Vaishnava]] Upanishads devoted to the Hindu god [[Rama]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–888}}{{Sfn|Colebrooke|1837|p=110}}{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}} The text presents [[Rama]] as equivalent to the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self) and the [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality).{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Dodiya|2001|p=118}}<br />
<br />
The Upanishad is modeled after the ''[[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]''.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861}} It heavily borrows from the [[Veda|Vedic texts]] and the [[Principal Upanishads]], praises the characters in the epic story of Rama, and then presents [[Om]], the Rama [[yantra]], and the Rama [[mantra]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861}}{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|pp=191–192}}<br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Professor Moriz Winternitz, a german scholar, dates Rama Tapaniya Upanishad to 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C |title=A History of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |publication-date=1996 |pages=188 |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3 |language=English}}</ref> Also Lakshmana Desikendra of 15th Century, refers Rama Tapaniya Upanishad in his work [[Sarada Tilaka]].<br />
<br />
The Rama Tapaniya Upanishad is composed in the style of the older pre-7th century Vaishnava text, the [[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|pp=191–192}}<br />
<br />
According to [[J. N. Farquhar|Farquhar]], a colonial era Christian missionary and an Orientalist, "Ramaite sect" is not evidenced in the [[Valmiki Ramayana]].{{Sfn|Farquhar|1984|p=189}} Instead, according to Farquhar, it is the Rama purva Tapaniya Upanishad where this sect is implied, and wherein Rama is the ultimate unchanging reality of Hindu philosophy called Brahman, as enunciated in the mantra of ''Rama Ramaya namah'' and a "mystic diagram".{{Sfn|Farquhar|1984|p=189}} Farquhar adds that Rama uttara Tapaniya portion of the Upanishad is based on texts borrowed from many older Upanishads and may be of later origin.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1984|p=189}}<br />
<br />
According to Ramdas Lamb and other scholars such as [[Paul Deussen]], the ''Rama Tapaniya Upanishad'', like other sectarian texts, has layers of material which were likely composed over time.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861}}{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}} It probably went through a process of writing where Brahmanical value system was added.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}} Further, states Lamb, the text was modeled after the popular ''Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad'', both in structure (Purva and Uttara sections), as well as the core message that deity Rama is identical to Atman and Brahman.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}}<br />
<br />
In the [[Telugu language]] [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads of the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]], it is listed by [[Paul Deussen]] – a German [[Indologist]] and professor of philosophy, at number 55 and in the compilation of Upanishads by Narayana – an Indian scholar who lived sometime after the 14th-century CE, and republished in the modern era as the Bibliothica Indica edition at number 36.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556–563}}<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = '''Rama means spiritual reality'''<br />
<poem><br />
The Brahman, all spiritual, secondless,<br />
without parts, without body,<br />
is still looked upon as multiform,<br />
to serve the purpose of worship.<br />
</poem><br />
|source = —''Rama tapaniya Upanishad'' 7,{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=863–864}}<br />
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The text of the Upanishad is presented in two sections – ''Rama purva Tapaniya Upanishad'' and ''Rama uttara Tapaniya Upanishad''.<br />
<br />
The Purva position of the ''Rama Tapaniya Upanishad'', says Ramdas Lamb – a professor of Religion, the folk-etymology of the word Rama is presented. Rama, asserts the text, means "he who rules" (''ra jate'') over the kingdom of "earth" ''(ma-hi)''.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|pp=191–192}} He is also known as Rama, states the text, because the [[Yogi]]ns delight in him as ''ra-mante'' (literally one in whom they take delight).{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|pp=191–192}} In verses 7–10, the text states that Rama is manifest ultimate reality, that is Brahman.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=859–861}}<br />
<br />
The Upanishad's major emphasis is on the Rama mantra ''Rama Ramaya namaha''. Here, states Lamb, the ''[[beej]]'' mantra (seed) is asserted to contain the whole animate world, and all that exists is sourced in Rama and [[Sita]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}} The Yogi who realizes the identity of Rama with [[Brahman]] and [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul) reaches liberation, states the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|pp=191–192}}<br />
<br />
The initial verses of the Rama purva Tapaniya, says Lamb, extolls Rama and Sita with other major characters in the ''Ramakatha'' (the epic story of Rama). The Upanishad then defines the formula for erecting the Rama Yantra, the mystical mantra, with directions to inscribe beej mantra and other mantras. In the concluding section the text asserts that Rama worship leads one to the highest place and the attainment of liberation.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}}<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = '''Ramnam and Taraka Mantra'''<br />
<poem><br />
If you whisper my formula<br>in the right ear of even a dying man,<br> Whosever he may be.<br>He shall be liberated, O, [[Shiva|Siva]]!<br />
</poem><br />
|source = — Rama to Shiva<br>in ''Rama Tapaniya Upanishad''.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}}<br />
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
The Uttara portion of the ''Rama Tapaniya'' text, states Lamb, asserts that Shiva repeated the Rama mantra for thousands of ages, and Rama then gave him the boon whereby if Shiva would whisper the Rama taraka mantra in a dying man's ear, he would be liberated.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}} The Uttara Tapaniya discusses the [[Om]] mantra but without predominance over the Ramamantra. The Upanishad also prescribes mantras to worship goddess Sita, Rama's three siblings ([[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Lakshmana]], and [[Shatrughna]]), and also [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191-92}}<br />
<br />
The Rama uttara Tapaniya sections borrow from ancient Upanishads such as the ''[[Jabala Upanishad]],'' and the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]''.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=879–880}} The Om mantra, asserts the text in section 2 of Uttara, is identical to Brahman called [[satcitananda]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=881–882}} In section 3, the text describes the four states of consciousness, asserting that the fourth and the highest inner state is one of "certitude of one own self, the calm, the one without a second, that which is the Atman which should be known" and which is same as Brahman and Rama.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=882–883}} The one who realizes that "I am Atman", "I am Rama", and "I am Brahman" has realized the supreme light, the Ramabhadra, the bliss of liberation, states the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=883–884}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*''[[Maithili Maha Upanishad]]''<br />
*''[[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]''<br />
*[[Mahanarayana Upanishad]]<br />
*[[Narayana Upanishad]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{cite book|last= Colebrooke |first=Henry Thomas |title=Miscellaneous Essays: In Two Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aI4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA110|year=1837|publisher=Allen|isbn=978-0-371-84051-1 }}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Deussen|first=Paul| title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA809|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Dodiya |first=Jaydipsinh |title=Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQRkuduNXTkC&pg=PA118|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-244-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Farquhar |first=J. N. |title=Outline of the Religious Literature of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwggjSPrjxUC&pg=PA189|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2086-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv1nxyOTgN0C&pg=PA191|date=29 August 2002|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Catherine Ludvik|title=Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&pg=PA10|year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120811225}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Tinoco |first=Carlos Alberto |title=Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA87|year=1997|publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Upanishads]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratnagiri_district&diff=460950Ratnagiri district2026-02-14T00:47:43Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Ratnagiri}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ratnagiri district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
|size = 250<br />
|photo1a = Suvarnadurg from the sea.jpg<br />
|photo1b = View from Parshuram, Chiplun - panoramio (1).jpg<br />
|photo2a = Ganpatipule Temple Sonydsxhx300 518.jpg<br />
|photo2b = Marleshwar waterfalls1.JPG<br />
|photo3a = Ratnagiri, Velneshwar - panoramio (76).jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = View of [[Suvarnadurg|Suvarnadurg Fort]] from the sea, hills near [[Chiplun]], [[Marleshwar]] Waterfalls, [[Velneshwar]] beach near [[Ratnagiri]], Ganesha temple at [[Ganpatipule]]<br />
| image_map = Ratnagiri in Maharashtra (India).svg<br />
| image_map1 = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = Ratnagiri<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Division<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Ratnagiri]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = 1. [[Mandangad]],<br /> 2. [[Dapoli]],<br /> 3. [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]],<br /> 4. [[Chiplun]],<br /> 5. [[Guhagar]],<br /> 6. [[Sangameshwar]],<br /> 7. [[Ratnagiri]],<br /> 8. [[Lanja]],<br /> 9. [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 8208<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| governing_body = '''Ratnagiri Zilla Parishad'''<br />
| leader_title = Guardian Minister<br />
| leader_name = '''Shri [[Uday Samant]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister MH]])}}<br />
| leader_title1 = President Z. P. Ratnagiri<br />
| leader_name1 = '''NA'''<br />
| leader_title2 = District Collector<br />
| leader_name2 = '''M Devender Singh (IAS)'''<br />
| leader_title3 = CEO Z. P. Ratnagiri<br />
| leader_name3 = '''Kirti Kiran Pujar (IAS)'''<br />
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MPs]]<br />
| leader_name4 = '''Shri [[Narayan Rane]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]])}} <br/> '''Shri [[Sunil Tatkare]]'''{{small|([[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]])}}<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 1,615,069<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 82.18%<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 17(Mumbai-Goa Highway)(India)|NH-66]], [[National Highway 204(Ratnagiri-Nagpur Highway)(India)|NH-204]]<br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://ratnagiri.nic.in/}}<br />
| official_name = <br />
| unit_pref = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ratnagiri district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɾət̪n̪aːɡiɾiː]]]) is a [[district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="2011CensusA">{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook Ratnagiri Village and Town Directory (Part A) |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |url=https://archive.org/details/2011CensusRatnagiriPartA |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> The administrative headquarter of the district is located in the town of [[Ratnagiri]].<ref name="2011CensusA" /> The district is 11.34% urban.<ref>[http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm Census GIS India<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |date=11 January 2010 }}</ref> The district is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Sindhudurg district]] to the south, [[Raigad district]] to the north and [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]] and [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]] districts to the east.<ref name="2011CensusA" /> This district is part of [[Konkan division]].<ref name="2011CensusA" /><br />
<br />
== Guardian Minister ==<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
| post = Guardian Minister Jalna<br />
| native_name = '''पालकमंत्री जालना '''<br />
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 50px<br />
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India<br />
| image = <br />
| incumbent = <br />
| incumbentsince = <br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit<br />
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| formation = <br />
| succession = <br />
| website = {{URL|http:}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
From pre-Christian times until 1312, the area – like the entire region – was ruled by various [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Hindus|Hindu]] rulers. The first state known by name was the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]], the last non-Muslim dynasty was the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas of Devagiri]]. After decades of military clashes with Muslim rulers in northern India, the region was occupied by Muslim armies between 1312 and 1470. From 1500 on there was fierce fighting for rule on the coast between the Muslim rulers and the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]. After that, various Muslim dynasties ruled until 1658 (Sultanate of Delhi, [[Bahmani]], [[Deccan Sultanates]] and the [[Mughals]]). From 1658, most of the area became part of the [[Maratha Empire]]. After the defeat of the Marathas against the British in 1818, Ratnagiri area became an administrative region of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. With the independence of India in 1947 and the reorganization of the country, it became part of the new [[Bombay State]] in 1950. In 1948 the district grew through the incorporation of the Sawantwadi princely state. In 1960, Bombay State was divided and the area became part of the newly created state of [[Maharashtra]]. In 1981 the district was divided and the southern part of the district became [[Sindhudurg district]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc="Ancient Period"}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc="Medieval Period"}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc="Muhammedan Period"}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
<br />
An outstanding feature of the geography of the district is its uneven or hill landscape, with about 45% of the area covered by hills.The Sahyadri hill range runs for 180&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
== Administrative divisions ==<br />
<br />
=== Talukas ===<br />
* [[Mandangad taluka|Mandangad]] <br />
* [[Dapoli taluka|Dapoli]]<br />
* [[Khed taluka, Ratnagiri|Khed]]<br />
* [[Guhagar taluka|Guhagar]]<br />
* [[Chiplun taluka|Chiplun]]<br />
* [[Ratnagiri taluka|Ratnagiri]]<br />
* [[Sangmeshwar taluka|Sangmeshwar]]<br />
* [[Lanja taluka|Lanja]]<br />
* [[Rajapur taluka|Rajapur]]<br />
<br />
=== Nagar palikas ===<br />
* [[Ratnagiri]]<br />
* [[Chiplun]]<br />
* [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]]<br />
* [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]]<br />
<br />
=== Nagar panchayats ===<br />
* [[Devrukh]] ([[Sangmeshwar taluka|Sangmeshwar Taluka]])<br />
* [[Dapoli]] <br />
* [[Guhagar]] <br />
* [[Lanja]] <br />
* [[Mandangad]]<br />
<br />
=== Proposed nagar palika ===<br />
* [[Devrukh]]<br />
<br />
=== Proposed nagar panchayats ===<br />
* [[Jalgaon, Ratnagiri|Jalgaon]]<br />
* [[Kule, Sangameshwar|Kule]]<br />
* [[Satawali]]<br />
* [[Waghivane]]<br />
<br />
=== Cities, towns and villages ===<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Brahmanwad]]<br />
* [[Chiplun]]<br />
* [[Dapoli]] <br />
* [[Devrukh]]<br />
* [[Guhagar]] <br />
* [[Jalgaon, Ratnagiri|Jalgaon]]<br />
* [[Kelane (village)|Kelane]]<br />
* [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] <br />
* [[Kondgaon]] <br />
* [[Kule, Sangameshwar|Kule]]<br />
* [[Kumbhave]]<br />
* [[Lanja]] <br />
* [[Mandangad]] <br />
* [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]]<br />
* [[Ratnagiri]]<br />
* [[Satawali]]<br />
* [[Umberghar]]<br />
* [[Waghivane]]<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=8,71,866|13=1911|14=8,93,944|15=1921|16=8,56,032|17=1931|18=9,64,558|19=1941|20=10,22,816|21=1951|22=10,76,080|23=1961|24=11,46,243|25=1971|26=12,78,742|27=1981|28=13,79,655|29=1991|30=15,44,057|31=2001|32=16,96,777|33=2011|34=16,15,069|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Ratnagiri district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.94}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|11.59}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|7.03}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.44}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Ratnagiri district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,615,069,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Ratnagiri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/824/download/36168/DH_2011_2732_PART_A_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Guinea-Bissau 1,596,677 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the [[United States|US]] state of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Idaho 1,567,582}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 311th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 196 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was -4.96%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Ratnagiri has a [[sex ratio]] of 1123 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 82.43%. 16.33% of the population lives in urban areas. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] make up 4.15% and 1.26% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages in Ratnagiri district (2011)<ref name="Language"/><br />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 88.18 |color1 = red<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.36 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.43 |color3 = orange<br />
|label4 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value4 = 1.14 |color4 = salmon<br />
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.89 |color5 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 88.18% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 7.36% [[Urdu]], 1.43% [[Hindi]] and 1.14% [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as their first language. Most people speak distinct coastal dialects of Marathi.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
Notable people from Ratnagiri include:<br />
<br />
* [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]]<br />
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]<br />
* [[B. G. Kher|Balasaheb Kher]]<br />
* [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]<br />
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]<br />
* [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Swatantryaveer Savarkar]] was moved to [[Ratnagiri]] with his [[freedom of movement]] restricted to the boundary of the district and also refraining from politics.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joglekar|first1=Jaywant|title=Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism|date=2006|isbn=978-1-84728-380-1|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1J3uk3x_k6sC&q=+dhakras&pg=PA106|access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref><br />
* [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]]<br />
* [[R. P. Paranjpe|R. P. Paranjpye]]<br />
* [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]]<br />
* [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]<br />
* [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]]<br />
<br />
==Current officers and public representatives ==<br />
<br />
===Members of Parliament===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Member of Parliament<br />
! Political party<br />
! Lok Sabha constituency<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Sunil Tatkare]]'''<br />
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
| [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]'''<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Members of Legislative Assembly===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" <br />
! Assembly constituency<br />
! Members of Legislative Assembly<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]<br />
|[[Yogesh Kadam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]<br />
|[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}"|<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]<br />
|[[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam|Shekhar Nikam]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]<br />
|[[Uday Samant]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]<br />
|[[Kiran Samant]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Guardian Minister===<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
| post = Guardian Minister Ratnagiri<br />
| native_name = '''पालकमंत्री रत्नागिरी '''<br />
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 50px<br />
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India<br />
| image = File:Uday Samant.jpg<br />
| incumbent = [[Uday Samant]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 24 September 2022<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit<br />
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br />
| residence = Ratnagiri<br />
| formation = <br />
| succession = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://ratnagiri.gov.in/en/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====List of Guardian Ministers====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Term of office<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Ravindra Waikar]]'''<br />
| 31 October 2014 - 8 November 2019<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Anil Parab]]'''<br />
|9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Uday Samant]]'''<br />
|24 September 2022- Incumbent<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===District Magistrate/Collector===<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
| post = District Magistrate / Collector Ratnagiri <br />
| native_name = '''जिल्हाधिकारी तथा जिल्हदंडाधिकरी रत्नागिरी '''<br />
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 50px<br />
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India<br />
| image = <br />
| incumbent = Mr. Dr. B. N. Patil (IAS)<br />
| incumbentsince = 2019<br />
| <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| termlength = No time limit <br />
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
| residence = At Ratnagiri district<br />
| formation = <br />
| succession = <br />
| website =<br />
{{URL|http://ratnagiri.gov.in/en/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====List of District Magistrate / Collector ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Term of office<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mr. Dr. B. N. Patil (IAS)'''<br />
|2019 – Incumbent<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Geographical indication==<br />
[[Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri Kokum]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven agriculture products get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/seven-agriculture-products-get-gi-tag/articleshow/52579129.cms |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sindhudurg Ratnagiri Mahakokum Sanstha from [[Malvan]], proposed the GI registration of Sindhudurg & Ratnagiri Kokum. After filing the application in March 2014, the Kokum was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Sindhudurg & Ratnagiri Kokum" exclusive to the Kokum grown in the region. It thus became the first Kokum variety from India and the 13th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/474|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Niharika Sahoo |title=Geographical Indication Protection in India: The Evolving Paradigm |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4296-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Geographical_Indication_Protection_in_In/BdiIEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sindhudurg+%26+Ratnagiri+Kokum+gi&pg=PA210&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The prestigious GI tag, awarded by the GI registry, certifies that a product possesses distinct qualities, adheres to traditional production methods, and has earned a reputation rooted in its geographical origin.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Malvani people]]<br />
*[[Sangameshwari]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{cite book |title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer |volume=1 |date=1986 |edition=E-book |publisher=Government of Mahareshtra |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html |ref={{sfnref|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986}} |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227081326/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://ratnagiri.gov.in Ratnagiri district official website]sfnref|<br />
*[http://www.snmcpn.org Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra - NGO working on nature conservation]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Ratnagiri district<br />
|North = [[Raigad district]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Satara district]]<br />
|East = [[Sangli district]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Kolhapur district]]<br />
|South = [[Sindhudurg district]]<br />
|Southwest = <br />
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''<br />
|Northwest = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!--{{Districts of Maharashtra}}--><br />
{{Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ratnagiri district| ]]<br />
[[Category:1832 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Konkan division]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjun_Sarja&diff=450738Arjun Sarja2026-02-13T03:47:55Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Content updated and refined</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor, producer, director (Born 1962)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Arjun Sarja<br />
| image = Arjun Sarja (1).jpg<br />
| caption = Sarja in 2019<br />
| birth_name = Srinivasa Sarja<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|8|15|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Madhugiri]], [[Mysore State]], India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer|screenwriter|distributor}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Niveditha|1988}}<br />
| children = [[Aishwarya Arjun]] <br> Anjana Arjun<br />
| parents = [[Shakti Prasad]] (father)<br />
| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Sarja family|Sarja family]]<br />
| years active = 1981 – present<br />
