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Extrajudicial killing

2026-05-28T16:32:18Z

Christi2099:

{{Short description|Delibrate killing of person without authority}}
{{Pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

[[File:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado thin black margin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|This painting, ''[[The Third of May 1808]]'' by [[Francisco Goya]], depicts the [[summary execution]] of Spaniards by French forces after the [[Dos de Mayo Uprising]] in [[Madrid]].]]

An '''extrajudicial killing''' (also known as an '''extrajudicial execution''' or an '''extralegal killing''')<ref name="verafiles">{{cite web |author1=VERA Files |date=14 November 2017 |title=VERA FILES FACT SHEET: 'Extra-legal' and 'extrajudicial' killings, explained |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-sheet-extra-legal-and-extrajudicial-killings |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=VERA Files }}</ref> is the outright [[homicide|killing]] of a person without the lawful authority granted by a [[Judiciary|judicial proceeding]]. It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in [[authoritarian regime]]s often involves political, [[trade union]], dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the [[human rights]] of the victims have been violated. Deaths [[use of force|caused by legal police actions]] (such as self defense)<ref name="verafiles" /> or legal warfighting on a battlefield<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article/18/2/259/821647?login=false |title=Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities |journal=Journal of Conflict and Security Law |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=259–288 |doi=10.1093/jcsl/krt007 |date=31 May 2013|doi-access=free |last1=Bachmann |first1=S.-D. }}</ref> are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including [[lynching]]s and [[honor killing]]s.

==Examples of executions without lawful trial in the history==

*Thomas Cromwell (1540): Because of his legal genius, his enemies did not risk a trial. Instead, he was condemned by a bill of attainder—a legislative act that declared him guilty without a trial.

*Concino Concini (1617): Apprehended on the bridge of the Louvre castle, Concini was killed by guards after allegedly calling out "À moi !" ("To me!") for help, which was interpreted as resistance. The action was the result of a secret plot organised by king Louis XIII. and de Luynes, which was then executed by L'Hôpital.
Concini had to be eliminated because he was perceived by Louis as a menace—a powerful politician, having a personal army of 7,000 soldiers and important supporters and contacts among the aristocrats of France. After his murder, the Queen Mother was ordered to retire to Blois.

*[[Night of the Long Knives]] (1934)

*[[Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu]] (1989)

== United Nations ==
Morris Tidball-Binz was appointed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions on 1 April 2021 by the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)]].<ref>Morris Tidball-Binz [https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Executions/Pages/Morris-Tidball-Binz.aspx OHCHR]</ref><ref>Special Rapporteur on executions [https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Executions/Pages/SRExecutionsIndex.aspx OHCHR]</ref>

== Human rights groups ==
Many [[human rights]] organizations, including [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]], campaign against extrajudicial punishment.<ref name="amnesty19961201">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr29%2f015%2f1996&language=en|title=El Salvador: The spectre of death squads|website=Amnesty International |date=December 1, 1996 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/|title=The Project on Extrajudicial Executions home|website= extrajudicialexecutions.org|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031004654/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council|title= UN independent expert on extrajudicial killings urges action on reported incidents|website=United Nations News Service |date=28 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701100736/https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council#.WVd0arfP1qY |archive-date= 2017-07-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/|title=Death-Squad Democracy |agency= Newsweek |website= MSNBC |first1=Christopher |last1=Dickey |date=Jan 11, 2005 |access-date=2008-01-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101220002/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/|archive-date=1 November 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/|title='The Salvador Option' |agency= Newsweek |publisher= MSNBC |date=2005-01-14 |first1=Michael |last1=Hirsh |first2=John |last2=Barry |access-date=2006-05-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809021749/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/|archive-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref>

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|access-date=2022-03-09|website=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}</ref> measures the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution for countries around the world, using a survey of in-country human rights experts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Right to freedom from disappearance - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|access-date=2022-03-09|website=rightstracker.org|language=en}}</ref>

== International law ==

=== Law of war ===
{{Main|Law of war}}
Article 3(d) of the [[First Geneva Convention]] explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,1949 - 3 - Article 3 : Conflicts not of an international character - Commentary of 2016 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/full/GCI-commentaryArt3 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org}}</ref>

== Africa ==

=== Burundi ===

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Burundi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/30/burundi348-extrajudicial-killings-in-a-year-un/|title=Burundi: 348 'extrajudicial' killings in 12 months - UN|last=AfricaNews|date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2015/12/burundi-extrajudicial-executions-and-systematic-killings-must-be-investigated/|title=Burundi: Extrajudicial executions and systematic killings must be investigated|date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Democratic Republic of the Congo ===

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52759#.V9Gk9P_r0qQ|title=UN News - DR Congo: UN report accuses security forces of summary executions and death threats ahead of elections|first=United Nations News Service|last=Section|date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Egypt ===

{{Main|Extrajudicial executions in Egypt}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39670873|title=Egyptian soldiers accused of killing unarmed Sinai men in leaked video|work=BBC News|date=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|title=2,978 cases of extra-judicial killings in 3 years - EgyptWatch|date=8 September 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801162416/http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/egypt-rights-group-says-754-extrajudicial-killings-in-2016|title=Egypt rights group says 754 extrajudicial killings in 2016|website=[[Fox News]]|date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|title=March Horrific Harvest: Hundreds of 'Disappeared', Tortured and 177 Extrajudicial Killings - Egyptian Coordination for rights and freedoms|website=ecrfeg.org|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801155944/http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|archive-date=2017-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/1/25/egypt-police-carry-out-extrajudicial-execution-in-north-sinai|title=Egypt police carry out 'extrajudicial execution' in North Sinai|first=The New|last=Arab|date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/07/egypt-shootouts-disguise-apparent-extrajudicial-executions|title=Egypt: 'Shootouts' Disguise Apparent Extrajudicial Executions|accessdate=7 September 2021|website=HRW|date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

=== Eritrea ===

The 2019 [[Universal Periodic Review]] of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] found that in 2016, [[Eritrea]]n authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder".<ref name="UNHRC_Eritrea_2019" />

=== Ethiopia ===
{{See also|War crimes in the Tigray War}}

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|title=Ethiopia – extrajudicial killing/torture/arbitrary arrests|publisher=World Organisation Against Torture|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044752/http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208200590.html|publisher=AllAfrica|author=Arubi, Emma|date=20 August 2012|title=Nigeria: Delta Community Alleges Extrajudicial Killing by Soldiers|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140418002224/http://allafrica.com/stories/201208200590.html|archive-date=2014-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/africa/kenya|title=Kenya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/23/uganda-torture-extortion-killings-police-unit|title=Uganda: Torture, Extortion, Killings by Police Unit|date=23 March 2011}}</ref>

=== Ivory Coast ===
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/53437/cote-d-ivoire-un-demands-inquiry-into-13-torture-deaths|title=Cote d'Ivoire: UN demands inquiry into 13 torture deaths|date=16 March 2005|access-date=2 November 2012|publisher=IRIN Africa}}</ref>

=== Kenya ===
Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missingvoices.or.ke/|title=Missing Voices – A group of organisations who have the mission to shine light upon extrajudicial killings.|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127101312/https://missingvoices.or.ke/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter-terrorism operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/18/kenya-killings-disappearances-anti-terror-police|title=Kenya: Killings, Disappearances by Anti-Terror Police|date=2014-08-18|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

=== Libya ===
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/libya-in-year-update-july-2015/libya-in-year-update-july-2015|title=Libya - in-year update July 2015 - gov.uk}}</ref>

== Americas ==

=== Argentina ===
{{Main|Argentine Dirty War}}
[[File:Operation Condor participants.svg|thumb|[[Operation Condor]] participants: {{legend striped|#71c934|#008100|active members}} {{legend|#000081|collaborators}}]]

[[Argentina]]'s [[National Reorganization Process]] military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "[[Dirty War]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-131783-2009-09-15.html|title=Página/12 :: El país :: Veinticinco años del informe de la Conadep|website=www.pagina12.com.ar}}</ref> or what is known in Spanish as ''La Guerra Sucia''. During this violent period, it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime.<ref name="TottenBartropJacobs2008">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Genocide, Volume 1|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|last2=Bartrop|first2=Paul Robert|last3=Jacobs|first3=Steven|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=9780313329678|location=Westport, CT|pages=114}}</ref> These included [[intellectual]]s, labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives.<ref name="HorvitzCatherwood2014">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide|last1=Horvitz|first1=Leslie Alan|last2=Catherwood|first2=Christopher|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781438110295|location=New York|pages=124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition|last1=Combs|first1=Cindy|last2=Slann|first2=Martin|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0816062775|location=New York|pages=19}}</ref> Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called ''[[Navy Petty-Officers School|Escuela de Mecanica de la Armada]]''.<ref name="TottenBartropJacobs2008" /> The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from [[Insurgency|insurgents]].<ref name="HorvitzCatherwood2014" />

=== Brazil ===
[[File:-Luciana50 • Debate PartidA com Luciana Boiteux • 22 09 2016 (30626801542).jpg|thumb|[[Brazil]]ian politician [[Marielle Franco]] had been an outspoken critic of extrajudicial killings. She was assassinated in March 2018.]]

Extrajudicial killings and death squads [[Death squads in Brazil|are common in Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/04/brazil-surge-in-killings-by-police-sparks-fear-in-favelas-ahead-of-rio-olympics/|title=Brazil: Surge in killings by police sparks fear in favelas ahead of Rio Olympics|date=27 April 2016|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/07/good-cops-are-afraid/toll-unchecked-police-violence-rio-de-janeiro|title=Good Cops Are Afraid|date=7 July 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/brazil-trigger-happy-military-police-kill-hundreds-as-rio-prepares-for-olympic-countdown/|title=Brazil: 'Trigger happy' military police kill hundreds as Rio prepares for Olympic countdown|date=3 August 2015|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/04/world/brazil-amnesty-international-police-killings/index.html|title=Amnesty International report slams killings by police in Rio de Janeiro|last1=Fantz|first1=Ashley|last2=Castillo|first2=Mariano|date=6 August 2015|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/cops-in-rio-keep-killing-people-ahead-of-brazils-olympics-report-says/|title=Cops in Rio keep killing people ahead of Brazil's Olympics, report says|last=Janowitz|first=Nathaniel|date=7 July 2016|work=VICE News}}</ref> Senator [[Flávio Bolsonaro]], son of President [[Jair Bolsonaro]], was accused of having ties to death squads.<ref>{{cite news|title=Video: As Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Prepares to Meet Donald Trump, His Family's Close Ties to Notorious Paramilitary Gangs Draw Scrutiny and Outrage|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/18/jair-bolsonaro-family-militias-gangs-brazil/|work=The Intercept|date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Chile ===
{{See also|Operation Condor|Death squads in Chile}}
[[File:Orlando Letelier, Washingron DC, 1976 (de Marcelo Montecino).jpg|thumb|Chilean economist [[Orlando Letelier]], who [[Assassination of Orlando Letelier|was assassinated]] in Washington, D.C. by Pinochet's secret police in 1976]]
When General [[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], he immediately ordered the purges, torture, and deaths of more than 3,000 supporters of the [[Presidency of Salvador Allende|previous democratic socialist government]] without trial.<ref>{{Cite book|title=War Crimes and Justice: A Reference Handbook|last=Ball|first=Howard|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=157607899X|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=33}}</ref> During his [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|regime]], which lasted from 1973 to 1989, elements of the [[Chilean Armed Forces]] and [[carabineros de Chile|police]] continued committing extrajudicial killings. These included Manuel Contreras, the former head of Chile's [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|National Intelligence Directorate]] (DINA), which served as Pinochet's [[secret police]]. He was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and [[forced disappearance]] of [[Socialist Party of Chile]] leader [[Victor Olea Alegria]]. Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called [[Operation Condor]]. There were reports of United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement, particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti-Communist coups.<ref name="Geraghty2012">{{Cite book|title=Black Ops: The Rise of Special Forces in the CIA, the SAS, and Mossad|last=Geraghty|first=Tony|publisher=Pegasus Books|year=2012|isbn=9781605987613|location=New York}}</ref> While CIA's complicity was not proven, American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration.<ref name="Geraghty2012" /> CIA, for instance, helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/predatorystateso00mcsh|url-access=limited|last=McSherry|first=Patrice|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=9780742536876|location=Lanham, MD|pages=[https://archive.org/details/predatorystateso00mcsh/page/n101 71]}}</ref>

=== Colombia ===
{{Main|Death squads in Colombia|Colombian conflict}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33253853|title=Colombia's top army officers 'knew of extrajudicial killings'|first=Natalio|last=Cosoy|work=BBC News|date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

An investigation of the [[Special Jurisdiction for Peace]] found that from 2002 to 2008, 6402 civilians were killed by the [[Government of Colombia]], falsely claimed to be [[FARC]] rebels by the [[Military Forces of Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56112386|title=Peace court: Colombia army 'behind 6,400 extrajudicial killings' |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2021 }}</ref>

=== El Salvador ===
{{Main|Death squads in El Salvador}}
Extrajudicial killings and [[death squads in El Salvador|death squads]] are common in [[El Salvador]].<ref name="amnesty19961201"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html|title=El Salvador: War, Peace, and Human Rights, 1980–1994|publisher=Gwu.edu|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wola.org/analysis/amid-rising-violence-el-salvador-fails-address-reports-extrajudicial-killings/|title=Amid Rising Violence, El Salvador Fails to Address Reports of Extrajudicial Killings|last=wola|website=WOLA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>
During the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, [[1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador|four Americans—three nuns and a lay worker—were raped and murdered]] by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as [[Rutilio Grande]]. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the [[Salvadoran Armed Forces]], which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration,{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Honduras ===
{{Main|Death squads in Honduras}}
[[Honduras]] also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was [[Battalion 316]]. Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html|title=When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty.|first=Gary Cohn and Ginger|last=Thompson|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20141029001805/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html|archive-date=2014-10-29}}</ref>

=== Jamaica ===
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Jamaica]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp|title=Louis-Jodel Chamblain – Convicted assassin and leader of death squads|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121183203/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp|archive-date=21 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gayrights/story/0,12592,1659296,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Jamaican gay activist shot dead after being abducted|first=Gary|last=Younge|date=6 December 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Eisner |first=Peter |date=16 March 2004 |title=Aristide Back in Caribbean Heat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61549-2004Mar15_2.html |access-date=2 May 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} Note: first page of this article is missing from The Washington Post website, but can be found here [http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025210/http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm|date=2014-04-19}}</ref>

=== Mexico ===
{{Main|Mexican Dirty War|Mexican drug war}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20143&LangID=E|title="Extrajudicial killings and impunity persist in Mexico" – UN rights expert's follow-up report}}</ref>

=== Suriname ===
{{Main|December murders}}
On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized [[Dési Bouterse]]'s ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the [[December murders]]. The acting commander of the army [[Dési Bouterse]] was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on 29 November 2019.

=== United States ===
{{Further information|Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States}}
Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0–10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rightstracker.org/en/country/USA?as=hi&tab=report-physint | title=United States }}</ref>

==== Lynching ====
{{Main|Lynching in the United States}}
[[Lynching]] was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' [[Antebellum South|pre–Civil War South]] in the 1830s and ended during the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] [[African Americans]] were [[End of slavery in the United States of America|emancipated]], they became the primary targets of [[white Southerners]]. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimised [[Ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]]. Most of the lynchings occurred in the [[Southern United States|American South]] because the majority of African Americans lived there, but [[Racism in the United States|racially motivated]] lynchings also occurred in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror |url=https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/report/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=lynchinginamerica.eji.org}}</ref>

==== Targeted killing ====
{{Main|Targeted killing|Disposition Matrix}}

One issue regarding extrajudicial killing is the legal and moral status of [[Targeted killing#Use by United States government|targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States]].

Section 3(a) of the [[United States]] [[Torture Victim Protection Act]] contains a definition of extrajudicial killing:

{{blockquote|a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.<ref>{{citation|title=Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 6, May 9, 2001 to May 21 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC&pg=PA7897|date=October 2005|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|page=7897|id=GGKEY:2126SDPKSFJ|isbn = 9780160729669}}</ref>}}

There had been just under 2,500 assassinations by targeted [[drone strike]] by 2015, and these too have been questioned as being extrajudicial killings.<ref name="Drone Strikes">{{cite web|last1=Serle|first1=Jack|title=Almost 2,500 now killed by cover US drone strikes|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2015-02-02/almost-2-500-now-killed-by-covert-us-drone-strikes-since-obama-inauguration-six-years-ago-the-bureaus-report-for-january-2015|website=The Bureau|access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref>

Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas [[counter-terrorism]] activities have been raised by lawyers, news firms<ref name=OBLQ>{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Aiden|title=Osama Bin Laden: Legality of Killing questioned|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318372|access-date=16 June 2017|agency=BBC News|work=BBC News|date=12 May 2011}}</ref> and private citizens.

==== President Barack Obama ====
On 30 September 2011 a [[Drone strikes in Yemen|drone strike in Yemen]] killed American citizens [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] and [[Samir Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0|title=Two-Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen|date=30 September 2011|author1=Mazzetti, Mark|author2=Schmitt, Eric|author3=Worth, Robert F.|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504075820/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0|archive-date=2014-05-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Both resided in [[Yemen]] at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by [[Barack Obama]] in 2010, and was challenged by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood Massacre]] and the [[2009 Christmas Day bomb plot]], the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-date=2022-01-12|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|title=Barack Obama orders killing of US cleric Anwar al-Awlaki|date=7 April 2010|location=London|first=Tom|last=Leonard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The following month, al-Awlaki's son [[Abdulrahman al-Awlaki]], an [[United States nationality law#Birth within the United States|American citizen]], was killed by another US drone strike<ref name=NYT031013>{{cite news|title = How a U.S. Citizen Came to Be in America's Cross Hairs|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html|access-date = 10 March 2013|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = 9 March 2013|author= Mark Mazzetti|author2 = Charlie Savage|author3-link = Scott Shane|author3 = Scott Shane|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422052044/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=2014-04-22|url-status = live|author-link = Mark Mazzetti|author2-link = Charlie Savage (author) }}</ref> and in January 2017 [[Nawar al-Awlaki]], al-Awlaki's eight-year-old daughter, also an American citizen and half-sister of Abdulrahman, was shot to death during the [[raid on Yakla]] by American forces<ref name="demnow">{{cite interview|last=Scahill|first=Jeremy|subject-link=Jeremy Scahill|last2=Kebriaei|first2=Pardiss|last3=Shiban|first3=Baraa|subject-link3=Baraa Shiban|interviewer=[[Amy Goodman]]|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/2/3/yemen_jeremy_scahill_advocates_question_success|title=Yemen: Jeremy Scahill & Advocates Question "Success" of Trump Raid That Killed 24 Civilians|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|date=3 February 2017|publisher=[[Pacifica Foundation]]|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117074840/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/2/3/yemen_jeremy_scahill_advocates_question_success|archive-date=2018-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> along with between 9<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|date=2017-01-30|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/yemen-170129101045539.html|title=Yemeni civilians killed in first US raid under Trump: At least 10 women and children killed in operation targeting al-Qaeda in southern province of al-Bayda, medics say|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224534/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/yemen-170129101045539.html|archive-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> and 29<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Osborne|first=Samuel|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/yemen-raid-us-navy-seal-30-civlians-killed-donald-trump-first-operation-no-intelligence-actionable-a7607181.html|title=Raid authorised by Trump that killed 31 people produced no valuable intelligence, officials say|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=2 March 2017|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121233336/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/yemen-raid-us-navy-seal-30-civlians-killed-donald-trump-first-operation-no-intelligence-actionable-a7607181.html|archive-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> other civilians, up to 14 al-Qaeda fighters, and American [[Navy SEAL]] [[William Owens (Navy SEAL)|William Owens]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/yemen-strike-eight-year-old-american-girl-killed-al-awlaki|title=Eight-year-old American girl 'killed in Yemen raid approved by Trump'|last1=Ackerman|first1=Spencer|date=2017-02-01|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2017-03-03|last2=Burke|first2=Jason|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Borger|first3=Julian}}</ref>

==== President Donald Trump ====
President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include:
* [[Qasem Soleimani]], killed in Baghdad by a drone strike on 3 January 2020

The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that [[Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah]] was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.<ref name=AAA>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/al-masri-abdullah-qaeda-dead.html|title=Al Qaeda's No. 2, Accused in U.S. Embassy Attacks, Was Killed in Iran|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 November 2020 |last1=Goldman |first1=Adam |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Fassihi |first3=Farnaz |last4=Bergman |first4=Ronen }}</ref>

'''Comments on Michael Reinoehl's death'''
{{Main|Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl}}

On 3 September 2020, a law enforcement officer in [[Lacey, Washington]] fatally shot [[Michael Forest Reinoehl]] during a shootout. Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials. However, there were conflicting witness reports, most notably Nathaniel Dingess, who told ''[[The New York Times]]'', that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on the phone and eating candy without verbal warning.<ref name="bernstein1">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Maxine|title=Witness says officers never gave commands before firing at Michael Reinoehl outside WA apartment|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2020/09/witness-says-officers-never-gave-commands-before-firing-at-michael-reinoehl-outside-wa-apartment.html|access-date=11 September 2020|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=9 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="davis1">{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Charles|title=Eyewitness claims police killed 'antifa' Portland murder suspect before giving any commands|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/eyewitness-claims-police-killed-antifa-portland-murder-suspect-before-giving-any-commands/articleshow/78032670.cms|access-date=11 September 2020|newspaper=Business Insider|date=10 September 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211205000041/https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/eyewitness-claims-police-killed-antifa-portland-murder-suspect-before-giving-any-commands/articleshow/78032670.cms|archive-date=2021-12-05}}</ref><ref name="WPPoliceshot">{{Cite news|last=Elfrink|first=Tim|date=10 September 2020|title=Police shot Portland slaying suspect without warning or trying to arrest him first, witness says|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/09/10/reinoehl-portland-antifa-killing-police/|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Conrad Wilson|title=Investigators complete review of federal police shooting that killed wanted Portland activist|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/03/31/investigation-federal-police-shooting-wanted-portland-activist/|access-date=2 April 2021|work=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]|date=31 March 2021|language=en|quote=According to the Thurston County investigators reviewing the case, Reinoehl “initiated” an exchange of gunfire with officers before he was killed}}</ref> Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elfrink|first1=Tim|title=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/09/10/reinoehl-portland-antifa-killing-police/|access-date=4 December 2021|publisher=TheWashingtonPost|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Reinoehl was a self-described [[Antifa (United States)|Antifa]] activist who was charged of second-degree murder by the [[Portland Police Bureau]] following the fatal shooting on 29 August 2020, of a [[Patriot Prayer]] supporter, [[Aaron J. Danielson]], in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maxine Bernstein|title=Michael Reinoehl appeared to target right-wing demonstrator before fatal shooting in Portland, police say|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2020/09/arrest-warrant-against-michael-reinoehl-for-2nd-degree-murder-unlawful-use-of-a-firearm-unsealed.html|access-date=2 April 2021|work=[[The Oregonian]]|date=5 September 2020|language=en|quote=Portland police obtained a warrant Thursday afternoon charging Reinoehl with second-degree murder with a weapon and unlawful use of a weapon.}}</ref> In a ''[[Fox News]]'' cable television interview 12 September 2020, hosted by [[Jeanine Pirro]], President Trump commenting on Reinoehl's death said, "''This guy [Reinoehl] was a violent criminal, and the [[United States Marshal Service|U.S. Marshals]] killed him {{nowrap|... }} And I will tell you something – that's the way it has to be''".<ref name="Fox-News w/Pirro 2020 Sep 12" /> At an [[List of post-election Donald Trump rallies#General Election rallies (June 2020–present)|October 15, 2020 rally]] in [[Greenville, North Carolina]] he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting. Trump said "''they didn't want to arrest him''", which ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' characterized as Trump describing Reinoehl's death as an extrajudicial killing.<ref name="Dickinson20201015">{{cite magazine|last1=Dickinson|first1=Tim|author-link1=Tim Dickinson|date=2020-10-15|title=Trump Claims — and Celebrates — Extrajudicial Killing of Antifa Activist: Crowd cheers Trump at a North Carolina rally as he describes Michael Reinoehl's killing at the hands of U.S. Marshals|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-celebrates-law-enforcement-killing-antifa-activist-we-got-him-1076384/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|issn=0035-791X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020043641/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-celebrates-law-enforcement-killing-antifa-activist-we-got-him-1076384/|archive-date=2020-10-20|url-status=live}}</ref> although in a statement immediately after the death the [[United States Marshals Service]] had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl.<ref name="Dickinson20201015"/><ref name="MarshPR">{{cite press release|date=2020-09-04|title=U.S. Marshals Statement on the Officer-Involved Shooting in Olympia, Washington, Sept. 3|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2020/090420.htm|url-status=live|type=Press release|publisher=[[United States Marshals Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905164241/https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2020/090420.htm|archive-date=2020-09-05|quote=The fugitive task force located Reinoehl in Olympia and attempted to peacefully arrest him. Initial reports indicate the suspect produced a firearm, threatening the lives of law enforcement officers. Task force members responded to the threat and struck the suspect who was pronounced dead at the scene.}}</ref>

==== President Joe Biden ====
President [[Joe Biden]] continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include:
* [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], killed in Kabul by a drone strike on 31 July 2022. {{Main|Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri}}

==== Second Trump presidency ====
{{See also|2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats}}

=== Venezuela ===
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela|Colectivo (Venezuela)}}

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Report 2002: Venezuela|url=http://hrw.org/wr2k2/americas10.html|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Report 2003: Venezuela|url=http://hrw.org/wr2k3/americas10.html|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]] almost 18,000 people have been killed by security forces in [[Venezuela]] since 2016 for "resistance to authority" and many of these killings may constitute [[extrajudicial execution]].<ref name="Maduro">{{cite web|title=Venezuela: Extrajudicial Killings in Poor Areas Pattern of Serious Police Abuse Goes Unpunished|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/18/venezuela-extrajudicial-killings-poor-areas|website=Human Rights Watch|date=18 September 2019}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] estimated that there were more than 8,200 extrajudicial killings in Venezuela from 2015 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|author1=McKenzie, David |author2=Vasco Cotovio |date=30 April 2019|title=The women fighting to solve hundreds of mysterious murders in Venezuela|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/30/americas/venezuela-special-action-force-faes-accused-deaths-intl/index.html|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref>

Ahead of a three-week session of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], the OHCHR chief, [[Michelle Bachelet]], visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019.<ref name="reutersBacheletvisit">{{Cite news|last1=Pons|first1=Corina|last2=Castro|first2=Shaylim|date=22 June 2019|title=U.N. rights chief Bachelet urges Venezuela to release prisoners|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-un-idUSKCN1TM2BR|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudicial killings and urged for the dissolution of the [[Special Action Forces]] (FAES).<ref name="Fr24Michellereport">{{Cite web|date=5 July 2019|title=UN report cites 'shockingly high' number of likely 'executions' in Venezuela|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190705-venezuela-united-nations-report-michelle-bachelet-human-rights|access-date=10 July 2019|website=France 24}}</ref> The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.<ref name="Fr24Michellereport" />

== Asia ==

=== Afghanistan ===
{{see also| Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) | Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry | Islamic State – Khorasan Province | Brereton Report | Australian war crimes }}

[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch|title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=3 March 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] alleged in its report from March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/03/03/today-we-shall-all-die/afghanistans-strongmen-and-legacy-impunity|title=Today We Shall All Die|date=3 March 2015|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

=== Azerbaijan ===
Azerbaijani forces have performed extrajudicial executions of the ethnic Armenians of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], including both civilians<ref>{{cite web |title=Azeri troops shoot Armenian war prisoners dead |url=https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/286591/ |access-date=2020-10-15 |publisher=Panarmenian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=An Execution in Hadrut |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2020/10/15/an-execution-in-hadrut-karabakh/ |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=Bellingcat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2020 |title=Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 'Execution' video prompts war crime probe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54645254 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and prisoners of war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Armenia's Move to Join the ICC a Strategic Necessity or Geopolitical Suicide? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2023/06/is-armenias-move-to-join-the-icc-a-strategic-necessity-or-geopolitical-suicide?lang=en |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en |quote=Advocates of ratification cite the extrajudicial execution of at least seven Armenian soldiers taken prisoner by Azerbaijani troops—an alleged war crime—during the September [2022] incursion into Armenia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tip of the Iceberg |url=https://humanrightsnetwork.shorthandstories.com/the-tip-of-the-iceberg-NK/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=humanrightsnetwork.shorthandstories.com |language=en |quote=We documented atrocities perpetrated by Azerbaijani forces against ethnic Armenians during the 44-Day Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, after the ceasefire, during the 2022 attacks in sovereign Armenia, as well as in times of relative peace. Among these are extrajudicial killings of civilians, including the elderly and disabled; enforced disappearance of Armenian troops; torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners of war; death threats, intimidation, and harassment of residents of border communities; and life-threatening restrictions on freedom of movement and access to vital infrastructure.}}</ref><ref name="citystgeorges.ac.uk">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=A Serious Risk of Genocide: Recent Developments in Nagorno-Karabakh {{!}} City St George's, University of London |url=https://www.citystgeorges.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/06/a-serious-risk-of-genocide-recent-developments-in-nagorno-karabakh |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=A Serious Risk of Genocide: Recent Developments in Nagorno-Karabakh |language=en-GB}}</ref> These executions have been characterized by various sources as acts of [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avedian |first=Vahagn |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003315773 |title=The Theory of Collective Reconciliation |date=2024-07-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-31577-3 |location=London |page=1 |doi=10.4324/9781003315773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Nikama |date=2024-11-11 |title=Human rights report accuses Azerbaijan of ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://jam-news.net/human-rights-report-accuses-azerbaijan-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-nagorno-karabakh%EF%BF%BC%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Jamnews in English |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Becker |first=Thomas |date=2024-03-05 |title=Thomas Becker: Ethnic cleansing in our time in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.courant.com/2024/03/05/thomas-becker-ethnic-cleansing-in-our-time-in-nagorno-karabakh/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Hartford Courant |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Genocide Watch]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch 1 |first=Dr Gregory H. Stanton-President Genocide |date=2024-07-25 |title=The Genocide We Can't Afford to Ignore |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/the-genocide-we-can-t-afford-to-ignore |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref> and various UN officials,<ref>{{cite web |author=United Nations Human Rights Council |date=2023-02-27 |title=Written statement submitted by Association of Women with University Education, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/085/10/pdf/g2408510.pdf |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=A/HRC/52/NGO/257 |publisher=United Nations |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=University Network for Human Rights |date=August 2024 |title="We Are No One: How Impunity for Three Years of Atrocities Is Erasing Nagorno-Karabakh's Armenians" |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66a134337e960f229da81434/t/66f6df5f5edc4342fc0b34dd/1727455082457/We%2Bare%2BNo%2BOne_August%2B2024_compressed.pdf |access-date=2025-07-18 |publisher=University Network for Human Rights |page=201}}</ref> including the [[Committee Against Torture|U.N. Committee against Torture]] (CAT),<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAT/C/AZE/CO/5: Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Azerbaijan |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/concluding-observations/catcazeco5-concluding-observations-fifth-periodic-report |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=OHCHR |page=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Ghazanchyan |first1=Siranush |title=UN Committee Against Torture issues findings on Azerbaijan and mistreatment of Armenians - Public Radio of Armenia |work=Public Radio of Armenia |url=https://en.armradio.am/2024/05/11/un-committee-against-torture-issues-findings-on-azerbaijan-and-mistreatment-of-armenians/ |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522182650/https://en.armradio.am/2024/05/11/un-committee-against-torture-issues-findings-on-azerbaijan-and-mistreatment-of-armenians/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Are There No Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh? |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2024/why-are-there-no-armenians-nagorno-karabakh |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Freedom House |page=80 |language=en}}</ref> have expressed concern over the ethnic dimension of these executions. [[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention|The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] noted that Azerbaijan's escalating human rights violations against Armenians—including extrajudicial executions— may represent acts preparatory to genocide and align with the [[Risk factors for genocide#UN risk assessment "Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes"|UN's Genocide Risk Factor 7]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Lemkin Institute Report on Genocide Risks in Artsakh |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/lemkin-institute-report-on-genocide-risks-in-artsakh |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Genocide Watch |pages=78, 115, 123 |language=en}}</ref> Many victims have been elderly or disabled who could not flee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tip of the Iceberg |url=https://humanrightsnetwork.shorthandstories.com/the-tip-of-the-iceberg-NK/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=University Network for Human Rights |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=We are No One: How Three Years of Atrocities Led to the Ethnic Cleansing of Nagorno-Karabakh's Armenians |url=https://humanrightsnetwork.shorthandstories.com/we-are-no-one/we-are-no-one-all-chapters/chapter-4-unlawful-killings-and-mutilation-of-the-deceased/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=University Network for Human Rights |language=en |quote=Elderly and disabled civilians appeared to have been incidentally or specifically targeted. In numerous cases, special brutality appeared to have been reserved for these most vulnerable civilians.}}</ref> An investigation by University Network for Human Rights corroborated 150 cases of extrajudicial executions, with the majority of them occurring after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66a134337e960f229da81434/t/66f6df5f5edc4342fc0b34dd/1727455082457/We%2Bare%2BNo%2BOne_August%2B2024_compressed.pdf |title=We Are No One: How Impunity for Three Years of Atrocities Is Erasing Nagorno-Karabakh's Armenians |author=University Network for Human Rights |date=August 2024 |publisher=University Network for Human Rights |pages=77–103 |access-date=2025-07-18 |chapter=Chapter 4: Unlawful Killings and Mutilation of the Deceased}}</ref> Human rights advocates stated that the widespread nature of extrajudicial executions, often broadcast on social media by Azeri soldiers,<ref name="University Network for Human Rights-2024">{{cite web |author=University Network for Human Rights |date=August 2024 |title=We Are No One: How Impunity for Three Years of Atrocities Is Erasing Nagorno-Karabakh's Armenians |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66a134337e960f229da81434/t/66f6df5f5edc4342fc0b34dd/1727455082457/We%2Bare%2BNo%2BOne_August%2B2024_compressed.pdf |access-date=2025-07-18 |publisher=University Network for Human Rights |pages=77–103}}</ref> suggests a systematic practice aimed at instilling fear among the population,<ref>{{cite report |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66a134337e960f229da81434/t/66f6df5f5edc4342fc0b34dd/1727455082457/We%2Bare%2BNo%2BOne_August%2B2024_compressed.pdf |title=We Are No One: How Impunity for Three Years of Atrocities Is Erasing Nagorno-Karabakh's Armenians |author=University Network for Human Rights |date=August 2024 |publisher=University Network for Human Rights |page=104 |quote="...the widespread nature and cruelty of these killings suggest a systematic practice within the Azerbaijani state forces, rather than isolated or fringe cases." |access-date=2025-07-18 |chapter=Chapter 4: Unlawful Killings and Mutilation of the Deceased}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-11 |title=Human rights report accuses Azerbaijan of ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://jam-news.net/human-rights-report-accuses-azerbaijan-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-nagorno-karabakh%EF%BF%BC%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=JAMnews |language=en-US |quote='We have documented several systemic and severe human rights violations and international crimes. It’s crucial to highlight that these actions were widespread, systematic, and part of Azerbaijan’s state policy aimed at cleansing the territory of ethnic Armenians.'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Are There No Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh? |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2024/why-are-there-no-armenians-nagorno-karabakh |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Freedom House |page=16 |language=en}}</ref> and humiliating the families of the deceased.<ref name="University Network for Human Rights-2024" />

=== Bangladesh ===
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances in Bangladesh}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|title=Bangladesh: Release Journalist and Rights Activist - All American Patriots|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223919/http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/93477/bangladesh-calls-for-end-to-torture-extrajudicial-killings|title=Calls for end to torture, extrajudicial killings|publisher=Irinnews.org|date=2016-03-07|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bangladesh-police-accused-of-extrajudicial-killings-in-protest-crackdown/|title=Bangladesh Police Accused of Extrajudicial Killings in Protest Crackdown - VICE News|date=2 February 2015 }}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Police]] special security force [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) has long been known for extrajudicial killing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/05/10/crossfire/continued-human-rights-abuses-bangladeshs-rapid-action-battalion|title=Crossfire|date=10 May 2011|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> In a leaked [[WikiLeaks]] cable it was found that RAB was trained by the [[UK]] government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/wikileaks-cables-british-police-bangladesh-death-squad|title=WikiLeaks cables: Bangladeshi 'death squad' trained by UK government|first1=Fariha|last1=Karim|first2=Ian|last2=Cobain|date=21 December 2010|work=The Guardian}}</ref> 16 RAB officials (sacked afterwards) including Lt Col (sacked) [[Tareque Sayeed]], Major (sacked) Arif Hossain, and Lt Commander (sacked) Masud Rana were given death penalty for abduction, murder, concealing the bodies, conspiracy and destroying evidences in the [[Narayanganj Seven Murder]] case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/35-indicted-narayanganj-7-murder-cases-214357|title=35 indicted in Narayanganj 7-murder cases|date=8 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/02/08/court-indicts-35-including-nur-hossain-three-ex-rab-officials-for-narayanganj-seven-murder|title=Court indicts 35 including Nur Hossain, three ex-RAB officials for Narayanganj seven-murder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/136079/Nur-Hossain-Tarek-among-26-get-death-penalty|title=Ex-AL men, Ex-RAB officials among 26 handed death penalty|newspaper=Prothom Alo|access-date=2017-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119051853/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/136079/Nur-Hossain-Tarek-among-26-get-death-penalty|archive-date=2017-01-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/security-beefed-ahead-nganj-7-murder-verdict-1346107|title=7-murder: Nur Hossain, Rab commander Tareque, 24 others get death|date=2017-01-16|newspaper=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref>

Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of [[Crossfire (Bangladesh)|Crossfire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418|title=Crossfire killings|date=26 August 2015|work=The Daily Star |first1=Taj |last1=Hashmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814093150/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418 |archive-date= 14 Aug 2023 }}</ref> In 2018, many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of "[[2018–2019 Bangladesh drug war|war on drugs]]" in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-drugs-killings/arrested-and-killed-inside-the-bangladesh-prime-ministers-war-on-drugs-idUSKBN1KX0V4 |url-access=limited |title=Arrested and killed: inside the Bangladesh prime minister's war on drugs|last1=Baldwin|first1=Clare|author-link=Clare Baldwin |first2=Ruma |last2=Paul |date=2018-08-13|work=Reuters |access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/25/bangladeshs-philippines-style-drugs-war-creating-atmosphere-of-terror|title=Bangladesh's Philippines-style drugs war creating 'atmosphere of terror'|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|date=2018-05-25|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/08/asia/bangladesh-drug-war-intl/index.html|title=Bangladesh defends war on drugs as body count mounts|publisher=CNN|author1=Swati Gupta|author2=Sugam Pokharel|date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>

The [[United Nations]] criticised the government under [[Sheikh Hasina]] for high rates of extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances, especially the members of [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]], including former elected [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=David |title=UN blasts Bangladesh over extrajudicial killings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/3/29/un-blasts-bangladesh-over-extrajudicial-killings |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== India ===

[[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=18 September 2023 |title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213052028/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |archive-date= 13 Feb 2024 }}</ref>

{{Main|Encounter killings by police}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in India.<ref name="kashmirwatch.com">{{cite web|url=http://kashmirwatch.com/amnesty-international-highlights-extrajudicial-killings-in-kashmir/|title=Amnesty International Highlights Extrajudicial Killings in Kashmir |website=KashmirWatch|date=9 July 2015 |first1=Sajjad |last1=Shaukat |access-date=24 December 2016|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127112532/http://kashmirwatch.com/amnesty-international-highlights-extrajudicial-killings-in-kashmir/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/US-rights-report-slams-India-for-extra-judicial-killings-and-arbitrary-arrests/articleshow/51849294.cms|title=US rights report slams India for 'extra judicial killings' and 'arbitrary arrests' |first1=Bharti |last1=Jain |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240214063242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-rights-report-slams-india-for-extra-judicial-killings-and-arbitrary-arrests/articleshow/51849294.cms |archive-date= 14 Feb 2024 }}</ref><ref name="thewire20160505">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/33787/police-encounters-are-the-dirty-side-of-indian-democracy/|title=Police Encounters are the Dirty Side of Indian Democracy |website=The Wire|first=Prem Shankar|last=Jha |date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801155100/https://thewire.in/33787/police-encounters-are-the-dirty-side-of-indian-democracy/ |archive-date= 1 Aug 2017 }}</ref> A form of extrajudicial killing is called [[police encounter]]s. Such encounters are also being staged by military and other [[security forces]].<ref name="kashmirwatch.com"/><ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref name="thewire20160505"/> Extrajudicial killings are also common in Indian states especially in [[Uttar Pradesh]] where 73 people were killed from March 2017 to March 2019.<ref>{{Cite AV media|last=Zee News|title=List of UP encounters in Yogi Adityanath regime|date=2018-03-25|type=News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPK0tglByDE|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/XPK0tglByDE|archive-date=2021-11-17|url-status=live|access-date=2019-04-06|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Police Encounter on 6 December 2019, by the [[Telangana Police]] in the [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape]] case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing.

{{Main|Secret killings of Assam}}
The secret killings of Assam (1998–2001) was probably the darkest chapter in Assam's political history when relatives, friends, sympathisers of [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] insurgents were systematically killed by unknown assailants. These extrajudicial murders happened in Assam between 1998 and 2001. These extrajudicial killings were conducted by the [[Government of Assam]] using [[SULFA]] members and the security forces in the name of counter-insurgency operations. The victims of these killings were relatives, friends and colleagues of ULFA militants. The most apparent justification for the whole exercise was that it was a tit-for-tat response to the ULFA-sponsored terrorism, especially the killings of their old comrades—the SULFAs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991108-spate-of-clandestine-killings-in-assam-strengthens-public-fears-781612-1999-11-08|title=Spate of clandestine killings in Assam strengthens public fears that the state has adopted new strategy to terrorise suspected ULFA sympathisers|date=8 November 1999|work=India Today|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831174945/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991108-spate-of-clandestine-killings-in-assam-strengthens-public-fears-781612-1999-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/secret-killings-in-assam-400-people-murdered-but-no-one-killed-them-1448896038.html|title=Secret killings in Assam: 400 people murdered. But no one killed them|website=catchnews|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729012929/http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/secret-killings-in-assam-400-people-murdered-but-no-one-killed-them-1448896038.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume9/article1.htm|title=SULFA - Terror By Another Name|website=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103133215/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume9/Article1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://himalmag.com/secret-killings-of-assam-in-literature/|title=The 'secret killings' of Assam in literature|date=1 November 2013|work=Himal SouthAsian|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831174834/http://himalmag.com/secret-killings-of-assam-in-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Secret+Killings+Assam%22"|title=Justice K.N. Saikia Commission Report on Secret Killings of Assam|date=12 March 2016|website=Internet Archive}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
{{See also|Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66}}

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alrc.asia/indonesia-extrajudicial-and-summary-executions-remain-a-serious-problem-despite-legal-guarantees-to-the-right-to-life/|title=INDONESIA: Extrajudicial and summary executions remain a serious problem despite legal guarantees to the right to life – Asian Legal Resource Centre|website=alrc.asia}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Iran}}
{{See also|Chain murders of Iran}}

In the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]] a regime was installed through the efforts of the American [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the British [[MI6]] in which the Shah (hereditary monarch) [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] used [[SAVAK]] death squads (also trained by the CIA) to imprison, torture and/or kill hundreds of dissidents. After the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 revolution]] death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government. In 1983, the CIA gave the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]]—[[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]]—information on [[KGB]] agents in Iran. This information was probably used. The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; however by the 2000s it seems to have almost entirely, if not completely, ceased using them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/12/the-chain-murders-1988-1998.html|title=The Chain Murders|date=14 December 2009|access-date=29 October 2018|website=Tehran Bureau|publisher=PBS|last=Sahim|first=Muhammad}}</ref>

The Dutch secretary of Foreign Affairs [[Stef Blok]] wrote January 2019 to the [[States General of the Netherlands]] that the intelligence service [[General Intelligence and Security Service|AIVD]] had strong indications that Iran is responsible for the murder of Mohammad Reza Kolahi Samadi in 2015 in Almere and of Ahmad Mola Nissi in 2017 in The Hague.<ref>[https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/blok-iran-zat-achter-moorden-in-nederland~bf959962/ Parool]</ref>

On 4 February 2021 Iranian diplomat [[Asadollah Asadi]] and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to [[Iranian diplomat terror plot trial|bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France]].

=== Iraq ===
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Iraq|Sectarian violence in Iraq|Iraqi conflict (2003–present) | Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings in Iraq }}

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Iraq]].<ref>[http://www.g≠lobalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 Torture and Extrajudicial Killings in Iraq] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714130932/http://www.g/|date=14 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr51%2f079%2f2005&language=en|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|title=Proof of US orchestration of Death Squads Killings in Iraq|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200355/http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|title=Soccer Dad: Extrajudicial killings, hamas style|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205440/http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>

Iraq was formed as a [[League of Nations mandate]] by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the [[British Empire]] in the early 20th century, after the [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|break-up of the Ottoman Empire]] in the [[aftermath of World War I]]. The [[United Kingdom]] granted independence to the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] in 1932, on the urging of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]], though the [[British Armed Forces]] retained military bases and transit rights. [[King Ghazi]] of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. [[Anglo-Iraqi War|The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941]] for fear that the government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]] might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his links to the [[Axis powers]]. A military occupation followed the restoration of the [[Hashemites|Hashemite monarchy]], and the occupation ended on 26 October 1947. Iraq was left with a national government led from [[Baghdad]] made up of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ethnicity in key positions of power, ruling over an ad hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culminating in the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist dictatorship]] of [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/9/13/14133/1410/|title=History of Iraq: 1933 - 1939}}</ref>

The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the [[Iraq War]] into three zones: a [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Kurdish ethnic zone]] to the north, a Sunni center and the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] ethnic zone to the south. The [[Secularism|secular]] [[Arab socialism|Arab socialist]] [[Ba'ath Party|Baathist]] leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia (Prime Minister) and Kurdish (President of the Republic) peoples of the nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish ([[Peshmerga]]).

There were [[death squad]]s formed by members of every ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite news|title=U.S. cracks down on Iraq death squads|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/24/iraq.main/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=2006-07-24}}</ref> In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now-Shia [[Iraqi security forces]] (and militia members posing as members of [[Iraqi Police]] or [[Iraqi Armed Forces]]) formed unofficial, unsanctioned, but long-tolerated death squads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1869439,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=US patrols to weed out militias posing as Iraqi police|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|date=11 September 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> They possibly had links to the [[Ministry of Interior (Iraq)|Interior Ministry]] and were popularly known as the '[[black crows]]'. These groups operated night or day. They usually arrested people, then either tortured<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/03/AR2005120300881.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Iraq's Death Squads|date=4 December 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> or killed<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraqs-death-squads-on-the-brink-of-civil-war-467784.html|title=Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war|first1=Andrew|last1=Buncombe|first2=Patrick|last2=Cockburn|work=The Independent|location=London, UK|date=26 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629055833/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraqs-death-squads-on-the-brink-of-civil-war-467784.html|archive-date=2007-06-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> them.

The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni [[insurgency]]. Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na'as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to men; women and children have also been arrested and/or killed.<ref>{{Cite news|title='25,000 civilians' killed in Iraq|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4692589.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2005-07-19}}</ref> Some of these killings have also been part of simple robberies or other criminal activities.

A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of ''[[The New York Times]]'' claimed that the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq]] had modelled the "[[Wolf Brigade (Iraq)|Wolf Brigade]]", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in [[El Salvador]].<ref name=Nytimes050501>{{cite news|title=The Way of the Commandos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/magazine/01ARMY.html?ei=5088&en=f0604488a64924cd&ex=1272686400&pagewanted=all&position=|work=The New York Times|date=2005-05-01|first=Peter|last=Maass|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

Western news organizations such as [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] and [[People (magazine)|''People'']] disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable [[militia]] membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the [[United States]]-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4719252.stm|work=BBC News|title=Iraq 'death squad caught in act'|date=16 February 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

=== Israel ===
{{see also| Targeted killing by Israel | List of Israeli assassinations | Gaza Strip mass graves | Ras Sedr massacre | 2024 Lebanon pager explosions}}

In a report from October 2015, [[Amnesty International]] documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.<ref name=Amnesty>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/israeli-forces-must-end-pattern-of-unlawful-killings-in-west-bank/|title=Israeli forces in Occupied Palestinian Territories must end pattern of unlawful killings|website=www.amnesty.org|date=27 October 2015|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref> Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or [[Israel Defense Forces]] soldiers. Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat, they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force. Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces.<ref name=Amnesty/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/11/israel-opt-investigate-apparent-extrajudicial-execution-at-hebron-hospital/|title=Israel/OPT: Investigate apparent extrajudicial execution at Hebron hospital|website=www.amnesty.org|date=12 November 2015|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/bringing-question-palestine-israel-extra-judicial-killings-151012070120570.html|title=Bringing into question Israel's extrajudicial killings}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' reported 13 November 2020 that [[Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah]] was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.<ref name=AAA/>

Iranian nuclear physicist [[Mohsen Fakhrizadeh]] was killed 27 November 2020 on a rural road in Absard, a city near Tehran. One American official — along with two other intelligence officials — said that Israel was behind the attack on the scientist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-scientist-killed.html|title=Gunmen Assassinate Iran's Top Nuclear Scientist in Ambush, Provoking New Crisis|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-28|last1=Sanger|first1=David E.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|last3=Fassihi|first3=Farnaz|last4=Bergman|first4=Ronen}}</ref>

On 16 March 2023, the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in [[Jenin]]. One motionless victim was shot in the head. According to The Guardian, the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation, [[Breaking the Silence (organization)|Breaking the Silence]], called this an "extrajudicial execution".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/israeli-forces-palestinians-jenin-raid-west-bank-army |title=Palestinians enraged after Israeli forces shoot prone militant in head in Jenin |work=The Guardian |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
{{Main|Forced disappearances in Pakistan}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Pakistan]].<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10667545|work=BBC News|title=Pakistan army accused of extrajudicial killings in Swat|date=16 July 2010|access-date=17 Jul 2010}}</ref> A form of extrajudicial killing called [[encounter killings by police]] is common in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn5">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1389719|title=Rao Anwar and the killing fields of Karachi|website=DAWN|date=16 February 2018|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> Case in point is [[Killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud|Naqeebullah Mehsud]] and [[Sahiwal Killings]]. The [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Province of Balochistan]] has also seen a significant number of disappearances, many of which have been attributed to security forces by residents: anti-government [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch nationalists]] claim thousands of cases and have stated a belief that most of these disappeared persons have been killed.<ref name="HRW; For years">{{cite journal|title="We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years": Enforced Disappearances by Pakistan Security Forces in Balochistan|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/28/we-can-torture-kill-or-keep-you-years/enforced-disappearances-pakistan-security|website=Human Rights Watch, Press Release|date=28 July 2011|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> Official numbers of disappeared persons have varied considerably, ranging between 55 and 1,100 victims.<ref>HRW; For years</ref> Human rights organizations have dubbed this practice as the "kill and dump policy".<ref>{{cite web|title=Balochistan: Pakistan's "Kill and Dump" Policy|url=https://unpo.org/article/19046|website=unpo.org|date=2 November 2009 |publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Philippines ===
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines}}

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/4478954/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-vigilante-killing-deaths/|title=Philippines: Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War Claims 2,400 Lives|first=Rishi|last=Iyengar|date=5 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings Arroyo fails to take steps to end extrajudicial killings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418012506/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings|date=April 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece|work=The Independent|location=London|title=Philippines army accused of killing political activists|first=Justin|last=Huggler|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=May 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123120314/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece|archive-date=November 23, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="pinoyhr.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.pinoyhr.net/|title=STOP Extra-Judicial Killings in the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606120633/http://www.pinoyhr.net/|archive-date=2015-06-06|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/|title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines|publisher=Hrw.org|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128145828/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607//|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592|title=U.N. Rapporteur: Philippines Military Implicated in Extra-Judicial Murders and Political Killings (Radio Pinoy USA)|access-date=2007-11-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604005623/http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592|archive-date=4 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm|title=PC(USA) News: 'Graft and corruption'|access-date=2013-08-24|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810094427/http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm|archive-date=10 August 2009 }}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=March 2025}}

==== Maguindanao massacre ====
{{Main|Maguindanao massacre}}

The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) has called the massacre the single deadliest event for [[journalists]] in history.<ref name="pdi">{{cite news|first=Alcuin|last=Papa|title=Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=2009-11-26|access-date=2010-09-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129120848/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|archive-date=2009-11-29}}</ref> Even prior to this, the CPJ had labeled the [[Philippines]] the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to [[Iraq]].<ref name="pdi" />

==== War on drugs ====
{{Main|Philippine drug war}}

[[File:Philippines Drug War Protest 2.jpg|thumb|Protest against the Philippine war on drugs in front of the Philippine Consulate General in [[New York City]], October 2016]]

Following the victory of [[Rodrigo Duterte]] in the [[2016 Philippine presidential election]], a campaign against illegal drugs has led to widespread extrajudicial killings. This follows the actions by then-Mayor Duterte to roam [[Davao City|Davao]] in order to "encounter to kill".<ref>{{cite news|last=Rauhala|first=Emily|date=14 December 2016|title=Duterte keeps admitting to killing people. His supporters keep shrugging it off.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/12/14/duterte-keeps-admitting-to-killing-people-his-supporters-keep-shrugging-it-off/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=4 January 2017 }} {{cite news|last1=Westcott|first1=Ben|last2=Quiano|first2=Kathy|date=14 December 2016|title=Philippines President Duterte admits killing suspects|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/14/asia/duterte-philippines-davao-killings/|newspaper=CNN }}</ref>

The Philippine president has urged its [[Philippine drug war|citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts]],<ref name="wow">{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Gomez|title=Duterte urges public to kill drug dealers|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/789237/duterte-urges-public-to-kill-drug-dealers|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> ordered the police to adopt a [[Philippine drug war|shoot-to-kill]]<ref name="wew">{{cite news|first=AJ|last=Press|title=Duterte issues "shoot-to-kill" order vs drug criminals who resist arrest|url=http://asianjournal.com/news/duterte-issues-shoot-to-kill-order-vs-drug-criminals-who-resist-arrest%E2%80%AF/|work=[[Asian Journal (newspaper)|Asian Journal]]|access-date=2016-08-05|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124925/http://asianjournal.com/news/duterte-issues-shoot-to-kill-order-vs-drug-criminals-who-resist-arrest%E2%80%AF/|url-status=dead}}</ref> policy, has offered [[Philippine drug war|rewards for killing suspects]],<ref name="waw">{{cite news|first=Straits|last=Times|title=Duterte offers big bounties for suspected criminals|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-offers-big-bounties-for-suspected-criminals|work=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=2016-06-06}}</ref> and has even admitted to personally [[Philippine drug war|killing suspected criminals]].<ref name="wut">{{cite news|title=Duterte admits personally killing suspects|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38311655|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>

The move has sparked widespread condemnation from [[Philippine drug war#International|international publications]]<ref name="wut" /><ref name="wat">{{cite news|first=New York|last=Times|title=They are slaughtering us like animals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/07/world/asia/rodrigo-duterte-philippines-drugs-killings.html|work=[[BBC News]]|date=7 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref name="wet">{{cite news|title=Philippines: Inside Duterte's killer drug war |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/09/philippines-duterte-killer-drug-war-160905094258461.html|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera News]]|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref><ref name="wit">{{cite news|first=The Sydney|last=Morning Herald|title=Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte admits to killing people and abusing drugs |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-admits-to-personally-killing-people-20161214-gtbdjr.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref><ref name="wot">{{cite news|first=Kristine|last=Guerra|title=Duterte's war on drugs has killed hundreds in the Philippines. This could be a huge problem. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/08/22/dutertes-war-on-drugs-has-killed-hundreds-in-the-philippines-this-could-be-a-huge-problem/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref> and [[Rodrigo Duterte#Extrajudicial killings|magazines]],<ref name="what">{{cite news|title=The human toll of the Philippines' war on drugs|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21707299-extrajudicial-killings-have-spiked-election-rodrigo-duterte-human-toll|work=[[The Economist Magazine]]|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref><ref name="when">{{cite news|first=Times|last=Magazine|title=The Killing Time: Inside Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's War on Drugs |url=https://time.com/4462352/rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-drugs-philippines-killing/|work=[[Times Magazine]]|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref><ref name="where">{{cite news|first=Vanity|last=Fair|title=The Mass Murder in the Philippines is Far Worse Than Most Media Report|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mass-murder-in-the-philippines|work=[[Vanity Fair Magazine]]|access-date=2016-12-12 }}</ref> prompting the Philippine government to issue statements denying the existence of state-sanctioned killings.<ref name="a">{{cite news|first=Daxim|last=Lucas|title=Cabinet members scramble to interpret Duterte's words|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/147437/cabinet-members-scramble-to-interpret-dutertes-words|work=[[Global Inquirer.Net]]|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite news|first=John Paolo Bencito and|last=Sara Fabunan|title=PH-US 'war games' end in Oct.—Du30|url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/headlines/217565/ph-us-war-games-end-in-oct-du30.html|work=[[Manila Standard]]|access-date=2016-09-30|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144032/http://thestandard.com.ph/news/headlines/217565/ph-us-war-games-end-in-oct-du30.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="c">{{cite news|first=John Paolo Bencito|last=and Sara Fabunan|title=UN slams Hitler gaffe|url=http://www.philnews.com/headlines/2016/headline_news_1001aa.htm|work=[[Manila Standard]]|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref>

Though Duterte's controversial [[Philippine drug war|war on drugs]] was opposed by the [[Rodrigo Duterte#Extrajudicial killings|United States]] under President [[Barack Obama]],<ref name="d">{{cite news|first=Dharel|last=Placido|title=Obama to Duterte: Do war on drugs 'the right way'|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/09/08/16/obama-to-duterte-do-war-on-drugs-the-right-way|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> the [[Philippine drug war#International|European Union]],<ref name="e">{{cite news|first=Estrella|last=Torres|title=EU urges PH to stop extrajudicial killings on drug suspects|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/145037/eu-weighs-in-on-human-rights-issue-in-antidrug-war|work=[[Inquirer.net]]|access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> and the United Nations, Duterte claims that he has received approving remarks from US President [[Rodrigo Duterte#Extrajudicial killings|Donald Trump]].<ref name="f">{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Politi|title=Philippines President Says Trump Congratulated Him on Violent Anti-Drug Crackdown|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/12/03/philippine_president_duterte_says_trump_congratulated_him_on_violent_anti.html|work=[[The Slatest]]|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref>

On 26 September 2016, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.<ref name="g">{{cite news|first=Dharel|last=Placido|title=Duterte sets conditions for UN drug killings probe|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/09/26/16/duterte-sets-conditions-for-un-drug-killings-probe|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref> On 14 December 2016, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs.<ref name="h">{{cite news|title=Duterte admin cancels visit of UN Rapporteur on extrajudicial killings|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/592499/news/nation/duterte-admin-cancels-visit-of-un-rapporteur-on-extrajudicial-killings|work=[[GMA News]]|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Interaksyon|date=2017-05-05|title=UNPROFESSIONAL? {{!}} Palace irked by 'unannounced' visit of UN rapporteur; FLAG says trip personal|url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2017/05/05/70222/unprofessional-ph-govt-to-complain-to-un-unannounced-visit-of-rapporteur-for-ejk-agnes-callamard/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Interaksyon|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Saudi Arabia ===
{{See also|Tiger Squad}}

The Saudi dissident [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated]] at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 2 October 2018.

=== Syria ===
{{See also|2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites|2025 massacres of Syrian Druze}}
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ai-estimates-up-to-13000-civilians-executed-in-syrian-military-prison-over-four-years/a-37435537|title=AI estimates up to 13,000 civilians executed in Syrian military prison over four years - News - DW - 07.02.2017|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/02/17/un-experts-widespread-abuses-and-killings-of-detainees-in-syria/|title=UN Experts: Widespread Abuses and Killings of Detainees in Syria|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/09/syria-extrajudicial-executions|title=Syria: Extrajudicial Executions|date=9 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Tajikistan ===
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/tajikistan-severe-crackdown-political-opposition|title=Tajikistan: Severe Crackdown on Political Opposition|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tajikistan/us-department-state-tajikistan-country-report-human-rights-practices-1998|title=U.S. Department of State: Tajikistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998|date=1 March 1999}}</ref>

=== Thailand ===
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/|title=Thailand: Extrajudicial killing, impunity|publisher=Ahrchk.net|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080526072720/http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/|archive-date=2008-05-26}}</ref>
Reportedly thousands of [[Human rights in Thailand#Deaths relating to the 2003 war on drugs|extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort]] of [[Thailand]]'s prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]].

Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug [[death squad]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbrayton.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/thai-coup-and-countercoup-the-corrupt-media-mogul-v-the-crusading-journalist/|title=Thailand: "The Corrupt Media Mogul v. The Crusading Journalist"|first=Colin|last=Brayton|date=23 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm|title=Commit|publisher=Correct.go.th|access-date=2010-10-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527144716/http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/rnb//y/squads.htm|title=Death Squad links. Drug war and more. Worldwide. Mostly U.S.-run or U.S.-aided terrorism. Millions killed over decades. Torture on an industrial scale. "Dirty wars," murder, corruption, destabilization, disinformation, subversion of democracy, etc.. Above|publisher=Angelfire.com|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2997.html|title=Thailand's anti-drug death squads | Cannabis Culture Magazine|publisher=Cannabisculture.com|date=2003-08-15|access-date=2010-10-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606131426/http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2997.html|archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha|title=Thailand. 2500 extrajudicial drug-war killings of innocent people.|access-date=2008-02-07|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206205143/http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha|archive-date=6 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/275/thailandwar.shtml|title=Thailand War on Drugs Turns Murderous, 600 Killed This Month -- Human Rights Groups Denounce Death Squads, Executions}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/497/thailand_investigations_drug_war_killings_get_underway|title=Southeast Asia: Probe into Thai Drug War Killings Getting Underway|publisher=StoptheDrugWar.org|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref>

Both [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/thai/articles/20070214.aspx|title=Thailand: Death Squads and Roadside Bombs|publisher=Strategypage.com|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref> and [[Buddhist]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all|title=Buddhists suspected in Thai raids|work=The Washington Times|location=Washington, DC|date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427192324/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all|archive-date=2014-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref> sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country.

=== Turkey ===
{{Main|Extrajudicial executions in Turkey}}

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/11/turkey-state-blocks-probes-southeast-killings|title=Turkey: State Blocks Probes of Southeast Killings|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|title=ZAMAN|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922073324/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|archive-date=2014-09-22}}</ref><ref name="ob.nubati.net">The report [http://ob.nubati.net/wiki/Extra-judicial_Executions Turkey: Extrajudicial Executions (AI Index: EUR 44/45/90)] was accessed on 10 September 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html|title=MİT bill raises concerns about possible boost in extrajudicial killings|access-date=2014-09-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102420/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html|archive-date=2014-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/turkish-military-officer-confirms-kurd-killings-1.564873/|title=Turkish military officer confirms Kurd killings | The National|publisher=Thenational.ae|date=2010-08-25|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref>
In 1990 [[Amnesty International]] published its first report on [[Extrajudicial punishment|extrajudicial executions]] in Turkey.<ref name="ob.nubati.net"/> In the following years the problem became more serious. The [[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] determined the following figures on extrajudicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001:<ref>Source: Report for 2001, published on 10 March 2003, Ankara, {{ISBN|975-7217-38-7}}, page 49 (Turkish)</ref>
{|class = "wikitable"
|-
|1991||1992||1993||1994||1995||1996||1997||1998||1999||2000||2001
|-
|98||283||189||129||96||129||98||80||63||56||37
|}

In 2001, the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. [[Asma Jahangir]],
presented a report on a visit to Turkey.<ref name="UN2001">The {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071002225033/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/reports/E_CN_4_2002_74_Add_1.pdf full report as pdf-file]}}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref> The report presented details of killings of prisoners (26 September 1999, 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara; 19 December 2000, an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes).

For the years 2000–2008, the [[Human Rights Association (Turkey)|Human Rights Association]] (HRA) gave the following figures on doubtful deaths/deaths in
custody/extra judicial execution/torture by paid village guards:<ref>The [http://www.ihd.org.tr/images/pdf/IHD_1999_2008_Comparative_Balance_Sheet.pdf comparative balance sheet of the HRA] is available in English; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530112405/http://www.ihd.org.tr/images/pdf/IHD_1999_2008_Comparative_Balance_Sheet.pdf|date=30 May 2014}}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref>
{|class = "wikitable"
|-
|2000||2001||2002||2003||2004||2005||2006||2007||2008
|-
|173||55||40||44||47||89||130||66||65
|}

In 2008, the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.<ref>The [http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784 full report in Turkish as word-file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033753/http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784|date=2012-02-27 }}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref>

=== Vietnam ===
[[Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém|Nguyễn Văn Lém]] (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon), also referred to as Captain Bảy Lốp, was a member of the [[Viet Cong]] who was summarily shot in [[Saigon]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. The photograph of his death would become one of many anti-[[Vietnam War]] icons in the [[Western World]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/16/world/nguyen-ngoc-loan-67-dies-executed-viet-cong-prisoner.html|title=Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 67, Dies; Executed Viet Cong Prisoner|date=16 July 1998|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420041251/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/16/world/nguyen-ngoc-loan-67-dies-executed-viet-cong-prisoner.html|archive-date=2009-04-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Europe ==

=== Belarus ===
{{Main|Enforced disappearances in Belarus}}

[[File:Zniknąć 03 - Czarownik ciągnie za uszy.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in [[Warsaw]], reminding about the disappearances of oppositionals in Belarus]]

In 1999, [[Belarusian opposition]] leaders [[Yury Zacharanka]] and [[Viktar Hanchar]] together with his business associate [[Anatol Krasouski]] disappeared. Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on "opposition scum". Although the [[State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus]] (KGB) had them under constant surveillance, the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved. The disappearance of journalist [[Dzmitry Zavadski]] in 2000 has also yielded no results. Copies of a report by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]], which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances, were confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=16 Years of Silence: Enforced Disappearances in Belarus Must Be Investigated|url=http://blog.amnestyusa.org/europe/16-years-of-silence-enforced-disappearances-in-belarus-must-be-investigated/ |newspaper=[[Amnesty International]]|date=18 September 2015}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] claims that Zacharanka, Hanchar, Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Report: Belarus: Events of 2005|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2006/country-chapters/belarus |newspaper=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
{{See also|2023 Wagner Group plane crash}}
Extrajudicial killings have taken place in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|title=Court rules against Russia in Chechen killing - Europe, World - The Independent|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071635/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm|work=BBC News|title=Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko|date=24 November 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> In the Russian Federation, [[List of journalists killed in Russia|a number of journalist murders]] were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. It has been regarded that the [[poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko]] was linked to Russian special forces. American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins, some possibly at orders of the government, are behind at least fourteen [[targeted killing]]s in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non-suspicious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/uk-police-evidence-russian-assassins-behind-14-suspicious-deaths-british-soil-boris-berezovsky-scot-a7793151.html|title=UK authorities 'overlooked' evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil|date=16 June 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref> The United Kingdom attributes the [[poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal]] in March 2018 to the Russian military-intelligence agency [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]. The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were "several indications" that Russia was behind the [[poisoning of Alexei Navalny]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 2006, the [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) was given the legal power to engage in targeted killing of terrorism suspects overseas if ordered by the president.<ref name="Finn2">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/11/AR2006121101434_2.html |last=Finn |first=Peter |title=In Russia, A Secretive Force Widens |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701072223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/11/AR2006121101434_2.html |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2019, former Chechen rebel commander [[Zelimkhan Khangoshvili]] was assassinated in [[Berlin]] by FSB operative [[Vadim Krasikov]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49483090|title=Berlin Chechen shooting: Russian assassination suspected|publisher=BBC News|date=27 August 2019|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105043150/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49483090|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to an investigative report by {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Novaya Gazeta]]}}, some of the [[suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2024)|suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople]] in 2022–2023 may possibly be connected to large scale [[Accounting scandals|accounting fraud]] by [[Gazprom]] executives, who may have funneled money to a network of businesses owned by friends and family members with ties to the FSB and Russian military.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazprom: Russia's state corruption giant |author=Alisa Kashperskaya, [[Ilya Shumanov]]|work=Novaya Gazeta |date=9 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/09/gazprom-russias-state-corruption-giant-en |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309181121/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/09/gazprom-russias-state-corruption-giant-en |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Soviet Union ===
{{Main|Red Terror|Great Purge|Political repression in the Soviet Union|Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Mass killings under communist regimes|Mass operations of the NKVD}}

In [[Bolshevist Russia|Soviet Russia]], since 1918 the secret police organization [[Cheka]] was authorized to execute [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolutionaries]] without trial. Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the [[Red Terror]] in 1918–1920. The [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|successors of Cheka]] also had the authority for extrajudicial executions. In 1937–38 hundreds of thousands were executed extrajudicially during the [[Great Purge]] under the lists approved by [[NKVD troika]]s. In some cases, the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest. For example, [[Solomon Mikhoels]] was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident. The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad, most notably of [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1940 in [[Mexico]], [[Stepan Bandera]] in 1959 in Germany, [[Georgi Markov]] in 1978 in London.

=== Spain ===
{{Main|GAL (paramilitary group)}}

From 1983 until 1987, the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads, denominated [[GAL (paramilitary group)|GAL]], to fight [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], a Basque terrorist organization. A relevant example was the [[Killing of Lasa and Zabala|Lasa and Zabala case]], in which José Antonio Lasa and José Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped, tortured and executed by police forces in 1983.

=== Ukraine ===
{{See also|Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Assassination attempts and deaths of collaborators}}
The ''Washington Post'' published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine's domestic security service, the SBU.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/23/ukraine-cia-shadow-war-russia|title=Ukrainian spies with deep ties to CIA wage shadow war against Russia|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref>

In March 2022, Ukrainian banker and intelligence officer [[Denys Kireyev]] was shot in the back of the head by the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] (SBU).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Denys Kireyev was a Ukrainian spy hailed as a hero who saved Kyiv from Russian invaders. So why was he killed for treason? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-03/mystery-over-killing-ukrainian-spy-denys-kireyev/101915844 |work=ABC |date=2 February 2023}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Main|Operation Kratos|Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland}}


During [[the Troubles]], an ethno-nationalist conflict in [[Northern Ireland]], British security forces and intelligence agents were accused of committing extrajudicial killings against suspected [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-09.htm|title=Hsw}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/24/Opinion/A_grim_lesson_from_Ul.shtml|title=Opinion: A grim lesson from Ulster}}</ref> [[Brian Nelson (double agent)|Brian Nelson]], an [[Ulster Defence Association]] member and secret British agent, was convicted in a court of sectarian murders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Duffy|first1=Brendan|last2=O'Leary|first2=Brendan|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/bodbol.htm|title=Violence in Northern Ireland, 1969-June 1989|publisher=CAIN Web Service - Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/83509.stm|work=BBC News|title=N.Ireland police arrest 2 suspected of sectarian killing|date=25 April 1998|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/48753.stm|work=BBC News|title=Tit-for-tat murders in N Ireland|date=20 January 1998|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Operation Kratos]] referred to tactics developed by London's [[Metropolitan Police]] for dealing with suspected suicide bombers, most notably firing shots to the head without warning. Little was revealed about these tactics until after the [[Death of Jean Charles de Menezes|mistaken shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes]] on 22 July 2005.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Oceania==

=== Australia ===

Australian extrajudicial killings:

* Currently in [[Australia]]: [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]]

* Historically in [[Sydney]]: The [[gay gang murders]], were a series of over 80 murders of gay men in Sydney.

* [[Australian war crimes]] committed in Afghanistan were investigated in the [[Brereton Report]].

=== Papua New Guinea ===
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/witchcraft-papua-new-guinea-students-share-video-appearing-show-torture|title=Papua New Guinea students share video appearing to show women tortured for 'witchcraft'|first=Helen|last=Davidson|date=23 October 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/papua-new-guinea|title=World Report 2014: Papua New Guinea|date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Assassination]]
* [[Capital punishment]]
* [[Death flights]]
* [[Death squad]]
* [[Encounter killing]]
* [[Extrajudicial punishment]]
* [[Forced disappearance]]
* [[Summary execution]]
* [[Targeted killing]]
* [[Terrorism]]
* [[Transnational repression]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==

<references>
<ref name="Fox-News w/Pirro 2020 Sep 12">{{cite news|ref={{SfnRef|''Fox News,'' 12 September,|2020}}|last1=Pirro|first1=Jeanine|date=12 September 2020|title=Justice With Judge Jeanine: (Donald Trump interviewed; transcript) President Trump on COVID Response, Bob Woodward's Book, Push for Coronavirus Vaccine, Mail-in Voting ConcernsJustice With Judge Jeanine: President Trump on COVID Response, Bob Woodward's Book, Push for Coronavirus Vaccine, Mail-in Voting Concerns|url=https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/president-trump-on-covid-response-bob-woodwards-book-push-for-coronavirus-vaccine-mail-in-voting-concerns/|work=[[Fox News]] (online)|access-date=14 September 2020|author1-link=Jeanine Pirro }}{{space|1}}(transcript of a TV broadcast) ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUHsUnVg-Oc video] ''via'' [[YouTube]])</ref>

<ref name="UNHRC_Eritrea_2019">{{cite web|title= Compilation on Eritrea – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|website= [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]|date =2018-11-09|url = https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/336/28/PDF/G1833628.pdf|access-date = 2020-02-27 }}</ref>
</references>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|title=India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/006/1992/en/|date=26 March 1992|publisher=[[Amnesty International]] }}
* {{cite book|title=Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia|author=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative|author-link=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative|year=2007|publisher=CHRI|isbn= 978-81-88205-48-6}}

{{War crimes}}
{{US War on Terror|state=collapsed}}
{{World topic| prefix= Extrajudicial killings in | title= Extrajudicial killings in the world }}
{{World topic| prefix= Forced disappearances in | title = [[Forced disappearances]] by country |noredlinks=yes}}
{{massacres}}

[[Category:Extrajudicial killings| ]]
[[Category:Targeted killing]]
[[Category:Killings by type]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Organized crime]]
[[Category:War on terror]]
[[Category:Incidents of state terrorism]]

Mukund Shinkre

2026-05-07T21:54:51Z

Christi2099: Started The Details Nd Citations.

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer}}
{{one source|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mukund Shinkre
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1963
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Erasmo de Sequeira]]
}}
'''Mukund Shinkre''' was an Indian politician and lawyer. He was the first [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] to represent the [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] in 1963.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |pages=130}}</ref>

Shinkre won the election in December 1963 representing the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP). He polled 48,798 votes, which was 39% of the vote share and was a lead of 2851 votes over [[Alvaro de Loyola Furtado]] of the [[United Goans Party]].<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" />

Shinkre was a lawyer by profession.<ref>{{Cite book |title=…And Read All Over? |publisher=Goa 1556 |year=2025 |isbn=978-93-95795-76-0 |editor-last=Noronha |editor-first=Frederick |editor-link=Frederick Noronha |location=Goa |pages=10}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinkre, Mukund}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Goa]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

14th Nagaland Assembly

2026-05-05T10:25:57Z

Christi2099: Started initial post needs work...

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox legislative term
|name=14th Nagaland Assembly
|before=[[13th Nagaland Assembly]]
|state=[[Nagaland]]
|country=[[India]]
|meeting_place=Nagaland Legislative Assembly Secretariat, Thizama, Kohima, Nagaland 797003
|election=[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]
|government=[[North-East Democratic Alliance]]
|opposition='''''None'''''
|website=https://webtest.nagaland.gov.in
|body=[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
|image=
|membership1=60
|chamber1_leader1=[[Sharingain Longkümer]], [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|chamber1_leader1_type= [[List of speakers of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|chamber1_leader2=[[S. Toiho Yeptho]], [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|chamber1_leader2_type= Deputy speaker
|chamber1_leader3=[[Neiphiu Rio]], [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|chamber1_leader3_type=[[List of chief ministers of Nagaland|Chief Minister]]
|chamber1_leader4=[[T. R. Zeliang]], [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] [[Yanthungo Patton]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|chamber1_leader4_type=[[List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland|Deputy Chief Minister]]
}}

The '''Fourteenth Nagaland Assembly''' was formed by the members elected in the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]. Elections were held in [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|59]] constituencies on 27th February 2023 while the representative for [[Akuluto Assembly constituency|Akuluto]] was elected unopposed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-10 |title=Nagaland assembly elections 2023: BJP's Kazheto Kinimi wins uncontested from Akuluto |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/nagaland-assembly-elections-2023-bjp-kazheto-kinimi-wins-uncontested-akuluto.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |work=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Votes were counted on 2nd March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shobhit |date=2023-01-18 |title=Nagaland Assembly election 2023 to be held on February 27: Here is complete schedule |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-assembly-election-2023-to-be-held-on-27-february-here-is-complete-schedule-101674035457397.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura, Meghalaya, Nagaland assembly election results: Key takeaways |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tripura-meghalaya-nagaland-assembly-election-results-key-takeaways/articleshow/98363582.cms |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Results ==
The incumbent [[North-East Democratic Alliance]] consisting [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP) gained majority in the house after winning 37 seats (25 NDPP + 12 BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/partywiseresult-S17.htm?st=S17 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023 Live Updates: NDPP-BJP alliance wins with 37 seats; PM Modi says 'double engine will keep working for state's progress ' |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-bjp-ndpp-npp-npf-latest-news-8473707/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]] from [[Dimapur III Assembly constituency|Dimapur III]] and [[Salhoutuonuo Kruse]] from [[Western Angami Assembly constituency|Western Angami]] constituencies became the first women [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] in the history of Nagaland. Both got elected as NDPP candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Sukrita |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland gets its first woman MLA: 'Only first battle won…will focus on youth and minorities' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/hekani-jakhalu-nagaland-first-woman-mla-ndpp-8475448/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Kumar Shakti |date=2023-03-03 |title=Meet first 2 women MLAs of Nagaland - Hekani Jakhalu, Salhoutuonuo Kruse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/nagaland/news/meet-hekani-jakhalu-and-salhoutuonuo-kruse-who-created-history-by-becoming-first-2-women-mlas-in-nagaland/articleshow/98363688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Party wise distribution==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |No. of MLA's
!Leader of the Party
in Assembly
!Leader's Constituency
|-
| rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="6" | '''[[North-East Democratic Alliance]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Set For Oppositionless Government, All Parties Back BJP Alliance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagaland-set-for-oppositionless-government-all-parties-back-bjp-alliance-3837525 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title=Nagaland heading for oppositionless govt as parties support NDPP-BJP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/nagaland-heading-for-oppositionless-govt-as-parties-support-ndpp-bjp-123030600120_1.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |newspaper=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|34
| rowspan="6" |'''60'''
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[Northern Angami II Assembly constituency|Northern Angami II]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|12
|[[Yanthungo Patton]]
|[[Tyüi Assembly constituency|Tyüi]]

|-
|style="background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|5
|
|
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}"|
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
|2
|
|
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}"|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| 2
|
|
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|5
|
* [[Jwenga Seb]]
* [[C. Manpon Konyak]]
* [[Neisatuo Mero|Dr. Neisatuo Mero]]
* [[Kevipodi Sophie]]
* [[B. Bangtick Phom]]
|
* [[Tseminyü Assembly constituency|Tseminyü]]
* [[Aboi Assembly constituency|Aboi]]
* [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfütsero]]
* [[Southern Angami I Assembly constituency|Southern Angami I]]
* [[Tamlu Assembly constituency|Tamlu]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! 60
! colspan="3"|
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!District
! No.
! Constituency
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dimapur district|Dimapur]]
| 1
| [[Dimapur I Assembly constituency|Dimapur I]]
| [[Tovihoto Ayemi|H. Tovihoto Ayemi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 2
| [[Dimapur II Assembly constituency|Dimapur II]] (ST)
| [[Moatoshi Longkumer|Moatoshi Longkümer]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]]
|3
| [[Dimapur III Assembly constituency|Dimapur III]] (ST)
| [[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]] and [[Niuland district|Niuland]]
| 4
| [[Ghaspani I Assembly constituency|Ghaspani I]] (ST)
| [[Jacob Zhimomi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]]
| 5
| [[Ghaspani I Assembly constituency|Ghaspani II]] (ST)
| [[Zhaleo Rio]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Peren district|Peren]]
| rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" | [[Tening Assembly constituency|Tening]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Namri Nchang]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=All 7 NCP MLAs in Nagaland join NDPP, give CM Rio absolute majority in assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/nagaland/all-7-ncp-mlas-in-nagaland-join-ndpp-give-cm-rio-absolute-majority-in-assembly-3566003 |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 7
| [[Peren Assembly constituency|Peren]] (ST)
| [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| [[List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland|Deputy Chief Minister]]; Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kohima district|Kohima]]
| 8
| [[Western Angami Assembly constituency|Western Angami]] (ST)
| [[Salhoutuonuo Kruse]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| [[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]; Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 9
| [[Kohima Town Assembly constituency|Kohima Town]] (ST)
| [[Tseilhoutuo Rhütso]]
| {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|
|-
| 10
| [[Northern Angami I Assembly constituency|Northern Angami I]] (ST)
| [[Kekhrielhoulie Yhome]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 11
| [[Northern Angami II Assembly constituency|Northern Angami II]] (ST)
| [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025 [[List of chief ministers of Nagaland|Chief Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü]]
| rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" | [[Tseminyü Assembly constituency|Tseminyü]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Jwenga Seb]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}}
|rowspan=2|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] Nagaland unit disbanded<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Tale of two Opposition parties in Nagaland {{!}} Pawar okays NCP support to NDPP-BJP govt, JD(U) disbands state unit |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/tale-of-two-opposition-parties-in-nagaland-pawar-okays-ncp-support-to-ndpp-bjp-govt-jdu-disbands-state-unit-1198316.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|-
| [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| 13
| [[Pughoboto Assembly constituency|Pughoboto]] (ST)
| [[Sukhato A. Sema]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kohima district|Kohima]]
| 14
| [[Southern Angami I Assembly constituency|Southern Angami I]] (ST)
| [[Kevipodi Sophie]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| 15
| [[Southern Angami II Assembly constituency|Southern Angami II]] (ST)
| [[Kropol Vitsü]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Phek district|Phek]]
| 16
| [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfütsero]] (ST)
| [[Neisatuo Mero]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| 17
| [[Chizami Assembly constituency|Chizami]] (ST)
| [[K. G. Kenye]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| [[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]; Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 18
| [[Chozuba Assembly constituency|Chozuba]] (ST)
| [[Küdecho Khamo]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 19
| [[Phek Assembly constituency|Phek]] (ST)
| [[Kuzholuzo Nienu]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|
|-
| 20
| [[Meluri Assembly constituency|Meluri]] (ST)
| [[Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]
| 21
| [[Tuli Assembly constituency|Tuli]] (ST)
| [[A. Pangjung Jamir]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 22
| [[Arkakong Assembly constituency|Arkakong]] (ST)
| [[Nuklutoshi]]
| {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|
|-
| 23
| [[Impur Assembly constituency|Impur]] (ST)
| [[T. M. Mannen]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 24
| [[Angetyongpang Assembly constituency|Angetyongpang]] (ST)
| [[Tongpang Ozüküm]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 25
| [[Mongoya Assembly constituency|Mongoya]] (ST)
| [[Imkongmar]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 26
| [[Aonglenden Assembly constituency|Aonglenden]] (ST)
| [[Sharingain Longkümer]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 27
| [[Mokokchung Town Assembly constituency|Mokokchung Town]] (ST)
| [[Metsübo Jamir]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025[[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 28
| rowspan="2" | [[Koridang Assembly constituency|Koridang]] (ST)
| [[Imkong L. Imchen]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Died on 11 November 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland BJP MLA Imkong L Imchen passes away at 75 |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/nagaland/nagaland-bjp-mla-imkong-l-imchen-passes-away-at-75/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |publisher=Northeast Live |date=11 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Daochier I. Imchen
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in 2026 by-election.
|-
| 29
| [[Jangpetkong Assembly constituency|Jangpetkong]] (ST)
| [[Temjenmemba]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 30
| [[Alongtaki Assembly constituency|Alongtaki]] (ST)
| [[Temjen Imna Along]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Zunheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| 31
| [[Akuluto Assembly constituency|Akuluto]] (ST)
| [[Kazheto Kinimi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 32
| rowspan="2" | [[Atoizü Assembly constituency|Atoizü]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Picto Shohe]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="2" | 33
| rowspan="2" | [[Suruhoto Assembly constituency|Suruhoto]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[S. Toiho Yeptho]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" | Deputy Speaker; Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| 34
| [[Aghunato Assembly constituency|Aghunato]] (ST)
| [[G. Ikuto Zhimomi]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 35
| [[Zünheboto Assembly constituency|Zünheboto]] (ST)
| [[K. Tokugha Sukhalu]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 36
| [[Satakha Assembly constituency|Satakha]] (ST)
| [[G. Kaito Aye]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025 [[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Wokha district|Wokha]]
| 37
| [[Tyüi Assembly constituency|Tyüi]] (ST)
| [[Yanthungo Patton]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 38
| rowspan="2" | [[Wokha Assembly constituency|Wokha]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Y. Mhonbemo Hümtsoe]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" | Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]<ref name=":0" /> Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| 39
| [[Sanis Assembly constituency|Sanis]] (ST)
| [[Mhathung Yanthan]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 40
| [[Bhandari Assembly constituency|Bhandari]] (ST)
| [[Achumbemo Kikon]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Mon district|Mon]]
|41
| [[Tizit Assembly constituency|Tizit]] (ST)
| [[P. Paiwang Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| 42
| [[Wakching Assembly constituency|Wakching]] (ST)
| [[W. Chingang Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="2" |43
| rowspan="2" | [[Tapi Assembly constituency|Tapi]] (ST)
| [[Noke Wangnao]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
| Died on 28 August 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/noke-wangnao-ten-time-nagaland-mla-dies-at-87-8913500/|title=Ten-time Nagaland MLA Noke Wangnao dies at 87|work=The Times of India|accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wangpang Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Nagaland People's Front}}
| Elected in December 2023 by-election. Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| 44
| [[Phomching Assembly constituency|Phomching]] (ST)
| [[K. Konngam Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 45
| [[Tehok Assembly constituency|Tehok]] (ST)
| [[C. L. John]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025. [[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 46
| rowspan="2" | [[Mon Town Assembly constituency|Mon Town]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Y. Mankhao Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" | Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]].<ref name=":0" /> Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| 47
| [[Aboi Assembly constituency|Aboi]] (ST)
| [[C. Manpon Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| 48
| [[Moka Assembly constituency|Moka]] (ST)
| [[A. Nyamnyei Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Longleng district|Longleng]]
| 49
| [[Tamlu Assembly constituency|Tamlu]] (ST)
| [[B. Bangtick Phom]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 50
| rowspan="2" | [[Longleng Assembly constituency|Longleng]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[A. Pongshi Phom]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" | Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]].<ref name=":0" /> Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]]
| 51
| [[Noksen Assembly constituency|Noksen]] (ST)
| [[Y. Lima Onen Chang]]
| {{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|
|-
| 52
| [[Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency|Longkhim–Chare]] (ST)
| [[Sethrongkyu Sangtam]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|53
| [[Tuensang Sadar I Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar I]] (ST)
| [[P. Bashangmongba Chang]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|54
| [[Tuensang Sadar II Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar II]] (ST)
| [[Imtichoba]]
| {{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|
|-
| [[Mon district|Mon]]
|55
| [[Tobu Assembly constituency|Tobu]] (ST)
| [[Naiba Konyak]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| rowspan="2" |56
| rowspan="2" | [[Noklak Assembly constituency|Noklak]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Puthai Longon]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" | Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]<ref name=":0" />
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|57
| [[Thonoknyu Assembly constituency|Thonoknyu]] (ST)
| [[Benei M. Lamthiu]]
| {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Shamator district|Shamator]]
|58
| [[Shamator–Chessore Assembly constituency|Shamator–Chessore]] (ST)
| [[Keoshu Yimchunger|S. Keoshu Yimchunger]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kiphire district|Kiphire]]
|59
| [[Seyochung–Sitimi Assembly constituency|Seyochung–Sitimi]] (ST)
| [[C. Kipili Sangtam]]
| {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|
|-
|60
| [[Pungro–Kiphire Assembly constituency|Pungro–Kiphire]] (ST)
| [[S. Kiusumew Yimchunger]]
| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party merged with NPF in Oct 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|N]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]

Orleampeth Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T16:06:44Z

Christi2099: creating the details first draft - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =16
| electors ={{formatnum:24723}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| name = Orleampeth
| latest_election_year = 2021
| type= SLA
| map_image = Orleampeth-assembly-constituency-16.png
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| mla = [[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]]
| party = Neyam Makkal Kazhagam
}}

'''Orleampeth''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in India.<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Orleampeth Assembly constituency is a part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[N. Manimaram Marimuthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Na. Manimaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1985 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[M.A.S. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1990 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[N. Manimaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[K. Parasuraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[R. Siva]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| R. Siva
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| R. Siva
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| R. Siva
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| G. Nehru Kuppusamy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|47.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|55.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.45}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gandhi|party=AIADMK|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gopal|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anitha Veerappan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|colour=#FFFF00
|candidate=[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]]
|party=[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy#Neyam Makkal Kazhagam|NMK]]
|votes=
|percentage=
|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =21611 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,580 |percentage=47.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Gopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,487 |percentage=36.96 |change=-16.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Omsakthisekar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,787 |percentage=8.82 |change=6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karunanithi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=507 |percentage=2.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Saktivel |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=364 |percentage=1.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=181 |percentage=0.89 |change=-1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Hariharane |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,093 |percentage=10.33 |change=-4.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,257 |percentage=81.95 |change= -3.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,718 |change =1.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Siva]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,110 |percentage=53.81 |change=11.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=8,130 |percentage=39.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ravindran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=425 |percentage=2.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=395 |percentage=1.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=164 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Jesiliya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=98 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,980 |percentage=14.43 |change=1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,647 |percentage=85.02 |change= 0.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,284 |change =2.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= -1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=10,986 |percentage=55.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Siva]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,368 |percentage=42.09 |change=-10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nehru |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=1.24 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,618 |percentage=13.17 |change=1.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,880 |percentage=84.13 |change= -1.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,631 |change =24.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Siva]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,509 |percentage=52.61 |change=3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,549 |percentage=40.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Anandharaj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=710 |percentage=4.39 |change=-23.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Vijayalakshmi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=149 |percentage=0.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sundari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=83 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nehru |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,960 |percentage=12.12 |change=-9.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,174 |percentage=85.49 |change= 15.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,919 |change =-13.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Siva]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,608 |percentage=49.41 |change=0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Chezhian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,223 |percentage=27.42 |change=-3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Pandourangame |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,313 |percentage=21.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Dayalarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Abdul Majeed |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=101 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,385 |percentage=21.98 |change=3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,399 |percentage=70.28 |change= 12.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,923 |change =-12.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Siva]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,105 |percentage=49.16 |change=10.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Parasuraman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,107 |percentage=30.97 |change=-28.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Pandourangame |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,925 |percentage=17.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Mohanraj |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,998 |percentage=18.18 |change=-2.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,488 |percentage=68.14 |change= 9.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,977 |change =-2.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Parasuraman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,697 |percentage=59.44 |change=12.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Manimaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,613 |percentage=38.36 |change=-12.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Harikrishnan |party=Janata Party |votes=215 |percentage=1.47 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,084 |percentage=21.08 |change=17.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,631 |percentage=58.15 |change= -4.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,738 |change =0.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Manimaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,076 |percentage=50.47 |change=7.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pandurangan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,569 |percentage=47.30 |change=-8.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Serge Venance |party=Independent politician |votes=169 |percentage=1.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. K. Bascaran @ Gothandapani Dascara |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=116 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=507 |percentage=3.17 |change=-9.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,003 |percentage=63.14 |change= -30.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,505 |change =98.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. S. Subramanian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,635 |percentage=55.70 |change=26.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Na. Marimuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,079 |percentage=42.64 |change=-17.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Thirukkamu |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=0.73 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Serge Venance |party=Independent politician |votes=82 |percentage=0.69 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,556 |percentage=13.06 |change=-17.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,912 |percentage=93.89 |change= 18.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,821 |change =-4.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Na. Marimuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,721 |percentage=59.70 |change=45.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Loganathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,820 |percentage=29.43 |change=-15.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhavani Maduragavi |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=5.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kandavel |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sinnaveerappan |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=1.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Dhalapathipandian Alias Kalidas |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=117 |percentage=1.22 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,901 |percentage=30.27 |change=6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,583 |percentage=75.61 |change= 9.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,359 |change =3.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Manimaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,779 |percentage=44.54 |change=-3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramalingam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,800 |percentage=21.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Bavani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,206 |percentage=14.21 |change=-6.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ranganathan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,176 |percentage=13.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Muthu |party=Independent politician |votes=523 |percentage=6.16 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,979 |percentage=23.33 |change=4.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,484 |percentage=66.31 |change= -13.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,949 |change =28.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Orleampeth<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Manimaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,833 |percentage=48.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Vaidyanathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,356 |percentage=29.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ganesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,615 |percentage=20.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. G. Muniswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=57 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marius Bala |party=Independent politician |votes=51 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,477 |percentage=18.67 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,912 |percentage=80.22 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,065 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Puducherry district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.937|79.824|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Krishna Praba

2026-05-04T12:51:37Z

Christi2099: added new stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Praba
| image = Onam special Flash movie photo shoot of Krishna Praba.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|classical dancer}}
| years active = 2005–present
| website =
}}

'''Krishna Praba''' is an Indian actress, television presenter, and classical dancer who predominantly appears in [[Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dance apart from films |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=6081238 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |location=Kochi |access-date=2016-08-13 }}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She made her debut as a lead actress in the film ''[[Madampi]]'' (2008), directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]]. She played the character Mollykutty in ''[[Life of Josutty]]'' (2015), directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Molikutty-is-special-for-me-Krishna-Prabha/articleshow/49101648.cms |title=Krishna Praba about her character in Life of Josutty |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2015 |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519094417/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Molikutty-is-special-for-me-Krishna-Prabha/articleshow/49101648.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Krishna Praba was born to the late C. R. Prabhakaran Nair, a former mechanical engineer at Kalamassery HMT and Sheela Prabhakaran Nair.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She completed her primary education from St. Joseph's School, [[Kalamassery]] and obtained her Higher Secondary Education in humanities from [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Her early influences included [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Drama]] and [[Margamkali]]. She received a [[Diploma]] in [[Bharatanatyam]] from the [[Alliance University]] in [[Bangalore]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Praba was trained in classical dance under the mentorship of [[Kalamandalam Sugandhi]], her first dance teacher, from the age of three.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/redefining-mohiniyattom/article3606397.ece "Kalamandalam Suganthi about redefining mohiniyattam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412195210/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/redefining-mohiniyattom/article3606397.ece |date=12 April 2021 }}. [[The Hindu]]</ref>

== Career ==
Praba made her debut in [[B. Unnikrishnan]]’s ''[[Madampi]]'' in 2008. She grew a stature in the Malayalam film industry by playing different characters in a series of films, most notably in ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' (2013) and ''[[Life of Josutty]]'' (2015).<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-feel-privileged-to-be-compared-to-Sukumari-Krishna-Prabha/articleshow/45325726.cms "Krishna Praba compared to sukumari"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519094400/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-feel-privileged-to-be-compared-to-Sukumari-Krishna-Prabha/articleshow/45325726.cms |date=19 May 2017 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref> In 2017, Praba joined a number of award-winning students to enact ''Radha Madhavam'', a dance drama directed by actress [[Gayatri (actress)|Gayathri]].<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/110617/much-drama-about-dance.html "Radha Madhavam enacted by Krishna Praba"] . ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Boyy Friennd]]'' || College student ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' || Village girl ||
|-
| ''[[Madampi]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
|rowspan="10"|2009||''[[Utharaswayamvaram]]'' || Vimala ||
|-
|''[[Raamanam]]'' || Neeli ||
|-
|''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || Suma ||
|-
|''[[My Big Father]]''|| Ancy's friend||
|-
|''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]''|| Air Hostess ||
|-
|''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''||Receptionist||
|-
|''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' ||Bride||
|-
|''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]''||Rahul's sister||
|-
|''Thirunakkara Perumal'' || Nun ||
|-
|''[[Dr. Patient]]''|| Nurse ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2010||''[[Pramani]]''||Office staff ||
|-
|''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]''|| Jameela||
|-
|''[[Janakan]]''||Nurse Raji||
|-
|''[[Kadaksham]]''|| Kallambalam Sumarani ||
|-
|''[[Kaaryasthan]]''||Herself||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011||''[[Orma Mathram]]''|| Sudhamani ||
|-
|''[[Shaji Kailas|August 15]]''||Thief||
|-
|''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]''|| Drama Family Member||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2012||''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]''|| Bindhu ||
|-
|''[[Naughty Professor]]''||Student||
|-
|''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]''|| Roslin ||
|-
|''[[Kaashh]]''|| Servant||
|-
|''[[Karmayodha]]''||Rena||
|-
|''[[Kalikaalam (2012 film)|Kalikaalam]]''||Maid||
|-
|rowspan="9"|2013||''3G Third Generation'' ||Menaka||
|-
|''Police Maaman'' ||Shankunni's sister ||
|-
|''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]''|| Kumari ||
|-
|''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]''||Serial actress||
|-
|''[[Hotel California (2013 film)|Hotel California]]''|| Soosie ||
|-
|''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]''|| Deepa ||
|-
|''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' || Manjusha ||
|-
|''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
|''[[Vedivazhipadu]]'' ||Sajitha ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014||''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' ||Mrs. Chandran||
|-
|''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Saritha||
|-
|''Garbhasreeman'' || Vimala Prabhakaran ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015||''[[She Taxi]]'' ||Sradha ||
|-
|''[[Love 24x7]]'' || Nimisha ||
|-
|''[[Life of Josutty]]'' || Mollykutty ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016||''[[Ithu Thaanda Police]]'' || CPO Annamma George ||
|-
|''[[Kolumittayi]]'' || Molly ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2017||''[[Fukri]]'' || Clara ||
|-
|''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'' || Ancy ||
|-
|''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]''||Herself||
|-
|''[[Theeram]]'' || Itha ||
|-
|''[[Melle (film)|Melle]]'' || Betty ||
|-
|2018||''[[Kallai FM]]''||Jameela ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019||''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || Rani||
|-
|''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || Mrs. Najeeb||
|-
| 2020 || ''Varky'' || Dr. Perly ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' || Mary Jose ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=2021-02-18 |title='Drishyam 2' Review: If You Aren't Afraid Of Georgekutty By The End Of This Movie, Are You Even Human? |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/20380/drishyam-2-review-if-you-arent-afraid-of-georgekutty-by-the-end-of-this-movie-are-you-even-human |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7| 2022 || ''Nishabdham'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Makal]]'' || Dance Teacher ||
|-
| ''Bheethi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]'' || Bus Traveller ||
|-
| ''King Fish'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''Ulkkazcha'' || Deepa ||
|-
| My Name is Azhakan|| Rekha ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Name Is Azhagan - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/my-name-is-azhagan-official-teaser/videoshow/93525523.cms |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Live (2023 film)|Live]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of VK Prakash's Live out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323061610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pulimada]]'' || CPO Anasuya||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joju's Pulimada gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/06/jojus-pulimada-gets-a-release-date-48357.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]'' || Doctor||<ref>{{Cite web |last=rashmi.kuttan |title=Neru Movie Review: Mohanlal, Priyamani's movie promises an emotional courtroom drama |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/neru-movie-review-mohanlal-priyamani-s-movie-promises-an-emotional-courtroom-drama-rkn-s603u3 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Thudarum (film)|Thudarum]]'' || Seema ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal-starrer 'Thudarum' locks release date, to hit theatres this month |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/07/mohanlal-shobana-tharun-moorthy-movie-thudarum-locks-release-date.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Mohanlal-starrer 'Thudarum' locks release date, to hit theatres this month |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || {{Pending film| Dridam}} || CPO Remya Surendran ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-16 |title=Shane Nigam-starrer Dridam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/16/shane-nigam-starrer-dridam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television serials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Channel
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005||''Mukesh Kathakal'' || rowspan="2" | [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
| ''Nanmayude Nakshathrangal'' ||
|-
|2008|| ''Twenty Twenty One'' || rowspan="6" | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009|| ''Kanal Kireedam'' ||
|-
|''Enkilum Ente Gopalakrishna'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010||''Sree Mahabhagavatham'' ||
|-
|''Devi Mahatmyam'' || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2022/02/16/actress-krishnaprabha-on-negative-comments-and-trending-dance-videos.html |title=അടിവസ്ത്രത്തെപ്പറ്റി കമന്റ്; 'എന്താ ഇടാറില്ലേ?' എന്ന് തിരിച്ചടി: മാറ്റത്തിന് കാരണമുണ്ടെന്ന് കൃഷ്ണപ്രഭ |first=അഞ്ജലി |last=ലാൽ |date=16 February 2022 |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226110654/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2022/02/16/actress-krishnaprabha-on-negative-comments-and-trending-dance-videos.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Alaudinte Albuthavilakku''||
|-
|2011||''[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Aakashadoothu]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
|2014||''Snehaveedu'' ||
|-
|2019||''Suharayum Suhasiniyum'' || rowspan="2" | Asianet ||
|-
|2020||''Life is Beautiful'' (Season 2) || {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

|-
|2021-2024||''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]'' || rowspan="2" | Surya TV || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/gorgeous-vamps-of-malayalam-tv/photostory/89922739.cms |title=Gorgeous vamps of Malayalam TV |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |first=Radhika |last=Nair |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610140204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/gorgeous-vamps-of-malayalam-tv/photostory/89922739.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023||[[Bhavana (TV series)|''Bhavana'']]|| rowspan="2" |Cameo appearance
|-
|2024||[[Malavika Wales|''Meenu's Kitchen'']]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]

|}

==== Other shows ====
*''Comedy Show'' - [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], Anchor
*''Tharotsavam'' (Reality Show) - [[Kairali TV]], Participant
*''Shubharathri'' (Talk show) - [[Jeevan TV]], Anchor
*''Chill.bowl'' (cookery show) - Asianet, Anchor
*''Onaruchi'' (cookery show) - Kerala Vision, Presenter
* ''Smart Show'' (Game Show) - [[Flowers TV]], Participant
* ''Don't Do Don't Do'' (Game Show) ''-'' [[Asianet Plus]], Participant
*''Fast Track'' - [[Manorama News]], Presenter
*''Ente Thamasha'' - [[Janam TV]], Presenter
*''Laitham 50'' - [[Mazhavil Manorama]], Dancer
*''Thamasha Bazaar'' (comedy talk show) - [[Zee Keralam]], Honey
*''Onam Bumper'' - Zee Keralam, Anchor
*''PCyodoppam Personalayi'' - [[Amrita TV]], Host
*''Immini Baliya Naavu'' - [[Surya TV]], Presenter
*''Komady Circurs'' - Mazhavil Manorama, Special Judge
*''Funs Upon a time'' - Amrita TV, Special Judge
*''Parayam Nedam'' - Amrita TV, Participant

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3703417}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Praba, Krishna}}
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Padri, Punjab

2026-04-30T00:42:19Z

Christi2099: creating a article w/ sources - done

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Padri village'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padri |url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/%22Padri%22+-wikipedia/@29.8844637,74.1886827,6z/data=!3m1!4b1 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> is located in [[Amritsar]] tehsil in [[Amritsar district]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padri Village in Ajnala, Amritsar, Punjab – Info & Details: |url=https://villageatlas.com/punjab/amritsar/ajnala/padri |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=villageatlas.com}}</ref> The village is 25 kilometers from the district headquarters in Amritsar. Padri village is also a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].

Its population is 2,779 of which 1,440 are males and 1,339 are females. Its [[Postal Index Number|pin code]] is 143107.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PADRI Pin Code - 143107, D.khasa All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search AMRITSAR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/punjab/amritsar/padri-pincode-143107.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31|38|04|N|74|39|59|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Amritsar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

My Name Is Shruthi

2026-04-27T03:09:26Z

Christi2099: Started A Data W/ Infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Name Is Shruthi
| image = My Name Is Shruthi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Srinivas Omkhar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ramya Prabhakar Nagendra Raju
| starring = [[Hansika Motwani]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kishore Boyidapu
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = Mark. K. Robin
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|17}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''My Name Is Shruthi''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama thriller]] film directed by Srinivas Omkhar and starring [[Hansika Motwani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-srinivas-omkar-my-name-is-shruthi-is-an-ode-to-a-womans-strength-have-a-sequel-in-mind/11ef7e47d4906|title=Director Srinivas Omkar: My Name is Shruthi is an ode to a woman’s strength, have a sequel in mind|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]|date=9 November 2023|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Hansika]] as Shruthi
* Sai Tej as Charan
* [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Dr. Kiranmayi
* [[Murali Sharma]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ranjith
* [[Pooja Ramachandran]] as Anu
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Home Minister V. Prathap Reddy
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Bhabhi
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Gurumurthy
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]]
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Shruthi's grandfather
*Dayanand Reddy as Yaadi
*Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Businessman
*[[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Shruthi's mother
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Mark. K. Robin.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Poraatam Poraatam
| length1 = 3:31
| all_lyrics = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title2 = Merisele Merisele
| length2 = 3:34
| extra2 = Satya Yamini
| title3 = Reppe Vese Laaga
| length3 = 4:00
| extra3 = Harika Narayan
| total_length = 11:05
}}

== Release and Reception ==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/my-name-is-shruthi-movie-review/0203/123212995|title=My Name Is Shruthi Movie Review: రివ్యూ: ‘మై నేమ్ ఈజ్ శృతి’.. స్కిన్‌ మాఫియాను హన్సిక ఎలా ఎదుర్కొంది?|website=[[Eenadu]]|access-date=2023-11-23|archive-date=2023-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163054/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/my-name-is-shruthi-movie-review/0203/123212995|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''My Name is Shruthi'' has a very interesting backdrop of skin mafia. The initial portions are boring, and unnecessary characters deviate from the proceedings. But once the second half starts, the film has multiple thrills that hold our attention till the end and make this film a passable watch this weekend".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/my-name-is-shruthi-review-has-an-intriguing-plot-with-a-passable-narration/804bdb4b37139|title=My Name is Shruthi Review: An Intriguing plot with a passable narration|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]|date=17 November 2023|first=Avad|last=Mohammad}}</ref>

=== Streaming rights ===
The streaming rights of this movie were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 29 December 2023, and in [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 28 February 2024, and also in [[Lionsgate Play]] on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Name is Shruthi - Why Hansika Motwani’s film merits a watch on OTT|url=
https://www.ottplay.com/news/my-name-is-shruthi-why-hansika-motwanis-film-merits-a-watch-on-ott/07349e02e7233|work=OTTplay|accessdate=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Watch My Name is Shruthi online|url=https://lionsgateplay.com/en/movies/my-name-is-shruthi/652744232087|work=[[Lionsgate Play]]|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|23635174}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-24T20:08:55Z

Christi2099:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Central ''Vande Bharat Express''
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Kerala]]
| first = {{start date|df=yes|2023|04|25}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|04|26}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
'''Thiruvananthapuram Division'''
| ridership =
| start = [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]] '''(KGQ)'''
| stops = Thiruvananthapuram Central-Kollam Jn-Chengannur-Kottayam-Ernakulam Town-Thrissur-Shoranur Jn-Kozhikode-Kannur-Kasargod
| end = [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] '''(TVC)'''
| distance = {{convert|586|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08hrs 05mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Thursdays}}
| trainnumber = 20633 / 20634
| line_used = [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]] [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]] [[Ernakulam–Kollam line (via Kottayam and Kayamkulam)|Ernakulam–Kottayam-Kollam line]] [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line]]
| class = AC chair car, AC executive chair car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment system|[[IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat pockets|Bottle holder|Tray table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: 8 Jan 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Modified rakes|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: 10 Jan 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (maximum) {{cvt|73|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Kochuveli railway station|Kochuveli]], [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| map = {{Thiruvananthapuram - Kasaragod VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20633/20634 '''Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Central ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 15th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting [[Kasaragod]] with state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express extended to Kasaragod; 130 kmph speed in 3.5 years: Rail min Ashwini Vaishnaw |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/vande-bharat-express-extended-to-kasaragod-130-kmph-speed-in-3-5-years-rail-min-ashwini-vaishnaw-1.8488122 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's first Vande Bharat Express to run till Kasaragod |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/apr/19/keralas-first-vande-bharat-express-to-run-till-kasaragod-2567270.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The train service was officially inaugurated on 25 April 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=PM flags off Vande Bharat service |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/pm-flags-off-vande-bharat-service/articleshow/99774466.cms |access-date=26 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As of July 2023, it is the best-performing Vande Bharat Express train service with an average occupancy of 183 per cent, according to official data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasaragod To Trivandrum Vande Bharat Train Best Performing: Official Data |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kasaragod-to-trivandrum-vande-bharat-train-best-performing-official-data-4164536 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]], [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]], [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur Junction]], [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]], [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]], [[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]], [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]. This is the first Vande Bharat Express train for Kerala <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2023 |title=PM Narendra Modi to flag off Kerala's first Vande Bharat service in Thiruvananthapuram on April 25 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-narendra-modi-to-flag-off-kerala-first-vande-bharat-service-thiruvananthapuram-april-25/article66736589.ece |access-date=14 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the third Vande Bharat Express train for [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to announce Vande Bharat train services in Kerala on April 25 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/pm-modi-to-announce-vande-bharat-train-services-in-kerala-on-april-25-1.8467368 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi|date=10 April 2023 }}</ref> It is operated with train numbers 20633/20634 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2023 |title=PM to flag-off Vande Bharat Express on April 25 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-april-25/article66768098.ece |access-date=23 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=Rousing reception as Vande Bharat train arrives in Kerala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/rousing-reception-as-vande-bharat-train-arrives-in-kerala/articleshow/99506388.cms |access-date=29 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It was the thirteenth [[Vande Bharat 2.0|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) under the leadership of ''Sudhanshu Mani'' at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

As per latest updates, the current running rake Has been converted to 20-car rake as this would benefit the passengers heading towards the capital city of [[Kerala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] and other key stations like [[Kozhikode]], [[Ernakulam|Ernakulam Town]] and [[Kollam]]. This conversion of 16 coaches to 20 coaches commenced on '''10 January 2025''', starting from [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Trivandrum Central]] railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's 20-coach Vande Bharat rake reaches Kerala: Total capacity, facilities and more |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/01/03/kerala-vande-bharat-more-seats-thiruvananthapuram-kasaragod.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Kerala's 20-coach Vande Bharat rake reaches Kerala: Total capacity, facilities and more |language=en}}</ref>

This is the {{Abbr|third change|Conversion of 16-car rake to 20-car rake}} in the [[Vande Bharat Express#Services|Vande Bharat Express services]] after [[New Delhi – Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]] and [[Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express]].

== Service ==

The 20633/20634 Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Ctrl Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Thursdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|586|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|72|km/h}}. The service has 8 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== Incidents ==
Just a few days after the commercial run of this Vande Bharat Express train, an unidentified man pelted stones on this express train on Monday, 1 May 2023. This incident occurred near the [[Tirur railway station]] in the [[Malappuram district]] in Kerala around 5pm. Despite the crack, this train continued the journey and halted at the [[Shoranur Junction railway station]]. Once on arrival, the railway protection force inspected the cracks to find out this issue. Luckily no casualties were reported during this incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stone thrown at Vande Bharat in Kerala within a week of inaugural run; cracks on a window |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/01/stone-pelting-vande-bharat-express-kerala.html |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stones pelted at Kerala Vande Bharat Express train in Malappuram district, security alerted, probe underway |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-stones-pelted-at-kerala-vande-bharat-express-train-in-malappuram-district-security-alerted-probe-underway-3039765 |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 December 2024, the train returning from Kasaragod to Trivandrum faced an engine failure and was held up at the Shoranur Junction. As a result, the train was delayed for an hour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Technical glitch: Vande Bharat halted near Shoranur for more than one hour |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/due-to-technical-issues-vande-bharat-express-halted-at-shoranur-1.10134618 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[KSR Bengaluru–Ernakulam Junction Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Kannur–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Kozhikode–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram North–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station]]
* [[Kasaragod railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kasaragod district]]

Amritsar East Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T15:00:00Z

Christi2099:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amritsar East
| map_image = 18-Amritsar East.svg
| mla = [[Jeevan Jyot Kaur]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Jeevan Jyot Kaur.jpg
| established = {{ubl|First:1951|Seceond:2008}}
| electors = {{formatnum:168300}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 18
}}

'''Amritsar East Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 18) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amritsar East Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/amritsar-east.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Sarup Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Baldev Prakash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Gian Chand Kharbanda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1977-2012 : Constituency defunct''}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Navjot Kaur Sidhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Jeevan Jyot Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Amritsar East }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jeevan Jyot Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030948/https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>
|votes = 39,679
|percentage = 36.74
|change = {{increase}}21.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 32,929
|percentage = 30.49
|change = {{decrease}}30.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bikram Singh Majithia]]
|votes = 25,188
|percentage = 23.32
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagmohan Singh Raju]]
|votes = 7,286
|percentage = 6.75
|change = {{decrease}}10.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 690
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,750
|percentage = 6.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,08,003
|percentage = 64.17
|change = {{decrease}}0.77
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:168300}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}19.3
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017 result===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Amritsar East<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|votes = 60,477
|percentage = 60.68
|change = {{increase}}32.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Kumar Honey]]
|votes = 17,668
|percentage = 17.73
|change = {{decrease}}18.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sarabjot Singh Dhanjal
|votes = 14,715
|percentage = 14.76
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Mandeep Singh Manna
|votes = 1,863
|percentage = 1.87
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Baldev Singh
|votes = 1,586
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tarsem Singh
|votes = 1,237
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,809
|percentage = 42.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 99,771
|percentage = 64.94
|change = -1.22
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:153629}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +25.52
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017" />

===2012 result===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Amritsar East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Navjot Kaur Sidhu]]
| votes = 33,406
| percentage = 36.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Simarpreet Kaur
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 26,307
|percentage = 28.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sunil Dutti]]
|votes = 25,964
|percentage = 28.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Baldev Singh
|votes = 3,416
|percentage = 3.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tarsem Singh
|votes = 1,667
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,099
| percentage = 7.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 92,054
| percentage = 66.18
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2012" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.63|74.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Amritsar]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Pasighat West Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:52Z

Christi2099: creating basic stub first draft - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pasighat West
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 37
| map_image = Pasighat West Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[East Siang district|East Siang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Ninong Ering]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 14,637
}}
'''Pasighat West''' is one of the 60 constituencies of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. [[East Siang district|East Siang]] is the name of the district that contains Tehsil Pasighat West. It is surrounded by Pangin Tehsil towards west, Bilat Tehsil towards south, Koyu Tehsil towards west. Tinsukia, Dibrugarh and Silapathar are the nearby cities to Pasighat.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/East%20Siang/Pasighat/Pasighat | title = About Pasighat West | access-date = 1 November 2016}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Tarung Pabin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Yadap Apang
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Omak Apang]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Tatung Jamoh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ninong Ering]]<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173743/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref name="Pasighat West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Pasighat West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pasighat-west |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527162443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pasighat-west |archivedate=27 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pasighat West">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pasighat West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0237.htm |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527162431/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0237.htm |archivedate=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pasighat West Assembly Election Result 2024: Ninong Ering of BJP wins">{{cite news |title=Pasighat West Assembly Election Result 2024: Ninong Ering of BJP wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/pasighat-west-assembly-election-results-2024-pasighat-west-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634127.cms |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527162447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/pasighat-west-assembly-election-results-2024-pasighat-west-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634127.cms |archivedate=27 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ninong Ering]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,049 |percentage=59.50% |change={{increase}}21.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapyam Pada |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,178 |percentage=38.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalen Taying |party=Arunachal Democratic Party |votes=153 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taka Muang |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=56 |percentage=0.41% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,871 |percentage=21.22% |change= {{increase}}16.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,527 |percentage=92.42% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,637 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ninong Ering]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,210 |percentage=43.02% |change={{decrease}}10.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tatung Jamoh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,639 |percentage=38.30% |change={{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapang Taloh |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=2,210 |percentage=18.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=53 |percentage=0.44% |change={{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=571 |percentage=4.71% |change= {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,112 |percentage=90.92% |change= {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tatung Jamoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,589 |percentage=53.35% |change={{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,755 |percentage=45.39% |change={{decrease}}7.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=132 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=834 |percentage=7.96% |change= {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,476 |percentage=84.36% |change= {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,418 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,529 |percentage=53.18% |change={{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Omak Apang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,868 |percentage=46.82% |change={{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=661 |percentage=6.36% |change= {{decrease}}8.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,397 |percentage=83.85% |change= {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,399 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Omak Apang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,894 |percentage=57.27% |change={{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,651 |percentage=42.73% |change={{increase}}21.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,243 |percentage=14.55% |change= {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,545 |percentage=82.00% |change= {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,258 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,759 |percentage=48.84% |change={{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yadap Apang |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,296 |percentage=29.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tamat Jonnom |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,641 |percentage=21.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,463 |percentage=19.01% |change= {{increase}}15.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,696 |percentage=74.17% |change= {{decrease}}15.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,646 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yadap Apang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,165 |percentage=51.39% |change={{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatong Padung |party=Independent politician |votes=3,861 |percentage=47.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapang Darang |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=304 |percentage=3.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,105 |percentage=88.33% |change= {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,237 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pasighat West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarung Pabin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,147 |percentage=53.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatong Padung |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,757 |percentage=46.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=390 |percentage=6.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,904 |percentage=83.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,170 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.062|95.305|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in East Siang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pasighat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Graham Basanti

2026-04-17T01:22:58Z

Christi2099: started new info basic info

{{Short description|Indian priest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox clergy
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend|The Reverend Sister]]<ref name="Ordination"/>
| name = M. G. Basanti, [[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church|JELC]]<ref name="Nowrangpur">Pastor M. G. Basanti, præst i Nowrangpur, Jeypore Evg. Lutherske kirke/JELC. (Foto i Gurukul, oktober 1993).[http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll123/id/102165]</ref>
| honorific_suffix = [[Licentiate in Theology|L. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| image =Folder255 00004A.jpg
| image_size =150px
| alt =
| caption =M. G. Basanti at Chennai in 1993
| birth_name = M. Graham Basanti
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|01|11}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]] ([[Undivided Assam]])
| nationality =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Licentiate of Theology|L. Th.]]<ref name="Convocation"/> ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| alma_mater = JELC-Jensen Theological College, [[Kotpad]],<ref name="Convocation"/> [[Koraput district]] ([[Odisha]])
| occupation = [[Priesthood]]
| years_active = 1974 – ''present'' (49 years)<ref name="Ordination"/>
| parents = [[Smt.]] Krupamani (Mother); [[Sri]] M. G. Santisilo (Father)
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| church = [[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society<ref>K. S. Behera, ''Missionary Activities in Orissa during British Rule'', Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar, 2018.[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/188725]</ref>
| ordained = 26 January 1992 at [[Jeypore]] ([[Odisha]])
| writings =
| congregations = [[Nabarangpur district]],<ref name="Nowrangpur"/> ([[Odisha]]) {{small|(1992–2009)}}
| offices_held =
*[[Matron]],<ref name="Count">[[Ken Gill (bishop)|Kenneth Gill]], ''Count us Equal: The Ministry of Women in the Church of South India'', ATTWI, Bangalore, 1990, p.187.[https://books.google.com/books?id=tCJrGwAACAAJ&q=count+us+equal+kenneth+gill]</ref> JELC-Girls' Boarding,<ref name="Padhi">Brundaban Chandra Padhi, ''Socio Economic Conditions of the Tribal Under the British Rule, 1803–1936'', Punthi Pustak, Kolkata, 1992, p.192.[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_UfAAAAIAAJ&q=girls+boarding+kotpad]</ref> [[Kotpad]],<ref>Otto Waack, ''Church and Mission in India: The History of the Jeypore Church and the Breklum Mission (1876–1914)'', Volume II, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dB7kAAAAMAAJ&q=girls+boarding+kotpad]</ref> ([[Odisha]]) {{small|(1974–1992)}}
*Councillor & Member, JELC Council & Synod {{small|(1974–1991)}}
*Regional Secretary, [[United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India]]
*Auxiliary Member, Bible Society of India, Odisha Auxiliary
*Regional Secretary, [[Association of Theologically Trained Women in India]]
*Member, [[National Council of Churches in India]]
| title = [[The Reverend|The Reverend Sister]]<ref name="Ordination"/>
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}
'''Graham Basanti'''<ref name="Nowrangpur"/> (also known as '''M. G. Basanti''') is a Lutheran pastor and the first [[woman priest|ordained woman]]<ref name="Ordination">''Four women ordained as pastors at Indian Lutheran Church – A dream come true in the service of the Church of India – Historical ordination of four women at Madhya Pradesh Lutheran Church'', 23.11.2015.[http://www.sieviesuordinacija.lv/4-sievietes-ordinetas-par-macitajam-indijas-luteranu-baznica?mobile=ok]</ref> from the [[Protestant]] [[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society (JELC), headquartered in [[Jeypore]], [[Odisha]], India. She was in the forefront<ref>[http://europeana.nialloleary.ie/index.php?navigation_function=2&navigation_item=a7fc8cb9729b097c17c02a393c0f9edf&repid=2 ''JELC Consultation'', Gurukul, October 1993]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of JELC leadership, representing it at [[United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>JELC konsultation, Gurukul, oktober 1993. Rev. Ms. M. G. Basanti, JELC (præst i Nowrangpur), Rev. John Muduli, vicepræsident, ACS/Adivasi Christiya Samaj.[http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll123/id/103032]</ref> Basanti has been a founding member<ref name="ATTWI">''[[Association of Theologically Trained Women in India]] Handbook'', 1994.[https://books.google.com/books?id=SgN0HAAACAAJ&q=association+of+theologically+trained+women+of+india+handbook]</ref> of the [[Association of Theologically Trained Women of India]] (ATTWI),<ref name="FT"/> and was also elected to its executive committee for the bienniums 1979–1981<ref name="ATTWI"/> and 2002–2006.<ref>''IX General Assembly Handbook'', ATTWI, Bangalore, 2006.</ref> Basanti has also been associated with the [[National Council of Churches in India]].<ref name="FT">Premasis Satman (Edited), ''5Talents Magazine'', Issue 1, July 2012, p.4.[https://issuu.com/5talents/docs/5talents_magazine_july_2012]</ref>

After completion of her ordination in 1974, Basanti became a [[Matron]]<ref name="Count"/> of the century-old<ref name="Otto"/> all-girls'<ref name="Otto"/> [[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church|JELC]]-Boarding<ref>Fathima Kutty Kapil, ''Education in Vizagapatnam District 1805–1900'', ''Itihas'', Volume 32, p.100.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ypBPAQAAMAAJ&q=education+in+vizagapatam+district+1805-1900+fathima+kutty+kapil]</ref> in [[Kotpad]].<ref name="Count"/> The boarding home was development-centric,<ref name="Padhi"/> which provided care for girls from interior areas.<ref>Neeta Bora, M. P. Dubey (Edited), ''Social Justice and Women in India'', Swaraj Prakashan, New Delhi, 1999, p.305.[https://books.google.com/books?id=KUK3AAAAIAAJ&q=missionaries]</ref> Basanti remained in its service for eighteen years until her ordination in 1992. She was then reassigned pastoral duties at [[Nowrangpur]],<ref name="Nowrangpur"/> until her retirement in 2009.<ref name="Ordination"/>

==Early life and spiritual formation==
Basanti's father used to serve in the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Basanti was born during his father's service in [[Undivided Assam]] in [[Shillong]]. After her scholastic studies in various schools across India, she discerned her avocation towards spirituality in the 1970s and became an Aspirante studying between 1970 and 1974 at a Spiritual Formation Centre, that is, Jensen Theological College,<ref name="Otto">Otto Waack, Cynthia C. Lies, ''Church and Mission in India: The History of the Jeypore Church and the Breklum Mission (1876–1914)'' Volume I, Northelbian Centre for Worldmission and Church World Service by the Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Hamburg/New Delhi, 1997.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix7kAAAAMAAJ&q=jensen+kotapad]</ref> [[Kotpad]], which was established on 10 April 1877.<ref name="Otto"/> Notable faculty associated with the college included spiritual formators comprising the [[Old Testament]] scholar<ref>Subhasito Snehomoyo Patro, ''Royal Psalms in Modern Scholarship'', University of Kiel, Kiel, 1976.[https://books.google.com/books?id=SW4PAQAAIAAJ&q=patro+kiel]</ref> Subhasito Snehomoyo Patro,<ref>[[Mar Aprem Mooken]], ''Indian Christian Who is Who'', Bombay Parish Church of the East, 1983, p.104.[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2s5AAAAMAAJ&q=indian+christian+who+is+who]</ref> [[Doctor of Theology|Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Kiel|Kiel]]); and the [[New Testament]] scholar Kishore Chandra Patra Kosala, Dr. Theol. (Kiel);<ref>Kishore Chandra Patra Kosala, ''Taufverständnis und Theologie im ersten Petrusbrief'', Universität Kiel Dissertation, Kiel, 1985. Cited by [[Ursula Ulrike Kaiser]] in ''Die Rede von "Wiedergeburt" im Neuen Testament: Ein metapherntheoretisch orientierter Neuansatz nach 100 Jahren Forschungsgeschichte'', Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, p.415.[https://books.google.com/books?id=tIJ5DwAAQBAJ&dq=kishore+kosala+kiel&pg=PA415]</ref> among others.