| works = [[Arjun Sarja filmography|Full list]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Srinivasa Sarja''' (born 15 August 1962), better known by his stage name '''Arjun''', is an Indian actor, producer, and director who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has mainly acted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films in addition to [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films as well as a few [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. Referred to by the media and his fans as "Action King" for his roles in [[action film]]s,<ref name=sarja>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/12/stories/2008091251100200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916183413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/12/stories/2008091251100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2008 |title=Promoting patriotism in a 'powerful' way is his style |last=Prasad |first=G |date=12 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 February 2010 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/14/stories/2005071401510200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511184340/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/14/stories/2005071401510200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2006 |title=For king of action, direction is a passion |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=14 July 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 February 2010 |place=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/26/stories/2008122650100200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202115731/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/26/stories/2008122650100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2009 |title=Lots of action, little logic |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=26 December 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 February 2010 |place=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Arjun-on-a-Mission/articleshow/4506286.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104055354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-11/news-interviews/28209100_1_arjun-film-action-hero |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Arjun on a Mission |date=11 May 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> Arjun has acted in more than 160 films, most of them being lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/150-is-just-another-number-for-this-ageless-charmer-tamil-news-191579 |title=150 is just another number for this Ageless Charmer |date=29 July 2017 |work=indiaglitz |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/arjun-sarja-is-now-150-not-out/articleshow/58668800.cms |title=Arjun Sarja is now 150 not out |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ive-completed-150-films-let-me-experiment-at-least-now/articleshow/59252540.cms |title=I've completed 150 films; let me experiment at least now |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> He is one of few [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] actors to attract fan following from multiple states of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-05-30/Actor-Arjun-crosses-a-new-milestone/303451 |title=Actor Arjun crosses a new milestone |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=30 May 2017 |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/news/arjun-allu-arjuns-next-movie |access-date=3 May 2018 |work=[[Telugu Cinema]] |date=27 March 2017 |title=Arjun in Allu Arjun's next movie! |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180455/http://www.telugucinema.com/news/arjun-allu-arjuns-next-movie |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has directed 12 films and also produced and distributed a number of films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/feb/04/as-a-director-i-should-be-open-to-directing-all-genres-arjun-sarja-1768357.html |access-date=9 June 2018 |title=As a director, I should be open to directing all genres: Arjun Sarja |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1993, he starred in [[S. Shankar]]'s blockbuster ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' which opened to positive reviews, while Arjun went on to win the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Arjun-all-set/articleshow/4266988.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104055403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-16/news-interviews/28004178_1_dream-role-versatile-actor-arjun |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Arjun all set |last=Vijayakumar |first=Sindhu |date=16 March 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Arjun-all-set/articleshow/4266988.cms |title=Arjun |work=The Times of India |first1=Sindhu |last1=Vijayakumar |date=16 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450020100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110041211/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |date=14 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Arjun's avatars |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> During this time, he starred in hits such as ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' (1994), ''[[Karnaa]]'' (1995), and the action thriller film ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kurudhipunal]]'' (1995), for which Arjun won acclaim for his role while the film became<ref name="S. Shiva Kumar">{{cite news |author=S. Shiva Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/silver-screens-valiant-hero/article2815490.ece |title=Silver screen's valiant hero |work=The Hindu |date=2012-01-20 |access-date=2014-08-05}}</ref> [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official entry]] for the [[68th Academy Awards]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] category.<ref name="C V Aravind">{{cite news |author=C V Aravind |agency=DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/333181/donning-different-roles.html |title=Donning different roles |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 May 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Indeterminate">{{Cite web |url=https://imsports.rediff.com/style/apr/03sriram.htm |title=Rediff on the Net, Life/Style: The silence that speaks |date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093138/https://imsports.rediff.com/style/apr/03sriram.htm |archive-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Indiaglitz.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413224103/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56083.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2010 |title=Jai Hind-II from Arjun - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2010-04-12 |access-date=2014-08-05}}</ref> In 1999, he starred in the political action-thriller, ''[[Mudhalvan]]'', which earned him for his role as well as numerous other nominations. He was then featured in [[Vasanth]]'s romantic drama film ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'', where he played a photographer, who eventually falls in love with a widow. Featuring a popular soundtrack and opening to positive reviews, ''Rhythm'' also became a commercial success.<ref name="Rhythm: Movie Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Rhythm_142548.html |title=Rhythm: Movie Review |publisher=Indolink.com |access-date=2014-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034603/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Rhythm_142548.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
<br />
His appearances in Kannada and Telugu films include ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001) and ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001), respectively. He won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his work in the film. The multilingual film ''[[Jaihind 2|Abhimanyu]]'' (2014) won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film]].<ref name="th1">{{cite news |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=Film awards: a balance between main and independent film-making streams |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/film-awards-a-balance-between-main-and-independent-filmmaking-streams/article8230707.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 February 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Arjun was born as Srinivasa Sarja on 15 August 1962 to Kannada actor [[Shakti Prasad]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/did-you-know-/Arjun-holds-a-black-belt-in-Karate/articleshow/16796701.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202170113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/did-you-know-/34430812_1_black-belt-kannada-film-actor-arjun-sarja |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Arjun holds a black belt in Karate |date=13 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> and Lakshmi, an art teacher. Arjun had always thought and dreamt of becoming a police officer but his fate took him into an entirely different direction.<ref name="Action King Arjun">{{Cite news |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/arjun/an-exclusive-interview-with-action-king-arjun.html |title=Action King Arjun |work=BehindWoods |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Inspired by [[Bruce Lee]]'s 1973 film ''[[Enter the Dragon]]'', Arjun began training in [[Karate]] at the age of 16<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil celebs who didn't want to act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Tamil-celebs-who-didnt-want-to-act/photostory/48953635.cms?mobile=no |access-date=11 October 2020 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> and now holds a black belt.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2012 |title=Arjun holds a black belt in Karate still he supports LTTE group and a follower of prabhakaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/did-you-know-/Arjun-holds-a-black-belt-in-Karate/articleshow/16796701.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202170113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/did-you-know-/34430812_1_black-belt-kannada-film-actor-arjun-sarja |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=19 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref><br />
<br />
Arjun married Niveditha Arjun in 1988, a former actress who has appeared in the [[Kannada]] films ''[[Ratha Sapthami]]'' (1986) and ''Agni Parva'' (1987) under the stage name of Asha Rani. They co-starred in the 1988 [[Telugu-language|Telugu]] film ''Doctor Gari Abbai''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqVll9XO7Eo&t=1413s | title=ಅರ್ಜುನ್ ಸರ್ಜಾ ಅವರ ಲವ್ ಸ್ಟೋರಿ ಕೇಳಿ Part 1 &#124; Weekend with Ramesh &#124; Ep 6 &#124; Arjun Sarja - Zee Kannada | website=[[YouTube]] | date=17 August 2014 }}</ref> Kannada actor [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]] is his father-in-law.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Rajesh {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|honarary}} doctorate |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/76245.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222112/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/76245.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> He has two daughters, [[Aishwarya Arjun|Aishwarya]], who is also an actor, and Anjana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nilacharal |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/celeb/arj.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51135.html |title=It's the turn of Arjun's product |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106195340/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51135.html |url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Arjun had one elder brother [[Kishore Sarja]], who directed Kannada films.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=Kishore Sarja: A talent wasted |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kishore-sarja-a-talent-wasted/20090629.htm |access-date=19 June 2013 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> His nephews [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and [[Dhruva Sarja]] are Kannada actors.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=Siblings galore in Sandalwood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Siblings-galore-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/19577146.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421064159/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/news-interviews/38587116_1_arjun-sarja-duniya-vijay-chiranjeevi-sarja |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Bharat Sarja, made his acting debut in 2014 with ''Veera Pulikeshi''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=4 July 2012 |title=It's films for another Sarja boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Its-films-for-another-Sarja-boy/articleshow/14673592.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202170107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-04/news-interviews/32535957_1_kishore-sarja-film-arjun |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=19 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Shyam Prasad S |title=Movie review: Veera pulikeshi |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/bharat-sarja-ravishankar-rekha-avinash-raju-talikote-padma-vasanti/articleshow/34212053.cms? |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><br />
<br />
Arjun is an ardent devotee of [[Hanuman]]. He is building the Hanuman temple in the outskirts of Chennai. A 35-foot statue of the Lord Anjaneya was sculpted exclusively for the temple; the statue is in a seated posture and weighs around 140 tonnes. The single-stone statue is 35 feet high, 12 feet wide and 7 feet thick.<ref name="Action King Arjun" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/arjun-builds-a-hanuman-temple-tamil-news-80644.html |title=Arjun builds a Hanuman temple |work=indiaglitz |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><br />
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Arjun was honoured with an honorary doctorate by [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-arjun-sarja-honoured-with-doctorate-from-mgr-university-in-chennai-9124549.html |title=Actor Arjun Sarja Honoured With Doctorate From MGR University In Chennai |publisher=News 18 |date=18 November 2024 |accessdate=21 November 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121082722/https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-arjun-sarja-honoured-with-doctorate-from-mgr-university-in-chennai-9124549.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
<br />
===1981-1991: Early career and breakthrough===<br />
Arjun's father [[Shakti Prasad]], a renowned actor of Kannada films, did not want his son to become an actor and turned down film offers that Arjun began to receive as a teenager. In a surprise move, film producer [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] managed to convince Arjun to begin shooting for a feature film for his production house without Shakti Prasad's express permission and consequently, his father agreed to Arjun's career choice. The film ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]'' (1981) featured him as a junior artiste and the director of the film gave him the stage name of Arjun, replacing his original name Ashok Babu.<ref name="co">{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/arjun.asp |title=An enjoyable conversation with Arjun |work=Chennai Online |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824235837/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/arjun.asp |archive-date=24 August 2004}}</ref> While he began to establish himself Kannada films, he received an offer from actor-producer [[A. V. M. Rajan]] and director [[Rama Narayanan]] to do a Tamil film ''[[Nandri]]'' (1984). Simultaneously he was offered a Telugu film, [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]'s ''[[Maa Pallelo Gopaludu]]'' (1985) in Telugu too which went on to be a big success, running for 367 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/22/veteran-telugu-film-director-kodi-ramakrishna-is-no-more-10233.html|title=Veteran Telugu film director Kodi Ramakrishna is no more|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> <br />
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His career as an actor began to take off in the mid-1980s and he sometimes worked for up to seven shifts in a day to keep up with the films he had committed to do.<ref name="co"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92756.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720221516/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92756.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2013 |title=Kodi Ramakrishna- Arjun's 'Rani Ranamma' launch |website=IndiaGlitz |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> In Telugu, he established himself as a bankable actor with roles in films such as ''Naga Devatha'' (1986), ''Cowboy No. 1'' (1986), ''Konaseema Kurradu'' (1986) and ''Manavadostunnadu'' (1987). In Tamil, his successful films during the period included ''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' (1987), ''[[Thaimel Aanai]]'' (1988), ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' (1989), ''[[Sonthakkaran]]'' (1989), ''[[Thangaikku Oru Thalattu]]'' (1990) and ''[[Thanga Thamaraigal]]'' (1991).<br />
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===1992-2001: Commercial success and critical acclaim===<br />
In 1992, he subsequently chose to direct his feature film ''[[Sevagan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rmJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=342,1267659 |title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search |website=news.google.com}}</ref> Soon after, [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] cast him in the lead role in his first film, ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), after much persuasion. Arjun had initially rejected the film without listening to Shankar's narration but the director's persistence prompted him to feature in the film as a vigilante against [[corruption]]. The film opened to positive reviews and went on to become a trendsetter in the Tamil film industry, as well as achieving significant box office success, while Arjun went on to win the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|State Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/silver-screens-valiant-hero/article2815490.ece |title=Silver screen's valiant hero - SouthKannada |work=The Hindu |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=2017-09-05 |last1=Kumar |first1=S. Shiva}}</ref><ref name="C V Aravind"/> His change of fortune at the box office continued and Arjun began to gain ground as a bankable lead star in action films after his films including his patriotic directorial venture ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' (1994) and ''[[Karnaa]]'' (1995), where he played a dual role, went on to become blockbusters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413224103/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56083.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2010 |title=Cinema News {{pipe}} Movie Reviews {{pipe}} Movie Trailers |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2017-09-01 |access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] approached Arjun to play a police officer in the action thriller film ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kurudhipunal]]'' (1995), and the actor accepted the opportunity and agreed to do the film even without hearing the narration. Arjun won positive acclaim for his role, while the film became [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official entry]] for the [[68th Academy Awards]] [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] category.<ref name="Indeterminate"/><br />
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In the late 1990s, after a series of action films, including ''[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]'' (1996) and ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]'' (1998), he teamed up again with Shankar in the political drama film ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999). Portraying an ambitious TV journalist who receives the opportunity to become the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for a day, Arjun offered bulk dates for filming the project to Shankar. The film subsequently won positive reviews with Arjun described as having "acquitted himself with aplomb in the challenging role".<ref name="cscsarchive.org">{{cite web |date=25 July 2011 |title=Cinema Reviews - The Hindu |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/E8880B73B7238248652569400065DD65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212236/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/E8880B73B7238248652569400065DD65 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |work=cscsarchive}}</ref> <br />
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Arjun then briefly experimented in softer roles, portraying critically acclaimed characters of businessman with "shades of grey" in [[Prabhu Solomon]]'s ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' (1999) and as an energetic civil service officer in ''[[Vaanavil]]'' (2000). He then featured in [[Vasanth]]'s romantic drama film ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000), where he played a widower and a professional photographer, who eventually falls in love with a widow. Featuring a popular soundtrack and opening to positive reviews, ''Rhythm'' also became a commercial success, with a critic noting "Arjun is as polished as ever" and adding "who would have conceived this idea that the "action king" could attempt a soft-natured role of this kind".<ref name="Rhythm: Movie Review"/> He carried on with a lighter theme in his next directorial venture, the love story ''[[Vedham]]'' (2001), while he ventured into Telugu cinema again by appearing in [[M. Raja|Raja]]'s ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001) and as a Hindu devotee in ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001).<br />
<br />
===2002-2010: Action roles and experimentation ===<br />
[[File:Vijay Antony and Arjun at the ‘Kolaigaran’ Press Meet.jpg|thumb|right|Arjun and [[Vijay Antony]] at the Kolaigaran Press Meet]]<br />
The image of "action king" made him popular with town and village centre audiences, who appreciated the actor's fight and stunt scenes. He thus actively chose to specialise in action films, often collaborating with directors who specialised in them such as [[Sundar C]], [[A. Venkatesh (director)|Venkatesh]] and [[Selva (director)|Selva]]. In the mid-2000s, he appeared in several action films with the same premise, often portraying a police officer or a local do-gooder. He directed and featured in both the action films ''[[Ezhumalai]]'' (2002) and ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'' (2003), while also being involved in [[N. Maharajan|Maharajan]]'s ''[[Arasatchi]]'' (2004). Some of his films, ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004) and ''[[Marudhamalai]]'' (2007), were box office successes, with several of his projects were not, including ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' (2006), ''[[Vathiyar]]'' (2006) and ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' (2008), in all of which he was the story writer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=11717550&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427191631/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=11717550&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-27 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |date=2007-01-20 |access-date=2014-08-05}}</ref><br />
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Despite not achieving any significant hit films in the 2000s, producers often considered Arjun as a "minimum guarantee" actor and felt his sizable fan following would help recover money even through the Telugu dubbed versions of his Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/11/stories/2010061150640100.htm |title=Friday Review Chennai : Start! Camera! Arjun! |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617073336/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/11/stories/2010061150640100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-06-11 |archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/koti.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428164849/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/koti.php |title=Movie review: Koti |work=Telugu Cinema |date=28 April 2009 |archive-date=28 April 2009}}</ref> In a rare experimental film for him in the decade, he portrayed the role of the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]] in [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s devotional film ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' (2004) and worked on the film without taking remuneration as a self-confessed worshipper of the deity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/srianjaneyam/index.html |title=Telugu cinema director Krishna Vamsi on Telugu Movie Sri Anjaneyam |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-04-11 |access-date=2014-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421042955/http://idlebrain.com/srianjaneyam/index.html |archive-date=21 April 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2011-present: Character roles and recent projects ===<br />
Since the turn of the decade, Arjun has attempted to move away from his "action king" image and accepted to star in films where he would play the antagonist or a supporting role, with the move drawing praise from film critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article325060.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517140332/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article325060.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2014 |title=I'm not the villain in 'Kadal': Arjun |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> In 2011, Arjun accepted the opportunity to act alongside [[Ajith Kumar]] in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s action thriller ''[[Mankatha]]'', with critics praising his performance as a police officer in the blockbuster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-review-tamil-14978052.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629171600/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-review-tamil-14978052.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-29 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=2011-08-31 |access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> The following year he appeared in Kannada film ''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]'', for which he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]. Portraying a middle-class father with a deaf and dumb son, Arjun noted it was a rewarding experience for him to break the monotony of his standard roles and attempt something different, admitting he was moved by the script. The film opened to unanimously positive reviews in March 2012 and then was selected to be screened at the [[Berlin Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/prasad-bowls-berlin-over/articleshow/12001454.cms|title = Prasad bowls Berlin over| newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 February 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Arjun collaborated with [[Mani Ratnam]] with ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' (2013), in which the actor portrayed a negative role of a smuggler in coastal [[Tamil Nadu]]. While the film opened to mixed reviews and became a box office failure, Arjun won rave reviews for his portrayal with [[Sify]].com noting Arjun is "deliciously despicable in his career's most memorable negative role" and [[The Hindu]] labelling him as "brilliant".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kadal-review-tamil-15019156.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607004540/http://www.sify.com/movies/kadal-review-tamil-15019156.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-07 |title=Review : Kadal |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-02-01 |access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> He then won acclaim for his portrayal of a real-life police officer [[K. Vijay Kumar]] in the Kannada film ''[[Attahasa]]'' (2013), the biopic of notorious forest brigand Veerappan, as well as for his role of a paralysed swimming coach in [[Vasanth]]'s romance film, ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/from-kadal-to-kaadhal/article4447690.ece |title=From Kadal to Kaadhal - Delta |work=The Hindu |date=2013-02-24 |access-date=2017-09-05 |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Malathi}}</ref><br />
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His directorial venture, ''[[Jai Hind 2]]'' (2014) contained a message about the declining state of the Indian education system. The film became a box office success in Kannada, while the Tamil and Telugu versions did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nikhil Raghavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bright-spark/article4750098.ece |title=Bright spark |work=The Hindu |date=2013-05-25 |access-date=2014-08-05}}</ref> In 2016, he played a realistic police officer in [[Bharathiraja]]'s critically acclaimed ''[[Final Cut of Director]]'' (dubbed in Tamil as ''Bommalattam''), where a reviewer felt his "showcase of the soft, subtle yet unrelenting cop was noteworthy".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950490200.htm |title=Friday Review Chennai / Film Review : The puppet shocks! - Bommalattam |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201095422/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950490200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2008-12-19 |archive-date=1 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Archive |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950490200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201095422/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950490200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2008-12-19 |access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> In 2017, he appeared in his 150th film ''[[Nibunan]]'', an action thriller where he played a police officer hunting a serial killer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/vismaya-movie-review-what-the-zodiac-wont-foretell/articleshow/59796892.cms |title=Vismaya movie review: What the zodiac won't foretell |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The film won positive reviews, with a critic noting that Arjun "looks stylish and suave as the fit and honest officer, and excels in a couple of action blocks he gets".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nibunan/movie-review/59768885.cms|title=Nibunan Review {3.5/5}: A thriller loaded with suspense, mystery, serial murders, sentiments, and more|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> He then directed a bilingual film titled ''[[Prema Baraha]]'' (2018) starring his daughter [[Aishwarya Arjun]] in the leading role<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/09/prema-baraha-movie-review-love-stunts-and-lots-of-earnestness-1770918.html |title='Prema Baraha' movie review: Love, stunts and lots of earnestness |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055506/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/09/prema-baraha-movie-review-love-stunts-and-lots-of-earnestness-1770918.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> While, the Kannada version performed well, the Tamil version, ''Sollividava'', went unnoticed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/09/sollividava-movie-review-a-wannabe-dil-se-1770943.html |title='Sollividava' movie review: A wannabe Dil Se |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202746/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/09/sollividava-movie-review-a-wannabe-dil-se-1770943.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He starred in the Telugu films ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]]'' (2017) and ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/arjun-sarja-to-play-the-villain-in-mahesh-babu-starrer-sarkaru-vaari-paata-reports-992068.html |title=Arjun Sarja to play the villain in Mahesh Babu-starrer 'Sarkaru Vaari Paata': Reports |date=31 May 2021}}</ref> ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' (2018) showed a different Arjun to the audience. ''[[Kolaigaran]]'' (2019) was also a performance-oriented film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/26/interview--i-learned-acting-by-watching-sivaji-and-nagesh-films-says-arjun-2081098.html |title=INTERVIEW {{pipe}} I learned acting by watching Sivaji and Nagesh films, says Arjun|date=26 December 2019 }}</ref> Arjun Sarja's performance as [[Karna]] is another highlight of the movie ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/aug/09/kurukshetra-movie-review-darshan-shines-in-a-seamless-retelling-of-mahabharata-13547.html |title=Kurukshetra Movie Review: Darshan shines in this seamless retelling of Mahabharata|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 August 2019 }}</ref> <br />
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He played the role of a warrior called Anandan in the epic historical action Malayalam film, ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (2021) directed by [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/malayalam-cinema/article/marakkar-the-lion-of-the-arabian-sea-makers-unveil-arjun-sargas-poster-actor-to-play-a-warrior-in-the-film/543134|title = Marakkar: The Lion of the Arabian Sea makers unveil Arjun Sarga's poster; actor to play a warrior in the film| date=21 January 2020 }}</ref> His was next roped in to play the role of one of the antagonists in the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] starrer ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023), directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], earning him praise from critics for this role as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-sarja-starts-shooting-for-vijays-leo/articleshow/100095180.cms|title = Arjun Sarja starts shooting for Vijay's 'Leo'| newspaper=The Times of India | date=9 May 2023 }}</ref> He was cast in the [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]] starrer ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]'' (2025) as the antagonist directed by [[Magizh Thirumeni]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=16 September 2024 |title=Vidaamuyarchi release date: Arjun Sarja drops a major update on Ajith Kumar's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vidaamuyarchi-release-date-arjun-sarja-drops-update-on-ajith-kumar-film/f236c98419999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202224216/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/vidaamuyarchi-release-date-arjun-sarja-drops-update-on-ajith-kumar-film/f236c98419999 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Main|Arjun Sarja filmography}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* 1993&nbsp;– [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|pp=154–155}}<br />
* 2011&nbsp;– Silver Screen Sensational Actor Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List of TSR-TV9 National Film Awards 2011 and 2012 |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/5232/winners-list-of-tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2011-and-2012.aspx |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 2012&nbsp;– [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/arjun-sarja-i-want-a-change-from-my-action-roles/ |title=Arjun Sarja: I want a change from my action roles |publisher=[[Bollywood Life]] |date=2012-03-02 |accessdate=2014-08-05}}</ref><br />
* 2013&nbsp;– [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]] – ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''<br />
* 2014&nbsp;– [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film]] for ''[[Abhimanyu (2014 film)|Abhimanyu]]''<ref name="th1"/><br />
* 2020 – [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''<br />
* 2024 – [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] – ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
In October 2018, as part of the [[MeToo movement|#MeToo movement]], actress [[Sruthi Hariharan|Shruthi Hariharan]] accused Arjun Sarja of misconduct, on the set of the 2016 film ''Vismaya'' (''[[Nibunan]]'' in Tamil), where she portrayed Arjun Sarja's wife. In response, Arjun Sarja denied her allegations and filed a Rs 5 crore defamation suit against her.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arjun-sarja-files-defamation-case-against-sruthi-hariharan-metoo-5418744/ |date=27 October 2018 |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=20 September 2021 |title=Arjun Sarja files Rs 5 crore defamation suit against Sruthi Hariharan}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Arjun's defamation case was filed, Sruthi filed a sexual harassment case with the police. The Bangalore Police immediately investigated this case and they submitted their report also. In their report, they said there was "no evidence" in favour of her. In this investigation, all crew members of this film said there was no such incident that happened on the sets and director [[Arun Vaidyanathan]] who was named as the eye-witness in the case, said Arjun Sarja is a nice person. The romantic scene script was already finalized before the shooting. According to the director, Arjun Sarja had asked the filmmaker to reduce the romantic scenes in the movie. He had also said that Arjun Sarja and Sruthi Hariharan were good friends and he never noticed Arjun Sarja misbehaving with Sruthi on the sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/metoo-movement-director-arun-vaidyanathan-says-arjun-sarja-is-a-nice-person/articleshow/66447888.cms |date=31 October 2018 |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=20 September 2021 |title=#MeToo movement: Director Arun Vaidyanathan says Arjun Sarja is a nice person}}</ref> With lack of evidence, the case was closed. Sruthi alleged that the police did not seem to put much effort in investigating her claim.<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/metoo-sruthi-hariharan-refute-reports-she-challenged-clean-chit-given-arjun-sarja-178310</ref> Her career took a nosedive, and she was unofficially blacklisted by the Kannada industry, as it supported Arjun.<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/i-used-get-3-offers-week-barely-any-now-actor-sruthi-hariharan-metoo-fallout-93175</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal|India|Biography|Films<br />
}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|0035018}}<br />
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/arjun-sarja.html Arjun Sarja on Filmibeat.com]<br />
<br />
{{Arjun Sarja}}<br />
{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}<br />
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActor}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarja, Arjun}}<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th_Filmfare_Awards&diff=47469920th Filmfare Awards2026-02-11T18:26:01Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1973 awards for Hindi cinema}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film awards<br />
| number = 20<br />
| award = Filmfare Awards<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| date = 21 April 1973<ref>{{Cite book |title=...and Pran: A Biography |last=Reuben |first=Bunny |date=2005 |publisher=HarperCollins and [[Living Media]] |isbn=978-81-72234-66-9 |pages=265–267 }}</ref><br />
| site = Bombay<br />
| preshow = <br />
| host = <br />
| producer = <br />
| director = <br />
| best_film = ''[[Be-Imaan]]''<br />
| most_wins = ''Be-Imaan'' (7)<br />
| most_nominations = ''[[Amar Prem]]'' & ''Be-Imaan'' (8)<br />
| best_actor = [[Manoj Kumar]] for ''Be-Imaan''<br />
| best_actress = [[Hema Malini]] for ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''<br />
| duration = <br />
| network = <br />
| last = 19th<br />
| next = 21st<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''20th Filmfare Awards''' were held in 1973, awarding the films released in 1972.<br />
<br />
''[[Amar Prem]]'' and ''[[Be-Imaan]]'' led the ceremony with 8 nominations, followed by [[Shor (film)|''Shor'']] with 7 nominations and ''[[Pakeezah]]'' with 5 nominations.<br />
<br />
''Be-Imaan'' won 7 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (for Sohanlal Kanwar), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (for [[Manoj Kumar]]) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (for [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.<br />
<br />
[[Rajesh Khanna]] received dual nominations for Best Actor for his performances in ''Amar Prem'' and ''[[Dushmun]]'', but lost to Manoj Kumar who won the award for ''Be-Imaan''.<br />
<br />
At the ceremony, [[Meena Kumari]] earned a then record-setting twelfth and final nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in the period musical romantic drama ''Pakeezah'' after her death in March 1972. Despite being highly favored to win the award, she controversially lost the award to [[Hema Malini]] who won her first and only award in the category for her comic dual role in the comedy-drama ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''.<br />
<br />
Pran, who won Best Supporting Actor for ''Be-Imaan,'' refused to accept the award, on the grounds that the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] award should have gone to [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] for ''Pakeezah'', and not [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]] for ''Be-Imaan''.<br />
<br />
== Main Awards ==<br />
[[File:Manoj Kumar at Esha Deol's wedding at ISCKON temple 10.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Manoj Kumar]] — Best Actor winner for ''[[Be-Imaan]]'']]<br />
[[File:Hema Malini Starguild.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Hema Malini]] — Best Actress winner for ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'']]<br />
[[File:Pran.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] — Best Supporting Actor winner for ''[[Be-Imaan]]'']]<br />
[[File:Zeenat Aman at Esha Deol's wedding reception 12.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Zeenat Aman]] — Best Supporting Actress winner for ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'']]<br />
[[File:Paintal.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] — Best Comic Actor winner for ''[[Bawarchi]]'']]<br />
[[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Asha Bhosle]] — Best Playback singer winner for ''"[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]" ([[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]])'']]<br />
<br />
===Best Film===<br />
''' ''[[Be-Imaan]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]''<br />
*''[[Pakeezah]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Director===<br />
''' ''Sohanlal Kanwar – [[Be-Imaan]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Kamal Amrohi]] – [[Pakeezah]]''<br />
*''[[Manoj Kumar]] – [[Shor (film)|Shor]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Actor===<br />
''' ''[[Manoj Kumar]] – [[Be-Imaan]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Rajesh Khanna]] – [[Amar Prem]]''<br />
*''Rajesh Khanna – [[Dushmun]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhirad |first1=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |website=deep750.googlepages.com |date=2006 |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Best Actress===<br />
''' ''[[Hema Malini]] – [[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Meena Kumari]] – [[Pakeezah]]''<br />
*''[[Raakhee]] – [[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Supporting Actor===<br />
''' ''[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] – [[Be-Imaan]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Premnath]] – [[Shor (film)|Shor]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Supporting Actress===<br />
''' ''[[Zeenat Aman]] – [[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] – [[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]''<br />
*''[[Nazima]] – [[Be-Imaan]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Comic Actor===<br />
''' ''[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] – [[Bawarchi]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Jagdeep]] – [[Bhai Ho To Aisa]]''<br />
*''[[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] – [[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay To Goa]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Story===<br />
''' ''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]] – [[Basu Chatterjee]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Shor (film)|Shor]] – [[Manoj Kumar]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Screenplay===<br />
''' ''[[Amar Prem]] – [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay]] '' '''<br />
<br />
===Best Dialogue===<br />
''' ''[[Amar Prem]] – Ramesh Pant '' '''<br />
<br />
=== Best Music Director ===<br />
''' ''[[Be-Imaan]] – [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]'' '''<br />
*''[[Amar Prem]] – [[R. D. Burman]]''<br />
*''[[Pakeezah]] – [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]]''<br />
*''[[Shor (film)|Shor]] – [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]''<br />
<br />
===Best Lyricist===<br />
''' ''[[Be-Imaan]] – [[Verma Malik]] for Jai Bolo Be-Imaan Ki'' '''<br />
*''[[Amar Prem]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for Chingari Koi Bhadke''<br />
*''[[Shor (film)|Shor]] – [[Santosh Anand]] for Ek Pyaar Ka Nagma Hai''<br />
<br />
===Best Playback Singer, Male===<br />
''' ''[[Be-Imaan]] – [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] for Jai Bolo Be-Imaan Ki'' '''<br />
*''[[Amar Prem]] – [[Kishore Kumar]] for Chingari Koi Bhadke''<br />
*''[[Shor (film)|Shor]] – Mukesh for Ek Pyaar Ka Nagma Hai''<br />
<br />
===Best Playback Singer, Female===<br />
''' ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]] – [[Asha Bhosle]] for Dum Maro Dum'' '''<br />
*''[[Lal Patthar]] – Asha Bhosle for Suni Suni''<br />
*''[[Lalkaar]] – Asha Bhosle for Maine Kahan Na Na Na''<br />
<br />
===Best Art Direction===<br />
''' ''[[Pakeezah]]'' '''<br />
<br />
===Best Cinematography===<br />
''' ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' '''<br />
<br />
===Best Editing===<br />
''' ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]'' '''<br />
<br />
===Best Sound===<br />
''' ''[[Amar Prem]]'' '''<br />
<br />
==Critics' Awards==<br />
===Best Film===<br />
''' ''[[Maya Darpan]]'' '''<br />
<br />
===Best Documentary===<br />
''' ''Nine Months to Freedom'' '''<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Meena Kumari not winning an award for her performance in ''[[Pakeezah]]'' stirred controversy at the 20th Filmfare Awards. Filmfare, however, defended their decision by stating that according to their rules, posthumous awards were not allowed then;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharatan |first=Raju |title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad |title-link=Naushadnama |date=2013 |publisher=[[Hay House]] |isbn=978-93-81431-93-1 |location=New Delhi, India|pp=311–312}}</ref> ''Filmfare''{{'s}} editor [[B. K. Karanjia]] said both [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammad]] (the music director of ''Pakeezah'') and [[Josef Wirsching]] (cinematographer) lost for the same reason.{{sfn|Reuben|2005|p=266}}<br />
<br />
Years later, in an interview, veteran actress [[Rakhee Gulzar]] revealed that initially she was offered the award for Best actress which she declined, as she considered her performance to be mediocre as earlier, she was devoid of the award for her performance in ''[[Sharmilee]]''.<ref name="Awards Mixup">{{cite web |title=Shocked by Oscar mix-up? Bollywood film awards change winners last minute too |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=28 February 2017 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shocked-oscar-mix-bollywood-film-awards-change-winners-last-minute/ |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biggest Winners==<br />
*'' [[Be-Imaan]] – 7/8''<br />
*'' [[Amar Prem]] – 3/8''<br />
*'' [[Seeta Aur Geeta]] – 2/2''<br />
*'' [[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]] – 2/2''<br />
*''[[Shor (film)|Shor]] – 1/7''<br />
*''[[Pakeezah]] – 1/5''<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[22nd Filmfare Awards]]<br />
* [[21st Filmfare Awards]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/1973/<br />
{{Filmfare Awards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1972 film awards|Filmfare]]<br />
[[Category:1973 in Indian cinema]]<br />
[[Category:1973 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:April 1973 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1970s in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards by year]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunbir_Singh_Sidhu&diff=501412Gunbir Singh Sidhu2026-02-07T19:32:14Z<p>ChristinTrickett: created - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian movie producer}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| image = <br />
|caption = <br />
|birth_name = Gunbir Singh Sidhu<br />
| birth_place = [[Hoshiarpur]] <br />
| occupation = [[Film Producer]], [[Distributor]], Exhibitor<br />
| years active = 2012–Onwards<br />
| organisation = White Hill Production India Pvt. Ltd. & [[White Hill Music]] & Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. <br />
| awards = National Award for the Best Film ([[Punjab 1984]])<br />
PTC Awards for best film [[Jatt & Juliet]], [[Jatt & Juliet 2]], [[Sardaar Ji|Sardaarji]] and [[Punjab 1984]].<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gunbir Singh Sidhu''' is an Indian movie producer. He did his schooling from Saint Stephen's School, Chandigarh & <br />
bachelors in technology from NIT Jalandhar and then went on to pursue his master's degree in electric engineering from Imperial College, London.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
After completing his master's degree, he returned to India in 2004. He began his career as a trader of used cars. After a while, he established multiple business like real estate, education, agriculture & finance.<ref name="CiT">{{Cite web| url=https://cinetown.org/people/profile/gunbirsinghsidhu|title=Gunbir Singh Sidhu|website=Cinetown|date = 8 April 2024}}</ref><br />
Sidhu marked his debut into the film industry as the producer of blockbuster Punjabi film Jatt and Juliet in 2012 which was a massive success. <br />
He is the co owner of White Hill Production & White Hill Music with his brother and Partner Manmord(Sunny) Sidhu. He has produced some of the most successful Punjabi music videos.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
* ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' 2012 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' 2013 (Producer)<ref>[http://www.chakdey.com/diljit-jatt-and-juliet-2/ Jatt & Juliet 2 Producer]</ref><br />
* ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' 2013 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best of Luck]]'' 2013 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'' 2014 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' 2014 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Sardaar Ji|Sardaarji]]'' 2015 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Sardaar Ji 2|Sardaarji 2]]'' 2015 (Producer)<br />
* ''Saab Bahadar'' 2017 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]'' 2017 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'' 2018 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Muklawa]]'' 2019 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[DSP Dev]]'' 2019 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]'' 2019 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Lekh (film)|Lekh]]'' 2022 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Shareek 2]]'' 2022 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Jind Mahi]]'' 2022 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Sidhus of Southall]]'' 2023 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Gaddi Jaandi Ae Chalaangaan Maardi]]'' 2023 (Producer)<br />
* ''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]'' 2024 (Producer)<br />
* ''Nikka Zaildar 4'' 2024 (Producer)<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
* ''[[Daddy Cool Munde Fool]]''<br />
* ''[[Jatts In Golmaal]]''<br />
* ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]''<br />
* ''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]''<br />
* ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best of Luck]]''<br />
* ''[[Young Malang]]''<br />
* ''Nabar''<br />
* ''Heer & Hero''<br />
* ''[[Ishq Garaari]]''<br />
* ''Patiala Dreams'' (2014)<br />
* ''Control Bhaji Control'' (2014)<br />
* ''Honour Killing'' (2014)<br />
* ''Bhatinda Express'' (2014)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|5094735}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidhu, Gunbir Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Vishwakarma_Skill_University&diff=535397Shri Vishwakarma Skill University2026-02-04T13:29:56Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Starting stub...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|University in Haryana, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Shri Vishwakarma Skill University<br />
| native_name = श्री विश्वकर्मा कौशल विश्वविद्यालय<br />
| image = SVSUniv Logo.png<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| latin_name = <br />
| motto = "योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्”<br />
| motto_lang = Sanskrit<br />
| mottoeng = Learn and Earn, Make Your Mark<br />
| established = {{start date and age|2016}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| type = [[Public university|Public]]<br />
| affiliation = <br />
| endowment = <br />
| budget = <br />
| officer_in_charge = <br />
| chairman = <br />
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]<br />
| president = <br />
| vice-president = <br />
| superintendent = <br />
| provost = <br />
| vice_chancellor = Raj Nehru<ref name=admin5>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/haryana-vishwakarma-skill-university-vc-given-additional-charge/articleshow/62651502.cms Raj Nehri VC of HVSU], [[The Times of India]].</ref><br />
| rector = <br />
| principal = <br />
| dean = <br />
| director = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| city = [[Dudhola, Palwal, Haryana]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord| 28.2008|77.2652|type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| campus = [[Dudhola]]<br />
| campus_size = {{Convert|83|acre}}<br />
| former_names = <br />
| colours = <br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = <br />
| other_name = SVSU<br />
| mascot = <br />
| affiliations = <br />
| website = {{url|www.svsu.ac.in}}<br />
| logo = SVSUniv-Logo.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shri Vishwakarma Skill University, Haryana''', earlier known as '''Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University''' ('''HVSU''') is a public state university established by the [[Government of Haryana]] at [[Dudhola]] village of [[Palwal district]] of India.<ref name=uni>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/haryana-making-rural-inroads-to-reach-poll-highway/articleshow/63244305.cms Haryana making rural inroads to reach poll highway], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 9 Mar 2018.</ref><ref name=uni2>[http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-cabinet-approves-amendments-in-haryana-vishwakarma-skill-university-act/states/news/941153.html Haryana cabinet approves amendments in Haryana Vishwakarma University bill], United News of India, 25 Jul 2017.</ref> It has MoU with several industries and entities to impart skills training.<ref name=uni3>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/for-employing-youth-haryana-to-open-skill-development-centres-including-gurgaon/story-cm5hXT7szpXz2wtOwi2sAM.html For employing youth, Haryana to open skill development centres, including Gurgaon], [[Hindustan Times]], 21 April 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
It was established in 2016 via a legislative act of [[Government of Haryana]],<ref name=admin7>[http://www.skillreporter.com/2017/11/notices-circulars/haryana-vishwakarma-skill-university-govt-haryana-invites-applications-various-positions/ Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University, Govt. of Haryana invites applications for various positions ], SkillsReporter.com, 24 Nov 2017.</ref> to impart skills training.<ref name=admin2>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/haryana-govt-sets-target-to-impart-skill-training/1113416 Haryana govt sets target to impart skill training], Outlook India, 1 Aug 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
==Objectives==<br />
It was set up to develop entrepreneurship and skill based education and research in the emerging areas of various sectors.<ref name=admin7/><br />
<br />
==Courses==<br />
The university offers dual vocational education model in the integrated work and study mode in accordance with the National Skill Qualification Frame work (NSQF), where students will work in the industries across various locations in the State with flexible class timings.<ref name=admin7/><br />
<br />
*Skill Faculty of Engineering and Technology<br />
*Skill Faculty of Applied Sciences and Humanities<br />
*Skill Faculty of Management Studies and Research<br />
*Skill Faculty of Agriculture<br />
<br />
== Skill Faculty of Engineering and Technology ==<br />
<br />
=== Out-Campus Programmes ===<br />
* D.Voc. Mechanical-Manufacturing (ROOP)<br />
* D.Voc. Mechanical-Manufacturing (SENIOR Flexonics, KRISHNA)<br />
* D.Voc. Industrial Electronics (EAST WEST AUTOMATION)<br />
* B.Voc. Mechanical-Manufacturing (ANAND)<br />
* B.Voc. Mechanical-Manufacturing (Hero)<br />
* B.Voc. [[Mechatronics]] (Hero)<br />
* B.Voc. Robotics and Automation (JBM Group)<br />
* B.Voc. Production-Tool and Die Manufacturing (JBM Group)<br />
* B.Voc. Solar Technology (QUADSUN SOLAR SOLUTIONS)<br />
<br />
=== In-Campus Programmes ===<br />
<br />
* B.Tech. Mechanical and Smart Manufacturing (JBM Group)<br />
<br />
== Skill Faculty of Applied Sciences and Humanities ==<br />
<br />
=== Out-Campus Programmes ===<br />
* Diploma in German Language (CONCENTRIX™)<br />
* Diploma in Graphics and Communication Design (SVSU)<br />