Jensen Theological College, [[Kotpad]], was an affiliated seminary of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], India's first<ref name="Ray">Sankar Ray in [[Business Line]], 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> university (a university under Section 2 (f)<ref>Under section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 a University means ''a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognized by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act.'' The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612143603/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956)<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> founded by the [[Baptist Missions]] led by [[Joshua Marshman]], [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], and [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]]. During the university convocation held on 1 February 1975,<ref name="Convocation">''Convocation Brochure'', February 1, 1975 Serampore College, Serampore.</ref> at [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]], the university listed out the name of Basanti among those graduates eligible to receive the degree of [[Licentiate in Theology]] (L. Th.). Then registrars included [[Chetti Devasahayam]], [[CBCNC]], and [[J. T. Krogh]], [[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church|NELC]]. On the convocation day, the [[Commemoration (liturgy)|commemoration mass]] was conducted by the [[Old Testament]] scholar<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''Content Analysis of Theological Syllabi – Old Testament'' in ''Religion and Society'', Volume XXXII, Number 3, September 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=g.babu+rao+doctoral+studies&btnG=Search+Books]</ref> G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]], then a faculty member <ref>''The Story of Serampore and its College'', Council of Serampore College, Serampore (Fourth Edition), 2005, p.92.</ref> of [[Serampore College]] at [[Church of North India|CNI]]-St. Olave's Church, [[Serampore]].<ref name="Convocation"/>

==Legacy==
[[Ordination of women]] in India had not been easy.<ref name="Count"/> [[Male chauvinism]] and other cultural barriers kept women away from ordination.<ref name="Count"/> In spite of these, [[Elizabeth Paul]], [[CSI Order of Sisters]], could be ordained in 1976. Other noteworthy ordinations followed with that of [[Eggoni Pushpalalitha]], CSI (1984); [[Marathakavalli David]], CSI (1989); [[Rajula Annie Watson]], CSI (1991); [[Lalitha Kumari (pastor)|Mutyala Sarah Grace Lalitha Kumari]], [[CBCNC]] (1992); [[B. V. Subbamma|Bathineni Venkata Subbamma]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]] (1999); [[Evangeline Anderson Rajkumar|Evangeline Anderson-Rajkumar]], [[Arcot Lutheran Church|ALC]] (2006); and many others down the line. Similarly, [[Navamani Elia Peter|Navamani-Elia Peter]], [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]], provided leadership to the [[Bible Society of India]] as its president.

In 2015, when Basanti witnessed ordination of [[women priests]] in [[Chhindwara]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], she remarked that:
{{quote|''To my surprise, I never had a problem serving the Church or churches. We now have 11 female pastors in our area''.<ref name="Ordination"/>}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/5talents/docs/5talents_magazine_july_2012 |title=5 Talents |last=Satman |first=Premasis |date=July 2012 |website=ISUU |publisher=Sharon Prayer Fellowship and Ministries }}
*{{cite book |last=Waack |first=Otto |date=1997 |title=Church and mission in India: the history of the Jeypore church and the Breklum Mission (1876–1914) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB7kAAAAMAAJ&q=girls+boarding+kotpad|location=Hamburg/New Delhi |publisher=Northelbian Centre for Worldmission and Church World Service/Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|isbn=9788172143985 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Waack|first1=Otto|last2=Lies|first2=Cynthia C.|date=1997|title=Church and mission in India: the history of the Jeypore church and the Breklum Mission (1876-1914)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix7kAAAAMAAJ&q=jensen+kotapad|location=Hamburg/New Delhi |publisher=Northelbian Centre for Worldmission and Church World Service/Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|isbn=9788172143473}}
*{{cite book |last=Albert |first=S. Vasantharaj |date=1992 |title=Orissa: Church and People Groups |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VYxAAAAMAAJ&q=theological+seminary+kotapad
|location=Chennai |publisher=Church Growth Association of India }}
*{{cite book |last=Gill |first=Kenneth |date=1990 |title=Count us Equal: The Ministry of Women in the Church of South India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tCJrGwAACAAJ&q=count+us+equal+kenneth+gill
|location=Bangalore |publisher=Association of Theologically Trained Women in India }}

{{Portal bar|India|Christianity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basanti, Graham}}
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Lutheranism in India]]
[[Category:Lutheran missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Koraput district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Women Christian clergy]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Christian clergy]]

Ratia Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:22Z

Christi2099: creating first info basic info - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ratia
| type = SLA
| map_image = Ratia Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| reservation = SC
| division =
| constituency_no = 41
| established = 
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,27,040
}}
'''Ratia''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. [[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]] is the incumbent MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratia (SC) Assembly Election Results 2024: Ratia (SC) Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/haryana/ratia-sc-constituency-result-7041 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratia Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/ratia.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Peer Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Neki Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Atma Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Peer Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ramswaroop Ram
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Gian Chand
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|2011^
|[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Ravinder Baliala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Lakshman Napa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ratia">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ratia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0741.htm |accessdate=1 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=86,426 |percentage=52.54% |change={{increase}}18.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunita Duggal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,984 |percentage=39.50% |change={{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramsarup Rama |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=5,769 |percentage=3.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukhtyar Singh Bazigar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,280 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,000 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}}18.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,050 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,442 |percentage=13.03% |change= {{increase}}12.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,64,504 |percentage=72.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,040 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakshman Napa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,160 |percentage=34.97% |change={{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,944 |percentage=34.20% |change={{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manju Bala |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=29,909 |percentage=18.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulvinder Singh |party=Shiromani Akali Dal |votes=9,965 |percentage=6.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,301 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,244 |percentage=0.79% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,086 |percentage=0.69% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,216 |percentage=0.77% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,57,748 |percentage=73.45% |change= {{decrease}}6.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,770 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Baliala|Prof. Ravinder Baliala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=50,905 |percentage=32.43% |change={{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Duggal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,452 |percentage=32.14% |change={{increase}}25.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,681 |percentage=23.37% |change={{decrease}}13.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Saroop Rama |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=6,430 |percentage=4.10% |change={{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angrej Singh |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=5,259 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,849 |percentage=1.18% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram Dahiya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,047 |percentage=0.67% |change={{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=854 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=453 |percentage=0.29% |change= {{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,56,987 |percentage=80.39% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,275 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3826-haryana-2009/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gian Chand]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=50,095 |percentage=39.71% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh S/O Hakam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,713 |percentage=37.03% |change={{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Parshad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,865 |percentage=7.03% |change={{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangat Ram |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=8,341 |percentage=6.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjeet Kaur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,053 |percentage=3.21% |change={{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bira Ram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,173 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdeep Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,044 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,310 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjeet |party=Independent politician |votes=892 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaginder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=728 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,382 |percentage=2.68% |change= {{decrease}}7.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,149 |percentage=78.02% |change= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,695 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gian Chand]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=36,623 |percentage=37.84% |change={{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdeep Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,572 |percentage=27.46% |change={{increase}}20.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=18,934 |percentage=19.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ladu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,736 |percentage=13.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,121 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=783 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,051 |percentage=10.39% |change= {{decrease}}16.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,781 |percentage=76.10% |change= {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh S/O Hakam Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,224 |percentage=47.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=16,169 |percentage=19.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Singh Gill |party=Independent politician |votes=13,729 |percentage=16.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Mistri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,794 |percentage=7.14% |change={{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup Rama |party=Independent politician |votes=4,267 |percentage=5.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Kumar Papla |party=Independent politician |votes=1,041 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piyara Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=609 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,055 |percentage=27.17% |change= {{increase}}13.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,168 |percentage=70.77% |change= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,027 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}12.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Saroop Rama |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=28,044 |percentage=34.86% |change={{increase}}14.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=17,327 |percentage=21.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=12,138 |percentage=15.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gian Chand]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,255 |percentage=13.99% |change={{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh S/O Kartar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,227 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,342 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurbax Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,125 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmer Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,123 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bheera Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=687 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=626 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,717 |percentage=13.32% |change= {{increase}}11.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,453 |percentage=76.27% |change= {{increase}}10.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,973 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}14.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pir Chand |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=13,255 |percentage=20.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup S/O Sadhu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,988 |percentage=18.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=11,502 |percentage=18.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chabil Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,646 |percentage=13.55% |change={{decrease}}20.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,028 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piyara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,775 |percentage=5.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karnail Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,670 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmer Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,607 |percentage=4.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,142 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=429 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganda Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,267 |percentage=1.99% |change= {{decrease}}25.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,819 |percentage=65.81% |change= {{decrease}}10.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,209 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}40.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atama Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=40,242 |percentage=61.59% |change={{increase}}24.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pir Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,995 |percentage=33.67% |change={{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=976 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=854 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=455 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piru Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=389 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganda Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=0.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,247 |percentage=27.93% |change= {{increase}}27.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,334 |percentage=74.73% |change= {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,189 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}24.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neki Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,342 |percentage=37.55% |change={{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=17,144 |percentage=37.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup S/O Sadhu |party=Janata Party |votes=8,163 |percentage=17.68% |change={{decrease}}19.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hansa Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=840 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander Dahiya |party=Independent politician |votes=660 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surja Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=380 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=198 |percentage=0.43% |change= {{decrease}}8.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,182 |percentage=63.80% |change= {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,015 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pir Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=12,197 |percentage=36.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,246 |percentage=27.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeeta Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,874 |percentage=17.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakim Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,303 |percentage=6.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,268 |percentage=3.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmer Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=623 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=526 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander Dahiya |party=Independent politician |votes=513 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surja Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=401 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,951 |percentage=8.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,146 |percentage=54.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,309 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Fatehabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.68|75.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Fatehabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]

Darshan Dhruvanarayana

2026-04-15T01:53:36Z

Christi2099: started new entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Darshan Dhruvanarayana
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|03|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = Harshavardhan B.
| term_end =
| successor =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[R. Dhruvanarayana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
}}
'''Darshan Dhruvanarayana ''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He serves as member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nanjangud-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601932|title=Nanjangud Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Darshan Dhruvanarayana Wins From Nanjangud|first=A. B. P.|last=Live|date=13 May 2023|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]].He is the son of [[R. Dhruvanarayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/karnataka-elections-meet-darshan-dhruvanarayan-the-congress-candidate-from-nanjangud-7586383.html|title=Karnataka Elections: Meet Darshan Dhruvanarayan, The Congress Candidate From Nanjangud|website=News18|date=19 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Karnataka Elections: Meet Darshan Dhruvanarayan, The Congress Candidate From Nanjangud |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/karnataka-elections-meet-darshan-dhruvanarayan-the-congress-candidate-from-nanjangud-7586383.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Five Graduates among Mysuru MLAs">{{cite news |last1=Star of Mysore |title=Five Graduates among Mysuru MLAs |url=https://starofmysore.com/five-graduates-among-mysuru-mlas/ |accessdate=17 November 2024 |date=14 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524175146/https://starofmysore.com/five-graduates-among-mysuru-mlas/ |archivedate=24 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka election results 2023: DK Shivakumar has biggest victory margin, 29 candidates got over-40,000 vote lead">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: DK Shivakumar has biggest victory margin, 29 candidates got over-40,000 vote lead |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karnataka-election-results-2023-congress-bjp-jds-dk-shivakumar-victory-margin-candidates-16650511.htm |accessdate=17 November 2024 |date=14 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117172043/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karnataka-election-results-2023-congress-bjp-jds-dk-shivakumar-victory-margin-candidates-16650511.htm |archivedate=17 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruvanarayana, Darshan}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Peravurani N. Ashokkumar

2026-04-11T15:53:30Z

Christi2099: creating initial bio w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Ashokkumar
| image = N Ashok Kumar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|15 April 1957}}
| occupation = Politician, Social Service, Agriculture, Business
| spouse = A. Parimala
| children = Karki Ashokkumar, Keerthi Ashokkumar
| relatives =
| office = Member of Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 2021
| term_end = 2026
}}
'''Peravurani N Ashokkumar''' formerly known as '''N. Ashokkumar''', is a political leader,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-06|title=Suspended town services revived|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/suspended-town-services-revived/article36320031.ece|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> from Tamil Nadu, India. He is the currently elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Peravurani (state assembly constituency)|Peravurani]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=16th Assembly Members|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members/001_050.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=www.assembly.tn.gov.in}}</ref> Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India . Driven by social consciousness, he started his political career early by joining the political party that aligned with his ideologies, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)]] in the year, 1975. As a mission driven, compassionate, empathetic, and strategic political leader, N. Ashokkumar focuses on doing good to the people of his constituency.

== Personal life ==
N. Ashokkumar was born on 15 April 1957 to V. Narayanasamy (father) and N. Jayam (mother) from Veeraiyankottai Village, [[Peravurani Taluk]], Thanjavur District and settled in [[Peravurani|Peravurani Town]]. As a student, N. Ashok Kumar was a sports enthusiast. He completed his PUC education in Debritto School, [[Devakottai|Devakkottai]], Tamil Nadu. His in laws are DMK Leader, Thiru. Misa Krishnamoorthi EX MLA & Saraswathi. He has two siblings N. Elango and N. Sumathi.
[[File:N. Ashokkumar with sons.jpg|center|thumb]]

== Political career ==
[[File:Political_Party_Symbol.jpg|thumb|center]]N. Ashokkumar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashokkumar N Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of Tamil-nadu Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/ashokkumar-n-22177-2|access-date=2021-12-06|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref> is a social worker<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 18, 2021|title=ஆம்புலன்ஸ் வாடகை செலவு தி.மு.க., - எம்.எல்.ஏ., ஏற்பு |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-thanjavur/news/2769885|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Dinamalar|language=ta}}</ref> in Peruvurani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashokkumar N : Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/ashokkumar-n-peravurani-candidate-s22a177c001/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.news18.com}}</ref> His political career started in 1975 when he joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party.]] He won in the Peruratchi election for the position of chairman in the years of 2006 and 2011.
[[File:With all members.jpg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election
!Year
!Party
!Constituency
!Result
|-
|2021-2026
|DMK
|Peravurani
|Won
|-
|2016-2021
|DMK
|Peravurani
|Lost
|}

== Educationist ==
As an Educationist, N. Ashokkumar had a vision to give low cost English medium education for the people of Peravurani. He co-founded the Muvendar Matriculation Higher Secondary School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muvendar Matric Hr Sec School|url=https://www.facebook.com/mmhscpvi/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> in Peravurani in 1985.
[[File:School at Tamilnadu.jpg|center|thumb]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:N. Ashokkumar MLA}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

BRIC (economics term)

2026-04-06T14:02:43Z

Christi2099: Started initial details with sources

{{Short description|Term for a group of four emerging national economies}}
{{About|the investment grouping|the intergovernmental organization|BRICS|other uses|Bric (disambiguation){{!}}Bric}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
| name = BRIC
| image_map = BRIC.svg
| alt_map = Brazil, Russia, India, and China
| org_type = Foreign investment strategies grouping
| membership = {{Hlist|[[Brazil]]|[[Russia]]|[[India]]|[[China]]}}
| GDP_PPP = $49.967 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal = $27.107 trillion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| established_event1 = Term coined by [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]]
| established_date1 = 2001
| established_event2 = [[Goldman Sachs]] closes BRIC fund
| established_date2 = 2015<ref name="Rana Foroohar">
{{cite web |author=Rana Foroohar |date=10 November 2015 |title=Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken |url=https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092435/http://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016}}
</ref>
| area_km2 = 38,464,219
| population_estimate = 3,157,441,470
| population_estimate_year = 2022
}}

'''BRIC''' ('''Brazil, Russia, India, and China''') is the foreign investment strategies grouping of [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], and [[China]]. The term has been rendered as "'''the BRICs'''", "the '''BRIC countries'''", "the '''BRIC economies'''", and the "'''Big Four'''".<ref name="original">{{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Jim |author-link1=Jim O'Neill (economist) |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf |title=Building Better Global Economic BRICs, Global Economics Paper No: 66 |date=30 November 2001 |publisher=Goldman Sachs |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404104127/https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="howsolid">{{cite book |author1=O'Neill, Jim |author1-link=Jim O'Neill (economist) |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/archive-pdfs/how-solid.pdf |title=How Solid are the BRICs? Global Economics Paper No: 134 |author2=Dominic Wilson |author3=Roopa Purushothaman |author4=Anna Stupnytska |date=1 December 2005 |publisher=Goldman Sachs |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327124413/https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/archive-pdfs/how-solid.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Dominic Wilson, Roopa Purushothaman (1 October 2003). [https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/archive-pdfs/brics-dream.pdf ''Dreaming with BRICs. Global Economics Paper No. 99'']. Goldman Sachs.</ref> It is a leading example of "acronym investing" where investments are targeted to a group of otherwise disparate markets which share a common feature.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Cohn |first=Carolyn |date=2014 |title=BRIC, MINT, CIVETS: Money Managers Are So Over Investing in Catchy Acronyms |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bric-mint-civets-acronym-investing-2014-1 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 April 2008 |title=Another BRIC in the wall |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2008/04/21/another-bric-in-the-wall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209050744/http://www.economist.com/node/11075147 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=28 July 2014 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> The term has been expanded by observers to include other countries such as [[South Africa]] (BRICS), [[Mexico]] (BRIMC), and [[South Korea]] (BRICK), among others.

The term was first coined by British economist [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]] and later championed by his employer [[Goldman Sachs]] in 2001. O'Neill identified the four countries as [[emerging market]]s and rising [[economic power]]s which were at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. Goldman Sachs, of which O'Neill was the head of global economics research, would continue reporting and investing in their BRIC fund until 2015. In a 2023 retrospective article, O'Neill commented that after the term's initial proposal, it gained an outsized popularilty in the 2000s and 2010s to explain the economic conditions of the four countries. He also conceded that the reports published by Goldman Sachs, which presented an optimistic possibility of the BRIC economies in the year 2050, were most likely not going to come true as economic downturns in the 2010s and early 2020s severely altered the trajectory of each country's economies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The future of the BRICS and the New Development Bank {{!}} Global Policy Journal |url=https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/articles/global-governance/future-brics-and-new-development-bank |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.globalpolicyjournal.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jim O'Neill |first=Lord O'Neill of Gatley |date=2024 |title=The future of the BRICS and the New Development Bank |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.13195?saml_referrer= |journal=Policy Insights|volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=383–388 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.13195 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The acronym was co-opted by the countries themselves beginning in the late-2000s. The [[1st BRIC summit]] in 2009, which founded the [[BRICS]] organization, was held between the leaders of the four countries, with later summits involving South Africa beginning in 2010. O'Neill commented on the [[2nd BRIC summit|2010 summit]] by drawing a distinction between his BRIC term and the BRICS organisation, arguing that South Africa was too small as an economy to join the BRIC ranks.<ref name=":3">Reuters 2011 Investment Outlook Summit, London and New York, 6–7 December 2010</ref><ref name="globalpost.com" /> In further comments in 2023, O'Neill stressed that he "never encouraged [the countries] to develop a political club" and that the organization appeared to exist just as "a club that the [[U.S.]] is not a part of."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-14 |title=Lord Jim O'Neill: 'I never intended for BRICs to become a political club' |url=https://www.etfstream.com/articles/lord-jim-o-neill-i-never-intended-for-brics-to-become-a-political-club |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=ETF Stream |language=en}}</ref>

==Reports==
=== O'Neill's thesis (2001) ===
In 2001, [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]], a global economist at [[Goldman Sachs]] at the time, proposed that the [[economic potential]] of [[Economy of Brazil|Brazil]], [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], [[Economy of India|India]] and [[Economy of China|China]] is such that they could become among the most dominant economies by 2050.<ref name="askexpert">
{{cite news|title=Ask the expert: BRICs and investor strategy|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c8192f64-6a66-11db-83d9-0000779e2340|work=Financial Times|date=6 November 2006|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425020625/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c8192f64-6a66-11db-83d9-0000779e2340.html|archive-date=25 April 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref> At the time, these countries encompassed over 25% of the world's land coverage and 40% of the world's population and held a combined [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (PPP) of $20 trillion. On almost every scale, they would be the largest entity on the global stage and were among the largest and fastest-growing [[emerging market]]s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Politically, they have taken steps to increase their cooperation, mainly as a way of influencing the [[United States]] position on major trade accords, or, through the implicit threat of political cooperation, as a way of extracting [[concession (politics)|political concessions]] from the United States, such as the proposed nuclear cooperation with India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Apec and the Rise of China|last=Lok-sang Ho|first=John Wong|publisher=World Scientific|year=2011|pages=118}}</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=What nuclear cooperation is being referred to?|date=October 2024}}

==="Dreaming with BRICS: The Path to 2050" (2003)===
The BRIC thesis recognizes that [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]] and [[China]] have changed their political systems to embrace global [[capitalism]].<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Farah|first1=Paolo D.|title=Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism|journal=Legal Issues of Economic Integration|date=2006|volume=33|issue=3|pages=263–304|doi=10.54648/LEIE2006016 |s2cid=153128973 |url=http://paolofarah.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/paolofarahliei263-304.pdf|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814141608/http://paolofarah.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/paolofarahliei263-304.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=live}}
</ref> Goldman Sachs predicts that China and India, respectively, will become the dominant global suppliers of [[Final good|manufactured good]]s and [[Service (economics)|services]], while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. Of the four countries, Brazil remains the only [[polity]] that can continue all elements, meaning manufacturing, services, and resource supplying simultaneously. Cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers.

In 2016, an Australian economist predicted that in 2050, China and India will be first and second respectively in terms of GDP per capita spending, surpassing the United States. Brazil was predicted to be in the fifth position. This was attributed due to the global economic center shifting from the Atlantic to the Asia Pacific region.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat/berita/186206/indonesia-the-fourth-largest-in-gdp-in-2050-analysts |title=Indonesia the Fourth-Largest in GDP in 2050: Analysts |author=Chandra Hamdani Noer |date=22 October 2016 |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024231829/http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat/berita/186206/indonesia-the-fourth-largest-in-gdp-in-2050-analysts |archive-date=24 October 2016 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

===Follow-up report (2004)===
The economics team at Goldman Sachs released a follow-up report to its initial BRIC study in 2004.<ref name=":0">
[http://www2.goldmansachs.com/hkchina/insight/research/pdf/BRICs_3_12-1-05.pdf BRICs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227020712/http://www2.goldmansachs.com/hkchina/insight/research/pdf/BRICs_3_12-1-05.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} – Goldman Sachs Research Report
</ref> The report states that in the BRIC nations, the number of people with an annual income over a threshold of $3,000 will double in number within three years and reach 800 million people within a decade. This predicted a massive rise in the size of the middle class in these nations. The report also includes calculations that in 2025, the number of people in BRIC nations earning over $15,000 would reach over 200 million people. This indicates that a huge pickup in demand will not be restricted to basic goods but impact higher-priced goods as well. According to the report, first China and then a decade later India would begin to dominate the world economy. However, it was noted that despite the balance of future growth swinging so decisively towards the BRIC economies, the average level of individuals in the more [[advanced economies]] will continue to far outstrip the BRIC economic average for the foreseeable future.<ref name=":0" />

The report also highlights India's inefficient [[Energy policy of India|energy consumption]] at the time as well as the dramatic under-representation of these economies in the global [[capital market]]s. The report also emphasizes the enormous populations that exist within the BRIC nations, which makes it relatively easy for their aggregate wealth to eclipse the [[Group of Six|G6]], while per-capita income levels remained far below the norm of today's industrialized countries. This phenomenon, too, will affect world markets as multinational corporations will attempt to take advantage of the enormous potential markets in the BRIC countries. This would present itself in the automobile and other manufactured goods markets, as companies would produce far cheaper goods affordable to the consumers within the BRIC economies in lieu of the luxury models that may traditionally bring the most revenue. The report cites India and China as examples of countries which had already begun making their presence felt in the service and manufacturing sector respectively in the global arena, with developed economies already taking note of this.<ref name=":0" />

=== "India's Rising Growth Potential" (2007) ===
A second follow-up report was compiled by lead authors Tushar Poddar and Eva Yi in January 2007. The report unveiled updated projection figures attributed to the rising growth trends in India since 2003. Goldman Sachs asserts that "India's influence on the world economy will be bigger and quicker than implied in our previously published BRICs research". They noted significant areas of research and development and expansion that is happening in the country, which the report predicts would lead to the prosperity of the growing [[middle class]]. Demographically, India had 10 of the 30 fastest-growing urban areas in the world at the time. Based on trends at the time, an estimated 700 million Indians will move to cities by 2050. Such a demographic change would have significant implications for demand for urban infrastructure, real estate, and services.<ref name="India's Rising Growth Potential">
{{cite web |last1=Podar |first1=Tushar |last2=Yi |first2=Eva |date=22 January 2007 |title=India's Rising Growth Potential |url=http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/526507837.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729035455/http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/526507837.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |website=GS Global Economic website |publisher=Global Economics Paper No. 15 2}}
</ref>

In the revised 2007 figures, based on increased and sustaining growth, more inflows into foreign direct investment, Goldman Sachs predicts that "from 2007 to 2020, India's GDP per capita in US$ terms will quadruple", and that the Indian economy will surpass the [[United States]] (in US$) by 2043. At the same time, the report indicated that Russia, while continuing its dominance of the [[Energy policy of the European Union|European energy market]], would continue to struggle economically, as its population declines.<ref name="India's Rising Growth Potential" />

==="EM Equity in Two Decades: A Changing Landscape" (2010)===
According to a 2010 report from Goldman Sachs, China might surpass the United States in equity market capitalization terms by 2030 and become the single largest equity market in the world.<ref name=emequity>{{cite book|author1=Timothy Moe|author2=Caesar Maasry|author3=Richard Tang|title=EM Equity in Two Decades: A Changing Landscape (Global Economics Paper No: 204)|date=8 September 2010|publisher=Goldman Sachs|url=http://www.dasinvestment.com/fileadmin/images/pictures/0809_Global_Econ_Paper_No__204_Final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708233332/http://www.dasinvestment.com/fileadmin/images/pictures/0809_Global_Econ_Paper_No__204_Final.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> By 2020, America's GDP might be only slightly larger than [[Historical GDP of the People's Republic of China#Current status|China's GDP]]. Together, the four BRICs may account for 41% of the world's market capitalization by 2030, the report said.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/09/08/goldman-onwards-and-upwards/ |title=Goldman predicts: onwards and upwards for emerging markets |publisher=Blogs.ft.com |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628095028/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/09/08/goldman-onwards-and-upwards/ |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

=== Further developments ===
By 2015, Goldman Sachs quietly closed down its BRIC fund after lost 88 percent of its asset value since 2010, instead channeling the fund into emerging markets countries.<ref name="Rana Foroohar" /> Jim O'Neill, the inventor of the term "BRIC", was the former chief economist of Goldman Sachs and retired from the firm in 2013.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Jim O'Neill to retire from Goldman Sachs |date=5 February 2013 |publisher=Goldman Sachs |url=http://www.goldmansachs.com/media-relations/comments-and-responses/current/jim-oneill-to-retire-from-goldman-sachs.html |last1=Blankfein |first1=Lloyd C. |last2=Cohn |first2=Gary D. |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208093123/http://www.goldmansachs.com/media-relations/comments-and-responses/current/jim-oneill-to-retire-from-goldman-sachs.html |archive-date=8 February 2013 |author-link1=Lloyd Blankfein |author-link2=}}</ref>

The head of emerging markets for Morgan Stanley Investment Management, [[Ruchir Sharma]], released a book in 2012 entitled ''[[Breakout Nations]].'' Sharma posited that such rapid growth for more than a decade is difficult to maintain, with outside commenters connecting this to the potential for the BRIC economies to slow their rapid economic rise.<ref name="Rana Foroohar" /> This idea was partially accepted by O'Neill in 2023, who commented that in the time since the initial proposal of the BRIC term, the BRIC economies were unlikely to reach the 2050 projections published in the Goldman Sachs reported. O'Neill attributed this to post-2012 developments including government decisions and consequences from the Great Recession and [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|impact of COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In late 2010, China surpassed [[Economy of Japan|Japan's GDP]] for the first time, with China's GDP standing at $5.88 trillion compared to Japan's $5.47 trillion. China thus became the world's second-largest economy after the United States.<ref>
{{cite news|last1=Tabuchi|first1=Hiroko|author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |title=China Replaced Japan in 2010 as No. 2 Economy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/business/global/14yen.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075044/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/business/global/14yen.html|archive-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref> For the year 2013, for the first time China surpassed $4 trillion in world trade and become the world's largest trading country, consisting of $2.21 trillion in exports and $1.95 trillion in imports. While the United States for 11 months of 2013 world trade figure totaling $3.5 trillion and seems cannot beat China.{{Clarification needed|date=October 2024}} China's world trade balance in 2013 had a surplus of almost $260 billion, a 12.8% increased from the prior year.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Angela Monaghan |date=10 January 2014 |title=China surpasses US as world's largest trading nation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/10/china-surpasses-us-world-largest-trading-nation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094941/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/10/china-surpasses-us-world-largest-trading-nation |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=11 December 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian}}
</ref>

According to the [[National Institute of Economic and Social Research]], based on [[International Monetary Fund]] figures, in 2012 Brazil became the sixth-largest economy in the world by overtaking United Kingdom with $2.52 trillion and $2.48 trillion, respectively. Comparatively in 2010, the Brazilian economy was worth $2.09 trillion while UK economy was worth $2.25 trillion. The significant increases were attributed to a Brazilian economic boom in high food and oil prices.<ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17272716 |title=Brazil 'overtakes UK's economy' |date=6 March 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710090125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17272716 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Since the beginning of the [[Great Recession]], in Q3 2013 the economy of Brazil contracted by 0.5 percent compared with the previous quarter, being the first contraction since Q1 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/12/04/brazil-economy-experiences-first-contraction-since-200/ |title=Brazil's economy experiences first contraction since 2009 |date=4 December 2013 |work=Fox News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809230248/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/12/04/brazil-economy-experiences-first-contraction-since-200/ |archive-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref>

In June 2012, following [[Standard & Poor's]] (S&P) report that India's growth outlook could deteriorate if policymaking and governance did not improve, [[Fitch Ratings]] cut its credit outlook for India from stable to negative while maintaining its BBB− rating, the lowest [[Bond credit rating|investment-grade]] rating. A week before Fitch released the rating, S&P stated that India could become the first of the BRIC countries to lose investment-grade status.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/fitch-india-outlook-revision-idINDEE85H0A020120618 |title=Fitch cuts India rating outlook to negative |date=18 June 2012 |work=Reuters |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619231900/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/18/fitch-india-outlook-revision-idINDEE85H0A020120618 |archive-date=19 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>

Based on a March 2011 ''[[Forbes]]'' report, the BRIC countries counted 301 [[billionaire]]s among their combined populations, exceeding the number of billionaires in Europe, which stood at 300 in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rappeport|first1=Alan|title=Brics becoming billionaire factory|url= http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/bc9b6d80-4a8d-11e0-82ab-00144feab49a.html|work=Financial Times|date=9 March 2011}}</ref>

==Statistics==
[[File:Historical top 10 nominal GDP proportion 2018.svg|thumb|Proportion of world (countries with data) nominal GDP for the countries with the top 10 highest nominal GDP in 2018, from 1980 to 2018 with IMF projections until 2024. Countries marked with an asterisk are non-G8 countries.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/WEOOct2019all.xls |title=IMF World Economic Outlook database |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>]]
A [[Goldman Sachs]] paper published in December 2005 explained why Mexico was not included in the original BRICs.<ref name="howsolid"/> [[The Economist]] publishes an annual table of socio-economic national statistics in its "Pocket World in Figures".{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Extrapolating the global rankings from their 2008 Edition for the BRIC countries and economies in relation to various categories provides an interesting touchstone in relation to the economic underpinnings of the BRIC thesis. It also illustrates how, despite their divergent economic bases, the economic indicators are remarkably similar in global rankings between the different economies. It also suggests that, while economic arguments can be made for linking Mexico into the BRIC thesis, the case for including South Korea looks considerably weaker.

===General statistics===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Statistics{{Clarification needed|reason=When are these statistics from?|date=October 2024}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
! style="width:210px;"| Categories
! style="width:100px;"| Brazil
! style="width:100px;"| Russia
! style="width:100px;"| India
! style="width:100px;"| China
|-
! [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|Area]]
| 005th || '''001st''' || 007th || 003rd
|-
! [[List of countries by population|Population]]
| 005th || 009th || 001st || '''002nd'''
|-
! [[List of countries by population growth rate|Population growth rate]]
| 128th || 177th || '''098th''' || 148th
|-
! [[List of countries by labour force|Labor force]]
| 005th || 006th || 002nd || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal)]]
| 008th || 010th || 05th || '''002nd'''
|-
! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]]
| 007th || 006th || 003rd || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP (nominal) per capita]]
| 057th || '''047th''' || 139th || 072nd
|-
! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]
| 075th || '''055th''' || 126th || 072nd
|-
! [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|GDP (real) growth rate]]
| 0180th || 0177th || '''003rd''' || 0012th
|-
! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]
| 085th || '''055th''' || 114th || 079th
|-
! [[List of countries by exports|Exports]]
| 06th || 08th || 012th || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by imports|Imports]]
| 021st || 017th || 08th || '''002nd'''
|-
! [[List of countries by current account balance|Current account balance]]
| 0187th || 005th || 186th || '''002nd'''
|-
! [[List of countries by received FDI|Received FDI]]
| 013th || 016th || 019th || '''004th'''
|-
! [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|Foreign exchange reserves]]
| 0010th || 006th || 009th || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by external debt|External debt]]
| 020th || 021st || '''022nd''' || 012th
|-
! [[List of countries by public debt|Public debt]]
| 042nd || '''0190th''' ||0104th || 0184th
|-
! [[List of countries by electricity consumption|Electricity consumption]]
| 009th || 004th || 003rd || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources|Renewable energy source]]
| 003rd || 005th || 006th || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by number of mobile phones in use|Number of mobile phones]]
| 004th || 005th || 002nd || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by number of Internet users|Number of internet users]]
| 005th || 006th || 002nd || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|Motor vehicle production]]
| 009th || 015th || 005th || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by military expenditures|Military expenditures]]
| 011th || 004th || 05th || '''002nd'''
|-
! [[List of countries by number of troops|Active troops]]
| 015th || 005th || 002nd || '''001st'''
|-
! [[List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers|UN Peacekeepers]]
| 024th || 0077th || '''003rd''' || 009th
|-
! [[List of countries by rail transport network size|Rail network]]
| 010th || 003rd || 004th || '''002nd'''
|-
! [[List of countries by road network size|Road network]]
| 004th || 007th || '''002nd''' || 003rd
|}

===Goldman Sachs prediction===
[[File:Top five largest economies in 2050.jpg|left|800px|thumb|Projection of the ten largest economies in the world to 2050, measured in GDP (billions of 2006 USD), according to [[Goldman Sachs]] in 2007<ref name="N11"/>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Gross Domestic Product]] in 2006 US$ billions<ref name="N11">
[http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/brics/brics-and-beyond-book-pdfs/brics-full-book.pdf "BRICS and Beyond"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203044446/http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/brics/brics-and-beyond-book-pdfs/brics-full-book.pdf |date=3 December 2011 }} – Goldman Sachs study of BRIC and [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley#Next Eleven|N11]] nations, 23 November 2007.
</ref>
! Rank 2050 !! Country !! 2050 !! 2045 !! 2040 !! 2035 !! 2030 !! 2030 USDA<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-10/the-world-s-20-largest-economies-in-2030 |title=These Will Be the World's 20 Largest Economies in 2030 |author=Jeanna Smialek |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119134912/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-10/the-world-s-20-largest-economies-in-2030 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |url-status=live }}
</ref>!! 2025 !! 2020 !! 2015 !! 2010 !! 2006 !! Percent increase from 2006 to 2050
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| '''1''' || '''China''' || '''70,710''' || 57,310 || 45,022 || 34,348 || 25,610 || 22,200 || 18,437 || 12,630 || 8,133 || 4,667 || 2,682 || 2536%
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| '''2''' || '''India''' || '''38,668''' || 25,278 || 16,510 || 10,514 || 6,683 || 6,600 || 4,316 || 2,848 || 1,900 || 1,256 || 909 || 4043%
|-
| 3 || United States || 38,514 || 33,904 || 29,823 || 26,097 || 22,817 || 24,800 || 20,087 || 17,978 || 16,194 || 14,535 || 13,245 || 190%
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| '''4''' || '''Brazil''' || '''11,366''' || 8,740 || 6,631 || 4,963 || 3,720 || 4,000 || 2,831 || 2,194 || 1,720 || 2,087 || 1,064 || 968%
|-
| '''5''' || Mexico || 9,340 || 7,204 || 5,471 || 4,102 || 3,068 || 2,300 || 2,303 || 1,742 || 1,327 || 1,009 || 851 || 997%
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| '''6''' || '''Russia''' || '''8,580''' || 7,420 || 6,320 || 5,265 || 4,265 || 2,400 || 3,341 || 2,554 || 1,900 || 1,371 || 982 || 773%
|-
|}
Note: All data above is from Goldman Sachs, except the 2030 USDA column is data from U.S. Department of Agriculture (2030 USDA) about World's 20 Largest Economies in 2030, but only 16 match with Goldman Sachs data. In 2030 USDA, Mexico and Indonesia will topple South Korea (please see Section [[#Proposed inclusions|Proposed inclusions]]). There is no South Africa of [[BRICS|BRIC '''S''']] in the above table. In 2030, the sole country from Africa is Nigeria and the US is still number one, but China almost overtakes the US.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[GDP per capita|Gross Domestic Product per capita]] (real)<ref name="N11"/>
! Rank 2050 !! Country !! 2050 !! 2045 !! 2040 !! 2035 !! 2030 !! 2025 !! 2020 !! 2015 !! 2010 !! 2006 !! Percent increase from 2006 to 2050
|-
| 1 || United States || 91,683 || 83,489 || 76,044 || 69,019 || 62,717 || 57,446 || 53,502 || 50,200 || 47,014 || 44,379 || 106%
|-
| 2 || South Korea || 90,294 || 75,979 || 63,924 || 53,449 || 44,602 || 36,813 || 29,868 || 26,012 || 21,602 || 18,161 || 397%
|-
| 3 || United Kingdom || 79,234 || 73,807 || 67,391 || 61,049 || 55,904 || 52,220 || 49,173 || 45,591 || 41,543 || 38,108 || 107%
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| 4 || '''Russia''' || 78,435 || 65,708 || 54,221 || 43,800 || 34,368 || 26,061 || 19,311 || 13,971 || 9,833 || 6,909 || '''1,037%'''
|-
| 5 || Canada || 76,002 || 69,531 || 63,464 || 57,728 || 52,663 || 48,621 || 45,961 || 43,449 || 40,541 || 38,071 || 99%
|-
| 6 || France || 75,253 || 68,252 || 62,136 || 56,562 || 52,327 || 48,429 || 44,811 || 41,332 || 38,380 || 36,045 || 108%
|-
| 7 || Germany || 68,253 || 62,658 || 57,118 || 51,710 || 47,263 || 45,033 || 43,223 || 40,589 || 37,474 || 34,588 || 97%
|-
| 8 || Japan || 66,846 || 60,492 || 55,756 || 52,345 || 49,975 || 46,419 || 42,385 || 38,650 || 36,194 || 34,021 || 96%
|-
| 9 || Mexico || 63,149 || 49,393 || 38,255 || 29,417 || 22,694 || 17,685 || 13,979 || 11,176 || 8,972 || 7,918 || 697%
|-
| 10 || Italy || 58,545 || 52,760 || 48,070 || 44,948 || 43,195 || 41,358 || 38,990 || 35,908 || 32,948 || 31,123 || 88%
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| 11 || '''Brazil''' || 49,759 || 38,149 || 29,026 || 21,924 || 16,694 || 12,996 || 10,375 || 8,427 || 6,882 || 5,657 || '''779%'''
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| 12 || '''China''' || 49,650 || 39,719 || 30,951 || 23,511 || 17,522 || 12,688 || 8,829 || 5,837 || 3,463 || 2,041 || '''2,332%'''
|-
| 13 || Turkey || 45,595 || 34,971 || 26,602 || 20,046 || 15,188 || 11,743 || 9,291 || 7,460 || 6,005 || 5,545 || 722%
|-
| 14 || Vietnam || 33,472 || 23,932 || 16,623 || 11,148 || 7,245 || 4,583 || 2,834 || 1,707 || 1,001 || 655 || 5,010%
|-
| 15 || Iran || 32,676 || 26,231 || 20,746 || 15,979 || 12,139 || 9,328 || 7,345 || 5,888 || 4,652 || 3,768 || 767%
|-
| 16 || Indonesia || 22,395 || 15,642 || 10,784 || 7,365 || 5,123 || 3,711 || 2,813 || 2,197 || 1,724 || 1,508 || 1,385%
|- style="background:#dedede;"
| 17 || '''India''' || 20,836 || 14,446 || 9,802 || 6,524 || 4,360 || 2,979 || 2,091 || 1,492 || 1,061 || 817 || '''2,450%'''
|-
| 18 || Pakistan || 20,500 || 14,025 || 9,443 || 6,287 || 4,287 || 3,080 || 2,352 || 1,880 || 1,531 || 1,281 || 1,500%
|-
| 19 || Philippines || 20,388 || 14,260 || 9,815 || 6,678 || 4,635 || 3,372 || 2,591 || 2,075 || 1,688 || 1,312 || 1,453%
|-
| 20 || flag|Nigeria || 13,014 || 8,934 || 6,117 || 4,191 || 2,944 || 2,161 || 1,665 || 1,332 || 1,087 || 919 || 1,316%
|-
| 21 || Egypt || 11,786 || 7,066 || 5,183 || 3,775 || 2,744 || 2,035 ||1,568 || 1,260 || 897 || 778 || 808%
|-
| 22 || Bangladesh || 5,235 || 3,767 || 2,698 || 1,917 || 1,384 || 1,027 || 790 || 627 || 510 || 427 || 1,125%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Gross Domestic Product in 2006 US$ billions<ref name="N11"/>
! Groups !! Countries !! 2050 !! 2045 !! 2040 !! 2035 !! 2030 !! 2025 !! 2020 !! 2015 !! 2010 !! 2006
|-
| BRICS || Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa || 128,324 || 98,757 || 74,483 || 55,090 || 40,278 || 28,925 || 20,226 || 13,653 || 8,640 || 5,637
|-
| G7 || Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, US|| 66,039 || 59,475 || 53,617 || 48,281|| 43,745 || 39,858 || 36,781 || 33,414 || 30,437 || 28,005
|}

The following three tables are lists of economies by incremental GDP from 2006 to 2050 by [[Goldman Sachs]]. They illustrate that the BRICs and N11 nations are replacing G7 nations as the main contributors to the world's economic growth. From 2020 to 2050, nine of the ten largest countries by incremental GDP are occupied by the BRICs and N11 nations, in which the [[United States]] remains to be the only G7 member as one of the three biggest contributors to the global economic growth.<ref name="N11"/>

{|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|+List of Economies by Incremental Nominal GDP from 2006 to 2020
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Incremental GDP in billions of 2006 [[United States dollar|US$]]
|-
|1||'''China'''||9,948
|-
|2||United States||4,733
|-
|3||'''India'''||1,939
|-
|4||'''Russia'''||1,572
|-
|5||'''Brazil'''||1,130
|-
|6||Mexico||891
|-
|7||Japan||888
|-
|8||United Kingdom||791
|-
|9||Germany||668
|-
|10||Italy||635
|-
|11||France||621
|-
|11||South Korea||621
|-
|13||Canada||440
|-
|14||Indonesia||402
|-
|15||Turkey||350
|-
|16||Iran||299
|-
|17||Vietnam||218
|-
|18||Nigeria||185
|-
|19||Philippines||172
|-
|20||Pakistan||139
|-
|21||Egypt||128
|-
|22||Bangladesh||87
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|+List of Economies by Incremental Nominal GDP from 2020 to 2035
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Incremental GDP in billions of 2006 [[United States dollar|US$]]
|-
|1||'''China'''||21,718
|-
|2||United States||8,119
|-
|3||'''India'''||7,666
|-
|4||'''Brazil'''||2,769
|-
|5||'''Russia'''||2,711
|-
|6||Mexico||2,360
|-
|7||Indonesia||1,440
|-
|8||South Korea||1,136
|-
|9||Turkey||976
|-
|10||Vietnam||896
|-
|11||United Kingdom||836
|-
|12||Nigeria||777
|-
|13||France||752
|-
|14||Iran||729
|-
|15||Japan||662
|-
|16||Canada||602
|-
|17||Philippines||593
|-
|18||Germany||529
|-
|18||Egypt||502
|-
|20||Pakistan||441
|-
|21||Bangladesh||301
|-
|22||Italy||220
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|+List of economies by incremental nominal GDP from 2035 to 2050
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Incremental GDP in billions of 2006 [[United States dollar|US$]]
|-
|1||'''China'''||36,362
|-
|2||'''India'''||27,154
|-
|3||United States||12,417
|-
|4||'''Brazil'''||6,403
|-
|5||Mexico||5,238
|-
|6||Indonesia||4,818
|-
|7||Nigeria||3,557
|-
|8||'''Russia'''||3,315
|-
|9||Vietnam||2,438
|-
|10||Turkey||2,227
|-
|11||Philippines||2,128
|-
|12||Egypt||1,884
|-
|13||South Korea||1,439
|-
|14||Iran||1,390
|-
|15||Pakistan||1,376
|-
|16||United Kingdom||1,196
|-
|17||France||1,025
|-
|18||Bangladesh||1,015
|-
|19||Germany||976
|-
|20||Canada||847
|-
|21||Japan||791
|-
|22||Italy||506
|}
|}

At the [[World Economic Forum]] 2011, there were 365 corporate executives from BRIC and other emerging nations out of 1000 participants. It was a record number of executives from emerging markets. Nomura Holdings Inc's co-head of global investment banking said that "It's a reflection of where economic power and influence is starting to move." The [[International Monetary Fund]] estimated emerging markets might expand 6.5 percent in 2011, more than double the 2.5 percent rate for developed countries. BRIC's takeover made record by 22 percent of global deals or increase by 74 percent in one year and more than quadrupled in the last five years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=2065100&sid=a7CGZv5B2Guo |work=Bloomberg |title=Your Playlist is currently empty }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

According to The World Bank Doing Business report 2019 the BRIC economies introduced a total of 21 reforms, with getting electricity and trading across borders the most common areas of improvement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2019|title = Doing Business 2019}}</ref>

==History==

=== Organisation ===
{{Main|BRICS}}

[[File:BRIC2010.jpg|thumb|The BRIC leaders in 2010]]

Various sources{{Which|date=October 2024}} refer to a purported "original" BRIC agreement that predates the Goldman Sachs thesis. Some of these sources claim that President [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia was the driving force behind this original cooperative coalition of developing BRIC countries. However, thus far, no text has been made public of any formal agreement to which all four BRIC states are signatories.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} This does not mean, however, that they have not reached a multitude of bilateral or even quadrilateral agreements. Evidence of agreements of this type are abundant and are available on the foreign ministry websites of each of the four countries.{{Relevance inline|date=October 2024}} Trilateral agreements and frameworks made among the BRICs include the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (member states include Russia and China, observers include India) and the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA Trilateral Forum]], which unites Brazil, India, and [[South Africa]] in annual dialogues. The Russia-India-China (RIC) strategic triangle was envisaged by Russian prime minister [[Yevgeny Primakov]] in the 1990s.

The BRIC organization formally began in 2009 with [[1st BRIC summit|its inaugural summit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New era as South Africa joins BRICS |url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418004139/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |archive-date=18 April 2011 |access-date=19 June 2012 |publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref><ref name="timesonline.co.uk">Halpin, Tony, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6514737.ece "Brazil, Russia, India and China form bloc to challenge US dominance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902095602/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6514737.ece|date=2 September 2011}}, ''[[The Times]]'', 17 June 2009.</ref><ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">{{cite web |last=Graceffo |first=Antonio |date=21 January 2011 |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical hessboard |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011 |publisher=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> South Africa sought BRIC membership since 2009 and the process for formal admission began as early as August 2010.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com1">
{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |publisher=Foreign Policy Journal |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live }}
</ref> South Africa was officially admitted as a BRIC nation on 24 December 2010, after being invited by China and the other BRIC countries to join the group.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/ |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |date=21 January 2011 |publisher=Foreign Policy Journal |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603175606/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/ |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref> The capital "S" in BRICS stands for South Africa. President [[Jacob Zuma]] attend the BRICS summit in [[Sanya]] in April 2011 as a full member. South Africa stands at a unique position to influence African economic growth and investment. According to [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]] of Goldman Sachs who originally coined the term, Africa's combined current gross domestic product is reasonably similar to that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India.<ref name="ft.com">
{{cite news |author=Jim O'Neill (economist) |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c00e950-b153-11df-b899-00144feabdc0 |title=How Africa can become the next Bric |work=Financial Times |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031020649/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c00e950-b153-11df-b899-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Bgg5fGXt |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined the BRIC organisation as South Africa's economy was a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC nation).<ref name="globalpost.com">
{{cite news |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/south-africa/110107/south-africa-be-bric |title=South Africa | Economy | BRIC |work=[[Global Post]] |date=8 January 2011 |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403142328/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/south-africa/110107/south-africa-be-bric |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref name=":3" /> He believed that the potential was there but did not anticipate inclusion of South Africa at this stage.<ref name="ft.com"/> O’Neill stated in 2011 that the countries "don’t have the same interests. The wealth per head is very different, the politics is very different, and the philosophy and their natural economic edge is different."<ref name="bloomberg">Forsythe, Michael, ''et al''., [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-13/countries-at-brics-summit-push-china-to-import-more-airliners-medicines.html "BRICS Prod China's Hu to Import Value-Added Goods as Well as Raw Materials"], ''Bloomberg'', 13 April 2011 12:00 PM EDT.</ref> Martyn Davies, a South African emerging markets expert, argued that the decision to invite South Africa made little commercial sense but was politically astute given China's attempts to establish a foothold in Africa. Further, South Africa's inclusion in BRICS may translate to greater South African support for China in global fora.<ref name="globalpost.com"/> He has great belief that the "S" in "BRICS" could be replaced eventually by [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]].{{citation needed|date=July 2011}} O'Neill would later criticize the organisation in a 2021 article for ''[[Project Syndicate]],'' in which he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".<ref name="PM24">{{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |date=17 October 2024 |title=The BRICS Still Don't Matter |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moscow-brics-summit-expanded-bloc-still-rudderless-and-ineffective-by-jim-o-neill-2024-10 |url-access=registration |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[Project Syndicate]]}}</ref><ref name="PM21">{{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |date=16 September 2021 |title=Will the BRICS Ever Grow Up? |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/brics-20-years-of-disappointment-by-jim-o-neill-2021-09 |url-access=registration |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[Project Syndicate]]}}</ref> In further comments in 2023, O'Neill stressed that he "never encouraged [the countries] to develop a political club" and that the organisation appeared to exist just as "a club that the [[United States|US]] is not a part of."<ref name=":5" />

===Marketing===
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2024}}[[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchange]] is the third-largest exchange operator by market value in the world.<ref>
[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dealtalk-exchanges-idUSTRE7192XW20110210?pageNumber=2 "DealTalk: Nasdaq, CBOE top targets in exchange merger mania"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151135/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/10/us-dealtalk-exchanges-idUSTRE7192XW20110210?pageNumber=2 |date=24 September 2015 }}, ''Reuters'', 10 February 2011.
</ref>]]
The BRIC term is also used by companies{{Which|date=October 2024}} who refer to the four named countries as key to their [[emerging market]]s strategies. By comparison, the reduced acronym IC would not be attractive, although the term "[[Chindia]]" is often used. BRIC's study specifically focuses on large countries, not necessarily the wealthiest or the most productive and was never intended to be an investment thesis. If investors read Goldman's research carefully and agreed with the conclusions, then they would gain exposure to Asian debt and equity markets rather than to [[Latin America]]. According to estimates provided by the USDA, the wealthiest regions outside of the G6 in 2015 will be [[Hong Kong]], South Korea and [[Singapore]]. Combined with China and India, these five economies are likely to be the world's five most influential economies outside of the G6.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

On the other hand, when the "R" in BRIC is extended beyond Russia and is used as a loose term to include all of Eastern Europe as well, then the BRIC story becomes more compelling. At issue are the multiple serious problems which confront Russia (potentially unstable government, environmental degradation, critical lack of modern infrastructure, etc.), and the comparatively much lower growth rate seen in Brazil. However, Brazil's lower growth rate obscures the fact that the country is wealthier than China or India on a per-capita basis, has a more developed and global integrated financial system and has an economy potentially more diverse than the other BRICs due to its raw material and manufacturing potential. Many other Eastern European countries, such as [[Poland]], [[Romania]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Bulgaria]], and several others were able to continually sustain high economic growth rates and do not experience some of the problems that Russia experiences or experience them to a lesser extent. In terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]] in 2008, Brazil ranked 64th, Russia 42nd, India 113th, and China 89th. By comparison, South Korea ranked 24th and Singapore 3rd.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Brazil's stock market, the [[Bovespa]], has gone from approximately 9,000 in September 2002 to over 70,000 in May 2008. Government policies have favored investment (lowering interest rates), retiring foreign debt and expanding growth, and a reformulation of the tax system is being voted in the congress. The British author and researcher Mark Kobayashi-Hillary wrote a book in 2007, along with contributors [[Nandan Nilekani]] and [[Shiv Nadar|Shiv Nada]], titled ''Building a Future with BRICs'' for European publisher [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Verlag]] that examines the growth of the BRICs region and its effect on global sourcing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===International law===
Brazilian lawyer and author Adler Martins has published a paper called "Contratos Internacionais entre os países do BRIC" (International Agreements Among BRIC countries) which highlights the international conventions ratified by the BRIC countries, which allow them to maintain trade and investment activities safely within the group. Martin's study is being further developed by the Federal University of the Minas Gerais State, in Brazil.<ref>MARTINS, Adler. Available at https://jus.com.br/artigos/17419/contratos-internacionais-entre-os-paises-do-bric</ref>

===Financial diversification===
Some observers have argued that geographic [[Diversification (finance)|diversification]] would eventually generate superior risk-adjusted returns for long-term global investors by reducing overall portfolio risk while capturing some of the higher rates of return offered by the [[emerging markets]] of [[Asia]], [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.canadianeuropean.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/FONDS_DASIE-PACIFIQUE_REVUE_AF_APR_09.95131642.pdf |access-date=2 April 2009 |title=see M. Nicolas J. Firzli, Asia-Pacific Funds as Diversification Tools for Institutional Investors |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508172054/http://canadianeuropean.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/FONDS_DASIE-PACIFIQUE_REVUE_AF_APR_09.95131642.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2010 }}</ref> By doing so, these [[institutional investor]]s have contributed to the financial and economic development of key emerging nations such as Brazil, India, China, and Russia. For global investors, India and China constitute both large-scale production platforms and reservoirs of new consumers, whereas Russia is viewed essentially as an exporter of oil and commodities- Brazil and Latin America being somehow "in the middle".{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Criticism===
Academics and experts have suggested that China is in a league of its own compared to the other BRIC countries.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-and-g2/477573/0 |title=BRICs and G-2 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721041720/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-and-g2/477573/0 |archive-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=live }}
</ref> As [[David Rothkopf]] wrote in ''[[Foreign Policy]]'', "Without China, the BRICs are just the BRI, a bland, soft cheese that is primarily known for the whine [sic] that goes with it. China is the muscle of the group and the Chinese know it. They have effective [[veto power]] over any BRIC initiatives because without them, who cares really? They are the one with the big [[Foreign exchange reserves|reserves]]. They are the biggest potential [[Market (economics)|market]]. They are the U.S. partner in the [[Group of Two|G2]] (imagine the coverage a G2 meeting gets vs. a [[G8]] meeting) and the E2 (no climate deal without them) and so on."<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://rothkopf.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/06/15/the_brics_and_what_the_brics_would_be_without_china |title=What BRIC would be without China... | David Rothkopf |work=Foreign Policy |publisher=Rothkopf.foreignpolicy.com |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020746/http://rothkopf.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/06/15/the_brics_and_what_the_brics_would_be_without_china |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=live }}
</ref> [[Deutsche Bank]] Research stated in a report that "economically, financially and politically, China overshadows and will continue to overshadow the other BRICs". It added that China's economy is larger than that of the three other BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, and India) combined. Moreover, China's [[exports]] and its official [[foreign-exchange reserves]] are more than twice as large as those of the other BRICs combined.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906081851.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hindu.com |date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 October 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112956/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906081851.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> In that perspective, some pension investment experts have argued that "China alone accounts for more than 70% of the combined GDP growth generated by the BRIC countries [from 1999 to 2010]: if there is a BRIC miracle it's first and foremost a Chinese one".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2799/forecasting-the-future-the-brics-and-the-china-model.html |access-date=9 March 2011 |title=see M. Nicolas J. Firzli, "Forecasting the Future: The G7, the BRICs and the China Model", JTW & An-Nahar, 9 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314200831/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2799/forecasting-the-future-the-brics-and-the-china-model.html |archive-date=14 March 2011 }}</ref> The "growth gap" between China and other large emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects: while China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near-optimal conditions while many South American and South Asian economies suffered from various development bottlenecks (poor transportation, aging power grids, mediocre schools).<ref>{{Cite news|author=M. Nicolas Firzli & Vincent Bazi |title=Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity: The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective |url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |work=Revue Analyse Financière, volume 41 |date=2011 |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917182931/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |archive-date=17 September 2011 }}</ref> In 2024, [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]] himself, when referring to the [[BRICS|BRICS organisation]], said that "without the Chinese presence, I don't think there would be much real importance, at all, to the BRICS group" due to the country's influence and power relative to other members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim O'Neill stresses promoting trade, combating global challenges for future BRICS cooperation - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/1023/c90000-20232444.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=en.people.cn}}</ref>

Other critics{{Who|date=October 2024}} suggest that BRIC is nothing more than a neat acronym for the four largest emerging market economies, but in economic and political terms nothing else links the four (apart from the fact that they are all big emerging markets).{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} While China and India are manufacturing-based economies and rely on imports, Brazil and Russia are large exporters of natural resources.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} ''[[The Economist]]'', in a special report on Brazil, expressed the following view: "In some ways, Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs. Unlike China and Russia, it is a full-blooded democracy; unlike India, it has no serious disputes with its neighbors. It is the only BRIC without a nuclear bomb".{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} [[The Heritage Foundation]]'s ''[[Indices of economic freedom|Indices of Economic Freedom]]'', which measures factors such as protection of property rights and free trade ranks Brazil "moderately free" above the other BRICs, which are ranked as "mostly unfree".<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RJVNQGG |title=Land of promise |publisher=Economist.com |date=12 April 2007 |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416031031/http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RJVNQGG |archive-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=live }}
</ref> [[Henry Kissinger]] has stated that the BRIC nations have no hope of acting together as a coherent bloc in world affairs and that any cooperation will be the result of forces acting on the individual nations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

In a not-so-subtle dig critical of the term as nothing more than a shorthand for emerging markets generally, critics have suggested a correlating term, CEMENT (''C''ountries in ''E''merging ''M''arkets ''E''xcluded by ''N''ew ''T''erminology). Whilst they accept there has been spectacular growth of the BRIC economies, these gains have largely been the result of the strength of emerging markets generally, and that strength comes through having BRICs and CEMENT.<ref>
{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Steve|title=Emerging Markets: Brics sceptics have their backs to the wall|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7761deb2-88bc-11db-b485-0000779e2340|work=Financial Times|date=11 December 2006|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521233342/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/1/7761deb2-88bc-11db-b485-0000779e2340.html|archive-date=21 May 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref>

==Proposed inclusions==
Mexico and South Korea are currently the world's 13th and 15th largest by [[nominal GDP]] just behind the BRIC and G7 economies. Both are experiencing rapid GDP growth of 5% every year, a figure comparable to Brazil from the original BRICs. [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]], creator of the economic thesis, stated that in 2001 when the paper was created, it did not consider Mexico, but today it has been included because the country is experiencing the same factors that the other countries first included present.<ref name="lefigaro">
[http://www.lefigaro.fr/eco-entreprises/20061023.FIG000000280_les_bric_tiennent_leurs_promesses.html "Les « Bric » tiennent leurs promesses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503061841/http://www.lefigaro.fr/eco-entreprises/20061023.FIG000000280_les_bric_tiennent_leurs_promesses.html|date=3 May 2007}}, ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 23 October 2006 {{in lang|fr}}
</ref><ref name="UNuniversity">
{{cite web |title=Opinion Page |url=http://www.merit.unu.edu/archive/docs/hl/200611_Sergey%20-%20Conference%20Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615140955/http://www.merit.unu.edu/archive/docs/hl/200611_Sergey%20-%20Conference%20Report.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010}}
</ref> While South Korea was not originally included in the BRICs, recent solid economic growth led to Goldman Sachs proposing to add Mexico and South Korea to the BRICs, changing the acronym to BRIMCK, with Jim O'Neill pointing out that Korea "is better placed than most others to realize its potential due to its growth-supportive fundamentals".<ref>
{{cite news |last=Pesek |first=William |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000177&sid=aoJ4WG5LSf1s&refer=market_insight |title=South Korea, Another 'BRIC' in Global Wall: William Pesek Jr. |publisher=Bloomberg |date=8 December 2005 |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916090004/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000177&sid=aoJ4WG5LSf1s&refer=market_insight |archive-date=16 September 2009 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

A Goldman Sachs paper published later in December 2005 explained why Mexico and South Korea were not included in the original BRICs. According to the paper,<ref name="howsolid"/> among the other countries they looked at, only Mexico and South Korea have the potential to rival the BRICs, but they are economies that they decided to exclude initially because they looked to them as already more developed. However, due to the popularity of the Goldman Sachs thesis, "BRIMC" and "BRICK" are becoming more generic marketing terms to refer to these six countries. Because of the popularity of the Goldman Sachs thesis "BRIC", this term has sometimes been extended whereby "BRICK"<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2008 |title=The Australian Business – Emerging markets put China, India in the shade |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24224508-5001942,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418033346/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24224508-5001942,00.html |archive-date=18 April 2009 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[The Australian]]}}</ref><ref>
Martens, China, [http://www.russoft.org/docs/?doc=1094 "IBM Targets Russian Developers: Could overtake India, China in number of developers, says senior executive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007011711/http://www.russoft.org/docs/?doc=1094|date=7 October 2008}} , OutSourcing World, 11 February 2006
</ref> (K for South Korea) and "BRIMC"<ref name="lefigaro" /><ref name="UNuniversity" /> (M for Mexico) refer to these proposed expansions. Other proposed groupings include "BRICA" ([[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] Arab countries—[[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Oman]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]])<ref>{{cite web |date=23 February 2007 |title=Study: Energy-rich Arab countries are next emerging market |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/2/23/apworld/20070223082158&sec=apworld |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707024059/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F2%2F23%2Fapworld%2F20070223082158&sec=apworld |archive-date=7 July 2009 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Thestar.com.my}}</ref> and "BRICET" (including Eastern Europe and [[Turkey]])<ref>
[http://www.cnhuaye.com/steel/en/news_2.asp?id=67 "Welcome to Huaye Iron&Steel Group"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043929/http://www.cnhuaye.com/steel/en/news_2.asp?id=67|date=27 September 2007}}.
</ref> and have become more generic [[marketing]] terms to refer to these emerging markets.