* B.Voc. Medical Laboratory Technology (Healthians, QRG, Rotary Blood Bank Gurugram)<br />
* B.Voc. Public Service (ALS IAS Academy)<br />
* M.Voc. Geo-Informatics (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority)<br />
* M.Voc. Public Health (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority)<br />
<br />
=== In-Campus Programmes ===<br />
* Diploma in Yoga (SVSU)<br />
* Diploma in Music (Folk Art-Banchari)<br />
* Diploma in Japanese Language (SVSU)<br />
* Diploma in English Language (SVSU)<br />
<br />
== Skill Faculty of Management Studies and Research ==<br />
<br />
=== Out-Campus Programmes ===<br />
* Diploma in Food Production and Traditional Sweets (BIKANERVALA)<br />
* B.B.A. in Retail Management (Maruti Suzuki)<br />
* B.Voc. Management-BPM and Analytics (CONCENTRIX)<br />
* M.Voc. Management-Banking and Finance (HDFC Bank)<br />
* M.Voc. Management-HRM (Mount Talent)<br />
* M.Voc. Entrepreneurship (A C Sangam, AIM)<br />
<br />
=== In-Campus Programmes ===<br />
* B.Voc. Management-Financial Services (SVSU)<br />
* M.B.A. (IIMBx, Grant Thornton, Super Screws(P) Ltd.)<br />
* M.B.A. Business Analytics (IIMBx, Grant Thornton, Super Screws(P) Ltd.)<br />
<br />
== Skill Faculty of Agriculture ==<br />
<br />
=== Out-Campus Programmes ===<br />
* B.Voc. Agriculture (Shivansh Farming)<br />
* M.Voc. Agriculture (Shivansh Farming)<br />
<br />
== List of Short Term Programmes ==<br />
<br />
* Organic Farming (3M)<br />
* Hydroponic Producer (3M)<br />
* Certificate in Music-Vocal (3M)<br />
* Certificate in Music-Instrumental(Harmonium) (3M)<br />
* Phlebotomist Technician (3M)<br />
* General Duty Assistant (3M)<br />
* Geriatrics (Elderly Care) (3M)<br />
* Certificate in Sharda Lipi (4M)<br />
* Block chain Developer (6M)<br />
* Data Entry Operator (4M)<br />
* Data Scientist (9M)<br />
* IOT-Hardware Solution Designer (6M)<br />
* Multimedia Developer (6M)<br />
* Research Associate (3M)<br />
* Office Coordinator (4M)<br />
* Microfinance Associate (3M)<br />
* Tally Assistant (2M)<br />
* House Keeping Executive (6M)<br />
* Food and Beverage Server (3M)<br />
* Multi Cuisine Commi(Cook) (6M)<br />
* Sattvik Quality Management Auditor (6M)<br />
* Sales Executive (3M)<br />
* GST Assistant (1.5M)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [https://svsuskillschool.ac.in/ SVSU Sr. Sec. Skill School (Feeder School)]<br />
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Universities in Haryana}}<br />
{{Education in Asia}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mokhada_Assembly_constituency&diff=518302Mokhada Assembly constituency2026-02-03T09:04:12Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Adding Basic Details W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Mokhada<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Maharashtra<br />
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> <br />
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> <br />
| electors = 70,337<br />
| mla = Malu Hari Veer<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mokhada Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Malu Hari Veer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mokhada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Malu Hari Veer |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,189 |percentage = 43.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Ramchandra Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,954 |percentage = 24.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratap Limbaji Burse |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,133 |percentage = 14.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Ramchandra Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,809 |percentage = 6.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,235 |percentage = 18.52% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,262 |percentage = 35.66% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,337 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huna_people&diff=458248Huna people2026-01-20T17:23:53Z<p>ChristinTrickett: adjusted information per sources and added references per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|5th–6th-century Central Asian tribes that invaded India}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox caste<br />
| caste_name = Hunas<br />
| region = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Bihar]], [[Sindh]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Nuristan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Balochistan]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Delhi]]<br />
| languages = <br />
| religions =<br />
| image = <br />
{{Location map+<br />
|South Asia <br />
|float = center<br />
|width = 300<br />
|border = none<br />
|caption = Approximate extent of the [[Alchon Huns]], and [[find spot]]s of inscriptions related to their local control (map of the [[Indian subcontinent]])<ref>[[Hans Bakker]] [https://zenodo.org/record/377032/files/Bakker%202016.pdf 24th Gonda lecture]</ref><br />
|nodiv = 1<br />
|mini = 1<br />
|relief=yes<br />
|places =<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26|N |long=76|E |label=|position= |label_size=0|mark=Alchon border.png|marksize=170 }}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.83|N |long=74.25|E |label=[[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli]]|position=left |label_size=80 }}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.09|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran]] |position=right |label_size=80}}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.22|N |long=78.17|E |label=[[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula|Gwalior]] |position=top |label_size=80 }}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.07|N |long=75.08|E |label=[[Mandsaur|Sondani]]|position=bottom |label_size=80}}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.38|N |long=74.70|E |label=[[Choti Sadri]]|position=top |label_size=80}}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32.40|N |long=72.47|E |label=[[Salt Range|Kura]]|position=top |label_size=80}}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.33|N |long=81.39|E |label=Sack of [[Kausambi]]|position=right |label_size=80|mark=Capital mark.svg}}<br />
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=22.32|N |long=75.3033907|E |label=[[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal]]|position=bottom |label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
}} <br />
}}<br />
'''Hunas''' or '''Huna''' (Middle [[Brahmi]] script: [[File:Gupta ashoka huu.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nnaa.jpg|14px]] ''Hūṇā'') was the name given by the [[ancient India]]ns to a group of [[Central Asia]]n tribes who, via the [[Khyber Pass]], entered the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the end of the 5th or early 6th century. The Hunas occupied areas as far south as [[Eran]] and [[Kausambi]], greatly weakening the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>India: A History by John Keay p.158</ref> The Hunas were ultimately defeated by a coalition of Indian princes<ref name=":0" /> that included an Indian king Yasodharman and the Gupta emperor, [[Narasimhagupta]]. They defeated a Huna army and their ruler [[Mihirakula]] in 528 CE and drove them out of India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1999|isbn=9788120815407|pages=175}}</ref> The Guptas are thought to have played only a minor role in this campaign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Haywood|first=John|title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World 500BC-600AD|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|year=2002|isbn=0-7607-1973-X|location=New York|pages=2.23}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Hunas are thought to have included the [[Xionite]] and/or [[Hephthalite]], the [[Kidarites]], the [[Alchon Huns]] (also known as the Alxon, Alakhana, Walxon etc.) and the [[Nezak Huns]]. Such names, along with that of the [[Harahunas]] (also known as the Halahunas or Harahuras) mentioned in Hindu texts, have sometimes been used for the Hunas in general; while these groups (and the [[Iranian Huns]]) appear to have been a component of the Hunas, such names were not necessarily synonymous. Some authors suggest that the Hunas were [[Hephthalite Huns]] from Central Asia.<ref name=":0" /> The relationship, of the Hunas to the [[Huns]], a Central Asian people who invaded Europe during the same period, is under research.<br />
<br />
In its farthest geographical extent in India, the territories controlled by the Hunas covered the region up to [[Malwa]] in [[central India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000007165/01_Text.pdf |title=The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis |last=Kurbanov |first=Aydogdy |author-link=Aydogdy Kurbanov |page=24 |year=2010 |access-date=17 January 2013 |quote=The Hūnas controlled an area that extended from Malwa in central India to Kashmir.}}</ref> Their repeated invasions and war losses were the main reason for the decline of the Gupta Empire.<ref name="larson">{{cite book|author=Gerald James Larson|title=India's Agony Over Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuT-6200wdEC |year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1014-2 |pages=78–79 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{see also|Origin of the Huns}}<br />
[[File:Risthal inscription line 12 Huunnaa.jpg|thumb|The Indian word "Huna" ([[File:Gupta ashoka huu.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nnaa.jpg|14px]] ''Hūṇā'') in line 12 (Verse 16) of the [[Rīsthal inscription]], 6th century CE.<ref name="SPR">{{cite book |last1=Tewari |first1=S.P. |last2=Ramesh |first2=K.V. |title=JOURNAL OF THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA VOL 10 |date=1983 |publisher=THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA, DHARWAR |pages=[https://archive.org/details/journaloftheepig014921mbp/page/n105 98]-99 |url=https://archive.org/details/journaloftheepig014921mbp}}</ref>]]<br />
<!-- The Hunas were, in part, Hepthalites. The Kidarites were part of the Hunas. So the use here of Alxon, Hepthalites and Hunas interchangeably is not correct. Commented out the following paragraph. According to Litvinsky, the initial Huna or Alxon raids on Gandhara took place in the late 5th and early 6th century AD, upon the death of the Gupta ruler, [[Skandagupta]] (455–470), presumably led by the Tegin [[Khingila]]. M. Chakravarty, based on Chinese and Persian histories believes that the Hunas conquered Gandhara from the Ki-to-lo (Kidarites) in c. 475 AD. Gandhara had been occupied by various Kidarite principalities from the early 4th century AD, but it is still a subject of debate as to whether rule was transferred from the Kidarites directly to the Hephthalites. It is known that the Huns invaded Gandhara and the Punjab from the Kabul valley after vanquishing the Kidarite principalities.<br />
<br />
The Hunas minted coins inspired by Sassanian designs.<ref>[http://www.anythinganywhere.com/commerce/coins/coinpics/indi-heph.htm Source]</ref> --><br />
<br />
Chinese sources link the [[Central Asia]]n tribes comprising the Hunas to both the [[Xiongnu]] of north east Asia and the [[Huns]] who later invaded and settled in Europe.<ref>[[Hyun Jin Kim]], ''The Huns'', Abingdon, Routledge, ''passim''.</ref> Similarly, Gerald Larson suggests that the Hunas were a [[Turkic people|Turkic]]-[[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] grouping from Central Asia.<ref name="larson"/> The works of [[Ptolemy]] (2nd century) are among the first European texts to mention the Huns, followed by the texts by Marcellinus and Priscus. They too suggest that the Huns were an [[inner Asia]]n people.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Kitagawa|title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-87597-7 |pages=229 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Hephthalite horseman on British Museum bowl 460-479 CE.jpg|thumb|[[Hephthalites|Hephthalite]] horseman on [[British Museum]] bowl, 460–479 CE.<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=247021&partId=1 British Museum notice]</ref> According to [[Procopius of Caesarea]], they were of the same stock as European Huns "in fact as well as in name", but sedentary and white-skinned.]]<br />
The 6th-century [[Byzantine|Roman]] historian [[Procopius of Caesarea]] (Book I. ch. 3), related the Huns of Europe with the [[Hephthalites]] or "White Huns" who subjugated the [[Sassanids]] and invaded northwestern [[India]], stating that they were of the same stock, "in fact as well as in name", although he contrasted the Huns with the Hephthalites, in that the Hephthalites were sedentary, white-skinned, and possessed "not ugly" features:<ref>Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity, Anthony Kaldellis, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag0mUQiLb7kC&pg=PA70 p.70]</ref><ref>Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700, Jonathan Conant<br />
Cambridge University Press, 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wJEgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 p.259]</ref><br />
{{blockquote|The Ephthalitae Huns, who are called White Huns [...] The Ephthalitae are of the stock of the Huns in fact as well as in name, however they do not mingle with any of the Huns known to us, for they occupy a land neither adjoining nor even very near to them; but their territory lies immediately to the north of Persia [...] They are not nomads like the other Hunnic peoples, but for a long period have been established in a goodly land... They are the only ones among the Huns who have white bodies and countenances which are not ugly. It is also true that their manner of living is unlike that of their kinsmen, nor do they live a savage life as they do; but they are ruled by one king, and since they possess a lawful constitution, they observe right and justice in their dealings both with one another and with their neighbours, in no degree less than the Romans and the Persians<ref>[[s:History of the Wars/Book I|Procopius, ''History of the Wars''. Book I, Ch. III, "The Persian War"]]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The [[Kidarites]], who invaded Bactria in the second half of the 4th century,<ref name="HCCE 119">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, [[Unesco]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA119 p.119 sq]</ref> are generally regarded as the first wave of Hunas to enter Indian Subcontinent.<br />
<br />
The Gupta empire under [[Skandagupta]] in the 5th century had successfully repulsed one Hun attack in the northwest in 460 CE. However, over the period of the next several years, the Hunas under successive kings were able to make inroads into the subcontinent.<br />
<br />
They were initially based in the [[Oxus]] basin in Central Asia and established their control over Gandhara in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent by about 465 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Atreyi Biswas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohwdAAAAMAAJ|title=The Political History of the Hūṇas in India|date=1971|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn = 9780883863015}}</ref> From there, they fanned out into various parts of northern, western, and central [[India]]. The Hūṇas are mentioned in several ancient texts such as the [[Rāmāyaṇa]], [[Mahābhārata]], [[Purāṇas]], and Kalidasa's [[Raghuvaṃśa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Upendra Thakur|url=https://archive.org/download/dli.ernet.429146|title=The Hūṇas in India|date=1967|publisher=Chowkhamba Prakashan|pages=52–55}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 528 CE, another campaign led by a coalition of Indian kings finally defeated king [[Mihirakula]] and his Huna army. The victory was inscribed on a stone pillar and erected in honor of (and in praise for) one of the leaders of the coalition, king Yashodharman, in [[Mandasor Pillar Inscriptions of Yasodharman|Mandasaur]] in Central India. Huna kings in this inscription are described as 'rude and cruel'. They were also responsible for the destruction of Buddhist monasteries and centers of learning in the Northwest regions of the country.<br />
<br />
The Mongolian-Tibetan historian [[:de:Sumpa Yeshe Peljor|Sumpa Yeshe Peljor]] (writing in the 18th century) lists the Hunas alongside other peoples found in Central Asia since antiquity, including the [[Yavanas]] (Greeks), [[Kambojas]], [[Tukharas]], [[Khasas]] and [[Daradas]].<ref>[[Sumpa Yeshe Peljor]]'s 18th century work ''Dpag-bsam-ljon-bzah'' (Tibetan title) may be translated as "The Excellent [[Kalpavriksha]]"): "Tho-gar yul dań yabana dań Kambodza dań Khasa [sic] dań Huna dań Darta dań..."</ref><ref>Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang (1908), I.9, Sarat Chandra Das; Ancient Kamboja, 1971, p 66, [[H. W. Bailey]].</ref><br />
<br />
===Gurjara-Pratiharas===<br />
[[File:Pratihara_bhoja.JPG|thumb|[[Gurjara-Pratihara]] coinage of [[Mihira Bhoja]], King of [[Kanauj]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |last2=Edwardes |first2=Stephen Meredyth |authorlink2=Stephen Edwardes |title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great |date=1924 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |page=Plate 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76}}</ref><ref name="HPR164">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000227932 |pages=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162 |language=en}}</ref>]]<br />
The [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the [[Hunas]] invasion of that region.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=2}} The Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the [[Alchon Huns]] ("White Huns") and native Indian elements, and can probably be considered as a [[Huns|Hunnic]] state, although its precise origins remain unclear.<ref name="HJK">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |author-link=Hyun Jin Kim|title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1 |pages=62–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |language=en|quote="Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, had a powerful [[Hephthalite|White Hunnic]] element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries..."}}</ref><ref name="BRILL">{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Banabhatta|Bana]]'s ''[[Harshacharita]]'' (7th century CE), the [[Gurjar]]as are associated with the Hunas.<ref name="BRILL"/><br />
<br />
Some of the Hunas may also have contributed to the formation of the warlike [[Rajputs]].<ref name="HJK"/><br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
The religious beliefs of the Hunas are unknown, and believed to be a combination of ancestor worship, [[totem]]ism and [[animism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mircea Eliade|author2=Charles J. Adams|title=The Encyclopedia of religion|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre06elia |url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-02-909750-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre06elia/page/530 530]–532 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Songyun (monk)|Songyun]] and [[Huisheng (monk)|Huisheng]], who visited the chief of the [[Hephthalite]] nomads at his summer residence in [[Badakshan]] and later in [[Gandhara]], observed that they had no belief in the [[Buddhist]] law and served a large number of divinities."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.silk-road.com/artl/heph.shtml |title=The White Huns – The Hephthalites |publisher=Silkroad Foundation |access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Sondani.jpg|Victory pillar of [[Yashodharman]] at Sondani, [[Mandsaur]] claiming victory over the Huns.<br />
File:Asia 500ad.jpg|Asia in 500 CE, showing the Huna domain at its greatest extent.<br />
File:HunCoinDerivedFromSassanianDesign5thCE.JPG|[[Alchon Huns]] king [[Khingila]].<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=156854 CNG Coins]</ref><br />
File:HunaKing.JPG|[[Nezak Huns]] king [[Napki Malka]].<br />
File:SilverBowlNFPPakistan5-6thcenturyCE.JPG|The "[[Hephthalite bowl]]", NFP [[Pakistan]], 5th or 6th century CE. [[British Museum]].<ref>Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.</ref><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kushan Empire]]<br />
* [[Gurjar]]as<br />
* [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara pratihara dynasty]]<br />
* [[36 royal races]]<br />
* [[Ancient India and Central Asia]]<br />
* [[Alchon Huns]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [[Iaroslav Lebedynsky]], "Les Nomades", Paris 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-87772-346-6}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Baij Nath |last=Puri |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}<br />
<br />
{{Huns}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Huna People}}<br />
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Huns]]<br />
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iqlaque_Fakir_Mohammed_Shaikh&diff=504662Iqlaque Fakir Mohammed Shaikh2026-01-10T20:50:39Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made a entry needs work</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Murderer in India who fled parole}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
'''Iqlaque Fakir Mohammed Shaikh''' from New Mangalwar Peth, [[Pune]], [[India]] was sentenced to life imprisonment for committing the murder of [[Gudrun Corvinus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20151125/282282434209935|title=HC upholds life term for Pune man in German murder case |via=PressReader|date=25 November 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2023-04-18}}</ref> Corvinus was a German archaeologist of the Nepal Research Center in [[Kathmandu]]. She was a member of the [[Afar Region|Afar]] expedition in [[Ethiopia]] which discovered the famous skeleton [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]]. While working in the [[Namib desert]], she discovered animal fossils from the [[Miocene period]]. Corvinus moved to [[Nepal]] in 1984 and explored the region, specifically the [[Dang Deokhuri District]], Dun valley, and [[Siwalik Hills]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
Details about the death say that he stabbed Corvinus and beheaded her. After finding her severed head, [[Huangpu Park|Bund Garden]] police on 7 January 2006 found Iqlaque Fakir Mohammed Shaikh and arrested him within 7 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Realtor-gets-life-term-for-murder-of-German-archaeologist/articleshow/3985854.cms|title=Realtor gets life term for murder of German archaeologist {{!}} Pune News - Times of India|date=16 January 2009|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref><br />
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He was given 14-day parole to look after his sick wife, but on the last day of parole was suspected to have run off with his wife and mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/murderer-of-german-archaeologist-escapes-with-family/|title=Murderer of German archaeologist escapes with family|date=2009-08-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref><br />
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Despite numerous sightings, he is still at large and has not been taken into custody.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lifeterm-convict-jumped-parole-in-june-not-found-yet/565124/|title=Life-term convict jumped parole in June, not found yet - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of fugitives from justice who disappeared]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Realtor-gets-life-term-for-murder-of-German-archaeologist/articleshow/3985854.cms |title=Realtor gets life term for murder of German archaeologist - The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2009 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=2015-04-29}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh, Iqlaque Fakir Mohammed}}<br />
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by India]]<br />
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on murder charges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditi_Paul&diff=484634Aditi Paul2026-01-08T00:47:44Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up A Post...</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian playback singer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Aditi Paul<br />
| image = Aditi Paul.jpg<br />
| caption = Paul at the launch of ‘KUBE’ in Mumbai<br />
| birth_name = Aditi Paul<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|008|01}}<br />
| birth_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India<br />
| years_active = 2004–present<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Indian Playback Singer|Live Performer}}<br />
| website = https://aditipaul.in/<br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes<br />
| genre = {{Flat list|<br />
*[[Pop music|Pop]]<br />
* [[filmi]]<br />
* [[Indian classical music|classical]]<br />
* [[Rock music|Rock]]}}<br />
| instrument = Vocals<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aditi Paul''' is an Indian playback singer. She is the playback voice behind the song ''Ang Laga De Re'' From the Hindi movie [[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]], ''Veeron ke Veer Aa'' from [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aditi-paul-blessed-to-be-part-of-baahubali-2-1.2027454|title=Aditi Paul blessed to be part of 'Baahubali 2'|website=gulfnews.com|date=15 May 2017 }}</ref> ''En Kadhaal'' from Tamil film [[Vaaraayo Vennilaave]], ''En Mannava'' (Tamil Version) and ''Vo Manmadhaa'' (Telugu Version) from [[Rajinikanth]] starrer multilingual film [[Lingaa]] under the music direction of [[A. R. Rahman]], ''Beliya'' from the film [[Mehrunisa V Lub U]] (Duet With [[Armaan Malik]]), ''Nadaniyan Kar Jati Hain'', ''Khwabon Ko Ankhon Mein'' and ''anha Tanha Ghum Ke Dhunde Dil'' (Duet with [[Jubin Nautiyal]]) from the film [[Dil Jo Na Keh Saka]] and many more. In the debut season of [[Indian Idol]] in 2004, Aditi Paul was among the top 10 leading participants. She performs Live regularly in India and Abroad with her band.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/entertainment/255314/aditi-paul.html|title = Aditi Paul, Entertainment Photo, Renowned singer, Aditi Paul pe}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|3819528}}<br />
* [https://aditipaul.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331051449/https://aditipaul.in/ |date=31 March 2024 }}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Aditi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Idol participants]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananta_Prasad_Sethi&diff=486334Ananta Prasad Sethi2026-01-05T18:57:10Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up Article...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician from Odisha}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder|<br />
|image=<br />
|name=Ananta Prasad Sethi<br />
|office=[[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
|constituency=[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]] (SC)<br />
|successor=[[Mangaraj Mallik]]<br />
|predecessor=[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]<br />
|term_start=1984<br />
|term_end=1989<br />
|office1=[[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|constituency1=[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]<br />
|term_start1=2004<br />
|term_end1=2009<br />
|successor1=Prafulla Samal<br />
|predecessor1=Ratha Das<br />
|alma_mater= [[Fakir Mohan University]] (B.Sc)<br />
|party=[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|17}}<br />
|spouse=Savitri Sethi<br />
|children=2 son and 2 daughter<br />
|parents= Ramachandra Sethi (father)<br />
}}<br />
'''Ananta Prasad Sethi''' (born 17 July 1951) is an Indian politician active in [[Odisha]] politics as a worker of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ananta Prasad Sethi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SIMULIA(BALASORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | url=https://myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5812 | access-date=2025-01-05 | website=myneta.info}}</ref> He was a [[Lok Sabha]] MP from 1984 to 1989, elected from [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]] (SC) and a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2004 to 2009, elected from [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]].<ref name="Ananta Sethi">{{cite web |title=Shri Ananta Sethi |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=506 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in |publisher=Odisha Assembly |accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Ananta Prasad}}<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hema_Sane&diff=502530Hema Sane2025-12-28T08:56:37Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made new info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian botanist (1940–2025)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Hema Sane<br />
| image = Portrait of Hema Sane.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|3|13|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|9|19|1940|3|13|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| other_names = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| occupation = Botanist, writer<br />
| years_active = 1962–2000<br />
| known_for = <br />
| movement = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]<br />
| party = <br />
| otherparty = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hema Sane''' (13 March 1940 – 19 September 2025) was an Indian [[Botany|botanist]], environmentalist, educator and author, known for her minimalist, electricity-free lifestyle and long service in botanical education.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Hema Sane was born on 13 March 1940.<ref name="IEWickedPass25">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Botanist with 'wicked, wicked' way of sustainable living passes away at 85 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/botanist-wicked-way-sustainable-living-passes-away-85-10260634/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Hema Sane? The fearless, nature-loving botanist who lived without electricity |date=25 September 2025 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/who-was-hema-sane-the-fearless-nature-loving-botanist-who-lived-without-electricity-wovqfcz0 |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref> She completed her PhD from Pune University and later obtained an MPhil in [[Indology]].<ref name="IEWickedPass25" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
From 1962 until her retirement in 2000, Sane taught botany at Abasaheb Garware College in Pune.<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> She served as the head of the Botany Department and mentored many doctoral students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botanist Sane passes away at 85 |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/botanist-sane-passes-away-at-85/articleshow/124005625.cms |access-date=2025-09-20}}</ref> <br />
<br />
She authored more than 30 books covering botany, medicinal plants, sustainable development, plant morphology, the trees of Buddhism and Indian flora.<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/><ref name="Mongabay">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Rhett Ayers |date=2025-09-26 |title=Hema Sane, botanist who lived without electricity, died on September 19th |url=https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/09/hema-sane-botanist-who-lived-without-electricity-died-on-september-19th/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Lifestyle and philosophy==<br />
Sane was known for living without electricity in her ancestral four-storey ''wada'' in Pune’s [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Budhwar Peth]], considering it consistent with her principles of simplicity and ecological harmony.<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/><ref name="Mongabay"/> For decades she refused modern appliances: she used kerosene lamps, relied on natural lighting, and owned minimal possessions—only books, papers, and a few saris. <ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> <br />
<br />
She shared her home with animals including cats, a mongoose, and birds, often describing herself as their caretaker. <ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> She often quoted that electricity came later in human history and that basic needs were food, clothing, and shelter.<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{Cite web |title=Botanist Hema Sane, known for her eco-friendly lifestyle, dies at 85 |date=20 September 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/botanist-hema-sane-known-for-her-eco-friendly-lifestyle-dies-at-85-101758354412482.html |access-date=2025-09-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Sane died on 19 September 2025 in Pune at the age of 85 due to age-related ailments.<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/><ref name="HindustanTimes"/> <br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Hema Sane is remembered both for her scholarly contributions to Indian botany and her role as an exemplar of sustainable, low-consumption living. Her life and work continue to inspire discussions on ecological consistency, minimalism, and the integration of scientific knowledge with philosophy.<ref name="Mongabay"/><ref name="IEWickedPass25"/><ref name="HindustanTimes"/><br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
* ''Medicinal Plants''<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> <br />
* ''Plant Morphology and Anatomy''<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> <br />
* ''Kahani Masalayanchi'' (story of spices)<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> <br />
* ''Marg Shashwat Vikasawa'' (on sustainable development)<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/> <br />
* ''Buddh Parampara Aani Bodhivriksha'' (trees of Buddhism)<ref name="IEWickedPass25"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sane, Hema}}<br />
[[Category:1940 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women botanists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekkatte_Narayan_Shanbhag&diff=539950Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag2025-12-19T19:25:27Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian scholar (1925–2009)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1925<br />
| birth_place = Thekkatte, [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| death_date = 27 February 2009<br />
| death_place = Mumbai<br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Scholar<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = <br />
| spouse = Asha<br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = a son and a daughter<br />
| parents = <br />
| website = {{url||web site}}<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br>Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Award<br>[[American Biographical Institute|ABI]] Man of the Year<br />
}}<br />
'''Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag''' (1925-2009) was an Indian scholar, bookseller and the founder of ''Strand Book Stores''.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-veritable-treasure-trove/article3133837.ece | title= A veritable treasure trove | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 May 2006 | first=M. | last=Raghuram | access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> He was credited with working to transform bookselling into a personal experience, prompting the writer [[Kushwant Singh]], on a [[BBC]] show, to call ''Strand'' the only personal book shop in India.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing">{{cite web | url=http://www.instituteofbookpublishing.com/p/Publishing-Today-March-2009 | title=Institute of Book Publishing | publisher=Institute of Book Publishing | date=March 2009 | access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 2003 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2015 | access-date=6 February 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Thekkatte Narayan Shanbhag was born in 1925 in Thekkate, a hamlet near [[Mangalore]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] to a wealthy grocer.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><ref name="Strand">{{cite web | url=http://www.strandbookstall.com/aboutstrand.aspx | title=Strand | publisher=Strand | date=2015 | access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> His father died when Shanbhag was aged just over two and he had a difficult childhood.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><ref name="Strand" /> Unable to pay for the school fees, he appeared for and passed a scholarship examination which paid for his further school education.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><ref name="Strand" /> Later, he took up a part-time job and joined [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] where he completed his graduate studies.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><ref name="Strand" /><br />
<br />
With a passion for books, he started his career in 1948<ref name="Strand" /> by opening a small kiosk to sell books at the [[Strand Cinema]], Mumbai, a cinema showing mostly [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] movies.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /> After initial struggles, business began to pick up and Shanbhag moved the book shop in 1953 to a larger space in [[Fort, Mumbai]].<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /> He was reported to have interacted with the customers on a personal level and several dignitaries such as [[Ambalal Sarabhai|Sir Ambalal Sarabhai]], [[Mirza Ismail]], then [[Diwan of Mysore]], [[T. T. Krishnamachari]], [[Y. B. Chavan]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] were known to have become his customers.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><ref name="Strand" /> He was known to be first bookseller in India to break the [[Net Book Agreement]] of 1900 by offering a 20 percent discount on the published prices and allowed customers to have unhindered browsing at his shops.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /> The experience is reported to have expanded his customer base which included [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], [[J. R. D. Tata]], [[Khushwant Singh]], [[V. S. Naipaul]], [[Soli Sorabjee]], [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], [[Nani Palkhivala]], [[G. D. Birla]], [[Keshub Mahindra]] and [[Azim Premji]].<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><ref name="Strand" /><br />
<br />
Shanbhag died, aged 85, at his residence in Mumbai, Maharashtra on 27 February 2009.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognitions==<br />
The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Institute of Book Publishing" /> In 2006, he received Netaji [[Subash Chandra Bose]] National Award.<ref name="Strand" /> F''ace to Face with Indian Publishing Professionals'', a book by S. K. Ghai, has dedicated a chapter on Shanbhag.<ref name="Face to Face with Indian Publishing Professionals">{{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK555652336891564820499931371/details.html | title=Face to Face with Indian Publishing Professionals | publisher=Sterling Publishers | author=S. K. Ghai | year=2012 | pages=172 | isbn=9788120771741}}</ref><ref name="Worldcat">{{cite book | title=Worldcat | publisher=Worldcat | date=2015 |oclc = 786126567}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|India|Literature}}<br />
* [[Net Book Agreement]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK555652336891564820499931371/details.html | title=Face to Face with Indian Publishing Professionals | publisher=Sterling Publishers | author=S. K. Ghai | year=2012 | pages=172 | isbn=9788120771741}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanbhag, Tekkatte Narayan}}<br />
[[Category:1925 births]]<br />
[[Category:2009 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gowala_(caste)&diff=446501Gowala (caste)2025-12-17T16:51:08Z<p>ChristinTrickett: page updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Subcaste of Ahir/Yadav community in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox caste<br />
|caste_name = Gowala/ Goala<br />
|image=Gwalla caste.jpg<br />
|caption=A Gowala, 1799<br />
|classification = [[Ahir]]/[[Yadav]]<br />
|populated_states = [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
|languages = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] {{*}} [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{*}} [[Himachali language|Himachali]] {{*}} [[Hindi language|Hindi]] {{*}} [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
|religions = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Gowala'''<ref name="Inspection1950">{{cite book|author=India. Directorate of Marketing and Inspection|title=Marketing Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an4nAQAAMAAJ&q=Gowala+Assam|year=1950|publisher=The Directorate}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Journal of Adult Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsugAAAAMAAJ&q=gowala+milk|year=1977|publisher=R.M. Chetsingh}}</ref><ref name="Economic and Political Weekly 2007 pp. 7–8">{{cite journal | title=Politics at the Margin: A Tale of Two Villages | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=50 | issue=23 | date=2007-08-11 | pages=7–8 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2007/32/special-articles/politics-margin-tale-two-villages.html | access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Goala''')<ref name="Das1987">{{cite book|author=Bhuban Mohan Das|title=The Peoples of Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcIOc0YaxGEC&dq=Gowala+Ghosh+Goala&pg=PA30|year=1987|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0093-6|pages=30–}}</ref> is a subcaste of [[Ahir]]/[[Yadav]] community,<ref name="http://www.uniindia.com/~/-madhepura-of-assam-braces-for-electoral-battle-where-caste-lines-run-deeper/States/news/2357542.html 2021">{{cite web | title='Madhepura' of Assam braces for electoral battle where caste lines run deeper |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/-madhepura-of-assam-braces-for-electoral-battle-where-caste-lines-run-deeper/States/news/2357542.html | access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RE; Review of Ethnology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdQWAQAAMAAJ&q=Gowala|year=1974|publisher=E. Stiglmayr}}</ref> found in the Indian states of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref name="Singh1996">{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Gowala+Ghosh|year=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3}}</ref> and the neighbouring states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1981: Arunachal Pradesh|year=1984|publisher=Controller of Publications}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt2006">{{cite book|author=Shankarlal C. Bhatt|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awketfu78rsC&dq=gowala+caste+punjab&pg=PA83|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-378-4|pages=83–}}</ref> Traditionally they are herdsmen or milkmen and considered a prosperous community.<ref name="RoyRāẏa2014">{{cite book|author1=Dayabati Roy|author2=Daẏābatī Rāẏa|title=Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bn1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04235-3|pages=67–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythological Origin==<br />
The Gowalas are closely associated with [[Krishna]] and consider themselves to be descendants of Raja [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]]. By 1910s they became the part of [[Yadav]] community as part of [[Sanskritisation]].<ref name="Pinch1996">{{cite book|author=William R. Pinch|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA91|date=18 June 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|pages=91–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian castes]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Ahir]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{India-ethno-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_Hussain_(Punjabi_writer)&diff=509492Khalid Hussain (Punjabi writer)2025-12-15T10:27:09Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made the biography w/ infobox - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Writer}}<br />
'''Khalid Hussain''' (born 1945) is a Punjabi writer. He won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2021 for his short-story collection ''Sullan Da Salan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref> He is a former bureaucrat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awardees Rahi, Khalid, Aseer honoured |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/361694-Sahitya-Akademi-Awardees-Rahi-Khalid-Aseer-honoured |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Khalid was born in 1945 in a [[kashmiri language|kashmiri]] speaking family [[Udhampur district]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] princely state. During the [[Partition of India|1947 partition of India]], he fled the violence with his mother but seven male members of his family, including his brothers, father and grandfather, were killed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award to Khalid Hussain brings cheer in Punjabi circles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sahitya-akademi-award-to-khalid-hussain-brings-cheer-in-punjabi-circles-101640890001199.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He spent the following seven years in refugee camps.<ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
The family settled in Ustad Mohalla, old Jammu city, which was predominantly Punjabi speaking. He writes in both [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
He started working as a mason and got promoted as a clerk. He went on to retire as a secretary rank officer.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
<br />
=== Short-story collections ===<br />
<br />
* Te Jehlum Wagda Reha<br />
* Gori Fasal Di Sodagar<br />
* Doonge Panian Da Dukh<br />
* Baldi Baraf Da Saik<br />
* Gwachi Jhanjhar Di Cheek<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2012-06-24 |title=Story of a story writer |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/story-of-a-story-writer/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Novelle ===<br />
<br />
* Noori Rishman<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Khalid}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:1945 births]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kachgaria&diff=507273Kachgaria2025-12-10T03:34:19Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made some post added tags - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kachgaria<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = 1,081<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 713125<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 0342<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]<br />
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kachgaria''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], a [[community development block in India|community development block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<br />
<br />
== Population ==<br />
Members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] were 35.15% of the population in 2011.<ref name="census3-20112">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Particulars<br />
!Total<br />
!Male<br />
!Female<br />
|-<br />
|Total no. of houses<br />
|'''211'''<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
|Population<br />
|'''1,081'''<br />
|553<br />
|528<br />
|-<br />
|Child (0–6)<br />
|'''109'''<br />
|57<br />
|52<br />
|-<br />
|Schedule Caste<br />
|'''380'''<br />
|195<br />
|185<br />
|-<br />
|[[Schedule Tribe]]<br />
|'''0'''<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Purba Bardhaman District}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal articles missing geocoordinate data]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Punjabi_films_of_2015&diff=452611List of Punjabi films of 20152025-12-10T01:22:41Z<p>ChristinTrickett: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Punjabi film list}}<br />
This is a '''list of [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]] of 2015'''.<br />
<br />
==List of films==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Release date !! Producer<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Eh Janam Tumhare Lekhe]]'' ||Harjit Singh ||''[[Pavan Malhotra]]'', Arjuna Bhalla, Avrinder Kaur, Master Yuvraj & Sudhanshu Aggarwal ||Biopic || 30 January 2015 ||All India Pingalwara Charitable Society (regd.) Amritsar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Qissa (film)|Qissa]]'' ||Anup Singh ||[[Irrfan Khan]], Tisca Chopra ||Drama ||20 February 2015 || NFDC India, Heimatfilm, Augustus Film, Cine-sud Promotion, PVR Director’s Rare<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imdb.com/title/tt2334779/|title=Qissa – IMDb|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Honour Killing (film)|Honour Killing]]''||Avtar Bhogal||[[Zara Sheikh]], Sandeep Singh, [[Tom Alter]]||Drama||27 February 2015|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kudesan]]''|| Jeet Matharu || Sukhbir Singh, Pakhi Hegde, Nirmal Rishi, Satwant Bal, Jeet Matharu, Jigar Gill, Pardeep Sandhu || Drama || 6 March 2015 || 24 Seven<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''What the Jatt!!'' || Saket Behl || Harish Verma, Binnu Dhillon, Vipul Roy, Swati Kapoor, Isha Rikhi, BN Sharma || Adventure, comedy || 13 March 2015 || United Vibes International Filmz<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Punjabian Da King]]'' ||Manduip Singh || Navraj Hans, Keeya Khanna, Bhanushree Mehra, Jarnail Singh, Shivendra Mahal, Bottu Shah, Hobby Dhaliwai, Bunny ||Action || 27 March 2015 ||Manduip Singh, Dashmesh Movies<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Singh|first=Manduip|title=Punjabian Da King|date=2015-03-27|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3592082/|accessdate=2016-11-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gun & Goal]]'' ||Simranjit Singh Hundal || Sumeet Singh Sarao, Rishita Monga, [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Sezal Sharma]], Sandeepa virk, Razia Sukhbir, Guggu Gill, Sardar Sohi ||Action || 3 April 2015 || Surinderjeet Singh Sarao, Sarao Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Leather Life]]'' || Sukhbir Singh || Om Puri, Aman Dhaliwal, Himanshi Khurana, Deep Brar, Ericka Virk, Karamjit Anmol, Harinder Bhullar, Simran Sehjpal, Tarlochan Singh || Action, crime, drama ||10 April 2015 || Positive Sandhu Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bol Mere Kukda Kukdu Ghadoon]]'' || Rajinder Singh Atish|| Rittu Sharma, Ritesh, Richa Koundel, Ekta Sodhi, Labh Singh, Poonam Labana, Harbans Gautam, Nayna Khedkar ||Comedy || 17 April 2015 || Gopal Sehgal Fan Klub<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nanak Shah Fakir]]'' || Sartaj Singh Pannu || Arif Zakaria, Puneet Sikka, Shraddha Kaul, Anurag Arora, [[Adil Hussain]], Narendra Jha || Biography, devotional, drama || 17 April 2015 || Gurbani Media<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mere Haaniya]]'' || [[Pankaj Batra]], [[Dheeraj Rattan]]|| Ravikiran Khangura, Arshjot Kaur, [[Barun Sobti]], [[Yograj Singh]], [[Guggu Gill]], [[Kirron Kher]], [[Shavinder Mahal]], [[Dolly Minhas]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Karamjit Anmol]], [[Emma Watson]]|| Romance, Drama || 17 April 2015 || [[Eros International]], [[Zee Studios]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Patta Patta Singhan Da Vairi: When Everything Is Against You]]'' || Naresh s Garg || Raj Kakra, Jonita Doda, Shavendra Mahal || Action, drama || 17 April 2015 || Sound Boom Entertainment<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yaarana (2015 film)|Yaarana]]'' || Ranbir Pushp || [[Gavie Chahal]], Geeta Zaildar, [[Yuvraj Hans]], [[Yuvika Chaudhary]], Kashish Singh, Rupali Sood, Dolly Minhas [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Puneet Issar]] || Drama || 24 April 2015 || Sukhbir Sandhar Ranjana Kent<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Blood Street]]'' || Darshan Darvesh|| Gurjant jatana, Sukhdev Barnala, Sardar Sohi, Mahanbir Bhullar, Harjit Bhullar, Sonpreet Jawanda, Binni Singh, Parminder Gill ||Action, drama || 1 May 2015 || Har Jee Movies International<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mitti Na Pharol Jogiya]]'' || Avtar Singh || Kartar Cheema, Aman Grewal, Japtej Singh || Drama|| 8 May 2015|| Ram Avtar Art Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Singh of Festival]]''||Gurdev Rehman||[[Roshan Prince]], [[Mahie Gill]]||Devotional||15 May|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oh Yaara Ainvayi Ainvayi Lut Gaya (film)|Oh Yaara Ainvayi Ainvayi Lut Gaya]]'' || Raj Sinha || [[Gauahar Khan]], [[Jassi Gill]], B N Sharma, Rana Ranbir, [[Karamjit Anmol]] || Drama, romance|| 22 May 2015 || Father & Son Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gaddar : The Traitor]]'' || Amitoj Maan || [[Harbhajan Mann]], Manpneet Grewal, Ashish Duggal || Suspense thriller ||29 May 2015 || Saga Music & Grandson Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chooriyan]]'' || Sukhwant Dhadda|| Vinod Khanna, [[Gracy Singh]], Sudhanshu Pandde, Parikshat Sahni, Pankaj Dheer, Vikas Bhalla, Jonita Doda ||Action, romance || 19 June 2015 || The Big Picture Co.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Villaitan Jatti]]'' ||Sukhpal Sidhu || Kulvinder Singh Kuki, Harpreet Nahal, Sukhpal Sidhu, Nim Aulakh Foggia Khan, Dalgeet Matu, Prakash Gadhu, Amrit Billa, Madam Satinder Kaur, Pali Mangt, Gurwindar Saran (Mini Mittal) || || 19 June 2015 || R. N. Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sardaar Ji]]'' ||Rohit Jugraj || [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Mandy Takhar]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] ||Comedy, romance, fantasy || 26 June 2015 || White Hill Studios, Dalmora Entertainment, [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]], [[Manmord Sidhu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hero Naam Yaad Rakhi]]'' || Baljit Singh Deo || [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Surveen Chawla]], Mukul Dev, Shavendra Mahal, Jaggi Singh || Action, romance, suspense|| 10 July 2015 || Shri Narotam Films Production <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lovely Te Lovely]]'' || A.S. Ravi Kumar, Mir || Gurjit Singh, Pooja Thakur, Hardeep Gill, Sonika Chauhan, Pamma Singh || Comedy, drama|| 24 July 2015 || SRK Creative Media<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Angrej]]'' ||Simerjit Singh || [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Ammy Virk (Singer)|Ammy Virk]], [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]], Sardar Sohi, Parminder Gill ||Comedy, romance || 31 July 2015 || Dara Productions and J Studio<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ramta Jogi]]'' || Guddu Dhanoa || Deep Sidhu, Ronica Singh, Rahul Dev, Greesh Sehdev, Zafar Dhillon, Anil Grover || Romantic thriller || 14 August 2014 || Vijayta Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Munde Kamaal De]]'' || [[Amit Prasher]] || [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Yuvraj Hans]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], Inderpreet Ghag, [[Mandy Takhar]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[B.N. Sharma]], [[Karamjit Anmol]], Nisha Gulati, Prabhjeet Kaur || Comedy ||21 August 2015 || Prem Motion Pictures<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Faraar (2015 film)|Faraar]]'' || [[Baljit Singh Deo]] || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Kainaat Arora]] || Action || 28 August 2015 || Sippy Grewal Production<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bhid Ja]]'' || Gautam Narwat || Baljinder Singh Darapuri, Bashir Khan, Michael, Himanshu Sharma, Vicky Baba, Rana, Harpinder Rajput, Lucky Sangre, Sukhdeep Singh, Harvinder Aujla, Jarnail Makhan, Rimple Dhindsa and Gautam Narwat || Sports || 4 September 2015 || GW Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Myself Pendu]]'' || Surinder Rehal || [[Preet Harpal]], [[Sayali Bhagat]], [[Satinder Satti]], Ather Habib, [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Upasana Singh]] || Romantic comedy || 4 September 2015 || Music Media Box<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rupinder Gandhi The Gangster?]]'' ||Tarn Mann || Dev Kharoud, Kul Sidhu, Navdeep Kaler, Karamjit Brar, Dheeraj Kumar, Jagjeet Sandhu, Lucky Dhaliwal, Bunty Dhillon, Lally Pandher, Sanjeev Rai, Diksha Dhyani, Tarn Mann, Rupinder Rupi ||Drama || 11 September 2015 || Dream Reality Movies<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Mastermind - Jinda Sukha]]'' || Sukhjinder Singh || Nav Bajwa, Sonpreet Jawandha, Guggu Gill, Sukhjinder Shera, Harinder Bubb, Isha Sharma, Sunita Dhir, Davvy Singh, Amritpal Singh (Billa), Satwant Kaur & Jaggi Dhuri<br />