In an August 2010 [[op-ed]], Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs argued that [[Africa]] could be considered the next BRIC.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jim O'Neill |author-link=Jim O'Neill (economist) |date=26 August 2010 |title=How Africa can become the next Bric |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c00e950-b153-11df-b899-00144feabdc0 |access-date=19 June 2012 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Analysts from rival banks have sought to move beyond the BRIC concept, by introducing their own groupings of emerging markets. Proposals include CIVETs (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa), the EAGLES (Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies) and the 7 percent club (which includes those countries which have averaged economic growth of at least 7 percent a year).<ref>
{{cite web |date=15 November 2010 |title=Acronym alert: the Eagles rock, beyondbrics blog |url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/11/15/acronym-alert-the-eagles-rock/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406135716/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/11/15/acronym-alert-the-eagles-rock/ |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 |publisher=Beyondbrics Blog}}
</ref>

In their paper "BRICs and Beyond", Goldman Sachs stated that "Mexico, the four BRIC countries and South Korea should not be really thought of as emerging markets in the classical sense", adding that they are a "critical part of the modern globalised economy" and "just as central to its functioning as the current G7".<ref name="www2.goldmansachs.com">
{{cite web |url=http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/book/BRIC-Full.pdf |title=Our Thinking |publisher=Goldman Sachs |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813103132/http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/book/BRIC-Full.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

The term is primarily used in the economic and financial spheres as well as in academia. Its usage has grown specially in the investment sector, where it is used to refer to the bonds emitted by these emerging markets governments.<ref name=correio>
{{Cite web |url=http://www.correiodamanha.pt/noticia.asp?id=219132&idselect=9&idCanal=9&p=200 |title=Correio Da Manha, newspaper |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014125/http://www.correiodamanha.pt/noticia.asp?id=219132&idselect=9&idCanal=9&p=200 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref name=bstandard>
{{Cite news |url=http://business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=282049 |title=Business Standard, "Emerging risk and return" |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303082901/http://business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=282049 |archive-date=3 March 2008 |url-status=live |last1=Pal |first1=Mukul }}
</ref><ref name=companynews>
{{Cite web |url=http://www.companynewsgroup.com/communique.asp?co_id=118223 |title=Company News Group, "L'oreal, first quarter sales report" |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033005/http://www.companynewsgroup.com/communique.asp?co_id=118223 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>

O'Neill would later coin several other terms for groupings of emerging economies at various stages. First, the term "The Next Eleven" referred to [[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Mexico]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], [[South Korea]], [[Turkey]], and [[Vietnam]], arguing they would be among the world's largest economies in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Eric |date=2012-08-07 |title=Goldman Sachs's MIST Topping BRICs as Smaller Markets Outperform |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-07/goldman-sachs-s-mist-topping-brics-as-smaller-markets-outperform |url-access=subscription |access-date=2020-09-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Spence |first=Peter |date=13 October 2014 |title=Beyond the BRICs: the guide to every emerging market acronym |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11158386/Beyond-the-BRICs-the-guide-to-every-emerging-market-acronym.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208144557/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11158386/Beyond-the-BRICs-the-guide-to-every-emerging-market-acronym.html |archive-date=Dec 8, 2023 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> O'Neill next used the term MIKT for Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bric' creator adds newcomers to list |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f717c8e8-21be-11e0-9e3b-00144feab49a.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ernesto Gallo |author2=Giovanni Biava |date=3 April 2013 |title=After the BRICS, is now time for the MIKT? |url=http://www.albertoforchielli.com/2013/04/03/after-the-brics-is-now-time-for-the-mikt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051307/http://www.albertoforchielli.com/2013/04/03/after-the-brics-is-now-time-for-the-mikt/ |archive-date=Sep 22, 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |website=Alberto Forchielli}}</ref> MINT was another acronym coined by O'Neill standing for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Matthew Boesler |date=13 November 2013 |title=The Economist Who Invented The BRICs Just Invented A Whole New Group of Countries: The MINTs |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/jim-oneill-presents-the-mint-economies-2013-11?IR=T |access-date=21 September 2017 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> [[CIVETS]] is a comparable economic grouping and has been cited along with BRIC as examples of "acronym investing", in which investments are targeted to a group of otherwise disparate markets that share a common feature.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Elaine |date=8 June 2012 |title=Civets, Brics and the Next 11 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c14730ae-aff3-11e1-ad0b-00144feabdc0 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":42"/>

===Mexico===
[[File:Atardecer reforma.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City]]]]
Primarily, along with the BRICs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gs.com/insight/research/reports/99.pdf |title=BRIC thesis Goldman Sachs Investment Bank, "BRIC" |publisher=Gs.com |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305114725/http://www.gs.com/insight/research/reports/99.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Goldman Sachs argues that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico and [[China]] is such that they may become (with the United States) the six most dominant economies by 2050. Due to Mexico's rapidly advancing infrastructure, increasing middle class and rapidly declining poverty rates it is expected to have a higher GDP per capita than all but three European countries by 2050, this newfound local wealth also contributes to the nation's economy by creating a large domestic consumer market which in turn creates more jobs.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Projection of Mexico's economy in 2050<ref>
[http://www.chicagogsb.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf Global Economics Paper No: 153 The N-11m: More Than an Acronym, 28 March 2007. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911041502/http://www.chicagogsb.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}
</ref>
|-
| [[GDP]] in [[USD]] || $9.340 trillion
|-
| [[GDP per capita]] || $63,149
|-
| [[GDP growth]] (2015–2050) || 4.0%
|-
| Total population || 142 million
|}

===South Korea===
{{Outdated|date=April 2026}}
Commentators such as William Pesek from [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] argue that Korea is "Another 'BRIC' in Global Wall", suggesting that it stands out from the Next Eleven economies with its BRIC-like growth rate, despite its [[Human Development Index]] being higher than some of the world's most advanced economies, including [[France]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]] and [[Belgium]]. South Korean workers are the wealthiest among major Asian countries, with a higher income than [[Japan]] and the strongest growth rate in the [[OECD]]. More importantly, it has a significantly higher Growth Environment Score (Goldman Sachs' way of measuring the long-term sustainability of growth) than all of the BRICs or N-11s.<ref name="www2.goldmansachs.com"/> According to the [[IMF]], South Korea's [[GDP]] measured by [[purchasing power parity]] is already larger than [[Canada]] and [[Spain]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} In terms of [[List of countries by past and future GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita (PPP)]], South Korea overtook [[Spain]] in 2010.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} According to Citibank, South Korea will continue by overtaking [[Germany]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Australia]] and [[Sweden]] by 2020, surpassing [[Canada]], [[Switzerland]], [[Netherlands]] and [[Norway]] by 2030 and taking over the [[United States]] by 2040 to become the world's wealthiest major economy. While measuring the [[South Korean economy]] by [[nominal GDP]] is inaccurate as the [[South Korean won]] is artificially kept low to boost [[exports]], the [[IMF]] predicted South Korea's nominal GDP and GDP per capita will surpass [[Spain]] in 2015.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} Economists from other investment firms argue that even when measured by [[Nominal GDP|nominal GDP per capita]], South Korea will achieve over $145,000 in 2040, surpassing the United States, suggesting that wealth is more important than size for bond investors, stating that Korea's [[Bond credit rating|credit rating]] will be rated AAA sooner than 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.strattonstreetcapital.com/abf/reports/a%20pile%20of%20brics.pdf |title=Archived Document |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225114014/http://www.strattonstreetcapital.com/abf/reports/a%20pile%20of%20brics.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====United Korea====
In September 2009, Goldman Sachs published its 188th Global Economics Paper named "A United Korea?" which highlighted in detail the potential economic power of [[Korean reunification|a United Korea]], which would surpass all current G7 countries except the [[United States]] and [[Japan]] within 30–40 years of reunification, estimating GDP to surpass $6 trillion by 2050.<ref name="The Korea Times">
{{cite web |url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/09/123_52202.html |title=Unified Korea to Exceed G7 in 2050 |publisher=[[Korea Times]] |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134436/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/09/123_52202.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live }}
</ref> The young, skilled labor and large amount of natural resources from the North combined with advanced technology, infrastructure and large amount of capital in the South, as well as Korea's strategic location connecting three economic powers, would likely create an economy larger than the bulk of the G7. A reunited Korea could occur sometime before 2050 according to some outside observers.<ref>
{{cite web|author=Carl B. Haselden Jr.|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002508142|title=The Effects of Korean Unification on the US Military Presence in Northeast Asia|publisher=Parameters, Vol. 32, 2002 |access-date=15 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230731/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002508142|archive-date=28 June 2011|url-status=live}}
</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Projection of the Korean economy in 2050'''<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.nkeconwatch.com/nk-uploads/global_economics_paper_no_188_final.pdf |title=Global Economics Paper No: 188 "A United Korea?" |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714185418/http://www.nkeconwatch.com/nk-uploads/global_economics_paper_no_188_final.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
! !! {{flagicon|Korea|unification}} [[Korean reunification|United Korea]] !! {{flag|South Korea}} !! {{flag|North Korea}}
|-
| [[GDP]] in [[USD]] || $6.056 trillion || $4.073 trillion || $1.982 trillion
|-
| [[GDP per capita]] || $86,000 || $96,000 || $70,000
|-
| [[GDP growth]] (2015–2050) || 4.8% || 3.9% || 11.4%
|-
| Total population || 71 million || 42 million || 28 million
|}

==See also==
* [[List of country groupings]]
* [[3G countries]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Elder, Miriam, and Leahy, Joe, et al., [https://www.ft.com/content/d31392b2-89ca-11dd-8371-0000779fd18c ''Who's who: Bric leaders take their place at the top table''], Financial Times, London, 25 September 2008
* Firzli, M. Nicolas, "Forecasting the Future: The BRICs and the China Model", JTW/ USAK Research Center, 9 March 2011
* Kateb, Alexandre, ''Les nouvelles puissances mondiales. Pourquoi les BRIC changent le monde" (The new global powers. Why the BRIC change the world) (in French)'', Paris : Ellipses, 2011, 272 p.  {{ISBN|978-2-7298-6473-6}}
* O'Neill, Jim, [https://www.ft.com/content/0dcb6f1c-8906-11dd-a179-0000779fd18c ''BRICs could point the way out of the Economic Mire''], Financial Times, London, 23 September 2008, p. 28.
* Mark Kobayashi-Hillary, 'Building a Future with BRICs: The Next Decade for Offshoring' (Nov 2007). {{ISBN|978-3-540-46453-2}}.
* James D. Sidaway (2012) '[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00330124.2011.586878#.UgLvGtJHIaA ''Geographies of Development: New Maps, New Visions?'']', The Professional Geographer, 64:1, 49–62.
* J. Vercueil, ''Les pays émergents. Brésil-Russie-Inde-Chine... Mutations économiques et nouveaux défis (Emerging Countries. Brazil – Russia – India – China... Economic Transformations and new Challenges) (in French)'', Paris : Bréal, 2010, 207 p. {{ISBN|978-2-7495-0957-0}}
* Paulo Borba Casella, "BRIC : Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du Sud – A l'heure d'un nouvel ordre juridique international", éd. A.Pedone, Paris, Sep 2011, EAN {{ISBN|978-2-233-00626-4}}

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Dakor

2026-03-25T15:52:45Z

Christi2099: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dakor
| other_name =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline = Dakore temple - By Ashesh Shah.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Raṇchoḍrāyjī Temple, Dakor
| coordinates = {{coord|22.75|N|73.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 49
| population_total = 23784
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|https://kheda.nic.in/public-utility/dakor-municipality/}} {{URL|www.ranchhodraiji.org}} |footnotes =
}}
'''Dakor''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: [[ISO 15919]]: ''Ḍākōra'') is a small city and a [[municipality]] in [[Kheda district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India. It is prominent for its temple of Raṇchoḍrāyjī.

== History and Temple ==
The temple of Raṇchoḍrāyjī houses a ''mūrtī'' of the Trivikrama form of [[Viṣṇu]] idols. Trivikrama idols are standing and have four hands ("''[[chaturbhuja|caturbhuja]]''"). Each hand holds an item: the ''cakra'' (discus), ''śaṅkha'' (conch), ''padma'' (lotus), and ''gadā'' (mace) in that order beginning at the upper left hand and ending in the upper right hand. The name "Raṇchoḍ" refers to the incident when [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] fled the battlefield by running away from [[Jarasandha|Jarāsandha]] to [[Dvārakā]]. In Gujarat and Rajasthan, all Trivikrama idols of Viṣṇu are known as "Raṇchoḍ". The Raṇchoḍrāyjī idol at Ḍākor in particular has had a small golden flute placed in the lower right hand in order to convey that Raṇchoḍ (a Trivikrama idol of Viṣṇu) and [[Gopala-Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa-Gopāl]] are identical. Mallison notes a broader trend in Gujarat where Viṣṇu-Trivikrama-Raṇchoḍ idols are considered identical with Kr̥ṣṇa by locals (as seen at the [[Dwarkadhish Temple|Dvārakādhīśa temple]] in Dvārakā, [[Shamlaji|Śāmalājī]], and [[Tulsishyam|Tulsīśyām]]), which she considers a representation of the increased popularity of the Kr̥ṣṇa-Gopāl cult in Gujarat over Viṣṇu-Trivikrama.{{Sfn|Mallison|1983|p=}}

[[File:Gomati Ghat, Dakor, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|left|Gomati Ghat]]
According to the ''Ḍākor-māhātmya'', a Rajput named Boḍāṇo aka Vijayasiṁha used to visit [[Dwarkadhish Temple|Dvārkādhīś]] at Dvārkā, but lived in Ḍākor. In 1151, when Boḍāṇā reached the age of eighty years, God told Boḍāṇā that he would join him in Ḍākor. Boḍāṇā borrowed a cart and bullocks from a local cowherd and sold his utensils to feed them, and made for Dvārakā. When he reached Dvārakā, the Gugalīs (temple priests of Dvārakā) suspected his intentions and put additional locks on the temple. However Dvārkānāth now named Raṇchoḍ himself slipped out of the temple and awoke Boḍāṇā and told him to drive away with him. When they left the city gates Raṇchoḍ himself drove the cart while Boḍāṇā slept. When the Gugalīs awoke in the morning to find Dvāraknāth missing, they chased Boḍāṇā back to Ḍākor, where he had hidden Raṇachoḍ in the Gomatī reservoir. Raṇchoḍ told Boḍāṇā to meet the Gugalīs and give them presents of curds, but the Gugalīs threw a lance at him. According to the mahātmya the lance instead landed on Raṇachoḍjī whose blood bloodied the waters of the Gomatī and revealed his location. The Gugalīs then tried to remove the image from the waters but were unsuccessful. The Gugalīs became repentant and began fasting to try remove their guilt. Boḍāṇā's wife Gaṅgā could not bear to see this sight, so when she was giving Raṇchoḍ his daily evening roṭalā, she offered to give him [[Laddu|lāḍus]] if he bestowed grace on the Gugalīs and to not give him anything he did not. Raṇachoḍ told her that the Gugalīs were not missing him, but the gold and money his presence brought them. He told Gaṅgā to ask the Gugalīs if they would accept his weight in gold, and proceeded to gobble all the lāḍus. The Gugalīs agreed to this contract, but it was miraculously discovered that Gaṅgā's gold nose-ring weighed more Raṇchoḍ, following which the Gugalīs left. The ''mūrti'' in Dvārkā was replaced miraculously.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=61-64}}{{Sfn|Mallison|1983|p=247-248}} The ''Ḍaṅka Purāṇa'' or ''Ḍaṅkapura-māhātmya'' was written at the end of the 17th century.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1960|p=203}}

[[File:Ranchodji of Dakor with Patrons.jpg|thumb|left|Raṇachoḍarāya with Patrons]]
In 1625, Dakor was visited by Harirāyjī, who reformed the sevā in the temple and ordered a group of Śrīgoḍ-Mevāḍā and [[Khedaval|Khedāvāl]] Brahmins to perform Vallabhite rituals at the temple. Ever since the visit whenever a Vallabhite Maharaj is present in the temple he becomes the acting ''sevak'' of the temple. Formerly the priests were Tapodhan Brahmins who used to attend to Śiva Daṁkanāth before the arrival of Ḍākorajī.{{Sfn|Mallison|1983|p=247-248}}

In 1732, [[Pilaji Gaekwad|Pilājī Gaekwāḍ]] was assassinated in Dakor on the orders of [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]].{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=57-91}}
[[File:Rameshwar and Dakeshwar Mahadev Temples, Dakor Gujarat 086.jpg|thumb|Ḍaṅkanātha temple (center)]]

According to the ''Ḍākor-māhātmya'', a Bania named Nandana built a temple for Raṇchoḍjī now known as Lakshmiji's temple. The image of Raṇachoḍ was moved by a descendant of Boḍāṇā named Dīpasing. According to other accounts in 1734, Ratan Singh, vajir of the rāja of Mārwār Abhai Singh had Raṇchoḍjī installed in a new temple.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=65-66}}

In 1740, Momin Khan, viceroy of Gujarat under the emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], issued documents ordering Mutasiddidār/Thāṇdār of Ṭhāsrā to not persecute the servants of Raṇchoḍjī nor appropriate their income from devotees, as well as assuring the servants of his protection.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=57-91}}

The ''Mirāt-i-Ahmedi'' (compiled between 1750 and 1760) by Muhammad Ali Khan, the final Mughal Diwan of Gujarat, describes the legend of the removal of Raṇchoḍ from Dwarka to Ḍākor by Boḍāṇā.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=59-61}}

[[File:Dakore temple-View1.jpg|thumb|Ranchhodarai Temple, Dakor, 1957]]
The current temple was built by Gopāl Tāṁbvekar, a Dakṣiṇī Brahmin from [[Poona]], who was a devotee of [[Veṅkaṭeśa]]. Construction began in AD 1769–70 and Raṇchoḍjī was moved into the new temple by Rāmasing, descendant of Boḍāṇā in 1770–71. Tāṁbvekar also was granted Dakor by Peśvā [[Madhavrao I|Mādhava Rāō]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majmudar |first=M.R. |title=Cultural History of Gujarat [From Early Times to Pre-British Period] |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1960 |pages=203}}</ref>{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|pp=57-91}} According to tradition when the temple was built Raṇachoḍ told Lakṣmī that the original temple should remain inhabited by her, and that he would visit her every Ekadaśī and Friday in the form of Bāla-Kr̥ṣṇa. Accordingly, on those days the icon of Gopāla Lāl is taken on elephant or carriage from the (current) Nija temple to Lakṣmījī's temple. The current Nija temple also contains images of Lakṣmī, Satyabhāmā, and Gopāla Lāl, the three of which are taken to the Sajjā temple at night.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=65-66}}
[[File:Ranchhodarai Temple, Dakor.jpg|thumb|Ranchhodarai Temple, Dakor]]

The ''[[Shikhara|śikhara]]'' of the temple can be seen to have some Islamic influence, likely due to the use hired Muslim craftsmen from [[Pune]]. On [[Parvati Hill|Parvatī Hill]] in Pune there exists an older temple built for the wife of Mādhava Rāō, whose ''śikhara'' the Ḍākor temple imitated. Both of these ''śikhara''s bear resemblance to the parade coffins built for [[Muharram]]. The temple has 4 major ''śikhara''s which are capped in gold and 7 domes. The temple is surrounded by fort-like walls, and in the front are two towers which can be lit with lamps. The temple's ''[[maṇḍapa]]'' is on a raised platform twelve stairs up, such that the idol's ''āratī'' is visible from the highest [[ghat|ghāṭ]] on the Gomatī lake. The ''siṁhāsana'' ("throne [of the idol]") is made out of gold and was donated by the [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gāyakavāḍa dynasty]] worth 1.25 lakh rupees at the time. Recently, paintings of scenes from the ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'', ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', and ''[[Rāmāyaṇa]]'' were added to the walls of the central ''maṇḍapa''. There also exists a Sanskrit inscription with the date of construction of the temple. Some 15 years after the construction of the current temple, a close imitation was built in the village of Sārasā near [[Anand, Gujarat]] which is currently used as the ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samādhi]]'' of Kuveradāsa.{{Sfn|Majamudāra|1984|pp=5-9}}

After the region came under the control of the [[Gaekwad of Baroda|Gaekwads of Baroda]], the rulers patronized the temple and its sevaks.

During [[British Raj|English rule]] the temple's ownership of the village of Ḍākor was confirmed. In the 1860s and 1870, Vaiṣṇava Mahārājas Bhaṭṭajī and Maṭujī visited Dakor and served Raṇāchoḍarāy and patronized the temple. Much wealth was owned in the name of Raṇachoḍarāy and managed by the sevaks, including a banking firm called Gopāla Lālajī and cows. The sevaks in that era played a keen interest in the maintenance of prosperity of the temple through gifts, as well as maintaining orthodox beliefs, such as when a police commissioner named Hykoop was assaulted for trying to enter the temple which would have been considered ritual defilement.{{Sfn|Majmudar|1947|p=68-71}}

=== Vaiṣṇava Style of Worship ===
Hariraya's visit to Ḍākor altered the worship performed to Raṇachoḍarāya to conform to the elaborate style of ''sevā'' ("service") proscribed by the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Puṣṭimārga]] [[Vaiṣṇava]] sect. The Puṣṭimārga was founded by [[Vallabha]] in the early 16th century and placed particular theological importance on the ''bāla līlā''s ("child exploits") of [[Bala Krishna|Bāla Kr̥ṣṇa]] of [[Gokul]]a. The sect found a highly receptive audience in Gujarat (particularly the merchant class) where ''Viṣṇu bhakti'' ("Viṣṇu devotion") had already reached a peak in the 15th century under the influence of the ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'', ''[[Gita Govinda|Gītā Govinda]]'', and poems of [[Narsinh Mehta|Narasiṁha Mahetā]]. Vallabha's son [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha]] developed the sect's elaborate ''sevā'' rituals in which Kr̥ṣṇa idols would be offered sumptuous meals, ''[[Kirtan|kīrtana]]''s, art, and dress during 8 fixed ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darśana]]'' times. According to the ''Caurāsī Baiṭhaka'', Harirāya (a great-grandson of Viṭṭhalanātha) was in Ḍākor when he received a dream from Raṇachoḍarāya who informed Harirāya that he was currently in a hut and was being served by Brahmins (the Tapodhans) who bathed him, and ordered Harirāya to install him in a proper temple. Harirāya then enlisted Kheḍāvāḷ Brahmins to perform the bathing rites, and as compensation to the Tapodhans let them keep half the income the idol received. According to ''Giridharalālajīke 120 Vacanāmr̥ta'' Raṇachoḍarāya was lying upside down on a wall before Harirāya had the idol straightened and installed in a temple, and mentions the institution of Śrīgauḍ-Mevāḍ and Kheḍāvāḷ Brahmins alongside the Tapodhans. Despite the institution of Puṣṭimārga rites for the idol, the temple has continued to remain asectarian. The Tapodhan Brahmins are considered to be somewhat degraded because they consume the offerings devotees give to [[Śiva]]. The Śrīgauḍ-Mevāḍ Brahmins were instead given the duties of food preparation and waving of the ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|āratī]]''s and the Kheḍāvāḷs the duties of preparing and putting on Raṇachoḍarāya's clothes.{{Sfn|Majamudāra|1984|p=31-45}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Festivals celebrated by the Raṇachoḍarāya temple{{Sfn|Majamudāra|1984|pp=31-45}}
!Month and Tithi
!Festival
|-
|Kāratak sud 1
|[[Govardhan Puja|Annakūṭa / Govardhana Pūjā]]
|-
|Kāratak sud 8
|[[Gopashtami|Gopāṣṭamī]]
|-
|Kāratak sud 11
|[[Prabodhini Ekadashi|Devaūṭhī Ekādaśī]]
|-
|Kāratak sud 15
|[[Deva Diwali|Devadivāḷī]] and the day Raṇachoḍarāya arrived in Ḍākor.
|-
|Māgasar sud 7
|[[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]]'s birthday
|-
|Māgasar vad 9
|Viṭṭhalanātha's birthday
|-
|Mahā sud 5
|[[Vasant Panchami|Vasaṁta Paṁcamī]]
|-
|Mahā vad 5
|Raṇachoḍarāya's Pāṭotsava, the day Raṇāchoḍarāya was installed in the current temple
|-
|Phāgaṇ sud 11
|[[Amalaka Ekadashi|Kuṁja Ekādaśī]], a Kr̥ṣṇa idol goes on horseback to Lakṣmī's temple
|-
|Phāgaṇ sud 15
|[[Holi|Hoḷi]]
|-
|Phāgaṇ vad 1
|[[Dol Purnima|Ḍolotsava]]
|-
|Caitra sud 1
|[[Indian New Year|Samvatsarī Utsava]]
|-
|Caitra sud 9
|[[Rama Navami|Rāma Navamī]]
|-
|Caitra vad 11
|Vallabha's birthday
|-
|Vaiśākh sud 3
|[[Akshaya Tritiya|Akhātrīj]]
|-
|Vaiśakh sud 14
|[[Narasimha Jayanti|Nr̥siṁha Jayaṁtī]]
|-
|Jeṭh sud 10
|[[Ganga Dussehra|Gaṁgā Daśāhāra]] / Yamunā Utsava
|-
|Jeṭh sud 15
|Jaḷa Yātrā Utsava / Mahākesara Snāna
|-
|Āṣāḍh sud 2
|[[Ratha Yatra|Ratha Yātrā Utsava]] / Gomatī Pradakṣinā / an idol rides on an elephant
|-
|Āṣāḍh sud 11
|[[Shayani Ekadashi|Deva Śayanī Ekādaśī]]
|-
|Āṣāḍh vad 11
|Hiṁḍoḷā swinging begins for a month
|-
|Śrāvaṇ sud 3
|Ṭhakarāṇī Trīja, a Kr̥ṣṇa idol swings on a glass hiṁḍoḷā.
|-
|Śrāvaṇ sud 12
|[[Shravana Putrada Ekadashi|Pavitra Ekādaśī]]
|-
|Śrāvaṇ sud 15
|[[Raksha Bandhan|Rakṣā Baṁdhana]]
|-
|Śrāvaṇ vad 2–3
|Hiṁḍoḷā Visarjana, hiṁḍoḷā month ends
|-
|Śrāvaṇ vad 8
|[[Janmastami|Janmāṣṭamī]]
|-
|Śrāvaṇ vad 9
|[[Nandotsava|Nanda Mahotsava]]
|-
|Bhādaravā sud 12
|[[Vamana|Vāmana]] Jayaṁtī
|-
|Āso sud 10
|[[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Daśamī]]
|-
|Āso sud 15
|[[Sharad Purnima|Śarada Pūrṇimā Rāsotsava]]
|-
|Āso vad 11
|Ramā Ekādaśī
|-
|Āso vad 12
|Vāgha Bārasa
|-
|Āso vad 13
|[[Dhanteras|Dhana Terasa]]
|-
|Āso vad 14
|[[Kali Chaudas|Kāḷī Caudasa]], Rūpa Caturadaśī, Abhyaṁga Snāna
|-
|Āso vad 30
|[[Diwali|Dīvāḷī]]
|}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dakor had a population of 23,784. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Dakor has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82% and, female literacy is 69%. In Dakor, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Majmudar |first=M.R. |date=1947 |title=Dwārkā Image of Raṇchhoḍjī and the temple at Ḍākore |journal=Journal of the University of Bombay |volume=16}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majamudāra |first=Maṁjulāla Ra. |title=Vaiṣṇavatīrtha Ḍākora |publisher=Prācyavidyā Mandira, Mahārāja Sayājīrāva Viśvavidyālaya |year=1984 |series=Śrī Sayājī Sāhityamāḷā, puṣpa 362 |location=Vaḍodarā|language=gu}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mallison |first=Françoise |title=Bhakti in current research, 1979-1982 : proceedings of the Second International Conference on Early Devotional Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages, St. Augustin, 19-21 March 1982 |date=1983 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |editor-last=Thiel-Horstmann |editor-first=Monika |series=Collectanea Instituti Anthropos |volume=30 |location=Berlin |chapter=Development of early Krishnaism in Gujarāt: Viṣṇu – Raṇchoḍ – Kr̥ṣṇa}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715184127/http://www.ranchhodraiji.com/ Ranchhodrai Temple Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kheda district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kheda district]]

Chashma (film)

2026-03-21T01:18:20Z

Christi2099: started new details initial version

{{Short description|Indian short film released in 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chashma (Short 2024) official poster.webp
| caption = Official poster
| director = Nitin Baid
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Varun Grover (writer) | Varun Grover]]
| story = Nitin Baid
| producer = Dimpy Agrawal Meena Agrawal Nikhel Thavrani Alkesh Thavrani
| starring = [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] Ayan Khan Shafeen Patel Kabir Shah [[Nishan Nanaiah]] [[Shishir Sharma]]
| cinematography = Linesh Desai
| editing = Nitin Baid 
| music = [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
| studio = Gubbara Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|22|[[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 20 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Chashma''''' (also referred to as '''''Blind Spot''''') is a 2024 Indian short film directed by Nitin Baid in his directorial debut. The story of the film was written by Nitin Baid, with the screenplay and dialogue by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]], and produced by Gubbara Entertainment. It stars [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], Ayan Khan, Shafeen Patel, Kabir Shah and [[Shishir Sharma]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chashma Short Film |url=https://gubbaraentertainment.com/chashma/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Gubbara Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] 2024 under the Focus South Asia section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/media/nitin-baid-draws-from-childhood-for-chashma/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows the story of 11-year-old Supriyo, a boy with poor vision, who faces challenges at school and struggles with self-acceptance. Through his journey, the film explores themes of identity, personal growth, and navigating social perceptions. The narrative is told from the perspective of children, emphasizing power dynamics and emotional nuances among peers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma attends screening of 'Chashma', calls it a 'sensitive film' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/konkona-sen-sharma-attends-screening-of-chashma-calls-it-a-sensitive-film/articleshow/112748304.cms |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Set in India in 1992, a period marked by rising socio-political tensions, the film incorporates themes of social unease. A school conflict between Vinay and Sameer reflects the broader unrest of the time, further challenging Supriyo, who is also coping with the instability of a broken home and his fear of admitting that he needs glasses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijolia |first=Disha |date=2024-11-07 |title=Indian Short Film 'Chashma' Is A Coming-Of-Age Exploration Of Societal Blind Spots |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/indian-short-film-chashma-is-a-coming-of-age-exploration-of-societal-blind-spots |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Ayan Khan as Supriyo
* [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Aarti (Supriyo’s mother)
* [[Nishan Nanaiah]] as Supriyo’s father
* Shafeen Patel as Sameer
* Kabeer Shah as Vinay
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Principal
* Vijay Shrivastava as Tripathi Ji

== Production ==
Nitin Baid, known for his work as an editor on films such as ''[[Gully Boy]]'' and ''[[Masaan]]'', made his directorial debut with ''Chashma''. Baid drew inspiration from his childhood experiences of struggling with poor vision, which influenced the film’s central theme of self-acceptance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=Nitin Baid draws from childhood for Chashma: 'Didn't tell anyone I couldn't see the blackboard' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/nitin-baid-draws-from-childhood-for-chashma-konkona-sen-sharma-mami-mumbai-film-festival-23414223 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

[[Konkona Sen Sharma]], who plays the mother, was approached personally by Baid. He highlighted her ability to bring emotional depth to the role, despite limited screen time.<ref name=":1" /> The screenplay was written by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]], and the film was produced by Dimpy Agrawal under Gubbara Entertainment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Konkona Sensharma-starrer Blind Spot (Chashma) makes waves at MAMI Mumbai Film Festival '24 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/konkona-sensharma-starrer-blind-spot-chashma-makes-waves-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival-24/cid/2058276 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812053724/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/konkona-sensharma-starrer-blind-spot-chashma-makes-waves-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival-24/cid/2058276 |archive-date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2025-11-18 |language=en}}</ref>

Nitin Baid has credited [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] for contributing significantly to the creative process: Bhardwaj suggested that they ''“decrease exclusive”'' elements in the film, helping make the story more grounded and emotionally resonant. Baid described Bhardwaj’s involvement as pivotal, acknowledging him for offering valuable artistic guidance during the film’s development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=4 November 2024 |title=Nitin Baid Says Vishal Bhardwaj Played Pivotal Part in Chashma {{!}} Exclusive - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nitin-baid-says-vishal-bhardwaj-played-pivotal-part-in-chashma-he-suggested-we-decrease-exclusive-9108357.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117121933/https://www.news18.com/movies/nitin-baid-says-vishal-bhardwaj-played-pivotal-part-in-chashma-he-suggested-we-decrease-exclusive-9108357.html |archive-date=2024-11-17 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

''Chashma'' is semi-autobiographical: Baid drew from his childhood experiences in school, including myopia and his fear of being questioned about things he could not clearly see. Konkona Sen Sharma did not take a fee for her role, participating "for the love of the script" and also contributing as a quasi-executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-01-24 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Writer Varun Grover and Editor Nitin Baid - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-konkona-sen-sharma-didnt-charge-rupee-chashma-difficult-recover-cost-short-films-varun-grover-gully-boy-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-ed/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release and Reception ==
''Chashma'' premiered at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] 2024 on 22 October 2024. The short film was screened as part of the Focus South Asia section, receiving positive responses for its sensitive handling of childhood struggles and nuanced storytelling.<ref name=":0" />

Dimpy Agrawal, producer at Gubbara Entertainment, praised the ensemble cast and highlighted the collaboration between Baid and Grover, noting the film’s ability to encourage audiences to look beyond the surface of characters’ actions.<ref name=":0" />

Prior to the festival, an exclusive screening was held in Mumbai on 22 August 2024, attended by [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Reema Kagti]], [[Akansha Ranjan Kapoor|Akanksha Ranjan Kapoor]], and [[Aryan Khan]]. Sidharth Malhotra called the film "thought-provoking" and praised its "lovely heart and lovely message. At the same event, [[Konkona Sen Sharma|Konkona]] described the film as "very sensitive" and highlighted its nuanced portrayal of power dynamics among children.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-24 |title=Sidharth Malhotra, Reema Kagti and Aryan Khan, attend screening of Chashma - News India Times |url=https://newsindiatimes.com/sidharth-malhotra-reema-kagti-and-aryan-khan-attend-screening-of-konkona-sen-sharmas-short-film-chashma/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The film addresses issues such as childhood insecurity, visual impairment, societal expectations, and self-acceptance. Baid’s personal experiences, particularly his reluctance to reveal his own vision problems as a child, informed the film’s authentic depiction of a child navigating similar challenges.<ref name=":1" />

The film further explores how appearances can be deceiving and how perception shapes identity, both literally and metaphorically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ketchup |first=Social |date=17 October 2024 |title=Gubbara Entertainment unveils a heartfelt trailer for Blind Spot (Chashma) ahead of MAMI Mumbai Film Festival Premiere! |url=https://www.socialketchup.in/trailer/chashma-trailer-7322130 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.socialketchup.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[Konkona Sen Sharma|Konkona]] added that the story also touches upon emotional resilience and the complexity of mothers navigating separation and personal identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma: 'Moms are often shown as one-dimensional' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/konkona-sen-sharma-chashma-moms-are-often-shown-as-one-dimensional-23411747 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt32135874}}
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2024 short films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:Films set in Pune]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films about social issues]]
[[Category:Films about prejudice]]

Manini De

2026-03-20T00:38:44Z

Christi2099: Started Initial Info Added Tags

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maninee De
| image = Manini Mishra at the First look launch of 'Identity Card'.jpg
| caption = Maninee De at the First look launch of 'Identity Card' in 2014
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mihir Mishra]]|2004|2020|end=separated}}
| children = 1
| parents = Kanti De (mother)
}}

'''Manini De''' is an Indian film and television actress who rose to stardom by playing the role of Katiya in ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]],''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saroj ji was a guru to me: Manini De Mishra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/she-was-a-guru-to-me-manini-de-mishra/articleshow/76775308.cms |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=3 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704212514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/she-was-a-guru-to-me-manini-de-mishra/articleshow/76775308.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Pari Kapadia in ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=Maninee De and Mihir Misra Living Separately as 16-year-old Marriage Hits Rock Bottom |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/maninee-de-and-mihir-misra-living-separately-as-16-year-old-marriage-hits-rock-bottom-2704823.html |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120220759/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/maninee-de-and-mihir-misra-living-separately-as-16-year-old-marriage-hits-rock-bottom-2704823.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin Actress Maninee De Confirms Separation From Husband Mihir Mishra After 16 Years Of Marriage! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/jassi-jaissi-koi-nahin-actress-maninee-de-confirms-separation-from-husband-mihir-mishra-after-16-years-of-marriage-1279849 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927205433/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/jassi-jaissi-koi-nahin-actress-maninee-de-confirms-separation-from-husband-mihir-mishra-after-16-years-of-marriage-1279849 |url-status=live}}</ref> She is also known for her role as Dr Sonali Barwe in ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |first=Pooja |last=Trivedi |title=Maninee De on her separation with Mihir Mishra: Marriage has its ebb and flow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/maninee-de-on-her-separation-with-mihir-mishra-marriage-has-its-ebb-and-flow-1697933-2020-07-07 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709064905/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/maninee-de-on-her-separation-with-mihir-mishra-marriage-has-its-ebb-and-flow-1697933-2020-07-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> She has been a part of many TV serials. She has also appeared in films. She played the role of Shagun in [[Laado 2 (TV series)|''Laado 2''.]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naamkaran's Manini Mishra rings in her birthday with Arjun Bijlani, Charu Asopa, and others, see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naamkarans-manini-mishra-rings-in-her-birthday-with-arjun-bijlani-charu-asopa-and-others-see-pics/articleshow/63431667.cms |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=23 March 2018 |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306050338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naamkarans-manini-mishra-rings-in-her-birthday-with-arjun-bijlani-charu-asopa-and-others-see-pics/articleshow/63431667.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> From November 2023 to April 2024 she was seen as Rajrani Param Dhillon in '' [[Dalchini (TV series) |Dalchini]]''.

==Personal life==
Her first marriage lasted five years before she got divorced from her first husband with whom she had a daughter named Dianoor "Diya". Her daughter Dianoor "Diya" from her first marriage was born in the year 2000.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Manini married television actor [[Mihir Mishra]] on 30 December 2004. In July 2020, De told Bombay Times that she and Misra have been living separately for past six months.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/maninee-de-mihir-misra-separate-after-16-years-of-marriage-we-gave-it-our-best-outcome-isn-t-in-our-hands/story-UnuhZrkyvrwi5DYb81pE4J.html |title=Maninee De, Mihir Misra living separately after 16 yrs of marriage |date=7 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Career==
Maninee De was one of the top ten finalists in the 1994 Miss India beauty pageant. Her career in television started as a host of interview show ''Mansi''.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |author= |date=21 July 2010 |title=Silk city girl sets foot in Oriya film industry - Back to the roots |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/silk-city-girl-sets-foot-in-oriya-film-industry-back-to-the-roots/cid/504633 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref>

Maninee De was first recognized for playing Pari Kapadia, the best friend of villain Mallika, in the TV serial ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''. Maninee played Aunt Chanchal in the TV series ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan]]''. In 2005, she had a part in ''[[The Great Indian Comedy Show]]'' of [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]], and was also in the reality show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' with her husband. Maninee De played Ragini in [[SAB TV]]'s serial ''[[Twinkle Beauty Parlour]]'', and also appeared in the ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]].'' Maninee has also appeared as [[List of characters in C.I.D. (TV series)|Dr Sonali Barwe]], a [[Forensic science|forensic expert]], in the detective series ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]''.

She also appeared in the popular Sahara one drama ''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]''. In 2006, Maninee appeared in the film ''[[Krrish]]'' as a friend of the character of [[Priyanka Chopra]]. In 2007, she was seen as Ambalika in ''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]''. In 2008, Maninee appeared in the film ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' as Sheena Bajaj, a fashion magazine expert. In 2009–2010, she appeared in the youth oriented [[Disney]] show ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]''. She portrayed the role of a [[Bollywood]] superstar mother, ''Sushmita Juneja'', who cannot speak Hindi properly. She also portrayed the role of Vijaya, elder sister of Sati, portrayed by [[Mouni Roy]] in mythological serial ''[[Devon Ke Dev – Mahadev]]''. From 2011, she is occasionally seen in courtroom drama [[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]] as prosecution lawyer "Devyani Bose".

She had featured in [[Student of the Year (film)|''Student of the Year'']] where she played the role of Geetha, Abhimanyu ([[Siddharth Malhotra]])'s bad aunt.<ref name=ManineFemina>{{Cite web |title=Maninee De's runway to success from Miss India to Television! |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/maninee-des-runway-to-success-from-miss-india-to-television/eventshow/108388968.cms |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |language=en}}</ref>

She was part of [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]], aired on Star Plus and portrayed the character of inspector Singh.<ref name="RediffManini"/><ref name=ManineFemina/>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''Mansi'' || Host || <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 1995–1996 || ''Amma and Family'' || Farah ||
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''Jannat''
| Mehndi
|
|-
| 2002–2003 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' || Various characters ||
|-
| 2003–2006 || ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' || Pari Kapadia || '''2004''': [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role – Female|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Comic Role]]
|-
|
| ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''
| Zehreeli
|
|-
| 2004–2005 || ''[[Saathiya - Pyar Ka Naya Ehsaas|Saathiya – Pyar Ka Naya Ehsaas]]'' || Avanti Oberoi ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2005 || ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 1]]'' || Contestant || Participated with her husband [[Mihir Mishra]]
|-
| ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' || Dinky Chakraborty || Guest
|-
| ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' || Chi Chi ||
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Comedy Show]]'' || Various characters || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/comedy/20050427.htm |title=Great Indian laugh-a-thon! |first=Raja |last=Sen |website=Rediff |date=27 April 2005}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Sarkarr:Rishton Ki Ankahi Kahani]]'' || Yana ||
|-
| ''[[Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar]]'' || Ragini ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/twinkle/20060515.htm |title=Twinkle Beauty Parlour: Sneak Preview! |first=Srabanti |last=Chakrabarti |website=Rediff |date=15 May 2006 |access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye (Season 2)]]'' || Host/presenter || 1 episode
|-
| 2006–2009 || ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]'' || Chanchal ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''Jeete Hain Iske Liye'' || Ramona ||
|-
|''[[Agadam Bagdam Tigdam]]''
|Katrina
|Guest
|-
|[[Naagin (2007 TV series)|''Naaginn – Waadon Ki Agniparikshaa'']]
|Ambalika
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008|| ''Bhoomi'' || Host ||
|-
| '' [[9X (TV channel)|Jamegi Jodi.Com]]'' || Poornima || Cameo role
|-
| 2009–2011 || ''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]'' || Padma ||
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]'' || Sushmita Juneja ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010–2011 || ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' || Dr Sonali Barwe ||
|-
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]'' || Sasha ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maninee Misra to enter Rang Badalti Odhani - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/maninee-misra-to-enter-rang-badalti-odhani/775722/ |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120129/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/maninee-misra-to-enter-rang-badalti-odhani/775722/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]'' || Revati ||
|-
| 2011–2013 || ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' || Ms. Devyani Bose ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Devon Ke Dev – Mahadev]]'' || Princess Vijaya ||
|-
| ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon|Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' || Ila ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013|| ''[[The Buddy Project]]'' || Sneha Gujral || Cameo role
|-
| ''[[Suvreen Guggal – Topper of The Year]]'' || Manini Seth ||
|-
| 2014–2015|| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''||Officer Agrima Singh ||
|-
| 2014|| ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || Radhika ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Kabhi Aise Geet Gaya Karo]]''|| Protibha ||
|-
|''[[Gulmohar Grand]]''
|
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Satrangi Sasural]]'' || Vasundhara ||
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' || Sudha Mehra ||
|-
| 2017–2020 || ''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends]]'' || [[List of Baahubali characters#Sivagami|Shivgami]] || Voice role in Hindi and English versions
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Partners (2017 TV series)|Partners]]'' || Sushmita ||
|-
|''[[Romil & Jugal]]''
|Sunita Kohli
|
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Naamkarann]]'' || Gurumaa / Raghu / Ragini Pandit ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[Laado 2]]'' || Shagun Sethi ||
|-
| ''[[Super Sisters - Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu|Super Sisters – Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu]]'' || Manolekha/Mini Mami ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]'' || Advocate Vani Kapoor ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2019 || ''[[Haiwaan : The Monster]]'' || Vaishali Manoj Agnihotri ||
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' || Ila ||
|-
|[[Abhay (TV series)|''Abhay'']]
|Radhika
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Streaming platforms have given Bollywood story-telling a new thrust |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/streaming-platforms-have-given-bollywood-story-telling-a-new-thrust/cid/1696514 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Telegraph (India) |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809004006/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/streaming-platforms-have-given-bollywood-story-telling-a-new-thrust/cid/1696514 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Coldd Lassi Aur Chicken Masala]]''
|Restaurant owner
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=5 September 2019 |title=Pradeep Sarkar a true storyteller: Coldd Lassi Aur Chicken Masala actors Divyanka and Rajeev |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/pradeep-sarkar-a-true-storyteller-coldd-lassi-aur-chicken-masala-actors-divyanka-and-rajeev-1595744-2019-09-05 |access-date=16 June 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Made in Heaven]]''
|Vimala Singh
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]'' ||Pam
|
|-
|2023
|''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]''
|Lata Panigrahi
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Campus Beats]]''
|Tapasvi Oberoi
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2023–2024
| ''[[Udaariyaan]]''
| Baby Gill
|
|-
| ''[[Dalchini (TV series)|Dalchini]]''
| Rajrani Dhillon
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]''
| Ghazal Akhtar
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II]]'' || Suman ||
|-
| ''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]''|| Uday's wife ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[7½ Phere|7 1/2 Phere: More Than a Wedding]]'' || Raveena Joshi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Krrish]]'' || Honey ||<ref name="RediffManini">{{cite interview |last=Mishra |first=Manini |interviewer=Rajul Hegde |title='TV shows like 24 don't get ratings because they are classy' |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-shows-like-24-dont-get-ratings-because-they-are-classy-tv/20140410.htm |access-date=23 May 2024 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai |date=10 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chain Kulii Ki Main Kulii]]'' || Nadira ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' || Sheena Bajaj ||<ref name=RediffManini/>
|-
| 2010 || ''Ashok Chakra: Tribute to Real Heroes'' || Mrs. S. Ampte ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Student of the Year (film)|Student of the Year]]'' || Geetha Singh ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sata Lota Pan Sagla Khota]]'' ||
|
|}

==Dubbing roles==
===Live action films===
====Hollywood films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actress !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
|[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|''101 Dalmatians'']] || [[Glenn Close]] || [[Cruella de Vil]] || Hindi || English || 1996 || Unknown ||
|-
|[[The Mummy (1999 film)|''The Mummy'']] || [[Rachel Weisz]] || [[List of The Mummy characters#Evelyn "Evie" Carnahan O'Connell|Evelyn Carnahan]] || Hindi || English || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
| ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'' || [[Glenn Close]] || [[Cruella de Vil]] || Hindi || English || 2000 || Unknown ||
|-
| [[Iron Man (2008 film)|''Iron Man'']] || [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] || [[Pepper Potts]] || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
|[[Death Race (2008 film)|''Death Race'']] || [[Joan Allen]] || Claire Hennessey || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' || [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] || [[Pepper Potts]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|[[The A-Team (film)|''The A-Team'']] || [[Jessica Biel]] || Charissa Sosa || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|[[Total Recall (2012 film)|''Total Recall'']] || [[Jessica Biel]] || Melina || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'' || [[Rebecca Ferguson]] || Ilsa Faust || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
|''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || [[Claudia Kim]] || Helen Cho || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
|''[[The Fate of the Furious]]''|| [[Charlize Theron]] || Cipher || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Mission: Impossible – Fallout]]'' || [[Rebecca Ferguson]] || Ilsa Faust || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
|[[Captain Marvel (film)|''Captain Marvel'']]|| [[Annette Bening]] || Mar-vell || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[Maleficent: Mistress of Evil]]'' || [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] || Queen Ingris || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[The Sea Beast (2022 film)|The Sea Beast]]'' || [[Marianne Jean-Baptiste]] || Sarah Sharpe || Hindi || English || 2022 || 2022 ||
|}

====South-Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Film title!!Actress!!Character!!Dub Language!!Original language!!Original Year Release!!Dub Year Release!!Notes
|-
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|[[Archana Jois]]
|Shanthamma
|Hindustani
|Kannada
|2018
|2021
|
|-
|''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|[[Khushbu Sundar]]
|Jhansi
|Hindustani
|Telugu
|2006
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''
|[[Unnimaya Prasad]]
|DCP Catherine Maria
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2020
|2022
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Police Story''.
|-
|''[[Raja the Great]]''
|[[Raadhika Sarathkumar]]
|Constable Anantha Lakshmi
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|[[Vijayashanti]]
|Bharathi
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2020
|2022
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sarileru''.
|-
|''[[Varisu]]''
|[[Jayasudha]]
|Sudha Rajendran
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2023
|2023
|
|-
|[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|''Oh! Baby'']]
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|70 year-old Savitri alias "Baby"
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2019
|2023
|
|-
|''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]''
|[[Jayasudha]]
|Sarojini Naidu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2019
|2023
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' || [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] || Ragini || Hindi || Tamil || 2023 || 2023 ||
|}

=== Live action series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Actress
!Role
!Dub language
!Original language
!Episodes
!Original airdate
!Dub airdate
!Notes
|-
|[[Locke & Key (TV series)|''Locke & Key'']]
|[[Laysla De Oliveira]]
|Dodge
|Hindi
|English
|20
|7 February 2020
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2274497}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Comic Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De, Manini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Madha Gaja Raja

2026-03-17T20:18:09Z

Christi2099: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{short description|2025 film by Sundar C}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Madha Gaja Raja.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| screenplay = Sundar C [[Venkat Raghavan]]
| story = Sundar C
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Venkat Raghavan
}}
| producer = Akkineni Manohar Prasad Akkineni Anand Prasad [[A. C. Shanmugam]] A. C. S. Arun Kumar
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Vijay Antony]]
| studio = [[Gemini Film Circuit]] Benzz Media (presents)
| distributor = [[Vishal Film Factory]] Phars Film
| released = {{film date|2025|1|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madha Gaja Raja |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=RElMLzE4OC8yMDEzLUNIRU4g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118132310/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=RElMLzE4OC8yMDEzLUNIRU4g |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}15 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=Shelved for 12 years, now Vishal's 'Madha Gaja Raja' is a box-office winner |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/18/vishal-movie-madha-gaja-raja-winner-at-box-office.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250121134535/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/18/vishal-movie-madha-gaja-raja-winner-at-box-office.amp.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}75 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title='Madha Gaja Raja' to 'Bison': 2025 Tamil box office hits that turned big profits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madha-gaja-raja-to-bison-2025-tamil-box-office-hits-that-turned-big-profits/photostory/125670807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251201091307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madha-gaja-raja-to-bison-2025-tamil-box-office-hits-that-turned-big-profits/photostory/125670807.cms |archive-date=1 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Madha Gaja Raja''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ð|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ə|dʒ|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|ɑː}} {{translation|King of Musth Elephants}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Sundar C]] and produced by [[Gemini Film Circuit]] and Benzz Media. The film stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] in the titular role, alongside [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Manivannan]], [[Subbaraju]], [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]], [[Munna Simon]] and [[John Kokken]].

The film was officially announced untitled in February 2012 and the official title was announced in April, with [[Karthika Nair]] joining as the lead actress. [[Principal photography]] began the following month in [[Chennai]]. However, after script alterations, Nair left and was replaced by Anjali and Varalaxmi. Subsequent schedules were held in [[Palani]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]] and Australia between June 2012 and January 2013. The music was composed by [[Vijay Antony]], with cinematography handled by [[Richard M. Nathan]] and editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and [[N. B. Srikanth]].

Originally intended for a January 2013 release, ''Madha Gaja Raja'' was delayed for 12 years due to legal and financial troubles, before releasing on 12 January 2025. The film, despite its delayed release, was a box office success and emerged the [[List of Tamil films of 2025#Box office collection|ninth highest-grossing Tamil film of 2025]].

== Plot ==
The film starts with a relay race between two group of students. Teacher Dhandapani's team wins the race, but not without some foul play.

Several years later, in Chinna Anaikatti, Madha Gaja Raja assumes his father Inspector Srinivasan's responsibility to protect Theekuchi Thirumugam and his daughter Madhavi from thugs hired by Shanmugapandi and citing safety Raja makes them stay at his residence. Raja and Madhavi fall in love, but Srinivasan insults Thirumugam. Angered, Madhavi and Thirumugam leave the village when Raja is away.

Kalyanasundaram, owner of Goodbye Travels, is facing marital issues as his wife, Gayathri, influenced by her mother, is seeking divorce, citing Kalyanasundaram's failure to disclose his mortuary van service business before marriage. Kalyanasundaram invites both women to attend his school teacher's daughter's wedding. En route, they meet Shanmugam, Ramesh (a sub-collector) and Raja – the winning team from the relay race. Maya is Ramesh's sister-in-law who seems to like Raja.

Dhandapani is thrilled to reunite with his estranged brother-in-law Pedha Perumal, by accepting his son as the groom for his daughter, who is actually in love with her cousin. Raja convinces Dhandapani to allow his daughter to marry her cousin and also fights off Pedha Perumal's son who tries to stop the wedding. Raja and his friend Dickey David and stage a play to help reconcile Kalyanasundaram with Gayathri. The team that lost the relay race asks for a rematch, and Raja intentionally loses the race to make the other team happy.

Ramesh reveals that he has been falsely suspended and imprisoned on bribery charges. This, he believes, is revenge by Karukuvel Vishwanath, a powerful media baron, for sealing his pharmaceutical company, which produced drugs that killed 18 children. Sathya shares his struggles in the handloom business, where a fire accident destroyed his shipments. The insurance claim money he received barely covered the damage to a nearby pharmaceutical company, which Ramesh had previously sealed. Ramesh and Sathya suspect Vishwanath's involvement in the fire mishap and Raja vows to resolve their issues.

Raja meets Vishwanath in Chennai and demands compensation for the losses incurred but Vishwanath asserts that Raja won't be able to obtain a single penny. Vishwanath, in collusion with Minister Nallamuthu, falsely accuses Raja and the auto driver whom Raja befriended earlier of drug peddling. However, the auto driver voluntarily confesses to the crime, securing Raja's release. Raja redirects auto drivers to target the corrupt Inspector Shankar, who had arrested him.

Raja discovers that the auto driver's landlady is Madhavi, who refuses to let Raja stay. However, with the help of his friends, Raja manages to accommodate. Vishwanath gets his men to kill Nallamuthu in an attempt to usurp Nallamuthu's ministry. He tries to frame Raja for the murder. But Raja and Kalyanasundaram devise a plan, using Nallamuthu's corpse to create the illusion that he is still alive. They successfully escape with the corpse and Vishwanath believes that Nallamuthu is indeed still alive. During Vishwanath's swearing-in ceremony, a video exposing his henchman's murder of Nallamuthu is broadcast, prompting the ceremony's cancellation.