|| Historical || 11 September 2015 (overseas market; banned in India) || Singh Brothers Production<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jugaadi Dot Com]]'' || Anil Vij || Nachhatar Gill, Feroz Khan, Sarb Chawla, Rana Ranbir, Mansi Sharma, Komya Virk, Megha Sharma, Ghulle Shah || Comedy || 25 September 2015 || Show Start Productions<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaun Kare Insaaf]]'' || Baljit Singh || Varsha Chaudhary, Lakhvinder Singh Lakkha, Raj Dhaliwal, Parminder Gill || Drama || 25 September 2015 || Satluj Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dildariyaan]]'' || Pankaj Batra || [[Jassi Gill]], [[Sagarika Ghatge]], [[Guggu Gill]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Karamjit Anmol]] || Romance || 9 October 2015 || Battalion Entertainment & Yuvika Films<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Beeba Boys]]'' || Deepa Mehta || Randeep Hooda, Sarah Allen, Gulshan Grover, Waris Ahluwalia, Ali Momen, Steve Dhillon, Gabe Grey, Ali Kazmi, Jag Bal || Crime drama || 16 October 2015 (CANADA only) || David Hamilton<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Qissa Panjab]]'' ||Jatinder Mauhar || Preet Bhullar, Kul Sidhu, Dheeraj Kumar, Jagjit Sandhu, Aman Dhaliwal, Harshjot Kaur ||Action || 16 October 2015 || Pukhraj Production House Pvt Ltd<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shareek]]'' || Navaniat Singh || [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Mahie Gill]], Simar Gill, [[Oshin Brar]], [[Guggu Gill]], [[Mukul Dev]], Kuljinder Sidhu || Family drama ||22 October 2015 || Ohri Productions, Green Planet Production <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sikka (2015 film)|Sikka]]'' || Jeet Matharu ||Mukesh Rishi, Jaswant Singh Rathore, Kunal Sharma || Horror || 30 October 2015 || 24 Seven<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mukhtiar Chadha]]'' || Director Gifty || [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Oshin Brar-Sai, [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] || Romantic comedy || 27 November 2015 || [[Eros International]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai]]'' (1969 Re-release) || || Prithviraaj Kapoor, I S Johar, Nishi || Social || 27 November 2015 || Wave Industries Pvt Ltd<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Judge Singh LLB]]'' || Atharv Baluja || Ravinder Grewal, B N Sharma, Chandan Prabhakar, Sardar Sohi, Harpal Singh, Surbhi Mahendru, Prajesh Kapil, Anita Devgn, Hardeep Gill, Vandana Singh || Comedy || 4 December 2015 || Unisys Infosolutions<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[22g Tussi Ghaint Ho]]'' || Vishal Parasher ||Tej Sapru, Pooja Verma, Upasana Singh, Rupan Bal, Jus Reign, Bhagwant Mann || Drama || 11 December 2015 || Dec Productions<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nagara''' || Harpal Singh || Simar khaira, Narinder Singh Neena, Amritpal Singh Billa Bhaji, Anita Meet, Manmeet Singh, Kamal Virk || Historical, Religious, Promot Sikhism || 27 May 2015 || Shan-e-khalsa productions <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?title_type=feature&languages=pa&sort=moviemeter,asc&ref_=tt_dt_dt/ Punjabi films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]<br />
<br />
{{Cinema of Punjab}}<br />
{{2015 films}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 2015}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|2015]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2015 films by language|Punjabi]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badminton_at_the_2016_South_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team&diff=488976Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's team2025-11-18T03:39:08Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up New Pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox sports competition event<br />
|event = Badminton – Men's team<br />
|games = 2016 South Asian Games<br />
|image = Badminton pictogram.svg<br />
|image_size = 80<br />
|caption = <br />
|venue = [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences#Campus|NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium]]<br />
|dates = 6 – 8 February 2016<br />
|competitors = <br />
|gold = {{flagIOC2|IND|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
|silver = {{flagIOC2|SRI|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
|bronze = {{flagIOC2|BAN|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
|bronze2 = {{flagIOC2|NEP|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
|prev = [[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games – Men's team|2010]]<br />
|next = [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games – Men's team|2019]]<br />
}}<br />
{{main|Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
The women's team '''[[badminton]]''' event at the '''[[2016 South Asian Games]]''' was held from 6 to 8 February at the [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences#Campus|NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium]] in [[Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition Schedule - 12th South Asian Games, Guwahati & Shillong |url=http://www.southasiangames2016.com/CompetitionSchedule.aspx |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125171008/http://www.southasiangames2016.com/CompetitionSchedule.aspx |archivedate=2016-01-25 |access-date=2016-01-17 |website=www.southasiangames2016.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liew |first=Vincent |date=2016-02-08 |title=India sweeps badminton golds at South Asian Games |url=https://www.badmintonplanet.com/badminton-news/4256-india-sweeps-badminton-golds-at-south-asian-games.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=BadmintonPlanet.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-17 |title=At SAG 2016, it wasn’t just the gold that glittered |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/at-sag-it-wasnt-just-the-gold-that-glittered/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Schedule==<br />
<small>All times are [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])</small><br />
<br />
{|class = "wikitable"<br />
!Date<br />
!Time<br />
!Event<br />
|-<br />
| Saturday, 6 February ||'''12:00''' ||rowspan=3| '''Group stage'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sunday, 7 February<br />
| '''10:00'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''16:00'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Monday, 8 February ||'''10:00''' || rowspan="2" |'''Semi-finals'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''11:00'''<br />
|- style="background-color:lemonchiffon;"<br />
| Monday, 8 February ||'''15:00''' ||'''Gold medal match'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Group stage==<br />
===Group A===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Badminton team<br />
<br />
<!--Nations--><br />
|name_IND={{bd|IND}}<br />
|name_NEP={{bd|NEP}}<br />
|name_AFG={{bd|AFG|2013}}<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE standings below (including date)--><br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&draw=7 TS]<br />
|win_IND=2 |loss_IND=0 |mf_IND=6 |ma_IND=0 |gf_IND=8 |ga_IND=0 |pf_IND=168 |pa_IND=42 |status_IND=H<br />
|win_NEP=1 |loss_NEP=1 |mf_NEP=3 |ma_NEP=3 |gf_NEP=6 |ga_NEP=6 |pf_NEP=162 |pa_NEP=159<br />
|win_AFG=0 |loss_AFG=2 |mf_AFG=0 |ma_AFG=6 |gf_AFG=0 |ga_AFG=8 |pf_AFG=39 |pa_AFG=168<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE positions below (check tiebreakers)--><br />
|team1=IND |team2=NEP |team3=AFG<br />
<br />
<!--Result column--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=QF |result2=QF<br />
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF={{nowrap|[[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's team#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Nepal<br />
|team2=Afghanistan<br />
|var2=2013<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 2<br />
|date=6 February 2016, 12:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=72 Group A - Nepal vs Afghanistan]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Sara Devi Tamang]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Zainab Yari]] |3|10|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Nangsal Tamang]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] |4|6|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Nangsal Tamang]] |T1P2= [[Sara Devi Tamang]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] |T2P2= [[Zainab Yari]] |6|4|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Amita Giri]] ||||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Amita Giri]] |T1P2= [[Sichhya Shrestha]] ||||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] |T2P2= [[Zainab Yari]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=India<br />
|team2=Nepal<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 2<br />
|date=7 February 2016, 10:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=68 Group A - India vs Nepal]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Sara Devi Tamang]] |2|8|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Nangsal Tamang]] |6|2|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] |T1P2= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Nangsal Tamang]] |T2P2= [[Sara Devi Tamang]] |10|14|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. C. Thulasi]] ||||T2P1= [[Amita Giri]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[K. Maneesha]] |T1P2= [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ||||T2P1= [[Amita Giri]] |T2P2= [[Sichhya Shrestha]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=India<br />
|team2=Afghanistan<br />
|var2=2013<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 2<br />
|date=7 February 2016, 16:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=71 Group A - India vs Afghanistan]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Zainab Yari]] |3|3|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]] ||||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] ||||wo=1}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] |T1P2= [[P. V. Sindhu]] ||||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] |T2P2= [[Zainab Yari]] ||||wo=1}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. C. Thulasi]] ||||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. C. Thulasi]] |T1P2= Vrushali Gummadi ||||T2P1= [[Lidaa Saraj]] |T2P2= [[Zainab Yari]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Group B===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Badminton team<br />
<br />
<!--Nations--><br />
|name_SRI={{bd|SRI}}<br />
|name_PAK={{bd|PAK}}<br />
|name_BAN={{bd|BAN}}<br />
|name_MDV={{bd|MDV}}<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE standings below (including date)--><br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&draw=8 TS]<br />
|win_SRI=3 |loss_SRI=0 |mf_SRI=9 |ma_SRI=0 |gf_SRI=18 |ga_SRI=0 |pf_SRI=378 |pa_SRI=114<br />
|win_BAN=2 |loss_BAN=1 |mf_BAN=6 |ma_BAN=3 |gf_BAN=12 |ga_BAN=6 |pf_BAN=299 |pa_BAN=279<br />
|win_PAK=1 |loss_PAK=2 |mf_PAK=3 |ma_PAK=6 |gf_PAK=6 |ga_PAK=13 |pf_PAK=272 |pa_PAK=376<br />
|win_MDV=0 |loss_MDV=3 |mf_MDV=0 |ma_MDV=9 |gf_MDV=1 |ga_MDV=18 |pf_MDV=219 |pa_MDV=399<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE positions below (check tiebreakers)--><br />
|team1=SRI |team2=BAN |team3=PAK |team4=MDV<br />
<br />
<!--Result column--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=QF |result2=QF<br />
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF={{nowrap|[[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's team#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Bangladesh<br />
|team2=Maldives<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 1<br />
|date=6 February 2016, 12:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=88 Group B - Bangladesh vs Maldives]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Alina Sultana]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Moosa Aminath Shahurunaz]] |13|11|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Shapla Akter]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Maisa Fathuhulla Ismail]] |7|6|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Shapla Akter]] |T1P2= [[Alina Sultana]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Aishath Afnaan Rasheed]] |T2P2= [[Moosa Aminath Shahurunaz]] |16|9|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] ||||T2P1= [[Aishath Afnaan Rasheed]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] |T1P2= [[Bristy Khatun]] ||||T2P1= [[Aminath Ahmed Didi]] |T2P2= [[Maisa Fathuhulla Ismail]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Sri Lanka<br />
|team2=Pakistan<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 3<br />
|date=6 February 2016, 12:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=90 Group B - Sri Lanka vs Pakistan]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Kavidi Sirimannage]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Khizra Rasheed]] |6|5|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Thilini Hendahewa]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Sidra Hamad]] |1|10|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Achini Nimeshika Ratnasiri]] |T1P2= [[Upuli Samanthika Weerasinghe]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Sara Mohammad (badminton)|Sara Mohammad]] |T2P2= [[Saima Manzoor|Saima Waqas]] |3|9|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Lekha Shehani]] ||||T2P1= [[Sehra Akram]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Oshadie Kuruppu]] |T1P2= [[Kavidi Sirimannage]] ||||T2P1= [[Sidra Hamad]] |T2P2= [[Khizra Rasheed]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Sri Lanka<br />
|team2=Bangladesh<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 1<br />
|date=7 February 2016, 10:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=84 Group B - Sri Lanka vs Bangladesh]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Thilini Hendahewa]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] |2|7|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Lekha Shehani]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Bristy Khatun]] |12|10|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Achini Nimeshika Ratnasiri]] |T1P2= [[Upuli Samanthika Weerasinghe]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] |T2P2= [[Bristy Khatun]] |9|7|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Achini Nimeshika Ratnasiri]] ||||T2P1= [[Rehana Parvin]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Chandrika de Silva]] |T1P2= [[Nadeesha Gayanthi]] ||||T2P1= [[Rehana Parvin]] |T2P2= [[Alina Sultana]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Pakistan<br />
|team2=Maldives<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 3<br />
|date=7 February 2016, 10:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=92 Group B - Pakistan vs Maldives]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Khizra Rasheed]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Moosa Aminath Shahurunaz]] |18|17|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Sidra Hamad]] |21|22||T2P1= [[Maisa Fathuhulla Ismail]] |19|20|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Sara Mohammad (badminton)|Sara Mohammad]] |T1P2= [[Saima Manzoor|Saima Waqas]] |21|20|21|T2P1= [[Aishath Afnaan Rasheed]] |T2P2= [[Moosa Aminath Shahurunaz]] |17|22|11}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Sehra Akram]] ||||T2P1= [[Aishath Afnaan Rasheed]] |||}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Sidra Hamad]] |T1P2= [[Khizra Rasheed]] ||||T2P1= [[Aminath Ahmed Didi]] |T2P2= [[Maisa Fathuhulla Ismail]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Sri Lanka<br />
|team2=Maldives<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 1<br />
|date=7 February 2016, 16:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=31 Group B - Sri Lanka vs Maldives]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Kavidi Sirimannage]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Moosa Aminath Shahurunaz]] |11|1|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Thilini Hendahewa]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Maisa Fathuhulla Ismail]] |4|7|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Achini Nimeshika Ratnasiri]] |T1P2= [[Upuli Samanthika Weerasinghe]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Aishath Afnaan Rasheed]] |T2P2= [[Moosa Aminath Shahurunaz]] |3|7|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Lekha Shehani]] ||||T2P1= [[Aishath Afnaan Rasheed]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Oshadie Kuruppu]] |T1P2= [[Kavidi Sirimannage]] ||||T2P1= [[Aminath Ahmed Didi]] |T2P2= [[Maisa Fathuhulla Ismail]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Bangladesh<br />
|team2=Pakistan<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 3<br />
|date=7 February 2016, 16:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=91 Group B - Bangladesh vs Pakistan]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Alina Sultana]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Khizra Rasheed]] |19|13|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Shapla Akter]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Sidra Hamad]] |17|14|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Shapla Akter]] |T1P2= [[Alina Sultana]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Sara Mohammad (badminton)|Sara Mohammad]] |T2P2= [[Saima Manzoor|Saima Waqas]] |17|11|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] ||||T2P1= [[Sehra Akram]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] |T1P2= [[Bristy Khatun]] ||||T2P1= [[Sidra Hamad]] |T2P2= [[Khizra Rasheed]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Knockout stage==<br />
{{4TeamBracket<br />
| RD1=Semi-finals<br />
| RD2=Gold medal match<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed1= A1<br />
| RD1-team1= '''{{flagIOC2|IND|2016 South Asian Games}}'''<br />
| RD1-score1= '''3'''<br />
| RD1-seed2= B2<br />
| RD1-team2= {{flagIOC2|BAN|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
| RD1-score2= 0<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed3= A2<br />
| RD1-team3= {{flagIOC2|NEP|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
| RD1-score3= 0<br />
| RD1-seed4= B1<br />
| RD1-team4= '''{{flagIOC2|SRI|2016 South Asian Games}}'''<br />
| RD1-score4= '''3'''<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed1= A1<br />
| RD2-team1= '''{{flagIOC2|IND|2016 South Asian Games}}'''<br />
| RD2-score1= '''3'''<br />
| RD2-seed2= B1<br />
| RD2-team2= {{flagIOC2|SRI|2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
| RD2-score2= 0<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Semi-finals===<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=Sri Lanka<br />
|team2=Nepal<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 3<br />
|date=8 February 2016, 10:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=95 Semi-finals - Sri Lanka vs Nepal]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Kavidi Srimannage]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Sara Devi Tamang]] |11|7|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Thilini Hendahewa]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Nangsal Tamang]] |10|12|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Oshadie Kuruppu]] |T1P2= [[Kavidi Srimannage]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Nangsal Tamang]] |T2P2= [[Sara Devi Tamang]] |10|6|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Lekha Shehani]] ||||T2P1= [[Amita Giri]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Chandrika de Silva]] |T1P2= [[Nadeesha Gayanthi]] ||||T2P1= [[Amita Giri]] |T2P2= [[Sichhya Shrestha]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=India<br />
|team2=Bangladesh<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 1<br />
|date=8 February 2016, 11:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=94 Semi-finals - India vs Bangladesh]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Alina Sultana]] |9|9|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] |5|6|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] |T1P2= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Dulali Haldar]] |T2P2= [[Bristy Khatun]] |11|12|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. C. Thulasi]] ||||T2P1= [[Bristy Khatun]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[K. Maneesha]] |T1P2= [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ||||T2P1= [[Shapla Akter]] |T2P2= [[Rehana Parvin]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Gold medal match===<br />
{{Badmintonbox<br />
|team1=India<br />
|team2=Sri Lanka<br />
|venue=NEIGRIHMS Indoor Stadium, Court 1<br />
|date=8 February 2016, 15:00<br /><ref>[https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/teammatch.aspx?id=5E823886-9B38-41BA-8557-039712315FF4&match=93 Gold medal match - India vs Sri Lanka]</ref><br />
|score1=3<br />
|score2=0<br />
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Kavidi Srimannage]] |7|5|}}<br />
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]] |23|21||T2P1= [[Thilini Hendahewa]] |21|13|}}<br />
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] |T1P2= [[P. V. Sindhu]] |21|21||T2P1= [[Achini Nimeshika Ratnasiri]] |T2P2= [[Upuli Samanthika Weerasinghe]] |11|12|}}<br />
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[P. C. Thulasi]] ||||T2P1= [[Lekha Shehani]] ||||np=}}<br />
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1= [[K. Maneesha]] |T1P2= [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ||||T2P1= [[Oshadie Kuruppu]] |T2P2= [[Kavidi Srimannage]] ||||np=}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}{{Badminton at the South Asian Games}}{{Events at the 2016 South Asian Games}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Badminton at the South Asian Games|2016]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in badminton|South Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India|South Asian Games]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._and_Mrs._Chinnathirai_season_5&diff=518609Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 52025-10-26T23:59:48Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Adding Some Pg Basic Info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| bg_colour = maroon<br />
| season_name = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai<br />
| season_number = 5<br />
| image = Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5.webp<br />
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br />
| judges = [[Gopinath Chandran]] <br> [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]<br />
| host = [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] <br> [[Aranthangi Nisha]]<br />
| winner = [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] and Mohanapriya<br />
| num_contestants = <br />
}}<br />
| num_episodes = 40<br />
| network = [[Star Vijay]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|29}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|11|17}}<br />
| prev_season = [[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai#Season 4|Season 4]]<br />
| next_season = [[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 6|Season 6]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Season 5''' of the Indian [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]-language competitive [[reality television]] show ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai]]''. The show is hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Aranthangi Nisha]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ma-ka-pa-anand-and-aranthai-nishas-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/111056252.cms|title=Ma Ka Pa Anand and Aranthai Nisha's 'Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Gopinath Chandran]] returned as the judge for the show while Devadarshini was replaced by Radha.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/gopinath-and-radhas-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-set-to-launch-june-29/articleshow/111232503.cms|title=Gopinath and Radha's 'Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5' set to launch June 29|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> The show had Total 12 Contestants Participated on Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-heres-the-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-this-season/photostory/111277852.cms|title=Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5: Here's the full and final list of 'contestants' this season|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
It began broadcasting on [[Star Vijay]] from 29 June 2024 and aired on every Saturday and Sunday at and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The winner of the season was [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] and his wife Mohanapriya. The final episode of the fifth season was aired on 17 November 2024 on Sunday at 15:00.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-5-titlte-winner-and-runner-up-list-leaked-in-online-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-grand-finale-puvi-priya-kottachi-anjali-article-115328877|title=Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 5 போட்டியின் வெற்றியாளர் புவி மற்றும் மோகனப்ரியா |website=tamil.timesnownews.com|date=17 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Top 6 Finalist ==<br />
The six finalists of Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5 are [[Kottachi]] & Anjali, [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] & Mohanapriya, Parthasarathy & Thamarai Selvi, Naveen & Sowmya, Sameer & Ajeeba and Sivakumar & [[Meera Krishna]]. The grand finale consisted of six rounds.<br />
<br />
<u>'''''Prize Winners:'''''</u><br />
* [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] and Mohanapriya by Thoji t Thomas from NSJ Jewellers So she was gifted with a Diamond necklace worth 15 Rs lakhs and received a Rs 3 lakhs cash prize award by Star Vijay.<br />
* [[Kottachi]] and Anjali as the first runner-up of Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5 and was awarded a Rs 2 lakhs cash prize award by Star Vijay.<br />
<br />
== Contestants status ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="45%"<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| #<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Contestants<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Episodes<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| State<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] and Mohanapriya<br />
| 3-40<br />
|{{Yes|Winner}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Kottachi]] and Anjali<br />
|1-40<br />
|First Runner-Up {{Yes|1st Runner-Up}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Sameer and Ajeeba<br />
|1-40<br />
|Second Runner-Up {{Yes|2nd Runner-Up}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Parthasarathy and Thamarai Selvi<br />
| 1-40<br />
|Third Runner-Up {{Yes|3rd Runner-Up}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Naveen and Sowmya<br />
|1-33/34-40<br />
|Fourth Runner-Up {{Yes|4th Runner-Up}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Sivakumar and [[Meera Krishna]]<br />
|1-40<br />
|Fifth Runner-Up {{Yes|5thRunner-Up}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| Karthick and [[Indraja Shankar]]<br />
|1-14/40<br />
|{{no|Voluntary Exit }}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| Surendiren and Lindcy<br />
| 1-22/34-40<br />
| {{no|Eliminated}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| [[Amit Bhargav]] and Sri Ranjini<br />
|1-35/36-40<br />
|{{no|Eliminated}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| Sathyadev and Vaishali<br />
| 1-28/34-40<br />
| {{No|Eliminated}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaishali-and-sathydev-to-contest-in-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-5/articleshow/111310462.cms|title=Vaishali and Sathydev to contest in 'Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai 5'?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| Nanjil Vijayan and Maria<br />
|1-31/34-40<br />
| {{No|Eliminated}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nanjil-vijayan-shares-a-glimpse-of-his-first-day-shoot-in-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-watch/articleshow/111283347.cms|title=Nanjil Vijayan shares a glimpse of his first-day shoot in 'Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai Season 5'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
| VJ Ashiq and Sonu<br />
|1-8/34-40<br />
|{{no|Eliminated}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Contestants ==<br />
* Sivakumar and [[Meera Krishna]]<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/vijay-tv-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-update-mma-sfqus9|title=மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸ்சஸ் சின்னத்திரை சீசன் 5 நிகழ்சியில் கலந்து கொள்ளும் 11 பிரபல ஜோடிகள்!|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=27 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref><br />
** [[Meera Krishna]] is an Indian television actress known for her work in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television soap operas likes ''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]'' (2018–2020), ''[[Vandhal Sridevi]]'' (2018–2019), ''[[Anbudan Kushi]]'' (2020–2021) and ''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]'' (2021–2024).<br />
* Karthick and [[Indraja Shankar]]<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-5-contestants-list-new-judges-of-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-5-telecast-date-time-promo-gopinath-radha-makapa-aranthangi-nisha-photo-gallery-111285332|title=மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸ்சஸ் சின்னத்திரை சீசன் 5 பிளான் செய்து புது ஜோடிகளை தூக்கிய விஜய் டிவி...மிஸ்டர் அண்ட் மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை 5|website=tamil.timesnownews.com|date=27 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref><br />
** [[Indraja Shankar]] is a Tamil actress known for her work in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film like ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019).<br />
* Naveen and Sowmya<br />
** Naveen is a Tamil television actor. He is known for playing the role the serial ''[[Neeli (TV series)|Neeli]]'' (2016–2017) and ''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]'' (2021–2024).<br />
* VJ Ashiq and Sonu<br />
** VJ Ashiq is and YouTuber and actor.<br />
* [[Amit Bhargav]] and Sri Ranjini<br />
** [[Amit Bhargav]] is an Indian actor who has appeared in films and television shows in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]], and [[Hindi]]. His work in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television soap operas likes ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'' (2014–2017) and ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' (2017–2019) and ''[[Thirumathi Hitler]]'' (2020–2021).<br />
** Sri Ranjini is a Tamil television personality and anchor.<br />
* [[Kottachi]] and Anjali<br />
** Kottachi is an Indian actor who works in Tamil-language films. He made his directorial debut with ''Kazhu Maram'' (2024).<br />
* Sameer and Ajeeba <br />
** Sameer is a television actor known for playing the lead role in the serial ''Sillunu Oru Kaadhal'' (2021–2022) and ''[[Modhalum Kaadhalum]]'' (2023–2024).<br />
* Parthasarathy and Thamarai Selvi <br />
** Thamarai Selvi is a ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 5|Bigg Boss Tamil season 5]]'' contestant and Tamil television actress.<br />
* Sathyadev and Vaishali <br />
** Vaishali is a television actress.<br />
* Nanjil Vijayan and Maria<br />
** Nanjil Vijayan is an stand-up comedian who is popularly known as a contestant on popular comedy reality show telecast by Vijay TV ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]'' (2017), ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu|Athu Ithu Ethu season 2]]'' (2017–2019).<br />
* Surendiren and Lindcy<br />
** Lindcy is a Tamil playback singer and live performer. She is best known for ''[[Super Singer 10]]''.<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{|class="wikitable" width="85%" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Epi<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Airing<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Round<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Zone Winner<br />
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"| Elimination<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|29}}<br />
| rowspan="2"| The Grand Launch<br />
| rowspan="2" |Introduction round<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|30}}<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| {{start date|df=yes|2024|7|6}}<br />
| rowspan="2"| Hall Key<br />
| rowspan="2"| Parthasarathy & Thamarai Selvi<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| {{start date|df=yes|2024|7|7}}<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| 13 July 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Bedroom Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | Nanjil Vijayan & Maria<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| 14 July 2024<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| 20 July 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Dining Hall Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | Sri Ranjini & Amit Bhargav <br />
| rowspan="2" | VJ Ashiq and Sonu<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|21 July 2024<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|27 July 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Pooja Room Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | Kottachi & Anjali <br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|28 July 2024<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|3 August 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Bathroom Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | Surendiren & Lindcy<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|4 August 2024<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|10 August 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Gym Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | Puviarasu & Mohanapriya <br />
| rowspan="2" | Indraja & Karthick <br> ('''Voluntary Exit''')<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|11 August 2024<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|17 August 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Kitchen Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Kottachi]] & Anjali<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|18 August 2024<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|24 August 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Parking Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Amit Bhargav]] & Sri Ranjini<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|25 August 2024<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|31 August 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Store Room Key <br />
| rowspan="2" | Naveen Vetri & Sowmya Govindan <br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|1 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|7 September 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Garden Key <br />
| rowspan="2" | Parthasarathy & Thamarai Selvi<br />
| rowspan="2" | Lindcy & Surenthiran <br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|8 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|14 September 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Aha Kalyanam<br />
| rowspan="2" | only Gift <br> (Sivakumar & Meera Krishna)<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|15 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|14 October 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kids Room Key<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sameer and Ajeeba<br />
| rowspan="2" |Nanjil Vijayan and Maria<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|15 October 2024<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|21 September 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Guest Room Key<br />
| rowspan="2" | Puviarasu & Mohanapriya <br />
| rowspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|22 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|28 September 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Entertainment Round <br> (Home theater Room Key)<br />
| rowspan="2" | Amit Bhargav & Sri Ranjini<br />
| rowspan="2" | Sathyadev and Vaishali<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|29 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|5 October 2024<br />
| Kids Celebration Round<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|12 October 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Azhaku Kutty Chellam<br />
| rowspan="2" | Parthasarathy & Thamarai Selvi <br />
| rowspan="2" | Nanjil Vijayan & Maria<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|13 October 2024<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|19 October 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Semi Final<br />
| rowspan="2" | Amit Bhargav & Sri Ranjini<br />
| rowspan="2" | Naveen Vetri & Sowmya Govindan <br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|20 October 2024<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|26 October 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Semi Final 2<br />
| rowspan="2" | Sivakumar & Meera Krishna<br />
| rowspan="2" | Amit Bhargav & Sri Ranjini<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|27 October 2024<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|2 November 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" | Wildcard Round<br />
| rowspan="2" | Naveen Vetri & Sowmya Govindan <br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|3 November 2024<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|9 November 2024<br />
| rowspan="2" |Celebration Round (Horror)<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] & Mohanapriya<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|10 November 2024<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|17 November 2024<br />
| Grand Final<br />
| [[Puvi (actor)|Puviarasu]] & Mohanapriya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Due to Media Masons departure from [[Star Vijay]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=விஜய் டிவியை விட்டு விலகிய பிரபல தயாரிப்பு நிறுவனம் : இனி சூப்பர் சிங்கர், குக் வித் கோமாளி விஜய் டிவியில் இல்லை ! சோகத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்.. |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/television-production-house-media-masons-quits-and-takes-a-break-from-vijay-television/articleshow/108173627.cms |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> this season is produced by D Studio Productions.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb episodes|10195922}}<br />
<br />
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faisal_Ali_Dar&diff=498831Faisal Ali Dar2025-10-16T16:08:17Z<p>ChristinTrickett: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Padma Awardee}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Faisal Ali Dar<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Faisal Ali At Bandipora<br />
| nickname = Master Faisal<br />
| birth_place = Bandipora, Jammu and Kashmir India<br />
| occupation = National Kickboxing Coach<br />
| country = India<br />
| sport = Martial arts<br />
}}<br />
'''Faisal Ali Dar''' is an Indian martial arts coach, and first person to receive the [[Padma Shri]] Award in sports from the [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=From watching martial arts movies to national honour: Story of Faisal Ali Dar, Kashmir's first Padma awardee in sport|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/story-of-faisal-ali-dar-kashmirs-first-padma-awardee-in-sport-7743091/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He was conferred with the national award for his contributions in promoting sports through martial arts and his works for keeping the youth away from drugs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Faisal Ali Dar: Why This Padma Award Winner Is Jammu And Kashmir's Pride|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/faisal-ali-dar-why-this-martial-arts-coach-anti-drugs-campaigner-is-jammu-and-kashmir-s-pride-news-47853|access-date=2022-02-06|work=Out;look|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Faisal Ali Dar: J&K's 1st Padma winner in sport is also a humanitarian champion|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2022/02/05/faisal-ali-dar-j-k-1st-padma-winner-in-sport-is-also-a-humanitarian-champion.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Faisal belongs to the [[Bandipora District]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Padma Awards 2022: Martial Arts Kashmiri Coach Faisal Ali Dar Honoured With Padma Shri|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/padma-awards-2022-martial-arts-kashmiri-coach-faisal-ali-dar-honoured-with-padma-shri-4701176.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Faisal Ali|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/faisal-ali-1/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Shri awardee in sports Faisal Ali says 'still long way to go for him'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/padma-shri-awardee-in-sports-faisal-ali-says-still-long-way-to-go-for-him20220128190602/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206085456/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/padma-shri-awardee-in-sports-faisal-ali-says-still-long-way-to-go-for-him20220128190602/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar, Faisal Ali}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bandipore district]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_19_(India)&diff=461171National Highway 19 (India)2025-09-29T22:02:18Z<p>ChristinTrickett: general corrected page per sources and cleaned formatting as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|National highway in India}}<br />
{{For|the old National Highway 19|National Highway 22 (India)|National Highway 31 (India)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| type = NH<br />
| route = 19<br />
| length_km = 1323<br />
| image = Durgapur Xpressway.jpg<br />
| image_notes = Durgapur Expressway - NH 19, West Bengal<br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3<br />
| id= Q25209307|title=National Highway 19|text= Map of National Highway '''19''' in red }}<br />
| map_custom = yes<br />
| direction_a = West<br />
| terminus_a = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] <!-- NH 44 from Delhi to Agra --><br />
| destinations = [[Etawah]], [[Kanpur]], [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Varanasi]], [[Mughalsarai]], [[Sasaram]], [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Dhanbad]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]]<br />
| direction_b = East<br />
| terminus_b = [[Dankuni]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| junction = <br />
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| previous_type = NH<br />
| next_type = NH<br />
| previous_route = 18<!-- Route start junction --><br />
| next_route = 20<!-- Route end junction --><br />
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|1}} <br> {{Jct|country=IND|AH|20}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''National Highway 19''' ('''NH 19''') is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was previously referred to as Delhi–Kolkata Road and is one of the busiest national highways in India. After renumbering of national highways, the Delhi–Agra route is now national highway 44 and the Agra–Kolkata route is numbered national highway 19.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173980.pdf|title=Route substitution (amendment) for national highways 9, 19, 44 and 48 dated February 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=6 Dec 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> It constitutes a major portion of the Indian section of the historical [[Grand Trunk Road]]. It is also part of [[AH1]] of [[Asian Highway Network]], that traverses from [[Japan]] to [[Turkey]].<br />
<br />
It was earlier known as [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH 2 (Old)]] before [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|renumbering]] of all national highways by [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] in 2010.<br />
<br />
==Length==<br />
The highway has a length of {{convert|1269.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} and runs through the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The lengths of the highway in each state are:<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]: {{convert|655.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
* [[Bihar]]: {{convert|206|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
* [[Jharkhand]]: {{convert|199.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
* [[West Bengal]]: {{convert|208.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
<br />
==National Highways Development Project==<br />
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|200px|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]<br />
* Almost all of the {{convert|1269.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of NH 19 has been selected as a part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] by the [[National Highways Development Project]].<ref name="NHAI">[http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|date=25 February 2009}} National Highways-Source-National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)</ref><br />
* Approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of NH 19 between Barah and [[Kanpur]] has been selected as a part of the [[North-South and East-West Corridor|East-West Corridor]] by the [[National Highways Development Project]].<ref name="NHAI" /><br />
<br />
==Route==<br />
[[File:Nationalhighway 2.jpg|thumb|300px|NH-19, [[Khaga]], [[Fatehpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].]]<br />
National Highway 19 connects Agra to Kolkata and transits four states of India, namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and west Bengal.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
NH 19 starts at Agra from its junction with NH-44 connecting Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi in the State of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Mohania, Sasaram, Dehri On Sone, Aurangabad, Dobhi(Gaya) in the State of [[Bihar]], Barhi(Hazaribagh), Bagodar(Giridih), Gobindpur(Dhanbad) in the State of [[Jharkhand]], Asansol, [[Durgapur]], and terminating at its junction with NH-16 near Kolkata in the State of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Toll plazas==<br />
From Agra to Kolkata the toll plazas are as follows: <br />
;Uttar Pradesh<br />
:Tundla, Gurau Semra Atikabad, Anantram, Barajod, Badauri, Katoghan, Prayagraj Bypass (Khokhraj), Lalanagar, Daffi, Varanasi<br />
;Bihar<br />
:Mohania, Sasaram, Saukala<br />
;Jharkhand<br />
:Rasoiya Dhamna, Ghangri, Beliyad<br />
;West Bengal<br />
:Durgapur, Palsit and Dankuni.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tollbetween.com/rates/toll-charges-from-delhi-to-kolkata.php |title = Toll Calculator | publisher= Toll between | access-date = 25 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Major cities on/off NH 19 ==<br />
<br />
;Uttar Pradesh<br />
* [[Mathura]]<br />
* [[Agra]]<br />
* [[Firozabad]]<br />
* [[Etawah]]<br />
* [[Babarpur Ajitmal]]<br />
* [[Auraiya]]<br />
* [[Akbarpur, Ramabai Nagar|Akbarpur]]<br />
* [[Kanpur]]<br />
* [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]<br />
* [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]]<br />
* [[Bhadohi]]<br />
* [[Mirzapur]]<br />
* [[Varanasi]]<br />
* [[Mughalsarai]]<br />
* [[Chandauli]]<br />
<br />
;Bihar<br />
* [[Mohania]]<br />
* [[Kudra]]<br />
* [[Sasaram]]<br />
* [[Dehri on sone]]<br />
* [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<br />
* [[Sherghati]]<br />
<br />
;Jharkhand<br />
* [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]]<br />
* [[Barkatha]]<br />
* [[Bagodar]]<br />
* [[Isri]]<br />
* [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]]<br />
* [[Dhanbad]]<br />
<br />
;West Bengal<br />
* [[Asansol]]<br />
* [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]]<br />
* [[Burdwan]]<br />
* [[Dankuni]]<br />
<br />
== Junctions == <br />
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}<br />
;Uttar Pradesh<br />
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Agra.<ref name=":1" /><br />
: Interchange with [[Agra Lucknow Expressway]] near village Kathphori<br />
: {{jct|NH|234|country=IND}} near Etawah<br />
: {{jct|NH|719|country=IND}} near Etawah<br />
: {{jct|NH|519|country=IND}} near Sikandara<br />
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} near Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat<br />
: {{jct|NH|34|country=IND}} near Kanpur<br />
: {{jct|NH|335|country=IND}} near Fatehpur<br />
: {{jct|NH|731A|country=IND}} near Muratganj<br />
: {{jct|NH|30|country=IND}} near Allahabad<br />
: {{jct|NH|330|country=IND}} near Soraon<br />
: {{jct|NH|319D|country=IND}} near Prayagraj<br />
: {{jct|NH|135A|country=IND}} near Aura<br />
: {{jct|NH|35|country=IND}} near Varanasi<br />
: {{jct|NH|219|country=IND}} near Chandauli<br />
: {{jct|NH|24|country=IND}} near Saiyad Raja<br />
;Bihar<br />
: {{jct|NH|219|country=IND}} near Mohania<br />
: {{jct|NH|319|country=IND}} near Mohania<br />
: {{jct|NH|119|country=IND}} near Dehri<br />
: {{jct|NH|139|country=IND}} near Aurangabad<br />
: {{jct|NH|22|country=IND}} near Dobhi<br />
;Jharkhand<br />
: {{jct|NH|20|country=IND}} near Barhi<br />
: {{jct|NH|522|country=IND}} near Bagodar<br />
: {{jct|NH|114A|country=IND}} near Dumri<br />
: {{jct|NH|18|country=IND}} near Gobindpur<br />
: {{jct|NH|419|country=IND}} near Gobindpur<br />
<br />
;West Bengal<br />
: {{jct|NH|419|country=IND}} near Kulti<br />
: {{jct|NH|14|country=IND}} near Raniganj<br />
: {{jct|NH|114|country=IND}} near Bardhaman<br />
: {{jct|NH|116A|country=IND}} near Bardhaman<br />
: {{jct|NH|16|country=IND}} Terminal near Kolkata.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of national highways in India]]<br />
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br />
* [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]] railway track connecting Delhi and Kolkata<br />
* [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)]]<br />
* [[Grand Trunk Road]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11647791 NH 19 on OpenStreetMap]<br />
{{maplink|display=title|text=Route map|type=line}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|NH 19 (India)|National Highway 19}}<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
{{IND NH19 sr}}<br />
{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}<br />
{{National and State Highways in Jharkhand}}<br />
{{AHN}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:AH1]]<br />
[[Category:National highways of India]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Agra]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marwar_Junction_Assembly_constituency&diff=473812Marwar Junction Assembly constituency2025-09-15T09:27:30Z<p>ChristinTrickett: rework citations further and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Marwar Junction<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-119-Marwar Junction.svg<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 119<br />
| district = [[Pali district|Pali]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:294959}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| mla = [[Kesaram Choudhary]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2023<br />
}}<br />
'''Marwar Junction Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Pali district|Pali]] district. As of 2018, it is represented in the Assembly by [[Kesa Ram Choudhary]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|rowspan=2|[[Kesaram Choudhary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| [[Khushveer Singh Jojawar]]<ref name=election2018/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Kesaram Choudhary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Marwar Junction<ref name="election2023"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Kesaram Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:99604}}<br />
|percentage = 54.64<br />
|change = +18.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Khushveer Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:66583}}<br />
|percentage = 36.53<br />
|change = +23.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Indra Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7084}}<br />
|percentage = 3.89<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)<br />
|candidate = Vajaram Parihar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2808}}<br />
|percentage = 1.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2597}}<br />
|percentage = 1.42<br />
|change = -0.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:33021}}<br />
|percentage = 18.11<br />
|change = +17.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:182293}}<br />
|percentage = 61.8<br />
|change = +0.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Independent<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Marwar Junction<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Khushveer Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:58921}}<br />
|percentage = 35.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Kesaram Choudhary<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:58670}}<br />
|percentage = 35.66<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Jasaram Rathore<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:21037}}<br />
|percentage = 12.79<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Ramhari Meena<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:10242}}<br />
|percentage = 6.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Laxminarayan Dave<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7946}}<br />
|percentage = 4.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2719}}<br />
|percentage = 1.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:251}}<br />
|percentage = 0.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:164523}}<br />
|percentage = 60.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Pali district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.73|73.61|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pali district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enga_Veetu_Meenakshi&diff=498507Enga Veetu Meenakshi2025-09-13T19:44:24Z<p>ChristinTrickett: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Enga Veetu Meenakshi.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = [[Family]] <br> [[Romantic comedy]] <br> [[Drama]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| executive_producer = Senkathirselvan<br />
| writer = '''dialogue''' <br> Anandhan Venukopalan <br> Radhi Bala<br />
| screenplay = Radhi Bala<br />
| story = <br />
| director = Ramkumar Dass<br />
| starring = [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] <br> [[Shritha Sivadas]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 116 <!-- as of 16 March 2022--><!-- Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --><br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = R. Thivakaran<br />
| company = Thaarag Padaipagam<br />
| theme_music_composer = Sudharsan Muthukumar<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| cinematography = Saththappan Narayanan<br />
| editor = Sathishbarathan<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode<br />
| channel = [[Colors Tamil]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|18|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|03|26|df=y}}<br />
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]] <br />
}}'''''Enga Veetu Meenakshi''''' (எங்க வீட்டு மீனாட்சி) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]] television series, starring [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] and [[Shritha Sivadas]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jeeva-thangavel-and-shritha-shivadas-are-excited-about-the-new-show-enga-veetu-meenakshi/articleshow/84613331.cms|title=Jeeva Thangavel and Shritha Shivadas are excited about the new show Enga Veetu Meenakshi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 July 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jeeva-thangavel-and-shritha-shivadas-are-excited-about-the-new-show-enga-veetu-meenakshi/articleshow/84613331.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The show is produced by Thaarag Padaipagam and directed by Ramkumar Dass, which premiered on 18 October 2021 and ended on 26 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/enga-veetu-meenakshi-to-premiere-on-october-18/articleshow/86968402.cms|title=Enga Veetu Meenakshi to premiere on October 18|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 October 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/enga-veetu-meenakshi-to-premiere-on-october-18/articleshow/86968402.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/100073/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Enga-Veetu-Meenakshi---new-serial.htm|title=எங்க வீட்டு மீனாட்சி புதிய தொடர் 18 ஆம் திகதி முதல்|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date=15 October 2021|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152339/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/100073/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Enga-Veetu-Meenakshi---new-serial.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Colors Tamil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-programs-and-serials-introducing-in-colors-tamil-channel-from-october-month-088178.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழ் புதிதாக ஆரம்பித்து உள்ள அக்டோபர் மாத அட்டகாசங்கள் ...வெரைட்டியான நிகழ்ச்சிகள்|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=18 October 2021|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152338/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-programs-and-serials-introducing-in-colors-tamil-channel-from-october-month-088178.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and digitally streams on [[Voot]]. Enga Veetu Meenatchi story revolves around a businessman study degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/5-reasons-why-enga-veetu-meenakshi-is-surely-worth-the-watch/|title=5 Reasons why Enga Veetu Meenakshi is surely worth the watch|website=www.apnnews.com|date=19 October 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152340/https://www.apnnews.com/5-reasons-why-enga-veetu-meenakshi-is-surely-worth-the-watch/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Chithambaram is the son of Deivanayagam's second wife. After Chithambaram's mother died, Deivanayagam and his son moved back to his hometown. Deivanayagam's first wife, Valliyammai, who already has three children, gets shocked and starts hating Chithambaram. Valliyammai hates him more because his arrival in this house is the reason her two elder brothers left the house, and they also started hating Valliyammai and Chithambaram. After a few months, Deivanayagam gets sick, and he gets a promise from Valliyammai to take care of Chithambaram, and he also writes a will to give fifty percent of his assets to Chithambaram and the other half to Valliyammai, and Deivanayagam dies.<br />