Meanwhile, Vishwanath orchestrates a [[caste]] riot and also plans a procession to protest the martyrs of the caste riot. Furthermore, he plots an accident to kill Ramesh. Suspecting foul play, Raja rushes to Madurai. He captures Vishwanath's assistant, who reveals that the procession is a ruse to transport Vishwanath's black money to the [[V. O. Chidambaranar Port|Tuticorin port]]. Raja escapes with one of the vans loaded with black money, while the villagers divert Vishwanath's party members. Ultimately, Raja and Vishwanath engage in an intense confrontation, culminating in Raja's triumph over Vishwanath. Vishwanath is arrested, Ramesh is exonerated and reinstated as Sub-Collector, and the government reimburses Shanmugam and the weavers for their losses.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Madha Gaja "Raja" (MGR)
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Kalyanasundaram
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Madhavi
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Maya
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Karukuvel Vishwanath
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Shanmugam
* [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] as Ramesh, [[Sub Collector]]
* [[Manivannan]]{{efn|Posthumous release; film dedicated to his memory|name="Posthumous"}} as an auto driver
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Inspector Srinivasan
* [[Manobala]]{{efn|name="Posthumous"}} as Minister Nallamuthu
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]] as [[Inspector]] Shankar
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as a politician
* [[Rajendran]] as Viswanath's henchman
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Dhandapani Master
* [[Chitti Babu (actor)|Chitti Babu]]{{efn|name="Posthumous"}} as Vishwanath's PA
* [[Swaminathan]] as 'Theekuchi' Thirumugam
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Jaya
* Gayathri Rao as Gayathri, Kalyanasundaram's Wife
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Ramesh's wife
* [[Subbaraju (actor)|Subbaraju]] as Rajesh
* [[Munna (actor)|Munna Simon]] as Viswanath's henchman
* [[John Kokken]] as Pedha Perumal's son
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Pedha Perumal
* [[Nellai Siva]]{{efn|name="Posthumous"}} as a politician
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as a cab driver
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Kalyanasundaram's mother-in-law
* [[Shakeela]] as a marriage attendee
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Rajesh's teammate
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Oviya, Kalyanasundaram's daughter
* [[Chelladurai]]{{efn|name="Posthumous"}} as a constable
* Manager Cheena as a constable
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as a judge
* [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Madha Gaja Raja's grandmother
* Usha Elizabeth as the auto driver's wife
* Lollu Sabha Easter as Rajesh's teammate
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as 'Dickey' David in a guest appearance
* [[Sadha]] as a doctor (special appearance in the song "Thumbakki Thumbai")
}}

== Production ==
Director [[Sundar C]] and actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] announced that they would work together on a project in early 2012, and it was revealed that Vishal would portray a triple role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2012 |title='Vishal plays a triple role' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/vishal-plays-a-triple-role/articleshow/12054529.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206031921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/vishal-plays-a-triple-role/articleshow/12054529.cms |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After denying reports that the female lead role was first offered to [[Shruti Haasan]], Sundar hinted that they were set to sign on [[Hansika Motwani]], but her busy schedule left her unavailable to commit dates for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2012 |title=Hansika- The Dream girl of Kollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-the-dream-girl-of-kollywood-news-tamil-mdcjyXgcfdasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118152543/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-the-dream-girl-of-kollywood-news-tamil-mdcjyXgcfdasi.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2012 |title=Sundar C opens up on Vishal starrer |url=http://www.moviepettai.com/news-id-vishal-sundar-c-21-02-12589.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222065440/http://www.moviepettai.com/news-id-vishal-sundar-c-21-02-12589.htm |archive-date=22 February 2012 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=Moviepettai.com}}</ref> Titled ''Madha Gaja Raja'', after Vishal's three characters, [[Karthika Nair]] eventually joined as the lead actress during April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Karthika is Vishal's heroine! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthika-is-vishal-s-heroine-news-tamil-meqkUFedahbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120074913/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthika-is-vishal-s-heroine-news-tamil-meqkUFedahbsi.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film subsequently began production in [[Chennai]] during early May 2012, with a song shot featuring Vishal alongside [[Sadha]], who was revealed to be making an appearance in an [[item number]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2012 |title=Sada to sizzle with Vishal! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sada-to-sizzle-with-vishal-news-tamil-mfdpAWfcjhbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226030303/https://www.sify.com/movies/sada-to-sizzle-with-vishal-news-tamil-mfdpAWfcjhbsi.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2012 |title=Vishal starts MGR with Sundar C |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-starts-mgr-with-sundar-c-news-tamil-mfeoF8biigisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226074735/https://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-starts-mgr-with-sundar-c-news-tamil-mfeoF8biigisi.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Soon after production began, Sundar chose to alter the script, with the new version having Vishal in a single role, and two leading actresses instead of one. Disappointed with this development, Nair left the project, feeling her role had been significantly diminished as a result of the storyline changes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2012 |title=Karthika opts out of MGR |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthika-opts-out-of-mgr-news-kollywood-mf3kdMjfjjisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120081923/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthika-opts-out-of-mgr-news-kollywood-mf3kdMjfjjisi.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Taapsee Pannu]] signed on to replace her, but soon afterwards left the project citing date clashes with her commitments for the promotional activity of another film.<ref name="k.r.manigandan">{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=26 June 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: Narrow escape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts-narrow-escape/article3572826.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524134109/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts-narrow-escape/article3572826.ece |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] was consequently signed on after working with producers [[Gemini Film Circuit]] in their previous venture ''[[Podaa Podi]]'' (2012), while [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] was selected for the main female lead role. The team subsequently began another schedule with the new storyline in [[Palani]] during June 2012.<ref name="k.r.manigandan" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2012 |title=Varalakshmi replaces Taapsee in MGR |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/varalakshmi-replaces-taapsee-in-mgr-news-tamil-mg0tVJdbjjasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226043317/https://www.sify.com/movies/varalakshmi-replaces-taapsee-in-mgr-news-tamil-mg0tVJdbjjasi.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The team moved to [[Jaipur]] during August 2012 to complete another schedule, while Vishal revealed that the title now referred to the agitated state of Lord [[Ganesha]] rather than the names of his characters, stating that "Gaja Raja" could be literally translated as fury.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=11 August 2012 |title=Trekking on a new path |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/trekking-on-a-new-path/article3753952.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524134229/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/trekking-on-a-new-path/article3753952.ece |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=17 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the particular schedule, Vishal suffered an injury when filming a fight scene and was forced to take a week's break from working.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2012 |title=Vishal injured, advised rest! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-injured-advised-rest-news-tamil-mjfqEvdhejdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119174456/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-injured-advised-rest-news-tamil-mjfqEvdhejdsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's shoot moved to [[Hyderabad]] during September 2012, with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] joining the team's cast to shoot for a guest appearance. Arya had flown in from Chennai and completed his work on the film within a single day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2012 |title=Arya in director Sundar C's next with Vishal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Sep/16/arya-in-director-sundar-cs-next-with-vishal-406735.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226071919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/sep/16/arya-in-director-sundar-cs-next-with-vishal-406735.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2012 |title=Arya to do a special appearance for Vishal sake! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-to-do-a-special-appearance-for-vishal-sake-news-tamil-mjlla6cbabcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120061842/http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-to-do-a-special-appearance-for-vishal-sake-news-tamil-mjlla6cbabcsi.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The team later shot in Australia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2013 |title=Bank guarantee sought for release of Madha Gaja Raja |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Sep/18/bank-guarantee-sought-for-release-of-madha-gaja-raja-517680.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209114349/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Sep/18/bank-guarantee-sought-for-release-of-madha-gaja-raja-517680.html |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> By January 2013, the film was complete as Sundar had moved on to other projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2013 |title=Sundar C busy with 'Theeya Vela Seiyaanum Kumaru' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-c-busy-with-theeya-vela-seiyaanum-kumaru/articleshow/18047111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209105310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-c-busy-with-theeya-vela-seiyaanum-kumaru/articleshow/18047111.cms |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Vijay Antony]] in his first collaboration with Sundar and second with Vishal after ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2013 |title=Madha Gaja Raja – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/madha-gaja-raja-ep/1532389687 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250104131544/https://music.apple.com/in/album/madha-gaja-raja-ep/1532389687 |archive-date=4 January 2025 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> Vishal made his singing debut with "My Dear Loveru",<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Vishal's huge opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-huge-opening/articleshow/22286710.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250109120141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-huge-opening/articleshow/22286710.cms |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=9 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2013 |title=Vishal sings for 'Madha Gaja Raja'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-sings-for-madha-gaja-raja-news-tamil-ni0lvXebaei.html?ref=slideout |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232026/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-sings-for-madha-gaja-raja-news-tamil-ni0lvXebaei.html?ref=slideout |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> which was released as a single on 24 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2012 |title=Vishal's MGR single track released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mgr-single-track-released/articleshow/17752764.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260123043048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mgr-single-track-released/articleshow/17752764.cms |archive-date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2012 |title=Madha Gaja Raja single launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Madha-Gaja-Raja-single-launched-news-tamil-mm0lgFgcidc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227175725/http://www.sify.com/movies/Madha-Gaja-Raja-single-launched-news-tamil-mm0lgFgcidc.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' said, "''Chikku bukku'' could well be a standard [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]] song but for the gibberish and guitar that Vijay Antony inserts at places – folksy and catchy". He added, "''My Dear Loveru'' tells us that Vishal should not have attempted singing and that [[Pa. Vijay|Pa.Vijay]] shouldn’t have attempted lyrics for this headache of a song". Karthik described "Nee Dhana" as "standard techno", but appreciated "Sattru Mun Varai" for Santhosh Hariharan's vocals, even if the song was "regimental stuff". He added, "''Thumbakki thumbai'' is a curious combination of interesting, meaningless words and exotic sounds – manages to stand out" and concluded that the album was "Standard masala fare".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=21 January 2013 |title=Madha Gaja Raja (Music review), Tamil – Vijay Antony |url=https://milliblog.com/2013/01/21/madha-gaja-raja-music-review-tamil-vijay-antony/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210152537/https://milliblog.com/2013/01/21/madha-gaja-raja-music-review-tamil-vijay-antony/ |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 23:09
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chikku Bukku
| lyrics1 = Annamalai
| extra1 = [[Chinnaponnu]], Prabhu Pandala
| length1 = 04:26
| title2 = My Dear Loveru
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra2 = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Vijay Antony]]
| length2 = 04:24
| title3 = Nee Dhana Nee Dhana
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = Vijay Antony
| length3 = 04:35
| title4 = Sattru Mun Varai
| extra4 = Santhosh Hariharan
| lyrics4 = Annamalai
| length4 = 05:27
| title5 = Thumbakki Thumbai
| extra5 = Vijay Antony
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| length5 = 04:17
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===

Promotional campaigns for ''Madha Gaja Raja'' started in November 2012, with an initial release window of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] (mid-January 2013) announced by Gemini Film Circuit.<ref name=":2" /> However, Vishal's other film ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' had been long-delayed and it's makers wanted to release the film on the same date, and the actor tried to ensure both films did not clash.<ref name=":2" /> As a result, ''Madha Gaja Raja'' was put on hold until the release of ''Samar''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Vishal v/s Vishal upsets the trade |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-v-s-vishal-upsets-the-trade-news-tamil-mluk5hgijcbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119183020/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-v-s-vishal-upsets-the-trade-news-tamil-mluk5hgijcbsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Furthermore, the failure of ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' (2013), which Gemini Film Circuit had co-produced and distributed, also affected the financial prospects of the company and distributors of the film wanted compensation before ''Madha Gaja Raja'' was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2013 |title=Madras Talkies not responsible for Kadal losses: Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madras-talkies-kadal-mani-ratnam-153848-2013-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125105630/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madras-talkies-kadal-mani-ratnam-153848-2013-02-11 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2013 |title=Kadal: Distributors won't ask compensation from Ratnam |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kadal-distributors-wont-ask-compensation-from-ratnam-594204.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812093655/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kadal-distributors-wont-ask-compensation-from-ratnam-594204.html |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

After nine months of little information about the project, the producers announced their intentions of releasing the film on 9 September 2013 to coincide with the festival of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2013 |title=Long-delayed 'Madha Gaja Raja' to release on Ganesh Chaturthi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/long-delayed-madha-gaja-raja-to-release-on-ganesh-chaturthi-news-national-nihm4lfcbjfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120060337/http://www.sify.com/movies/long-delayed-madha-gaja-raja-to-release-on-ganesh-chaturthi-news-national-nihm4lfcbjfsi.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=31 August 2013 |title=A new innings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-new-innings/article5079160.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022094448/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-new-innings/article5079160.ece |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the plans were put on hold after an Australian national named Santhanam successfully appealed for a court injunction to stop the film's release in September 2013. He claimed that Gemini Film Circuit had agreed to pay him a sum of {{INRConvert|6|m|year=2013}} for his services of providing production facilities during the team's schedule in Australia but had failed to make the payment. Under financial restraints, Gemini Film Circuit had also sold on the film to Vishal's newly launched production studio, Vishal Film Factory, but failed to inform Vishal of the outstanding payment which had to be made to Santhanam. The High Court subsequently had put a stay order on the release of the film until the issue was sorted.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Madha Gaja Raja courts trouble over payment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Sep/06/madha-gaja-raja-courts-trouble-over-payment-513862.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104115751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Sep/06/madha-gaja-raja-courts-trouble-over-payment-513862.html |archive-date=4 January 2025 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Vishal took up the responsibility in trying to release the film but was unsuccessful. He later disassociated from the film and Gemini Film Circuit acquired the film again from the actor. P. T. Selvakumar contemplated purchasing the film's distributing rights and planned to release the film on 7 March 2014, but the idea was dropped.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2014 |title='Madha Gaja Raja' gets a release date! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madha-gaja-raja-gets-a-release-date-news-tamil-ocsjXldgdjcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226041823/https://www.sify.com/movies/madha-gaja-raja-gets-a-release-date-news-tamil-ocsjXldgdjcsi.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sundar and Vishal subsequently moved on to finish and release another film together during the period of delay, ''[[Aambala]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=10 January 2015 |title=Paradise regained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/paradise-regained/article6775331.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303035747/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/paradise-regained/article6775331.ece |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In November 2015, Vishal reportedly pledged that he would take action to release the film by December 2015, although it did not happen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2015 |title=Will Vishal's 'MGR' see the light of day? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/will-vishal-s-mgr-see-the-light-of-day-news-tamil-pldmXSafcgdbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119223154/http://www.sify.com/movies/will-vishal-s-mgr-see-the-light-of-day-news-tamil-pldmXSafcgdbg.html |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Plans to release the film on 29 April 2016 also failed.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=720769500539437056 |user=VishalKOfficial |title=#madhagajaraja release on April 29th😬😬😬😬. Awaiting it. Jus like everyone.as a sundar c fan.god bless |author=Vishal |author-link=Vishal (actor) |date=15 April 2016 |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250104032002/https://x.com/VishalKOfficial/status/720769500539437056 |archive-date=4 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, Sundar said he did not understand why the film was still unreleased and mentioned himself and Vishal having requested the production company to sell the distribution rights to them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=3 April 2024 |title=Will Vishal's Madha Gaja Raja see the light of day? This is what Sundar C has to say |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/will-vishals-madha-gaja-raja-see-daylight-this-is-what-sundar-c-has-to-say/7841c1a1df93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414055943/https://www.ottplay.com/news/will-vishals-madha-gaja-raja-see-daylight-this-is-what-sundar-c-has-to-say/7841c1a1df93 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025, it was announced that the film would release on 12 January that month, during the Pongal weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=3 January 2025 |title=Vishal-Sundar C's Madha Gaja Raja finally gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/03/vishal-sundar-cs-madha-gaja-raja-finally-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103073222/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/03/vishal-sundar-cs-madha-gaja-raja-finally-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film subsequently premiered on 11 January and had a wide release the next day.<ref name="Curious">{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=24 January 2025 |title=Curious case of 12-year-old Tamil film Madha Gaja Raja outshining Game Changer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madha-gaja-raja-outshines-game-changer-pongal-winner-2669616-2025-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725160513/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madha-gaja-raja-outshines-game-changer-pongal-winner-2669616-2025-01-24 |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> A Telugu-dubbed version with the same title was released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=25 January 2025 |title=Vishal and Sundar C's Madha Gaja Raja to have a Telugu release soon; new trailer out |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishal-and-sundar-cs-madha-gaja-raja-to-have-a-telugu-release-soon-new-trailer-out/b3221f01e1191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250126163656/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishal-and-sundar-cs-madha-gaja-raja-to-have-a-telugu-release-soon-new-trailer-out/b3221f01e1191 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Madha Gaja Raja Review: రివ్యూ: మదగజ రాజ.. విశాల్‌ హిట్‌ మూవీ తెలుగు ప్రేక్షకులను మెప్పించిందా? |trans-title=Review: Madha Gaja Raja.. Did Vishal's hit film please the Telugu audience? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/madha-gaja-raja-review-in-telugu-vishal-anjali/0203/125018659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210074521/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/madha-gaja-raja-review-in-telugu-vishal-anjali/0203/125018659 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
As of June 2025, the film is yet to be available on any streaming service due to alleged logistical issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2025 |title='Madha Gaja Raja' OTT release: The makers explain the reason for the delay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madha-gaja-raja-ott-release-the-makers-explain-the-reason-for-the-delay/articleshow/122091022.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705080247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madha-gaja-raja-ott-release-the-makers-explain-the-reason-for-the-delay/articleshow/122091022.cms |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Madha Gaja Raja'' might not rank among his best works, ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' and ''[[Kalakalappu]]'', but this is still an OG film that deserves what's now become a promotional mantra: 'Fight venuma fight irukku, dance venuma dance irukku, romance venuma romance irukku, glamour venuma glamour irukku, comedy venuma comedy irukku...'" ({{translation|If you want fights, there are fights. If you want dance, there is dance …}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=12 January 2025 |title=Madha Gaja Raja Movie Review : A self-aware, largely entertaining throwback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/madha-gaja-raja/movie-review/117158499.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112031022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/madha-gaja-raja/movie-review/117158499.cms |archive-date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{efn|Based on [[Dil Raju]]'s speech at ''[[Varisu]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s audio launch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Thaata Theestha: Dil Raju's emotional outburst against fringe news portals turns into meme material |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/thaata-theestha-dil-rajus-emotional-outburst-against-fringe-news-portals-turns-into-meme-material/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250114040124/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/thaata-theestha-dil-rajus-emotional-outburst-against-fringe-news-portals-turns-into-meme-material/ |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=The South First}}</ref>}} A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave 3/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2025 |title=மத கஜ ராஜா |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1198/Madha-Gaja-Raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112074421/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1198/Madha-Gaja-Raja/ |archive-date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The laughs keep on coming, and it is a terrific mix of nostalgia and wistful thinking about the times that were that makes us throw our weights behind this Vishal-Santhanam film, directed by Sundar C."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=12 January 2025 |title=Madha Gaja Raja movie review: Vishal, Santhanam power this Sundar C throwback to simpler yet sus times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-vishal-santhanam-power-this-sundar-c-throwback-to-simpler-yet-sus-times-9774207/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112054015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-vishal-santhanam-power-this-sundar-c-throwback-to-simpler-yet-sus-times-9774207/ |archive-date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Madha Gaja Raja'', even though outdated and politically incorrect, manages to bring much-needed laughs as it reminds you of the good old days when all you needed was a comedy film to unwind."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=12 January 2025 |title=Madha Gaja Raja review: Vishal, Sundar C's film takes you on a nostalgic ride |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-vishal-sundar-c-film-takes-you-on-a-nostalgic-ride-2663605-2025-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250114040148/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-vishal-sundar-c-film-takes-you-on-a-nostalgic-ride-2663605-2025-01-12 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Sundar C and Vishal's film is entertaining as long as you are an audience of good old Tamil cinema days where jokes stemmed out from unawareness. It might not suit the sensibilities of today's times, yet cannot be ruled out for it evokes some quips that films today rarely do."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=12 January 2025 |title=Madha Gaja Raja Movie Review: Sundar C- Vishal film is old school entertainment |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-sundar-c-and-vishals-film-retains-both-charm-of-old-school-entertainment-and-problem-of-unawareness/c3c34b7fcb86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112031200/https://www.ottplay.com/review/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-sundar-c-and-vishals-film-retains-both-charm-of-old-school-entertainment-and-problem-of-unawareness/c3c34b7fcb86 |archive-date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

Sreejith Mullappilly of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "there is inarguably an entertaining first half in ''Madha Gaja Raja'', with Santhanam delivering some big laughs amidst the duds [...] Vishal has done many sequences, actions and others, that are all about flaunting his stardom. While the action is mostly enjoyable, the fight at the end goes on a bit too long and makes the film rather anticlimactic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=12 January 2025 |title=Madha Gaja Raja Movie Review: Punches land, but the jokes don't |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/international/review/2025/Jan/12/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-punches-land-but-the-jokes-dont |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250114040116/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jan/12/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-punches-land-but-the-jokes-dont |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "perhaps most of what glitters about ''Madha Gaja Raja'' isn't the film itself, but the mindless fun of watching something that as a whole could only exist in your past. It's nothing more than a could-have-been that has somehow become a has-been."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=12 January 2025 |title='Madha Gaja Raja' movie review: Vishal, Sundar C's fun, largely engaging throwback to masala cinema of the past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-vishal-sundar-cs-fun-largely-engaging-throwback-to-masala-cinema-of-the-past/article69092122.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250113023956/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review-vishal-sundar-cs-fun-largely-engaging-throwback-to-masala-cinema-of-the-past/article69092122.ece |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Sivashankar of ''[[Dinamani]]'' felt that the film, despite being made a decade ago, was still entertaining, but criticised the body shaming jokes and suggestive dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சிவசங்கர் |date=12 January 2025 |title='கலகல'வென வந்தாரா? மத கஜ ராஜா - திரை விமர்சனம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/12/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250112050150/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/12/madha-gaja-raja-movie-review |archive-date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
As of late January 2025, the film grossed approximately {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-24 |title='Madha Gaja Raja' box office collection: Vishal's film surpasses Rs 50 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/madha-gaja-raja-box-office-collection-vishals-film-surpasses-rs-50-crore/articleshow/117508005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/aEuwP |archive-date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film ultimately concluded its run with its worldwide gross estimated to be {{INRConvert|75|c|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title='Madha Gaja Raja' to 'Bison': 2025 Tamil box office hits that turned big profits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madha-gaja-raja-to-bison-2025-tamil-box-office-hits-that-turned-big-profits/photostory/125670807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251201091307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madha-gaja-raja-to-bison-2025-tamil-box-office-hits-that-turned-big-profits/photostory/125670807.cms |archive-date=1 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Following the success of ''Madha Gaja Raja'', theatre owner and distributor Tirupur Subramaniam confirmed there were discussions about releasing other high-profile Tamil films which had completed filming but remain unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title='மதகஜராஜா' வெற்றி காரணமாக விக்ரம், விஜய் சேதுபதி, சந்தானம் படங்களை வெளியிட பேச்சுவார்த்தை! |trans-title=Because of the success of ''Madha Gaja Raja'', there are discussions about releasing Vikram, Vijay Sethupathi and Santhanam's films! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1347502-vikram-santhanam-shelved-film-to-release-following-madha-gaja-raja.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250126163231/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1347502-vikram-santhanam-shelved-film-to-release-following-madha-gaja-raja.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> One such film was ''[[Badava]]'' (2025), which was released six years after it had completed filming.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title=Vimal's 6-year-old 'Badava' inspired by Vishal's 'Madha Gaja Raja' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vimals-6-year-old-badava-inspired-by-vishals-madha-gaja-raja-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/117732377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250520055803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vimals-6-year-old-badava-inspired-by-vishals-madha-gaja-raja-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/117732377.cms |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2012 controversies]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Films shot in Australia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palani]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Venkat Raghavan]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hinduism in Bangladesh

2026-03-12T14:04:35Z

Christi2099: slightly improved article based on references and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|none}}
{{Redirect|Bangladeshi Hindus|ethnic and main group|Bengali Hindus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group=Bangladeshi Hindus Bāṅlādēśī Hindu {{lang|bn|বাংলাদেশী হিন্দু}}
| flag = [[File:Bengali Swastika Symbol half.svg|50px]]
|population= '''13,130,000''' ([[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 Census]]) {{increase}} ''('''7.95%''' of the country's population) {{decrease}} <ref name="auto" />''|languages='''[[Sanskrit]]''' (Liturgical) 
[[Bengali language|Bangla]] and other tribal languages|religions='''[[Hinduism]]''' (majority)<ref name="L0rea" /> [[Tribal religion]]s {{small|''identified as [[Hindus]]''}} (minority)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schulte-Droesch |first=Lea |title=Making place through ritual : land, environment and region among the Santal of Central India |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-11-053973-8 |page=187 |publisher=De Gruyter |oclc=1054397811}}</ref>
|region1=[[Dhaka Division]]|pop1= 2,766,874 (6.26%)
|region3=[[Chittagong Division]]|pop3= 2,196,947 (6.61%)
|region6=[[Rajshahi Division]]|pop6= 1,159,197 (5.70%)
|region4=[[Khulna Division]]|pop4= 2,007,502 (11.54%)
|region5=[[Sylhet Division]]|pop5= 1,491,315 (13.51%)
|region7=[[Barisal Division]]|pop7= 750,177 (8.24%)
|region2=[[Rangpur Division]]|pop2= 2,290,450 (12.98%)
|region8=[[Mymensingh Division]]|
|pop8= 481,742 (3.92%)|
regions=Throughout Bangladesh|image=File:Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg|image_caption=[[Dhakeshwari National Temple]] in [[Dhaka]]}}
{{Hinduism by country}}

[[Hinduism]] is the [[Religion in Bangladesh|second-largest religion]] in [[Bangladesh]], accounting for about 7.95% of the country's population, approximately 13.1 million people, as per the [[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 census of Bangladesh]].<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Population & Housing Census-2011: Union Statistics |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=2015-04-17 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=xiii}}</ref> Around 21% of the [[Bangladeshi diaspora]] follow Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Pew survey: What migration reveals about religion in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm23n23dwx3o |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Bangladesh has the world's third-largest Hindu population, after India and [[Nepal]]. Hinduism is the second-largest religion in 61 of 64 districts in Bangladesh, but there are no Hindu majority districts in Bangladesh.

Bangladeshi Hindus have faced systemic persecution, experiencing a population decrease from 33% in 1901 to 8% in 2022. In the 1971 [[Bangladesh genocide]], 300,000 to 3 million people were killed (disproportionately Hindus), [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|mass rapes on 300-400,000 women]] (predominantly Hindu) were perpetrated,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=2021-11-02 |title=Historicising the Birangona : Interrogating the Politics of Commemorating the Wartime Rape of 1971 in the Context of the 50 th Anniversary of Bangladesh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09700161.2021.2009663 |journal=Strategic Analysis |language=en |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=588–597 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2021.2009663 |issn=0970-0161}}</ref> as well as [[Hindu temple]] desecrations, property destruction, and a fleeing of 8-10 million Hindu refugees to India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary Jonathan |url=http://archive.org/details/bloodtelegramnix0000bass |title=The Blood telegram : Nixon, Kissinger, and a forgotten genocide |date=2013 |publisher=New York : Alfred A Knopf |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Percentage and population of Hinduism in Bangladesh
|-
! Year
! Percentage (%)
! Hindu Population
! Total population
! Notes
|-
! 1901
| {{percentage bar|33.00}}
| 9,546,240
| 28,927,626
| Eastern [[Bengal region]]
|-
! 1911
| {{percentage bar|31.50}}
| 9,939,825
| 31,555,363
| rowspan="4" | Before [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition]]
|-
! 1921
| {{percentage bar|30.60}}
| 10,176,030
| 33,254,607
|-
! 1931
| {{percentage bar|29.40}}
| 10,466,988
| 35,604,189
|-
! 1941
| {{percentage bar|28.00}}
| 11,759,160
| 41,999,221
|-
! 1951
| {{percentage bar|22.05}}
| 9,239,603
| 42,062,462
| rowspan="2" |During [[East Pakistan|Pakistani rule]]
|-
! 1961
| {{percentage bar|18.50}}
| 9,379,669
| 50,804,914
|-
! 1974
| {{percentage bar|13.50}}
| 9,673,048
| 71,478,543
| rowspan="6" | After [[independence of Bangladesh]]
|-
! 1981
| {{percentage bar|12.13}}
| 10,570,245
| 87,120,487
|-
! 1991
| {{percentage bar|10.51}}
| 11,178,866
| 106,315,583
|-
! 2001
| {{percentage bar|9.60}}
| 11,822,581
| 123,151,871
|-
! 2011
| {{percentage bar|8.54}}
| 12,299,940
| 144,043,697
|-
! 2022
| {{percentage bar|7.95}}
| 13,130,109
| 165,158,616
|-
! colspan="100%" |Source: Census of India 1901–1941, Census of East Pakistan 1951–1961, Bangladesh Government Census 1974-2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest News @ |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news.php?action=fullnews&id=6260 |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Newkerala.com |archive-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008001654/http://www.newkerala.com/news.php?action=fullnews&id=6260 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027173216/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=State.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh – Population Census 1991 |url=http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/115 |website=catalog.ihsn.org |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416083001/http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/115 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=T. D. G. |date=27 July 2022 |title=Bangladesh's Hindu Population Decreased by 0.59% in a decade |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/bangladeshs-hindu-population-decreased-by-0-59-in-a-decade/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111175653/https://thedailyguardian.com/bangladeshs-hindu-population-decreased-by-0-59-in-a-decade/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

[[File:Bangladesh Hindu Map.png|thumb|Map of percentage of Bangladeshi Hindus by Upazila or Sub-district (2011 Census)]]
[[File:Saravati statue Dhaka University.jpg|thumbnail|right|Statue of Hindu Goddess Saraswati, Dhaka University]]

According to the [[2001 Bangladesh census]], there were around 11.82 million Hindus in Bangladesh, constituting 9.6% of the population, which at the time was 123.15 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Rema |date=22 May 2010 |title=Door out of Dhaka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/door-out-of-dhaka/articleshow/5962198.cms |access-date=2021-05-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510171559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/door-out-of-dhaka/articleshow/5962198.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2011 Bangladesh census|Bangladesh 2011 census]] states that approximately 12.73 million people responded that they were Hindus, constituting 8.54% of the total 149.77 million.<ref name="census2011b">{{Cite web |title=Official Census Results 2011 page xiii |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=2015-04-17 |publisher=Bangladesh Government}}</ref> While the [[2022 Census of Bangladesh]] put the number of Hindus in Bangladesh at 13.1 million out of a total population of 165.1 million, thus constituting 7.95% of the population.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=27 July 2022 |title=Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727073234/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a report published by a local daily newspaper in Bangladesh, the Hindu population in the country has reduced by nearly one million between 2001 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladeshi Hindus seeking safety in India |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-hindus-seeking-safety-in-india/a-19310941 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> The reduction mainly happened in nine districts: [[Bhola District|Bhola]], [[Barisal]], [[Jhalokati]], [[Pirojpur]], [[Bagerhat]], [[Narail]], [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]], [[Rajbari District|Rajbari]], and [[Manikganj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alaldulal |date=2014-04-12 |title=Is this the Bangladesh we wanted? Analyzing the Hindu Population Gap (2001-2011) |url=https://alalodulal.org/2014/04/12/hindu-population-gap/ |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=আলাল ও দুলাল {{!}} ALAL O DULAL |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420164044/https://alalodulal.org/2014/04/12/hindu-population-gap/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom has said that [[Hindus]] constitute merely 7% of the population in Bangladesh, as per the latest 2016 figures.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As per as Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, The country's Hindu population have declined from 8.5% in 2011 to 7% in 2016 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/25/at-a-mere-7-per-cent-bangladesh-hindus-under-threat-says-us-rights-activist-1792093.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417154701/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/25/at-a-mere-7-per-cent-bangladesh-hindus-under-threat-says-us-rights-activist-1792093.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hindus in Bangladesh in the late 2000s were almost evenly distributed in all regions, with large concentrations in [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]], [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur]], [[Sylhet]], [[Sunamganj]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Khulna]], [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Chittagong]], and parts of [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. In the capital city of [[Dhaka]], Hindus are the second-largest religious community after the Muslims, and the largest concentration of Hindus can be found in and around [[Shankhari Bazaar]] in the old city.

In 2013, [[Amnesty International]] reported that the rise of more explicitly [[Islamist]] political formations in Bangladesh during the 1990s had resulted in many Hindus being intimidated or attacked, and that fairly substantial numbers were leaving the country for India.<ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2013 |title=Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2013/03/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105222739/https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2013/03/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref>

In 1901, Hindus constituted 33% of the population of what is now Bangladesh.<ref name="MoinuddinHaider2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Moinuddin Haider |first1=M. |last2=Rahman |first2=Mizanur |last3=Kamal |first3=Nahid |year=2019 |title=Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle |journal=Journal of Religion and Demography |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1163/2589742X-00601003 |s2cid=189978272}}</ref> In 1941, about 28% of the population were Hindus. Their proportion declined to 22% in 1951 after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, as Hindus migrated from East Bengal to India. Wealthy Hindus who migrated lost their land and assets through the ''East Bengal Evacuees Act''. Poor and middle-class Hindus who were left behind were targets of discriminatory new laws. At the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 India-Pakistan war]], the ''Defense of Pakistan Ordinance'', and later the ''Enemy (Custody and Registration) Order II'', labeled Hindus as the "enemy" and expropriated their property.<ref name="Lintner2015">{{Citation |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier |pages=152–153 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p--5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21332-4}}</ref><ref name="D'Costa2011">{{Citation |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |page=100 |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA100 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}</ref> The 1974 census of Bangladesh showed that the population of Hindus had fallen to 13.5%. Even after independence, the Hindus were branded "Indian stooges" and untrustworthy citizens.<ref name="Lintner2015" />

Since 1971, the Hindu percentage has continued to decline, forming 8.5% of the population as of 2011. The fall in the share of the total population has been attributed to outward migration, and the fertility rate for Hindus remaining consistently lower than Muslims (2.1 versus 2.3 as of 2014).<ref name="MoinuddinHaider2019" />

=== Hinduism by divisions ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindu Population across divisions of Bangladesh (2022)
|-
! Division
! Hindu Population
! Total population
!Percentage (%)
|-
|[[Barisal division|Barisal]]
| 750,177
| 9,100,104
|{{percentage bar|8.24}}
|-
|[[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]
| 2,196,947
| 33,202,357
|{{percentage bar|6.61}}
|-
|[[Dhaka division|Dhaka]]
| 2,766,874
| 44,215,759
|{{percentage bar|6.26}}
|-
|[[Khulna Division|Khulna]]
| 2,007,502
| 17,415,924
|{{percentage bar|11.53}}
|-
|[[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]]
| 481,742
| 12,225,449
|{{percentage bar|3.94}}
|-
|[[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]
| 1,159,197
| 20,353,116
|{{percentage bar|5.70}}
|-
|[[Rangpur division|Rangpur]]
| 2,290,450
| 17,610,955
|{{percentage bar|13.01}}
|-
|[[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]
| 1,491,315
| 11,034,952
|{{percentage bar|13.51}}
|}

According to the [[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] report, [[Khulna division]] has the highest decline in Hindu population (1.33%) from 2011 to 2022. In 2011, 12.85% of the population of the division were Hindus. This rate has come down to 11.52% in 2022. Among the eight divisions, [[Khulna]] has the fourth highest Hindu population. According to the 2022 census, [[Sylhet division]] has the highest Hindu population of 13.5%, but the ratio was 14.05% in 2011. In [[Rangpur Division]], the Hindu population has decreased from 13.21% in 2011 to 12.98% in 2022. [[Mymensingh Division]] has the lowest percentage of people belonging to the Hindu community at (3.92%) as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2022 |title=Population of minority religions decrease further in Bangladesh |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/hindu-population-bangladesh-decreases-further-466170 |work=The Business News |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505210353/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/hindu-population-bangladesh-decreases-further-466170 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hinduism by districts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindu Population across districts of Bangladesh (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c |title=Population & Housing Census 2022 |access-date=29 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007142622/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! District
! Hindu population
! Total population
! Percentage (%)
|-
|[[Barguna District|Barguna]]
|69,492
|1,010,531
|{{percentage bar|6.88}}
|-
|[[Barisal District|Barisal]]
|275,263
|2,570,446
|{{percentage bar|10.71}}
|-
|[[Bhola District|Bhola]]
|55,535
|1,932,518
|{{percentage bar|2.87}}
|-
|[[Jhalokati District|Jhalokati]]
|61,352
|661,160
|{{percentage bar|9.28}}
|-
|[[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]]
|107,553
|1,727,254
|{{percentage bar|6.23}}
|-
|[[Pirojpur District|Pirojpur]]
|180,982
|1,198,195
|{{percentage bar|15.10}}
|-
|[[Bandarban District|Bandarban]]
|16,501
|481,106
|{{percentage bar|3.43}}
|-
|[[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]]
|220,960
|3,306,563
|{{percentage bar|6.68}}
|-
|[[Chandpur District|Chandpur]]
|146,524
|2,635,748
|{{percentage bar|5.56}}
|-
|[[Chattogram District|Chattogram]]
|982,604
|9,169,465
|{{percentage bar|10.72}}
|-
|[[Cumilla District|Cumilla]]
|269,214
|6,212,216
|{{percentage bar|4.33}}
|-
|[[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]]
|108,166
|2,823,268
|{{percentage bar|3.83}}
|-
|[[Feni District|Feni]]
|91,160
|1,648,896
|{{percentage bar|5.58}}
|-
|[[Khagrachhari District|Khagrachhari]]
|119,706
|714,119
|{{percentage bar|16.76}}
|-
|[[Lakshmipur District|Lakshmipur]]
|61,846
|1,937,948
|{{percentage bar|3.19}}
|-
|[[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]
|147,154
|3,625,442
|{{percentage bar|4.06}}
|-
|[[Rangamati District|Rangamati]]
|33,112
|647,586
|{{percentage bar|5.11}}
|-
|[[Dhaka District|Dhaka]]
|672,269
|14,734,701
|{{percentage bar|4.56}}
|-
|[[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]
|182,561
|2,162,879
|{{percentage bar|8.44}}
|-
|[[Gazipur District|Gazipur]]
|263,490
|5,263,450
|{{percentage bar|5.01}}
|-
|[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]]
|348,974
|1,295,057
|{{percentage bar|26.95}}
|-
|[[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj]]
|158,778
|3,267,626
|{{percentage bar|4.86}}
|-
|[[Madaripur District|Madaripur]]
|144,904
|1,293,027
|{{percentage bar|11.21}}
|-
|[[Manikganj District|Manikganj]]
|138,875
|1,558,025
|{{percentage bar|8.91}}
|-
|[[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj]]
|122,238
|1,625,416
|{{percentage bar|7.52}}
|-
|[[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj]]
|144,105
|3,909,138
|{{percentage bar|4.89}}
|-
|[[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]]
|184,309
|2,224,944
|{{percentage bar|4.71}}
|-
|[[Rajbari District|Rajbari]]
|110,569
|1,189,818
|{{percentage bar|9.29}}
|-
|[[Shariatpur District|Shariatpur]]
|42,724
|1,294,562
|{{percentage bar|3.30}}
|-
|[[Tangail District|Tangail]]
|257,351
|4,037,608
|{{percentage bar|6.37}}
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|264,229
|1,613,076
|{{percentage bar|16.38}}
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|27,804
|1,234,054
|{{percentage bar|2.25}}
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jessore]]
|313,592
|3,076,144
|{{percentage bar|10.19}}
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|168,444
|2,005,849
|{{percentage bar|8.40}}
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|542,417
|2,613,385
|{{percentage bar|20.76}}
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|58,771
|2,149,692
|{{percentage bar|2.73}}
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|162,138
|1,033,115
|{{percentage bar|15.69}}
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|8,497
|705,356
|{{percentage bar|1.20}}
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|124,465
|788,671
|{{percentage bar|15.78}}
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|337,145
|2,196,582
|{{percentage bar|15.35}}
|-
|[[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]]
|39,827
|2,499,738
|{{percentage bar|1.59}}
|-
|[[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]]
|202,440
|5,899,005
|{{percentage bar|3.43}}
|-
|[[Netrokona District|Netrokona]]
|202,648
|2,324,853
|{{percentage bar|8.72}}
|-
|[[Sherpur District|Sherpur]]
|36,827
|1,501,853
|{{percentage bar|2.45}}
|-
|[[Bogra District|Bogra]]
|216,657
|3,734,297
|{{percentage bar|5.80}}
|-
|[[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]]
|72,178
|1,835,528
|{{percentage bar|3.93}}
|-
|[[Joypurhat District|Joypurhat]]
|87,595
|956,431
|{{percentage bar|9.16}}
|-
|[[Naogaon District|Naogaon]]
|321,341
|2,784,599
|{{percentage bar|11.54}}
|-
|[[Natore District|Natore]]
|107,124
|1,859,922
|{{percentage bar|5.76}}
|-
|[[Pabna District|Pabna]]
|74,265
|2,909,624
|{{percentage bar|2.55}}
|-
|[[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]]
|133,514
|2,915,009
|{{percentage bar|4.58}}
|-
|[[Sirajganj District|Sirajganj]]
|146,523
|3,357,706
|{{percentage bar|4.37}}
|-
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]]
|648,326
|3,315,236
|{{percentage bar|19.56}}
|-
|[[Gaibandha District|Gaibandha]]
|177,593
|2,562,233
|{{percentage bar|6.93}}
|-
|[[Kurigram District|Kurigram]]
|143,381
|2,329,160
|{{percentage bar|6.16}}
|-
|[[Lalmonirhat District|Lalmonirhat]]
|185,322
|1,428,406
|{{percentage bar|12.97}}
|-
|[[Nilphamari District|Nilphamari]]
|327,333
|2,092,568
|{{percentage bar|15.64}}
|-
|[[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]]
|184,951
|1,179,843
|{{percentage bar|15.68}}
|-
|[[Rangpur District|Rangpur]]
|283,964
|3,169,614
|{{percentage bar|8.96}}
|-
|[[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]]
|339,580
|1,533,895
|{{percentage bar|22.14}}
|-
|[[Habiganj District|Habiganj]]
|374,104
|2,358,886
|{{percentage bar|15.86}}
|-
|[[Maulvibazar District|Maulvibazar]]
|519,263
|2,123,447
|{{percentage bar|24.45}}
|-
|[[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]]
|315,044
|2,695,496
|{{percentage bar|11.69}}
|-
|[[Sylhet District|Sylhet]]
|282,904
|3,857,123
|{{percentage bar|7.33}}
|}

===Hinduism by upazilas===
According to the 2022 census, there are 43 upazilas with a Hindu percentage above 20%. They are listed below according to percentage.

[[File:Hindu % in Bangladesh (2022).png|thumb|Percentage of Hindus by Upazila according to the 2022 Census]]

[[Dacope Upazila]] is the only Hindu majority Upazila in Bangladesh.
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultleft col2right hover-highlight"
! Upazila
! District
! Percentage of Hinduism<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c |title=বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরো}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dacope Upazila]]
|[[Khulna District]]
|align=center| 54.44%
|-
|[[Kotalipara Upazila]]
|[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]]
|align=center| 47.10%
|-
|[[Shalla Upazila]]
|[[Sunamganj District]]
|align=center| 44.19%
|-
|[[Kaharole Upazila]]
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]]
|align=center| 43.59%
|-
|[[Agailjhara Upazila]]
|[[Barishal District]]
|align=center| 40.47%
|-
|[[Sreemangal Upazila]]
|[[Moulvibazar District]]
|align=center| 39.49%
|-
|[[Bochaganj Upazila]]
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]]
|align=center| 38.07%
|-
|[[Dumuria Upazila]]
|[[Khulna District]]
|align=center| 34.72%
|-
|[[Khaliajuri Upazila]]
|[[Netrokona District]]
|align=center| 33.69%
|-
|[[Juri Upazila]]
|[[Moulvibazar District]]
|align=center| 33.40%
|-
|[[Rajoir Upazila]]
|[[Madaripur District]]
|align=center| 30.85%
|-
|[[Chitalmari Upazila]]
|[[Bagerhat District]]
|align=center| 30.23%
|-
|[[Kamalganj Upazila]]
|[[Moulvibazar District]]
|align=center| 30.22%
|-
|[[Paikgachha Upazila]]
|[[Khulna District]]
|align=center| 28.99%
|-
|[[Nazirpur Upazila]]
|[[Pirojpur District]]
|align=center| 28.43%
|-
|[[Pirganj Upazila, Thakurgaon|Pirganj Upazila]]
|[[Thakurgaon District]]
|align=center| 28.31%
|-
|[[Batiaghata Upazila]]
|[[Khulna District]]
|align=center| 27.56%
|-
|[[Birganj Upazila]]
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]]
|align=center| 27.47%
|-
|[[Khansama Upazila]]
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]]
|align=center| 27.12%
|-
|[[Tungipara Upazila]]
|[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]]
|align=center| 26.26%
|-
|[[Derai Upazila]]
|[[Sunamganj District]]
|align=center| 25.44%
|-
|[[Birol Upazila]]
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]]
|align=center| 25.20%
|-
|[[Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 24.76%
|-
|[[Atwari Upazila]]
|[[Panchagarh District]]
|align=center| 24.72%
|-
|[[Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Thakurgaon District]]
|align=center| 24.38%
|-
|[[Dasar Upazila]]
|[[Madaripur District]]
|align=center| 24.24%
|-
|[[Debiganj Upazila]]
|[[Panchagarh District]]
|align=center| 24.17%
|-
|[[Shalikha Upazila]]
|[[Magura District]]
|align=center| 23.99%
|-
|[[Ajmiriganj Upazila]]
|[[Habiganj District]]
|align=center| 23.98%
|-
|[[Ujirpur Upazila]]
|[[Barishal District]]
|align=center| 23.46%
|-
|[[Narail Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Narail District]]
|align=center| 23.37%
|-
|[[Gopalganj Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]]
|align=center| 23.41%
|-
|[[Tala Upazila]]
|[[Satkhira District]]
|align=center| 23.36%
|-
|[[Ashashuni Upazila]]
|[[Satkhira District]]
|align=center| 23.36%
|-
|[[Muksudpur Upazila]]
|[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]]
|align=center| 23.07%
|-
|[[Chirirbandar Upazila]]
|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]]
|align=center| 22.92%
|-
|[[Guimara Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 22.51%
|-
|[[Boda Upazila]]
|[[Panchagarh District]]
|align=center| 22.52%
|-
|[[Madhyanagar Upazila]]
|[[Sunamganj District]]
|align=center| 22.07%
|-
|[[Rajnagar Upazila]]
|[[Moulvibazar District]]
|align=center| 21.95%
|-
|[[Panchhari Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 21.46%
|-
|[[Fakirhat Upazila]]
|[[Bagerhat District]]
|align=center| 20.83%
|-
|[[Ranishankail Upazila]]
|[[Thakurgaon District]]
|align=center| 20.58%
|-
|}

===Hindu majority unions===
There are 80 hindu majority union in Bangladesh out of 4,579.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Hindu majority Union
! District
! Upazila
! Unions
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]](15)
|[[Kotalipara Upazila]](6)
|1.Kalabari Union 2.Kandi Union 3.Radhaganj Union 4.Ramshil Union 5.Sadullapur Union 6.Suagram Union
|-
|[[Muksudpur Upazila]](3)
|1.Jalirpar Union 2.Kasalia Union 3.Ujani Union
|-
|[[Gopalganj Sadar Upazila]](3)
|1.Boultali Union 2.Sahapur Union 3.Satpar Union
|-
|[[Kashiani Upazila]](2)
|1.Hatiara Union 2.Singa Union
|-
|[[Tungipara Upazila]](1)
|1.Gopalpur Union
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Khulna District]](13)
|[[Dacope Upazila]](6)
|1.[[Bajua Union]] 2.[[Banishanta Union]] 3.Dacope Union 4.[[Kailashganj Union]] 5.[[Loudob Union]] 6.[[Tildanga Union]]
|-
|[[Dumuria Upazila]](3)
|1.Bhandarpara Union 2.Magurkhali Union 3.Ragunathpur Union
|-
|[[Batiaghata Upazila]](2)
|1.Batiaghata Union 2 [[Gangarampur Union]]
|-
|[[Paikgachha Upazila]](2)
|1.Deluti Union 2.Lata Union
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]](8)
|[[Kaharole Upazila]](4)
|1.Dabar Union 2.Ramchandrapur Union 3.Rasulpur Union 4.Targaon Union
|-
|[[Biral Upazila]](2)
|1.Mangalpur Union 2.Rajarampur Union
|-
|[[Birganj Upazila]](1)
|1.Mohammadpur union
|-
|[[Bochaganj Upazila]](1)
|1.Ishania Union
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Moulvibazar District]](7)
|[[Juri Upazila]](3)
|1.Fultala Union 2.Pashchim Juri Union 3.Purba Juri Union
|-
|[[Sreemangal Upazila]](3)
|1.Kalighat Union 2.Rajghat Union 3.Satgaon Union
|-
|[[Kamalganj Upazila]](1)
|1.Madhabpur Union
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Madaripur District]](5)
|[[Rajoir Upazila]](4)
|1.Amgram Union 2.Kadambari Union 3.Khalia Union 4.Rajoir Union
|-
|[[Dasar Upazila]](1)
|1.Nabagram Union
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Thakurgaon District]](4)
|[[Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila]](2)
|1.Akcha Union 2.Dholarhat Union
|-
|[[Baliadangi Upazila]](1)
|1.Dhantala Union
|-
|[[Pirganj Upazila, Thakurgaon|Pirganj Upazila]](1)
|1.Daulatpur Union
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Barishal District]](4)
|[[Agailjhara Upazila]](2)
|1.Bakal Union 2.Rajihar Union
|-
|[[Wazirpur Upazila]](2)
|1.Harta Union 2.Jalla Union
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Bagerhat District]](3)
|[[Chitalmari Upazila]](1)
|1.Char Baniari Union
|-
|[[Fakirhat Upazila]](1)
|1.Mulghar Union
|-
|[[Rampal Upazila]](1)
|1.Hurka Union
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Khagrachhari District]](3)
|[[Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila]](1)
|1.Bhaibonchhara Union
|-
|[[Matiranga Upazila]](1)
|1.Matiranga Union
|-
|[[Guimara Upazila]](1)
|1.Guimara Union
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chattogram District]](3)
|[[Patiya Upazila]](2)
|1.Dhalghat Union 2.[[Kelishahar Union]]
|-
|[[Boalkhali Upazila]](1)
|1.Amuchia Union
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Jessore District]](3)
|[[Manirampur Upazila]](2)
|1.Haridaskati Union 2.Kultia union
|-
|[[Abhaynagar Upazila]](1)
|1.[[Sundoli Union]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kishoreganj District]](2)
|[[Austagram Upazila]](1)
|1.Kalma Union
|-
|[[Itna Upazila]](1)
|1.Dhanpur Union
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Pirojpur District]](2)
|[[Nazirpur Upazila]](1)
|1.Dirgha Union
|-
|[[Nesarabad Upazila]](1)
|1.[[Daihari|Daihari Union]]
|-
|[[Sunamganj District]](2)
|[[Sullah Upazila]](2)
|1.Bahara Union 2.Habibpur Union
|-
|[[Dhaka District]](1)
|[[Nawabganj Upazila, Dhaka|Nawabganj Upazila]](1)
|1.Jantrail Union
|-
|[[Habiganj District]](1)
|[[Ajmiriganj Upazila]](1)
|1.Badalpur union
|-
|[[Magura District]](1)
|[[Magura Sadar Upazila]](1)
|1.Atharokhada Union
|-
|[[Narail District]](1)
|[[Narail Sadar Upazila]](1)
|1.[[Mulia Union]]
|-
|[[Netrokona District]](1)
|[[Khaliajuri Upazila]](1)
|1.Nagar Union
|-
|[[Rajbari District]](1)
|[[Baliakandi Upazila]](1)
|1.Jangal Union
|-
|}

===Hinduism in Bangladesh by decades===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Hinduism in Bangladesh by decades<ref name="census2011" />
! Year
! Percent
! Increase
|-
| 1901
| {{percentage bar|33}}
| -
|-
| 1911
| {{percentage bar|31.5}}
| {{decrease}} -1.5%
|-
| 1921
| {{percentage bar|30.6}}
| {{decrease}} -0.9%
|-
| 1931
| {{percentage bar|29.4}}
| {{decrease}} -1.2%
|-
| 1941
| {{percentage bar|28}}
| {{decrease}} -1.4%
|-
| 1951
| {{percentage bar|22}}
| {{decrease}} -6%
|-
| 1961
| {{percentage bar|18.5}}
| {{decrease}} -3.5
|-
| 1974
| {{percentage bar|13.5}}
| {{decrease}} -5
|-
| 1981
| {{percentage bar|12.1}}
| {{decrease}} -1.4
|-
| 1991
| {{percentage bar|10.5}}
| {{decrease}} -1.6
|-
| 2001
| {{percentage bar|9.6}}
| {{decrease}} -0.9%
|-
| 2011
| {{percentage bar|8.54}}
| {{decrease}} -1.06%
|-
| 2022
| {{percentage bar|7.95}}
| {{decrease}} -0.59%
|}

{{ChartDirect
|width=600px
|type=line
|x=1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011, 2022
|y1Title=Population %
|y1=13.5, 12.1, 10.5, 9.6, 8.54, 7.95
}}

The Hindu population in what is now Bangladesh has consistently decreased as a percentage of the population, from 28% in 1941 to 13.5% at the time of Bangladesh's founding in 1974, and reducing further to 7.9% in [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]].<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |title=Interview: Hindus in Bangladesh have faced ethnic cleansing since 1947 |url=https://scroll.in/article/847725/interview-hindus-in-bangladesh-have-faced-ethnic-cleansing-since-1947 |access-date=2021-07-20 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151328/https://scroll.in/article/847725/interview-hindus-in-bangladesh-have-faced-ethnic-cleansing-since-1947 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mithun |first=Mahanam Bhattacharjee |date=2019-05-14 |title=Reasons Behind the Forced Migration of Bangladeshi Hindu Religious Minorities to India |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijgr/26/3/article-p461_461.xml |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=461–483 |doi=10.1163/15718115-02603002 |issn=1385-4879 |s2cid=150499523 |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151328/https://brill.com/view/journals/ijgr/26/3/article-p461_461.xml |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Bangladesh Census authority has found that during the last 50 years, about 7.5 million (75 lakhs) Hindus have left the country due to religious persecution and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Hindus in Bangladesh decrease by 7.5 million over 50 years: Census |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hindus-in-bangladesh-decrease-by-7-5-million-over-50-years-census/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128124645/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hindus-in-bangladesh-decrease-by-7-5-million-over-50-years-census/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As per 2016 official figures, it is estimated that the Hindu population has come down to a mere 7%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=At a mere 7 per cent, Bangladesh Hindus under threat, says US rights activist |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/25/at-a-mere-7-per-cent-bangladesh-hindus-under-threat-says-us-rights-activist-1792093.html |access-date=2021-07-20 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417154701/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/25/at-a-mere-7-per-cent-bangladesh-hindus-under-threat-says-us-rights-activist-1792093.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Future population ===
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Hindu Population
|footnote =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = [https://books.google.com/books?id=4w1kq_A4oCEC&pg=PA63 God Willing: The Politics of Islamism in Bangladesh] by [[Ali Riaz]], p. 63<ref name="auto" />
|1901 | 9,546,240
|1911 | 9,939,825
|1921 | 10,176,030
|1931 | 10,466,988
|1941 | 11,759,160
|1951 | 9,239,603
|1961 | 9,379,669
|1974 | 9,673,048
|1981 | 10,570,245
|1991 | 11,178,866
|2001 | 11,822,581
|2011 | 12,730,651
|2022 | 13,130,109
}}From 1964 to 2013, around 11.3 million Hindus left Bangladesh due to religious persecution and discrimination, as stated by [[University of Dhaka|Dhaka University]] economist [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]]. On average 632 Hindus left the country each day and 230,612 annually, as reported by him.<ref>{{cite news |title='No Hindus will be left after 30 years' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/10113/%E2%80%98no-hindus-will-be-left-after-30-years%E2%80%99 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=20 November 2016 |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408180947/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/10113/%E2%80%98no-hindus-will-be-left-after-30-years%E2%80%99 |url-status=live}}</ref>
From his 30-year-long research, Barkat found that the exodus mostly took place during military governments after independence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-20 |title=No Hindus will be left after 30 years |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/11/20/abul-barkat-11-hindus-left-country-day |access-date=2021-02-09 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Barkat also states that there should have been 28.7 million Hindus in the year 2013 instead of 12.2 million, Or, to put it another way, Hindus should have accounted for 16-18% of Bangladesh's population, not 9.7% as they do currently.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-08 |title=Bangladeshis Say Amit Shah Playing Jinnah's Game |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Bangladeshis-Amit-Shah-Playing-Jinnah-Game |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=NewsClick |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129171304/https://www.newsclick.in/Bangladeshis-Amit-Shah-Playing-Jinnah-Game |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]], Hindus constitute merely 7% of the population in Bangladesh as per the latest 2016 figures.<ref>{{Cite news |title=At a mere 7 per cent, Bangladesh Hindus under threat, says US rights activist |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/25/at-a-mere-7-per-cent-bangladesh-hindus-under-threat-says-us-rights-activist-1792093.html |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417154701/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/25/at-a-mere-7-per-cent-bangladesh-hindus-under-threat-says-us-rights-activist-1792093.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Pew Research Center]], Bangladesh will have 14.47 million Hindus by 2050 who will comprise 7.3% of the country's population.<ref name="pewforum.org">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Projected Changes in the Global Hindu Population |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/ |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123182203/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Another theory suggests that Bangladesh will have at least 180-200 million people by 2050,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-14 |title=What will Bangladesh look like in 2050? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/what-will-bangladesh-look-2050-1562434 |access-date=2021-05-09 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706162836/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/what-will-bangladesh-look-2050-1562434 |url-status=live}}</ref> out of which there will be around 8.51-9.25 million Hindus living in this nation, thus constituting only 4% after the beginning of the half-century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence Against Minority Hindus in Bangladesh: An Analysis |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2014/july/30/violence-against-minority-hindus-in-bangladesh-an-analysis |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=vifindia.org |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628023630/https://www.vifindia.org/article/2014/july/30/violence-against-minority-hindus-in-bangladesh-an-analysis |url-status=live}}</ref>
On average, annually 230,612 Hindus were leaving Bangladesh for India permanently. So between (2024–2050), it is estimated that 5,995,912 Hindus will leave the country if current immigration rates continue further.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-22 |title=No Hindus will be left in Bangladesh after 30 years: professor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/No-Hindus-will-be-left-in-Bangladesh-after-30-years-professor/article16675228.ece |access-date=2021-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331110048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/No-Hindus-will-be-left-in-Bangladesh-after-30-years-professor/article16675228.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Future Hindu population of Bangladesh
|-
! Year
! Total Population
! Hindu population
! Percentage
|-
|2020
|168,180,000
|13,790,000
|{{percentage bar|8.2}}
|-
|2030
|183,430,000
|14,490,000
|{{percentage bar|7.9}}
|-
|2040
|193,550,000
|14,710,000
|{{percentage bar|7.6}}
|-
|2050
|198,219,000
|14,470,000
|{{percentage bar|7.3}}
|-
! colspan="100%" |Source:<ref name="pewforum.org" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Nurul |last2=Barkat-e-Khuda |year=2011 |title=Demographics of Muslims and Non-Muslims in Bangladesh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330337328 |journal=Demography India |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=163–174 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions in Bangladesh {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2030 |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=globalreligiousfutures.org |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172932/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2030 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Missing population===
{{See also|East Bengali refugees|Hinduism in West Bengal|States of India by Bengali speakers|Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu diaspora|Bengali Hindus in Assam}}

With migration into West Bengal, the 1947 [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] significantly altered religious demographics in the eastern segment of the province, which later became Bangladesh. Violence also saw an uptick in the 1950s and 1960s in what had then become [[East Pakistan]] (present-day Bangladesh), leading to large numbers of upper caste Bengali Hindus migrating to [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], and [[Tripura]], with official Indian government records indicating 2,519,557 (Hindu) refugees crossed into India from [[East Bengal]] between 1941 and 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://home.iitk.ac.in/ |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=home.iitk.ac.in}}</ref>