<br />
(after 27 years)<br />
<br />
Chithambaram is 35 years old and still yearns for the love of his mother, Valliyammai. Even though his mother doesn't like him, his two brothers and sister do. Chithambaram runs an event management organization. He requests a bank loan to help his company grow, but the bank manager, Muthaiya rejects the loan application because Chithambaram has no degree. To avenge him, Chithambaram joins an arts college, where he meets Meenakshi, his class professor. Meenakshi's father, Manivasagam, is a family friend of Valliyammai, so Manivasagam introduces Meenakshi to Valliyammai. Valliyammai likes Meenakshi. Meenakshi dislikes Chithambaram's behavior at first, but as she learns more about him and his family, she falls in love with him. Though it was not his fault that the family separated, Chithambaram feels guilty, and he decides to unite the brothers' families with Valliyammai. However, Valliyammai's brothers have separate plans to avenge Chithambaram. Meenakshi's uncle, Meiyappan's son, has expressed interest in marrying her, but she despises him for his arrogance. Will Chithambaram reunite the family and get loved by his mother, Valliyammai? The rest of the story involves whether Meenakshi and Chithambaram get married or not.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-team-enga-veetu-meenakshi-celebrated-jeeva-thangavels-birthday/articleshow/84944504.cms|title=Here's how Team Enga Veetu Meenakshi celebrated Jeeva Thangavel's birthday|newspaper=The Times of India|date=August 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-team-enga-veetu-meenakshi-celebrated-jeeva-thangavels-birthday/articleshow/84944504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Chithambaram<br />
* [[Shritha Sivadas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/happy-teachers-day-sreenithi-to-shritha-shivadas-tamil-actors-who-featured-as-a-guru-in-tv-shows/photostory/85945021.cms|title=Happy Teachers' Day: Sreenithi to Shritha Shivadas, Tamil actors who featured as a guru in TV shows|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=5 September 2021|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/happy-teachers-day-sreenithi-to-shritha-shivadas-tamil-actors-who-featured-as-a-guru-in-tv-shows/photostory/85945021.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Meenakshi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Supporting===<br />
{{cast listing|* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Valliyammai<br />
* Neepa as Kasthuri<br />
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Nalapakam (Chithambaram's Uncle)<br />
* Sangeetha V as Kala (Nalapakam's wife)<br />
* Thushanthika Tharmaseelan as Ranjani (Chithambaram's college friend) <br />
* Vignesh as Rangarajan (Valliyammai's elder brother)<br />
* Sai Lakshmi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/amman-fame-sai-lakshmi-to-play-a-negative-role-in-enga-veetu-meenakshi/articleshow/87135810.cms|title=Amman fame Sai Lakshmi to play a negative role in Enga Veetu Meenakshi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 October 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/amman-fame-sai-lakshmi-to-play-a-negative-role-in-enga-veetu-meenakshi/articleshow/87135810.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Meiyappan's wife<br />
* Rajeshwari as Mahalakshmi (Rangarajan's Wife)<br />
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as [[Chairperson|Chairman]] Meiyappan<br />
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Deivanayagam (Chithambaram's father)<br />
* [[G. Gnanasambandam|Gnanasambandam]] as Principal<br />
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Tharmarajan (Valliyammai's elder brother)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enga Veetu Meenakshi (TV Series) |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/enga-veetu-meenakshi/196099 |website=Voot |access-date=24 April 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707113329/https://www.voot.com/shows/enga-veetu-meenakshi/196099 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Soundar as [[Astrology|Astrologer]]}}<br />
<br />
===Cameos===<br />
{{cast listing|* Harishankar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/amman-fame-harishankar-narayanan-to-play-a-cameo-in-enga-veetu-meenakshi-details-inside/articleshow/87817646.cms|title=Amman fame Harishankar Narayanan to play a cameo in Enga Veetu Meenakshi; details inside|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 November 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/amman-fame-harishankar-narayanan-to-play-a-cameo-in-enga-veetu-meenakshi-details-inside/articleshow/87817646.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Nambiar<br />
* [[Bonda Mani]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bonda Mani to make television comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-vijayakumar-and-bonda-mani-to-make-television-comeback-after-a-break/articleshow/89344775.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-vijayakumar-and-bonda-mani-to-make-television-comeback-after-a-break/articleshow/89344775.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> as Snake Charmer (Paambaati)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Casting===<br />
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] actor [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/oct/12/lollu-sabha-jeeva-to-act-in-colors-tamil-enga-veetu-meenatchi-serial-3716625.html|title=எங்க வீட்டு மீனாட்சி தொடரில் கதாநாயகனாக நடிக்கும் லொள்ளு சபா ஜீவா|website=www.dinamani.com|date=12 October 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152339/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/oct/12/lollu-sabha-jeeva-to-act-in-colors-tamil-enga-veetu-meenatchi-serial-3716625.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast in the male lead role as Chidambaram. Actress [[Shritha Sivadas]] was cast in the female lead role as Meenakshi. The series marks the television debut for [[Shritha Sivadas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/jeeva-thangavel-and-shritha-shivadas-are-excited-about-the-new-show-enga-veetu-meenakshi-vin-512185.html|title=எங்க வீட்டு மீனாட்சி - ஜீவா தங்கவேலுக்கு ஜோடியாகிறார் ஸ்ரித்தா ஷிவதாஸ்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=22 July 2021|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152337/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/jeeva-thangavel-and-shritha-shivadas-are-excited-about-the-new-show-enga-veetu-meenakshi-vin-512185.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/colors-tamil-new-serial-enga-veetu-meenakshi-poornima-bhagyaraj-to-play-lead/articleshow/85478975.cms|title='எங்க வீட்டு மீனாட்சி' - பூர்ணிமா பாக்கியராஜ் நடிப்பில் புது சீரியல் |website=tamil.samayam.com}}</ref> were cast as Valliammal the next main leads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poornima-bhagyaraj-announces-her-next-tv-project-enga-veetu-meenakshi/articleshow/85421750.cms|title=Poornima Bhagyaraj announces her next TV project 'Enga Veetu Meenakshi'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 August 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poornima-bhagyaraj-announces-her-next-tv-project-enga-veetu-meenakshi/articleshow/85421750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tamil television drama]]<br />
* [[List of Tamil soap operas]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|17493908}}<br />
<br />
{{Colors Tamil shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Tamil-language television series]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indoquedius_micantiventris&diff=504382Indoquedius micantiventris2025-08-22T21:47:33Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Made basic article more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of beetle}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = Indoquedius_micantiventris.jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image2 = <br />
| image2_caption = <br />
| genus= Indoquedius <br />
| species = micantiventris<br />
| authority = (Scheerpeltz, 1965)<br />
| synonyms =<br />
*''Quedius (Indoquedius) micantiventris'' <small>Scheerpeltz, 1965</small><br />
*''Indoquedius baliyo'' <small>Smetana, 1988</small><br />
}}<br />
'''''Indoquedius micantiventris''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Staphylinidae]]. It is found in the [[Nepal]], [[India]] (West Bengal), [[Myanmar]] (Kachin) and [[China]] (Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan).<ref>Part of this text is from “[https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2093/8775 Review of Quedius (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) described from the 1934 expedition by R. Malaise to Myanmar” by Brunke A.J. This article is licensed under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC BY 4.0 license]</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q124264007}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Beetles described in 1965]]<br />
[[Category:Staphylininae]]<br />
<br />
{{Staphylininae-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._M._Bachan&diff=483775A. M. Bachan2025-07-29T18:46:43Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up A Pg...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian association football player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = A. M. Bachan<br />
| image = <br />
| fullname = Mohammad Abdul Majid<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]],<ref name="amb" /> [[Orissa]], British India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]<br />
| currentclub = <br />
| youthyears1 = <br />
| youthclubs1 = <br />
| years1 =<br />
| clubs1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| years2 =<br />
| clubs2 = [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| nationalyears1 = 1951<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = <br />
| nationalgoals1 = <br />
| medaltemplates =<br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951 New Delhi]]|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's team squads|Team]]}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Abdul Majid "Bachan"''' was an Indian association football player who played as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] and the [[India national football team|India football team]]. He is the first footballer from Odisha to play internationally for India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.orissapost.com/atri-fans-through-and-through/ |title=Fans through and through |website=Orissapost |first=Atri Prasad |last=Rout |access-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref> The Bachan Memorial Football Tournament, organised by the Cuttack District Athletic Association (CDAA) at Cuttack is held in his memory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NDQ4MQ== |title=Maa Bhuasuni Club lift Bachan Memorial Trophy |website=Orisports |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171127/http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NDQ4MQ== |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/2015-01-07-78651.html |title=Rohit Academy win Bachan Memorial Football |website=Daily Pioneer |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163426/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/2015-01-07-78651.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Club career==<br />
Bachan played for the Calcutta club [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] and was the captain of the squad that won their 8th [[Calcutta Football League]] title in 1948.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=IndianfootballH|number=1469156310977433601|title=In 1948 Mohammedan SC became the first Indian club to win Calcutta League without losing a single match. The team was captained by Bechan. Out of 24 matches they won 20 & drew the rest. They scored 36 goals & conceded 6. This was Mohammedan's 8th league title|date=10 December 2021 |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> He was the top scorer of that season with 21 goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mohammedan_sporting_club_history.html|title=Mohammedan Sporting Club, Kolkata: A New Horizon|first=Kushal|last=Chakrabarty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182733/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mohammedan_sporting_club_history.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|date=12 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bachan represented the [[Odisha football team|Orissa]] state in the [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1951 New Delhi Asian Games |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1951asiangames.html |website=indiafootball.de |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608090057/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1951asiangames.html |archive-date=8 June 2018 }}</ref> He was part of the team which reached the semi-finals of the Santosh Trophy for the first time in the [[1950–51 Santosh Trophy|1950–51]] edition held at Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19500820&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Mewalal's hat-trick in Natl. Soccer |date=20 August 1950 |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.11931/page/5/mode/1up |title=The Bombay Chronicle, 19 August 1950 |date=19 August 1950 |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=The Bombay Chronicle }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nirbhay.readersum.com/read?publication=Nirbhay-Daily&title=Nirbhay&publish-date=2023-02-23&category=n&contents=21-34#page/12 |title=Nirbhay Daily, 23 February 2023 |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023 |publisher=Nirbhay |lang=or }}</ref><br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Bachan was part of the [[India national football team|India national squad]] that played at the [[1951 Asian Games]].<ref name="amb" >{{Cite web |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTM1NA== |title=Abdul Majid Bachan |website=Orisports |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914172713/http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTM1NA== |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/819756/rakesh-oram-plays-for-mumbai-city-fc-but-hes-putting-odisha-on-the-indian-football-map |title=Rakesh Oram plays for Mumbai City FC, but he's putting Odisha on the Indian football map |website=Scroll.com |last=Mitra |first=Atanu |date=23 October 2016 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144953/https://scroll.in/field/819756/rakesh-oram-plays-for-mumbai-city-fc-but-hes-putting-odisha-on-the-indian-football-map |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shreekumar |first1=S.S. |year=2020 |title=The Best way forward: for India's Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shanti+Mullick+afc+women%27s+championship&pg=PA221 |publisher=HSRA |isbn=978-81-947216-9-7 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116090122/https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shanti+Mullick+afc+women%27s+championship&pg=PA221 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
<br />
'''India'''<br />
*[[Football at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1951-new-delhi |title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1951 New Delhi |website=Sportskeeda |last=Ghoshal |first=Amoy |date=15 August 2014 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112033/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1951-new-delhi |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mohammedan Sporting'''<br />
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1948<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachan, A. M.}}<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cuttack]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]<br />
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers at the 1951 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 1951 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]<br />
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in football]]<br />
<br />
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aujas_Cybersecurity&diff=488325Aujas Cybersecurity2025-06-22T23:16:52Z<p>ChristinTrickett: Put Up A Info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Aujas Cybersecurity<br />
| former_name = Aujas Networks<br />
| logo = <br />
| type = [[Privately held company]]<br />
| industry = Cybersecurity<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age |2008}}<br />
| founders = M. Srinivas Rao, Sameer Shelke, and Navin Kotian<br />
| location_city = [[Bengaluru]]<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| locations = [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Cupertino]], [[Jersey City]], [[Sharjah]], [[Riyadh]]<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| products = <br />
| services = Identity and Access Management (IAM), Risk Advisory, Security Verification, Security Engineering, Managed Detection and Response (MDR), and Cloud Security Services<br />
| parent = NuSummit (formerly NSEIT Limited)<br />
| homepage = {{URL|aujas.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aujas Cybersecurity''', formerly '''Aujas Networks''', is an Indian [[cybersecurity]] company with a presence in the [[United States]], [[South Asia]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2013/11/28/enterprise-security-firm-aujas-network-raises-series-b-funding-from-idg-ventures-ivycap-rajasthan-venture-capital/|title=Enterprise security firm Aujas Networks raises Series B funding from IDG Ventures, IvyCap & Rajasthan Venture Capital - Techcircle.in - India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|date=28 November 2013 |publisher=|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Aujas offers integrated risk management (IRM) services that span [[strategy]] and advisory, control integration & sustenance, and optimization. The Aujas service portfolio includes services like Identity and Access Management (IAM), Risk Advisory, Security Verification, Security Engineering, [[managed detection and response]] (MDR), and Cloud Security Services. <br />
<br />
Aujas has offices in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] in [[India]]; [[Dallas]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]] in the [[US]]; [[Ottawa]] in Canada; [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE and [[Riyadh]], Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Aujas was founded in 2008 by three co-founders M Srinivas Rao, Sameer Shelke, and Navin Kotian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/17889277-m-rao|title=M Rao|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref> The company was incubated by [[IDG Ventures]] as part of its Entrepreneur-in-Residence (EIR) program and had also received seed funding from IDG. <br />
<br />
Prior to setting up Aujas, Rao was a director at [[Cisco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-startups.blogspot.in/2008/08/interview-with-ms-rao-founder-aujas.html|title=i-Startups|publisher=|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref> In the past, he had worked at companies like [[Network Solutions]], [[Microland]], and [[Sonata Software]]. He also became an independent director at 24x7 Learning Pvt Ltd. The second co-founder, Shelke was Director (service development & solutions) at [[Fidelity Investments]] and worked at [[Cisco]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], and [[Microland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aujas CEO Says Persistence in Challenges is Key to Startup Success - Sandhill |date=18 March 2012 |url=http://sandhill.com/article/aujas-ceo-says-persistence-in-challenges-is-key-to-startup-success/ |accessdate=17 January 2015 |publisher=}}</ref> The other co-founder Kotian was the Country Business Manager at IBM Global Services prior to co-founding Aujas and has also served as the Business Manager at Network Solutions India. <br />
<br />
In 2013, the company raised an undisclosed round of funding from a consortium of venture capital investors led by Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund, IvyCap Ventures, and [[IDG Ventures]] India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/enterprise-security-firm-aujas-networks-idINDEE9B20A920131203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228185006/http://in.reuters.com/article/enterprise-security-firm-aujas-networks-idINDEE9B20A920131203|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2016|title=Enterprise security firm Aujas Networks raises Series B funding from IDG Ventures, IvyCap & Rajasthan Venture Capital|publisher=|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref> Proceeds from the Series B round of funding were used by the company to invest in technology, as well as strengthen its presence in [[North America]], [[South Asia]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547060_1_idg-ventures-india-manthan-systems-aujas-networks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215173431/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547060_1_idg-ventures-india-manthan-systems-aujas-networks|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2013|title=Aujas Networks raises undisclosed Series B round of funding|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref> In 2008, Aujas received funding of $3 million from IDG Ventures India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-info-tech/idg-ventures-invests-3-m-in-aujas-networks/article1616768.ece|title=IDG Ventures invests $3 m in Aujas Networks|work=The Hindu Business Line |date=22 February 2008 |accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idgvcindia.com/html/Aujas-EIR_Story_by_Manjula_Sridhar_2.pdf |title=Aujas – The Journey of an Entrepreneur in Residence at IDG Ventures India |date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624050020/http://idgvcindia.com/html/Aujas-EIR_Story_by_Manjula_Sridhar_2.pdf |archivedate=2012-06-24 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, NSEIT Limited, a digital native global technology company and a 100% subsidiary of the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], acquired Aujas Cybersecurity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vccircle.com/nse-subsidiary-acquires-vc-backed-cybersecurity-firm-aujas-networks |title=NSE Subsidiary Acquires VC-Based Cybersecurity Form Aujas Networks |date=March 22, 2019 |publisher=VC Circle }}</ref> In 2024, the parent company was rebranded as NuSummit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/nseit-technology-business-rebrands-as-nusummit-ushering-in-a-new-era-of-global-innovation-302336044.html |title=NSEIT Technology Business Rebrands as NuSummit, Ushering in a New Era of Global Innovation |date=December 19, 2024 |publisher=PR Newswire }}</ref><br />
{{portal|Companies|India}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Risk management companies]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]</div>ChristinTricketthttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Ramswaroop_Memorial_Public_School&diff=470292Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School2025-06-18T00:59:32Z<p>ChristinTrickett: general fixed structure after review further and fixed typos</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School (SRMPS) Lucknow<br />
| logo = SRMPS Logo.jpg<br />
| logo_size = 120px<br />
| location = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| type = Private Boarding School<br />
| motto = A Modern gurukul<br />
| established = 2005 July<br />
| affiliation = Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)<br />
| website = http://www.srmps.ac.in<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School''' (SRMPS) is a private day boarding school for girls and boys in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Top CBSE School of Lucknow|url=https://www.topranker4u.com/top-cbse-schools-ranking-in-lucknow/|website=topranker4u|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref>[[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School|url=http://www.srmps.ac.in|website=www.srmps.ac.in|accessdate=4 March 2017}}</ref> It was established in July 2005. They educate students from class-I to class-XII. The population of Class I to Class V is 25 students and the population of Class VI to XII is 40 students.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPOTLIGHT - Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School|url=https://toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/schoolpage.aspx?stdid=4331|website=toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:SRMPS - Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School - cbse school in Lucknow.jpg|thumb|260px|img_alt=]]<br />
SRMPS is a residential and day [[boarding school]] affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]) with excellent Academic and Sports facilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Rated CBSE School in Lucknow, Uttar Prades|url=http://www.indiamarks.com/top-rated-cbse-schools-in-lucknow/|website=Indiamarks}}</ref><br />
The school has air-conditioned classrooms, labs and dining facility with separate hostels for boys and girl. Students are taken care of by the Wardens and House Parents who closely monitor students activities before and after school.<br />
<br />
SRMPS has "[[Smart classroom|Smart Classroom]]" with white boards and overhead projectors. They promote co-curricular activities in the form of music, dance, [[theatre]], art, craft, sports & [[yoga]]. SRMPS has an 18 meter long swimming pool.<br />
<br />
SRMPS has three dining halls which can together accommodate about 450 students at a time. Students get nutritious and [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian food]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Video - Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School|url=https://wn.com/shri_ramswaroop_memorial_private_school|website=wn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sports & Games==<br />
Each boy or girl has to choose a sport in which they receive training in the evening. Attendance is taken by the wardens before handing over the students to their respective coaches. The coaches offers training at various levels for different categories of players.<br />
The Sports & Games School has in the evening are: Football, Cricket, Badminton,<br />
Volleyball, Basketball, Kho Kho, Swimming, Judo and Athletics. Carrom &<br />
Chess are among the Board Games that are played at the Inter House levels.<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="169" perrow="3"><br />
File:Javelin Throw.jpg|Javelin Throw<br />
File:Judo-Karate.jpg|Judo-Karate<br />
File:Basket Ball Practice.jpg|Basketball Practice<br />
File:Basket Ball.jpg|Volleyball<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Image gallery==<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="169" perrow="3"><br />
File:School Staff.jpg|School Staff<br />
File:SRMPS School Building.jpg|SRMPS - School Building<br />
File:SRMPS - School Assembly.jpg|SRMPS - School Building<br />
File:School Assembly.jpg|SRMPS - School Assembly<br />
File:SRMPS Computer Lab.jpg|SRMPS Computer Lab<br />
File:Physics Lab Practical.jpg|SRMPS - Physics Lab Practical<br />
File:Chemistry Lab Practical.jpg|SRMPS - Chemistry Lab Practical<br />
File:SRMPS Library.jpg|Library<br />
File:Dance Activity.jpg|Dance Activity<br />
File:Student with Instrumet.jpg|SRMPS - Student with Instrument<br />
File:Music In SRMPS.jpg|Music<br />
File:SRMPS Dance.jpg|Dance<br />
File:Football Match.jpg|Football Match<br />
File:Kiran Bedi Visit.jpg|Kiran Bedi Visit<br />
File:SRMPS Swimming Pool.jpg|SRMPS Swimming Pool<br />
File:SRMPS Transport.jpg|SRMPS Transport<br />
File:Hostel Building.jpg|Hostel Building<br />
File:SRMPS - Hostel Room.jpg|Hostel Room<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]</div>ChristinTrickett