Utilizing demography studies and other methods over a 55-year period from 1947 to 2001, Sachi Dastidar of the [[State University of New York]] calculates that well over 49 million Hindus are missing today from Bangladesh.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite news |title=Ethnic cleansing of Hindus on rise in Bangladesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2012/feb/26/ethnic-cleansing-of-hindus-on-rise-in-bangladesh-343684.html |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403154013/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2012/feb/26/ethnic-cleansing-of-hindus-on-rise-in-bangladesh-343684.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ohchr.org">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Home |url=https://www.ohchr.org/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212022541/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/defenders/declaration.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.ipf.org.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328163612/https://www.ipf.org.in/ |date=28 March 2021 }} › EncycPDF Bangladesh Book final english – India Policy Foundation</ref> According to a report published by a local daily newspaper of Bangladesh, the Hindu population in the country has reduced by 1 million between 2001 and 2011 period.<ref name="Welle www.dw.com" /><ref name="auto2" /> Ergo in the absence of partition in 1947 and [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|other events that followed]], It is estimated the present-day Bangladeshi [[hindus|Hindu population]] would be approximately 63.13 million or 28%, well above the current population of 12.73 million or 8.5%, as reported in the [[2011 Bangladesh census|Bangladesh 2011 census]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com" /><ref name="ohchr.org" /><ref>https://www.ipf.org.in › EncycPDF
Bangladesh Book final English – India Policy Foundation</ref><ref name="Welle www.dw.com">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-07 |title=Bangladeshi Hindus seeking safety in India |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-hindus-seeking-safety-in-india/a-19310941 |access-date=2021-05-04 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165016/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-hindus-seeking-safety-in-india/a-19310941 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Alaldulal |date=2014-04-12 |title=Is this the Bangladesh we wanted? Analyzing the Hindu Population Gap (2001-2011) |url=https://alalodulal.org/2014/04/12/hindu-population-gap/ |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=alalodulal.org |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420164044/https://alalodulal.org/2014/04/12/hindu-population-gap/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the 1960s, most of the migration was lower caste – a trend that has continued to till this day. As per a [[BJP]] estimate, Bangladeshi Hindu immigrants are a significant presence in 75 Assembly constituencies – making up approximately a fourth of the state's seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/845354/why-hindu-immigrants-from-bangladesh-are-a-key-component-of-the-bjps-west-bengal-expansion-strategy |title=Why Hindu immigrants from Bangladesh are a key component of the BJP's West Bengal expansion strategy |work=Scroll.in |date=10 August 2017 |access-date=16 April 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061507/https://scroll.in/article/845354/why-hindu-immigrants-from-bangladesh-are-a-key-component-of-the-bjps-west-bengal-expansion-strategy |url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting from the [[2014 Lok Sabha elections]], the [[BJP]] has made the issue of [[Bangladeshis in India|Hindu Bangladeshi immigrants]] a core part of its strategy in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Why Hindu immigrants from Bangladesh are a key component of the BJP's West Bengal expansion strategy |url=https://scroll.in/article/845354/why-hindu-immigrants-from-bangladesh-are-a-key-component-of-the-bjps-west-bengal-expansion-strategy |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061507/https://scroll.in/article/845354/why-hindu-immigrants-from-bangladesh-are-a-key-component-of-the-bjps-west-bengal-expansion-strategy |url-status=live}}</ref> An estimation shows that around 30 million Bangladeshi origin low-caste Hindu refugees live in different parts of West Bengal specially in southern districts namely [[North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia]] and other smaller pockets of North and [[South Bengal]], they are having an influence in over 70 assembly constituencies and are eagerly waiting to acquire [[Indian citizenship]] through [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|CAA]] which was passed by Indian parliament in 2019 year for the purpose of granting them citizenship (if their religion is Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism) as a promise criteria made by BJP in the election campaign of West Bengal earlier before the passage of that bill.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Ishadrita |date=2021-02-22 |title=Explained: Why The Matua Vote Is Crucial For Bengal Elections |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-politics-why-the-matua-community-vote-is-crucial-for-bengal-elections-2021 |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416120334/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-politics-why-the-matua-community-vote-is-crucial-for-bengal-elections-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengal polls: Matua MP says his community wants CAA to be implemented, waiting to hear from Shah |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/dec/30/bengal-polls-matua-mp-says-his-community-wants-caa-to-be-implemented-waiting-to-hear-from-shah-2243255.html |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416120334/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/dec/30/bengal-polls-matua-mp-says-his-community-wants-caa-to-be-implemented-waiting-to-hear-from-shah-2243255.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-07 |title=TMC, BJP jostle for SC, ST, refugee vote banks in Bengal ahead of Assembly polls in 2021 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/tmc-bjp-jostle-for-sc-st-refugee-vote-banks-in-bengal-ahead-of-assembly-polls-in-2021-912666.html |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416120336/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/tmc-bjp-jostle-for-sc-st-refugee-vote-banks-in-bengal-ahead-of-assembly-polls-in-2021-912666.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An estimation shows that Assam has around 2 million Bangladeshi Hindus living in different parts of the state and are struggling to acquire Indian citizenship just like their counterparts in neighbouring West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=20 lakh Bangladeshi Hindus to become Indians if Citizenship Bill is passed: KMSS |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/headlines/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-kmss |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The BJP hopes to wean away a large chunk of Bengali settlers who took refuge in Tripura from Bangladesh (former East Pakistan). The influx of the Bengali Hindus increased during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and around at that time of (1971), India have received 10 million refugees from East Pakistan- mostly 80% being Hindus, and after Bangladesh become independent, nearly 1.5 million of [[East Bengali refugees|Bengali Hindu refugees]] decided to stay back in India particularly in West Bengal and other North Eastern states majorly in Assam and Tripura.<ref>IIT Kanpur
https://home.iitk.ac.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416120338/https://home.iitk.ac.in/ |date=16 April 2021 }} › ArticlePDF
Hindu Genocide in East Pakistan</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2000 |title=A home ... far from home? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/30/stories/13300611.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160504180135/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/30/stories/13300611.htm |archive-date=4 May 2016 |access-date=6 September 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayoob |first=Mohammed |date=2018-03-15 |title=Explaining 1971 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/explaining-1971/article23247097.ece |access-date=2021-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416125358/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/explaining-1971/article23247097.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Census data show the population of Tripura's 19 [[Scheduled Tribes]] dropped from 63.77% in 1881 to 31.78% in 2011. This is attributed to the migration of 6.10 lakh Bengalis – the figure almost equal to the State's total population in 1951 – from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between 1947 and 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2018-10-27 |title=Tripura, where demand for Assam-like NRC widens gap between indigenous people and non-tribal settlers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> At present, there are around 2.2 million [[Bengali Hindus]] in Tripura (mostly having Eastern Bangladeshi origin), making them the largest ethnic group in the State, constituting around 60 per cent of the state population.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144242/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tripura election 2018: What prompted Bengali-majority Tripura to forgive BJP {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-prompted-bengali-majority-tripura-to-forgive-bjp/articleshow/63155511.cms |access-date=2021-04-21 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-prompted-bengali-majority-tripura-to-forgive-bjp/articleshow/63155511.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Population controversies===
The official number of [[Hindus]] living in Bangladesh is about 13.1 million or say 7.9% as per as 2022 census conducted by Bangladesh government authority.<ref name="auto" /> However, at certain times different leaders as well as Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics have given different estimates. [[Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies]] (BIDS) have found that 4.67 million people, which is about 2.75% of country's total population, were have not been counted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) for 2022 census. Moreover, around 2.75% of undercount was reported in the case of Muslims against 2.68% of followers of other religions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2023 |title=46.7 lakh people undercounted in latest census: BIDS |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/467-lakh-people-undercounted-latest-census-bids-580898 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=The Business Standard |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314100041/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/467-lakh-people-undercounted-latest-census-bids-580898 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, Indigenous activists of Bangladesh have claimed that Ethnic minorities have been undercounted in Bangladesh's latest census.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ethnic Minorities Missing From Census, Say Bangladesh Activists |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ethnic-minorities-missing-from-census-say-bangladesh-activists-01660219508 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=Barrons |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Number of Hindus residing in Bangladesh (1998-2022 est.)
|-
! Source/claimed by
! Population (%)
! Year of claimed
! Reference
|-
| Claimed by State Government of Bangladesh
| 20,160,000 {{percentage bar|16}}
| 1998
|<ref>[https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/bangladesh_1197_bgn.html Background Notes: Bangladesh, November 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301112849/https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/bangladesh_1197_bgn.html |date=1 March 2023 }} U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 11 March 2023</ref>
|-
| Claimed by Rabindranath Trivedi, President of Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities (HRCBM)
| 22,260,000 {{percentage bar|15}}
| 2010
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2010 |title=Door out of Dhaka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/door-out-of-dhaka/articleshow/5962198.cms |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Claimed Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
| 15,500,000 {{percentage bar|10.3}}
| 2014
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-23 |title=Bangladesh's Hindus number 1.7 crore, up by 1 p.c. in a year: report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-Hindus-number-1.7-crore-up-by-1-p.c.-in-a-year-report/article14397035.ece |access-date=2021-05-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415143148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-Hindus-number-1.7-crore-up-by-1-p.c.-in-a-year-report/article14397035.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Claimed Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
| 17,000,000 {{percentage bar|10.7}}
| 2016
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| Claimed by Ravindra Ghosh, Chairman of Bangladesh Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
| 18,000,000 {{percentage bar|11.04}}
| 2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atrocities on Hindus in Bangladesh: Now, 1.8 crore Hindu Bengali citizens of Bangladesh are ready to go to India, said Ravindra Ghosh, Chairman of Bangladesh Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. |date=25 December 2019 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/atrocities-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-now-1-8-crore-hindu-bengali-citizens-of-bangladesh-are-ready-to-go-to-india-said-ravindra-ghosh-chairman-of-bangladesh-hindu-janajagruti-samiti/ |access-date=2021-05-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522115948/https://www.apnnews.com/atrocities-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-now-1-8-crore-hindu-bengali-citizens-of-bangladesh-are-ready-to-go-to-india-said-ravindra-ghosh-chairman-of-bangladesh-hindu-janajagruti-samiti/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Claimed Bangladesh Government Official Website (Introduction)
| 18,150,000 {{percentage bar|12.1}}
| (Unknown)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh – An Introduction |url=https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An-Introduction |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718095505/https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An-Introduction |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Claimed by [[Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti|KMSS]] leader [[Akhil Gogoi]]
| 19,000,000 {{percentage bar|11.65}}
| 2019
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-06 |title=Protests across Assam over Citizenship (Amendment) Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/protests-across-assam-over-cab/article30199978.ece |access-date=2021-05-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505193349/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/protests-across-assam-over-cab/article30199978.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019 report on International religious freedom: Bangladesh (US State Dept)
| 15,280,000 {{percentage bar|10}}
| 2019
|<ref name=":1">https://www.state.gov {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230182605/https://www.state.gov/ |date=30 December 1996 }} › reports › ba...
Web results
2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bangladesh</ref>
|-
| Claimed by Bangladesh grand Hindu alliance leader Govindo Pramanik
| 25,000,000 {{percentage bar|15.7}}
| 2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=As per as Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, there are around 2.5 crore Hindus living in the country, constituting 15.7 per cent of the population as of 2019 year. |url=https://www.apnnews.com/bangladesh-national-hindu-grand-alliance-secretary-general-claimed-2-5-crore-bangladeshis-ready-to-come-to-india-if-the-cab-is-passed/ |website=Apn news |date=6 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Claimed by [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] Newspaper
| 19,560,000 {{percentage bar|12}}
| 2021
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2021 |title=Migration Muddle |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/migration-muddle-1503027011.html |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |type=Opinion |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301121907/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/migration-muddle-1503027011.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Claimed by Bangladesh Information Minister [[Muhammad Hasan Mahmud]]
| 20,000,000 {{percentage bar|12.1}}
| 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=As per Bangladesh Information Minister, "There are about two crore Hindus living in Bangladesh and in 2022, about 33,000 Durga Puja pandals have been organized throughout the nation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bangla-minister-underscores-hindu-safety/cid/1895007 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032216/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bangla-minister-underscores-hindu-safety/cid/1895007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Culture ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| width =
| state =
| shading =
| pop_name =
| percentages =
| source = [https://books.google.com/books?id=4w1kq_A4oCEC&pg=PA63 God Willing: The Politics of Islamism in Bangladesh] by [[Ali Riaz]], p. 63|1901|9,546,240|1911|9,939,825|1921|10,176,030|1931|10,466,988|1941|11,759,160|1951|9,239,603|1961|9,379,669|1974|9,673,048|1981|10,570,245|1991|11,178,866|2001|11,822,581|2011|13,730,651||||
}}In nature, [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] Hinduism closely resembles the forms and customs of Hinduism practiced in the neighboring Indian state of [[West Bengal]], with which Bangladesh (at one time known as [[East Bengal]]) was united until [[Partition of India|the partition of India]] in 1947.{{Sfn|Rummel|1998|p=877}} The vast majority of Hindus in Bangladesh are [[Bengali Hindus]].{{Sfn|Nasrin|2014|pp=67-90}} Goddess ([[Devi]]) – usually venerated as [[Durga Puja in Bangladesh|Durga]] or [[Kali]] – is widely revered, often alongside her consort [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-13 |title=Kali Puja on Saturday |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/11/13/kali-puja-on-saturday |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113151447/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/11/13/kali-puja-on-saturday |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shaivism|worship of Shiva]] has generally found adherents among the higher [[Caste system in Hinduism|castes]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Subaltern Deities of Bengal Are up Against Aggressive Hindutva Now |url=https://thewire.in/culture/bengal-deities-bjp-ram-durga |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hinduism |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89600298/ |last=Rahim |first=Enayetur |year=1989 |editor-last=Heitzman |editor-first=James |pages=78–82 |language=en |oclc=49223313 |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert L |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171656/http://www.loc.gov/item/89600298/ |url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> [[Vaishnavism|Worship of Vishnu]] (typically in the form of his ''[[Avatar]]s'' or [[incarnation]] [[Rama]] or [[Krishna]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}) more explicitly cuts across caste lines by teaching the fundamental oneness of humankind in spirit.<ref name=":3" /> [[Vishnu]] worship in Bengal expresses the union of the male and female principles in a tradition of love and devotion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mark W. Muesse |url=https://archive.org/details/hindutraditionsc00mues |title=The Hindu traditions |date=2011 |publisher=Fortress Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8006-9790-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindutraditionsc00mues/page/6670 6670]}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This form of Hindu belief and the [[Sufi]] tradition of Islam have influenced and interacted with each other in Bengal.<ref name=":3" /> Both were popular mystical movements emphasizing the personal relationship of religious leaders and disciples instead of the dry stereotypes of the [[Brahmin]]s or the [[Ulema|Ulama]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chari |first=S. M. Srinivasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC |title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1098-3 |pages=32–33 |language=en}}</ref> As in Bengali Hindu practice, worship of Vishnu frequently occurs in a small devotional society (''shomaj'').<ref name=":3" /> Both use the language of earthly love to express communion with the divine.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Hindu Studies {{!}} Volumes and issues |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/11407/volumes-and-issues |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=SpringerLink |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212174958/https://link.springer.com/journal/11407/volumes-and-issues |url-status=live}}</ref> In both traditions, the [[Bengali language]] is the vehicle of a large corpus of mystical literature of great beauty and emotional impact.<ref name=":3" />
In Bangladeshi Hinduism, ritual bathing, vows, and pilgrimages to sacred rivers, mountains, and shrines are common practices.<ref name=":3" /> An ordinary Hindu will worship at the shrines of Muslim ''[[pir (Sufism)|pir]]s'', without being concerned with the religion to which that place is supposed to be affiliated.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aquil |first=Raziuddin |title=History of a distinct culture |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article26003781.ece |access-date=2021-02-13 |magazine=Frontline |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513054835/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article26003781.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Hindus revere many [[Sadhu|holy men]] and [[ascetic]]s conspicuous for their bodily mortifications.<ref name=":3" /> [[Durga Puja in Bangladesh|Durga Puja]], held in September–October, is the most important festival of Bangladeshi Hindus and it is widely celebrated amongst Bangladeshi Hindus. Thousands of pandals (mandaps) are set up in various cities, towns, and villages to mark the festival. Other festivals are [[Kali Puja]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Holi]], [[Saraswati Puja]], [[Shivratri]] and [[Rathayatra]], the most popular being the century-old [[Dhamrai Rathayatra]].
The principle of ''[[ahimsa]]'' is expressed in almost universally observed rules against eating beef.<ref name=":3" /> By no means are all Bangladeshi Hindus vegetarians, but abstinence from all kinds of meat is regarded as a "higher" virtue.<ref name=":3" /> The Priestly Caste Brahmin (pronounced ''Brahmon'' in Bengali) Bangladeshi Hindus, unlike their counterparts elsewhere in South Asia, eat fish and chicken.<ref name=":3" /> This is similar to the Indian state of West Bengal, where Hindus also consume fish, eggs, chicken, and mutton. There are also some vegetarians as well. There are also non-Bengali Hindus in Bangladesh, majority of the [[Hajong people|Hajong]], [[Rajbongshi people]] and [[Tripuris]] in Bangladesh are Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Bangladesh : Adivasis |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d5841.html |website=Refworld |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202112706/https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d5841.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hindu temples===
{{main|List of Hindu temples in Bangladesh}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5">
File:Kantaji Temple Dinajpur Bangladesh (12).JPG|[[Kantajew Temple]]
File:Shiva Temple, Puthia, Rajshahi NK (2).jpg|Shiva Temple, Puthia, Rajshahi.
File:রমনা কালী মন্দির 5.jpg|[[Ramna Kali Mandir|Ramna Kali Temple]], [[Dhaka]]
File:Kal Bhairab in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh-5.jpg|[[Kal Bhairab Temple, Brahmanbaria|Kal Bhairab Temple]] at [[Brahmanbaria]].
File:Gobinda Temple, Puthia, Rajshahi (1).JPG|[[Govinda Temple, Hojai|Gobinda Temple]], Puthia, [[Rajshahi]], Bangladesh.
File:Durgapuja Dhaka JBI.jpg|[[Durga Puja in Bangladesh|Durga Puja]] in [[Dhaka]].
File:Roth Procession.jpg|[[Ratha Yatra|Roth Yatra]] procession.
</gallery>

Hindu temples and shrines are more or less distributed all across the country. The [[Kantaji Temple]] is an elegant example of an 18th-century temple. The most important temple in terms of prominence is the [[Dhakeshwari Temple|Dhakeshwari National Temple]], located in Dhaka. This temple along with other Hindu organizations arranges [[Durga Puja in Bangladesh|Durga Puja]] and [[Krishna Janmaashtami]] very prominently.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The other main temples of Dhaka are the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[Ramna Kali Mandir|Ramna Kali Temple]], [[Joy Kali Temple]], [[Laxmi Narayan Mandir, Dhaka|Laxmi Narayan Mandir]], [[Swami Bagh Temple]] and Siddheswari Kalimandir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-11 |title=Top 10 Hindu Temple in Bangladesh (Oldest And Biggest) |url=https://www.travelmate.com.bd/top-hindu-temple-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=Travel Mate |language=en-US |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045639/https://www.travelmate.com.bd/top-hindu-temple-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=live}}</ref>


Many Hindu temples have suffered from the implementation of the [[Vested Property Act]] through which land and moveable property has been confiscated by agents acting on behalf of successive governments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Shelley |date=2016-04-22 |title=The Hindu as Other: State, Law, and Land Relations in Contemporary Bangladesh |url=http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/4111 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |language=en |issue=13 |doi=10.4000/samaj.4111 |issn=1960-6060 |doi-access=free |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821041101/https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/4111 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022|better source can be provided here}}

===Hindu marriage law===
{{Further|Bengali Hindu wedding}}[[File:Bangladeshi Hindu Wedding Rituals Sindoor Daan.jpg|thumb| A typical [[Bengali Hindu wedding|Bangladeshi Hindu wedding]].]]
Hindu family law governs the personal life of Hindus in Bangladesh. There is no known limit for the number of wives a Hindu man can take in Bangladesh so polygamy for Hindu man is legal in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Family code |url=http://genderindex.org/country/bangladesh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518190526/https://www.genderindex.org/country/bangladesh/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2009-06-10}}</ref>

"Under Bangladesh Hindu (civil) law, men may have multiple wives, but there are officially no options for divorce", the [[United States Department of State]] 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bangladesh reported. Women are also prohibited from inheriting property under the civil laws for Hindus, the report said. A survey conducted during the year by Research Initiatives in Bangladesh and MJF showed that 26.7% of Hindu men and 29.2% of Hindu women would like to obtain a divorce but did not do so because of existing laws.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-16 |title=Hindus can practice polygamy in Bangladesh; forbidden to divorce, remarry |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/hindus-can-practice-polygamy-in-bangladesh-forbidden-to-divorce-remarry-117081600447_1.html |access-date=2021-02-09 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108051025/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/hindus-can-practice-polygamy-in-bangladesh-forbidden-to-divorce-remarry-117081600447_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Persecution==

===Hindu genocide in Bangladesh===
{{anchor | Genocide }}
{{see also | Bangladesh genocide}}

Hindus and others have been regularly and systematically persecuted, the persecution has occurred during events which include the [[Bangladesh genocide]], the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[List of massacres in Bangladesh#List|numerous recurring massacres of civilians]] resulting in continuous decline of Hindus in Bangladesh due to this ethnic cleansing.<ref name="genoc2">{{Cite news |date=14 June 2015 |title=Forkan Razakar's verdict any day |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/06/14/forkan-razakars-verdict-any-day |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112054525/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/06/14/forkan-razakars-verdict-any-day |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genoc3">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2016 |title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored? |url=https://womenintheworld.com/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/ |publisher=Women In The World |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115125408/https://womenintheworld.com/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="genoc4">{{Cite web |title=Discovery of numerous Mass Graves, Various types of torture on Women" and "People's Attitude |url=https://www.kean.edu/~bgsg/Conference09/Papers_and_Presentations/MA_Hasan_Paper_Discovery%20of%20numerous%20Mass%20Graves,%20Various%20types.pdf |publisher=kean.edu |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417050433/http://www.kean.edu/~bgsg/Conference09/Papers_and_Presentations/MA_Hasan_Paper_Discovery%20of%20numerous%20Mass%20Graves,%20Various%20types.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genoc5">{{Cite web |title=Crimes Against Humanity in Bangladesh |url=https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3945&context=til |publisher=scholar.smu.edu |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318004004/https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3945&context=til |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genoc1">{{Cite news |date=25 March 2010 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616035043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genoc6">White, Matthew, ''[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Bangladesh Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609095015/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Bangladesh |date=9 June 2007 }}''</ref><ref name="genoc7">{{Cite news |title=First Razakar camp in Khulna turns into ghost house after Liberation War |url=https://www.observerbd.com/2015/12/30/128351.php |access-date=2023-04-26 |work=The Daily Observer |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430090901/https://www.observerbd.com/2015/12/30/128351.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="genoc8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharlach |first=Lisa |year=2000 |title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda |journal=New Political Science |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=92–93 |doi=10.1080/713687893 |s2cid=144966485}}</ref><ref name="genoc9">{{Cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Tazreena |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |pages=225 |chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women |orig-year=First published 2009}}</ref>

{{Quotation
| text = ''"3,679 attacks on the Hindu community took place between 2013–2021, including 1,678 cases of vandalism and arson targeting Hindu temples, idols, and places of worship. However, the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|ongoing surge in anti-Hindu violence]] since the [[2024 Bangladesh constitutional crisis|August 2024 fall of the Sheikh Hasina government]], has been shocking, even by Bangladesh’s own troubling standards. Arson, looting, assaults, rapes, massacres, forced resignations, public lynchings, and temple desecrations have become grim daily realities. Perpetrators operate with impunity, while major Hindu festivals like Durga Puja have had to be scaled back due to safety concerns. Protests from the Hindu minority have only led to further suppression. For example, senior spiritual leader [[Chinmoy Krishna Das|Chinmoy Das Prabhu]], who advocated for justice was arrested and denied basic legal rights like a bail hearing, thereby exposing the state’s complicity, while state and non-state actors threaten even global Hindu groups like [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]."''
| source = <ref name="hingen1"/>
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Ongoing systematic Hindu genocide: Declining percentage of Hindus in Bangladesh
|-
! scope="col" | Census Year
! scope="col" | Percentage of Hindus (%)
! scope="col" | Decline (%)
! scope="col" | Cumulative Decline (%)
! scope="col" | Comment <ref name="Hindgen1">[https://cohna.org/bangladeshi-hindus-genocide/], CoHNA, accessed 14 Feb 2025.</ref><ref name=hingen2>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/what-is-the-status-of-hindus-in-bangladesh-9514699/ The genocide in Bangladesh], Indian Express, 2 December 2024.</ref>
|-
| 1901 || 33.0 || NA || NA ||
|-
| 1911 || 31.5 || 1.5 || 1.5 ||
|-
| 1921 || 30.6 || 0.9 || 2.4 ||
|-
| 1931 || 29.4 || 1.2 || 3.6 ||
|-
| 1941 || 28.0 || 1.4 || 5.0 ||
|-
| 1951 || 22.0 || 6.0 || 11.0 || Higher Hindu genocide after the partition of India in 1947
|-
| 1961 || 18.5 || 3.5 || 14.5 || Higher Hindu genocide after the partition of India in 1947
|-
| 1974 || 13.5 || 5.0 || 19.5 || Higher Hindu genocide around liberation of Bangladesh in 1971
|-
| 1981 || 12.1 || 1.4 || 20.9
|-
| 1991 || 10.5 || 1.6 || 22.5
|-
| 2001 || 9.6 || 0.9 || 23.4
|-
| 2011 || 8.5 || 1.1 || 24.5
|-
| 2022 || 7.95 || 0.55 || 25.05
|}

===Bangladesh Liberation War atrocities (1971)===
{{main|Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh atrocities|Operation Searchlight}}

The Bangladesh Liberation War resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties were 200,000–3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan.{{Refn|<ref>{{harvnb|Murshid|2018|p=21}}</ref><ref name="L0rea">{{harvnb|Lorea|2016|p=89}}</ref>}} The Pakistani Army killed many Bengali Hindus during the Liberation War, and most of the Bengali Hindu-owned businesses were permanently destroyed. The historic Ramna Kali Temple in Dhaka and the century-old Rath at Dhamrai were demolished and burned down by the Pakistani Army.{{Refn|An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Moslem military's hatred."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 August 1971 |title=Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=2013-10-25 |magazine=Time |volume=98 |issue=5}}</ref>

An estimated 10 million East Pakistanis sought refuge in India, with 80% being Hindus. Approximately 8 million Hindus fled to various parts of India during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] to escape persecution by [[Pakistani army|Pakistani armies]] and [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Islamic militias]]. Active perpetrators of genocide, ethnic cleansing and rapes of Hindus in Bangladesh include the [[Pakistani Military]],<ref name=genoc1/> [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al Badr]],<ref name="genoc10">{{Cite web |last=Mamoon |first=Muntassir |title=Al-Badr |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=Banglapedia |publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022013/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genoc11">{{Cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5 |page=165}}</ref> [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al Sham]],<ref name="genoc12">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha |url=https://lubpak.com/archives/42543 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153530/https://lubpak.com/archives/42543 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |website=LUBP}}</ref> [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee]],<ref name="genoc13">{{Cite book |last=Karlekar |first=Hiranmay |url=https://archive.org/details/bangladeshnextaf0000karl |title=Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? |date=2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3401-1 |page=149 |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]],<ref name="genoc14">{{Cite news |date=16 December 2019 |title=Govt publishes list of Razakars |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-list-of-10789-razakars-published-1840843 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616151432/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-list-of-10789-razakars-published-1840843 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Muslim League|Muslim League]],<ref name=genoc15/> [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]],<ref name=genoc15/> and the [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Biharis]].<ref name="genoc15">{{Cite news |last=Kann |first=Peter R. |date=27 July 1971 |title=East Pakistan Is Seen Gaining Independence, But It Will Take Years |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> After Independence, it was discovered that 1.5 million Hindus remained in India, while the remaining 6.5 million returned to Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sarkari-thoughts/treatment-of-the-1971-east-bengali-refugees-a-forgotten-experience/ |title=Treatment of the 1971 East Bengali refugees: A forgotten experience |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Sarkar |first1=Dr Subhradipta |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612195602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sarkari-thoughts/treatment-of-the-1971-east-bengali-refugees-a-forgotten-experience/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, an estimated 3.1 million Hindus who were already residing in [[Bangladesh]] chose to remain during the turmoil and survived the atrocities. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3 million people were killed during the Bangladesh Liberation War, with [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|300,000 to 400,000 Bengali women being raped]], with many of the victims being Hindus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dummett |first=Mark |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |website=BBC News |date=2011-12-15 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |access-date=2024-10-25 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616035043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Boissoneault |first2=Lorraine |title=The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, But Bangladesh Can't Forget |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=2016-12-16 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |archive-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217125201/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bergman |first=David |title=The Politics of Bangladesh's Genocide Debate |website=The New York Times |date=2016-04-05 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/opinion/the-politics-of-bangladeshs-genocide-debate.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313115448/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/opinion/the-politics-of-bangladeshs-genocide-debate.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |editor1=Raphaelle Branche |editor2=Fabrice Virgili |title=Rape in Wartime |chapter=Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971 |year=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-36399-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-link=Paul R. Bartrop |editor2-last=Jacobs |editor2-first=Steven Leonard |editor2-link=Steven Leonard Jacobs |year=2014 |title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1866 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=1866 |isbn=978-1-61069-364-6}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 60% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as [[UNESCO]] and [[World Health Organization]], the number of East Pakistani refugees at its peak in India was close to 10 million.

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Pakistani army, ([[Newsday]], 29 April 1994).}}

===Post-liberation period (1971 onwards)===
Persecution of Hindus continued in independent Bangladesh.
According to the report of [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) in 2018, Hindus are among those who are persecuted in Bangladesh, with hundreds of cases of "killings, attempted killings, death threats, assaults, rapes, kidnappings, and attacks on homes, businesses, and places of worship" of religious minorities in 2017.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Bangladesh 2018 International Religious Freedom Report |year=2019 |publisher=US State Department |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/BANGLADESH-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414120728/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/BANGLADESH-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Hindu temples in Bangladesh have also been vandalised.<ref>{{USCongRec|2004|H3057|date=17 May 2004}}</ref>

According to Dr. Abul Barkat, no ''[[Hinduism|Hindus]]'' will be left in Bangladesh 30 years from now if the current rate of "exodus" continues as on an average 632 people from the minority community leave the Muslim-majority country each day. From 1964 to 2013, around 11.3 million Hindus left Bangladesh due to religious persecution and discrimination which means on an average 632 Hindus left the country each day and 230,612 annually, he said at the book launch ceremony at the Dhaka University (DU).<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2016 |title=In 30 years, there would be no Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-30-years-there-would-be-no-hindus-in-bangladesh/articleshow/92017468.cms}}</ref>

==== Sheikh Mujib era (1972–1975) ====
In the first constitution of the newly independent country, secularism and equality of all citizens irrespective of religious identity were enshrined.{{Sfn|Nasrin|2014|pp=78-79}} On his return to liberated Bangladesh, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in his first speech to the nation, specifically recognized the disproportionate suffering of the Hindu population during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. On a visit to [[Kolkata]], India in February 1972, Mujib visited the refugee camps that were still hosting several million Bangladeshi Hindus and appealed to them to return to Bangladesh and to help to rebuild the country.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nasrin|2014|pp=91–92}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Benkin|2014|pp=879–881}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Rummel|1998|pp=67–74}}.</ref>

Despite the public commitment of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his government to re-establishing secularism and the rights of non-Muslim religious groups, two significant aspects of his rule remain controversial as relates to the conditions of Hindus in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |author-link=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5212194 |title=South India and her Muhammadan invaders |date=1921 |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |location=London |language=English |oclc=5212194}}</ref> The first was his refusal to return the premises of the [[Ramna Kali Mandir]], historically the most important temple in Dhaka, to the religious body that owned the property. This centuries-old Hindu temple was demolished by the Pakistan army during the Bangladesh Liberation War, and around one hundred devotees were murdered. Under the provisions of the Enemy Property Act, it was determined that ownership of the property could not be established as there were no surviving members to claim inherited rights, and the land was handed over to the [[Dhaka Club]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh slammed for persecution of Hindus |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/02aziz.htm |access-date=2021-02-13 |publisher=Rediff.com |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194927/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/02aziz.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJuM4FylchwC&pg=PA733 |title=Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0851-4 |pages=733 |language=en}}</ref>

Secondly, state-authorized confiscation of Hindu owned property under the provisions of the [[Enemy Property Act (Bangladesh)|Enemy Property Act]] was rampant during Mujib's rule, and as per the research conducted by Abul Barkat of [[Dhaka University]], the [[Awami League]] party of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Sheikh Mujib]] was the largest beneficiary of Hindu property transfer in the past 35 years of Bangladeshi independence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Discrimination against Bangladeshi Hindus: Report |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/09bang.htm |access-date=2021-02-22 |work=[[rediff]] |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164759/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/09bang.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This was enabled considerably because of the particular turmoil and displacement suffered by Bangladeshi Hindus, who bore the disproportionate burnt of the Pakistan army's genocide, as well documented by international publications such as [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] and the ''[[New York Times]]'', and by the declassified [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] report. This caused much bitterness among Bangladeshi Hindus, particularly given the public stance of the regime's commitment to [[secularism]] and communal harmony.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mujtaba |first=Syed Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFDVcx-7BCMC&pg=PA100 |title=Soundings on South Asia |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-40-9 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bandyopadhyay|2004|pp=89–90}}.</ref>

====Zia and Ershad regimes (1975–1990)====
President [[Ziaur Rahman]] abandoned the constitutional provision for secularism and began to introduce Islamic symbolism in all spheres of national life (such as official seals and the constitutional preamble). Zia brought back the [[multi-party]] system thus allowing organizations such as [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] (an offshoot of the [[Islamist]] [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan) to regroup and contest elections. In 1988, President Hussein Mohammed Ershad declared Islam to be the State Religion of Bangladesh. Although the move was protested by students and left-leaning political parties and minority groups, to this date neither the regimes of the BNP or Awami League has challenged this change and it remains in place.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 1988 |title=Bangladesh Parliament Votes To Make Islam State Religion |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5D71530F93BA35755C0A96E948260 |access-date=2013-10-25 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In 1990, the Ershad regime was widely blamed for negligence (and some human rights analysis allege active participation) in the [[anti-Hindu]] riots following the [[Babri Mosque]] incident in India, the largest communal disturbances since Bangladesh independence, as a means of diverting attention from the rapidly increasing opposition to his rule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 1990 |title=Primary Report |url=http://www.hrcbm.org/NEWLOOK/1992.html |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Hrcbm.org |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111637/http://www.hrcbm.org/NEWLOOK/1992.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asia: Afghanistan |url=http://www.house.gov/international_relations/archives/107/78290f.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229052501/http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/archives/107/78290f.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-29 |publisher=[[United States House Committee on International Relations]]}}</ref> Many Hindu temples, Hindu neighbourhoods and shops were attacked and damaged including, for the first time since 1971, the [[Dhakeshwari]] temple. The atrocities were brought to the West's attention by many Bangladeshis, including [[Taslima Nasrin]] and her book [[Lajja (novel)|Lajja]] which translated into English means "shame".{{Sfn|Nasrin|2014}}

====Return to democracy (1991–2008)====
[[File:Festival of sacred bath (Baruni snan- in Bengali) in Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Hindu festival in Bangladesh.|left|245x245px]]
Immediately after the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and its [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] allies came to power in the October 2001 elections, ruling coalition activists attacked Hindus on a large scale in retribution for their perceived support of the opposition Awami League. Hundreds were killed, many were raped, and thousands fled to India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramananda Sengupta |date=22 March 2006 |title=The truth about Bangladesh's Hindus |url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/22spec.htm?q=tp&file=.htm |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Rediff.com |archive-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615203016/http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/22spec.htm?q=tp&file=.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The events were widely seen as a repercussion against the razing of the Babri Mosque in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2001 |title=Analysis: Fears of Bangladeshi Hindus |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1609049.stm |access-date=2013-10-25 |work=BBC News |archive-date=22 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222230433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1609049.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prominent political leaders frequently fall back on "Hindu bashing" in an attempt to appeal to extremist sentiment and to stir up communal passions. In one of the most notorious utterances of a mainstream Bangladeshi figure, the immediate past Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]], while the leader of the opposition in 1996, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "uludhhwani" (a Hindu custom involving women's [[ululation]]) from mosques, replacing the azan (Muslim call to prayer) (e.g., see Agence-France Press report of 18 November 1996, "Bangladesh opposition leader accused of hurting religious sentiment").<ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51616.htm |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=State.gov}}</ref>

After the election of 2001, when a right-wing coalition including two Islamist parties ([[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] and [[Islami Oikya Jote]]) led by the pro-Islamic right wing [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) came to power, many minority Hindus and liberal secularist Muslims were attacked by a section of the governing regime. Thousands of Bangladeshi Hindus were believed to have fled to neighbouring India<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2001 |title=India state warns of Bangladesh refugees |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1657018.stm |access-date=2013-10-25 |work=BBC News |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003115657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1657018.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> to escape the violence unleashed by activists sympathetic to the new government. Many Bangladeshi Muslims played an active role in documenting atrocities against Hindus during this period.<ref name="state.gov" /><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2001 |title=Bangladesh Hindu atrocities 'documented' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1645499.stm |access-date=2013-10-25 |work=BBC News |archive-date=16 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116111620/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1645499.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The new government also clamped down on attempts by the media to document alleged atrocities against non-Muslim minorities following the election. Severe pressure was put on newspapers and other media outside of government control through threats of violence and other intimidation. Most prominently, the Muslim journalist and human rights activist [[Shahriyar Kabir]] was arrested on charges of treason on his return from India where he had been interviewing Hindu refugees from Bangladesh; this was by the Bangladesh High Court and he was subsequently freed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2002 |title=Bangladesh scribe arrest 'illegal' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1756064.stm |access-date=2013-10-25 |work=BBC News |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105045337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1756064.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as the BNP and [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] often portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, and transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right-wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the [[Awami League]].<ref name="amnesty" />
As widely documented in international media, Bangladesh authorities have had to increase security to enable Bangladeshi Hindus to worship freely following widespread attacks on places of worship and devotees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2002 |title=Security fears for Hindu festival |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2310359.stm |access-date=2013-10-25 |work=BBC News |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530153654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2310359.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report titled 'Policy Focus on Bangladesh,' which said that since its last election, 'Bangladesh has experienced growing violence by religious extremists, intensifying concerns expressed by the country's religious minorities'. The report further stated that Hindus are particularly vulnerable in a period of rising violence and extremism, whether motivated by religious, political or criminal factors, or some combination. The report noted that Hindus had multiple disadvantages against them in Bangladesh, such as perceptions of [[dual loyalty]] concerning India and religious beliefs that are not tolerated by the politically dominant [[Islamic Fundamentalists]] of the BNP. Violence against Hindus has taken place "in order to encourage them to flee in order to seize their property". The previous reports of the [[Hindu American Foundation]] were acknowledged and confirmed by this non-partisan report.<ref name="USCIRF">{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh slammed for persecution of Hindus |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/02aziz.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194927/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/02aziz.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="USCIRF2">{{Cite web |title=Original USCIRF Report, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |url=http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/publications/policyfocus/BangladeshPolicyBrief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023842/http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/publications/policyfocus/BangladeshPolicyBrief.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Uscirf.gov}}</ref>

On 2 November 2006, USCIRF criticized Bangladesh for violence against minority Hindus. It also urged the [[George Walker Bush|Bush]] administration to get Dhaka to ensure the protection of religious freedom and minority rights before Bangladesh's next national elections in January 2007.<ref name="USCIRF" /><ref name="USCIRF2" />

==== Sheikh Hasina era (2008–2024) ====
In 2013, the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] indicted several Jamaat members for [[war crimes]] against Hindus during the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]]. In retaliation, [[2013 Bangladesh Anti-Hindu violence|violence against Hindu minorities]] in Bangladesh was instigated by the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority |url=http://amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309203359/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-08 |website=Press releases |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>

BJHM (Bangladesh Jatiya Hindu Mahajote) claimed in its report that in 2017, at least 107 people of the Hindu community were killed and 31 fell victims to enforced disappearance 782 Hindus were either forced to leave the country or threatened to leave, and besides this, 23 were forced to get converted into other religions and at least 25 Hindu women and children were raped, while 235 temples and statues were vandalized during the year.
The total number of atrocities happened with the Hindu community in 2017 is 6474.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-06 |title=BJHM: 107 Hindus killed, 31 forcibly disappeared in 2017 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/06/bjhm-107-hindus-killed-31-forcibly-disappeared-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329091215/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/06/bjhm-107-hindus-killed-31-forcibly-disappeared-2017 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-10-30 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

During the 2019 Bangladesh elections, eight houses belonging to Hindu families on fire in Thakurgaon alone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-28 |title=Hindu houses under 'arson' attack ahead of Bangladesh elections |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/hindu-houses-under-arson-attack-ahead-of-bangladesh-elections-1502720217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420035916/https://www.thestatesman.com/world/hindu-houses-under-arson-attack-ahead-of-bangladesh-elections-1502720217.html |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-30 |work=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2019, two idols of Hindu goddesses, Lakshmi and Saraswati, have been vandalized by unidentified miscreants at a newly constructed temple in Kazipara of Brahmanbaria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-08 |title=Hindu idols vandalized in Brahmanbaria |url=https://dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/04/08/hindu-idols-vandalized-in-brahmanbaria |access-date=2019-10-30 |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409031337/https://dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/04/08/hindu-idols-vandalized-in-brahmanbaria |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, several idols of Hindu gods in two temples in Madaripur Sadar Upazila which were under construction were desecrated by miscreants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-26 |title=Hindu idols desecrated in Madaripur |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/04/26/hindu-idols-desecrated-in-madaripur |access-date=2019-10-30 |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502214852/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/04/26/hindu-idols-desecrated-in-madaripur |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, many [[Hindu temple|temples]] and houses of Hindus were broken and vandalized after an attack on them on [[Narendra Modi]] visit to Bangladesh by [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh|Hefazat-e-Islam]] and other radical groups as [[2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests|anti-Modi protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extremist Islamist group's supporters attack 70-80 Hindu houses in Bangladesh: Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/asia/story/extremist-islamist-group-supporters-attack-hindu-houses-bangladesh-1781394-2021-03-20 |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=India Today |date=20 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045633/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/asia/story/extremist-islamist-group-supporters-attack-hindu-houses-bangladesh-1781394-2021-03-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh violence spreads after PM Modi's visit, attacks on Hindu temples, train – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bangladesh-violence-spreads-after-pm-modis-visit-attacks-on-hindu-temples-train/articleshow/81738179.cms |access-date=2021-04-22 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bangladesh-violence-spreads-after-pm-modis-visit-attacks-on-hindu-temples-train/articleshow/81738179.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-18 |title=Hardline Hefazat-e-Islam supporters attack Hindu village in Bangladesh: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hardline-hefazat-e-islam-supporters-attack-hindu-village-in-bangladesh-report-101616007480061.html |access-date=2021-04-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hardline-hefazat-e-islam-supporters-attack-hindu-village-in-bangladesh-report-101616007480061.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, there were attacks on Hindus in 2020, after some of them supported France after the [[Murder of Samuel Paty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-02 |title=Hindu homes attacked in Bangladesh over rumours about alleged Facebook post slandering Islam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hindu-homes-attacked-in-bangladesh-over-rumours-about-alleged-facebook-post-slandering-islam/article33002960.ece |access-date=2021-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314104624/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hindu-homes-attacked-in-bangladesh-over-rumours-about-alleged-facebook-post-slandering-islam/article33002960.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In the October of the same year there had been a severe [[2021 Bangladesh communal violence|communal violence in Bangladesh]] against the Bengali Hindus, after the video of [[Quran desecration]] at the [[Durga Puja|Durga Puja pandals]] was spread in which more than 120 [[List of Hindu temples in Bangladesh|Hindu temples]] were vandalized and 7 Hindus were killed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-16 |title=Seven dead after violence erupts during Hindu festival in Bangladesh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/16/four-die-after-violence-erupts-at-hindu-festival-in-bangladesh |access-date=2021-11-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215102851/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/16/four-die-after-violence-erupts-at-hindu-festival-in-bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-20 |title=Police: Comilla resident Iqbal placed the Quran on a Puja idol |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/10/20/police-man-who-placed-the-quran-on-a-puja-idol-identified |access-date=2021-11-21 |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020155313/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/10/20/police-man-who-placed-the-quran-on-a-puja-idol-identified |url-status=live}}</ref> It was described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "worst communal violence in years".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hasnat |first1=Saif |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |date=2021-10-15 |title=Bangladesh Strengthens Security as Violence Targets Hindu Festival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/15/world/asia/15bangladesh-muslim-hindu-violence.html |access-date=2021-11-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015150005/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/15/world/asia/15bangladesh-muslim-hindu-violence.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Post-revolution Bangladesh (2024–present)====
{{Main|2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence}}

Following the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]] that overthrown Hasina regime in August 2024, [[2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|Hindu temples, businesses and homes were attacked]] by mobs upset with how many Hindus in the country were seen as supporting the deposed Hasina's [[Awami League]] party, something that was alleged to have upset more conservative Islamist political groups. As of 8 August 2024, a school teacher was reported dead and 45 injured, with 45 out of the country's 64 districts having at least one attack on Hindu individuals or property. Protesters protected Hindu temples and communities from extremists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/08/06/bangladesh-students-movement-forms-committees-to-protect-hindu-temples-households-amidst-unrest.html |title=Bangladesh students' movement forms committees to protect Hindu temples, households amidst unrest |work=The Week |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130255/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/08/06/bangladesh-students-movement-forms-committees-to-protect-hindu-temples-households-amidst-unrest.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hindus-bangladesh-try-flee-india-amid-violence-2024-08-08/ |title=Hindus in Bangladesh try to flee to India amid violence |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

==Political representation==
Because Hindus of Bangladesh are scattered across all areas (except in [[Narayanganj]]), they cannot unite politically. However, Hindus became sway voters in various elections. Hindus have usually voted in large mass for [[Bangladesh Awami League]] and communist parties, as these are the only parties which have a nominal commitment to secularism.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ এর গঠনতন্ত্র |trans-title=Constitution of Bangladesh Awami League |url=https://www.albd.org/index.php/party/constitution?lang=bn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729070855/https://www.albd.org/index.php/party/constitution?lang=bn |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=21 November 2016 |language=bn}}</ref>

Even after the decline of the Hindu population in Bangladesh from 13.5% in 1974, just after the independence, Hindus were at around 11.2% of the population in 2001 according to government estimates following the census. However, Hindus accounted for only thirty two members of the 300 member parliament following the 2001 elections through direct election; this went up to thirty five following a by-election victory in 2004. Of the 50 seats reserved for women that are directly nominated by the Prime Minister, only four were allotted to a Hindu. The political representation is not at all satisfactory and several Hindu advocacy groups in Bangladesh have demanded a return to a communal electorate system as existed during the Pakistan period, to enable a more equitable and proportionate representation in parliament, or a reserved quota since the [[Persecution of Hindus#Bangladesh|persecution of Hindus]] has continued since 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Noakhali Noakhali |url=http://noakhalinoakhali.webs.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411092703/http://noakhalinoakhali.webs.com/ |archive-date=11 April 2012 |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Noakhalinoakhali.webs.com}}</ref>

Despite their dwindling population in terms of overall percentage, Hindus still yield considerable influence because of their geographical concentration in certain regions. They form a majority of the electorate in at least two parliamentary constituencies (Khulna-1 and Gopalganj-3) and account for more than 25% in at least another thirty. For this reason, they are often the deciding factor in parliamentary elections where victory margins can be extremely narrow. It is also frequently alleged that this is a prime reason for many Hindus being prevented from voting in elections, either through intimidating actual voters or through exclusion in voter list revisions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hindu areas in Ctg still out of listing |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/01/04/d6010401033.htm |access-date=2016-08-16 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145825/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/01/04/d6010401033.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Bangladesh
}}
* [[Durga Puja in Bangladesh]]
* [[List of Bangladeshi Hindus]]
* [[Religion in Bangladesh]]
** [[Islam in Bangladesh]]
** [[Buddhism in Bangladesh]]
** [[Christianity in Bangladesh]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Bangladesh]]
* [[Hinduism by country]]
* [[Bengali Hindus]]
* [[Persecution of Hindus]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nasrin |first=Taslim |author-link=Taslima Nasrin |title=[[Lajja (novel)|Lajja]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=9-789-351-18643-4 |oclc=1132343651}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benkin |first=Richard L. |author-link=Richard Benkin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjOsoAEACAAJ |title=A Quiet Case of Ethnic Cleansing (The Murder of Bangladesh's Hindus) |publisher=Akshaya Prakashan |year=2014 |isbn=9-788-188-64352-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rummel |first=Rudolf J. |author-link=Rudolph Rummel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC |title=Statistics of Democide (Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900) |publisher=LIT Publications |year=1998 |isbn=9-783-825-84010-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Babu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ki0KAQAAMAAJ |title=Selected Hindu Temples of Bangladesh |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Nazly |publisher=[[UNESCO]], [[Dhaka]] |year=2005 |isbn=9-789-843-21778-3 |editor-last=Alam |editor-first=Md. Shafiqul |location=[[University of Michigan]] |ref={{SfnRef|Ahmed and Chowdhury|2005}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Murshid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&q=Cultures+of+Bengali+Hindus |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2SVIflbyHQC&q=Cultures+of+Bengali+Hindus |title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal |date=2004-08-19 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-9849-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lorea |first=Carola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7izFDAAAQBAJ&q=Cultures+of+Bengali+Hindus |title=Folklore, Religion and the Songs of a Bengali Madman: A Journey Between Performance and the Politics of Cultural Representation. |date=2016-08-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32471-8 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hinduism in Bangladesh}}{{Wikiquote|Hinduism in Bangladesh}}
* {{Cite web |date=17 May 2022 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162611/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=22 November 2001 |title=Bangladesh Hindus 'will not go back' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1670410.stm |work=[[BBC News]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=HAF Report Summary on Bangladeshi Hindus |url=http://www.hinduamericanfoundation.org/campaigns_human_rights_hhr2005_executive_summary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210941/http://www.hinduamericanfoundation.org/campaigns_human_rights_hhr2005_executive_summary.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27 |website=[[Hindu American Foundation|HAF]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=Bangladesh minority report |url=http://www.web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130062001?open&of=ENG-2S4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913022017/http://www.web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130062001?open&of=ENG-2S4 |archive-date=2006-09-13 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}
{{Portal bar|Bangladesh|Hinduism}}
{{Religion in Bangladesh topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}
{{Hindu temples in Bangladesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism in Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Hinduism in Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]
[[Category:Religion in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Hinduism in South Asia|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Asia|Bangladesh]]

Odayil Ninnu (film)

2026-03-04T09:23:39Z

Christi2099: general cleanup content after review and updated info

{{short description|1965 Indian Malayalam drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Odayil Ninnu
| image = Odayil Ninnu film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer = P. Ramaswami
| writer = [[P. Kesavadev]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Odayil Ninnu]]''|[[P. Kesavadev]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] [[Prem Nazir]] [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]] [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
| music = [[Devarajan]]
| cinematography = P. Ramaswami
| editing =
| studio = Thirumurukan Pictures
| distributor = Thirumeni Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1965|3|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Odayil Ninnu''''' ({{Translation| ''From the Gutter''}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] drama film directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and written by [[P. Kesavadev]], based on his [[Odayil Ninnu|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/odayil-ninnu-1965/article3339456.ece |title=Odayil Ninnu 1965 |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=22 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> The film deals with the life and struggles of a proud and hardworking rickshaw puller, Pappu.<ref name="hind">{{cite news |last1=Venkiteswaran |first1=C. S. |title=The indomitable Sathyan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-indomitable-sathyan/article4077870.ece |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It stars [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], and [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]. Master Dasarath plays the young Pappu. [[Suresh Gopi]] made his acting debut with the film, who was then six years old. He appeared as the feudal lord's timid son, who also becomes the root cause for Pappu running away from home.

The film was a commercial success and also received critical acclaim for its raw energy and Sathyan's performance in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/18/stories/2010061857770100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109063438/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/18/stories/2010061857770100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2012 |title=Auteur par excellence |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |date=18 June 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> It received a certificate of merit at the [[National Film Awards]]. It was remade in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'' (1971), in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''[[Marapurani Manishi]]'' (1973), and in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] as ''[[Babu (1985 film)|Babu]]'' (1985).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOdOQRACrrkC&q=odayil+ninnu|title=Film world: Volume 7|year=1971|publisher=Film World}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] as Pappu
**Master Dasarath as Young Pappu
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Gopinadhan / Gopi
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Lakshmi
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Kalyani, a widow and Lakshmi's Mother
* [[Adoor Bhasi]] as palisha vizhungi Velu mothalaly
* [[Adoor Pankajam]] as Saramma
* [[Adoor Bhavani]] as Pappu's mother
* [[Manavalan Joseph]] as Mesthiri
* [[S. P. Pillai]] as Thomachan
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Chayakadakkaran Kurup
* Master Dasarath as Young Pappu
* [[Kutty Padmini]] as Young Lakshmi
* [[Kottayam Chellappan]] as Landlord
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Feudal lord's son
* [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]]
* Cheriya Udeswaram
* Kumari Vimala
* Muthukulam Raghavan Pilla
* [[C. O. Anto]]
* Gopinathan Pilla
* T.T Joseph
* Varghees Thittel
* Shobha
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] with lyrics by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=153|title=Odayil Ninnu|access-date=11 October 2014|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2820|title=Odayil Ninnu|access-date=11 October 2014|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> There were seven songs by the Vayalar-Devarajan team in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/odayil-ninnu-1965/article3339456.ece |title=Odayil Ninnu 1965 |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=22 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> [[Guruvayur Dorai]] played mridangam in the song "Ambalakkulangare".<ref>{{cite web |title=Guruvayor Dorai |url=https://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?4638-guruvayyor-dorai |website=HubTamil |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ambalakkulangare" || [[P. Leela]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Amme Amme Amme Nammude" || Renuka || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Kaattil Ilam Kaattil" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Maanathu Daivamilla" || [[A. M. Rajah]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Muttathe Mullayil" || [[S. Janaki]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 6 || "Muttathe Mullayil" (Pathos) || P. Susheela || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 7 || "Oh Rikhshaavaala" || Vidyadharan, [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 8 || "Vandikkaara" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0213961|Odeyil Ninnu}}
* [http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2820 ''Odayil Ninnu''] at the Malayalam Movie Database
* [http://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2010/09/30/suresh-gopi-in-odeyil-ninnu1965/ ''Suresh Gopi in Odayil Ninnu''] at the Old Malayalam Cinema Blog

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}

[[Category:1965 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]

Seemanthini (1978 film)

2026-03-03T21:00:29Z

Christi2099: created a info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seemanthini
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. G. Vishwambharan]]
| producer = N. Sarathkumar
| writer = A. R. Mukesh
| screenplay = A. R. Mukesh
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Jose (actor)|Jose]]
| music = Jaya Vijaya
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| studio = Sarathi Productions
| distributor = Sarathi Productions
| released = {{Film date|1978|6|23|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Seemanthini''''' is a 1978 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] and produced by N. Sarathkumar. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] and [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Jaya Vijaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=904|title=Seemanthini|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4289|title=Seemanthini|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013083127/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4289|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/seemanthini-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013222327/http://spicyonion.com/title/seemanthini-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2014|title=Seemanthini|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
*[[Jayabharathi]]
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Jose (actor)|Jose]]
*[[Sathaar]]
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Jaya Vijaya and the lyrics were written by Biju Ponneth.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ambalanadayil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Biju Ponneth ||
|-
| 2 || "Kulir Pichippoo" || K. J. Yesudas || Biju Ponneth ||
|-
| 3 || "Nalina Vanathil" || K. J. Yesudas, [[S. Janaki]] || Biju Ponneth ||
|-
| 4 || "Sundara Surabhila" || [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus, [[Jolly Abraham]] || Biju Ponneth ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0268625|Seemanthini}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. G. Viswambharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaya Vijaya]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Gurram Paapi Reddy

2026-03-03T09:09:25Z

Christi2099: started basic pg first draft

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Murali Manohar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gurram Paapi Reddy
| image = Gurram Paapi Reddy.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Murali Manohar
| story = Poorna Prajna
| producer = {{plain list|
* Venu Saddi
* Amar Bura
* Jayakanth
}}
| writer =
| screenplay = Murali Manohar
| starring = {{plain list|
* Naresh Agastya
* [[Faria Abdullah]]
}}
[[Soumya Bollapragada]]
| music = Krishna Saurabh Surampalli
| cinematography = Arjun Raja
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| studio = {{plain list|
* MJM Motion Pictures
* Bura and Saddi Creative Arts LLP
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gurram Paapi Reddy''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film co-written and directed by Murali Manohar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-05 |title='Gurram Paapi Reddy' teaser is out: Naresh Agastya and Faria Abdullah's starrer promises a wild ride of laughter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gurram-paapi-reddy-teaser-is-out-naresh-agastya-and-faria-abdullahs-starrer-promises-a-wild-ride-of-laughter/articleshow/123112111.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film stars Naresh Agastya and [[Faria Abdullah]] in prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-08-05 |title=‘Gurram Paapireddy’ teaser launched grandly |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gurram-paapireddy-teaser-launched-grandly-994235 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 19 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Gurram Paapi Reddy marks its territory with December 19 release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/08/gurram-paapi-reddy-marks-its-territory-with-december-19-release |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=December 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Naresh Agastya as Gurram Paapi Reddy
* [[Faria Abdullah]] as Soudamini
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Judge Vaidyanathan
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Udraju
* [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] as Military
* Vamshidhar Goud Kosgi as Chilipi
* Jeevan Kumar Naidu as Goyyi
* [[John Vijay]] as Hayagreeva
* Pradeep Ruda as Neelagreeva
* [[Rajendran]] as Sangi Reddy
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Lingam
* Mayank Parakh
* Naga Mahesh
}}

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by Krishna Saurabh Surampalli.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Edhoti Chey Gurram Paapi Reddy
| extra1 = MC Chetan, Lakshmi Meghana
| length1 = 3:40
| lyrics1 = Suresh Gangula, MC Chetan
| title2 = Paisa Dum Dum
| extra2 = Pranavam Sasi, Prateek Naganatham, Alina Dantis, Junior Nithya
| length2 = 3:19
| lyrics2 = Suresh Gangula
| title3 = Paapi Paapi
| extra3 = Faria Abdullah
| length3 = 2:36
| lyrics3 = [[Faria Abdullah]]
}}

==Release ==

=== Theatrical release ===
''Gurram Paapi Reddy'' was released on 19 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naresh Agastya: అక్కడ కష్టాలు.. ఇక్కడ నవ్వులు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/naresh-agastya-interview-gurram-paapi-reddy-movie/0206/125232567 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurram Paapi Reddy Movie Streaming on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/gurram-paapi-reddy/0-0-1z5891277 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref> Following its theatrical release, the film premiered on the platform on 16 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-14 |title='Gurram Paapi Reddy' OTT release date locked: When and where to stream Naresh Agastya and Faria Abdullah’s comedy crime caper |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/gurram-paapi-reddy-ott-release-date-locked-when-and-where-to-stream-naresh-agastya-and-faria-abdullahs-comedy-crime-caper/articleshow/126522796.cms |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Srivathsan Nadadhur of [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] stated in his review that, "''Gurram Paapi Reddy'' is a smartly written and performed con-comedy that delivers laughs aplenty, though a few segments become indulgent".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-12-19 |title=‘Gurram Paapi Reddy’ movie review: Naresh Agastya, Faria Abdullah’s con comedy is hilarious yet overcooked |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurram-paapi-reddy-movie-review-naresh-agastya-faria-abdullahs-con-comedy-is-hilarious/article70415421.ece |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated the film 3 out of 5 and appreciated the writing, Niranjan Ram Reddy's dialogues, and the lead cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-12-20 |title=Gurram Paapi Reddy Movie Review: A decent laughter ride that hits a few bumps |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Dec/20/gurram-paapi-reddy-movie-review-a-decent-laughter-ride-that-hits-a-few-bumps |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36815135|Gurram Paapi Reddy}}

* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/gurram-paapi-reddy/0-0-1z5891277 Gurram Paapi Reddy]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]

Sumito Estévez

2026-02-21T22:10:11Z

Christi2099: created stub - done

{{short description|Venezuelan chef (born 1965)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

[[File:Sumito Estevez (por Luís Brito García) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Sumito Estévez]]
''' Sumito Estévez Singh''' (born 22 October 1965 in [[Mérida (Venezuela)|Mérida]], Venezuela) is a Venezuelan [[chef]], writer, entrepreneur, educator and television personality.
==Career==

He is one of the most recognized Venezuelan chefs in both Venezuela and abroad and one of the most renowned Venezuelans in general. Together with the chef [[Héctor Romero]], Estévez founded the [[Instituto Culinario de Caracas]], and has interests in commercial establishments in that city as well as abroad.

Estévez is also the conductor of culinary television programs, radio programs and has written articles and columns for several newspapers in Venezuela. Among his many occupations, he has been a judge and creator of culinary festivals.

Between 1998 and 2001, the newspaper ''[[El Nacional (Caracas)|El Nacional]]'' published two volumes with his recipes. In 2005, the same publisher extended its bibliography with the edition of fifteen volumes of ''La Cocina de Sumito'', the gastronomic collection of greater [[tiraje]] published in Venezuela.

== Family and early life ==
He is the son of the marriage between the Venezuelan physicist Raúl Estévez and Anusuya Singh, of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] origin.

His father graduated in the first promotion of the [[Patricio Lumumba University]] in the [[Soviet Union]] of [[Moscow]] and studied for a master's and a doctorate in the [[Stanford University]] in the United States. His father was one of the founders of the Faculty of Sciences of the [[University of the Andes (Venezuela)|University of the Andes]] (Universidad de Los Andes).<ref>Martín, Isbelia; Mendoza, Claudio. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/22024556/fasciculo21-el-stand-stand-of-the-material The uncertainty principle]. Physics daily (p.3). Physicists. Fascist 21. Polar Foundation.</ref>

His paternal grandmother, María Laprea, was the second wife of [[Aquiles Nazoa]] after they both became widowed; they were married in 1949. Nazoa's previous wife had been Estrella Fernández-Viña Martí (granddaughter of the Cuban José Martí) who died of [[tuberculosis]] shortly after the marriage.

Estévez is the nephew of the chef and comedian [[Claudio Nazoa]], who is the son of Laprea, and has a sister named Swapna Puni Estévez Singh, who is a psycho-pedagogue.

His maternal grandfather was Sri [[Gurbaksh Singh]], writer in [[Panyabi Oriental language|Punjabi]] and founder of [[Prit Nágar]], a town in northern India.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050217/aplus.htm#1 Varinder Walia's article in '' The Tribune '' (Chandigarh) newspaper of 17 May. February 2005. Accessed April 24, 2010.]</ref>

Estévez lived between [[India]] and Venezuela during his childhood. From childhood, he had a taste for [[gastronomy]]. At the age of 14, he founded a gastronomic "club" with the filmmaker [[Alberto Arvelo]]. For three years, they dedicated themselves to selecting countries, reading about them and experimenting with their cuisine on Saturdays. Eventually, the group became thirty members.<ref name="excess">Quintana, Marsolaire. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728162526/http://www.sumitoestevez.com/mipaginaanterior/Curriculum/CocinayVino.pdf Sumito Estevez and ginger to taste]. Excess Magazine. 2 April 2003, issue number 34.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Estevez, Sumito}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Venezuelan journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Venezuelan male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Venezuelan businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Venezuelan male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Venezuelan male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Venezuelan writers]]
[[Category:Cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]
[[Category:Newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:People from Mérida, Mérida]]
[[Category:Venezuelan expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Venezuelan founders]]
[[Category:Venezuelan gastronomes]]
[[Category:Venezuelan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Venezuelan radio presenters]]
[[Category:Venezuelan television chefs]]

Gondi language

2026-02-21T21:34:49Z

Christi2099: cleanup

{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Gondi
| nativename = {{lang|gon-Deva|गोण्डि}}, {{lang|gon-Telu|గోణ్డి}}, {{lang|gon-Orya|ଗୋଣ୍ଡି}}, {{lang|gon-Gong|𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋}}, {{lang|gon-Gonm|𑴎𑴽𑵀𑴘𑴳}},
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Shukla Gondi G.svg
| photo2a = Shukla Gondi M.svg
| photo3a = Shukla Telugu.svg
| photo4a = Shukla Gondi Dev.svg
| position = center
| size = 200
| spacing = 2
| color = 0
| border = 0
| foot_montage =
}}
| state = [[India]]
| region = [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]]
| ethnicity = [[Gondi people|Gondi]]
| speakers = 2.98 million
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref name="0:">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716072837/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| map = Gondi language map.svg
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = South-Central
| fam4 = [[Gondi languages]]
| script = [[Telugu script]], [[Devanagari]], [[Odia script]], [[Gunjala script]], [[Masaram script]] (See [[Gondi scripts]])
| iso2 = gon
| iso3 = gon
| lc1 = gno
| ld1 = Northern Gondi
| lc2 = esg
| ld2 = Aheri Gondi
| lc3 = wsg
| ld3 = Adilabad Gondi
| glotto = nort3258
| glottorefname = Northwest Gondi
| imagecaption = Gōṇḍī (Kōītōr) written in [[Gunjala Gondi script|Gunjala Gondi]], [[Gondi writing|Masaram Gondi]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts
| mapcaption = Areas where Gondi is spoken. Koya not included.
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapscale = 1.0
| mapcaption2 = {{center|Gondi is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person=Gōṇḍ
|people=Gōṇḍir
|language=Gōṇḍī, Kōī, Kōītōr
|country=Gōṇḍvana}}

'''Gondi''' ({{transliteration|Deva|ISO|''Gōṇḍī''}}, {{IPA|gon|ɡoːɳɖiː|ipa}}), natively known as '''Koitur''' ('''Kōī, Kōītōr''', {{ipa|gon|koː.iː, koː.iː.t̪oːr|ipa}}), is a [[South-Central Dravidian]] language, spoken by about three million [[Gondi people]],<ref>Beine, David K. 1994. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking Communities of Central India. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. chpt. 1</ref> chiefly in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and by small minorities in neighbouring states. Although it is the language of the Gond people, it is highly endangered, with only one fifth of Gonds speaking the language. Gondi has a rich folk literature, examples of which are wedding songs and narrations. [[Gondi people]] are ethnically related to the [[Telugus]]. Gondi is the largest minor Dravidian language by number of speakers.

== Endangerment ==
Although almost 13 million people returned themselves as Gonds on the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], however only 2.98 million recorded themselves as speakers of Gondi. In the present-day, large communities of Gondi speakers can be found in southeastern Madhya Pradesh ([[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Seoni district|Seoni]], [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]], and [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]] districts), eastern Maharashtra ([[Amravati district|Amravati]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] and [[Gondia district|Gondia]] districts), northern Telangana ([[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]], and [[Bhadradri Kothagudem|Bhadradi Kothagudem districts]]), the [[Bastar division]] of Chhattisgarh and [[Nabarangpur district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="0:"/>

This is the result of a language shift from Gondi to regional languages in the majority of the Gondi population, especially those in the northern portion of their range. By the 1920s, half of Gonds had stopped speaking the language entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=R. V.|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume III|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41424/41424-h/41424-h.htm|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.gutenberg.org|language=en|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412144009/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41424/41424-h/41424-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The language is under severe stress from dominant languages such as [[Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] due to their use in education and employment. In order to improve their situation, Gond households adopt the more prestigious dominant language and their children become monolingual in that language. Already in the 1970s, Gondi youth in places with increased contact with wider society had stopped speaking the language, seeing it as a relic of old times.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=K. S.|date=1970|title=Directed and Spontaneous Social Change: A Study of Gonds of Chhindwara|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=11|pages=493–498|jstor=4359730|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The constant contact between speakers of Gondi and Indo-Aryan languages has resulted in massive Indo-Aryan borrowing in Gondi, found in vocabulary, grammar and syntax. In one survey in [[Anuppur district]] for instance, it was found the dialect of Gondi spoken there, known as ''dehati bhasha'' ('rural language'), was actually a mixture of Hindi and Chhattisgarhi rather than Gondi. However, the survey also found younger Gonds had a positive attitude towards speaking Gondi and saving the language from extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boruah|first=D. M|title=Language Loss and Revitalization of Gondi language: An Endangered Language of Central India|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2020/drdeepaendangeredgondrevitalizationfinal.pdf|journal=Language in India|volume=20|issue=9|pages=144–161|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130074700/http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2020/drdeepaendangeredgondrevitalizationfinal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Another survey from areas throughout the Gond region found younger Gonds felt developing their mother tongue was less important, but there were still large numbers willing to help in its development. Some attempts at revitalization have included children's books and online videos.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last1=Mehta|first1=Devansh|last2=Santy|first2=Sebastin|last3=Mothilal|first3=Ramaravind Kommiya|last4=Srivastava|first4=Brij Mohan Lal|last5=Sharma|first5=Alok|last6=Shukla|first6=Anurag|last7=Prasad|first7=Vishnu|last8=U|first8=Venkanna|last9=Sharma|first9=Amit|last10=Bali|first10=Kalika|date=2021-01-26|title=Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: A Case-Study on Gondi|class=cs.CL|eprint=2004.10270}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name Gond, used by outsiders, is still uncertain. Some believe the word to derive from the Dravidian ''kond'', meaning hill, similar to the [[Khonds]] of Odisha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arur |first1=Sidharth |last2=Wyeld |first2=Theodor |title=Exploring the Central India Art of the Gond People: contemporary materials and cultural significance |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43335564.pdf |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604234158/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43335564.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another theory, according to Vol. 3 of the ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life'', is that the name was given to them by the [[Mughal dynasty]] of the 16th–18th centuries. It was the Mughals who first used the term "Gond", meaning "hill people", to refer to the group.<ref>[https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=mlin_b_umass&id=GALE|CX3648200300&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=a347e4f3 ''Gonds – Document – Gale in Context: World History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527183437/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=mlin_b_umass&id=GALE%7CCX3648200300&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=a347e4f3 |date=27 May 2023 }} Gale, part of Cengage Group.</ref>

The Gonds call themselves Koitur (Kōītōr) or Koi (Kōī), which also has no definitive origin.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Internal classification==
Glottolog classifies the Gondoid languages as follows:<ref name="Glottolog">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gond1265 |title=Gondi |date=2025-11-10 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald }}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=Gondoid
|1={{clade
|label1=Northwest Gondi
|1={{clade
|1=Northern Gondi
|label2=Southwest Gondi
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Muria_language|Muria]]
|1={{clade
|1=Eastern Muria
|2=Western Muria}}
|label2=Southern Gondi
|2={{clade
|1=Adilabad Gondi
|label2=Eastern Gondi
|2={{clade
|1=Aheri Gondi
|2=Far Western Muria
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Southeast Gondi
|2={{clade
|1=[[Madiya language|Madiya]]
|label2=South Bastar Gondi-Koya
|2={{clade
|1=[[Madiya language|Dandami Madiya]]
|2=[[Koya language|Koya]]
}}
}}
|3=[[Khirwar language|Khirwar]]?
|4=[[Nagarchal language|Nagarchal]]?
|5=[[Pardhan language|Pardhan]]?
}}
}}

==Characteristics==
Gondi has a two-gender system, [[substantive]]s being either masculine or nonmasculine.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Gondi has developed aspirated stops, distancing itself from its ancestor [[Proto-Dravidian]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|({{IPAlink|ɳ}})
|({{IPAlink|ɲ}})
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|({{IPAlink|ʂ}})
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approx.]]
!{{small|[[median consonant|median]]}}
|({{IPAlink|w}})
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

* Sounds {{IPA|/tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʱ/}} can be heard as alveo-palatal {{IPA|[tɕ tɕʰ dʑ dʑʱ]}} before non-front vowels in some dialects.
* {{IPA|/s/}} is realized as a retroflex sibilant {{IPA|[ʂ]}} before a retroflex stop {{IPA|/ʈ/}}.
* An alveolar tap sound {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can vary freely with a trill sound {{IPA|[r]}}.
* {{IPA|/n/}} is realized as a dental nasal {{IPA|[n̪]}} before a dental stop sound, a palatal nasal {{IPA|[ɲ]}} before a palatal affricate, and a retroflex nasal {{IPA|[ɳ]}} before a retroflex stop. Elsewhere, it is articulated as an alveolar nasal {{IPA|[n]}}.
* {{IPA|/v/}} is realized as an approximant {{IPA|[w]}} when occurring before rounded vowels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Subrahmanyam|first=P. S.|title=A descriptive grammar of Gondi|publisher=Annamalainagar, India: Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.|year=1968}}</ref>
*All consonants except /{{IPA|ɽ}}, {{IPA|ɾ}}, {{IPA|s}}, {{IPA|h}}/ can occur either double or single in the medial position.
* In south and southeastern Gondi dialects, the initial s is turning into h and getting deleted for some.<ref name="1a"/>
* Hill-Maṛia dialect of Gondi has a uvular /ʁ/ which corresponds to the r̠ in other Dravidian languages or *t̠ from proto Dravidian and it contrasts with the alveolar r corresponding to proto-Dravidian *r.<ref name="1a">{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|location=|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704151000/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|{{IPAlink|iː}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|{{IPAlink|uː}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|eː}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|{{IPAlink|oː}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|a}}
|{{IPAlink|aː}}
|
|
|}

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===
Gondi has derivative suffixes to denote gender for certain special words: ''-a:l'' and ''-o:r'' for masculine, and ''-a:r'' for feminine. Plural suffixes are also divided into masculine and feminine, ''-r'' is used for most masculine nouns, ''-ir'' ends masculine nouns ending in ''-e'', and ''-ur'' ends nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-or''. For instance:<ref name=":0" />

''kānḍī'' - boy ''kānḍ'''īr''''' - boys

''kallē'' - thief ''kall'''īr''''' - thieves

''tottōr'' - ancestor ''tott'''ūr''''' - ancestors

are all masculine.

For non-masculine nouns, there are more suffixes: ''-n'', ''-ik'', ''-k'', and a null suffix ''-ɸ''

Before case markers are added, all nouns have an oblique marker. The oblique markers are ''-d-'', ''-t-'', ''-n-'', ''-ṭ-'', and -''ɸ''.

For instance:

''kay-'''d'''-e'': "in the hand"

Gondi has several case markers.<ref name=":0" />

Genitive case markers are ''-na'', ''-va'', ''-a''.

* ''-na'' is used after ''na:r'', meaning village. ''-va'' is used after personal and reflexive pronouns.
* ''-a'' is used elsewhere.

== Sample text ==
The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=मानेय अधिकार ता सार्वभैम घोषना |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/gno.pdf |language=gon}}</ref>

===English===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

===Northern Gondi===
{{lang|gon|सब् माने कुन् गौरव् अरु अधिकार् ना मांला ते जनंजात् सुतन्तर्ता अरु बराबर् ता हक् पुट्ताल। अवेन् भायि लेह्का माने मासि बेव्हार् कियाना आन्द।}}

===Romanisation (ISO 15919)===
Sab māne kun gaurav aru adhikār nā māmlā tē janamjāt sutantartā aru barābar tā hak puṭtāla. Aven bhāyi lehkā māne māsi bevhār kiyānā ānda.


==Dialects==
Most of the Gondi dialects are still inadequately recorded and described. The more important dialects are Dorla, [[Koya language|Koya]], [[Madiya language|Madiya]], [[Muria language|Muria]], and Raj Gond. Some basic [[phonology|phonologic]] features separate the northwestern dialects from the southeastern. One is the treatment of the original initial ''s'', which is preserved in northern and western Gondi, while farther to the south and east it has been changed to ''h''; in some other dialects it has been lost completely. Other dialectal variations in the Gondi language are the alteration of initial ''r'' with initial ''l'' and a change of ''e'' and ''o'' to ''a''.

In 2015, the ISO 639 code for the "Southern Gondi language", "ggo", was deprecated and split into two codes, Aheri Gondi (esg) and Adilabad Gondi (wsg).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015-062 {{!}} ISO 639-3|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-062|access-date=2020-07-15|website=iso639-3.sil.org|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213003632/https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-062|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Penny|first=Mark|date=2015-08-24|title=ISO 639-3 Registration AuthorityRequest for Change toISO 639-3 Language CodeChange Request Number: 2015-062(completed by Registration authority)|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-062.pdf|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213003631/https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-062.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Writing==
{{main article|Gondi writing}}

Gondi writing can be split into two categories: that using its own writing systems and that using writing systems also used for other languages.

For lack of a widespread native script, Gondi is often written in [[Devanagari]] and [[Telugu script]]s.

In 1928, Munshi Mangal Singh Masaram designed a native script based on Brahmi characters and in the same format of an Indian alphasyllabary. This script did not become widely used,{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} although it is being encoded in [[Unicode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3841.pdf|title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Gondi Script in the UCS|access-date=30 June 2010|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323190607/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3841.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most Gonds remain illiterate.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

A native script that dates up to 1750 has been discovered by a group of researchers from the University of Hyderabad. It's usually named [[Gunjala Gondi Lipi]], after the place where it was found. According to Maharashtra Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre of India, a dozen [[manuscript]]s were found in this script. Programs to create awareness and promotion of this script among the [[Gondi people]] are in development stage. The Gunjala Gondi Lipi has witnessed a surge in prominence, and well-supported efforts are being undertaken in villages of northern [[Andhra Pradesh]] to widen its usage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Beine, David K. 1994. [https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52565 A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking Communities of Central India]. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. 516 p.
* [[Charles Chenevix Trench|Chenevix Trench, Charles]]. ''Grammar of Gondi: As Spoken in the Betul District, Central Provinces, India; with Vocabulary, Folk-Tales, Stories and Songs of the Gonds / Volume 1 - Grammar''. Madras: Government Press, 1919.
* Hivale, Shamrao, and [[Verrier Elwin]]. ''Songs of the Forest; The Folk Poetry of the Gonds''. London: G. Allen & Unwin, ltd, 1935.
* Moss, Clement F. ''An Introduction to the Grammar of the Gondi Language''. [Jubbalpore?]: Literature Committee of the Evangelical National Missionary Society of Sweden, 1950.
* Pagdi, Setumadhava Rao. ''A Grammar of the Gondi Language''. [Hyderabad-Dn: s.n, 1954.
* Subrahmanyam, P. S. ''Descriptive Grammar of Gondi'' Annamalainagar: Annamalai University, 1968.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary cat}}
{{Incubator|code= esg|lang=Aheri Gondi}}
{{Incubator|code= wsg|lang=Adilabad Gondi}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233044/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/5466AK Parable of the prodigal son in Gondi language, (''Audio recording dated 1917'')]
* [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023063799#page/n135/mode/2up Specimen of the languages of the Gond tribes]
* [https://www.gondwana.in/en/gondi-dictionary Gondi-English-Hindi-Marathi-Telugu dictionary]

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gondi Language}}
[[Category:Gondi language| ]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Birla School Pilani

2026-02-21T02:53:01Z

Christi2099: started initial post basic info

{{about|the school in Pilani, India|the boarding school in the same city|Birla Public School|the school in Doha|List of schools in Qatar}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Birla School Pilani
| image = Birla Senior Secondary School, senior wing.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The administrative, faculty and arts building
| logo = Bsss_Seal.png
| city = [[Pilani]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| zipcode = 333031
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|21|48|N|75|36|8|E|display=inline,title}}
| headmaster = Bupan Sharma<ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative Staff {{!}} Birla School Pilani|url=http://www.birlaschoolpilani.edu.in/faculty/administrative-faculty/|website=www.birlaschoolpilani.edu.in|accessdate=28 December 2017}}</ref>
| superintendent =
| principal = Dhirendra Singh<ref>{{cite web|title=Principal's Welcome {{!}} Birla School Pilani|url=http://www.birlaschoolpilani.edu.in/about-us/principals-welcome/|website=www.birlaschoolpilani.edu.in|accessdate=28 December 2017}}</ref>
| faculty = {{hlist|Science|commerce|arts}}
| enrollment = 1800
| motto = ''tamasomā jyotir gamaya'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| established = {{start date and age|1901}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]], [[Boarding school|boarding]]
| grades = [[K-12|I—XII]]
| campus = Country
| colors =
| schedule =
| schedule_type =
| athletic_conference =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|birlaschoolpilani.edu.in}}
}}

The '''Birla School Pilani''' (abbreviated as '''BSP''') is a [[Private school|private]] [[K-12|primary and secondary]] [[Boarding school|boarding]] school in [[Pilani]], [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]], in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The school was previously known as '''Birla Senior Secondary School'''. The school is considered to be a royal school along with a few other schools in India, due to its long patroness history and has educated some well known royal families of India during [[British Raj]]. It also has a prominent alumni network in India due to its rich history.

==History==
BSP was established in 1901. The school, the oldest Birla Institution in Pilani, was started as a ‘Pathshala’ in 1901, by Seth Shiv Narayanji Birla for the education of his grandsons Shri [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]] and Shri [[Rameshwar Das Birla]]. Raised to a true English Middle school in 1916, the school became a pioneer by extending the benefits of quality education to the people of Shekhawati and outlying areas.

It grew into a [[high school]] in 1925 and later on into an intermediate college in 1928. The school was named as Birla High School in 1943, Multipurpose Higher Secondary School in 1959, Birla Higher Secondary School in 1973 and Birla Senior Secondary School in 1977. The Birla College came into existence in 1943 when university classes were separated from the school. In 2010 the school was renamed to Birla School Pilani. The school is managed and run by the Birla Education Trust.

==Affiliation==
The school affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] in 1985.<ref>[http://cbseaff.nic.in/SchoolDir/appview_dir.asp?affno=1730009 CBSE Affiliation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020021135/http://cbseaff.nic.in/SchoolDir/appview_dir.asp?affno=1730009 |date=20 October 2007 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.birlaschoolpilani.edu.in/}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1901]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]

Lutfunnisa Begum

2026-02-18T15:01:31Z

Christi2099:

{{Short description|3rd wife of Siraj-Ud-Daulah}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lutfunnisa
| title =
| image = লুৎফুন্নিসা বেগম.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Lutfunissa from ''Banglar Begum'' (1912)
| succession = Primary Consort of the Nawab of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]
| reign = 9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757
| birth_date = 18 July 1740
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1790|11|10|1740|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]]
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]
| issue = Qudsia Begum Sahiba (Umme-Zehra)
| full name = Begum Nawabjadi Lutfunnissa Khan Chowdhurani
| house = Hirajheel Palace
| father = Iraj Khan
| mother = Parbati Das
| burial_place = [[Khushbagh]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]]
| burial_date = 11 November 1790
| signature =
}}
'''Lutfunnisa Begum''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|لطف النساء بیگم}}}}, {{langx|bn|বেগম লুৎফুন্নেসা}}; 1740 – 10 November 1790) was the 3rd wife and primary consort of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]] (the ruler of the [[Bengal Subah]]).<ref>{{cite news |title= The women in Siraj ud-Daulah's life |url= http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-252297|newspaper= The Daily Star |access-date=6 November 2017 |language= en |date= 4 October 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lutfunnisa, who served Begum Sharifun nissa, Siraj ud-Daulah's maternal grandmother.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Markovits |first= Claude |year= 2004 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |publisher= Anthem Press |isbn= 9781843310044 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA194}}</ref> Siraj was infatuated with the beauty of Rajkunwari and asked his grandmother to give her to him. Begum Sharifun nissa complied and he renamed her ''Lutfunnisa Begum''. By this point, Siraj had already married two other wives: [[Begum Zaibunissa]] and [[Umdatunnisa Bahu Begum]].<ref name=Iqbal>{{cite web |last= Iqbal |first= Shahryar ZR |title= Lutfunnisa Begum |website= Banglapedia |url= http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lutfunnisa_Begum|access-date=6 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Life after marriage==
Lutfunnisa gave birth to a daughter, Umme Zohra Begum, who was Siraj's firstborn child. In 1748, Siraj's father, [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]], was killed by [[Afghans|Afghan]] rebels headed by Mustafar Khan. Siraj was also appointed to his father's former position of Naib Nazim of [[Bihar]]. During this time, Lufunnisa Begum became his primary consort. After the [[Battle of Plassey]], which saw the [[British East India Company]] defeat Siraj and his [[France|French]] allies, Lutfunnisa escaped the palace with him and their daughter. Accompanying them was a trusted [[eunuch]]. On 24 June 1757, they made their escape. They were soon captured and brought back to [[Murshidabad]] by [[Mir Jafar]], the new nawab allied with the British.

Siraj-ud-Daulah was executed on 2 July 1757 in Murshidabad.<ref name=Dalrymple>{{cite book |last= Dalrymple |first= William |authorlink= William Dalrymple (historian) |year= 2019 |title= The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |location= London |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing |pages= 132, 133 |isbn= 978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref> [[Mir Qasim]], the son-in-law of Mir Jafar, tortured Lutfunnisa to discover the locations of the family jewels.<ref name=Iqbal/>
Soon after the killing of Siraj, all of the women of the house of his maternal grandfather, [[Alivardi Khan]], were either poisoned or rowed out into the centre of the Hooghly river and drowned by sinking of their boat.<ref name= Dalrymple /> The only ones who were spared were Lutfunnisa and her daughter, who in 1758, were exiled to [[Dhaka]] and imprisoned in [[Jinjira Palace]]. She was confined there for seven years{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} during which time Mir Jafar and his son each asked for her hand in marriage. She refused, stating, "having ridden an elephant before, I cannot now agree to ride an ass".<ref name= Dalrymple/>

She was released from Jinjira Palace in 1765 and was allowed back to Murshidabad. The British East India company allowed the creation of a pension for her and her daughter. The latter, Umme Zohra Begum, was married to Mir Asad Ali Khan Murad ud-Doulah, the nephew of Siraj, son of [[Mirza Mehedi Ekram ud-Doulah]] and later [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka|nawab of Dhaka]]. After her marriage, Umme Zohra Begum was renamed as [[Qudsiyah Begum Sahiba]]. They would give Lufunnisa four grandchildren, whom she raised after the death of first her son-in-law and then her daughter in 1774. In March 1787, she petitioned the [[British East India Company]] to increase her pension so to meet the additional cost of four grandchildren. The company refused the increase. The Estate of the Nawab of Bengal still paid for the upkeep of Lufunnisa's father-in-law's grave, which was managed by her.<ref name= Iqbal/><ref>{{cite news |title= Jinjira Palace: A tale lost in time|url= http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/128057/Jinjira-Palace-A-tale-lost-in-time|work=Prothom Alo |access-date= 6 November 2017|language= en|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060532/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/128057/Jinjira-Palace-A-tale-lost-in-time |archive-date= 7 November 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref>
Lutfunnesa would personally visit the mausoleum in the afternoon with recitations from the Quran every day and light candles there.

==Death==
[[File:LutfunissaBegum.jpg|thumb|Lutfunnisa tomb in [[Khosbag]]]]
Lufunnisa died on 10 November 1790. She was buried in [[Khushbagh]] by the side of her husband.<ref name=Iqbal/>

==In popular culture==
In 1960 the Indian novelist [[Sree Parabat]] published a novel, ''Ami Sirajer Begum'', about the life of Lutfunnisa and Siraj-ud-Daulah.

In the 1973 Indian Bengali historical film ''[[Ami Sirajer Begam]]'', directed by Sushil Mukhopadhya based on Sree Parabat's aforementioned novel, Lutfunnisa was portrayed by Bengali actress Sandhya Roy.

In 2018–19 an historical soap opera based on the novel, and also called ''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]'', was broadcast on [[Star Jalsha]], in which Lutfunnisa was portrayed by [[Pallavi Dey]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Lutfunnisa}}
[[Category:1790 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1740 births]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Subah]]

Nazneen Patel

2026-02-08T18:05:45Z

Christi2099: enhance lead also and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian Television actress (born 1945)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nazneen Patel
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2002–2014
| spouse = Vikram Ghai
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Nazneen Patel''' is an Indian actress who appeared in [[Bollywood]] movies and Indian [[soap opera]]s.

==Career==
Patel made her debut with Indian [[soap opera]], ''[[Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon]]'' in 2007. She made her [[Bollywood]] debut with the movie ''[[Good Luck!]]''.

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Role !! Notes !! Source
|-
| ''[[Good Luck!]]'' || 2008 || Kanchan Soni || - ||
|-
| ''[[Dee Saturday Night]]'' || 2014 || - || - ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Comments
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title='Neena Gupta said I was so bad and didn't know how to act', recalls Amit Sadh on his debut serial Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/neena-gupta-said-i-was-so-bad-and-didn-t-know-how-to-act-recalls-amit-sadh-on-his-debut-serial-kyun-hota-hai-pyarrr-101652521466650.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> || Malini ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' || Rashi Sikand ||
|-
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Pancham (TV series)|Pancham]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' || Mohini ||(Episode 9 & Episode 10)
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''Paalkhi'' || Keshavi ||
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'' || Dr. Megha ||
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon]]'' || Sanjana Patil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Shubh Kadam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Ek Din Achanak (TV series)|Ek Din Achanak]]''
| Esha Khanna
|
|-
| Bela
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' || Sagarika ||
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]'' || Sabeena Qureshi ||
|-
| 2012
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]'' || Episode 38 ||
|-
| 2013 || Episode 66 ||
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Cinema of India]]
*[[Bollywood]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4503568}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Television}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Nazneen}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ India-film-bio-stub }}

Ksshitij Chaudhary

2026-02-07T23:44:53Z

Christi2099: added a data

{{short description|Indian Punjabi film director|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ksshitij Chaudhary
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Jatts In Golmaal]], [[Mr & Mrs 420]], [[Yaara o Dildaara]].
| occupation = [[film director]]
| years_active =
}}

'''Ksshitij Chaudhary''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] Punjabi [[film director]] known for films such as ''[[Jatts In Golmaal]]'', ''[[Mr & Mrs 420]]'' and ''[[Yaara o Dildaara]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/No-strong-roles-for-women-in-films-Swati-Kapoor/articleshow/29701385.cms|title=No strong roles for women in films: Swati Kapoor - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Up, close and personal with Punjabi film director Ksshitij Chaudhary|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/up-close-and-personal-with-punjabi-film-director-ksshitij-chaudhary-93269|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Ksshitij began his career with the direction of the DVD film ''Meri Vahuti Da viyah''. In 2009, he got his first big break in the form of Harbhajan mann's "Heer-Ranjha" and then "Yaara o Dildaara" again a Habhajan mann's movie and then in 2013 he directed an out-and-out comedy film ''Jatts in Golmaal'' starring Arya Babbar, Gurpreet Guggi, jaswinder bhalla Binnu dhillon karamjeet anmol. In 2014 He directed romantic comedy film ''Mr. & Mrs. 420'' starring Jassi Gill, Yuvraaj Hans, Babal rai, shruti sodhi, swati kapoor, Avantika hundal, jaswinder bhalla, binnu dhillon and with the success of his films Ksshitij Became A Successful Director of Punjabi cinema.

==Filmography==
* ''Heer Ranjha: A True Love Story'' - 2009
* ''[[Yaara o Dildaara]]'' - 2011
* ''[[Jatts In Golmaal]]'' - 2013
* ''[[Mr & Mrs 420]]'' - 2014
* ''[[Main Teri Tu Mera]]'' 2016
* ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'' - 2017
* ''[[Bailaras]]'' - 2017
* ''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]'' - 2018
* ''[[Mr & Mrs 420 Returns]]'' - 2018
* ''[[Uda Aida]]'' - 2019
* ''[[Sohreyan Da Pind Aa Gaya]]'' - 2022

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Ksshitij}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Artists from Amritsar]]

South Canara District Central Co-operative Bank

2026-01-31T05:28:37Z

Christi2099: created place - done

{{refimprove|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = South Canara District Central Co-operative Bank
| logo =
| image = SCDCC Bank head office at K S Rao Road in Mangalore.jpg
| image_caption= Head office at [[K S Rao Road]] in [[Mangalore]]
| type = [[Co-operative]] Bank
| foundation = 1912
| location = [[Puttur, Karnataka]], India
| founder = Molahalli Shivarao
| industry = [[Financial service]]s
| products = [[Commercial banking]] [[Retail banking]] [[Private banking]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|scdccbank.com}}
}}

'''South Canara District Central Co-operative Bank''' ('''SCDCC Bank''') is a district central cooperative bank in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It was established in 1912 at [[Puttur, Karnataka]], by Molahalli Shiva Rao.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY |url=https://scdccbank.com/history.html |website=scdccbank.com |publisher=SCDCC Bank |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/he-came-he-saw-he-conquered-dr-mn-rajendra-kumar-creates-history-as-president-of-scdcc-bank-for-25-years/#:~:text=Puttur%20Rural%20Credit%20Co%2Dop.&text=Thus%20come%20into%20existence%20on,later%20shifted%20to%20Mangaluruin%201927. |website=mangalorean.com |publisher= |access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> as the 7th central cooperative bank in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency|Madras presidency]] at Puttur. The bank's head office is located in [[Mangalore]].

It has a network of 113 branches, including service branches, spread across the undivided district of South Canara. The bank offers a wide range of banking products and services to its customers, including savings accounts, current accounts, fixed deposits, loans, and insurance produmagazine.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY |url=https://scdccbank.com/history.html |website=scdccbank.com |publisher=SCDCC Bank |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks in India by state or union territory]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{Asia-bank-stub}}

Maina Ramulu

2026-01-20T07:21:03Z

Christi2099: Started First Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian serial killer}}
{{Infobox Serial Killer
| name = Maina Ramulu
| victims = 16–18
| conviction = {{plainlist|*Murder (x16)
*Larceny (x4)
*Escaping police custody}}
| sentence = [[Life imprisonment]]
| years_active = 2003–2018 (confirmed) 2003–2020 (alleged)
| country = India
| criminal_charge = Murder (x2)
| criminal_status = [[Incarcerated]]
| occupation = Stone-cutter
| birth_place = Arutla village, [[Telangana]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1976}}
| states = [[Telangana]]
| apprehended = October 14, 2009 May 13, 2013 2018 January 26, 2021
| escaped = December 2011
| escape_end = May 13, 2013
}}

'''Maina Ramulu''' (born 1976) is an Indian [[serial killer]] who [[Murder|murdered]] 16 to 18 women in India during three to four separate murder sprees.

Between 2003 and 2009, Ramulu murdered nine women in [[Hyderabad]], India. He was later caught given a life sentence, but he escaped from a psychiatric hospital in 2011 and murdered five more women. In 2013, Ramulu was caught again and received a [[Life imprisonment|life sentence]]. However, after filing an [[appeal]] with the Telangana high court, he was released from prison in 2018 and murdered two more women that year. Ramulu was released again and is now suspected of murdering two more women in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=2021-01-27 |title=Police arrest serial killer accused of murdering 18 women in Telangana's Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/police-arrest-serial-killer-accused-of-murdering-18-women-in-telangana-s-hyderabad-1763120-2021-01-27 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramulu was born in Arutla village, [[Telangana]], India. When he was older, he worked as a [[Stonemasonry|stone-cutter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewangan |first=Narsingh |date=2021-01-27 |title=Most wanted serial killer Maina Ramulu was caught, soon after marriage, his wife started living with another, killed 16 people to vent anger |url=https://bhaskarworld.com/2021/01/27/most-wanted-serial-killer-maina-ramulu-caught-shortly-after-marriage-wife-begins-with-second-man-kills-16-people-for-ejecting-fury/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Bhaskar World |language=hi}}</ref>

When Maina Ramulu was 21-years-old, his family [[Arranged marriage|arranged a marriage]] for him. However, a few days after their [[wedding]], his wife [[Elopement|eloped]] with another man. This caused Ramulu to develop a [[Misogyny|hatred for women]]. He started to [[Harassment|harass]] women, and began murdering them in 2003.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sambhav |first=Kumar |date=2021-01-27 |title=पत्नी भाग गई तो बना सीरियल किलर, 18 महिलाओं का किया कत्ल, फिर जला देता था चेहरा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/hyderabad-police-arrest-serial-killer-maina-ramulu-accused-of-murdering-18-women-in-telangana |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Murders ==

=== First murder spree (2003–2009) ===
Maina Ramulu started murdering women in [[Hyderabad]], India, in 2003. His [[modus operandi]] consisted of finding single women in [[toddy shop]]s and drinking with them. After the women were intoxicated, Ramulu would wait for everyone else in the toddy shop to leave, and then [[Strangling|strangle]] his victims to death with their [[sari]]s and [[Theft|steal]] their valuables.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-10-14 |title=He hated women, so he killed them |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/oct/14/he-hated-women-so-he-killed-them-94589.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

After murdering a woman in September 2009, police apprehended him in the Raiduragam toddy compound on October 14, 2009. The police then retrieved a pair of silver circlets, a pair of ear studs, four silver rings, two motorcycles, and a Nokia phone from Ramulu's home. Ramulu confessed to the murders, but claimed to have done so unknowingly while [[Alcohol intoxication|inebriated]].<ref name=":2" /> Ramulu was sentenced to life in prison for the murders on February 21, 2011, and taken to the Central Cherlapally Prison to live out his sentence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Serial killer involved in 21 cases arrested in Hyderabad |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/serial-killer-involved-in-21-cases-arrested-in-hyderabad20210127024628/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Second murder spree (2012–2013) ===
In February 2011, Ramulu was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment. In December of that year, Ramulu and five other inmates escaped from the hospital.<ref name=":0" /> After his escape, he murdered five more women in [[Bowenpally]], [[Chanda Nagar|Chandanagar]], and [[Dundigal]]. On May 13, 2013, he was apprehended by the Bowenpally police and sent back to prison.

=== Third murder spree (2018) ===
Following an appeal petition filed with the high court of Telangana, Ramulu was released from prison in 2018. While free, he murdered two more women in [[Shamirpet]] and [[Patancheru]]. He was subsequently arrested and sent back to prison again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Telangana Police Nabs 'Serial Killer' Who Murdered 18 Women After Wife Left Him 'Revengeful' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/telangana-police-nabs-serial-killer-who-murdered-18-women-after-wife-left-him-revengeful-3345212.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Fourth alleged murder spree (2020) ===
In 2020, Ramulu filed another appeal with the Telangana high court, and was released from prison on July 31, 2020. Ramulu is now accused of murdering two more women in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Louise |date=2021-01-28 |title=La serial killer indiana Maina Ramulu è stata arrestata dalla polizia |url=https://it.desiblitz.com/content/indian-serial-killer-maina-ramulu-arrested-by-police |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=DESIblitz |language=it}}</ref> On December 10, 2020, he allegedly met a woman at a toddy shop in Bala Nagar. After he offered to pay her money in exchange for sex, the two went to a secluded area of the Japta Singayapalli village, where he strangled her to death. The victim is still unidentified, and estimated to be between 35 and 45-years-old.<ref name=":1" /> Then, on December 30, 2020, Ramulu allegedly met Kavala Venkatamama, 50, at the Yousufguda toddy shop in [[Jubilee Hills]]. The two then went to an isolated area of the Ankushapur village, where he beat her to death with a boulder.<ref name=":3" />

After the bodies of the victims were found, the Hyderabad and Rachakonda police departments formed a task force to catch the perpetrator. They identified Maina Ramulu as the perpetrator after reviewing CCTV footage, which showed him with the two women shortly before their deaths. He was then arrested on January 26, 2021, and charged with the two murders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ian |date=2021-01-27 |title=Serial killer accused of killing 18 women arrested by Hyderabad police |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/serial-killer-accused-killing-18-women-arrested-hyderabad-police-142236 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

C. M. Prasad

2026-01-17T22:04:57Z

Christi2099: started basic post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. C.M. Prasad
| image = Dr.C.M.Prasad.jpg
| birth_name = {{nowrap|Channavajjala Mallikarjuna Prasad}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|05|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Psychiatrist
| years_active =
}}
'''Channavajjala Mallikarjuna Prasad''' (born May 14, 1948), commonly known as '''C. M. Prasad''', is an Indian born physician/[[psychiatrist]] in the [[Washington, DC]] area.<ref name="CR"/>

==Education==
C.M. Prasad acquired a bachelor's degree from [[Andhra Christian College]], Guntur, [[Andhra University]] in 1968.<ref name=CR>{{cite web |last1=Beyer |first1=Donald |title=RECOGNIZING DR. CHANNAVAJJALA M. PRASAD |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2018-09-06/pdf/CREC-2018-09-06-extensions.pdf |website=Congressional Record |publisher=U.S. House Congressional Record |access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref> He went on in 1972 to graduate with a master's degree in pharmacology from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name="aapi">{{cite news |title=Dr. CM Prasad gets Pravasi Divas Award in Delhi |url=http://www.aapiusa.org/news/article/cm-prasad-pbd-2012.aspx |access-date=January 14, 2026 |publisher=American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin |date=January 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012708/http://www.aapiusa.org/news/article/cm-prasad-pbd-2012.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> He pursued postgraduate research work at the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] and obtained his PhD in Pharmacology in 1977.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Prasad started as a research scientist at the [[Texas Medical Center|University of Texas Medical Center]] in Houston in 1978. He taught and carried out research in pharmacology at the [[University of Houston]], TX in 1979. His research during 1978-1982 addressed studies into the mechanisms of neuronal and neurohumoral transmission. He obtained his medical degree in 1984 at the [[Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco|Medical School in Juarez]], Mexico.<ref name=CR/> That was followed by psychiatry training in [[St. Elizabeths Hospital|St. Elizabeths hospital]] in Washington, DC during 1984–88, and then a year of neurology in [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mt. Sinai Hospital]] in New York.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Prasad specialized in researching basal ganglia mineralization in schizophrenic patients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=C.M. |last2=Casanova |first2=M.F. |last3=Waldman |first3=I |last4=Illowsky |first4=B |last5=Stein |first5=B |last6=Weinberger |first6=DR |last7=Kleinman |first7=JB |title=No difference in basal ganglia mineralization between schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients: a quantitative computerized tomographic study |journal=Biological Psychiatry |date=January 1990 |volume=2 |issue=27 |pages=138–142 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(90)90643-g |pmid=2294977 }}</ref>

==Career==

Prasad has certifications in psychiatry and addiction medicine. He is also involved in geriatric psychiatry, pain management, prison psychiatry and [[electroconvulsive therapy]]. Prasad is a member of the [[American Psychiatric Association]], Washington Psychiatric Society, American Board of Addiction Medicine,<ref>{{cite web |title=ABAM Lifetime Diplomates Roster |url=https://www.abam.net/assets/docs/ABAM%20Lifetime%20Diplomates%20Roster_08.04.25.pdf |website=American Board of Addiction Medicine |access-date=January 15, 2026}}</ref> American Board of Physician Specialists, American Board of Psychiatric Medicine, American Board of Pain Management, American Association of Physicians of India Origin, the Indo-American Psychiatric Association,<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-American Psychiatric Association Chapter Heads |url=https://myiapa.org/chapters/ |website=Indo-American Psychiatric Association |access-date=January 15, 2026}}</ref> and the National Association of certified Hypnotherapists.

Prasad retired from his affiliation with [[St. Elizabeths Hospital]] in 2011 and continued to practice as an independent consultant psychiatrist in private practice in several Washington, DC area hospitals. He is the medical director in a Neighbors' Cosejo, a nonprofit organization for the benefit of homeless Hispanic population in need of services for mental health, alcohol/substance abuse, rehabilitation and affordable housing in Washington, DC.

==Awards==

* He received the ''Pravasi Divas'' award for his achievements in the field of medicine at national and international levels from [[Lt. Governor of Pondicherry]] Sardar Dr. Iqbal Singh at an event held in Hotel Le Meridian of New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Member News: Dr. C.M. Prasad, MD |url=http://www.dcpsych.org/news/2012February.pdf |access-date=January 17, 2026 |agency=Washington Psychiatric Society |issue=Winter 2012 |publisher=Washington Psychiatric Society News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101195408/http://www.dcpsych.org/news/2012February.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref>
* He was elected to the status of a Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association in December 2011.
* He was recognized by the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin (GOPIO) in 2014 as one of its honorees who have excelled in the fields of education, business, industry, and community service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recognizing the 5th Anniversary and honorees of the Virginia Chapter of the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin |last1=Connolly |first1=Gerald |url=https://www.congress.gov/113/crec/2014/06/20/CREC-2014-06-20.pdf |website=The Congressional Record |publisher=U.S. House of Representatives |access-date=January 17, 2026}}</ref>
*On 14 December 2010 he was honored by the "Maryland India Business Round Table"(MIBRT)<ref name="MIBRT"/> with the "MIBRT award for excellence in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Practice & Counseling Service of the year".
*He received the honor from Honorable [[Ben Cardin]], Maryland Senator, in recognition of his commitment and services in providing Medical, Psychiatric and Counseling in the Washington DC metro area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
*On 26 May 2011 he received Maryland Governor's Citation in recognition of leadership in promoting business, trade and job growth in Maryland.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
*He was recognized in the ''[[Congressional Record]]'' on 6 September 2018 for his exceptional contributions to the international medical community.<ref name=CR/>

==Publications==
*{{cite journal |pmid=2294977 |year=1990 |last1=Casanova |first1=MF |last2=Prasad |first2=CM |last3=Waldman |first3=I |last4=Illowsky |first4=B |last5=Stein |first5=B |last6=Weinberger |first6=DR |last7=Kleinman |first7=JB |title=No difference in basal ganglia mineralization between schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients: A quantitative computerized tomographic study |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=138–42 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(90)90643-g|s2cid=24301613 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1253830 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |pmid=4019066 |year=1985 |last1=Prasad |first1=CM |last2=Pardo |first2=L |last3=Rigor |first3=BM |last4=Dafny |first4=N |title=Dose effects of halothane on sensory evoked responses obtained from the cortex, reticular formation and central gray |volume=27 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–100 |journal=The International Journal of Neuroscience |doi=10.3109/00207458509149138}}
*{{cite journal |pmid=7114972 |year=1982 |last1=Tadepalli |first1=AS |last2=Prasad |first2=CM |title=Depression of reflex vagal bradycardia by a central action of phentolamine ''in the'' spinal cat |volume=257 |issue=1 |pages=77–86 |journal=Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie}}
*{{cite journal |pmid=6173476 |year=1982 |last1=Prasad |first1=CM |last2=Adamski |first2=SW |last3=Svensjö |first3=E |last4=Grega |first4=GJ |title=Pharmacological modification of the edema produced by combined infusions of prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin in canine forelimbs |volume=220 |issue=2 |pages=293–8 |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)32936-8 }}
*{{cite journal |pmid=7249267 |year=1981 |last1=Amelang |first1=E |last2=Prasad |first2=CM |last3=Raymond |first3=RM |last4=Grega |first4=GJ |title=Interactions among inflammatory mediators on edema formation in the canine forelimb |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=298–306 |journal=Circulation Research |doi=10.1161/01.res.49.2.298|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |pmid=7367757 |year=1980 |last1=Prasad |first1=CM |last2=Nair |first2=KG |last3=Sheth |first3=UK |title=Reversal of digoxin induced cardiac arrhythmias by nickel chloride |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=405–8 |journal=Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology}}
*{{cite journal |pmid=4544694 |year=1973 |last1=Prasad |first1=CM |last2=Shah |first2=DS |last3=Gulati |first3=OD |title=Some factors affecting the neuron blocking action of guanethidine, xylocholine, bretylium and debrisoquin |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=805–11 |journal=Japanese Journal of Pharmacology |doi=10.1254/jjp.23.805|doi-access=free }}

==References==
{{Reflist|
<ref name="PARVASI">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.com/dr-prasad-gets-pravasi-diwas-award-in-delhi |title=Dr Prasad gets Pravasi Diwas Award in Delhi |publisher=IndiaPost |date=29 January 2012 |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="MIBRT">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianfortunenews.com/site/article_0111.php?article_id=26 |title=Asian Fortune - Asian Pacific American Community news in the Washington DC metropolitan area |publisher=Asianfortunenews.com |date=26 December 2010 |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012708/http://www.aapiusa.org/news/article/cm-prasad-pbd-2012.aspx Aapiusa.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, C. M.}}
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]

Peralasseri

2026-01-16T13:26:51Z

Christi2099: small enhance structure for consistency and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peralasseri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Peralassery Sri Subrahmanya Temple Pond.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Temple Pond in Peralassery
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.849140|N|75.486010|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Peralasseri Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16,821
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Peralasseri''' is a [[census town]] and Panchayat headquarters in [[Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]], situated on the Kannur-Kuthuparamba [[State Highway 38 (Kerala)]], 12 km from [[Kannur|Kannur city]], on the bank of Anjarakandy river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Peralasseri is {{convert|14|km|mi}} from the district headquarters [[Kannur]]. The nearest town and railway stations are Thalassery which is {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} and Kannur which is {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It is surrounded by 4 [[panchayats]]: Kadambur, Vengad, Anjarakandi, and Pinarayi.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Demographics ==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Peralasseri had a population of 16,821 which constitutes 7,687 (45.7%) males and 9,134 (54.3%) females. Peralasseri [[census town]] spreads over an area of {{cvt|10.76|km2}} with 3,830 families residing in it. The male female sex ratio was 1,188 higher than state average of 1,084.
In Peralasseri, 10.3% of the population is under 6 years of age. Peralasseri had an overall literacy of 97.9% higher than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 98.8% and female literacy was 97%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=192,193 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Religion==
As of 2011 census, Peralasseri census town had total population of 16,821, which constitutes 79.4% Hindus, 20.4% Muslims and 0.2% others.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
Kannur - Kuthuparamba state highway passes through Peralasser, which is about 14 km from [[Kannur International Airport]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Peralassery Hanging Bridge.jpg|thumbnail|Hanging Bridge at Peralassery]]
The bridge of Peralasseri across the Anjarakandy River is one of the few hanging bridges in Kannur district.{{citation needed|reason=published source should be provided for this notable item|date=December 2015}}

[[File:Peralasseri A.K.G. Smaraka Govt. Higher Secondary School.JPG|thumbnail|AKG High School, Peralassery]]

==Education==
* AKG Smaraka Govt.Higher secondary school<ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Peralassery AKGS GHSS | url=http://peralasseryghss.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002022/http://peralasseryghss.in/ | archive-date=2012-04-26 | access-date=2025-08-25}}</ref>
* Viswabharathi Public School, Mavilayi <ref>http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=931286/{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Peralasseri}}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Villages near Kannur airport]]

2023 elections in India

2026-01-09T14:13:29Z

Christi2099:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2023
| type =
| rajya_control = ''None''
| rajya_seats_contested = 10 (+2 by-elections)
| rajya_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +1
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| by_seats_contested = 6
| by_net_change = TBD (0)
| by_map =
| by_map_caption =
| states_contested = 9
| state_net_change = {{steady}}
| state_map =
| state_map_caption = Incumbent party by state
| state_seats_contested = 17
| state_by_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +1
| state_by_map =
| state_by_map_caption =
}}

Elections in India in 2023 were held in the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assemblies]] of nine states and several local bodies.<ref name="eci">{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses - Election Commission of India|website=eci.gov.in|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref>

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
!colspan=2|Party before election
!Elected MP
!colspan=2|Party after election
!Reason
|-
!1
|10 May 2023
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalandhar bypoll results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeMay2023/ConstituencywiseS194.htm}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Death of [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress MP Dies Of Heart Attack During Bharat Jodo Yatra, March Paused |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mp-chaudhary-santokh-singh-dies-of-heart-attack-during-bharat-jodo-yatra-3691376 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

== State legislative assembly elections ==
[[File:2023 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|280px|2023 Indian Election Results]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Polling Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|16 February 2023
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | 27 February 2023
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| {{Party color cell|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| {{Party color cell|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| [[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10 May 2023
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Basavaraj Bommai|Basavaraj S. Bommai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 November 2023
| [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| [[Zoramthanga]]
| {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
| [[Lalduhoma]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 and 17 November 2023
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| [[File:IN-CT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 17 November 2023
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| [[Mohan Yadav]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 25 November 2023
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| |[[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|30 November 2023
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Revanth Reddy]]
| [[File:IN-TG.svg|50px]]
|}

== Legislative Assembly by-elections ==

=== [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|27 February 2023
!1
|[[Lumla Assembly constituency|Lumla]]
|[[Jambey Tashi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tsering Lhamu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh: BJP Candidate Tsering Lhamu Set To Win Lungla By-Election Unopposed |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/arunachal-pradesh-bjp-candidate-tsering-lhamu-set-to-win-lungla-by-election-unopposed-2571420.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Death of [[Jambey Tashi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal BJP MLA Jambey Tashi Dies At 48, Chief Minister Pays Respects |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-bjp-mla-jambey-tashi-dies-at-48-chief-minister-pema-khandu-pays-respects-3483613 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|27 February 2023
!23
|[[Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Mamta Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sunita Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-02 |title=रामगढ़ सीट पर आगे चल रहीं NDA प्रत्याशी सुनीता चौधरी, किसकी होगी जीत, क्या है जमीनी हकीकत? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jharkhand/ramgarh-by-election-results-2023-nda-candidate-sunita-choudhary-leading-jharkhand-ramgarh-bypoll-2347782 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|Conviction of [[Mamta Devi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Jharkhand News: रामगढ़ की विधायक ममता देवी को 5 साल की सजा, जाएगी विधायकी, हाईकोर्ट में देंगी चुनौती |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ramgarh/ramgarh-gola-goli-kand-mla-mamta-devi-sentenced-to-5-years-will-go-to-legislature-srn |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2023
!33
|[[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
|[[Jagarnath Mahto|Jagannath Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Baby Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Death of [[Jagarnath Mahto|Jagannath Mahto]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Jharkhand education minister Jagarnath Mahto passes away, two day state mourning announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-education-minister-jagarnath-mahto-passes-away/articleshow/99286015.cms |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|5 September 2023
!98
|[[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chandy Oommen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Death of [[Oommen Chandy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=Former Kerala CM Oommen Chandy passes away at 79 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-kerala-cm-oommen-chandy-passes-away-at-79/article67092672.ece |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|Rowspan=2|26 February 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1893660|title=Bye election to Assembly Constituencies of Maharashtra-Change of date of poll|work=Press Information Bureau, Govt of India|accessdate=25 January 2023}}</ref>
!205
|[[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
|[[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashwini Jagtap]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ashwini Jagtap elected first woman MLA of Pimpri-Chinchwad, Kalate plays spoilsport for Kate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ashwini-jagtap-first-woman-mla-pimpri-chinchwad-kalate-plays-spoilsport-kate-8476080/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Death of [[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2023-01-03 |title=Blow to BJP in Pune as influential MLA Laxman Jagtap passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/blow-to-bjp-in-pune-as-influential-mla-laxman-jagtap-passes-away/article66332850.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!215
|[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
|[[Mukta Tilak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravindra Dhangekar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ravindra Dhangekar wins Pune’s Kasba for Congress after nearly 30 years |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ravindra-dhangekar-wins-punes-kasba-assembly-seat-for-congress-in-bypolls-after-nearly-30-years-16081871.htm |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Death of [[Mukta Tilak]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2022-12-23 |title=BJP MLA and ex-Pune Mayor Mukta Tilak passes away at 57 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-mla-and-ex-pune-mayor-mukta-tilak-passes-away-at-57/article66292798.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|7 November 2023
!48
|[[Tapi Assembly constituency|Tapi]]
|[[Noke Wangnao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|Wangpang Konyak
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|Death of [[Noke Wangnao]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Oldest Nagaland assembly member Noke Wangnao passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/veteran-nagaland-politician-noke-wangnao-passes-away-at-87-state-funeral-held-in-dimapur-101693207121235.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
| 10 May 2023
! 7
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Dipali Das]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharsuguda bypoll: BJD's Dipali Das wins bypoll from murdered father's seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-jharsuguda-assembly-bypoll-dipali-das-naba-kishore-das-murdered-minister-2378705-2023-05-13 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Death of [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2023-05-26 |title=Naba Kishore Das murder case {{!}} Assailant developed personal grudge, anguish against Minister, says Odisha Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naba-kishore-das-murder-case-assailant-developed-personal-grudge-anguish-against-minister-says-odisha-police/article66896181.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| 27 February 2023
! 98
| [[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode (East)]]
| [[Thirumagan Evera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=EVKS Elangovan wins Erode East byelection with a margin of 66,087 votes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/evks-elangovan-wins-erode-east-byelection-with-a-margin-of-66087-votes/articleshow/98369776.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="2" |5 September 2023
!20
|[[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]
|[[Samsul Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[Tafajjal Hossain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
!23
|[[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]
|[[Pratima Bhoumik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bindu Debnath]]
|}

=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|5 September 2023
!47
|[[Bageshwar Assembly constituency|Bageshwar]]
|[[Chandan Ram Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Parwati Dass
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10 May 2023
!34
|[[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]]
|[[Abdullah Azam Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Shafeek Ahmed Ansari]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=UP assembly bypolls: BJP ally Apna Dal (S)'s Shafeek Ahmed Ansari wins Suar by 8,724 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-assembly-bypolls-results-suar-by-election-apna-dal-s-s-shafeek-ahmed-ansari-samajwadi-party-101683959125679.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
!395
|[[Chhanbey Assembly constituency|Chhanbey]]
|[[Rahul Prakash|Rahul Prakash Kol]]
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|dab=yes}}
| [[Rinki Kol]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Uttar Pradesh bypolls: Apna Dal (Soneylal) candidate Rinki Kol pips SP rival Kirti Kol by 9,000 votes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-bypolls-apna-dal-soneylal-candidate-rinki-kol-sp-rival-kirti-kol-9000-votes-8607380/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2023
!354
|[[Ghosi (Assembly constituency)|Ghosi]]
|[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|27 February 2023
!60
|[[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|[[Subrata Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Died on 29 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/minister-of-state-subrata-saha-dies-at-69-8351586/|title=Minister of State Subrata Saha dies at 69|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|[[Bayron Biswas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagardighi Bypoll Election Result 2023: Congress Leads From West Bengal Assembly Seat In Setback For Mamata Banerjee's TMC |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sagardighi-bypoll-election-result-2023-congress-leads-from-west-bengal-assembly-seat-in-setback-for-mamata-banerjees-tmc-2579022.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5 September 2023
!15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]]
|[[Bishnu Pada Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 25 July 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bjp-mla-from-dhupguri-bishnu-pada-ray-dies-pm-modi-mamata-condole-his-death-8860295/|title=BJP MLA from Dhupguri Bishnu Pada Ray dies, PM Modi, Mamata condole his death|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|[[Nirmal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

== Local body elections ==



=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 2 May 2023
| [[2023 Shimla Municipal Corporation election|Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
=== Ladakh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 4 October 2023
| [[2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil election|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 9 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=Mizoram: Chakma Autonomous District Council Polls on May 9 - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/mizoram-news/mizoram-chakma-autonomous-district-council-polls-on-may-9-646026 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|}

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{{Main|2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal Corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! colspan="2" | Government after
|-
| rowspan="10" |4 May 2023
|[[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=14}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=17}}
|-
|[[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Agra Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Saharanpur Municipal Corporation
|-
|Moradabad Municipal Corporation
|-
|Mathura–Vrindavan Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation
|-
| rowspan="7" |11 May 2023
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Bareilly Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Aligarh Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Meerut Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Shahjahanpur Municipal Corporation
|style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|''did not exist''
|}

==See also==
* [[2024 elections in India]]
* [[2022 elections in India]]
* [[2023 Rajya Sabha elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.gov.in Election Commission of India] (official website)

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2023 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:2023 in India|Elections]]
[[Category:2023 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Mukesh Malhotra

2025-12-14T15:17:49Z

Christi2099: Started Basic Data W/ Refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Mukesh Malhotra''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":N18"/> He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Vijaypur Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Mukesh Malhotra of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vijaypur-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130412.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh bypoll: Congress wins Vijaypur seat, counting at Budhni still on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-bypoll-inc-wins-vijaypur-seat-counting-at-budhni-still-on/amp_articleshow/115595182.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Bypoll Results: Congress' Mukesh Malhotra Wins Vijaypur; BJP's Ramakant Bhargava Bags Budhni |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-bypoll-results-bjps-ramniwas-rawat-leads-by-5478-votes-in-vijaypur-congress-bjp-in-neck-to-neck-fight-in-budhni |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Mukesh}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Sheopur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Delhi Metropolitan Council

2025-12-14T06:37:35Z

Christi2099: started initial pg added tags

{{short description|Autonomous administrative division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
The '''Delhi Metropolitan Council''' was a council that existed between 1966 and 1990 that administered the [[Union Territory]] of [[Delhi]], India. The council had 56 elected and 5 nominated members, and was headed by a Chief Executive Councillor.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://m.hindustantimes.com/delhi/the-making-of-a-capital-state/story-ErqSapmhJMx8mFuYaRM8CN.html|title =The making of a capital state|publisher =[[Hindustan Times]]|date = 7 December 2011|website =hindustantimes.com |author =Atul Mathur|accessdate =4 August 2020}}</ref>
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Delhi Metropolitan Council
| house_type = Autonomous administrative council
| body = Union Territory of Delhi
| foundation = 1966
| disbanded = 1990
| preceded_by = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| houses =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| members = 61 Councillors
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 =
{{legend|#82FE4S|[[List of political parties in India|Elected]] (56)}}
{{legend|#000001|[[Nominated]] (5)}}
| political_groups2 =
| voting_system1 = [[Plurality voting system|Plurality voting]]
| last_election1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Old Secretariat, [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| website =
}}

==History==
The [[States Reorganisation Commission]], set up in 1953, led to the Constitutional amendment through [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], which came into effect on 1 November 1956. This meant that Delhi was no longer a Part-C State and was made a [[Union Territory]] under the direct administration of the President of India. Also the Delhi Legislative Assembly and the Council of Ministers were abolished simultaneously. Subsequently, the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957 was enacted which led to the formation the Municipal Corporation.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |title=History of Delhi Legislative Assembly|url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.htm|publisher=Legislative Assembly of Delhi website }}</ref>

Then, in September 1966, with "The Delhi Administration Act, 1966", the assembly was replaced by the Delhi Metropolitan Council with 56 elected and five nominated members with the [[Lt. Governor of Delhi]] as its head. The Council however had no legislative powers, only an advisory role in the governance of Delhi. This set up functioned until 1990.<ref name=hist/><ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Metropolitan Council(1966–1990)| url =http://delhiassembly.nic.in/metropoliton.htm|publisher=Delhi Legislative Assembly| accessdate = 22 January 2014}}</ref>

==Councils==

=== List of Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Name
!colspan=3| Term of office<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/metro.htm |title=Delhi Metropolitan Council (1966-1990) |website=delhiassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2| Party
! Council {{small|(Election)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
| Jag Parvesh Chandra
| 3 October 1966
| 27 March 1967
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1966|10|03|1967|03|27}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| ''Interim Council''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|2.
| [[L. K. Advani]]
| 28 March 1967
| 19 April 1970
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1967|03|28|1970|04|19}}
|rowspan = "2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|
|rowspan = "2" | [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| rowspan = "2" |First Council ([[1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|1967]])
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|3.
| Shyam Charan Gupta
| 19 April 1970
| 19 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1970|04|19|1972|03|19}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|4.
| Mir Mushtaq Ahmed
| 20 March 1972
| 27 June 1977
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1972|03|20|1977|06|27}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Second Council ([[1972 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|1972]])
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|5.
| [[Kalka Dass]]
| 28 June 1977
| 17 March 1983
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1977|06|27|1983|03|17}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party]]
|Third Council ([[1977 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|1977]])
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|6.
| Purushottam Goyel
| 18 March 1983
| 14 December 1989
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1983|03|18|1989|12|14}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Fourth Council ([[1983 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|1983]])
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Council
! Chairman
! {{nowrap|Deputy Chairman}}
! {{nowrap|Chief Executive Councillor}}
! {{nowrap|Executive Councillors}}
! Secretary
|-
| [[1966 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|Interim]] {{nowrap|(1966-1967)}}
| Jag Parvesh Chandra (3.10.66 to 27.3.1967)
| ''Vacant''
| Mir Mustaq Ahmed
| H.K.L.Bhagat, Radha Raman, Bhiku Ram Jain,
| rowspan = "2" |R.K. Baweja (1966-1970)
|-
| rowspan = "2" |[[1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|First Council]] (1967–1972)
| [[L. K. Advani]] (28 March 1967 to 19 April 1970)
| Shyam Charan Gupta
| rowspan = "2" |Vijay Kumar Malhotra
| rowspan = "2" |Ram Lal Verma, Amar Chand Shubh, Shiv Narain Sarsonia
|-
| {{nowrap|Shyam Charan Gupta}} ( 19 April 1970 to 19 March 1972)
| Janardhan Gupta
| Desh Deepak (1970-1972)
|-
| [[1972 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|Second Council]] (1972–1977)
| Mir Mustaq Ahmed (20.3.1972 to 27.6.1977)
| Jag Parvesh Chandra
| Radha Raman
| Mange Ram (1972–1973), Hira Singh (1973–1977), O.P.Behl (1972–1977)
| Desh Deepak (1970–72), Rajni Kant (1973-75), Sunder Lal Bhargava (1975), T.R. Kalia (1975–77), M.K.Chawla ( 1977–78)
|-
| [[1977 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|Third Council]] (1977–1980)
| Kalka Dass (28.6.77 to 17.3.83) Chairman
| Begum Khurshid Kidwai ( 1977–1980) Dy. Chairperson
| Kidar Nath Sahni C.E.C
| [[Madan Lal Khurana]], Rajesh Sharma, Fateh Singh
| G.C.Jain (1978–79) N.C.Kochhar (1979–83)
|-
| [[1983 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|Fourth Council]] {{nowrap|(1983–1990)<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830228-delhi-civic-polls-congressi-fights-back-wins-an-impressive-victory-771275-2013-08-23|title =Delhi civic polls: Congress(I) fights back, wins an impressive victory|publisher =[[India Today]] |location =[[New Delhi]]|date =28 February 1983|website =indiatoday.in/magazine|author =Coomi Kappor|accessdate =5 August 2020}}</ref>}}
| Purushottam Goyel (18.3.83 onwards) Chairman
| Tajdar Babar (1983 onwards) Dy. Chairperson
| Jag Parvesh Chandra C.E.C
| Bansi lal Chauhan E.C. (Health), Prem Singh E.C. (Dev.), Kulanand Bhartiya E.C. (Edn.)
| Lokeshwar Prasad ( 1983–85), B.S.Chaudhary (1985 -1990)
|}

==See also==
*[[Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
{{Delhi elections}}
[[Category:Government of Delhi]]
[[Category:Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]

Y. K. Sohoni

2025-12-08T11:33:07Z

Christi2099: created info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Y.K.Sohoni.jpg|thumb|Prof. Y.K. Sohoni in 1995.]]
'''Y. K. Sohoni''' (1911–2003) was a teacher and professor of French for over fifty years. He was based in [[Pune]] and [[Bombay]] for most of his life, till he migrated to the [[United States of America]] in 1984. In 1953, he started the Indian Association of Teachers of French.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/France-returns-to-Pune-for-celebrations/articleshow/290741.cms|newspaper=Times of India | title=France returns to Pune for celebrations | date=19 November 2003 | first=Devayani | last=Shahane | access-date=3 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iatf-inde.com/|title=Indian Association of Teachers of French|publisher=Iatf-inde.com|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217170442/http://iatf-inde.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Notes and Discussion |journal=The French Review |date=May 1957 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=478–481 |jstor=383872 }}</ref> He was instrumental in setting up several departments and institutes for the teaching and learning of French in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nishtatai-french-teacher-and-social-worker-from-pune-no-more-1619357|title=Nishta'tai', french teacher and social worker from Pune, no more|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> and was the first Head of the Department of Modern European Languages at the [[University of Pune]],<ref>Wasant Hari Golay, ''The University of Poona 1949-1974: Silver Jubilee Commemoration Volume'' (Poona: The Poona University Press, 1974), p. 166.</ref> Among other awards, in 1975 he was awarded the [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier dans l'Ordre Palmes Académiques]] by the Government of France "pour services rendus a la culture française."<ref>''The Times of India'', Delhi, 17 June 1975, p. 7.</ref> It was in the same year that he established the Department of French in [[CIEFL]], [[Hyderabad]]. From 1984, he lived in [[Great Falls, Virginia]] till his death in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mocavo.com/Yashwant-Sohoni-1911-2003-Social-Security-Death-Index/10598072660481621831|title=YASHWANT SOHONI (1911-2003)|publisher=Mocavo.com|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>

==Education and teaching career==
Yeshwant Kashinath Sohoni was born in a [[Chitpavan]] Brahmin family in [[Pune]], and went to the M.E. Society's Boys' School (Perugate Bhave school) in Pune. He attended [[S.P. College]] (then under the [[University of Bombay]]), from where he received a [[Bachelor of Science]] in Mathematics and Physics (18 August 1936), and also a Bachelor of Arts (15 February 1938). During this period around 1936-37, he taught French at the [[Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya]] High School, Pune, and at the M.E. Society's High School (now called the Vimalabai Garware High School) at Deccan Gymkhana, Pune. Y.K. Sohoni then left for Paris, where he was registered at the [[University of Paris|Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Paris]] in 1938-39, and received a Diplôme d'études de civilisation française in 1939. After his return to India, he taught French at the [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish Orphanage Society's High School]] at Mahim, Bombay, from 1940-44. He left Bombay to teach French at [[Fergusson College]], Pune, from 1944 to 1958, where he was the Head of the Department.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Deccan Education Society, Poona, for the Year 1962-63 |publisher=Deccan Education Society |location=Poona |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fOEydB60r4C |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> During this period, he also taught evening classes at the [[Ranade Institute]]. He was the promoter and first Secretary of the Indian Association of Teachers of French.<ref>{{cite web|title=A propos Indian Association of Teachers of French|url=http://iatf-ind.fipf.org/a-propos|website=Indian Association of Teachers of French|access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> In 1958, he was appointed as a lecturer in French at the [[University of Pune]] (then known as the University of Poona), and within a few years was promoted as a reader, then professor, and finally the Head of the Department of Modern European Languages.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eminent Educationists of India vol. 1|date=1969|publisher=National Book Organisation|location=New Delhi|page=362}}</ref> He retired from the [[University of Pune]] in 1973. He established the Department of French in [[CIEFL]], [[Hyderabad]] in 1975. In recognition of his services to French culture, the Government of France awarded him with the title of [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier dans l'Ordre Palmes Académiques]].<ref>''The Times of India'', Delhi, 17 June 1975, p. 7.</ref> Till 1976, he was the Correspondent for India for ''Le Français dans le Monde'' and of the Federation Internationale des Etudes Français.

==Personal life==
Prof. Y.K. Sohoni had two brothers, Krishna and Vijay, and two sisters, Lila and Kamala. He was married to Sushila Sohoni (née Bapat) in 1937 till her death in 2000. He is survived by three children, Shrikant Sohoni (retd. Reader, EMRC Pune), married to Shobhana Sohoni née Joshi (retd. Professor of Biochemistry, B.J. Medical College), Mangala Joshi (married to Brig. S.P. Joshi) and Aparna Karmarkar (married to the late Subhash Karmarkar who worked at the U.S. Naval Weapons Center in Bethesda),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anspacher |first1=William B. |last2=Gay |first2=Betty H. |last3=Marlowe |first3=Donald E. |last4=Morgan |first4=Paul B. |last5=Raff |first5=Samuel J. |title=The Legacy of the White Oak Laboratory: Accomplishments of NOL/NSWC (The White Oak Laboratory) |date=2000 |publisher=Naval Weapons Warfare Center |location=Dahlgren VA |page=297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tXaAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Legacy+of+the+White+Oak+Laboratory |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> and five grandchildren. His grandson, [[Pushkar Sohoni]], teaches at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]].

==Bibliography==
*"Letters from Paris" (Newsletters in Marathi, ''Kesari'', Pune, 1938)
*"Dictation in French Schools" (Article in English, ''The Progress of Education'', Pune, 1940)
*"Education in France" (Article in Marathi, ''Rohini'' Magazine, Pune, April 1948)
*"The Doctor in Moliere's Plays" (Article in Marathi, ''Navabharat'' Magazine, Pune 1949)
*''Suras French Katha'' (A collection of French Short Stories translated into Marathi, Pune: Dhamdhere Prakashan, 1950)
*"Three unique features of Spain" (Article in Marathi, ''Sahyadri'', December 1952)
*"Grow more…" (Compilation of short humorous stories, ''Vangamaya Shobha'', June 1954)
*"A Foreign Language Teacher's Problems" (Article in English, ''The Progress of Education'', Pune, July 1954)
*"Eventually he had to concede defeat" (Translation of a French story into Marathi, ''Chitramayajagat'', October 1954)
*"The rise of a great artist" (Translation of a French story into Marathi, ''Manohar'', Pune, January 1955)
*"Echanges culturels" (Article in French, ''Le Trait-d'Union'', Pondicherry, February 1956)
*"A New Approach to Elementary French" (Article in English, ''The Progress of Education'', Pune, October 1956)
*"What is a Lycee Pilote?" (Article in English, ''The Progress of Education'', Pune 1956)
*"L'Enseignement du français dans l'Etat de Bombay" (Article in French, ''Cahiers Pedagogiques'', Lyon, France, May 1957)
*"Strike while the iron is hot" (Article in English on the psychology of a polyglot, ''The Progress of Education'', Pune, 1957)
*"Learning a New Language" (Article in English, ''The Education Quarterly'', Ministry of Education, New Delhi, September 1958)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Learning a New Language |journal=The Education Quarterly |date=1958 |pages=260–265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4lMAAAAYAAJ |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>
*"Comment j'enseigne la littérature francaise" (Article in French, ''L'Enseignement du francais auz etrangers'', Alliance Française de Paris, November 1958)
*"You too can learn French" (Article in Marathi, ''Manohar'', Pune, January 1959)
*"Experimental Schools in France" (Article in English, ''The Orissa Education Magazine'', Vol III, March 1959)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Experimental Schools in France |journal=The Orissa Education Magazine |date=1959 |volume=III |issue=March |pages=8–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56A4AAAAIAAJ |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>
*"French Drama in the Twentieth Century" (Article in Marathi, ''Sakal'', Pune)
*"A propos de la traduction" (Article in French, ''L'Enseignement du francais auz etrangers'', Alliance Française de Paris, March 1961)
*"Compréhension visuelle sans expression orale" (Article in French, ''Le francais dans le monde'', Paris, September 1962)
*"Can Modern Languages be Properly Learned if Classical Languages are Discarded?" (Paper in English, ''Acta'', International Congress of the ''Federation internationale des langues et des litteratures modernes'', New York, August 1963)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Can Modern Languages be properly learned if Classical Languages are discarded? |journal=Acta of the Congress (International Federation for Modern Languages and Literatures) |date=1965 |page=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e03AAAAIAAJ |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>
*"Contact avec la France et le français" (Article in French, ''Le Trait-d'Union'', Pondicherry, July 1965)
*"A propos des textes prescrits" (Article in French, ''Le Trait-d'Union'', Pondicherry, October 1965)
*''Dix Contes'' (Ten French Short Stories selected and annotated in collaboration with Monsieur H.Fuseillier, (Bombay: Bombay University Publication, 1965)).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Dix Contes |date=1966 |publisher=Bombay University |location=Bombay}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jankowsky |first1=Kurt |title=Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language : Festschrift for Robert Lado |date=1985 |publisher=Johns Benjamins |location=Philadelphia |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qQS0hwymqMC |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
*''Petits Récits de Grands Ecrivains'' (Prose extracts selected and annotated in collaboration with Monsieur G.A.Deleury, (Bombay: Bombay University Publication, 1966)).
*''Vocabulaire d'initiation aux études agronomiques'' (Results of research done at Poona University with a grant from Centre de Recherches, d'Etudes de Documentation et d'Information sur la Femme, France, Institut Agronomique, Paris, and Poona university, Pune, (Paris: Didier, 1966))
*''Selections from French Poetry'' (Poems selected and annotated in collaboration with three teachers of French, (Pune: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary Education, April 1970))
*"Explication de texte" (Paper in French, ''Gem'', Karnatak University Vol III, Dharwar, 1970)
*"L'enseignement du français dans les universités indiennes" (Paper in French, ''Acta'', First International Meeting of Departments of French, Laval university, Quebec, Canada, May 1972)
*"Place and Importance of Translation in our Foreign Language Courses" (Article in English, ''The Education Quarterly'', Ministry of Education, New-Delhi, January 1974)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Place and Importance of Translation in Our Foreign Language Courses |journal=Guide to Indian Periodical Literature |date=1976 |volume=11 |page=746 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VfPAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Y.K. |title=Place and Importance of Translation in Our Foreign Language Courses|journal=Indian Education Abstracts |date=1974 |volume=20 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9k5AAAAIAAJ |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>
*"A few thoughts on the study of French Literature in our Indian Universities" (Article in English, ''Newsletter No.15'', 1975. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad)
*"The teaching of French in India with suggestions for its Improvement" (Article in English, ''Newsletter No.20'', March 1976, The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad)
*"Aspect in French" (Article in English, ''Newsletter No.24'', The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad)
*"Influence des écrivains français sur les écrivains marathes" (Paper read at Winter Institute, JNU, N.Delhi, 1983)
*"The teaching of French in India: Past and Present" (Article in English, published in ''Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language: Festschrift for Robert Lado'', John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jankowsky |first1=Kurt |title=Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language Festschrift for Robert Lado on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday on May 31, 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=Johns Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qQS0hwymqMC}}</ref>
*"Amchyawar ajach prem kara" (Poem in Marathi, July 1989, ''Ekata'' Quarterly, Toronto, Canada)
*"Jaudya mala dewaghari" and "Kiti Bhagyawan mi!" (Poems in Marathi, ''Oonmesh'', Poetry Collection published on the occasion of the 5th BMM CONVENTION, held at L.A., California, June 1991)
*"Nostalgie" (Article in French, published in ''Essais'' of The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 1994)
*"Les problèmes d'une personne âgée" (Article in French, published in ''Le Trait-d'Union'', Pondicherry, August 1995)
*"Sacrements" (Article in French, published in ''Le Trait-d'Union'', Pondicherry, August 1996)
*"Souvenir de mon premier voyage en France" (Article in French, published in ''Le Trait-d'Union'', Pondicherry, December 1997)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sohoni, Y.K.}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:People from Great Falls, Virginia]]

Savalyapuram

2025-12-03T08:07:07Z

Christi2099: general added page additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Savalyapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = 9km to vinukonda
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Savalyapuram
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522 646
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–8646
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Savalyapuram''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-04-27
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|07|56|N|79|50|25|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Sanjeev Seth

2025-11-30T05:29:36Z

Christi2099:

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| image = Sanjeev Seth cropped.jpg
| caption = Seth in 2012
| image_size =
| name = Sanjeev Seth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|12|29|df=yes}}
| nationality =
| occupation = Actor
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Resham Tipnis]]|1993|2004|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Lata Sabharwal]]|2009|2025|end=separated}}
}}
| children = Rishika Seth (daughter) Manav Seth (son) Aarav Seth (son)
| years_active = 1993–Present
| known_for = ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' ''Campus'' ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
| youtube_handle = @Khaudostsanjeevseth
| youtube_display_name = Khau Dost Sanjeev Seth

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 113 thousand
| youtube_views = 29 million
| stats_update = 17 April 2025
}}

'''Sanjeev Seth''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in Hindi television and films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/b-town-specials/shilpa-shetty-celebrates-diwali-on-nach-baliye-6/9_sanjeev-seth-nach-baliye/|title=Photos: 9_sanjeev-seth-nach-baliye.jpg|work=mid-day.com|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Seth is best known for playing Vishambharnath Maheshwari in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' and its spin-off ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/sanjeev-seth-looks-forward-10-years-long-yeh-rishta-journey/2018/08/29 |website=IWMBuzz.com |title=sanjeev-seth-looks-forward-10-years-long-yeh-rishta-journey}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Lataa Saberwal, Rajan Shahi, Sanjeev Seth.jpg|thumb|Lata Sabharwal,Rajan Shahi and Sanjeev Seth (from left)|alt=]]
Sanjeev was married to actress [[Lata Sabharwal|Lata Sabharwal Seth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Wedding-bells/articleshow/4011714.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-22/tv/28014233_1_marriage-plans-wedding-bells-love-and-marriage|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=The Times of India|title=Wedding bells!|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/news-media/press-releases/its-celebrities-galore-again-on-zee-tvs-game-show-ghar-ghar-mein.html|title=It's celebrities galore again on Zee TV's game show 'Ghar Ghar Mein'|author=Anonymous|date=22 February 2010|work=ZEE TV|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> They met on the sets of ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-disha-parmar-rahul-vaidya-to-kashmera-shah-krushna-abhishek-tv-couples-for-whom-age-gap-is-just-a-number/photostory/100562992.cms | title=From Disha Parmar-Rahul Vaidya to Kashmera Shah-Krushna Abhishek: TV couples for whom age-gap is just a number |work=The Times of India|date=28 May 2023}}</ref> They have one son, Aarav Seth, who was born in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/the-mother-lata-sabharwal-declines-nach-baliye-6-offer-130913 |title=The 'mother' in Lata Sabharwal declines Nach Baliye 6 offer |work=TellyChakkar |date=13 September 2013}}</ref>They announced their divorce on June 21, 2025.

Sanjeev was previously married to actress [[Resham Tipnis]]. They divorced in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/I-regret-my-divorce-Resham-Tipnis/articleshow/17532761.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216035658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-09/news-interviews/35689459_1_divorce-resham-tipnis-negative-role|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=The Times of India|title=I regret my divorce: Resham Tipnis|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
In his early years, Seth appeared in the 1993 television serial ''Campus''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/campus-tv-actors-recall-working-on-the-hit-1990s-show/story-xXXt4JCbTQZyt9F7NlT0EK.html | title=Campus: TV actors recall working on the hit 1990s show |work=Hindustan Times|date=9 September 2016}}</ref> Seth made his career with ''[[Karishma Kaa Karishma]]'' as Vikaram and then Seth signed for the role of Vishambharnath Maheshwari in the [[Star Plus]] television serial ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''. Sanjeev and his wife Lata also appeared in the [[Star Plus]] dance show ''[[Nach Baliye 6]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sanjeev-seth-lata-sabharwal-to-participate-in-nach-baliye-6/428704-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019155611/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sanjeev-seth-lata-sabharwal-to-participate-in-nach-baliye-6/428704-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2013|title=Sanjeev Seth, Lata Sabharwal to participate in 'Nach Baliye 6'|work=IBNLive|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/sanjeev-seth-lata-sabharwal-to-participate-in-nach-baliye-6_144683.html|title=Sanjeev Seth, Lata Sabharwal to participate in 'Nach Baliye 6'|work=Zee News|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Seth reprised his role as Vishambharnath Maheshwari in [[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]], the spin-off series of [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]].

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
|
| ''Umeed''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Raahat''
|
|
|-
| 1993–1997
| ''Campus''
|
| Negative Role
|-
| 1995
| ''Karm''
| Mushtaq Ali
| Supporting Role
|-
|1997
| ''[[Zee Horror Show#Anhonee| Zee Horror Show: Anhonee]]''
Episode:-
Mangalsutra: Part 1 to Part 5
|Vilas
|Episodic Role
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Zee Horror Show#Anhonee|Zee Horror Show: Anhonee]]''
Episode:-
Pyaas: Part 1 to Part 4

|Karan Kapoor
| Episodic Role
|-
| 1998
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Sub Inspector Sanjeev
| Supporting Role
|-
| 1998; 1999
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Tushar (Episode 136–137), Suraj/Ajay (episode !70-171)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 1998–1999
| ''Lakeerein''
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''– Anjali
| Michael (Episode 37)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 1998–2001
| ''[[Aashirwad (TV series)|Aashirwad]]''
| Vijay Mansingha
| Negative Role
|-
| 1998–2003
| ''[[Deewar (TV series)|Deewar]]''
| Gautam
| Supporting Role
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Zee Horror Show#Anhonee|Zee Horror Show: Anhonee]]''
Episode:- Tejori: Part 1 to Part 3
|Vinod Saxena
| Episodic Role
|-
| 1999
| ''[[X Zone]]'' – Karma: Part 1 & Part 2
| Episode 55 & Episode 56
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Zee Horror Show#Anhonee|Zee Horror Show: Anhonee]]'' Episode:– Shraap: Part 1 to Part 3
|Vinod
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2000–2002
| ''[[Mehndi Tere Naam Ki]]''
| Akash
| Supporting Role
|-
| 2002–2006
| ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]''
| Rohit
| Supporting Role
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[Karishma Kaa Karishma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here’s What The Young Cast Of 'Karishma Ka Karishma' Is Doing 15 Years Later |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/tv/ever-wondered-what-the-young-human-like-robot-karishma-from-karishma-ka-karishma-is-doing-now/photogallery/18003450 |website=i Diva}}</ref>
| Vikram
| Lead Role
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' – Ateet : Part 1 to Part 4
| Episode 25 to Episode 28
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kartika (TV series)|Kartika]]''
|
| rowspan = "5" | Supporting Role
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
| Abhay Parashar
|-
| 2009–2019
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Maheshwaris|Vishambharnath Maheshwari]]
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ek Thi Rani Ek Tha Raavan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-bharat-to-launch-ek-thi-rani-ek-tha-raavan-on-21-jan/|title=Star Bharat to launch 'Ek Thi Rani Ek Tha Raavan' on 21 Jan|website=Television Post}}</ref>
| Shivraj Sisodia
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
|[[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Maheshwaris|Vishambharnath Maheshwari]]
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Jyotirmay "Dadabhai" Chatterjee
|
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]''
| Karsan's maternal uncle
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]''
|Kittu's father
|
|}

== Reality Shows ==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 6|Nach Baliye 6]]''
| Contestant
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nach Baliye 6}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2227979}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Tiwari ministry (Uttarakhand)

2025-11-23T21:03:20Z

Christi2099: created article

{{Other uses|Tiwari ministry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = [[List of Uttaranchal ministries|3rd]]
| jurisdiction = [[Uttarakhand]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = N. D. Tiwari
| date_formed = 2 March 2002
| date_dissolved = 7 March 2007
| government_head = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] [[Sudarshan Agarwal]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =  {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition_leader =  [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] [[Matbar Singh Kandari]]
| election = [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| last_election = [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation = [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Assembly]]
| outgoing_formation = [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
| previous = [[Koshyari ministry]]
| successor = [[First Khanduri ministry]]
}}

The '''Narayan Datt Tiwari ministry''' was the [[Cabinet of Uttarakhand]] headed by the [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], [[N. D. Tiwari]] from 2002 to 2007.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/files/2002.pdf | title=उत्तरांचल मंत्रि-परिषद् | language=hi | trans-title=Uttaranchal Council of Ministers| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001053005/https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/files/2002.pdf | archive-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
Here is the list of cabinet ministers.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope=col| No.
!Name Portfolio {{small|(Constituency)}}
!scope=col| Departments & Works Allotted {{small|(Ministries)}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-style="text-align:center;
|1
| [[N. D. Tiwari]] Chief Minister {{small|(Ramnagar)}}
| ''All Departments not allotted to other ministers''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|2
| [[Indira Hridayesh]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Haldwani)}}
|''Public Works, Parliamentary Affairs, State Assets, Information, Science & Technology''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|3
| [[Narendra Singh Bhandari]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Pauri)}}
|''Primary education, Secondary education, Language''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|4
| [[Hira Singh Bisht]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Rajpur)}}
|''Transport, Technical Education, Labour, Employment & Training''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|5
| [[Tilak Raj Behar]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Rudrapur-Kichha)}}
|''Medicine, Health & Family Welfare''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|6
| [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Dhumakot)}}
|''Tourism, Excise & Soldier Welfare''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|7
| [[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Lohaghat)}}
|''Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing, Watershed Management''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|8
| [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Chakrata)}}
|''Panchayati Raj, Sports, Rural Engineering, Freedom Fighters, Food & Civil Supplies''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|9
| [[Nav Prabhat]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Vikasnagar)}}
|''Environment and Forest, Urban Development, Urban employment and [[poverty reduction|poverty alleviation]]''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|10
| [[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Jageshwar)}}
|''Horticulture, Khadi and Village Industries, Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|11
| [[Amrita Rawat]] Minister of State {{small|(Bironkhal)}}
|''Energy, Women Empowerment, Irrigation and Child Welfare''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|12
| [[Sadhu Ram]] Minister of State {{small|(Sahaspur)}}
| ''Sugarcane Development and Sugar Industry''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

==Former ministers ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope=col| No.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/06ua.htm|title=Tiwari removes five ministers|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
!Name Portfolio {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Tenure
!scope=col| Departments & Works Allotted {{small|(Ministries)}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-style="text-align:center;
|1
| [[Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Rishikesh)}}
|2002
|6 July 2004
| ''Irrigation, flood control, Minor irrigation''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|2
| [[Surendra Singh Negi]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Kotdwar)}}
|2002
|6 July 2004
| ''Rural Development, Drinking Water''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|3
| [[Ram Prasad Tamta (Uttarakhand politician)|Ram Prasad Tamta]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Bageshwar)}}
|2002
|6 July 2004
| ''Social Welfare, Women Welfare''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|4
| [[Mantri Prasad Naithani]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Devprayag)}}
|2002
|6 July 2004
| ''Cooperatives, Animal husbandry, Milk development''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|5
| [[Harak Singh Rawat]] Cabinet Minister {{small|(Lansdowne)}}
|2002
|18 June 2003
| ''Revenue, Food & Civil Supplies, Census''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|6
| [[Kishore Upadhyaya]] Minister of State {{small|(Tehri)}}
|2002
|6 July 2004
| ''Industrial Development''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand ministries}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand ministries]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2002|Tiwari]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Uttarakhand|Tiwari]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2007|Tiwari]]

Venkatesh M. R.

2025-10-25T20:42:32Z

Christi2099: created new data - done

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1985)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Venkatesh|Marani Rajendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|5|20}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2012)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main220922.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2528 (October 2018)
| FideID = 5005779
}}

'''Venkatesh Marani Rajendran''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Chess career==
In July 2012, Venkatesh earned his Grandmaster title after finishing second to [[Abhijeet Gupta]] at the Philadelphia International Chess Tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/venkatesh-is-gm/article3603141.ece|title=Venkatesh is GM|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 July 2012|accessdate=3 August 2025}}</ref>

In the seventh round of the MPL 59th National Senior Chess Championship 2022, Venkatesh defeated Gupta to share the tournament lead with [[Mitrabha Guha]] and [[S. P. Sethuraman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/MPL-59th-National-Senior-Chess-Championship-2022-Round-7-report|title=MPL 59th National Senior R7: Venkatesh makes it a three-way race|date=29 December 2022|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In February 2023, Venkatesh won the 21st Dolomitenbank Open Lienz by defeating [[Sandipan Chanda]] in the final round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Venkatesh-M-R-clinches-21st-Dolomitenbank-Open-Lienz-2023|title=Venkatesh M R clinches 21st Dolomitenbank Open Lienz 2023|date=21 February 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marani Rajendran, Venkatesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

C. Pullayya

2025-10-15T21:42:54Z

Christi2099: started some stub first draft

{{Short description|Film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{distinguish|P. Pullayya}}{{family name hatnote|Chittajallu|lang=Telugu}}{{Infobox person
| name = C. Pullayya
| image = C.PullaiahImg.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| native_name = చిత్తజల్లు పుల్లయ్య
| birth_name = Chittajallu Pullayya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], India
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1967|10|06}} (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Madras]], India
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], producer
| spouse =
| awards =
}}

'''Chittajallu Pullayya''' (1 January 1898 – 6 October 1967) was an [[Indian film]] director and screenwriter. He is one of the earliest film personalities in [[Telugu cinema]] being associated with the industry right from the [[Silent film|silent era]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C. Pullaiah – Indiancine.ma Wiki |url=https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/C.%20Pullaiah |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

Pullayya started his film career in 1921 as a camera apprentice to the 'father of Telugu cinema' [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu|Raghupati Venkaiah Naidu’s]] Star of the East in [[Chennai|Madras]], and at Kohinoor in [[Bombay]]. He was also the [[playwright]] for [[Kakinada]]-based Young Men’s Happy Club.

After gaining experience in filmmaking, he purchased a second-hand [[movie camera]] in 1924 in Bombay and returned to his native place [[Kakinada]] with an intention to make films in Andhra.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2007 |title=Reliving the reel and the real |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/01/19/stories/2007011901020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501115359/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/01/19/stories/2007011901020100.htm |archive-date=1 May 2007}}</ref> He made a silent three-[[reel]] [[short film]] ''Markandeya'' (1926 or 1931) in Kakinada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=W. Chandrakanth |date=9 February 2007 |title='Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara...' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/02/09/stories/2007020901390100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529031557/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/02/09/stories/2007020901390100.htm |archive-date=29 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthasarathy |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSleeGRjcvEC&q=C.+Pullayya |title=Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus |date=1984 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web |last=Rao |first=Akkina Mareswara |date=1997 |title=Cultural and ideological mediation of Telugu cinema in colonial Andhra's Past (1931–1947) |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25594/7/07_chapter%202.pdf |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=[[Shodhganga]]}}</ref> To exhibit it he started a tent theatre named 'City Electric Cinema' and took the projector and chairs to various towns and exhibited the film, thus pioneering a [[Movie theater|movie theatre]] movement in [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 November 2010 |title=Sati Savitri (1933) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |accessdate=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |archive-date=13 November 2010 |quote=Pullayya can be called as the father of theatre movement in Andhra Pradesh. He made a silent film Markandeya. Since there was no facility to screen a film in Kakinada, he started a tent theatre, ‘City Electric Cinema' and showed the film much to the cheers of local people. He then took the projector and chairs to various towns and exhibited his film, thus pioneering a theatre movement.}}</ref> He later ran the permanent Minerva theatre.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lavakusa (1963) |url=https://indiancine.ma/KTW |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

In 1933, he made his first [[feature film]] ''[[Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)|Sati Savitri]]'' in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]''.'' It was the first Telugu film produced by [[East India Film Company]] and received an honorary diploma at the [[2nd Venice International Film Festival|2nd Venice Film Festival]]. He then directed ''Lava Kusa'' (1934) and ''Sati Anasuya'' (1936), the first Telugu [[Children's Film Foundation filmography|children's film]] made with sixty [[Child actor|child actors]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="SoManyCinemas">{{cite book |title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|author=Bhagawan Das Garg|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=1996|isbn=81-900602-1-X |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon}}</ref> ''Lava Kusa'' was the first major commercial success in Telugu cinema. The film attracted unprecedented numbers of viewers to theatres and thrust the young industry into mainstream culture.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

He continued to direct films like ''[[Vara Vikrayam (film)|Vara Vikrayam]]'' (1939), ''Maalati Madhavam'' (1940), ''[[Pakka Inti Ammayi]]'' (1953) under the [[East India Film Company]].<ref name=":1" /> He directed ''[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' (1942) and ''Apoorva Sahodarulu'' (1950) under [[Gemini Studios|Gemini Pictures]] after shifting base to [[Madras]]. He is well remembered for ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963), the story of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusa]] in Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]].<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pullayya introduced [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] and [[Anjali Devi]] to the film industry through ''Vara Vikrayam'' (1939) and ''Gollabhama'' (1947) respectively.<ref name=":2" />

==Filmography==

# ''Ramadasu'' (1933)
# ''[[Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)|Sati Savitri]]'' (1933)
# ''[[Lava Kusa (1934 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1934)
# ''Anasuya'' (1936)
# ''Dhruva'' ''Vijayam'' (1936)<ref>{{Citation |title=C.Pullaiah {{!}} Chittajallu Pullaiah{{!}} తెలుగు సినీ పితామహుడు । చిత్తజల్లు పుల్లయ్య । సి.పుల్లయ్య |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w56q0_2RuY&t=368s |language=en |access-date=2022-10-10}}; Event occurs at 6:08</ref>
# ''Chal Mohana Ranga'' (1937)
# ''Dasavataramulu'' (1937)
# ''Kasula Peru'' (1937)
# ''Mohini Bhasmasura'' (1938)
# ''Satyanarayana Vratam'' (1938)
# ''[[Vara Vikrayam]]'' (1939)
# ''[[Malathi Madhavam]]'' (1940)
# ''[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' (1942)
# ''Narada Naradi'' (1946)
# ''[[Gollabhama (1947 film)|Gollabhama]]'' (1947)
# ''[[Vindhyarani]]'' (1948)
# ''Apoorva Sahodaralu'' (1950)
# ''Sankranti'' (1952)
# ''[[Pakka Inti Ammayi]]'' (1953)
# ''[[Devanthakudu (1960 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' (1960)
# ''[[Naan Kanda Sorgam]]'' (1960)
# ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963)
# ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha]]'' (1966)
# ''Bhuvana Sundari Katha'' (1967)
# ''[[Bhama Vijayam]]'' (1967)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0700393}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pullaiah, C.}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Melakalani

2025-09-20T08:16:11Z

Christi2099: Started New Info W/ Infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Melakalani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4692393|N|80.1735565|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 5
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1921
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628559
| footnotes =
}}
'''Melakalani''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Melakalani has 547 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 63.79%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1921 || 957 || 964
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 151 || 76 || 75
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 176 || 84 || 92
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literates || 1129 || 663 || 466
|-
| Workers (all) || 1339 || 699 || 640
|-
| Main workers (total) || 873 || 515 || 358
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 270 || 149 || 121
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 365 || 177 || 188
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 22 || 3 || 19
|-
| Main workers: Other || 216 || 186 || 30
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 466 || 184 || 282
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 100 || 45 || 55
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 187 || 48 || 139
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 177 || 91 || 86
|-
| Non-workers || 582 || 258 || 324
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Thiruvananthapuram North–Nilambur Road Rajya Rani Express

2025-09-03T10:57:41Z

Christi2099:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rajya Rani Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Rajya Rani Express]]<ref name="rajyarani">{{cite web|title=Rajya Rani Express to Connect State Capitals With Important Cities of Those States|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=70179|work=[[Government of India]]|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=25 February 2011}}</ref>
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|11|11}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) railway station| Thiruvananthapuram North]] (TVCN)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Nilambur Road}} (NIL)
| distance = {{convert|385|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hrs 45 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = General Unreserved, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16349 / 16350
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Rajya Rani Express (Nilambur - Trivandrum) Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 16349 / 16350 '''Rajya Rani Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) railway station| Thiruvananthapuram North]] and {{stnlnk|Nilambur Road}} in India. This train is a part of [[Rajya Rani Express]] series of trains and serves the state of [[Kerala]].

It operates as train number 16349 from Thiruvananthapuram North to Nilambur Road and as train number 16350 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SIVAPRAKASH |title=16349/Kochuveli - Nilambur Road Rajya Rani Express (PT) - Kochuveli to Nilambur Road SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kochuveli-nilambur-road-rajya-rani-express-16349/15590/1009/6560 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Background==
This train was inaugurated on 11 November 2011, initially originating from {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} to reach its destination. The train starts at 9 pm from Thiruvananthapuram and reaches Nilambur at 6.05 am. This train is then halted there until the return service at 9.30 pm. After inauguration, there were demands from commuters to make Rajya Rani Express an independent train. In consideration of these demands, this train was made an independent train. Due to the traffic pressure on [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]], the originating source was also shifted to [[Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) railway station| Thiruvananthapuram North]] from 30 January 2019.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rajya-rani-express-to-run-independent/article26029561.ece RajyaRani Express to Run Independent], ''The Hindu'', Retrieved 2 October 2020</ref> In 2025, the railways mooted a proposal to make the train a day train by having it spend less time at Nilambur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venad Express to be extended to Nilambur: Rajyarani to be turned into a daytime service |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/02/13/venad-express-nilambur-rajyarani-train.amp.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==Coaches==
The 16349 / 50 Rajya Rani Express has a total of 13 coaches which includes one AC 2 Tier, one AC 3 Tier, eight Sleeper class, two general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As it is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.The railways planned to increase the number of unreserved coaches of the train.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=End to suffocating journeys? Kerala trains among others to get more general coaches from March |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/kerala-trains-general-coaches-1.10368010 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Routing==
The train runs to/from Kochuveli via {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Chengannur}}, {{stnlnk|Tiruvalla}},
{{stnlnk|Kottayam}}, {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}}, {{stnlnk|Aluva}}, {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}, {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Angadipuram}}, {{stnlnk|Vaniyambalam}} to/from Nilambur Road.

==Traction==
The train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive between [[Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) railway station| Thiruvananthapuram North]] and Nilambur road

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/thiruvannathapuram-nilambur-road-rajya-rani-express-16349/15590/59/6560 16349 Rajya Rani Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/nilambur-road-thiruvananthapuram-rajya-rani-express-16350/15589/6560/59 16350 Rajya Rani Express] at India Rail Info

{{Rajya Rani Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochuveli-Nilambur Road Rajya Rani Express}}
[[Category:Rajya Rani Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]

Violence against Muslims in independent India

2025-07-22T12:25:56Z

Christi2099: minor cleaned up details for consistency also and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Violence against Muslims in India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2000 South India cyclone

2025-07-20T16:56:50Z

Christi2099: Started new details more to come

{{Short description|Cyclonic Storm in the North Indian ocean in 2000}}
{{infobox weather event
| name = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05
| image = 03B 2000-11-28 1715Z.jpg
| caption = The cyclone at peak intensity, prior to landfall in [[Tamil Nadu]] on November 28.
| formed = November 26, 2000
| low = November 30
| dissipated = December 6, 2000
}}{{infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 102
| pressure = 958
}}{{infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 65
| pressure =
}}{{infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2000
| fatalities = 12 total
| damage = 700000000
| currency = INR
| areas = [[Andaman Islands]], [[Nicobar Islands]], South India, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Somalia]]
| refs =
}}{{infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

The '''2000 South Indian Cyclone''' (IMD designation: '''''BOB 05''''' JTWC designation: '''''05B''''') was the strongest, most intense [[tropical cyclone]] of the fairly-quiet [[2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. The fifth cyclone, and the fourth named storm, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 started as an [[Cold-core low|upper-level low]] over the Andaman Sea on November 24. On early November 26, the group of thunderstorms was classified as a depression by the IMD. The system slowly began to organize, and late on November 26 the JTWC named it as Tropical Cyclone 03B. By November 28, a 20 km (12 mi)-wide [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] was developing, prompting the JTWC to upgrade the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane with winds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. By comparison, the IMD estimated peak winds of {{convert|190|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Wind shear in the region prevented further strengthening, and the storm weakened slightly before making landfall on November 29 in eastern India near [[Cuddalore]]. A station there recorded a pressure of {{convert|983|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.

The storm rapidly weakened over land, and degenerated into a remnant low on November 30. The remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea on December 1, by which time most thunderstorms had dissipated over the deteriorating center. Two days later, the JTWC reissued advisories, based on an increase in outflow and convective organization. This was short-lived, as the thunderstorms soon dwindled, and the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on December 5. The remnants continued westward without development toward eastern [[Somalia]].

As many as 12 people died from the storm. The storm caused ₹700 million rupees (US$15 million) in damages.<ref name="IMD report" />

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Cyclone 03B 2000 track.png}}

An [[cold-core low|upper-level low]] persisted over the Andaman Sea on November 24.<ref name="IMD report">{{cite report|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2000|publisher=India Meteorological Department|date=February 2001|access-date=2015-05-22|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2000.pdf|format=PDF|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093717/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2000.pdf}}</ref> By the next day, a circulation center was present about 370 km (230 mi) west of Thailand, although convection was dislocated to the west due to wind shear.<ref name="ngp">{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett|year=2000|access-date=2015-05-22|title=Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for November 2000|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2001/summ0011.htm}}</ref> After the thunderstorms concentrated over the center early on November 26, the IMD classified the system as a depression.<ref name="IMD report"/> A [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the north steered the system generally westward. Outflow and convective organization gradually increased, and late on November 26 the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 03B. As the rainbands organized around the center, the winds increased; the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm on November 27, and to a severe and later a very severe cyclonic storm on November 28.<ref name="IMD report"/><ref name="ogp">{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett|year=2000|access-date=2015-05-22|title=Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for October 2000|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2001/summ0010.htm}}</ref>

By November 28, a 20 km (12 mi)-wide [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] was developing, prompting the JTWC to upgrade the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane with winds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. By comparison, the IMD estimated peak winds of {{convert|190|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Wind shear in the region prevented further strengthening, and the storm weakened slightly before making landfall on November 29 in eastern India near [[Cuddalore]]. A station there recorded a pressure of {{convert|983|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}. The storm rapidly weakened over land, and degenerated into a remnant low on November 30. The remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea on December 1, by which time most thunderstorms had dissipated over the deteriorating center. Two days later, the JTWC reissued advisories, based on an increase in outflow and convective organization. This was short-lived, as the thunderstorms soon dwindled, and the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on December 5. The remnants continued westward without development toward eastern [[Somalia]], before they were last noted on December 6.<ref name="IMD report"/><ref name="ogp"/>

==Impact==
===Tamil Nadu===
Heavy rainfall, peaking at {{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Tholudur]], spread across [[Tamil Nadu]]. During the passage of the eye, residents reported a period of calm lasting about 45 minutes. The main loss was crop damage, uprooting of big trees, and damage to houses. About one thousand [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kutcha_house Kutcha houses] and 14 brick houses were damaged due to strong winds. 10 people lost their lives due to wall/building collapse, and/or electrocution. In the whole state, the roofs of 1000 houses were blown off, 14 houses were washed away, and 300 houses were washed away. Sugarcane in 100 acres, 30.000 Plantain trees, and 50,000 plantain saplings were also destroyed.<ref name="IMD report" /> The winds also damaged about 41,000 houses, about 1,000 of which lost their roofs. Flooding washed away 14 brick buildings, while 300 others were inundated by the sea. Over 1,000 power lines were damaged.<ref name="IMD report"/> Overall, the cyclone caused damages of ₹700 million rupees (US$15 million) and 12 deaths.<ref name="IMD report" />

====Cuddalore====
Over 30,000 trees were uprooted in the Cuddalore district, and 1,000+ electric poles were downed. Four transformers were also damaged. In the Cuddalore district alone, the damages was 20 Indian crores (US$2,702,136).

===Pondicherry===
Damages to paddy crops, plantains and coconut plantations were the major loss. About 40,000 Kutcha houses were partially damaged due to the strong winds, and 2 people lost their lives. The damage amounted to 50 Indian crores (US$6,801,865) <ref name="IMD report" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[2000 Sri Lanka cyclone]] – The next tropical cyclone in the season, that took a similar path.
* [[Cyclonic Storm Fanoos (2005)|Cyclonic Storm Fanoos]] – A cyclonic storm that took a similar path.
* [[Cyclone Thane]] – A very severe cyclonic storm that devastated similar areas.
* [[Cyclone Vardah]] – A very severe cyclonic storm that took a similar path.
* [[Cyclone Gaja]] – A very severe cyclonic storm that took a similar path.
* [[Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 (1999)|Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01]] – A severe cyclonic storm that took a similar path.
* [[Cyclonic Storm BOB 02 (1993)|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 02]] – An extremely severe cyclonic storm that devastated similar areas.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{TC Decades|Year=2000|basin=North Indian Ocean|type=cyclone}}

[[Category:2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Extremely severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2000]]

Shiva Bhagwati Temple Akingam

2025-04-21T08:37:27Z

Christi2099: created place

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shiva Bhagwati Temple
| image = File:Shiva_Bhagwati_Temple_Akingam.jpg
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|33.70|75.33|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Akingam]], [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
}}
'''Shiva Bhagwati Temple Akingam''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ikashmir.net/deities/shivabhagwati.html |title=Deities|publisher=ikashmir}}</ref> is a temple of Jagad Amba Shri Shiva Bhagwati. The temple is famous in [[Kashmir]] valley.

The shrine of Goddess Shiva Bhagwati is situated at the top of the village near the foothills of a big forest full of Devdar trees and pastures. The temple is at a distance of about 250 meters from main chowk [[Akingam]] and 100 meters from G H S S Akingam.

It is the only one of the four shrines in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that has been assigned a chunk of forest land as Jagir which stands within its revenue records.

==Celebration==
Every year the day of Bhagwati ji is celebrated with religious zeal and fervour. Kashmiri pandits come from different parts of country to celebrate this day. But this celebration has lost the glamour it used to have in the past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kashmirasitis.com/Breng-Pargana|title=Breng Pargana|work= |publisher=Kashmir as it is}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Achabal]]
* [[Akingam]]
* [[Kumar Mohalla Akingam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://trawellguide.com/travel-guide-destination.php?id=930&title=Shiva_Bhagwati_at_Akingam
* http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=21949ory

[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Akingam]]

National Highway 83 (India)

2025-03-04T21:55:29Z

Christi2099: Started A Data W/ Refs.

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 83
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|43}}
| length_km = 389
| image = TTEL-Near-NITT.JPG
| image_notes = '''NH 83''' near [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|NIT Trichy]]
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=line
| id=Q25212186| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 83}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Coimbatore]]
| destinations = [[Dindigul]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Palani]], [[Pollachi]], [[Udumalpet]], [[Madathukulam]],
, [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvarur]]
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Nagapattinam]]
| junction = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|43}} [[Dindigul]]
| states = TN
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 544 
| next_route = 32 
}}

'''National Highway 83''' ('''NH 83''') is a primary [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> NH-83 runs in an east-west direction, entirely within the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> 4-laning of Pollachi to Dindigul stretch was approved in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rs-2122-crore-project-to-convert-3-tamil-nadu-nh-stretches-into-4-lane-roads/articleshow/64299920.cms|title=Rs 2,122 crore project to convert 3 Tamil Nadu NH stretches into 4-lane roads on NH 83|date=24 March 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

The stretch between Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam is being upgraded into Two lane with paved shoulders.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/strengthening-of-thanjavur-nagapattinam-highway-stretch-to-be-completed-by-may-2023/article65083945.ece | title=Strengthening of Thanjavur-Nagapattinam highway stretch to be completed by May 2023 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
NH83 connects [[Coimbatore]], [[Pollachi]], [[Udumalpet]], [[Palani]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Dindigul]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Needamangalam]], [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Nagapattinam]] in the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date= 5 April 2019}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|544|country=IND}} Terminal near Coimbatore.
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Dindigul
: {{jct|NH|183|country=IND}} near Dindigul
: {{jct|NH|383|country=IND}} near Dindigul
: {{jct|NH|38|country=IND}} near Tiruchirappalli
: {{jct|NH|336|country=IND}} near Tiruchirappalli
: {{jct|NH|36|country=IND}} near Thanjavur
: {{jct|NH|32|country=IND}} Terminal near Kolebira.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3256907 NH 83 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH83 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Paravur railway station

2025-03-02T23:32:12Z

Christi2099: creating basic stub v1 - done

{{short description|Railway station in Paravur, Kollam}}
{{About|the railway station|the town|Paravur, Kollam|famous beach|Paravur Thekkumbhagam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Paravur
| type = [[Regional rail]], [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Paravur station collage.jpg
| caption = View of Paravur station from north and platform No.1
| address = [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.81515|76.669|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line|Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram line]]
| other =
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5
| parking = Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1918}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PVU
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers = 2,761 (per day)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1559554713747-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers and earnings for the year 2018-19 - Thiruvananthapuram Division|publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> 1,007,717 (Annually)
| pass_year = 2018–19
| classification = NSG-5
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = [[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Italian traffic signs - sottopassaggio pedonale.svg|20px|Pedestrian Foot Overbridge]] [[File:Feature suburban buses.svg|20px|Public Transportation]]
{{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Southern Railway zone|left=Mayyanad|to-left=Kollam Junction|right=Kappil|to-right=Thiruvananthapuram Central|type=[[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line]]}}
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram Central trunk line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Paravur railway station''' (station code: PVU) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=7 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station in the Indian municipal town of [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] in [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]].<ref>[http://www.yatra.com/hotels/hotels-in-kollam/aquaserene-backwater-resort Aquaserenne to Paravur Railway Station]</ref> Paravur railway station was formerly a D-class railway station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1522740292720-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Southern Railway - Annual originating passengers & earnings for the year 2016-17 |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

The annual passenger earnings of Paravur railway station during 2023–2024 is Rs. 2,12,46,999 and it is fifth in position from [[Kollam district]] among the stations collecting more than Rs.1,00,00,000 through passenger tickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i1173.photobucket.com/albums/r599/ArunVR/RTI-BL1.jpg |title=Annual Passenger Earnings details of Paravur Railway Station during 2013-2014 - RTI Response No.V/C. 50/067/RTI/15 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>

Paravur is connected to various cities in India like [[Kollam]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Calicut]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kannur]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Madurai]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Mangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]] and [[Tirunelveli]] through Indian Railways. 34 trains halt at Paravur, out of which 32 are daily services.<ref>[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1014 Paravur Railway Station - Indiarailinfo.com]</ref> Proximity of Paravur railway station to the core [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur town]] and [[Paravur Municipal Bus Stand]] is making it as one of the important public transport hubs in the [[Kollam district|district]] and the [[Kerala|state]].

== History ==
The [[Madras]]–[[Quilon]] line was extended to the capital of the Princely State of Travancore. Paravur railway station was opened on 4 January 1918 along with the inauguration of [[Quilon]]–[[Trivandrum Central]] metre-gauge line. During that time, Paravur was the most important railway station between [[Kollam]] and [[Trivandrum]] with maximum number of halts of trains. Important trains like [[Thiruvananthapuram Mail|Chennai Mail]] had halt at Paravur then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/articles/jimmyjose-20051128-quilon.html |title=Quilon – Trivandrum Central Metre Gauge Line |access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

== Layout ==
The Paravur railway station has 3 platforms for handling passenger trains. The station has a single entrance near to platform 1.

== Location ==
Surrounding transport hubs:

*Nearest bus stand: [[Paravur Municipal Bus Stand]] (800m)
*Nearest major rail head: [[Kollam Junction]]
*Nearest airport: [[Trivandrum International Airport]] (67 km)

== Significance ==
Paravur is a tourism spot with estuaries, backwaters and beaches. [[Estuaries of Paravur|Estuaries in Paravur]] attracts a good number of people. Paravur railway station is located at Paravur town centre, which gained in significance because of proximity to famous [[Puttingal Temple]], [[Government Medical College, Kollam|Kollam Government Medical College]] in [[Parippally]], proposed [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation|Kinfra Park in Polachira]], LPG filling station in Ezhippuram (Parippally) etc. It is the only railway station in the [[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor constituency]]. People from Paravur municipal region and neighbouring [[Poothakkulam]], [[Chathannoor]], [[Chirakkara]], [[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]] (part of [[Edava]] panchayath) and Parippally panchayats are depending on this railway station. Paravur railway station is declared as the gateway station of [[Government Medical College, Kollam|Government Medical College Hospital, Kollam]].

==Annual passenger earnings and footfall==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Collection
! Change in revenue
! Difference in %
|-
|2010–2011
|Rs. 88,68,063
|NA
|NA
|-
|2011–2012
|Rs. 99,96,975
|Rs. 11,28,912
|{{Increase}} 12.73%
|-
|2012–2013
|Rs. 1,40,68,292<ref>[http://s1173.photobucket.com/user/ArunVR/media/RTIEarnings2.jpg.html Southern Railway - Annual Passenger Earnings details of Paravur Railway Station]</ref>
|Rs. 40,71,317
|{{Increase}} 40.70%
|-
|2013–2014
|Rs. 1,87,22,851<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i1173.photobucket.com/albums/r599/ArunVR/RTI-BL1.jpg |title=Annual Passenger Earnings details of Paravur Railway Station during 2013-2014 - RTI Response No.V/C. 50/067/RTI/15 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>
|Rs. 46,54,559
|{{Increase}} 33.08%
|-
|2014–2015
|Rs. 1,41,27,000
|NA
|NA
|-
|2015–2016
|Rs. 1,49,83,957
|NA
|{{Increase}} 5.72%
|-
|2016–2017
|Rs. 1,47,90,285<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1513057317774-Profile%20of%20Thiruvananthapuram%20Division.pdf |title=Stations Profile 2017 |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>
|NA
|{{decrease}} -1.29%
|-
|2017–2018
|Rs. 1,47,35,937<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1536297820030-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers and earnings for the year 2017-18 - Thiruvananthapuram Division|publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
|Rs. 54,348
|{{decrease}} -0.36%
|-
|2018–2019
|Rs. 1,47,75,303<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1559554713747-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers & earnings for the year 2018-19 |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref>
|Rs. 39,366
|{{Increase}} 0.26%
|-
|2019–2020
|Rs. 1,51,77,306<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1607581731102-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers & earnings for the year 2019-20 |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
|Rs. 4,02,003
|{{Increase}} 2.72%
|-
|2020–2021
|Rs. 22,76,779<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1623303369775-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers & earnings for the year 2020-21 |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref>
|Rs. 1,29,00,527
|{{decrease}} -84.99%
|-
|2021–2022
|Rs. 84,27,747
|Rs. 61,50,968
|{{Increase}} 72.98%
|-
|2022–2023
|Rs. 1,70,45,337<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1684323359924-annual%20earnings.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers & earnings for the year 2022-23 |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|Rs. 86,17,590
|{{Increase}} 50.56%
|-
|2023–2024
|Rs. 2,12,46,999
|Rs. 42,01,662
|{{Increase}} 24.64%
|}

{{Bar chart
| title = Annual originating passengers
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Ridership
| bar_width = 30
| width_units = em
| data_max = 2000000
| label1 = 2016-17
| data1 = 11,47,853
| comment1 =
| label2 = 2017-18
| data2 = 10,73,732
| comment2 = -6.45%
| label3 = 2018-19
| data3 = 10,07,717
| comment3 = -6.14%
| label4 = 2019-20
| data4 = 9,60,906
| comment4 = -4.64%
| label5 = 2020-21
| data5 = 25,041
| comment5 = -97.39%
| label6 = 2021-22
| data6 = 2,52,612
| comment6 = +908.79%
| label7 = 2022-23
| data7 = 8,67,926
| comment7 = +243.58%
| label8 = 2023-24
| data8 = 11,09,098
| comment8 = +27.78%
}}

During 2012–2013, [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] has given halt for 3 pairs of trains at Paravur railway station. That helped to give a 40% increase in revenue of the station.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snc--lie_vg Southern Railway - Railway neglects Paravur Railway Station]</ref>

==Service==
[[File:MEMU at Paravur Railway Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kollam]]–[[Kanyakumari]] [[MEMU]] arriving at Paravur railway station]]
[[File:Paravur Railway Station Building.jpg|thumb|right|Railway station building, Paravur]]
[[File:Paravur railway station - View from north side.jpg|thumb|right|A view of Paravur railway station from the north side]]
[[File:ESI Medical College's official notice at Paravur railway station.jpg|right|thumb|[[Employee's State Insurance Corporation Medical College Hospital, Kollam|ESIC Medical College]]'s official stoppage notification on the wall of Paravur railway station. The hospital is about 8 km away from Paravur railway station]]
;Express Trains

Some of the major trains having halt at the station.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Train no
! Origin
! Destination
! Train name
|-
|20635/20636
|{{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|[[Anantapuri Express|Anantapuri Superfast Express]]
|-
|16603/16604
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|[[Maveli Express]]
|-
|16127/16128
|[[Chennai Egmore]]
|{{stnlnk|Guruvayur}}
|[[Chennai Egmore–Guruvayur Express]]
|-
|16341/16342
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|{{stnlnk|Guruvayur}}
|[[Guruvayur–Thiruvananthapuram Intercity Express]]
|-
|16649/16650
|{{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|[[Parasuram Express]]
|-
|16381/16382
|{{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
|{{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
|[[Kanyakumari–Mumbai Express]]
|-
|16525/16526
|{{stnlnk|Bangalore City}}
|{{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
|[[Island Express (train)|Island Express]]
|-
|16347/16348
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central–Mangalore Central Express]]
|-
|16303/16304
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|{{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}
|[[Vanchinad Express]]
|-
|16301/16302
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|{{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
|[[Venad Express]]
|-
|16629/16630
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|[[Malabar Express]]
|-
|16729/16730
|[[Madurai Junction]]
|[[Punalur railway station|Punalur]]
|Madurai-Punalur Express
|-
|16366
|[[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction]]
|[[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]]
|Nagercoil-Kottayam Express
|}

;Passenger trains
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col"| Train number
!scope="col"| Source
!scope="col"| Destination
!scope="col"| Name/Type
|-
| valign="center" | 56303
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 56705
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Punalur}}
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 56102
| valign="center" | [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction]]
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 66306
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
| valign="center" | MEMU
|-
| valign="center" | 56101
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction]]
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 56307
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 56706
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Punalur}}
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 56304
| valign="center" | [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | Passenger
|-
| valign="center" | 66305
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| valign="center" | MEMU
|}

Paravur railway station is an 'Adarsh Railway Station'.<ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/downloads/Adarsh%20stations.pdf Zone-wise list of 976 stations identified for development as "Adarsh Stations"]</ref> However, stoppage of [[Ernad Express]], [[Netravati Express]], [[Amritha Express]] trains have been a long-standing demand of Paravur people. Two more [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam]]–{{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}} MEMU services and a [[Punalur]]–Kanyakumari Passenger are expected to start service soon with halts at Paravur.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-gets-a-raw-deal-in-interim-rail-budget/article5684043.ece Kerala gets a raw deal in interim rail budget]</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
* {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
* [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram railway division |state=collapsed}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Paravur |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1918]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kollam district|Paravur]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]

Somanatha Swamy Temple

2024-11-12T15:15:35Z

Christi2099: created place

{{short description|Hindu temple in Chennai}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=October 2022}}
{{Notability|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Somanatha Swamy Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Chennai
| map_caption = Temple location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13|07|29.5|N|80|12|53.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| location = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]
| elevation_m = 36
| deity = Somanatheeswarar
| festivals = Shivratri, Amavasya, Pradosham
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 800 years ago
| creator =
| website = hrce.tn.gov.in
}}

'''Somanatha Swamy Temple'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somanatha Swamy Temple - Find link |url=https://edwardbetts.com/find_link/Somanatha_Swamy_Temple |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=edwardbetts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Somanatha Swamy Temple, Kolthur, Chennai - 600099, Chennai District [TM000095]. |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=95&action=pooja_info |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> is a Shaivite temple, located in [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]], in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Main Deity (Moolavar) is Somanatheeswarar. Goddess is Amuthambigai. Viruksha is said to be Vilvam tree. Temple tanks are Chandra Theertham and Agni Theertham. This temple was constructed 800 years ago. It was worshipped by Sage Agasthiyar. The place where this temple is constructed, was called in ancient times as 'Thirukulandhai' and then 'Thirukkulathur' and nowadays as 'Kolathur'. Saint cum poet Madhava Sivagnanam of 'Thiruvavadudurai Adheenam' who lived in the sixteenth century wrote poems viz., 'Somesar Mudhumollhi Venbaa', 'Kulathur Pathitruppathandhathi' and 'Amuthambigai Pillaiththamillh' for the deities of this temple.

== Location ==
Located at an altitude of 36 m above the mean sea level, the geographical coordinates of Somanatha Swamy Temple are: 13°07'29.5"N, 80°12'53.9"E (i.e. 13.124850°N, 80.214980°E).
== Beneficial neighbourhoods ==
Devotees from [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]], [[Ponniammanmedu]], [[Poompuhar Nagar, Kolathur|Poompuhar Nagar]], [[Peravallur]], [[Agaram]], [[Periyar Nagar]], [[Jawahar Nagar]], [[Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar]], [[Sembium]], [[Perambur]] neighbourhoods visit this temple daily and perform [[Puja (Hinduism)|poojas]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Poojas and timings ==
This temple is kept open for the devotees for darshan of deities from 06.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and 05.00 p.m. to 08.00 p.m. The poojas performed here are:
**Kaalasandhi pooja from 07.00 a.m. to 07.30 a.m.
** Saayaraksha pooja from 06.00 p.m. to 06.30 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=95&action=pooja_info|title=Arulmigu Somanatha Swamy Temple, Kolathur, Chennai - 600099, Chennai District [TM000095]>Pooja|website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
== Temple - college ==
Under the control of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, in a site of 5 acres belonging to this temple, it is proposed to construct a Government Arts and Science College, which was named [[Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College]] and started temporarily at the campus of Everwin Matriculation Higher Secondary School, in Kolathur, in the year 2021, the college being enrolled by 210 students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=CM inaugurates arts college at Kolathur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-inaugurates-arts-college-at-kolathur/article37315018.ece |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Nine Assistant Professors, one librarian and one physical education teacher are appointed for this college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin orders appointment of professors for temple-run College |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-orders-appointment-of-professors-for-temple-run-college |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Apart from the undergraduate courses in B.Com., B.B.A., B.C.A., and B.Sc. Computer Science, a six-month certificate course in B.A. Saiva Siddhantham, a religious subject of study, is to be included to be offered in this college.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=B.A. Saiva Siddhantham to be offered in colleges attached to temples: Sekarbabu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ba-saiva-siddhantham-to-be-offered-in-colleges-attached-to-temples-sekarbabu/article65550079.ece |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Chennai district]]